Mediterranean Trade

Having gained the ahdname, ahdname-i hümâyûn or capitulation, a European nation was permitted to establish an embassy in Istanbul and consulates in the ports of the Ottoman Empire. In 1740, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies gained an ahdname as a result of the attempts made by her king. The aims of this study are: to evaluate the capitulation of 1740 granted to Sicilyateyn, to identify the early ambassadors of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and their dragomen in the Ottoman capital and to explain the concept called hadd-i itidal concerning the dragomen from the Ottoman point of view in the 18th century. The evidence used is derived principally from the records of the Nicosia qadi’s court and of the Ottoman Prime Ministry archives in Istanbul.
Keywords
Cyprus, Ottoman, Neapolitan, trade, dragoman, capitulation

10 Se ve claramente que este barniz o esmalte es un añadido posterior pues en algunos puntos rebasa manchando partes como el hilo plateado que separa, en la cara externa, los dos aros que forman el anillo. De entrada no dudamos de su originalidad, pero un análisis químico del material permitiría confirmarlo al igual que permitiría conocer sus propiedades.

Paper given at the International Medieval Congress 2016
(University of Leeds, 4th-7th July 2016)

The aim of this paper is to correlate the evolution of trade in the Adriatic area in the twelfth century, with the conflicts in which the powers from this region were involved in the same chronological range.
In particular, I shall analyse how much the conflicts in which the Adriatic political entities were involved hampered commercial communications.

The Ottoman North African Regency of Algiers, provides
something of a diplomatic conundrum. Whilst subject to the
authority of the Ottoman sultan in Istanbul, Algiers operated to a high degree of autonomy, even to the extent of making
treaties with foreign powers and dispatching ambassadors.
Whilst much of the historiographical focus of interactions
between the European mercantile nations and the Regencies
has focused on the issue of slavery and piracy, my paper
proposes to demonstrate several features of relations that can help us to understand this diplomacy in a more nuanced
fashion. By examining the treaty texts and diplomatic
correspondence between the Algiers and Britain, France, and Tuscany using Ottoman Turkish documents from the archives in London, Paris, and Florence, it is possible to see that relations were dominated by questions of maritime sovereignty space, and regulation of commerce. Moreover, unlike those of their Ottoman overlords, the treaties of the Regencies with European states were explicitly bilateral. This means that we can get a far greater sense of the interests that concerned Algiers itself, especially in terms of looking after their merchants and merchant shipping, something that is rarely focused on in the historiography. This reassessment of British/French/Tuscan diplomacy with Algiers will therefore aim to provide and Algerian voice to the diplomatic story, and discuss the interests of the Regency beyond the often cartoonish narratives of pirates and white slavery.

"The study of the cemeteries of the Catalan region dating from the Iron Age transition period has allowed us to
research a large number of metal containers and several metal plate fragments, corresponding to dishes and
items of defensive armour, among others. In view of the want for a point of reference to enable us to study and
understand the utility and symbolism of these metal items, this paper explores the many objects of this type that
have been researched to date. The conclusions associate banquet and metal pieces with certain groups and
aristocratic social classes, which appeared exclusively at the end of protohistory."