1. What is Drug trafficking?

Drug trafficking is a global illicit trade involving the cultivation, manufacture, distribution
and sale of substances which are subject to drug prohibition laws.

https://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/drug-trafficking/

2. Production of illegal drugs

Manufacturing or cultivating illegal drugs, such as methamphetamine or marijuana,

is illegal under federal and state laws (with limited exceptions for marijuana in certain
states). Drug "manufacturing," in a criminal law setting, occurs when an individual is
involved in any step of the illicit drug production process.

Marijuana

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency identified that the mountainous parts of
Northern Luzon, Eastern Visayas and Mindanao are viable for marijuana cultivation.

Methamphetamine production

Produce in small-scale and kitchen-type laboratories to avoid detection by the Philippine

authorities since 2010.

More feasible to sell in the Philippines than cocaine, a more costly illegal drug.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade_in_the_Philippines

3. Circulation of Drugs

Enterohepatic circulation refers to the circulation of biliary

acids, bilirubin, drugs, or other substances from the liver to
the bile, followed by entry into the small intestine, absorption by
the enterocyte and transport back to the liver.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterohepatic_circulation
 4. Drug consumption

Reasons for Drug consumption

Unstable home environment, often due to drug abuse or mental illness of the
parent
A poor relationship with parents
Use of drugs by friends / peers
Permissive attitude towards their own drug use and the drug use of the
adolescent
Behavioral problems combined with poor parenting
Poor achievement in school
Apparent ambivalence or approval of drug use in the school, peer group or
community
Availability of drugs from friends

https://www.healthyplace.com/addictions/drug-addiction/drug-abuse-causes-what-is-the-
cause-of-drug-abuse/

1. Some drugs are legal.

2. They get a Prescription for drugs
3. Going against the grain
4. Feelings of emptiness
5. Peer Pressure
6. Drugs and alcohol can make you feel good
7. Drugs and alcohol are more available than ever
8. Alcohol isnt enough
9. Experimenting
10. Self-Medicating

https://www.recoveryconnection.com/10-reasons-people-abuse-drugs/

Effects of drug consumption

Injuries
Health problems
Effects on the Brain
Behavioral Problems
Birth defects
https://recovergateway.org/substance-abuse-resources/drug-addiction-effects/

5. Roles of the Philippine in Illegal Drug Scene

6. Drug Syndicates Operating in the Philippines

7. Law Enforcement Agencies

The Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) (Filipino: Kawanihan ng Pilipinas

Laban sa Droga) is the lead anti-drug law enforcement agency, responsible for
preventing, investigating and combating any dangerous drugs,
controlled precursorsand essential chemicals within the Philippines. The agency is
tasked with the enforcement of the penal and regulatory provisions of Republic Act No.
9165 (R.A. 9165), otherwise known as the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of
2002.

PDEA is the implementing arm of the Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB). The DDB is the
policy-making and strategy-formulating body in the planning and formulation of policies
and programs on drug prevention and control. PDEA and DDB are both under the
supervision of the Office of the President.

History and mandate

For thirty years, the Republic Act No. 6425, or the Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972, had
been the backbone of the drug law enforcement system in the Philippines. Despite the
efforts of various law enforcement agencies mandated to implement the law, the drug
problem alarmingly escalated. The high profitability of the illegal drug trade,
compounded by the then existing laws that imposed relatively light penalties to
offenders, greatly contributed to the gravity of the problem.

Republic Act No. 9165

Recognizing the need to further strengthen existing laws governing Philippine drug law
enforcement system, the then Philippine President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo signed the
Republic Act No. 9165, or the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, on June 7,
2002 and it took effect on July 4, 2002. The R.A. 9165 defines more concrete courses of
action for the national anti-drug campaign and imposes heavier penalties to offenders.

The enactment of R.A. 9165 reorganized the Philippine drug law enforcement system.
While the Dangerous Drugs Board remains as the policy-making and strategy-
formulating body in planning and formulation of policies and program on drug control
and prevention, it created the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency under the Office of
the President.

Creation of task forces

The R.A. 9165 abolished the National Drug Law Enforcement and Prevention
Coordinating Center, which was created under Executive Order No. 61, and the
Narcotics Group ofPhilippine National Police (PNP-NG), Narcotics Division of National
Bureau of Investigation (NBI-ND), and the Customs Narcotics Interdiction Unit of
the Bureau of Customs (BOC-CNIU).

Under Executive Order No.206 dated May 15, 2003, these law enforcement agencies
have organized the following anti-illegal drugs task force to support the PDEA:

Philippine National Police - Anti-Illegal Drugs Special Operation Task Force

(PNP-AIDSOTF);

National Bureau of Investigation - Anti-Illegal Drugs Task Force (NBI-AIDTF);

Bureau of Customs - Customs Task Group/Force in Dangerous Drugs and

Controlled Chemicals (BOC-CTGFDDCC).

Organization

National Office

PDEA is headed by a Director General (DG) with the Cabinet rank of Undersecretary,
who is responsible for the general administration and management of the agency. The
Director General is assisted by two Deputies Director General with the rank of Assistant
Secretary: one for Administration (DDGA) and the other one for Operations (DDGO).

The office of the Director General is also supported by the Secretary for Directorial Staff,
Chief of Public Information Office (PIO), Chief of Information Technology Systems
Management Office (ITSMO) and Chief of Chemical Audit and Management Unit
(CAMU).

The Director General of the PDEA shall be responsible for the necessary changes in the
organizational set-up which shall be submitted to the DDB for approval.

National Staff Services

The PDEA have the following National Services headed by Directors, namely:

Administrative Staff[edit]

Administrative and Human Resource Service (AHRS)

Financial Management Service (FMS)

Logistics Management Service (LMS)

Internal Affairs Service (IAS)

Operational Staff[edit]

Intelligence and Investigation Service (IIS)

Plans and Operations Service (POS)

Legal and Prosecution Service (LPS)

Compliance Service (CS)

International Cooperation and Foreign Affairs Service (ICFAS)

Preventive Education and Community Involvement Service (PECIS)

Special Enforcement Service (SES)

Laboratory Service (LS)

PDEA Academy

PDEA maintains its own PDEA Academy temporarily located at Camp General Mariano
N. Castaeda in Silang, Cavite. The PDEA Academy is headed by a superintendent,
with the rank of director. It is responsible in the recruitment and training of all PDEA
agents and personnel. The PDEA Academy formulates programs of instructions on
basic and specialized anti-drug training courses as well as career courses for all PDEA
Agents and Personnel.

The DDB provide for the qualifications and requirements of its recruits who must be at
least 21 years old, of proven integrity and honesty, a Baccalaureate degree holder and
with Career Service Professional Eligibility from Civil Service Commission (CSC) or
Board License from Professional Regulation Commission (PRC).

Director generals[edit]

The Director General of the PDEA shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines
and shall perform such other duties that may be assigned to him/her. He/she must
possess adequate knowledge, training and experience in the field of dangerous drugs,
and in any of the following fields: law enforcement, law, medicine, criminology,
psychology or social work.

This table lists all PDEA Director Generals, their dates of service, and under which
administration they served.

DIRECTOR GENERAL

Gen. Anselmo S. Avenido, Jr. (Ret. PDDG) July 2002 April 2006 Arroyo

Gen. Dionisio R. Santiago (Ret. GEN) April 2006 January 2011 Arroyo, Aquino III

Gen. Jose S. Gutierrez, Jr. (Ret. PCSUPT) January 2011 October 2012 Aquino III

Gen. Arturo G. Cacdac, Jr. (Ret. PDDG) October 2012 June 2016 Aquino III

Gen. Isidro S. Lapea (Ret. PDDG) July 2016 present Duterte

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Drug_Enforcement_Agency

8. Republic act: 9165 Comprehensive Drug act of 2002

The Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002 or Republic Act No. 9165 is a
consolidation of Senate Bill No. 1858 and House Bill No. 4433. It was enacted and
passed by the Senate of the Philippines and House of Representatives of the
Philippines on May 30, 2002 and May 29, 2002, respectively.

https://www.google.com.ph/?
gfe_rd=cr&ei=euQnWLDIEZPM8gfFk5CIAQ#q=ra+9165+act+of+2002
This Act repealed the Republic Act No. 6425, otherwise known as the Dangerous Drugs
Act of 1972, as amended, and providing funds for its implementation. Under this Act, the
Dangerous Drugs Board (DDB) remains as the policy-making and strategy-formulating
body in planning and formulation of policies and program on drug prevention and
control.

It also created the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) under the Office of the
President, which serves as the implementing arm of the DDB, shall be responsible for
the efficient and effective ambt...law enforcement of all the provisions on any dangerous
drugs, controlled precursors and essential chemicals as provided in this Act.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive_Dangerous_Drugs_Act_of_2002

Section 5. Sale, Trading, Administration, Dispensation, Delivery, Distribution and

Transportation of Dangerous Drugs and/or Controlled Precursors and Essential
Chemicals. - The penalty of life imprisonment to death and a fine ranging from Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be
imposed upon any person, who, unless authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer,
dispense, deliver, give away to another, distribute dispatch in transit or transport any
dangerous drug, including any and all species of opium poppy regardless of the quantity
and purity involved, or shall act as a broker in any of such transactions.

The penalty of imprisonment ranging from twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty
(20) years and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five
hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall sell, trade, administer, dispense, deliver, give away to another,
distribute, dispatch in transit or transport any controlled precursor and essential
chemical, or shall act as a broker in such transactions.

If the sale, trading, administration, dispensation, delivery, distribution or transportation of

any dangerous drug and/or controlled precursor and essential chemical transpires
within one hundred (100) meters from the school, the maximum penalty shall be
imposed in every case.

For drug pushers who use minors or mentally incapacitated individuals as runners,
couriers and messengers, or in any other capacity directly connected to the dangerous
drugs and/or controlled precursors and essential chemical trade, the maximum penalty
shall be imposed in every case.

If the victim of the offense is a minor or a mentally incapacitated individual, or should a

dangerous drug and/or a controlled precursor and essential chemical involved in any
offense herein provided be the proximate cause of death of a victim thereof, the
maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed.
The maximum penalty provided for under this Section shall be imposed upon any
person who organizes, manages or acts as a "financier" of any of the illegal activities
prescribed in this Section.

The penalty of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years of imprisonment
and a fine ranging from One hundred thousand pesos (P100,000.00) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who acts as a
"protector/coddler" of any violator of the provisions under this Section.

Section 11. Possession of Dangerous Drugs. - The penalty of life imprisonment to

death and a fine ranging from Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00) to Ten
million pesos (P10,000,000.00) shall be imposed upon any person, who, unless
authorized by law, shall possess any dangerous drug in the following quantities,
regardless of the degree of purity thereof:

(1) 10 grams or more of opium;

(2) 10 grams or more of morphine;

(3) 10 grams or more of heroin;

(4) 10 grams or more of cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride;

(5) 50 grams or more of methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu";

(6) 10 grams or more of marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil;

(7) 500 grams or more of marijuana; and

(8) 10 grams or more of other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to,
methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDA) or "ecstasy",
paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA), trimethoxyamphetamine (TMA), lysergic acid
diethylamine (LSD), gamma hydroxyamphetamine (GHB), and those similarly
designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any
therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic
requirements, as determined and promulgated by the Board in accordance to
Section 93, Article XI of this Act.

Otherwise, if the quantity involved is less than the foregoing quantities, the penalties
shall be graduated as follows:

(1) Life imprisonment and a fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos
(P400,000.00) to Five hundred thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantity of
methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu" is ten (10) grams or more but less
than fifty (50) grams;
 (2) Imprisonment of twenty (20) years and one (1) day to life imprisonment and a
fine ranging from Four hundred thousand pesos (P400,000.00) to Five hundred
thousand pesos (P500,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs are five (5)
grams or more but less than ten (10) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine
or cocaine hydrochloride, marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil,
methamphetamine hydrochloride or "shabu", or other dangerous drugs such as,
but not limited to, MDMA or "ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and those similarly
designed or newly introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any
therapeutic value or if the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic
requirements; or three hundred (300) grams or more but less than five (hundred)
500) grams of marijuana; and

(3) Imprisonment of twelve (12) years and one (1) day to twenty (20) years and a
fine ranging from Three hundred thousand pesos (P300,000.00) to Four hundred
thousand pesos (P400,000.00), if the quantities of dangerous drugs are less than
five (5) grams of opium, morphine, heroin, cocaine or cocaine hydrochloride,
marijuana resin or marijuana resin oil, methamphetamine hydrochloride or
"shabu", or other dangerous drugs such as, but not limited to, MDMA or
"ecstasy", PMA, TMA, LSD, GHB, and those similarly designed or newly
introduced drugs and their derivatives, without having any therapeutic value or if
the quantity possessed is far beyond therapeutic requirements; or less than three
hundred (300) grams of marijuana.

Section 15. Use of Dangerous Drugs. A person apprehended or arrested, who is

found to be positive for use of any dangerous drug, after a confirmatory test, shall be
imposed a penalty of a minimum of six (6) months rehabilitation in a government center
for the first offense, subject to the provisions of Article VIII of this Act. If apprehended
using any dangerous drug for the second time, he/she shall suffer the penalty of
imprisonment ranging from six (6) years and one (1) day to twelve (12) years and a fine
ranging from Fifty thousand pesos (P50,000.00) to Two hundred thousand pesos
(P200,000.00): Provided, That this Section shall not be applicable where the person
tested is also found to have in his/her possession such quantity of any dangerous drug
provided for under Section 11 of this Act, in which case the provisions stated therein
shall apply.

https://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2002/ra_9165_2002.htm

9. Drug Trafficking Investigative Process

REVISED PNP MANUAL

ON ANTI-ILLEGAL DRUGS
OPERATIONS AND INVESTIGATION
CHAPTER 2

GENERAL RULES AND PROCEDURES

Section 2-1 Authority to Operate

2.1 The PNP shall have the following powers and functions

in accordance with Section 24, RA 6975, as amended by RA

8551:

a.Enforce all laws and ordinances relative to the

protection of lives and properties;

b.Maintain peace and order and take all necessary

steps to ensure public safety;

c.Investigate and prevent crimes, effect the arrest of

criminal offenders, bring offenders to justice and

assist in their prosecution;

d.Exercise the general powers to make arrest, search

and seizure in accordance with the Constitution and

pertinent laws; and

e.Detain an arrested person for a period not beyond

what is prescribed by law, informing the person so

detained of all his rights under the Constitution.

2.2 Republic Act 9165, otherwise known as the

Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002, which was

passed into law on June 7, 2002, overhauls the 30 year old

Dangerous Drugs Act of 1972.

2.3 The PNP still possesses authority to conduct anti-illegal

drugs operations provided that the case shall eventually be

transferred to the PDEA based on Supreme Court Decisions in

People of the Philippines versus Sta. Maria, G.R. No. 171019,

February 23, 2007 and People of the Philippines versus

Rashamia Hernandez et. al., G.R. No. 184804, June 18, 2009.

Hence, PDEA deputation is no longer necessary or required for

PNP personnel assigned with Anti-Illegal Drugs Units.

2.4 The PNP is not prevented from conducting warrantless

arrests under Section 5, Rule 113 and search incidental to a

lawful arrest under Section 13, Rule 126 of the Rules of Court.

2.5 Letter from DOJ Secretary to the Chief, PNP dated July

29, 2014 reversing the previous DOJ Legal Opinion No 67 series

of 2009. Upon closer review of the laws and jurisprudence, DOJ

allows the PNP to set up a permanent Narcotics Investigation

and Monitoring Center (NIMC) so long as it complies with the

provisions of RA 9165 on the relationship of the PNP to the

PDEA.

Section 2-2 Coordination Requirements

2.6 PNP Units, prior to any anti-illegal drugs operations

shall, as far as practicable, coordinate with the Philippine Drug

Enforcement Agency.

2.7 In any case, PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs Units shall coordinate/

inform the PDEA of anti-illegal drugs operations within 24 hours

from the time of the actual custody of the suspects or seizure

of said drugs and substances as well as paraphernalia and

transport equipment used in illegal activities involving illegal

drugs and/or substances and shall regularly update the PDEA

on the status of cases involving said anti-illegal drugs operations

(Section 86 (a) IRR RA 9165).

2.8 The word As far as practicable

as stated in Section 86, IRR, RA 9165, means that prior coordination

with PDEA may be done, practiced or accomplished when

feasible and possible to be performed. Nonetheless, it admits

exceptions. The following instances, among others, are deemed

not practicable for prior coordination:
a. In remote places where coordination is not possible;
b. When coordination will compromise the lives of police
operatives, informants and witnesses, involved in
anti-illegal drugs operations;
c. When coordination will prejudice the apprehension
of drug suspects and confiscation of illegal drugs
and Controlled Precursors and Essential Chemicals
(CPECs);
d. When prior coordination will compromise the entire
police operation.
(Note: In the above instances, post coordination
shall be made in lieu of prior coordination).
Section 2-3 Reporting Requirements
2.9 In every successful anti-illegal drugs operations, PNP
SAIDSOTGs, CAIDSOTGs, DAIDSOTGs, PAIDSOTGs,
RAIDSOTGs and NOSUs shall submit to the PNP AIDSOTF and
the Directorate for Operations, copy furnished The Directorate
for Intelligence, the following reports:
a. Spot Report
b. Development Report
c. After Operations Report
d. Progress Report

10. Planning and Operation

Section 2-4 Planning and Preparation
2.10 As a general rule, all operations must be preceded by
adequate planning and preparation to ensure the successful
prosecution of cases, observance of the rights of suspects,
safety of operating elements and the security and integrity of
seized items/evidence.

2.11 All high profile targets involving clandestine laboratory,

multi-national targets, and transshipments shall be covered with
a COPLAN to be submitted to PNP AIDSOTF for evaluation and
appropriate action.

2.12 Good intelligence is indispensable in the planning and

preparation for an operation. It must be a product of careful
analysis of all relevant information such as maps, physical
description of target premises, sketches, personality profiles
of suspects, terrain and population analysis of the area(s) and
other information that can contribute to the apprehension of
suspects and/ or seizure of prohibited items and evidence with
the least danger posed to operating elements.

11. Roles of the Team Leader in Planning and Preparation

2.13 The designated Team Leader must determine the

number of agents he/she will need to successfully implement
the anti-illegal drugs operations. In choosing his members, the
following shall be considered:
a. Expertise;
b. Experience;
c. Technical Aptitude

2.14 The Team Leader must, prior to the actual anti-illegal

drugs operations, conduct a detailed briefing for the operating
personnel. Charts, photographs, maps, etc., should be used as
necessary and the specific duties and responsibilities of each
member, clearly discussed.

2.15 Planning must include the proper handling and

disposition of apprehended suspects and seized items wherein
no apprehended person shall be released without clearance
from the duly designated authority.

2.16The Team Leader must be involved in the final phase

of the planning to ensure clear understanding of the mission
and the concept of the operation. This will allow him/her the
opportunity to make recommendations based on the capabilities
and limitations of the team.

2.17 The Team Leader, in coordination with the assigned

Legal Officer should see to it that appropriate warrant/s are
obtained.

2.18 Without sacrificing operational security, coordination

must be done with local Police Units in the area of operation
to prevent any possible confrontation in consonance to Rule
5 (Inter Unit Coordination) of the Revised PNP Operational
Procedures.

2.19 The Team Leader must also designate an investigator

who shall keep and preserve notes to record the actual conduct
of the operation including valuable information that can be
used in the prosecution of the case or in the conduct of future
operations.

2.20 All operating Units shall designate a Seizing Officer

who shall be responsible for taking into custody all illegal drugs
and non-drug evidence during the anti-illegal drugs operations
to ensure that all these evidences are safe and handled in
accordance with Section 21 RA 9165 and its IRR as amended
by Republic Act 10640.

2.21 The Team Leader shall submit to PDEA, a copy of the

case folder after the filing of the case.

2.22 No PNP personnel shall be allowed to conduct a planned

anti-illegal drugs operation unless he is a member of an Anti-
Illegal Drugs Unit.
 12. Conduct of Operation

Section 2-5 Conduct of Operation

2.23 All anti-illegal drugs operations to be conducted shall
be led by a Police Commissioned Officer except in far flung
areas where there are no assigned PCOs. In such case, the
most ranking Police Non-Commissioned Officer (PNCO) shall
be designated as the Team leader.

2.24
In any anti-illegal drugs operation, the Team Leader
must see to it that all actions are in accordance with the law,
the crime-scene is preserved and well-managed, the suspects
are arrested, all possible evidence are taken into custody and
that the safety of operating elements and innocent people in the
area of operations are ensured.

2.25
All PNP Anti-Illegal Drugs Units shall be required to
have at least one (1) female member operative who shall be
responsible for arresting and frisking female suspects and for
taking into custody, children found in the place of operation.

2.26
The Desk Officer shall maintain a record of the events,
which include among others, jump-off time and date, name
of the Team Leader, area/s of operation and vehicles used. A
record book shall be preserved for the purpose and shall form
part of the documents covering the operation.

2.27
Upon arrival in the area of operation, immediate area
observation and assessment must be conducted by the Team
Leader and last minute instructions to be given, as necessary.

2.28
In case an arrest is to be made, the arresting elements
must do it immediately and with reasonable force, anticipating
possible resistance with the use of deadly weapons which may
be concealed in the suspect/s body, in a vehicle or in a place
within arms reach.

2.29
Any arrested suspect shall be apprised of his/her
CONSTITUTIONAL RIGHTS (I/We are Police Officers. I/we are
arresting you for violation of RA 9165. You are hereby informed
that you have the right to remain silent. Anything that you say,
can and will be used for or against you in any Court of Law. You
have the right to a counsel of your own choice and if you cannot
afford one, you shall be provided with a counsel to assist you.
You can waive all this rights in the presence of a Lawyer and in
writing. Do you understand these rights?)
Kami ay alagad ng batas, inaaresto ka namin
sa paglabag sa Republic Act 9165. Pinapaalalahanan
ka namin na ikaw ay may karapatang manahimik o
magsawalang kibo. Anuman ang iyong sasabihin ay
maaring gamitin pabor o laban sa iyo sa anumang
hukuman. Ikaw ay mayroon ding karapatang kumuha
ng tagapagtanggol na iyong pinili at kung wala kang
kakayahan, ito ay ipagkakaloob sa iyo. Nauunawaan
mo ba ito?
In instances wherein arrested suspects are
foreign nationals or persons with impaired senses,
Police Officers must inform them of their rights in a
manner understood by them or through an interpreter, if
practicable.

2.30
All arrested suspects must be handcuffed. Should there
be shortage of handcuffs, suspects hands may be bound by any
restraining material. In situations involving Children in Conflict
with the Law (CICL), they shall not be handcuffed unless there
is a valid reason to restrain them.

2.31
The Team Leader must see to it that all pieces of evidence
from the suspect/s or those found in the area of operation are
handled in accordance with Section 1.6 of this Manual.

2.32
Upon return of the operating personnel to their Station,
the Duty Desk Officer must record the time and date of
return, name/s of the arrested person/s, and other significant
circumstances that transpired during the operation.
13. Handling, Custody and Disposition of Drug Evidence

a. In the handling, custody and disposition of the evidence, the provision of Section 21,
RA 9165 and its IRR shall be strictly observed.

b. Photographs of the pieces of evidence must be taken upon discovery without moving
or altering its position in the place where it is situated, kept or hidden, including the
process of recording the inventory and the weighing of dangerous drugs, and if possible
under existing conditions, with the registered weight of the evidence on the scale
focused by the camera, in the presence of persons required, as provided under Section
21, Art II, RA 9165.

c. The seizing officer must mark the evidence with his initials indicating therein the
date, time and place where the evidence was found and seized. The seizing officer shall
secure and preserve the evidence in a suitable evidence bag or in an appropriate
container for further laboratory examinations.

d. Where the situation requires urgent action, suspected drug evidence acquired may
be field-tested using a drug test kit. If the result is positive this will be the basis of the
seizure and the conduct of further drug analysis.

e. Containers, packaging, equipment, etc., suspected of containing trace amounts of

drugs including controlled precursors and essential chemicals will be considered drug
evidence and shall be submitted for analysis.

f. In every negation operation, a seizing officer shall be designated who shall be

responsible for the inventory and initial custody of all drug and non-drug evidence
during the anti-drug operations. These will later be turned over to the investigation
officer or any member of the apprehending team, as the case may be, up to the Crime
Laboratory for laboratory examination and proper disposition.

g. Cellphones, Computers/laptops or any other electronic equipment or gadgets shall

be properly preserved for evidentiary purposes and technical exploitation.

A- Drug Evidence

a. Upon seizure or confiscation of the dangerous drugs or controlled precursors and/or

essential chemicals (CPECs), laboratory equipment, apparatus and paraphernalia, the
operating units seizing officer/ inventory officer must conduct the physical inventory,
markings and photograph the same in the place of operation in the presence of:
 a. The suspect/s or the person/s from whom such items were confiscated and/or seized
or his/her representative or counsel.

b. A representative from the media.

c. A representative from the Department of Justice; and

d. Any elected public official who shall affix their signatures and who shall be given
copies of the inventory.

b. For seized drugs covered by search warrants, the inventory must be conducted in the
place where the search warrant was served.

c. In warrantless seizures like buy-bust operations, the inventory and the taking of
photographs should be done at the nearest police station or office of the apprehending
officer or team. However, the apprehending authority is not precluded from conducting
the inventory at the place where the drugs were seized.

d. If the said procedures in the inventory, markings and taking of photographs of the
seized items were not observed, (Section 21, RA 9165), the law enforcers must present
an explanation to justify non-observance of prescribed procedures and must prove that
the integrity and evidentiary value of the seized items are not tainted.

e. All the dangerous drugs and/or CPECs shall be properly marked for identification,
weighed when possible or counted, sealed, packed and labeled. The items weighed in
their gross weight, if already determined, should be noted on the inventory and chain of
custody forms, or evidence vouchers.

f. Within the same period, the seizing/ inventory officer shall prepare a list of inventory
receipt of confiscation/ seizure to include but not limited to the following:

1. Time, date and place of occurrence/seizure.

2. Identity of person/s arrested.

3. Identity of the seizing officer and all persons present.

4. Circumstances in which seizure took place.

5. Description of a vehicle, vessel, place or person searched where the substance was
found.
6. Description of packaging, seals and other identifying features.

7. Description of quantity, volume and units and the measurement method employed.

8. Description of the substance found.

9. Description of any preliminary identification test (test kit) used and results.

g. Within 24 hours upon confiscation/ seizure when practicable, all seized drugs and/ or
CPECs shall be submitted to the PNP Crime Laboratory for examination and proper
disposition.

h. All pieces of drug evidence shall be turned over by the seizing officer to the
investigator on case who will subsequently turnover the same to the PNP Crime
Laboratory for examination. Receipts shall be required in every phase of this turn-over.

i. The seizing officer shall accomplish the Chain of Custody Form with the affixed
signatures which shall accompany the evidence turned over to the investigator-on-case
or the Crime Laboratory as the case may be.

B- Non-Drug Evidence

a. All pieces of non-drug evidence shall be photographed, inventoried and properly

marked as required under Section 21, RA 9165:

1. Buy-bust money, if applicable.

2. For motor vehicles, a sticker containing pertinent information (name of suspects,

date and time of arrest, arresting unit, and arresting officers) shall be attached on area
where it is most visible.

3. For firearms, ammunitions, explosives or other deadly weapons, tags containing the
same information shall be attached.

4. Smaller pieces of evidence shall be placed inside the evidence bag on which written
are the same data.

5. Cell phones, laptops, computers and other electronic gadgets, tags containing the
necessary description shall be attached.

b. After the conduct of an anti-drug operation, the Investigator-on-Case shall

immediately prepare a detailed report including photographs of all the seized/
confiscated non-drug evidence. As far as practicable, a lawyer from the Legal Service
will be present to ensure that testimonies/information gathered can stand the scrutiny of
law.
 c. For seized/ confiscated motor vehicles, a Technical Inspection Report (TIR) shall be
prepared by the Seizing Officer/Investigator-on-Case immediately after the
seizure/confiscation. If possible, the suspect/occupant of the confiscated evidence shall
be present during the conduct of the technical inspection and should affix his signature
on the report.

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Section 2-6 Handling, Custody and Disposition of

Drug and Non-Drug Evidence
2.33
During handling, custody and disposition of evidence,
provisions of Section 21, RA 9165 and its IRR as amended by
RA 10640 shall be strictly observed.
2.34
Photographs of pieces of evidence must be taken
immediately upon discovery of such, without moving or altering
its original position including the process of recording the
inventory and the weighing of illegal drugs in the presence of
required witnesses, as stipulated in Section 21, Art II, RA 9165,
as amended by RA 10640.
2.35
The Seizing Officer must mark the evidence with his
initials indicating therein the date, time and place where the
evidence was found/recovered or seized.
2.36
Where the situation requires urgent action, suspected
drug evidence seized or recovered may be subjected for field-
testing using a drug test kit. If the result is positive, this will be
the basis of the seizure and the conduct of further drug analysis.
2.37
Containers, packaging, equipment, etc., suspected
of containing trace amounts of drugs including CPECs are
considered drug evidence and shall be submitted for laboratory
examination.
2.38
In every negation operation, a Seizing Officer shall
be designated who would be responsible for the inventory and
initial custody of all drug and non-drug evidence confiscated
during the anti-illegal drugs operations. All these would later
be turned over to the Investigation Officer or any member of
the apprehending team, and submitted to the PDEA Laboratory
Service or Crime Laboratory for further examination and proper
disposition.
2.39
Digital evidence such as computers, laptops, cellphones,
CDs, flash drives and other forms of storage peripherals found
at the crime scene during the conduct of anti illegal drugs
operations, shall be referred to the Anti-Cybercrime Group
(ACG) for purposes of Forensic Digital Examination.
a.
Drug Evidence.
1)
Upon seizure or confiscation of illegal
drugs or CPECs, laboratory equipment,
apparatus and paraphernalia, the
operating Units Seizing Officer/Inventory
Officer must conduct the physical inventory,
markings and photograph the same in
the place of operation in the presence of:
(a)
The suspect/s or the person/s
from whom such items were
confiscated and/or seized or his/
her representative or counsel;
(b)
With an elected Public Official; and
(c)
Any representatives from
the Department of Justice or
Media who shall affix their
signatures and who shall be
given copies of the inventory.
2)
For seized or recovered drugs covered
by Search Warrants, the inventory
must be conducted in the place where
the Search Warrant was served.
3)
For warrantless seizures like buy-
bust operations, inventory and taking
of photographs should be done at
the nearest Police Station or Office
of the apprehending Officer or Team.

4)
If procedures during the inventory were
not properly observed, as stipulated
in Section 21, RA 9165 as amended
by RA 10640, law enforcers must
make a justification in writing for non
observance of the same to prove that
the integrity and evidentiary value
of the seized items are not tainted.
5)
All the illegal drugs and/or CPECs shall
be properly marked for identification,
weighed when possible or counted,
sealed, packed and labeled. The
exact weight of the illegal drugs seized
or recovered should be recorded in
the Inventory and Chain of Custody
Forms or Evidence Vouchers
6)
Within the same period, the Seizing/
Inventory Officer shall prepare a list of
inventory receipt of confiscation/ seizure
to include but not limited to the following:
(a)
Time, date and place of
occurrence/seizure.
(b)
Identity of person/s arrested.
(c)
Identity of the Seizing Officer and
all persons who witnessed the
operations.
(d)
Circumstances in which the
seizure took place.
(e)
Description of the vehicle, vessel,
place or person searched from
where/whom the substance was
found.

(f)
Description of packaging, seals
and other identifying marks.
(g)
Description of quantity, volume
and unit/measurement method
employed.
(h)
Description of the substance
found.
(i)
Description of any preliminary
identification test (test kit) used
and its results.
7)
Within 24 hours upon confiscation/
seizure when practicable, all seized
drugs and/ or CPECs shall be
submitted to the PDEA Laboratory
Service or PNP Crime Laboratory for
examination and proper disposition.
8)
All pieces of drug evidence shall be
turned over by the Seizing Officer to the
Investigator-On-Case who shall submit
the same to the PDEA Laboratory Service
or PNP Crime Laboratory for examination.
All the phases of turn-over of evidence
must have corresponding receipts to
show continuance of chain of custody.
9)
The Seizing Officer shall properly
accomplish the Chain of Custody
Form and turn it over including the
evidence to the Investigator-On-Case
or the PDEA Laboratory Service or
Crime Laboratory as the case may be.
15
The Link Diagram below shows the courses of action
that must be undertaken by an operating Unit/operative
in order to preserve integrity and evidentiary value of the
seized drug item.
Figure 2.1 Chain of Custody of Evidence.

Non-Drug Evidence.
1)
All pieces of non-drug evidence shall be
photographed, inventoried and properly
marked as required under Section 21,
RA 9165 as amended by RA10640:
(a)
Buy-bust money, if applicable.
(b)
For motor vehicles, a sticker
containing pertinent information
(names of suspects, date and
time of arrest, arresting Unit, and
arresting Officers to include the
place where the motor vehicle
was seized) shall be attached on
an area where it is most visible.
(c)
For firearms, ammunition,
explosives or other deadly
weapons, tags containing the same
information shall be attached:
(d)
For smaller pieces of evidence,
pertinent information such as
quality, quantity and place where
it was seized/recovered shall be
placed inside the evidence bag.
(e)
For digital evidence such as
computers, cell phones, laptops,
other similar gadgets, and
storage peripherals, procedures
indicated in the Miscellaneous
Provisions of this Manual shall be
strictly observed.
2)
After the conduct of an anti-illegal drugs
operation, the Investigator-On-Case
shall immediately prepare a detailed rep
ort including photographs of all seized/
confiscated non-drug evidence. As far
as practicable, the Legal Officer of the
operating unit should be present during
the operation to ensure that all the
information gathered can hold ground
during Court proceedings.
3)
For seized/ confiscated motor vehicles,
a Technical Inspection and Inventory
Report (TIIR) shall be prepared by the
Seizing Officer/Investigator-On-Case
immediately after the seizure/confiscation
in the presence of the suspect/occupant,
whenever possible, with his/her signature
affixed on the report.
c.
Chain of Custody.
1)
The Seizing Officer must preserve the
integrity and evidentiary value of all
evidences.
2)
Persons handling drug evidence from
the time of its seizure/confiscation
should be limited to the Seizing Officer,
the Investigator-On-Case and PDEA
Laboratory Service or PNP Crime

Laboratory personnel. All non-drug

evidence shall be turned-over to the
evidence custodian.
3)
An acknowledgement receipt shall be
issued by the person receiving the
evidence. Such receipt shall form part of
the case folder of the transmitting Unit.
4)
The Seizing Officer shall accomplish
the Chain of Custody Form and with it,
submits the evidence to the PNP Crime
Laboratory for examination.

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