INTRODUCTION OF TSUNAMI

Reviews of Geophysics, 2017

Applying probabilistic methods to infrequent but devastating natural events is intrinsically challenging. For tsunami analyses, a suite of geophysical assessments should be in principle evaluated because of the different causes generating tsunamis (earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, meteorological events, and asteroid impacts) with varying mean recurrence rates. Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analyses (PTHAs) are conducted in different areas of the world at global, regional, and local scales with the aim of understanding tsunami hazard to inform tsunami risk reduction activities. PTHAs enhance knowledge of the potential tsunamigenic threat by estimating the probability of exceeding specific levels of tsunami intensity metrics (e.g., run-up or maximum inundation heights) within a certain period of time (exposure time) at given locations (target sites); these estimates can be summarized in hazard maps or hazard curves. This discussion presents a broad overview of PTHA, including (i) sources and mechanisms of tsunami generation, emphasizing the variety and complexity of the tsunami sources and their generation mechanisms, (ii) developments in modeling the propagation and impact of tsunami waves, and (iii) statistical procedures for tsunami hazard estimates that include the associated epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties. Key elements in understanding the potential tsunami hazard are discussed, in light of the rapid development of PTHA methods during the last decade and the globally distributed applications, including the importance of considering multiple sources, their relative intensities, probabilities of occurrence, and uncertainties in an integrated and consistent probabilistic framework.

Applying probabilistic methods to infrequent but devastating natural events is intrinsically challenging. For tsunami analyses, a suite of geophysical assessments should be in principle evaluated because of the di erent causes generating tsunamis (earthquakes, landslides, volcanic activity, meteorological events, and asteroid impacts) with varying mean recurrence rates. Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analyses (PTHAs) are conducted in di erent areas of the world at global, regional, and local scales with the aim of understanding tsunami hazard to inform tsunami risk reduction activities. PTHAs enhance knowledge of the potential tsunamigenic threat by estimating the probability of exceeding specific levels of tsunami intensity metrics (e.g., run-up or maximum inundation heights) within a certain period of time (exposure time) at given locations (target sites); these estimates can be summarized in hazard maps or hazard curves. This discussion presents a broad overview of PTHA, including (i) sources and mechanisms of tsunami generation, emphasizing the variety and complexity of the tsunami sources and their generation mechanisms, (ii) developments in modeling the propagation and impact of tsunami waves, and (iii) statistical procedures for tsunami hazard estimates that include the associated epistemic and aleatoric uncertainties. Key elements in understanding the potential tsunami hazard are discussed, in light of the rapid development of PTHA methods during the last decade and the globally distributed applications, including the importance of considering multiple sources, their relative intensities, probabilities of occurrence, and uncertainties in an integrated and consistent probabilistic framework.

The main risk assessment procedures (hazard identification, hazard profile, combination of hazards scenarios, inventory assets, estimate losses, mitigation options) have been already discussed, from a general point of view, in the Section II.4.

Geological Survey of Canada Open File 6552, 2010

An annotated bibliography of references relevant to tsunami hazard in Canada has been compiled. The bibliography lists published papers, books, monographs, theses, and readily available manuscript reports. Conference abstracts are generally included only when the information is unavailable elsewhere. Each entry includes a bibliographic reference as well as either an abstract (where available), summary, conclusions, introduction, preface or contents. The bibliography consists of two main parts. The first part includes the results of a thorough literature search for references pertaining directly to tsunami hazard in Canada. The references are arranged regionally, with different sections for Canada-wide references, and the Pacific, Atlantic, and Arctic coasts. Within each regional section, a list of general references is followed by more specific sections, e.g., for the Pacific coast: earthquake-induced tsunamis, landslide-induced tsunamis, meteorological tsunamis, and Pacific far-field sources. In turn, each regional section may include sub-sections pertaining to studies of historical and/or potential future tsunamis. Part 2 of the bibliography is a less exhaustive compilation of general tsunami references covering topics of tsunami science, tsunami hazard analysis, and studies of historical and pre-historic tsunamis from elsewhere in the world that may have relevance to studies of Canadian tsunamis.

Geoscience Canada, 2010

Prodi Manajemen Bencana, Fakultas Keamanan Nasional Universitas Pertahanan © UNHAN Press ISBN : 978-602-5808-44-9, 2019

From the occurrence of the earthquake December 22, 2018 took learning for us about signal processing. The earthquake caused by the eruption of Anak Krakatau Volcano which caused the tsunami was not defined as a large magnitude earthquake, only MLv 3.4. After further processing with the bandpass filter process at a frequency of 0.01 Hz - 0.1 Hz different magnitude values are obtained. In this study, we need a moment that wants to know seismic moments and seismic radiation energy. The data used comes from webDC3 BMKG using 3 stations namely CGJI, SBJI, and BLSI. This processing process uses the help of the Seismic Analysis Code. Signal Processing Guide obtained from the International Institute of Seismology and Earthquake Engineering. Seismic moment values obtained from CGJI 1.7 x 1017 N.m, SBJI 1.1 x 1017 N.m, and BLSI 1.05 x 1017 N.m. The moment magnitude of this third station is Mw 5.3. The tsunami that occurred in the Sunda Strait was generated by an avalanche of volcanic material, which is falling into the caldera formed by the eruption of Krakatau in 1883.

2010