 Operating System Interview QuestionA list of top frequently asked Operating System interview questions and answers are given below. 1) What is an operating system?The operating system is a software program that facilitates computer hardware to communicate and operate with the computer software. It is the most important part of a computer system without it computer is just like a box. 2) What is the main purpose of an operating system?There are two main purposes of an operating system:
3) What are the different operating systems?
4) What is a socket?A socket is used to make connection between two applications. Endpoints of the connection are called socket. 5) What is a real-time system?Real-time system is used in the case when rigid-time requirements have been placed on the operation of a processor. It contains a well defined and fixed time constraints. 6) What is kernel?Kernel is the core and most important part of a computer operating system which provides basic services for all parts of the OS. 7) What is monolithic kernel?A monolithic kernel is a kernel which includes all operating system code is in single executable image. 8) What do you mean by a process?An executing program is known as process. There are two types of processes:
9) What are the different states of a process?A list of different states of process:
10) What is the difference between micro kernel and macro kernel?Micro kernel: micro kernel is the kernel which runs minimal performance affecting services for operating system. In micro kernel operating system all other operations are performed by processor. Macro Kernel: Macro Kernel is a combination of micro and monolithic kernel. 11) What is the concept of reentrancy?It is a very useful memory saving technique that is used for multi-programmed time sharing systems. It provides functionality that multiple users can share a single copy of program during the same period. It has two key aspects:
12) What is the difference between process and program?A program while running or executing is known as a process. 13) What is the use of paging in operating system?Paging is used to solve the external fragmentation problem in operating system. This technique ensures that the data you need is available as quickly as possible. 14) What is the concept of demand paging?Demand paging specifies that if an area of memory is not currently being used, it is swapped to disk to make room for an application's need. 15) What is the advantage of a multiprocessor system?As many as processors are increased, you will get the considerable increment in throughput. It is cost effective also because they can share resources. So, the overall reliability increases. 16) What is virtual memory?Virtual memory is a very useful memory management technique which enables processes to execute outside of memory. This technique is especially used when an executing program cannot fit in the physical memory. 17) What is thrashing?Thrashing is a phenomenon in virtual memory scheme when the processor spends most of its time in swapping pages, rather than executing instructions. 18) What are the four necessary and sufficient conditions behind the deadlock?These are the 4 conditions: 1) Mutual Exclusion Condition: It specifies that the resources involved are non-sharable. 2) Hold and Wait Condition: It specifies that there must be a process that is holding a resource already allocated to it while waiting for additional resource that are currently being held by other processes. 3) No-Preemptive Condition: Resources cannot be taken away while they are being used by processes. 4) Circular Wait Condition: It is an explanation of the second condition. It specifies that the processes in the system form a circular list or a chain where each process in the chain is waiting for a resource held by next process in the chain. 19) What is a thread?A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization. It consists of a thread ID, program counter, register set and a stack. 20) What is FCFS?FCFS stands for First Come, First Served. It is a type of scheduling algorithm. In this scheme, if a process requests the CPU first, it is allocated to the CPU first. Its implementation is managed by a FIFO queue. 21) What is SMP?SMP stands for Symmetric MultiProcessing. It is the most common type of multiple processor system. In SMP, each processor runs an identical copy of the operating system, and these copies communicate with one another when required. 22) What is RAID? What are the different RAID levels?RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks. It is used to store the same data redundantly to improve the overall performance. Following are the different RAID levels: RAID 0 - Stripped Disk Array without fault tolerance RAID 1 - Mirroring and duplexing RAID 2 - Memory-style error-correcting codes RAID 3 - Bit-interleaved Parity RAID 4 - Block-interleaved Parity RAID 5 - Block-interleaved distributed Parity RAID 6 - P+Q Redundancy 23) What is deadlock? Explain.Deadlock is a specific situation or condition where two processes are waiting for each other to complete so that they can start. But this situation causes hang for both of them. 24) Which are the necessary conditions to achieve a deadlock?There are 4 necessary conditions to achieve a deadlock:
Note: This condition implies the hold-and-wait condition, but it is easier to deal with the conditions if the four are considered separately.25) What is Banker's algorithm?Banker's algorithm is used to avoid deadlock. It is the one of deadlock-avoidance method. It is named as Banker's algorithm on the banking system where bank never allocates available cash in such a manner that it can no longer satisfy the requirements of all of its customers. 26) What is the difference between logical address space and physical address space?Logical address space specifies the address that is generated by CPU. On the other hand physical address space specifies the address that is seen by the memory unit. 27) What is fragmentation?Fragmentation is a phenomenon of memory wastage. It reduces the capacity and performance because space is used inefficiently. 28) How many types of fragmentation occur in Operating System?There are two types of fragmentation:
29) What is spooling?Spooling is a process in which data is temporarily gathered to be used and executed by a device, program or the system. It is associated with printing. When different applications send output to the printer at the same time, spooling keeps these all jobs into a disk file and queues them accordingly to the printer. 30) What is the difference between internal commands and external commands?Internal commands are the built-in part of the operating system while external commands are the separate file programs that are stored in a separate folder or directory. 31) What is semaphore?Semaphore is a protected variable or abstract data type that is used to lock the resource being used. The value of the semaphore indicates the status of a common resource. There are two types of semaphore:
32) What is a binary Semaphore?Binary semaphore takes only 0 and 1 as value and used to implement mutual exclusion and synchronize concurrent processes. 33) What is Belady's Anomaly?Belady's Anomaly is also called FIFO anomaly. Usually, on increasing the number of frames allocated to a process virtual memory, the process execution is faster, because fewer page faults occur. Sometimes, the reverse happens, i.e., the execution time increases even when more frames are allocated to the process. This is Belady's Anomaly. This is true for certain page reference patterns. 34) What is starvation in Operating System?Starvation is Resource management problem. In this problem, a waiting process does not get the resources it needs for a long time because the resources are being allocated to other processes. 35) What is aging in Operating System?Aging is a technique used to avoid the starvation in resource scheduling system. 36) What are the advantages of multithreaded programming?A list of advantages of multithreaded programming:
37) What is the difference between logical and physical address space?Logical address specifies the address which is generated by the CPU whereas physical address specifies to the address which is seen by the memory unit. After fragmentation 38) What are overlays?Overlays makes a process to be larger than the amount of memory allocated to it. It ensures that only important instructions and data at any given time are kept in memory. 39) When does trashing occur?Thrashing specifies an instance of high paging activity. This happens when it is spending more time paging instead of executing. 40) What is a Batch Operating System?Batch Operating System is a type of Operating System which creates Batches for the execution of certain jobs or processes. The Batches contains jobs of such a kind that the jobs or processes which are very similar in the procedure to be followed by the jobs or processes. The Batch Operating System has an operator which performs these tasks. An operator groups together comparable jobs or processes that have the same criteria into batches. The operator is in charge and takes up the job of grouping jobs or processes with comparable requirements. Batch Operating System follows First Come First Serve principle. 41) Do the Batch Operating System interact with Computer for processing the needs of jobs or processes required?No, this is not that kind of Operating Systems which tries to interact with the computer. But, this job is taken up by the Operator present in the Batch Operating Systems. 42) What are the advantages of Batch Operating System?Advantages of Batch Operating System:
43) What are the disadvantages of Batch Operating System?Disadvantages of Batch Operating System:
44) Where is Batch Operating System used in Real LifeThey are used in Payroll System and for generating Bank Statements. 45) What is the Function of Operating System?The most important functions of Operating Systems are:
46) What are the Services provided by the Operating System?The services provided by the Operating Systems are:
47) What is a System Call in Operating Systems?Programs can communicate with the operating system by making a system call. When a computer application requests anything from the kernel of the operating system, it performs a system call.System call uses Application Programming Interfaces(API)to deliver operating system services to user programs 48) What are the Types of System Calls in Operating Systems?The System Calls in Operating Systems are:
49) What are the functions which are present in the Process Control and File Management System Call?The Functions present in Process Control System Calls are:
50) What are the functions which are present in the File Management System Call?The Functions present in File Management System Calls are:
51) What is a Process in Operating Systems?A process is essentially software that is being run on the Operating System. The Process is a Procedure which must be carried out in a sequential manner. The fundamental unit of work that has to be implemented in the system is called a process. An active program known as a process is the basis of all computing. Although relatively similar, the method is not the same as computer code. A process is a "active" entity, in contrast to the program, which is sometimes thought of as some sort of "passive" entity. 52) What are the types of Processes in Operating Systems?The types of Operating System processes are:
53) What is Process Control Block (PCB)?A data structure called a Process Control Block houses details about the processes connected to it. The term "process control block" can also refer to a "task control block," "process table entry," etc. As data structure for processes is done in terms of the Process Control Block (PCB), it is crucial for process management. Additionally, it describes the operating system's present condition. 54) What are the Data Items in Process Control Block?The Data Items in Process Control Block are:
55) What are the Files used in the Process Control Block?The Files used in Process Control Block are:
56) What are the differences between Thread and Process
57) What are the advantages of Threads in Operating Systems?The advantages of Threads in Operating System are:
58) What are the disadvantages of Threads in Operating Systems?The disadvantages of Threads in Operating System are:
59) What are the types of Threads in Operating System?The types of Threads in Operating System are:
60) What is User Kernel Thread?The kernel is unaware of the user-level threads since they are implemented at the user level. They are treated like single-threaded processes under this system. User Kernel Threads are smaller and quicker than kernel-level threads The User Kernel Threads are represented by a Small Process Control Block (PCB), Stack, Program Counter (PC), Stack. Here, the User Kernel Threads are independent of Kernel Involvement in Synchronization. 61) What are User Kernel Threads Advantages and Disadvantages?The following are a few advantages of User Kernel Threads:
The following are a few drawbacks of User Kernel Threads:
62) What is Kernel Level Thread?Kernel Level Threads are the threads which are handled by the Operating System directly. The kernel controls both the process's threads and the context information for each one. As a result, kernel-level threads execute more slowly than user-level threads. 63) What are Kernel Level Threads Advantages and Disadvantages?The following are some benefits of using kernel-level threads:
The following list includes several drawbacks of kernel-level threads:
64) What is Process Scheduling In Operating Systems?The task of the process manager that deals with removing the active process from the CPU and choosing a different process based on a certain strategy is known as process scheduling. An integral component of a multiprogramming operating system is process scheduling. Such operating systems provide the simultaneous loading of numerous processes into the executable memory, each of which utilizes temporal multiplexing to share the CPU. 65) What are types of Process Scheduling Techniques in Operating Systems?The types of Process Scheduling Techniques in Operating Systems are:
66) What is Pre Emptive Process Scheduling in Operating Systems?In this instance of Pre Emptive Process Scheduling, the OS allots the resources to a process for a predetermined period of time. The process transitions from running state to ready state or from waiting state to ready state during resource allocation. This switching happens because the CPU may assign other processes precedence and substitute the currently active process for the higher priority process. 67) What is Non Pre Emptive Process Scheduling in Operating Systems?In this case of Non Pre Emptive Process Scheduling, the resource cannot be withdrawn from a process before the process has finished running. When a running process finishes and transitions to the waiting state, resources are switched. 68) What is Context Switching?Context switching is a technique or approach that the operating system use to move a process from one state to another so that it can carry out its intended function using system CPUs. When a system performs a switch, it maintains the status of the previous operating process in the form of registers and allots the CPU to the new process to carry out its operations. The old process must wait in a ready queue while a new one is running in the system. At the point when another process interrupted it, the old process resumes execution. It outlines the features of an operating system that supports numerous workloads at once without the use of extra processors by allowing several processes to share a single CPU. 69) What is the use of Dispatcher in Operating Systems?After the scheduler completes the process scheduling, a unique application called a dispatcher enters the picture. The dispatcher is the one who moves a process to the desired state or queue once the scheduler has finished its selection task. The module known as the dispatcher is what grants a process control over the CPU once the short-term schedule has chosen it. 70) What is the Difference between Dispatcher and Scheduler?
71) What is Process Synchronization in Operating Systems?Process synchronization, often known as synchronization, is the method an operating system uses to manage processes that share the same memory space. By limiting the number of processes that may modify the shared memory at once via hardware or variables, it helps ensure the consistency of the data. 72) What are the Classical Problems of Process Synchronization?The Classical Problems of Process Synchronization are:
73) What is a Peterson's Solution?Peterson's solution to the critical section issue is a traditional one. The critical section problem makes sure no two processes or jobsalter or modify the value of a resource at the same time. 74) What are the Operations in Semaphores?The Operations in Semaphores are:
75) What is a Critical Section Problem?The section of a program known as the Critical Section attempts to access shared resources. The operating system has trouble authorizing and preventing processes from entering the crucial part because more than one process cannot operate in the critical area at once. 76) What are the methods of Handling Deadlocks?The methods of handling deadlock are:
77) How can we avoid Deadlock?We can avoid Deadlock by using Banker's Algorithm. 78) How can we detect and recover the Deadlock occurred in Operating System?First, what we need to do is to allow the process to enter the deadlock state. So, it is the time of recovery. We can recover the process from deadlock state by terminating or aborting all deadlocked processes one at a time. Process Pre Emption is also another technique used for Deadlocked Process Recovery. 79) What is paging in Operating Systems?Paging is a storage mechanism. Paging is used to retrieve processes from secondary memory to primary memory. The main memory is divided into small blocks called pages. Now, each of the pages contains the process which is retrieved into main memory and it is stored in one frame of memory. It is very important to have pages and frames which are of equal sizes which are very useful for mapping and complete utilization of memory. 80) What is Address Translation in Paging?Logical and physical memory addresses, both of which are distinct, are the two types of memory addresses that are employed in the paging process. The logical address is the address that the CPU creates for each page in the secondary memory, but the physical address is the actual location of the frame where each page will be allocated. We now require a technique known as address translation carried out by the page table in order to translate this logical address into a physical address. 81) What is Translational Look Aside Buffer?Whenever logical address is created by the Central Processing Unit (CPU), the page number is stored in the Translational Look Aside Buffer. Along, with the page number, the frame number is also stored. 82) What are Page Replacement Algorithms in Operating Systems?The Page Replacement Algorithms in Operating Systems are:
83) In which Page Replacement Algorithm does Belady's Anomaly occur?In First in First out Page Replacement Algorithm Belady's Anomaly occurs. 84) What are Process Scheduling Algorithms in Operating System?The Process Scheduling Algorithms in Operating Systems are:
85) What is Round Robin CPU Scheduling Algorithm?Round Robin is a CPU scheduling mechanism whose cycles around assigning each task a specific time slot. It is the First come First Serve CPU Scheduling method prior Pre Emptive Process Scheduling approach. The Round Robin CPU algorithm frequently emphasizes the Time Sharing method. 86) What is Disk Scheduling in Operating Systems?Operating systems use disk scheduling to plan when Input or Output requests for the disk will arrive. Input or Output scheduling is another name for disk scheduling. 87) What is the importance of Disk Scheduling in Operating Systems?
88) What are the Disk Scheduling Algorithms used in Operating Systems?The Disk Scheduling Algorithms used in Operating Systems are:
89) What is Monitors in the context of Operating Systems?A feature of programming languages called monitors and ithelps in controlledaccess to shared data. The Monitor is a collection of shared actions, data structures, and synchronization between parallel procedure calls. A monitor is therefore sometimes referred to as a synchronization tool. Some of the languages that support the usage of monitors are Java, C#, Visual Basic, Ada, and concurrent Euclid. Although other processes cannot access the monitor's internal variables, they can invoke its methods |
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