Lake Water Quality and its Interaction with Aquifers in Warangal City

Lake Water Quality and its Interaction with Aquifers in Warangal City C.K.Anoop*1 E.V.Rathnam2 T.Shashidhar3 A. Shahul Hameed4 and K.V.Jayakumar5 PhD Scholar Assoc. Professor Asst. Professor Scientist Professor NIT Warangal*1,2,5 IIT Hyderabad3 CWRDM4 Warangal-506004 Ordinance Factory Estate Kunnamangalam Post Andhra Pradesh Yedlamailaram-502205 Kozhikode-673571 Email: [email protected] Hyderabad Kerala Abstract Good quality of water is required for all living organisms. Water is one of the most abundantly available resources in nature, which man has exploited more than any other purposes for sustenance of life. Nowadays due to increased human population and human intervention, the water quality is deteriorating everywhere. The quality of water provides current information about the concentration of various solutes at a given place and time. These parameters provide the basis for judging the suitability of water for its designated uses and to take corrective measures to improve its quality. The paper presents the study carried out on physico-chemical analysis of lake water and its surrounding aquifer system. The study is a part of satellite research project sanctioned to National Institute of Technology Warangal by CWRDM, Kerala and Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, for the period 2010-2013. A case study of Waddepally lake is presented here. Key Words: Lake, Groundwater, water quality, major ions, isotope techniques INTRODUCTION Lake water is used for variety of purposes. Standards have been set for suitability of water for such uses. The study of different water quality parameters is important for understanding the metabolic events in aquatic ecosystem. The studies when done from time to time may indicate the favorable or unfavorable changes occurring in the ecosystem. Water quality and eutrophication studies determine the suitability of lake water for various purposes and hence are one of the most essential aspects for lake management. There are a number of point and non point sources contributing to the deterioration in quality and trophic status, and a systematic study of cause and effect phenomenon is required to understand the relative contribution of these sources in the overall degradation so that proper management solutions can be suggested. Studies on general limn logical aspects covering the physico-chemical characteristics of the lake waters and their seasonal variations have been one of the dominating aspects of lake research in India which continues even today. This is evident from some of the most recent studies Garg and Garg (2001) studied the water quality deterioration of Bhopal lakes and suggested some policy measures to cure the degradation. Garg and Garg ( 2003) observed the response of hydro-biological parameters to addition of nitrogen in three lakes of Bhopal. Batcha (2002) analysed the seasonal variation in Dissolved oxygen of surface and bottom water of Vembanad lake in kerala and found that south west monsoon and the river inflows has a profound effect on distribution of dissolved oxygen. Sudha Rani et al (2003) studied the toxicity of Hussain sagar lake waters to fish. Kundangar and Abunaker ( 2001) studied the effect of dredging on the physico chemical characteristics of Dal lake and observed that although the physico chemical characteristics changed after dredging , no significant change was observed in the biodiversity. Bhism Kumar and Nachiappan ( 2000b) reported the detailed analysis of the water quality of Nainital lake including the analysis of accuracy measurement /analysis. The variations in the concentration of the ions and their possible sources have been discussed. Dhote et al(2001) studied the effect of immersion of idols on the water quality of Bhopal lakes. The studies indicate considerable degradation of water quality in after immersion compared to before immersion. Patill and Tijare (2001) evaluated the water quality of Gadchiroli lake and found that the water is unsafe for human consumption and only suitable for irrigation. Omkar et al ( 1995) carried out detailed monthly monitoring of water quality parameters of Surinsar lake in Jammu over a period of Sept 94 to March 95 and evaluated its suitability for irrigation purposes. Sharma et al (1997) studied the water quality of Mansar and Surinsar lakes of Jammu and observed that water is suitable for irrigation as well as drinking purposes. Similar observations for Mansar lake have been reported by Rai et al (1997, 2000). Rai et al (1997) further observed that calcium, magnesium and sodium are dominant cations while bicarbonate is the dominant anion. STUDY AREA There are three major lakes in Warangal city namely Dharmasagar lake, Waddepally lake and Bhadrakali lake. These three lakes are prime sources of drinking water to city people. The Waddepally lake is situated near Kazipet Town in Hanamkonda Mandal of Warangal city in Andhra Pradesh. The Warangal city is located between 79o 32’ 4’’ E to 79o25’13’’E longitude and 17o59’10’’ N to 17o55’11’’ N latitude. The catchment area of Waddepally lake is about 44 km2 and its elevation ranges from 275 to 300m above mean sea level (MSL). The watershed receives an average rainfall about 900 mm. A 15 MLD capacity of water treatment plant is constructed on the bank of Waddepally lake by Municipal Corporation of Warangal for the supply of treated water for the part of Kazipet and Hanamkonda region for drinking purpose. The lake, in addition to its own catchment, is filled with River Godavari water which is carried from Lower Manair dam through the Kakatiya Canal, flowing over a distance of almost 80 km. The geological formations of the watershed area include granites and granite gneisses with intrusion of dolerite dykes, shales and sandstones with intermittent coal formations. The tank boundary as per Municipal records is shown in Fig. 1 and Watershed boundary is shown in Fig. 2. Fig.1.Waddepally tank boundary details Fig.2. Waddepally Watershed Boundary METHODOLOGY Water samples from the lake and surrounding wells are collected on monthly basis before and after monsoon periods to observe the spatial and temporal variations of environmental isotopes and hydro-chemical parameters. Temperature, pH, EC, etc., of the water samples are measured on site. The major chemical ions, viz., sodium (Na), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), chloride (Cl), flouride (F), sulphate (SO4), nitrate (NO3), carbonate (CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3) in the groundwater samples are measured using spectrometric, electrode-specific and titrometric methods. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The chemical analysis results of the Waddepally lake at various depths in the lake at four locations for ph, Electrical conductivity and Chlorides is shown in Table 1: The pH, Electrical conductivity and Chlorides values for the various samples at surface, depths of 1 m, 2 m are within permissible depths. As depth increases the ph values are found decreasing. The chemical analysis report of the test conducted in lake Waddepally irrespective of depths are shown in Table. 2. Table1: Lake Waddepally chemical analysis at various depths Location Parameters pH Electrical Conductivity Chlorides Lake Inlet, SW 8.01 0.08 74.92 Lake Inlet, 1 meter 7.86 0.08 59.93 Lake Inlet, 2 meter 7.83 0.08 69.92 Lake Outlet, SW 7.85 0.08 69.92 Lake Outlet, 1 m 7.61 0.08 74.91 Lake Outlet, 2 m 7.81 0.08 74.91 Lake Central, SW 7.81 0.08 74.91 Lake Central, 1m 7.77 0.08 74.91 Lake Central, 2m 7.69 0.08 79.90 Lake Spot, SW 7.83 0.08 69.92 Lake Spot, 1m 7.97 0.08 74.91 Lake Spot, 2m 7.92 0.08 59.93 Table 2:Lake Waddepalyy chemical analysis during 2011-2012 Sl.No Parameters Results Sample 1 Sample2 Sample3 Sample4 Sample5 Sample6 Sample7 Sample8 Sample9 1 Colour None None None None None None None None None 2 Turbidity Clear Clear 26 26 26 30 30 30 30 3 Odour Uo Uo Uo Uo Uo Uo Uo Uo Uo 4 p H 7.8 8.11 7.63 7.78 7.83 7.69 7.18 7.32 7.52 5 Phenolpthalein Alkalinity Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 6 Total Alkalinity 200 136 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7 Total Hardness 400 316 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8 Ammoniacal Nitrogen Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 9 Calcium hardness 280 200 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10 Chloride 80 56 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 11 Fluoride 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 12 Nitrite Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil 13 Sulphate Trace Trace _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 Electrical Conductivity   8.11 8 8.2 8.1 8.4 7.91 8.7 8.2 15 Dissolved Oxygen 9 11 10 11 12 14 12 14 10 16 Iron     0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 Uo - Unobjectionable As per the physico chemical tests conducted on the lake water it is revealed the colour and odour of the water at various months is found Non objectionable. During monsoon seasons the turbidity of the water went to 30 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit), within permissible limits. The ph is found within the range of 7.1 - 8.1.The dissolved oxygen of the lake is observed more than 8 mg/l throughout the year. The concentration of heavy metals is absent as the discharge from the various industries is not directed towards the lake surroundings. Concentration of Fluoride is within permissible limits. The hydro chemical tests on the various dug wells conducted in the 2 kms range of the study area show the various results in Table3. pH of well water samples within the study area are within the limits of 7.1 – 8.3.The concentration of heavy metal was absent from the well samples. Colour and Odour of the samples found non objectionable. The dissolved oxygen of the well waters is found between 5 – 14 mg/l, permissible limits. The concentration of fluorides, chlorides, sulphates is within the standards of the drinking water. The alkalinity, acidity and the hardness tests performed on the well samples gave results favorable within the drinking water standards. Table 3: Physico chemical parameters of the well water around study area Sl.no Parameters Results Sample1 Sample2 Sample3 Sample4 Sample5 Sample6 Sample7 Sample8 Sample9 Sample10 1 pH 7.6 8.14 7.32 8.2 8.16 7.1 8 8.12 8.2 8.3 2 Total Alkalinity 190 326 328 38 500 440 208 240 212 200 3 Phenolpthalein Alkalinity 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 Chlorides 495 508 460 2 4 327 482 300 482 492 5 Permanent Hardness 602 742 572 345 768 260 670 625 670 220 6 Temporary Hardness 254 162 122 137 48 390 158 255 158 102 7 Total Hardness 856 904 694 482 816 650 828 880 828 322 8 Dissolved Oxygen 13.93 9.25 5.5 4.9 11.74 4.4 10.5 9.25 10.5 7.25 9 Available chlorine 7.6 6.74 35.09 8.0117 11 6.7355 10.79 10.74 10.79 8.933 10 Mineral Acidity 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 CO2 Acidity 64 54 9.33 18 36 10 40 60 80 60 12 Fluorides 0.45 1.5 0.14 0.2 0.16 0.4 1.05 0.45 1.05 0.7 13 Electrical Conductivity 3.52 3.06 2.25 4.5 3.63 2.01 3 3.52 3 3.65 14 Residual Chlorine 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 3 0.2 0.2 0.2 5 0.2 15 Sulphate 36 44 28 37.8 42 44 34 30.5 38 35 SUMMARY It is observed that the study area geologically consists of fractured rock and most of the aquifers found in pink granite formation. At present the groundwater yield is from the deep confined aquifers only. It is also found that unconfined aquifers are available at shallow depths nearby Waddepally lake and other surface water bodies. Groundwater use from these unconfined aquifers is maximum during good monsoon season and minimum during rest of the period. It is observed that quantity and quality of water in the lake is being affected due to urbanization. The lake also has an impact on the groundwater quality in the neighbourhood of the lake. The present study offers an opportunity to investigate the physico chemical properties of the lake Waddepally and surrounding wells in Warangal city. The results of the analysis carried out show the absence of heavy metals and the basic requirements of the parameters within the permissible limits in lake and groundwater samples. The study is useful to Warangal Municipal authorities for planning and conservation lake water. 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