新しい化合物-2098[5，6-dimetllyl-2-{4-<3-(1-piperidillometllyl)pllenoxy>cis-butenylamino}-4-(1H)-pyrimidone-2HCl]のヒスタミンH₂-受容体拮抗作用，胃液分泌および胃・十二指腸損傷(潰瘍)の発生に対する作用を検討した．対照薬としては，ヒスタミンH₂-受容体拮抗薬，ロキサチジンを使用した．-2098は，モルモット心房標本において，ヒスタミンと競合的に拮抗した．-2098およびロキサチジンのpA2値は，各7.32および6.48であり，-2098のヒスタミンH₂-受容体拮抗作用は，ロキサチジンの約7倍であった．-2098(0．1～10mg/kg)をラットに経口的または非経口的(皮下，十二指腸または腹腔内)に投与した結果，幽門結紮法での基礎分泌，急性フィストラ法でのヒスタミン，カルバコール，ペンタガストリン刺激酸分泌は，用量依存的に，また有意に抑制された．-2098(>30mg/kg)の1回経ロ投与後の胃液分泌抑制作用は，12時間以上持続した．-2098の胃液分泌抑制作用をED50値(50%抑制用量)で比較すると，基礎分泌の場合は，ロキサチジンの効力とほぼ同等かまたは約2倍程度であった．刺激分泌の場合，特にペンタガストリン刺激に対しては，ロキサチジンの効力より約80倍強力であった．急性胃損傷モデルである幽門結紮潰瘍，水浸ストレス損傷，ヒスタミン損傷，インドメタシン損傷，塩酸・アスピリン損傷および塩酸・エタノール損傷の発生に対して，-2098(3～60mg/kg)の経口投与は，ほぼ用量依存的な抑制作用を示した．-2098のインドメタシンおよび塩酸・アスピリン損傷に対する抑制作用は，ED50値においてロキサチジンより約2～8倍強力であった．メピリゾール十二指腸漬瘍に対しても-2098は，著明な抑制作用を示し，その作用をED50値で比較すると，ロキサチジンより約15倍強力であった．以上より，-2098は，ラットの胃液分泌および急性胃・十二指腸損傷の発生を強力に抑制する薬物であることが判明した．

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ラット酢酸潰瘍縮小期における新規抗潰瘍薬-2098の効果を検討した．潰瘍は胃前壁胃底腺幽門腺境界部粘膜下に20%酢酸0.05mlを注入して作製した.潰瘍作製3日目に内視鏡観察を行ない，各群の潰瘍の大きさ(長径×短径)が等しくなるように群分けを行った，潰瘍作製4日目より17日目まで1日2回薬物(-2098;10，30mg/kg，ファモチジン;10，30mg/kg，塩酸ロキサチジンアセタート;30，100mg/kg)を経口投与した.18日目に動物を致死させ，潰瘍の大きさから薬物の効果を評価した.また，全例の写真を撮影し，潰瘍辺縁隆起の程度を評価した.辺縁隆起の程度と組織学的な潰瘍辺縁の結合織量とは有意な相関を示した.今回用いた薬物はいずれも酢酸潰瘍の治癒を促進したが，その効果は-2098が最も強力であり，次いでファモチジン，塩酸ロキサチジンアセタートの順であった.また，-2098投与群では対照群に比べ辺縁隆起の見られる例数が明らかに少なかった.以上の結果から，-2098は潰癌辺縁隆起を起こさず潰瘍の治癒を促進することから再発が少ない潰瘍治療薬になる可能性が考えられた.

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Onboard SPOT 5, the HRS instrument systematically collects 600 km × 120 km stereopairs around the Globe since 2002. From this time, SPOT5 stereoscopic imagery becomes one of main satellite data sources for accurate DTED level 2 DEM extraction.
Spot Image and French National Cartographic Institute () decided in 2002 to build a worldwide accurate database called Reference3D^TM using HRS data. Huge eorts have been made to standardize the process in order to oer aordable prices. Until 2008, the targeted accuracies were 16 mCE90 for horizontal accuracy, and 10 mLE90 for vertical accuracy. These accuracy requirements were achieved without any control points nor map support.
The introduction of the paper briey reminds the most signicant assessments performed by major players within the geospatial community, and more specically the one by ImageONE Co., Ltd. (Tokyo) on two Reference3D geocells over the Northern coast of Japan, Hokkaido province. This work was published in 2008 during the last Beijing ISPRS congress.
In 2009, it was decided to introduce reliable GCPs within the Reference3D production process, to increase the horizontal accuracy down to 6-10 mCE90. In addition, two new layers were added to the product, which provide the user with i) the horizontal accuracy for every single pixel of the Reference3D orthoimage and ii) the vertical accuracy for every single elevation value within the Reference3D DEM.
The paper shows how the extensive use of ICESat data brings valuable information regarding the eective vertical accuracy, and how ICESat data allows to quantify the elevation accuracy of a dataset.
In conclusion, we present the road map for the update of the whole Reference3D database, which currently spreads over more than 45 millions of sq. km. (being more than 4,200 1° by 1° geocells), already funded and started up to 2014, towards 80 Mkm² of Reference3D products.

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Olfaction-based interaction is considered as a new frontier in digital communication. There are increasing range of new products attaching scent diffusers to personal electronic devices (personal computer, smartphone, etc.). In stead of enriching the virtual reality experience, we intended to investigate the effects of scents in the experience of using application software that has no correlation or association with scents. By conducting two experiments, it was shown that different scents influenced user experience in different ways on emotion and performance. Stimulating scents (essential oils) influenced emotion both positively and negatively when using different applications such as games and productivity software. On the other hand, relaxing scents (tea leaves) had positive effects on the performance of productivity software. The study suggests that the inclusion of scent in the design process of personal electronic devices will be significant even the specific application software or function has no association or correlation with scents.

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This paper discusses the effects of gravity on the combustion-wave propagation through a dust cloud. Two models, continuum and point-source models, are developed by extending the models of Goroshin et al. to consider gravity effects. The continuum model treats a particle cloud as a continuum phase, while the point-source model considers heat generation from individual particles; hence, the latter model better represents the actual phenomenon. Both the models have three dimensionless parameters: dimensionless reaction time, 𝜏_c, dimensionless ignition temperature, 𝜃_ign, and dimensionless terminal velocity of particles, 𝑈_g. It is first confirmed that the continuum model is a good approximation of the point-source model when 𝜏_c ≳1, whereas their differences are apparent when 𝜏_c ≲1. Evaluating the values of 𝜏_c for the propagation through a cloud of aluminum particles shows that 𝜏_c is less than unity in conditions of interest. The point-source model is therefore applied to assessing the gravity effect, revealing that the extinction condition (minimum explosive concentration, MEC) is significantly influenced by gravity even for particles as small as 10 μm.

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酵素処理イソクエルシトリン(EMI)の経口摂取後の代謝挙動を明らかにする目的で、主8成分(IQC, IG₁〜IG₇)各々について、唾液α-アミラーゼ、膵液α-アミラーゼ、人工胃液存在下での反応生成物をHPLCを用いて定量解析した。主8成分のうち、イソクエルシトリン(IQC)、IG₁およびIG₂は、いずれのα-アミラーゼによる加水分解をほとんど受けないことが判明した。一方、IG₃からIG₇については、生体内での滞留時間を考慮した場合、ほぼ完全にIQC,IG₁,IG₂へと代謝されることが明らかとなった。また、EMIのいずれの成分も、人工胃液および唾液アミラーゼ含有人工胃液処理においては、まったく代謝を受けないことが判明した。これら一連の結果から、経口摂取されたEMIは、唾液、膵液アミラーゼの作用で小腸に移行される前の段階で、IQC, IG₁, IG₂に集約されることが明らかとなった。

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As an important facter in reducing car interior noise, the sound quality of gear noise, particularly the steady sound generated from transmission gears is of increasing importance. With the objective of reducing the source of gear noise, in the past, we presented a simplified method for evaluating gear noise with an eye on transmission error between gears, Through this method. elements influencing noise. such as the gear contact ratio and teeth error. were made clear, Now, this paper describes measurement on noise generated from five gears based on different de5 criteria. These observations were conducted using a back-to-back gear tester in a semi-anechoic chamber. Gear noise was appraised through the size of the amplitude components in tran5mission error using the above mentioned simplified evaluation method. Thus, the effectiveness of this method was confirmed.

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This paper proposes an application of the option valuation approach to evaluate a project investment in three stages: research (R), development (D) and acquisition (A). To reflect different correlation and effect of each type of uncertainty on option values and, consequently, investment decisions, the proposed valuation and decision model incorporates both technical and market uncertainties into the first two technical stages (R&D) of the project, and the market uncertainty only into the last stage (A). Changes in project values are accordingly captured in each stage by the combined geometric Brownian motion and Poisson jump downward processes. The model incorporates the patent sale alternatives in the development and acquisition stages. A dynamic programming, decision tree model is solved to determine the option values and optimal decisions subject to decision rules, critical values, and certain boundary conditions. We subsequently evaluate the model effectiveness by comparing its decisions with those of an existing valuation model and the net present value method. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that under the option valuation by which the loss is limited to the initial costs of investment, a positive profit in a wide range can be obtained with more than 50% chance, in spite of the small average profit. The results of simulation also verify the significance of the chance to sell the patent as a safer decision under the high market uncertainty. In addition, a shorter term of patent agreement significantly improved advantage of the patent sale over the immediate investment in an optimistic situation.

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This paper utilizes the potential function method to analyze the problem of circular uniform or linear variation of pressure and electric displacement on the surface of piezoelectric half space. The half space is taken as transversely isotropic piezoelectric, where the planes of isotropy are parallel to the free surface. Considering the variation of the boundary conditions, the solutions presented here actually comprise six different boundary value problems. The Green’s functions for a point normal force and charge are first used to obtain the potential functions in the form of double integrals. Using the Hankel transform, these integrals are eveluated by converting them into single infinite integrals containing product of the Bessel functions. It is shown that the integrals appearing in the potential functions have been previously evaluated in terms of complete elliptic integrals. Hence the potential functions and the electroelastic fields are presently written in terms of these integrals. Numerical results are presented to illustrate both qualitative and quantitative behavior of the induced electroelastic fields.

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For deflagration to detonation transition (DDT), several explanations on initiation have been given. Nevertheless, the knowledge on DDT is still insufficient for predicting where and when detonation occurs. In order to improve the reproducibility, an ethylene oxygen mixture was ignited forcibly by spark discharge behind an incident shock wave near the wall. The process of flame development was visualized by Schlieren imaging and analyzed by drawing several wave element trajectories on the shock waves ahead of the flame. As a result of varying the timing of spark discharge, detonation initiation was promoted as the boundary layer Reynolds number Re_ign increases. For Re_ign of more than 5.0 × 10⁶, DDT was caused at 45 ± 10 μs. The processes of flame development were classified as Mode 1 and 2, which denote Re_ign of less than transition Reynolds number and more than it, respectively. Although the times for detonation initiation were markedly different in Mode 1 and 2, it was found that the both flame developments were similar. The accelerated flame near the wall propagates in upstream direction along the wall, resulting in approaching the shock wave front. This makes the shock stronger by coalescing of numerous compression waves. As the strengthened shock compresses the unburned gas, the flame was more accelerated, so that at the position where the flame front reached the shock front detonation initiation occurred. The difference of flame development between Mode 1 and 2 was observed in the initial stage in particular in the early 20 μs. Detonation initiation was caused at the position where following three conditions were satisfied: (1) A local Mach number reaches 2.4. (2) The flame front approaches and reaches the shock front ahead of it. (3) A concavity is generated on the flame/shock front, compressing the unburned gas coming into the point.

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Biomass resources are one of the attractive alternative fuels. It is effective to use such fuel in distributed power generation system with gas engine because it disperses. However, its calorific value is low, and the gas composition is affected by the source material, gasification method and gasifying conditions, causing it to change momentarily during engine operation. The gas engine must be stable and capable of high-thermal-efficiency operation under such fluctuations. The objective of this study is to develop a small gas engine system for biomass gaseous fuel. In this study, the effect of fuel composition on combustion was clarified by an engine experiment with low-calorific-value gaseous fuel. Diluted fuel exhibited longer combustion duration and lower thermal efficiency, but not necessarily a lower calorific value. It was also confirmed that spark timing control against fuel composition fluctuation was effective for maintaining high thermal efficiency even at a fixed speed engine. Fuels containing H2 also have lower calorific values, but they allow stable engine operation and higher thermal efficiency with respect to a shorter combustion duration.

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The status of homework, including deadlines and contents, is easily shared among students or friends. However, we believe that currently, the status of homework is not being shared between students and teachers; consequently, teachers sometimes assign homework to students even when they are busy with other homework, previously assigned by other teachers. To solve this problem, we developed a homework management system.

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Relation extraction is a fundamental task in natural language processing that aims to identify structured triple relationships from unstructured text. In recent years, research on relation extraction has gradually advanced from the sentence level to the document level. Most existing document-level relation extraction (DocRE) models are fully supervised and their performance is limited by the dataset quality. However, existing DocRE datasets suffer from annotation omission, making fully supervised models unsuitable for real-world scenarios. To address this issue, we propose the DocRE method based on uncertainty pseudo-label selection. This method first trains a teacher model to annotate pseudo-labels for a dataset with incomplete annotations, trains a student model on the dataset with annotated pseudo-labels, and uses the trained student model to predict relations on the test set. To mitigate the confirmation bias problem in pseudo-label methods, we performed adversarial training on the teacher model and calculated the uncertainty of the model output to supervise the generation of pseudo-labels. In addition, to address the hard-easy sample imbalance problem, we propose an adaptive hard-sample focal loss. This loss can guide the model to reduce attention to easy-to-classify samples and outliers and to pay more attention to hard-to-classify samples. We conducted experiments on two public datasets, and the results proved the effectiveness of our method.

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This paper proposes a new algorithm of generating pulse sequence for numerical controllers. Different from the existing algorithms using which the generated pulse frequency is fixed at one displacement increment, the proposed algorithm can generate pulse sequence with real-time changing frequency following the reference displacement command, so that fast-changing velocity requirements in machining can be satisfied. Moreover, by adopting the proposed algorithm, the generated velocity and acceleration can be also controlled within the range of the motor system to achieve better performance. Structure and parameters of the numerical controller which adopts the proposed algorithm are thoroughly discussed in this paper, and methods of adjusting the controller parameters to adapt to the servo system's torque-frequency characteristic are also introduced. At last, effectiveness of the proposed algorithm and effectiveness of the proposed methods for velocity and acceleration control are demonstrated by simulations.

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