Andreadaki Vlazaki Godart Pasiphae 2014

pa si p h ae R IVIS TA D I FILO LO G IA E ANTI CHITÀ E G E E Rivista annuale · A Yearly Journal Direttori / Editors in Chief Louis Godart · Anna Sacconi Comitato scientifico / Editorial Board Vassilis L. Aravantinos (Thiva) · Antonín Bartoneˇ k (Brno) Sigrid Deger-Jalkotzy (Salzburg) · Markus Egetmeyer (Paris) Petar Hr. Ilievski (Skopje) · Vassos Karageorghis (Lef kosia) · John T. Killen (Cambridge) Wolf-Dietrich Niemeier (Athina) · Marie-Louise Nosch (København) Oswald Panagl (Salzburg) · Anna Panayotou (Lef kosia) Jean-Claude Poursat (Clermont-Ferrand) · Françoise Rougemont (Paris) Maria Vlazaki (Chania) · Yannis Tzedakis (Athina) · Frederik M. J. Waanders (Amsterdam) Segretario di redazione / Editorial Assistant Mauri zio Del Freo * « Pasiphae » is an International Peer Reviewed Journal. The eContent is Archived with Clockss and Portico. anvur : a PASIPHAE RIVIS TA D I F ILOLOG IA E A NTI CHI TÀ EGEE VIII (20 1 4 ) PIS A · RO MA FABRIZIO SE RRA E D ITO RE MMXIV Amministrazione e abbonamenti Fabrizio Serra editore Casella postale n. 1, succursale n. 8, i 56123 Pisa, tel. +39 050 542332, fax +39 050 574888, [email protected] I prezzi ufficiali di abbonamento cartaceo e/o Online sono consultabili presso il sito Internet della casa editrice www.libraweb.net Print and/or Online official subscription rates are available at Publisher’s web-site www.libraweb.net I pagamenti possono essere effettuati tramite versamento su c.c.p. n. 17154550 o tramite carta di credito (American Express, Visa, Eurocard, Mastercard) * Uffici di Pisa : Via Santa Bibbiana 28, I 56127 Pisa, tel. +39 050 542332, fax +39 050 574888, [email protected] Uffici di Roma : Via Carlo Emanuele I 48, I 00185 Roma, tel. +39 06 70493456, fax +39 06 70476605, [email protected] * Autorizzazione del Tribunale di Pisa n. 30 del 28 dicembre 2001 Direttore responsabile: Lucia Corsi A norma del codice civile italiano, è vietata la riproduzione, totale o parziale (compresi estratti, ecc.), di questa pubblicazione in qualsiasi forma e versione (comprese bozze, ecc.), originale o derivata, e con qualsiasi mezzo a stampa o internet (compresi siti web personali e istituzionali, academia.edu, ecc.), elettronico, digitale, meccanico, per mezzo di fotocopie, pdf, microfilm, film, scanner o altro, senza il permesso scritto della casa editrice. Under Italian civil law this publication cannot be reproduced, wholly or in part (included offprints, etc.), in any form (included proofs, etc.), original or derived, or by any means: print, internet (included personal and institutional web sites, academia.edu, etc.), electronic, digital, mechanical, including photocopy, pdf, microfilm, film, scanner or any other medium, without permission in writing from the publisher. * Proprietà riservata · All rights reserved Copyright 2014 by Fabrizio Serra editore, Pisa · Roma. Fabrizio Serra editore incorporates the Imprints Accademia editoriale, Edizioni dell’Ateneo, Fabrizio Serra editore, Giardini editori e stampatori in Pisa, Gruppo editoriale internazionale and Istituti editoriali e poligrafici internazionali. * www.libraweb.net issn 1974-0565 issn elettronico 2037-738x SOMMARIO articoli Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki, Louis Godart, Three new Linear A and B tablets from Khania Vassilis L. Aravantinos, Ioannis Fappas, Louis Godart, Anna Sacconi, Sei frammenti di vasi con iscrizioni in lineare B da Tebe Matilde Civitillo, Le strategie comunicative sui sigilli con iscrizioni in geroglifico minoico Alessandro Greco, La serie KN Dm : un sistema di corvée pastorali nella Cnosso del Tardo Bronzo ? John T. Killen, A note on Mycenae tablet Ui 2 Natalia Manzano, Miceneo re-wa-ko Barbara Montecchi, E-qe-ta and e-mi-to on Linear B tablet KN Am(2) 821 : military officials and soldiers ? Erika Notti, A Catalogue of the Mason’s Marks at Akrotiri James L. O’Neil †, The Divinities of Linear B and their relationship to the later Greek Gods Luca Peyronel, Talenti e lingotti. Riflessioni sulla circolazione dei metalli nel Mediterraneo orientale durante il Bronzo Tardo Serguey Sharypkin, Der mykenische Dativ-Lokativ in -e-u. Eine neue Deutung Philippa M. Steele, The /d/, /t/, /l/ and /r/ series in Linear A and B, Cypro-Minoan and the Cypriot Syllabary Marcello Tozza, Tracce di un culto “demetriaco” nel mondo pre-ellenico Anastasia Tzigounaki, Goddesses with upraised arms and a swine rhyton. From “Kartsalis”, Aghios Ioannis, in the Amari region of Rethymnon, Crete 11 19 23 45 67 73 79 97 137 151 179 189 197 203 recensioni Vassos Karageorghis, Actes du Colloque International “Un millénaire d’histoire et d’archéologie chypriotes (1600-600 av .J.-C.)”, Milan, 18-19 octobre 2012, « Pasiphae » vii (2013) Miguel Valério, Philippa M. Steele (ed.), Syllabic Writing on Cyprus and its Context (Cambridge Classical Studies), New York 2013 219 220 in memoriam Vassilis L. Aravantinos, Prof. Spyridon E. Iakovidis (1923-2013) Margarita Buzalkovska-Aleksova, Prof. Petar Hristakija Ilievski (1920-2013) 229 231 THREE NEW LINEAR A AND B TABLETS FROM KHANIA Maria Andreadaki-Vlazaki · Louis Godart * The “Katre 1” excavation (Fig. 1, no. 1 and Fig. 2) T he new tablets have been found at “Katre 1” plot. It is the extended area at the Katre Street in the south hillside of Kastelli, Khania, adjacent to the south walls of the acropolis of classical Kydonia and opposite to the “Katre 10” plot, where the Linear A archives had been revealed in 1973. Fig. 1. The “Katre 1” excavation. During the years 2006-2013 the field works had brought to light architectural remains of various periods of the Antiquity, constructing the “palimpsest” of ancient Kydonia. In the excavation * M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki : General Directorate of Antiquities, Ministry of Culture and Sports, Greece, mvlazaki@ otenet.gr ; L. Godart : Segretariato Generale della Presidenza della Repubblica, [email protected]. 12 maria andreadaki-vlazaki · louis godart campaigns from 2007 onwards, extremely interesting and unique finds for the history of Kydonia were recovered in relation to a LM IIIB Early courtyard (Fig. 2 : dark grey area). 1 Fig. 2. The “Katre 1” excavation (detail). We are dealing with an extensive external courtyard, just at the southwest edge of the hill, with a carefully finished surface, the boundaries of which have not yet been located. On the courtyard, a deposit has been found with scattered concentrations of the slaughtered and dismembered remains of various animals, mainly ovicaprids and wild goats, young pigs and cattle (Fig. 3 : a detail) covered in situ by piles of stones. The most important of all is the discovery of dismembered and scattered bones from a young female human on the surface of the court, deposited in just the same manner as the animal bones : a unique blood sacrifice. One further piece of evidence strengthens the above hypothesis : the discovery of a burnt wooden construction that had collapsed just next to the layer of bones. By contrast, the adjacent level of bones and stones had no trace of burning. The first results of soil floatation from this spot and of the archaeobotanical study refer to a large concentration of seeds (mainly cereals, olive pips, lentils and figs) : a bloodless offering. One of the most important finds to the north-west sector was the discovery of part of a rectangular construction with wall-painting on the exterior, the shape and location of which is indicative of an altar. Along the length of the southern side of this construction, this time in a burnt 1 First mentioned in M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki, “To evrgo th~ KEV Eforeiva~ Proi>storikwvn kai Klasikwvn Arcaiothvtwn katav ta evth 2009-2010 » in Arcaiologikov Ergo Krhvth~ 2, Revqumno 2012, 29-31 ; M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki (ed.), 2000-2010. Aπov to anaskafikov evrgo twn Eforeiwvn Arcaiothvtwn, Aqhvna 2012, 321-322. three new linear a and b tablets from khania layer and on top of the courtyard floor, at least five pairs of wild goat horns were found (Fig. 4) along with four clay vessels (Fig. 5) that are typical products of the famous, local Kydonian ceramic workshop. The date of the pots in the first half of the 13th century B.C. gives a precise timing for the interesting episode that has been revealed at this location and which was sealed by a great fire. We can say that this seems to be the place where two major categories of sacrificial rituals took place : offerings of food and blood sacrifices (Fig. 32 ? ? ?). In 13 Fig. 3. Remains of ovicaprids, wild goats, young pigs and cattle. Fig. 4. Pairs of wild goat horns. Fig. 5. Decorated stirrup jar (first half of the 13th cent. BC). the west of the excavated area, the precipitated great worked blocks, extensive remains of burnt mud-brick and the column base in situ suggest that there was an important building next door. It seems likely that we are in the region of the west entrance of the palatial building of Kydonia, in the form that it took during the Mycenaean period. We should note that in the destruction level of the courtyard at a spot between the above mentioned constructions, a fragment of Linear B tablet (KH X 7) was found (Figs. 6a-b and Fig. 7). One small fragment of a Linear A tablet (KH 101) (Fig. 8), and an inscribed clay roundel come from the upper fill of the same space and are directly linked to what was going on in the preceding Neopalatial period (17th-15th centuries B.C.). Apart from anything else, this also re-affirms the wealth of the Neopalatial archive of Khania that came to light in 1973 in the adjacent building plot of number 10, Katre Street. Another fragment of a second Linear A tablet (KH 103) (Fig. 9) came to light during the excavation of the bones and stones deposit, in the debris of its East part. The “Katre 1” excavation revealed very important evidence to make us almost sure that all the above evidence is connected with ritual acts taken part in the region of the west entrance of the palatial building of Kydonia. These rites seem to have taken place with a view to a very severe, distressing and catastrophic event, since just after that activity in the courtyard the whole palatial 14 maria andreadaki-vlazaki · louis godart a b Fig. 6. Findspot of KH X 7 : (a) map, (b) detail. centre had been destroyed. This event prompted the people’s agony to challenge ritual acts with human and animal sacrifices in order to appease chthonic deities. In our occasion, it seems that they are « qusivai a[geustoi », i.e. sacrifices not tasted, performed in chthonian rituals. 2 It could be a terrible earthquake in a zone of intense seismic activity as Crete is. It does not seem just a coincidence the existence in this very point of the Kydonia palatial centre of an active fault, as the 2011 excavation made clear. M. Andreadaki-Vlazaki 2 Jörg Weilhartner, “Religious offerings in the Linear B tablets : an attempt at their classification and some thoughts about their possible purpose”, Faventia Supplementa 1. Actas del Simposio Internacional : 55 Años de Micenología (19522007), 229-231. three new linear a and b tablets from khania The Tablets 3 1. The linear A tablets KH 101 and KH 103 The new Linear A tablets discovered by Maria Vlazaki in the Odos Katre excavation have been attributed the edition numbers KH 101 and KH 103. They were excavated along the left side of the road rising towards the hilltop of Kastelli in the heart of the old city of Khania, not far from the location of the 1973 discovery of the most significant number of linear A texts to date unearthed in the ruins of the Minoan palace of ancient Kudonia. It has been tacitly agreed that the numeration of the texts should follow the chronology of the discoveries. And so, the small fragment discovered by Erik Hallager in 2010, as yet unpublished, having been brought to light after the unearthing of KH 101, will be assigned the number KH 102, while the tablet fragment found in 2012 and published in this article will bear the number KH 103. To our knowledge, a small clay disk discovered in 2007 is yet to be published. The document will be published by Hallager with the prefix KH Wc and the number 2124. KH 101 15 Fig. 7. Linear B tablet KH X 7. Fig. 8. Linear A tablet KH 101. sup. mut. .1 ] 32 A 303[ .2 ]A 73º 2º º [ inf. mut. Dimensions : 5,2 × 4,2 × 0,9 cm. .1 Traces of sign at left. The tablet fragment was drafted by one of the scribes responsible for numerous tablets discovered in Khania to date. This is the scribe who has received the number 1 in GORILA V (pp. 104-106) and who is the author of texts unearthed both in the excavation in Saint Catherine’s Square (a Greco-Swedish dig), as well as in the excavation of Odos Katre in 1973. 4 The document was divided into two sections by a line, precisely like tablet KH 7b (scribe 2) and like tablet HT 117a. 5 This practice of inscribing a line to separate the accounting spaces on a tablet is not usual in linear A. It is interesting to note that it has been documented on two of the scribes identified at Khania (scribes 1 and 2). 3 I would like to express my deep gratitude to Maria Vlazaki for the invitation to collaborate to the publication of these texts. 4 Louis Godart, Jean-Pierre Olivier, Recueil des inscriptions en linéaire A, Addenda, corrigenda, concordances, index et planches, Études Crétoises XXI, 5, Paris 1985 (GORILA V). 5 Louis Godart, Jean-Pierre Olivier, Recueil des inscriptions en linéaire A, Tablettes, nodules et rondelles édités en 1975 et 1976, Études Crétoises XXI, 3, Paris 1976 (GORILA III) ; Recueil des inscriptions en linéaire A, Tablettes éditées avant 1970, Études Crétoises XXI, 1, Paris 1976 (GORILA I). 16 maria andreadaki-vlazaki · louis godart KH 103 sup. mut. .1 A 3º0º2º 11[ .2 A 302+57[ ] 1 A 302+59 8[ ] AB 30º [º .3 A 303 23[ ] AB 13º 1º [º inf. mut. Dimensions : 5,2 × 4,9 × 1 cm. Fig. 9. Linear A tablet KH 103. Fig. 10. Fig. 11. Line 1 : the logogram A 302 presents no reading problems. The three oblique dashes present belong to the upper part of the sign and correspond only to A 302. Nonetheless, we have dotted the sign because it is incomplete and is probably linked to some syllabogram. Line 2 : it is indisputable that the first logogram confirmed at line .2 is composed of at least two signs, A 302 and 57, respectively. I decided to attach the squared brackets to the logogram because the possibility that a third syllabogram may be part of the whole cannot be ruled out. The fact that the first element of the sign is certainly A 302 pushes us to take another look at the identification of the first sign of the ligatures A 548, A 549, A 550, A 551 and A 552. In GORILA V we have hypothesized that the first element of these five linkages is sign AB 73. In this way, A 548 is considered to be the result of a linkage between AB 73 and 57 ; A 549 to be the result of a linkage between AB 73, 57 and a third unidentified sign ; A 550 to be composed of signs AB 73, 57 and 26 ; A 551 to be composed of signs AB 73, 57 and 28 ; and A 552 to be composed of signs AB 73, 57 and 77. In light of the new text from the excavation of Maria Vlazaki, it seems to me, however, that signs A 548, 549, 550, 551 and 552 must be considered as composite logograms, whose first element is sign A 302, and not the syllabogram AB 73. At the end of line .2 the trace of sign present might correspond to the left part of AB 30. In this case – a plausible hypothesis – it is indeed a logogram ; it is likely that it is the logogram required to indicate the figs. Line 3 : the first sign A 303 (logogram for oil ?) is followed by the figure 23[. three new linear a and b tablets from khania 17 2. The linear B tablet KH X 7 KH X 7 .1 ] wa-ra-qi-si-ro , o-pe-ri-[ .2 ] vacat [ .3 ] vacat [ .4 ] vacat [ .2 Trace of erasure. Dimensions : 8,4 × 6,3 × 1,8 cm. The document registers the word wa-ra-qi-siro, which is unquestionably an anthroponym, as results from the variant wa-ra-pi-si-ro, present in Mycenae (MY Au 102.1) and at Pylos Fig. 12. (PY Cn 436.7). The presence in the Cretan text of the labiovelar -qi- in place of the syllabogram -pi- documented on the Continent is an archaism. The term o-pe-ri-[ (putting forward any hypothesis about the syllabogram documented above -ri- would be pure speculation) is a hapax. The idea that it might be close to the Greek word wjfevlimo~, an adjective meaning “helping, useful, serviceable” according to Liddel-Scott (s.v.) and documented in Call. Ap. 94, Orph. A. 469, Opp. H. 3, 349 as ojfevlsimo~, is not very convincing. It is likely that the best solution, in the absence of any context, is to consider this term as an anthroponym. The discovery of texts in linear A and B in several places of the excavations along the hill of Kastelli, in the heart of old Khania, shows that the scribes at the service of the sovereign, Minoan first, Mycenaean later, did not collect the fruits of their work in a single archive room. From this point of view the situation detected for Mycenaean Kydonia is closer to that which was usual at Knossos rather than what took place at the palace of Nestor at Pylos, where, in 1939, Carl Blegen discovered the famous archive room. L. Godart comp os to in car atter e d an t e mon ot y p e d al l a fabr izio serr a e d i t or e , p i s a · r oma . s tamp ato e r i l e g at o n e l l a tip og r afia di agn an o, ag n a n o p i s a n o ( p i s a ) . * Novembre 2014 (cz 2 · fg 3) Tutte le riviste Online e le pubblicazioni delle nostre case editrici (riviste, collane, varia, ecc.) possono essere ricercate bibliograficamente e richieste (sottoscrizioni di abbonamenti, ordini di volumi, ecc.) presso il sito Internet: www.libraweb.net Per ricevere, tramite E-mail, periodicamente, la nostra newsletter/alert con l’elenco delle novità e delle opere in preparazione, Vi invitiamo a sottoscriverla presso il nostro sito Internet o a trasmettere i Vostri dati (Nominativo e indirizzo E-mail) all’indirizzo: [email protected] * Computerized search operations allow bibliographical retrieval of the Publishers’ works (Online journals, journals subscriptions, orders for individual issues, series, books, etc.) through the Internet website: www.libraweb.net If you wish to receive, by E-mail, our newsletter/alert with periodic information on the list of new and forthcoming publications, you are kindly invited to subscribe it at our web-site or to send your details (Name and E-mail address) to the following address: [email protected]