Hassan District Karnataka
Hassan District Karnataka
Hassan District Karnataka
12
CONTENTS
META DATA ......................................................................................................................................................... 1
CONTRIBUTORS.................................................................................................................................................. 2
FOREWORD .......................................................................................................................................................... 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 5
2. GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING............................................................................................................................ 6
3. SOIL SERVEY TECHNIQUES ....................................................................................................................... 13
4. THE SOILS ...................................................................................................................................................... 15
5. SOIL SURVEY INTERPRETATIONS FOR LAND USE PLANNING ......................................................... .33
5.1 Land Capability ...........................................................................................................................................33
5.2 Irrigability .................................................................................................................................................. 35
5.3 Productive Soils.......................................................................................................................................... 37
5.4 Problem Soils ............................................................................................................................................. 37
5.5 Suggested Land Use ................................................................................................................................... 41
5.6 Soil Suitability of Ragi ............................................................................................................................... 43
5.7 Soil Suitability for Eucalyptus Plantation .................................................................................................. 47
6. CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................................................ 52
Page1
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Climatological Data of Hassan District, Karnataka
11
11
16
19
Table 6 Physical and Chemical Properties of Typical Soils of Hassan District, Karnataka
29
31
33
35
39
39
43
43
44
47
48
48
49
Page2
LIST OF FIGURES
7
8
10
12
12
13
14
17
18
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
30
31
32
34
36
38
39
40
42
46
50
51
Page3
2.
Elements
Identification Information
Contact Information
3.
Spatial Domain
4.
Citation
5.
Storage
6.
7.
Quicklook
Image Data
8.
Rights
Scheme
Name of the Dataset
Contents
Keywords
Report/Map Language
Map Scale
Survey Year
Imprint Year
Edit Year
Value-addition Year
Purpose of Value-addition
Access Constraints
Use Constraints
Generating Agency
Contact Person
Mailing Address
City/Locality
Country
Contact Telephone
Contact Fax
Contact Email
Bound Left
Bound Right
Bound Top
Bound Bottom
Area/Coverage
Projection
Datum
Unit
Administrative Location
Data Prepared By
Associated Project
Associated Value- additions
Associated Publications
Coordinator Value- added
Publication
Data Format
Data File Size
Data Physical Location
Download Location
Graphic file in jpg format
Name of the Satellite
Sensor
Date of Image
File Format
Spatial Resolution
Image Downloaded From
Credit
Copyright
Distributor Contact
Value
Soil Resource Based Land Use of Hassan District (Karnataka)
Soil Survey Reports, Maps and Imagery
Soil Survey Report
English
1:63,360
1975 - 1981
1987
2013
To Create Interactive Maps and Reports and Disseminate to the
End-User Agencies.
Permission Required
Permission Required
NBSS & LUP, Nagpur
Director, NBSS & LUP, Nagpur
National Bureau of Soil Survey & Land Use Planning
Sankar Nagar P.O.
Amarabati Road, Nagpur - 440 033
Maharashtra, India
Nagpur, Amarabati Road
India
+91- 712- 2500386, 2500545
+91- 712- 2500534
[email protected]
75d33'36.6947"E
76d38'01.0481"E
13d32'48.5741"N
12d30'41.0981"N
6780 sq.km
UTM
WGS 1984
Meter
State: Karnataka, District: Hassan
NBSS & LUP, Bangalore (Regional Centre)
C.S. Harindranath
PDF/GeoPDF
44.4 MB
\\GIST6\D:\GeoPDF Mapping Project _2013\Hassan
Y
Landsat
ETM+
29 March 2002 and 27January 2003
TIFF
30 m
https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
USGS
NBSS & LUP, Nagpur
Director, NBSS & LUP, Nagpur
Page 1
CONTRIBUTORS
Principal Investigator
C.S.Harindranath
K.R.Venugopal, R.Swamynatha,
K. Sundara
Cartography
Cover design
L.S.Bahilani
J.L.Sehgal
L.R.Hirekerur
V.A.K.Sarma
Page 2
FOREWORD
Soils differ greatly in their edaphic, morphological, physico-chemical and mineralogical properties because of
assorted combination of soil forming factors and processes which act on the parent rock to form them.
Soil Scientists study soils to identify units that can be grouped according to their morphology and properties into
classification units that can be delineated on maps. Different kind of soils can be interpreted for a variety of
technical uses, including technology transfer.
Since it is practically difficult to make detailed investigations and conduct fertility experiments on several soils,
it becomes imperative to make predictions, based on soil survey and correlation data. The present bulletin on the
soils of Hassan district (Karnataka) is an endeavour of the Staff of National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use
Planning in this direction wherein efforts have been made to map soil resources of the district, highlight the
problems and potentials for developing better land use plans. The bulletin covers various aspects of the soils of
the districts, including a separate chapter on Soil Survey Interpretation and suitability of soils for major crops
grown in the area. The results obtained may prove useful in transferring soil-based agro-technology to other
areas having similar soil-site characteristics.
It is hoped that this bulletin will be exploited by agronomists, planners, extension workers of different
departments for making rational land use recommendations.
Director
Page 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The soil survey of Hassan district is a collective effort of many persons in the Bureau. However, the following
deserve a special mention for their help and guidance in realizing the project.
Sri Naga Bhushana, S.R. and Shri Barde, N.K., the Regional Heads at the time of the project and field
review.
Smt. Pillai, T.L. and Sri Kharche, C.K. for their efficient typing work.
Staff members of the Regional Centre, Bangalore and Headquarters, Nagpur in cartography and
laboratory in various stage of the project.
Sri Abraham, P.K. for map reduction and printing section headed by Sri S. Pandey for printing.
Page 4
1.
INTRODUCTION
Soil is the basic resource for meeting the needs of all life. Since no two soils are similar in their inherent
characteristics and behavior, a proper understanding of their properties is imperative for developing optimum
land use plan. Soil surveys and maps provide information of the soil resource of an area. Interpretation of Soil
data lead to predictions.
In view of this, a semi-detailed reconnaissance soil survey of the District Hassan (Karnataka) was undertaken
with the following objectives:
to prepare a soil resource map of the district, delineating soil series and/or soil series associations with
phases within each soil series association,
to prepare interpretative maps based on soil-site characteristics and their limitations for developing
optimum land use plans.
Page 5
2.
GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING
The total geographical area of the district is 6.78 lakh hectares. It is, situated between 1231' and 1333' North
latitude and 7533' and 7638' East longitude and lies in the south western part of the state of Karnataka. It is
bounded on the north by Chikmagalur district, on the east by Tumkur and Mandya districts, on the south by
Mysore and Kodagu districts and on the west by South Kanara district. The Hassan district comprises eight
talukas (Fig. 1).
The major rock formations in the area are granites, gneisses, schist and quartzite (Fig.2).
The Hassan district is a part of the Karnataka plateau. Most of the plateau is peneplain in various stages of
denudation. It has gently to rolling surface with occasional monadnocks. In the geological past, the raising of the
Western Ghats resulted in the tilting of the plateau and brought about a change in climate from humid to semiarid. There are two distinct erosional surfaces:
1. The high hilly region popularly called Malnad and
2. The plain region, popularly known as Maidan
The district may be divided into the following physiographic zones: (map-1)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The Sakaleshpur taluk of the district rests on the brow of the Western Ghats and comprises some of the most
beautiful scenery in Karnataka State. The elevation ranges from 1000 to 1715 metres above the mean sea level.
Apart from these hill peaks, there are low ranges of granite hills found in all the other taluks.
The area is drained by three important rivers viz. the Cauvery, Hemavathi and Yagachi. Most of the district lies
within the Hemavati basin.
In the hilly region (malnad), there are number of small check dams and pickups constructed across the rivers
during the 19th Century which till to date are being used for irrigation. In the undulating plain (maidan) tank
irrigation is common. Of the total net sown area, about 16 per cent is irrigated by different sources; the details
are:
Total net sown area
: 10749 ha.
: 34083 ha.
: 1717 ha.
: 9797 ha.
Page 6
LOCATION MAP
KARNATAKA
INDIA
HASSAN
KARNATAKA
T
MK
UR
GA
IC
TU
ARSIKERE
DI
ST
I
CH
A
KM
R
LU
R
IST
RI
CT
BELUR
HASSAN
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
DA
NA
AN
IN K T
KSH ST RIC
DI
ARKALGUD
KODAGU
DISTRICT
10
HOLENARASIPUR
20
D
AN
M
YA
DI
I
TR
CT
MYSORE
DISTRICT
30
Kilometers
Page 7
HASSAN
GEOLOGY
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
ARKALGUD
HOLENARASIPUR
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
District HQ
Legend
Tehsil HQ
Dharwars
District Boundary
Granite
Tehsil Boundary
Peninsular gneiss
Road
Railway
Waterbodies
Fig: 2 Geology
Page 8
The district has equitable climate. The average annual rainfall is 1041 mm. The western part of the district
receives heavy rainfall which decreases significantly in the eastern part. A major portion of the rain is received
during the southwest monsoon period (May to August). Rains are also received during October to November.
The rainfall exceeds potential evapotranspiration for about 120 days in a year (Table 1). The soil moisture
control section is likely to remain moist for about 140 days in a year (ustic moisture regime) which permits
growing of one kharif crop under rain fed conditions. The mean annual air temperature is 23.3 C. April is
generally the hottest month and December the coldest. The difference between the mean summer and mean
winter temperature is less than 5C. The soil temperature regime is iso-hyperthermic (Fig.3).
Table 1. Climatological data of Hassan district, Karnataka
Station Hassan: 1300'N 7609'E, Height 960 m above MSL
(Based on observations from 1931-1960)
Mean Monthly
Temperature(C)
Potential
Evapotranspiration
(mm)
Normal Monthly
Rainfall (mm)
Average Number
of Rainy Days
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Annual
Average
21.4
23.2
25.6
26.7
25.9
23.1
21.9
22.2
22.6
23.1
22.0
20.9
23.3
111
119
157
149
146
111
110
104
106
105
98
100
1406
5.0
5.4
9.1
52.7
111.3
124.9
245.5
140.7
101.6
153.9
73.7
16.9
1040.7
0.4
0.4
0.7
3.6
7.1
8.9
13.8
10.6
7.7
8.9
4.6
1.1
67.8
The flora of the area is rich and varies from scrub forest (Acacia and Lanterna spp.) in the eastern sector
to evergreen forests (Terminalia spp.) in the western sector.
The economy of the district is primarily dependent on agriculture which is the chief occupation of the people. Of
the total geographical area, about 50 per cent is under cultivation. Efforts are being made to increase the
irrigation potential of the area and bring more area under cultivation (Table 2) (Fig.4).
The major crops grown in the area are: Finger millet (Ragi), sorghum, rice (cereal), horsegram, pigeonpea,
Dolichos (Avare) green gram, black gram and chickpea (pulses), groundnut and coconut (oil seed). Coffee and
cordamon plantations are grown in the malnad region (Table 3) (Fig.5).
Page 9
Fig.3b.Temperature
Page 10
Arasikere
1242
124059
Channarayapat
na
Hassan
1048
15050
(12.1)
Land not
Other unavailable cultivated land Fallow Net area Net area
for
exclusive of
land cultivated Irrigated
cultivation
fallow land
13542 (10,9)
16725 (13.5)
5117
(4.1)
73625
(59.3)
1591 (1.3)
104635
20119 (19.2)
92464
12548 (13.6)
63815
(81.0)
44502
(43.1)
4505 (4.3)
935
5125
(4.9)
6416
(6.9)
Holenarasipur
609
60088
9109 (15.1)
690
68633
12340 (18.0)
27739
(46.2)
42758
(62.3)
4885 (8.1)
Arkalgud
9228
(15.3)
3368
(4.9)
Alur
435
42476
11675 (27.5)
Belur
813
80290
16622 (20.7)
Sakaleshpur
1053
105414
26169
(24.8)
5494
(12.9)
8949
(11.1)
14247
(13.5)
16906
(36.8)
39689
(49.4)
38889
(36.9)
6570
(15.5)
9928
(12.3)
10703
(10.1)
TOTAL
6826
678059
53703
(7.9)
57944
(8.5)
347923
(51.3)
53422
(7.9)
6011 (5.7)
20098 (19.6)
8001 (8.6)
7239
(10.5)
Figures in parenthesis indicate percent to total geographical area according to revenue record.
Source: Bureau of Economics and Statistics, Govt. of Karnataka.
TABLE 3. Distribution of major crops in Hassan district (Taluk-wise)
(1978-79)
(Area in ha.)
Crops
Arasikere
Channarayapatna
Hassan
Holenarasipur
Araklgud
Alur
Belur
Sakalesh
pur
Total
Rice
2284
4539
5622
4378
6142
7116
11085
17324
58490
Finger
millet(Ragi)
27888
29310
26378
16084
17130
5311
14655
225
136981
Sorghum
Coconut
Coffee
Cotton
Groundnut
Pulses
Chillies
4551
12182
3700
1125
15337
1345
2242
11382
30
555
14818
518
2469
529
40
260
8067
410
832
486
20
440
10221
322
1158
362
180
1320
562
12739
550
10
2607
45
45
1800
30
1943
1012
6277
1250
298
5460
400
20280
229
12
13205
25953
29344
6405
3285
68671
3587
Cardamom
96
45
8326
8467
Page 11
15%
Forests
Fallow land
18%
51%
8%
MAJOR CROPS
1% 2%
Rice
Finger Millet (Ragi)
17%
19%
Sorghum
Coconut
Coffee
1%
2%
Cotton
8%
Groundnut
39%
7%
4%
Pulses
Chillies
Cardamom
Page 12
3.
SOIL S8RVEY TECHNIQUES
-
Semi-detailed and reconnaissance soil survey and mapping of the Hassan district were carried out during 1975
to 1981 using 1 inch to 1 mile (1:63,360) scale Survey of India toposheets as base, and the standard soil survey
procedure as stipulated in the Soil Survey Manual (IARI 1970). The field investigations included study of
several sample strips cutting across major physiographic units and developing correlation between physiography
and soils (Figs. 6 and 7). At random field checking was undertaken in the rest of the area to supplement the
correlation established. The soil mapping units are the soil series, and association of soil series. A Soil map
showing soil series (association) has been prepared. In all 33 soil series were identified and mapped as 30 soil
mapping units. The 30 soil mapping units have inclusions of other soils to the tune of 15 to 20%. Based on the
soil map, several interpretative maps like land capability, irrigability, problems and potential, land use present
and suggested, and crop suitability have been prepared.
Page 13
Page 14
4.
THE SOILS
The soils of Hassan district occur in different physiographic units such as hilly region, hillocks, undulating to
rolling lands, gently sloping pediments, and valleys. In the development of these soils, climate, vegetation and
relief have played a dominant role. The influence of parent material is realized in the undulating plain areas
where vegetation is of scrub type.
Brief descriptions of soil series observed on different physiographic positions, along with classification are
given in Table 4. The soils representative of dominant series were collected and analyzed for their physical and
chemical properties and presented in Table 5.
The soils of the hill ranges are very deep, loamy-skeletal, clayey-skeletal or clayey. Mostly, they are dark brown
and yellowish red and occasionally red to dark red in colors. They have soft kaolin underlying the solum. The
soils show structural and textural 'B' horizons. The soils in the valleys are very deep, grayish, clayey and
stratified; lime may or may not be present. The soils of the undulating plains are shallow to very deep and
gravelly to stony with rock outcrops.
The identified soils (33 Soil Series) have been classified according to Soil Taxonomy (USDA, 1975) (Table 6).
The data show that the studied soils belong to 3 orders (Alfisols, Inceptisols and Entisols), 4 sub orders (Ustalf,
Tropept, Orthent and Fluvent), 5 Great groups (Rhodustalf, Haplustalf, Ustropept, Ustorthent and Ustifluvent),
14 Sub groups and 23 Families.
The Fig.8 show that Alfisols are the dominant soils, occupying 34.4% followed by Entisols occupying 28.9%
and Inceptisols occupy 15.5% of the total geographical area of the district.
Page 15
24
Hettur
Kogaravalli
Arehalli
Foot-hills &
Valleys
Hillocks
Undulating to
rolling
Pediments
Gently sloping
Pediments
Soil Classification*
Area
ha.
%
I. HILLY REGION
Very deep, well drained, dark brown to
yellowish red, clay loam with e2-e3 erosion
Fine-loamy,
Typic Ustropept
Clayey-skeletal,
Oxic Rhodustalf
54245
8.0
Loamy-skeletal
Udic Haplustalf
25
Idenahalli
10119
1.5
28
Adagur
Fine,
Typic Ustropept
41438
6.1
29
Yagachi
Fine-loamy,
Typic Ustifluvent
7713
1.1
Rock Outcrops
Very deep, moderately well drained, yellowish brown, stratified with e1-e2 erosion
II. Plain Region
Bare rock exposures
12940
1.9
18
Tejigers
Loamy-sekeletal,
Typic Ustorthent
4976
0.7
20
YedegondaNahalli
1410
0.2
13
Machenahalli
56734
8.4
Honnavalli
5.2
Koratakere
36661
5.4
Banavara
19077
2.8
Chalya
41970
6.2
10
Kallenahalli
Loamy-skeletal,
Typic Ustropept
Loamy-skeletal,
Oxic Ustropept
Loamy-skeletal,
Udic Rhodustalf
Loamy-skeletal,
Udic Haplustalf
Fine-loamy,
Typic Haplustalf
35201
23
1410
0.2
37374
5.5
41110
6.1
Fine-loamy,
Fluventic Ustorthent
Fine, Typic Ustorthent
14366
2.1
54179
8.0
4893
0.7
9881
1.4
9
2
Valleys
Brief Description
6
11
15
7
Hemavathi
Loamy-skeletal,
Lithic Ustorthent
Loamy-skeletal,
Lithic Ustorthent
Fine-loamy,
Typic Ustifluvent
Other associated soil, less representative of the area (for details Report on Hassan District) 177017 26.1
*Most soils qualify for mixed mineralogy and isohyperthermic temperature and ustic moisture regimes
Depth classes
Shallow
Moderately deep
Deep
Very deep
7.5 to 22.5 cm
22.5 to 45.0 cm
45.0 to 90.0 cm
90 cm
Erosion
el slight
e2 moderate
e3 severe
Page 16
HASSAN
Physiography
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
Legend
District HQ
Hill ranges
Tehsil HQ
Hillocks
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Fig: 8 Physiography
Page 17
HASSAN
References
District HQ
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
ARSIKERE
Road
Railway
Contour
Drainage
Waterbodies
Watershed Boundary
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
Legend
Adagar-Mavinakere
Hemavathi-Konanur-Adagur
Nuggahalli
Bagolu
Hettur-Kogaravalli-Arehalli
Rock Outcrop
Banankere
Honnavalli
Srinavasapura
Banavar
Kadabagere
Sunnakalluhosuru
Basawanahalli-Arahalli-Koratakere
Kallenahalli
Tejigere
Bellur-Idanahalli
Kanatur
Velembige
Biccodu-Hetture-Arehalli
Kodigehalli
Yagechi-Adagar-Mavinakere
Chalya
Konmur-Srinivasapura-Naradanahalli
Yedegunanahalli
Chalya-Bagolu-Machenahalli
Machenahalli
Doddakadanur
Machenahalli-Ramnathpura-Madanahalli
Hemavathi
Mavinakere
Page 18
Series Association
2
Topography
(Slope %)
3
Hillocks
(15-20%)
Drainage
Ground
water
Class
table(m)
4
5
Stoniness
Surface
NA
D5
St3-R3
Sub
soil
7
St3R3
Texture
Series
Surface
central
section
9
10
Surface
Nil
Nil
Nil
Soil
Depth
8
pH
Series
central
section
12
Organic
matter (%)
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
Nil
11
CEC
(me/100g)
13
Base
Saturation
14
15
Remarks
16
Bagolu
10-15
D4
St0
St0
150
sl-scl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Banankere
8-10
D4
St1
St0
100120
sl-scl
C (40%)
6.4
6.6-7
0.4
20
84
Combic B
Banavar
Undulating to
rolling (5-10%)
10-15
D4
St2
g3
80-100
gsl-gscl
gsc-gc
(42%)
6.8
6.7-7.2
0.5-0.2
30
93
Chalya
Undulating to
Gently sloping (38%)
Control section
2.5YR 3/6 & 3/4
with textural B
15-20
D4
St2
g3
70-90
ls-sl
cl-sc
(29%)
7.4
7.2-7.3
0.3-0.2
17
87
Textural B
highly gravelly
Doddakadanur
Vally (0-2%)
3-5
D3
Nil
Nil
150
sc-scl
Stratified
NA
NA
NA
Hemavathi
Vally (0-2%)
3-5
D3
Nil
Nil
150
fls-fsl
Stratified
6.9-7.4
6.3-7.5
Honnavalli
Undulating to
rolling (5-8%)
15-20
D4
St3
St3
40-60
ls-sl
gacl-gcl
6.1
6.5
0.5-0.4
20
83-92
Textural B
9.2
8.2-9.8
0.75-0.3
20-30
93-00
sic-c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
ls-sl
ls-sl
(17%)
6.3
6.3
0.4
6-7
76-80
150
scl
sl-scl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
150
100120
scl
c (41-44)
sl-gcl
(29%)
8.6
7.7-8.2
0.7-0.4
21-24
89-97
7.3
7.9
0.4-0.3
16-18
80-90
st3
60-70
gscl-gcl
gcl-gsc
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
sl-scl
10
Kallenahalli
10-15
D4
St1
St0
120150
sl-cl
11
Kanatur
Vally (0-2%)
3-5
D3
Nil
Nil
150
sl
12
Kodigehalli
3-5
D3
Nil
Nil
100120
scl-sicl
13
Machenahalli
Undulating to
rolling (10-15%)
15-20
D4-D5
St3-R2
st3
20-30
14
Navinakere
Vally (0-2%)
1.5-3
D3
Nil
Nil
15
Nuggihalli
Vally (0-1%)
1-2
D2
Nil
Nil
16
Srinivasapura
Vally (0-2%)
3-5
D3
Nil
St2
15-20
D4-D5
st3
Yedegondanahalli
21
Chalya-BagoluMachenahalli (40-3020%)
Hillocks (10-20%)
CambicB
8.0
150
20
85
7.4
Tejigere
14.0
90-76
St1
Valambige
0.2-0.08
9.8-12.6
D4
19
75-85
0.5-0.2
10-15
18
6.2-16.4
6.1-6.5
Sunnakalluhosuru
0.6-0-18
6.7
Kadabagere
17
NA
Control section
2.5YR 3/5 & 3/4
with textural B
Undulating to
rolling (8-15%)
Hillocks (10-20%)
Undulating to
rolling (8-15%)
NA
sl-sicl
sc-c(3540%)
cl-c
(30%)
c-sic (5064%)
20-25
D4-D5
st3-R3
st3
20-40
gsl-gscl
gscl-gcl
7.3
6.9
0.3-0.2
10-12
70-80
20-25
D4-D5
st3-R3
st3
15-20
gls
gcl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
20-25
D5
st4-R4
st3
15-25
gcl
gcl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Sub-soil
calcareous
Surface crecks&
pressure faces
scar.
Calcareous Subclass
Sub-soil chroma1
Stratified subclass
Calcareous subsoil
Page 19
22
Machenahalli (40%)
Ramanathpura-(30%)
Mandanahalli (20%)
Basavanahalli-(40%)
23
Arehalli-(30%)
Koratakere-(20%)
Hettur-(40%)
24
Kogaravalli (30%)
Arahalli (20%)
Bellur- (50%)
25
Idenahalli (30%)
Idenahalli (30%)
26
27
Bioodu- (40%)
Hettur- (30%)
Arahalli (30%)
Kananur- (40%)
Undulating to
rolling (8-15%)
Undulating to
rolling (8-15%)
Undulating to
rolling (8-15%)
Undulating to
rolling (10-15%)
Moderate to steep
hill range (10-25)
15-20
15-20
D4-D5
D4-D5
NA
NA
NA
NA
Combic B
Combic B
10-15
D4
st1
st0
90-120
sl-scl
cl-c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Combic B
10-15
D4
st2
st3
60-80
scl-cl
gcl-gc
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Textural B
10-15
D4
st1
st3
50-60
ls-sl
sl-gcl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
cl-gcl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
CombicB with
soft kaolin below
20-30
D4
st1
st2
100-120
scl-cl
20-30
D4
st1
st3
100-120
scl-cl
cl-gcl
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
15-20
D4
st1
st2
100-150
scl-cl
c-gc
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
15-20
D4
st0
st1
150
scl-cl
c-sc(4448%)
7.2
6.5-7
0.7-0.5
8-11
60-80
20-30
D4
st0
st0
120-180
cl-c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Textural B
Combic B soft
kaolin below
solum
Textural B, soft
kaolin below
solum
Valley (0-2%)
1-2
NA
NA
Sub-soil chroma 1
Surface cracks &
pressure faces
Srinivasapura-(30%)
st0
st0
150
cl
NA
NA
NA
Maradanahalli(20%)
Valley (0-2%)
1-2
D2
Nil
Nil
100-120
sicl-c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
28
Adagur-(50%)
Valley (0-2%)
3-5
D3
st0
st0
150
scl
sc-c
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
Mavinakere-(40%)
29
Hagachi- (40%)
Valley (0-2%)
stratified
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
30
Textural B, 2.5
YR & soft kaolin
below solum
3-5
D3
st0
st0
150
sl-scl
Adagur- (30%)
Mavinakere-(20%)
Hemavathi- (40%)
Konanur- (30%)
Adagur- (20%)
Drainage class:
D1 = Poorly drained
=
D2 Imperfectly drained
=
D3 Moderately well drained
=
D4 Well drained
=
D5 Excessively drained
10-15%
15-35%
35-60%
60%
B.S. % & CEC is weighted mean of the series control section for 100 g soil. Clay percentage is weighted mean of the control section.
Page 20
HASSAN
Slope
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
Legend
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
District HQ
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Gently sloping
Gently sloping-Moderately sloping
Moderately sloping
Moderately steep-Moderately sloping
Fig: 10 Soil Slope
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Page 21
HASSAN
Soil Depth
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
SAKLESHPUR
ALUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
Legend
Shallow
References
Mod. deep
District HQ
Tehsil HQ
Deep
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Very deep
Road
Very deep-Deep
Railway
Not Available
Drainage
Waterbodies
Fig: 11 Soil Depth
Page 22
HASSAN
Soil Drainage
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
Legend
Imperfect
References
District HQ
Imperfect-Mod well
Tehsil HQ
Imperfect-Poor
District Boundary
Poor
Tehsil Boundary
Mod well
Road
Mod well-Well
Railway
Drainage
Well
Waterbodies
Page 23
HASSAN
Groundwater
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
Legend
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
District HQ
Deep
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Mod deep
Tehsil Boundary
Mod shallow
Road
Railway
Drainage
Rockoutcrop
Waterbodies
Fig: 13 Soil Groundwater
Page 24
HASSAN
Surface Stoniness
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
Legend
References
Not Available
District HQ
upto 10%
Tehsil HQ
0-10%
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
10-15%
Road
15-35%
Railway
35-60%
Drainage
Waterbodies
Fig: 14 Soil Surace` Stoniness
Page 25
HASSAN
Soil Erosion
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
Legend
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
District HQ
Slight
Tehsil HQ
Slight-Moderate
District Boundary
Moderate-Severe
Moderate-Severe-Very severe
Rockoutcrop
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Railway
Drainage
Not Available
Waterbodies
Fig: 15 Soil Erosion
Page 26
HASSAN
Surface Texture
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
References
District HQ
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
10
20
30
Kilometers
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Legend
Not Available
Sandy loam
Waterbody
Page 27
HASSAN
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
Legend
District HQ
Not Available
Fine
Fine-Fine loamy
Loamy skeletal
Fine loamy-Fine
Fine loamy
Loamy skeletal-Fine
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbody
Page 28
Table 6. Physical and chemical properties of typical soils of Hassan district (KARNATAKA)
Horizon
Sand
Silt
Clay
Textural
class
Coarse
fragments
Ap
Bt
84.3
45.6
2.1
6.0
22.5
46.2
Scl
c
Ap
Ac
79.3
75.2
8.6
2.0
19.1
21.7
gsl
gscl
Ap
Ac
76.3
70.0
7.3
13.0
15.4
16.3
glc
gls
Ap
B
72.2
65.7
11.8
8.5
11.5
25.3
ls
gscl
Ap
Bt
56.3
51.1
3.0
4.1
32.8
43.6
gscl
gc
Ap
Bt
74.1
55.4
4.1
10.1
19.2
34.2
gcl
gsc
Ap
Bt
62.7
47.0
9.0
11.8
25.6
43.5
Scl
c
Ap
Bt
66.2
45.5
6.8
7.9
25.5
50.2
scl
c
Ap
C
68.5
22.4
4.8
25.6
17.3
52.2
sl
c
Ap
B
64.8
48.3
7.1
6.9
27.7
44.3
scl
c
Ap
C
IIc
86.2
84.2
68.2
2.1
2.0
2.5
12.2
18.2
26.2
ls
sl
scl
Soil : Water
1:2.5 Ratio
pH
EC
O.C.
%
7
8
9
25 Idenahalli Series
0.8
7.2
0.1
0.6
5.2
7.0
0.1
0.2
18 Tejigere Series
43.2
7.3
0.3
0.3
72.5
6.9
0.1
0.06
13 Machenahalli Series
9.7
6.3
0.1
0.4
62.8
6.3
0.1
0.2
8 Honnavalli Series
1.9
6.1
0.1
0.2
40.8
6.1
0.1
0.1
4 Banavara Series
60.6
6.8
0.1
0.5
69.1
6.8
0.1
0.3
5 Chalya Series
22.5
7.4 0.01
0.7
62.5
7.2 0.01
0.3
10 Kallenahalli Series
Nil
7.4
0.1
0.5
Nil
8.0
0.1
0.2
9 Kadabagere Series
5.9
6.7
0.1
0.5
6.8
6.3
0.1
0.3
11 Kanatur Series
12.5
9.2
0.4
0.7
15.2
9.8
0.5
0.4
15 Nuggihalli Series
3.0
8.6
0.3
0.7
3.5
8.2
0.1
0.4
7 Hemavathi Series
6.1
7.4
0.1
0.5
1.2
7.6
0.1
0.5
7.2
0.1
0.5
C.E.C.
Caco3
meq100
g soil
Extractable
cations
B.S.
PHT100 %
g clay
Ca
Mg
10
11
12
13
14
15
7.7
6.2
27.5
12.3
76
60
4.9
3.2
0.9
0.4
10.7
12.3
52.3
56.6
72
80
6.4
5.8
0.8
5.1
6.2
7.4
40.2
45.4
76
78
2.1
-
2.6
-
9.8
13.9
80.8
54.5
85
85
3.4
6.6
4.1
4.9
16.9
29.3
47.8
66.5
91
93
8.7
14.5
6.2
13.0
12.5
18.7
48.0
54.1
84
87
8.2
12.9
1.8
2.7
19.5
20.2
69.5
46.7
83
92
12.7
13.9
3.0
3.7
8.4
10.2
28.2
20.3
89
76
5.5
5.5
1.2
1.5
1.08
1.92
10.9
30.2
53.1
56.3
93
100
8.6
16.5
0.9
10.5
0.51
1.03
23.8
24.4
79.7
52.8
89
97
9.8
12.7
10.1
8.6
7.6
7.6
15.2
52.4
52.4
58.0
78
78
86
4.4
4.4
12.3
1.5
1.5
2.0
Note: Soil separates in the subsurface is the weighted average of all the horizon upto parent material. CEC for
100 g clay is estimated on the basis of clay and organic carbon.
Page 29
HASSAN
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
SAKLESHPUR
ALUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
Legend
10
20
30
Kilometers
Slightly acidic
Slightly acidic-NA
References
Neutral
District HQ
Tehsil HQ
Neutral-NA
District Boundary
Neutral-NA-Slightly acidic
Tehsil Boundary
Mod alkaline
Road
NA-Neutral
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Fig: 18 Soil Reaction (pH)
Page 30
Family
Bagolu
Banavar
Kadabagere
Kogaravalli
Chalya, Arehalli
Biccodu, Idenahalli
Kallenahalli
Adagur, Banankere
Honnavalli,
Sunnakalluhosuru
Ramanathapura,
Basavanahalli
Bellur
Koratakere
Hettur
Kodigehalli,
Maradanahalli
Nuggihalli, Konanur
Valambige,
Mandanahalli
Doddakadanur
Machenahalli,
Yedegondanahalli
Kanatur
Mavinakere
Tejigere
Fine
Loamy-skeletal
Fine
Clayey-skeletal
Loamy-skeletal
Fine
Fine-loamy
Fine
Loamy-skeletal
Yagachi
Srinivasapura,
Hemavathi
Fine
Fine-loamy
Fine-loamy
Fine
Loamy-skeletal
Fine-loamy
Fine
Sub group
Udic Rhodustalf
Oxic Rhodustalf
Udic Haplustalf
Oxic Haplustalf
Typic Haplustalf
Sub
order
Order
Ustalf
Alfisol
Ustropept
Tropept
Inceptisol
Ustorthent
Orthent
Rhodustalf
Haplustalf
Typic Ustropept
Oxic Ustropept
Vertic Ustropept
Fine
Loamy-skeletal
Aquic Ustropept
Fine loamy
Loamy-skeletal
Fluventic Ustorthent
Fine
Fine-loamy
Loamy-skeletal
Great
group
Lithic Ustropept
Lithic Ustorthent
Typic Ustorthent
Typic Ustifluvent
Entisol
Ustifluvent
Fluvent
The mineralogy is mixed and temperature regime is Isohyperthermic for all the soils.
Page 31
HASSAN
Soil Taxonomy
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
Legend
Aquic Ustropept
Typic Ustifluvent
Fluventic Ustorthent
Typic Ustorthent
Lithic Ustropept
Lithic Ustorthent
Oxic Rhodustalf
Oxic UstropeptOxic Haplustalf
RO
Typic Haplustalf
Typic Ustropept
Udic Haplustalf
Udic Rhodustalf
Vertic Ustropept
20
30
Kilometers
References
District HQ
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Page 32
5.
SOIL SURVEY INTERPRETATIONS FOR LAND USE PLANNING
Evaluation of land for land use planning is a consequent step following the mapping process. In the recent past,
it has gained high popularity in almost every land development program. Generally the agronomist would
generate this kind of information after conducting field experiments on individual soil mapping units. Since this
would take considerable time, planning will have to proceed with the information given in the soil survey
reports. In view of the practical need for exploiting soils of the Hassan district for optimum land use planning,
land capability, irrigability, productive and problem soils, suggested land use and soil suitability for crops has
been worked out for the mapped soil units.
5.1 Land Capability:
Land capability classification is an interpretative grouping made primarily for broad agricultural, forestry and
non-agricultural use. The arable soils are grouped, according to their limitations, in Class I-IV; the forestry soils
are grouped in Class VI & VII; the Class VIII soils have maximum limitation are used for recreation or
quarrying.
Further sub-division of the classes have been based on the dominant limiting factor, such as 'e' for erosion, 's' for
soil, 'd' for drainage and 'w' for wetness. The soil mapping unit have been grouped into different subclasses and
indicated in Table 8.
Table 8. Land capability classification
Map
symbol
Land capability
Sub-class
IIs
IIe
IIIe
IIIes
IVes
VIes
IIIes-IIes(VIes)
IVe-VIes (IVes)
VIes (IIIes)
10
VIe-VIes
11
IVe-IIIe
12
IVe-VIe-VIes
13
VIII
Description
Good lands under irrigation with minor problems clayey subsoil salinity, drainage
Good lands with minor problems erosion hazard, low
fertility
Moderately good lands with problems of erosion
Moderately good lands with problems of erosion
gravelliness
Fairly good lands with problems of slope, gravelliness
and erosion
Lands not suitable for cultivation with shallow soils
gravelliness, steep slopes, severe erosion
Moderately good and good lands with lands not suitable
for agriculture with minor to severe problems of soilerosion
Fairly good lands and some lands not suitable for
agriculture with gravelly soils, steep slopes, erosion
Lands not suitable for agriculture and some moderately
good lands with erosion hazard and gravelly soils
Lands not suitable for agriculture with steep slopes to be
permanently under vegetation
Fairly good and some moderately good lands with
erosion hazard
Fairly good lands and some lands not suitable for
agriculture with steep slopes and erosion hazard
Hillocks and base rock outcrops
Area ha.
Percent
174975
25.8
80889
11.9
19077
2.8
41970
6.2
40177
6.0
85808
9.7
46217
6.8
36661
5.4
27239
4.0
54245
8.0
10119
1.5
60466
8.9
12940
1.9
Page 33
HASSAN
Land Capability
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
SAKLESHPUR
ALUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
ARKALGUD
HOLENARASIPUR
Legend
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
IIs
IVe-VIe-VIes
IIe
IVe-VIes-IVes
IIIe
VIes
IIIes
VIes-IIIes
IIIes-IIe-VIes
VIe-VIes
IVes
VIII
District HQ
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
IVe-IIIe
Fig: 21 Land Capability
Page 34
5.2 Irrigability:
It has already been indicated earlier 16 per cent of the total cropped area is under irrigation. The irrigated areas
are generally in Plains and valleys. The soils of the area were evaluated to suitability for irrigation so that where
possible more area could be brought under irrigation, particularly after the completion of the Hemavathi project.
Soil irrigability classification is made on the basis of important soil characteristics namely surface, soil texture,
depth, available water retention capacity and permeability, alkali and saline conditions. Land irrigability
classification is made taking into consideration, in addition to soil irrigability class, the quantity and quality of
water, drainage requirements, topography, and economic considerations.
Irrigability class includes both soil and land irrigability classes. Sub-classes have been divised to cover similar
limitations such ass - problems due to soils d- problems due to drainage, and t- problems due to
topography.
Mapping units in the soil map have been grouped into various irrigability class and subclass (Table 9).
Table 9. Irrigability classification
Map
symbol
1
Irrigability
Sub-class
2s
3s
4st
6st
3s-6st
6st-3s
4st-6st
4st-3s
Description
Area ha.
Percent
213757
31.5
84075
12.4
61659
9.1
190854
28.2
46217
6.8
27239
4.0
36661
5.4
10119
1.5
Page 35
HASSAN
Land Irrigability
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
Legend
District HQ
2s
4st-3s
3s
4st-6st
3s-6st
6st
4st
6st-3s
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Page 36
Productivity
class
Good
Soil map
unit
6, 7, 11, 12,
14, 15, 16,
27, 28, 29,
30
Description
Recommendations
Very deep,
moderately well
drained, clayey and
loamy soils in valley
regions.
Average
2, 3, 5, 9,
10, 21
Response to Management is
good. Suitable for paddy,
sugarcane, coconut, finger
millet, vegetables and
flowers. Two crops can be
taken.
Require minimum soil and
water conservation
measures. Response to
management is average
under dry land agriculture.
Suitable for long duration
crops.
Area
ha
%
174985
25.8
169076
24.9
Intensity
of problem
Slight
Moderate
Severe
Soil map
unit
8, 13, 22
Associated problems
Shallow to moderate
rooting depth, gravelly,
stony, few rock outcrops
gentle to moderate
slopes, sheet erosion,
scanty vegetation.
17, 18, 19 Shallow rooting depth,
gravelly, stony and rocky
soils, moderate to steep
slopes, severe erosion
scanty vegetation.
1, 20
Recommendations
Require intensive soil and
water conservation measures
and dry farming practices.
Suitable for pastures and
limited agriculture.
Require high input in soil and
water conservation measures
and dry farming practices.
Suitable for forestry, pastures
and limited agriculture of
short duration crops.
Require permanent vegetative
cover. Suitable for quarrying
recreation and forms good
catchment for watersheds,
possibility of construction of
storage tanks.
Area
ha
%
119174 17.6
12440
1.8
14350
2.1
Page 37
HASSAN
Productive Soil
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
District HQ
Legend
Tehsil HQ
Average
District Boundary
Good
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Rockoutcrop
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Fig: 23 Productive Soil
Page 38
HASSAN
Problem Soils
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
SAKLESHPUR
ALUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
Legend
District HQ
Tehsil HQ
Slight
Slight tendency towards salinity and alkalinity
Moderate
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Severe
Railway
Drainage
Not Available
Waterbodies
Page 39
HASSAN
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
Legend
District HQ
Coconut plantation
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Page 40
Page 41
HASSAN
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
District HQ
Legend
Tehsil HQ
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Page 42
Degree of limitation
None
Slight
Moderate
Severe
Very
severe
Climate (annual
rainfall in mm)
750
500-750
400-500
400
Topography (slope %)
1-3
3-5
5-10
10-15
15
Drainage
Moderately well
Poor excessive
Very poor
Texture
Sand, fine
clay
Gravelliness/ Stoniness
Volume Surface
Percent Subsurface
Soil depth (cm)
Lime %
Caption exchange
capacity (soil)
(meq/100g)
Base saturation %
Imperfect to
weak
Clay loam
Silty clay
loam
3
15
80
15
3-5
15-40
50-80
15-25
15-40
40-75
20-50
25-50
40-75
75
20
50
75
-
16
10-16
5-10
80
50-80
35-50
35
Page 43
Overall
limitation
1
1
2
2
0
0
2
1
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
3-4
2-3
3-4
1-2
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
1-2
0
1
0
1-2
1-2
1-2
2
1
0-1
0-1
2
1-2
1
1-2
2-1
0-1
1
1
1
1-2
0
0
1
1-2
1-2
2
2
1
1-2
1-2
2
1
1-2
1-2
1
2-1
1
1-2
1-2
1
0-1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1-2
0
1
1
1
0
0
3
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
0
3
3
3
3
1
0
0
2
2
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
2
2
2
1
0
0
0
0-1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
2-3
2-3
2-3
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
0
0
2
0
0
-
0
0
0
0-1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
-
1-2
1-2
2
2
1-2
1-2
2-3
1-2
1
1-2
1-2
2-3
1
1-2
1
4
4
4
4
1-2
S1-2
S1-2
S2
S2
S1-2
S1-2
S3
S1-2
S1
S1-2
S1-2
S3
S1
S1-2
S1
N2
N2
N1
N2
S1-2
1-2
2-3
2-3
S3
0-1
2-3
S3
3-4
1-2
3-4
N2
0
0
3
4
1
1
1
1-2
2
2
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
-
1
-
2-3
4
S3
N2
1-2
S1-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0-1
1-2
1-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1-2
1-2
S1-2
S1-2
1-2
2-1
1-2
S1-2
Suitability class
Base Saturation
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Sub
surface
CEC
30
Soil Depth
28
29
Surface
27
Series
central
section
25
26
Surface
24
Drainage
23
Topography
22
Bagolu
Banankere
Banavar
Chalya
Doddakadanur
Hemavathi
Honnavalli
Kadabagere
Kallenahalli
Kanatur
Kodigehalli
Machenahalli
Navinakere
Nuggihalli
Srinivasapura
Sunnakalluhosuru
Tejigere
Valambige
Yedegondanahalli
Chalya-BagoluMachenahalli
MachenahalliRamanathpuraMandanahalli
BasavanahalliArehalli-Koratakere
Hettur-kogaravalliArahalli
Bellur-Idenahalli
Bioodu-HetturArahalli
KananurSrinivasapuraMaradanahalli
Adagur-Mavinakere
Hagachi-AdagurMavinakere
HemavathiKonanur-Adagur
Climate
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Series Association
Table 14. Suitability classification of soils for Ragi crop, Hassan district (Karnataka)
Page 44
Page 45
HASSAN
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
SAKLESHPUR
ALUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
Legend
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
Highly suitable
District HQ
Suitable
Tehsil HQ
Moderately suitable
District Boundary
Marginally suitable
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Unsuitable,potentially suitable
Unsuitable presently and potentially
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Fig: 27 Suitability for Ragi
Page 46
S2
(Moderately suitable)
S3
(Marginally suitable)
N1
(Unsuitable,
potentially suitable)
N2
(Unsuitable presently
and potentially)
Area in ha.
23058
Percent
3.4
279023
41.1
61047
9.1
Honnavalli (8), Machenahalli (13), MachenahalliRaraanathapura-Mandanahalli (22), BasavanahalliArehalli-Koratakere (23), Bellur-Idenahalli (25)
Sunnakalluhosuru (17), Tejigere (18), Valambige (19)
165954
24.5
12440
1.8
129061
19.0
Page 47
Table 16. Criteria used for assessing suitability of soils for Eucalyptus plantation
Soil site characteristics
Degree of limitation
Moderate
Severe
None
Slight
CLIMATE
-Rainfall (mm)
500-1000
250-600
150-250
-MAT (C)
18-22
22-25
25-28
12-15
150
1000-1500
28
8-12
0-1
0-8
1-3
8-15
3-6
15-30
8
30
Nil- Slight
Well
Moderate
Moderately
well
sic, sc, cl, sicl,
cl (m)
Severe
Excessive
imperfect
sic, sc(m), ls, c
(s)
Very severe
Poop Very
excessive
c (m) s
15-40 (all)
40-75 (fgr)
15-40
50-80
30-50
40-75 (all)
75 (fgr)
40-75
20-50
50-75
50
3-15 (all)
15-40 (fgr)
3-15
80-120
0-3
15-30
50-80
35-50
35
2
4
15
2-4
4-8
15-25
4-8
8-15
25-40
8-15
15-25
40
TOPOGRAPHY
-Plains
-Hills
WETNESS
-Flooding
-Drainage
Soil texture (USDA)
STONINESS (%
volume)
-Surface
-Subsoil
SOIL DEPTH (cm)
LIME %
BASE SATURATION
SALINITY
-Fine to mod. Fine tex.
-Coarse to moderate
SODICITY (ESP)
Very severe
1500
8
Very poor
75 (all)
75
20
75
15
25
Key: (s) Structured (m) massive (all) all sizes of gravels G stones (fgr) fine gravel 2.5 cm diameter
Source: J. L. Sehgal 1986, Introductory pedology, Kalyani Publishers, Ludhiyana
TABLE 17. Suitability of mapping units for Eucalyptus plantation
Suitability class
S1
(Highly suitable)
S2
(Moderately suitable)
S3
(Marginally suitable)
N2
(Unsuitable presently and potentially)
Mapping units
6, 7, 14, 16, 27, 10
Area in ha.
56219
Percent
8.3
247556
36.5
177398
26.2
189410
27.9
Page 48
Table 18. Suitability classification of soils of Hassan district (Karnataka) for eucalyptus plantation
Soil
Mappi
ng
Unit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Series Association
Rock out crops
Bagolu
Banankere
Banavar
Chalya
Doddakadanur
Hemavathi
Honnavalli
Kadabagere
Kallenahalli
Kanatur
Kodigehalli
Machenahalli
Navinakere
Nuggihalli
Srinivasapura
Sunnakalluhosuru
Tejigere
Valambige
Yedegondanahalli
Chalya-BagoluMachenahalli
MachenahalliRamanathpuraMandanahalli
BasavanahalliArehalli-Koratakere
Hettur-kogaravalliArahalli
Bellur-Idenahalli
Climate
Rain MA
fall
T
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
Plains
Hills
Flodding
Drainage
Soil
texture
1-2
1-2
2
2
0-1
0-1
2
1-2
1-2
1-2
0-1
3
0-1
0
0-1
3
3
-
4
1-2
1-2
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
3
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1-2
2
2
2
1
2
0
0-1
0
0
0
Topography
Wetness
Base
Saturation
Salin
ity
Sodi
city
Overall
limitation
Suitabililit
y class
Major
Limitation
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0
-
4
2
2
2
2
1
1
2-3
1-2
1-2
2
2
3
1
1-2
1-2
2-3
3
3
3
N2
S2
S2
S2
S2
S1
S1
S3
S2
S1
S2
S2
S3
S1
S2
S1
S3
S3
S3
S3
r
s
s
s, g
s,g
d
d,w
t,g
s
s
s
s
d,g,t,1
d,s
s
d
t,d,1
t,d,1
t,d,1
t,d,1
1-2
1-2
1-2
0-1
1-2
S2
s,g
2-3
2-3
1-2
2-3
S3
d,g,t,1
1-2
1-2
0-1
S3
t,g
1-2
1-2
N2
0-1
0-1
N2
26
Bioodu-HetturArahalli
1-2
1-2
1-2
N2
27
KananurSrinivasapuraMaradanahalli
0-1
S1
0-1
N2
0-1
S3
c,s
0-1
N2
28
29
30
Adagur-Mavinakere
Hagachi-AdagurMavinakere
Hemavathi-KonanurAdagur
r = rockiness;
s = soil;
t = topography;
g = stoniness;
w = wetness;
d = drainage;
c = climate;
l = soil depth
Page 49
HASSAN
References
District HQ
Tehsil HQ
ARSIKERE
District Boundary
Tehsil Boundary
Road
Railway
BELUR
HASSAN
ALUR
SAKLESHPUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
10
20
30
Kilometers
Legend
Classes
Agriculture
Area [sq.km]
Agriculture, Cropland
2362
1150
Agriculture, Plantation
Builtup
Built-up, Mining
Built-up, Rural
Built-up, Urban
1481
7
78
31
Classes
Area [sq.km]
Rock outcrops
Uncultivable
135
324
205
Water
40
155
Forest
Degraded Forest
Forest, Deciduous
63
592
160
Data Source: Landsat ETM+ Satellite data of Kharif (2002) and Rabi (2003), SRTM DEM, Existing Soil Maps & Reports (NBSS & LUP), and other Statistical Data
Page 50
HASSAN
ARSIKERE
BELUR
HASSAN
SAKLESHPUR
ALUR
CHANNARAYAPATNA
HOLENARASIPUR
ARKALGUD
Legend
10
20
30
Kilometers
References
Highly suitable
District HQ
Moderately suitable
Tehsil HQ
Marginally suitable
District Boundary
Unsuitable
Tehsil Boundary
Waterbody
Road
Railway
Drainage
Waterbodies
Page 51
6.
CONCLUSION
Soils of Hassan district, Karnataka have been mapped, characterized, classified and interpreted.
Productive soils occurring along valleys and gently sloping pediments cover about 50.7 per cent. They are very
deep, clayey and loamy, with high water retentivity and are suitable for raising climatically adapted crops. These
soils are expected to respond well to management. They require minor amendments in drainage and soil and
water conservation measures.
Problem soils cover about 21.5 per cent and occur along undulating to rolling lands. They have shallow rooting
depth, gravelliness and rockiness and erosion hazard. They are suitable for pasture lands, farm forestry and
occasional cultivation of minor crops. They require intensive soil and water conservation measures.
The hill ranges (malnad) need to be permanently covered with vegetation where there is ample scope for
growing plantation crops like coffee, pepper, orange, cardamom. The forest species are to be maintained for
ecological balance.
Page 52