Plant Mol Biol (2013) 83:13

DOI 10.1007/s11103-013-0097-1

PREFACE

Plant biotechnology for food security and bioeconomy

Jihong Liu Clarke Peng Zhang
J. L. Clarke (&)
Bioforsk-Norwegian
Institute for Agricultural and
Environmental Research,
Hgskoleveien 7,
1430 As, Norway
e-mail: [email protected]

Published online: 17 July 2013

P. Zhang
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht SIBS-ETH Shanghai
2013
Center for Cassava

Biotechnology, Institute
of Plant Physiology and
Abstract This year is a special year for plant Ecology, SIBS, Chinese
Academy

biotechnology. It was 30 years ago, onof Sciences, 300 Fenglin

January 18 1983, one of the most important Road, Shanghai 200032,
dates in the history of plant biotechnology,China
that three independent groups described
Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated
genetic transformation at the Miami Winter
Sym-posium, leading to the production of
normal, fertile transgenic plants (Bevan et
al. in Nature 304:184187, 1983; Fraley et
al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 80:4803
4807,

1983; Herrera-Estrella et al. in

EMBO J 2:987995, 1983; Vasil in Plant

Cell Rep 27:14321440, 2008). Since then,
plant biotechnology has rapidly advanced
into a useful and valuable tool and has made
a significant impact on crop production,
development of a biotech industry and the
bio-based economy worldwide.

Keywords Plant biotechnology

GM crops Food production
Bioeconomy

Plant biotechnologywhere are we

after a 30-year journey?
Global utilization of genetically
modified (GM) crops
Since the production of the first
transgenic plants 30 years ago and
following the first planting of GM crops
in 1996,

plant biotechnology has

had
an
increasingly
significant
role
in
modern
agriculture.
Globally, the cultivation
of GM crops increased
100-fold,
from
1.7
million hectares in 1996,
to 170 million hectares in
2012 (James 2012) demonstrating the potential of
plant biotechnology. In
2012, a record 17.3
million farmers in 30
countries
grew
GM
crops, with an increase of
0.6
million
farmers
compared to 2011. Of
these, over 90 % (i.e.
over 15 million), were
small
resource-poor
farmers in developing
countries.
To
date,
developing
countries
grow more GM crops
than industrial countries
(52 vs. 48 % in 2012),
indicating the benefits of
GM crops to farmers
worldwide.
Five
European
countries
(Spain, Portugal, the
Czech
Republic,
Slovakia and Romania)
have planted a record
129,071 hectares of GM
Bt maize, a 13 %
increase
over
2011,
despite the extensive

debate about GM crops, the strong anti- world in 2050, plant

GM trend in Eur-ope, and the regulatorybiotechnological
constraints. Facing the challenge of a advances in modern
world population that is expected to reachagriculture are essential.
an estimated 9 billion in 2050, foodAfter 30 years of plant
production globally has to increase bybiotechnology with many
about 70 % in order to feed the world. convincing successes for
The difficulty in managing this dauntingGM crops, people living
task is that we have to produce more food in
wealthy
and
with less arable land. Moreover, climate developing countries, and
change adds yet another challenge to food irrespective of their
security (FAO High Level Expert Forum; attitude towards GM
Rome
1213
October
2009,crops, agree upon one
https://www.fao.org). In order to feed the issue: it is everyones

123

business to secure food

production
for
the
worlds
growing
population and to save
the lives of the one
billion people (mostly
children) who do not
have enough food to
survive! Good examples
are China, India, Brazil,
Argentina and South
Africa. They grow about
46 % of

Plant Mol Biol (2013) 83:13

(equivalent to 50.2 million

global GM crops, and have *40 % of the world population tons), and 22 % due to
lower cost of production
(see detailed information provided by www.isaaa.org).
(Brookes
and
Barfoot
2013). Bt cotton increased
Biotech crops with added value (bio-fortification)
the income of farmers
significantly by up to US
There are numerous examples that have been described and$250 per hectare and also
reviewed. Here, a couple of landmark examples will be halved the number of
mentioned. In the millennium year 2000, Golden Rice (GR),insecticide sprays, thus
a GM rice rich in b-carotene for use as a source of vitamin A reducing farmer exposure to
was first reported. Dietary micronutrient defi-ciencies, such
pesticides (James 2012).
as the lack of vitamin A, iodine, iron or zinc, are major
According to the OECD,
causes of illness and mortality worldwide. These deficiencies
biotechnology-based drugs
affect particularly children, impairing their immune system
today provide greater health
and normal development, causing disease and ultimately
benefits
than
their
death ( www.goldenrice.org). The best way to avoid
traditional counterparts. By
micronutrient deficiencies is by way of a varied diet, rich in 2015, many new drugs,
vegetables, fruits and animal products. Rice produces b- about half of the global
carotene in the leaves but not in the grain, where the production of the worlds
biosynthetic pathway is turned off during plant development.most important food plants,
In Golden Rice two genes have been inserted into the rice and a growing number of
genome by genetic engineering to restart the carotenoid everyday items (such as
biosynthetic pathway, leading to the production and food additives, plastics,
accumulation of b-carotene in the grains. Both genes are fuels and detergents) will be
naturally required for carotene biosynthesis. The dif-ference pro-duced
using
here is that the reconstructed pathway is not subj-ect to
biotechnology
(
down-regulation, as usually happens in grain (
www.oecd.org,
news
www.goldenrice.org). The b-Carotene in Golden Rice is as 08.06.2009). Biotechnology
good as b-carotene in oil in providing vitamin A to children is the most important key to
(Tang et al. 2012). Similarly, it is known that consumption opening the door to the
of anthocyanin-rich food promotes health. Many recent bioeconomy, and also the
studies of anthocyanin-rich fruits such as blueberry, bilberryessential bridge that
and cranberry support claims that anthocyanin consumptionconnects the raw materials
promotes health. Purple GM tomatoes with enhanced and
the
economy.
anthocyanin accumulation have been produced and animalBiotechnology thus plays a
studies have proven its health value (Martin et al. 2011;crucial
role
in
the
bioeconomy
by
assuring
Glover and Martin 2012).
sustainable production and
conversion of bio-mass to
Contribution of plant biotechnology to the bio-based
food, health and fibre
economy
products, as well as
industrial products and
Over the past decades biotechnology has served as an
energy.
engineer for environmentally-friendly production of vari-ous
products including the GM crops described above, health
products, biofuels etc. and contributed significantly to the Growing medicines and
enzymes in GM plants
bio-based economy. Economic benefits have been the driving
force of farmers worldwide to grow GM crops. At the farm
level more than US$98 billion were generated globally byPlant biotechnology has
GM crops during the 16-year period 19962011, of which 51 served as an effective
for
genetic
% were due to reduced production costs (less ploughing, instrument
fewer pesticide sprays, and less labour) and 49 % due to engineering of plants for
substantial yield gains of 328 million tons. The cost effective pro-duction of
Despite
corresponding figures for 2011 alone were 78 % of the total medicines.
regulatory difficulties, a
gain due to increased yield
number of GM plantproduced
drugs
have

reached the market. A plantproduced veterinary vaccine

against Newcastle disease in
poultry was approved in
2006 by US Department of
Agriculture
Center
for
Veterinary
Biologics
(
www.thepoultrysite.com;
Joensuu et al.
2008;
Yusibov et al.
2011).
Recently, a successful plantderived drug for humans
was
also
approved:
glucocerebrosidase enzyme
replacement therapy (ERT)
for the long-term treatment
of adult patients with type 1
Gauchers disease was
generated
through
its
ProCellEx manufacturing
platform,
which
uses
genetically
engineered
carrot
cells
(
https://www.genen
gnews.com/gen-newshighlights/). A full list of
plant derived medicines that
have either entered into
clinical trials or are waiting
for approval by authorities
can be found in the review
by Yusibov et al. ( 2011).
Low-cost production of cell
wall-degrading enzymes for
cost effec-tive conversion of
plant- and forest-based
biomass to bio-fuels has
demonstrated yet another
important application of
plant biotechnology during
recent years. A number of
research reports have served
as showcases to demonstrate the potential (see
publications
in
Plant
Biotechnology
Journal
Special Issue on Biofuels
Vol. 8(3) 243375, 2010).
Regulatory constraints and
public concern
Despite
the
mounting
evidence
showing
the
importance of GM plants in
food, feed, health industries
and the

123

Plant Mol Biol (2013) 83:13

the help of the Editor-in-

bioeconomy, GM plants experience strong opposition Chief and the Editorial Office
worldwide, more than any other modern technology has staff of Plant Molecular
encountered. GM crops and products in particular are met byBiology in facilitating this
regulatory constraints and must cope with a long pro-cess for Special Issue on Plant
for
food
approval in many countries, especially in Europe. The public Biotechnology
security and bioeconomy.
in Europe is polarized when talking about GM plants,
regardless of the numerous small- and large-scale biosafety
and risk assessment studies that have been carried out in the
past two decades and shown convincing benefits of GM
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