CHEMISTRY

PROJECT

NAME : SIDDHARTHA GAUTAM

CLASS : XIITH
ROLL NO:
SESSION:2017-2018
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that name of the student, a
student SIDDHARTHA GAUTAM of class 12th has
successfully completed the research on the
below mentioned project under the guidance of Subject
Teacher during the year in partial fulfillment of Chemistry
practical examination conducted by CBSE, New Delhi.

Signature of Signature of
external examiner chemistry teacher………………..
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project
successfully, many people have best owned upon me their
blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am
utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned with
project. Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete
this project with success. Then I would like to thank my
principal and chemistry teacher , whose valuable guidance
has been the ones that helped me patch this project and
make it full proof success. His suggestions and his
instructions have served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project. Then I would like to thank my
parents and friends who have helped me with their valuable
suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases
of the completion of the project. Last but not the least I would
like to thank my classmates who have helped me a lot and
also Sir Lab attendant .
 DECLARATION
I hereby declare that project work entitled
“STUDY OFADULTERANTS IN FOOD STUFF” ,submitted
to the department of Chemistry, JESUS AND MARY
ACADEMY for the subject Chemistry under the guidance
of …………………………. is a record of original work done
by me. I further declare that this project or any part of it
has not been submitted elsewhere for any other class.

CLASS: XIIth
PLACE: JESUS AND MARY ACADEMY
DATE:
 CONTENTS
1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction
4. Theory
5. Activity
Aim
Apparatus required
Procedure
Result
Precautions
Conclusion
6. Bibliography
 OBJECTIVE
The Objective of this project is to study some of
the common food adulterants present in different food
Stuffs and experimental study on how to detect their
presence

In this project we shall be taking different samples of

food stuffs like fats, butter,ghee, sugar, turmeric powder
,chili powder and pepper.
 INTRODUCTION
Food is one of the basic necessities for sustenance of
life. Pure, fresh and healthy diet is most essential for the
health of the people. It is no wonder to say that community
health is national wealth. Adulteration of food-stuffs was so
rampant, widespread and persistent that nothing short of a
somewhat drastic remedy in the form of a comprehensive
legislation became the need of the hour. To check this kind
of antisocial evil concerted and determined onslaught was
launched by then Government by introduction of the
Prevention of Food Adulteration Bill in the Parliament to
herald an era of much needed hope and relief for the
consumers at large.

About the middle of the 19th century chemical and

microscopal knowledge had reached the stage that food
substances could be analyzed, and the subject of food
adulteration began to be studied from the standpoint of the
rights and welfare of the consumer. In 1860 the first food
law framed in the interest of the purchaser was passed.
That law, lacking sufficient means of enforcement,remained
largely ineffective until 1872, when administrative officials
were appointed and penalties for violation provided.In the
United States the federal Food and Drug Act of 1906 was
the result of a long and stormy campaign led by Dr. Harvey
Washington Wiley. This law defined food adulteration and
the misbranding of products; it provided regulations
covering the interstate movement of food and penalties for
violations. The 1906 act was superseded in 1938 by the
more rigorous Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act administered
since 1940 by the Food and DrugAdministration (now
within the Dept. of Health and Human Services).
The FDA is charged with enforcing truthful and informative
labeling of essential commodities, maintaining staff
laboratories, and formulating definitions and standards
promoting fair dealing in the interests of the consumer. The
1938 act broadened the definitions of adulteration,
misbranding, and lack of informative labeling; it provided
for factory inspections; and it increased the penalties for
violations. It was amended in 1958 and 1962 to define and
regulate food additives and food coloring. The federal law
controls traffic from one state to another and is
supplemented by local regulations that require food
handlers to be licensed, thereby discouraging the spread of
disease; it provides for the inspection by health officers of
meat and other foods, of restaurants, and of dairies and
cold storage methods. Imported goods that violate the
provisions of the act may be denied admittance to the
United States and if not removed within a given time may
bedestroyed.

◊ STATEMENT OF OBJECTS AND

REASONs

Laws existed in a number of States in India for the prevention of

adulteration of food- stuffs, but they lacked uniformity having been
passed at different times without mutual consultation between States.
The need for Central legislation for the whole country in this matter
has been felt since 1937 when a Committee appointed by the Central
Advisory Board of Health recommended this step.
‘Adulteration of food-stuffs and other goods’ is now included in the
Concurrent List (III) in the Constitution of India. It has, therefore,
become possible for the Central Government to enact all India
legislation on this subject. The Bill replaces all local food adulteration
laws where they exist and also applies to those States where there are
no local laws on the subject. Among others, it provides for —
i. A Central Food Laboratory to which food samples can bereferred to
for final opinion in disputed cases (clause 4),
ii. A Central Committee for Food Standards consisting of
representatives of Central and State Governments to advise on
matters arising from the administration of the Act (clause 3),
and
iii. The vesting in the Central Government of the rule-making
power regarding standards of quality for the articles of food
and certain other matters (clause 22).

ACT 37 OF 1954: The Prevention of Food Adulteration Bill

was passed by both the house of Parliament and received the assent of
the President on 29th September, 1954. It came into force on Ist June,
1955 as THE PREVENTION OF FOOD ADULTERATION ACT, 1954 (37 of
1954).

LIST OF ADAPTATION ORDER AND AMENDING

ACTs:
1. The Adaptation of Laws (No.3) Order, 1956.

2. The Prevention of Food Adulteration (Amendment) Act, 1964 (49 of 1964).

3. The Prevention of Food Adulteration (Amendment) Act, 1971 (41 of 1971).

4. The Prevention of Food Adulteration (Amendment) Act, 1976 (34 of 1976).

5. The Prevention of Food Adulteration (Amendment) Act, 1986 (70 of 1986).

GOVERNMENT MEASURES:
To check the suppliers of food from doing so, the government has
passed a stringent act which is known as preservation of food
Adulteration Act. They have been implemented with the objective of
providing safety to human beings in the supply of food. It covers safety
from risks involved due to contamination of poisonous elements. The
specification laid down of various foods under the provisions of PFA Act
covers minimum basic characteristics Of the Products Below which it is
deemed to be adulterated and also covers the maximum limit of
contaminant not considered being safe for human beings beyond a
certain level.
PRECAUTIONS
By taking a few precautions, we can escape from consuming
adulterated products.
1. Take only packed items of well-known companies.
2. Buy items from reliable retail shops and recognized outlets.
3. Check the ISI mark or Agmark.
4. Buy products of only air tight popular brands.
5. Avoid craziness for artificially colored sweets and buy only
from reputed shops.
6. Do not buy sweets or snacks kept in open.
7. Avoid buying things from street side vendors.
THEORY
The increasing number of food producers and the outstanding amount
of import foodstuffs enables the producers to mislead and cheat
consumers. To differentiate those who take advantage of legal rules
from the ones who commit food adulteration is very difficult. The
consciousness of consumers would be crucial. Ignorance and unfair
market behavior may endanger consumer health and misleading can
lead to poisoning. So we need simple screening tests for their
detection. In the past few decades, adulteration of food has become
one of the serious problems. Consumption of adulterated food causes
serious diseases like cancer, diarrhoea, asthma, ulcers, etc. Majority of
fats, oils and butter are paraffin wax, castor oil and hydrocarbons. Red
chilli powder is mixed with brick powder and pepper is mixed with
dried papaya seeds. These adulterants can be easily identified by
simple chemical tests. Several agencies have been set up by the
Government of India to remove adulterants from food stuffs.
AGMARK: Acronym for agricultural marketing....this organization
certifies food products for their quality. Its objective is to promote the
Grading and Standardization of agricultural and allied commode.
EXPERIMENT I
Aim: To detect the presence of adulterants in fat, oil and butter.
Apparatus Required: Test-tube, conc. H2SO4, acetic acid,
conc.HNO3.
Procedure: Common adulterants present in ghee and oil are dyes
and argemone oil. These are detected as follows:

(i) Adulteration of dyes in fat: Heat 1mL of fat with a mixture of

1mL of conc. Sulphuric Acid and 4mL of Acetic Acid.
Appearance of pink or red color indicates presence of dye in
fat.

(ii) Adulteration of argemone oil in edible oils: To small amount

of oil in a test-tube, add few drops of conc. HNO3 and shake it
well.
Appearance of red color in the acid layer indicates
presence of argemone oil.
EXPERIMENT II
Aim: To detect the presence of adulterants in sugar.
Apparatus Required: Test-tubes, dil. HCl.
Procedure: Sugar is usually contaminated with washing soda
and other insoluble substances which are detected as follows:

(i) Adulteration of various insoluble substances in sugar:

Take small amount of sugar in a test-tube and shake it with little
water. Pure sugar dissolves in water but insoluble impurities
do not dissolve.

(ii) Adulteration of chalk powder, washing soda in sugar:

Take small amount of sugar in a test-tube, add few drops of HCl.
Brisk effervescence of CO2 shows the presence of chalk
powder or washing soda in the given sample of sugar.
EXPERIMENT III
Aim: To detect the presence of adulterants in samples of chili
powder, turmeric powder and pepper.
Apparatus Required: Test-tubes, conc. HCl, dil. HNO3, KI
solution.
Procedure: Common adulterants present in chili powder, turmeric
powder and pepper are red colored lead salts, yellow lead salts and
dried papaya seeds respectively. They are detected as follows:

(i) Adulteration of red lead salts in chili powder:

To a sample of chili powder, add dil. HNO3. Filter the dil. solution and
add 2 drops of Potassium Iodide solution to the filtrate.
Yellow ppt. indicates the presence of lead salts in chilli powder.

(ii) Adulteration of yellow lead salts to turmeric powder:

To a sample of turmeric powder add conc. HCl.
Appearance of magenta color shows the presence of yellow oxides of
lead in turmeric powder.

(iii) Adulteration of brick powder in red chili powder:

Add small amount of given red chili powder in beaker containing
water.
Brick powder settles at the bottom while pure chili powder floats over
water.

(iv) Adulteration of dried papaya seeds in pepper:

Add small amount of sample of pepper to beaker containing water
and stir with a glass rod.
Dried papaya seeds being lighter float over water while pure pepper
settles at the bottom.
OBSERVATIONS
Experiment Experiment Procedure Observation
no.
01. Adulteration of Heat 1mL of fat Appearance of
dyes in fat with a mixture pink colour.
of 1mL of conc.
H2SO4 and 4mL
of acetic acid.
02. Adulteration of To small amount No red colour
argemone oil in of oil in a test observed
edible oils tube, add few
drops of conc.
HNO3 & shake
03. Adulteration of Adulteration of Pure sugar
various various dissolves in
insoluble insoluble water but
substances in substances in insoluble
sugar sugar impurities do
not dissolve
04. Adulteration of To small amount No brisk
chalk powder, of sugar in a test effervescence
washing soda in tube, add a few observed
sugar drops of dil. HCl
05. Adulteration of To sample of Appearance of
yellow lead salts turmeric magenta colour
to turmeric powder, add
powder conc. HCl.
06. Adulteration of To a sample of No yellow
red lead salts in chilli powder, precipitate.
chilli powder add dil. HNO3.
 Filter the
solution and add
2 drops of KI
solution to the
filtrate.
07. Adulteration of Add small Brick powder
brick powder in amount of given settles at the
chilli powder red chilli bottom while
powder in a pure chilli
beaker powder floats
containing over water
water
08. Adulteration of Add small Dried papaya
dried papaya amount of seeds being
seeds in pepper sample of lighter float over
pepper to water while
beaker pure pepper
containing settles at the
water and stir bottom.
with a glass
rod.

RESULT:
The required analysis for adulterants in food stuffs has been made.
 CONCLUSION
Selection of wholesome and non-adulterated food is essential for daily
life to make sure that such foods do not cause any health hazard. It is
not possible to ensure wholesome food only on visual examination
when the toxic contaminants are present in ppm level. However, visual
examination of the food before purchase makes sure to ensure
absence of insects, visual fungus, foreign matters, etc. Therefore, due
care taken by the consumer at the time of purchase of food after
thoroughly examining can be of great help. Secondly, label declaration
on packed food is very important for knowing the ingredients and
nutritional value. It also helps in checking the freshness of the food and
the period of best before use. The consumer should avoid taking food
from an unhygienic place and food being prepared under unhygienic
conditions. Such types of food may cause various diseases.
Consumption of cut fruits being sold in unhygienic conditions should be
avoided. It is always better to buy certified food from reputed shops.
 Biblography

1. Website
www.wikipedia.org
www.google.com
www.yahoo.com

2. BOOKS:
Comprehensive Practical Manual
Pradeep’s New Course Chemistry
NCERT Class XII