The St.Owen Descent from Braose

The St.Owen Descent from Braose a study by Paul K. Davis  copyright 2002, 2015 Paul K Davis 5178 Mowry Ave #2163, Fremont CA 94538 <[email protected]> version chiefly as of 2002 Nov. 21; limited revisions as of 2015 July 13-18 1. Abstract A woman named Alice was born about the year 1300. She married a Ralph St.Owen, and their descendants can be traced in various lines to the present day, including to Elizabeth [1900-2002], late Queen Mother, and to early New England immigrants John Davenport [1597-1670] and Thomas Thompson [1610-1655]. A critical review of the documentary evidence, from contemporary IPMs to heraldic visitations, an analysis of modern studies, and a comparison of the alternatives, leads to the conclusion that Alice's father was very probably named Peter Brewes, and is probably identical with the well known Peter/Piers de Braose/Brewose, who was born 1271-2 and died by 1312 April 7, and descended from the famous family of marcher lords. 2. Outline 1. Abstract 2. Outline 3. Background 3a. St.Owen family 3b. Braose family 3c. Bruse family of Skelton 4. Summary of Evidence 4a. Near contemporary St.Owen evidence 4b. Other near contemporary evidence 4c. Later evidence 5. Direct Conclusions 6. Modern Work 7. Comparison of Reconstructions 7a. Alice as daughter of Peter Braose of Tetbury 7b. Alice's father as a close relative of Peter Braose 7c. Alice's father as a cadet of the Bruses of Skelton 7d. Other possibilities 8. Summary of Conclusions 9. Unanswered Questions 10. Appendices 10a. Other evidence 10b. Alice's life reconstructed 10c. Descents from Alice 10d. Notable ancestors of Peter Braose 10e. St.Owen reference chart 10f. Braose reference chart 10g. Bruse of Skelton reference chart 10h. Chart of excerpt from Harleian 1241 11. Acknowledgements 12. Notes 13. References 3. Background I present here a brief account of currently accepted knowledge of the three families: St.Owen of Clapham, Braose of Bramber and Gower, and Bruse of Skelton. See the appendices for charts of each of these families. 3a. St.Owen family The St.Owen family were a non-titled landholding family, though there were a vice count, a sheriff, a bailiff, and knights among them. Their surname is variously spelled in the records, some of which are in English and some in Latin, but I will use the standard spelling "St.Owen" for clarity except when quoting. There were more than one St.Owen family in England from the time of the Norman conquest. The family of interest here is believed to have originated in a village of that name near Arques in Normandy.[1] Their earliest identified ancestor, Gilbert, held the manor of Clapham (or Clopham) in Sussex from the time of William the Conqueror, and their history is outlined under this manor in the Victoria County History for Sussex.[2] Their overlords at Clapham were the Braose family, lords of the honor of Bramber. Predominant given names in this St.Owen family were "Ralph", "Robert" and "John". In the early 1200s a Ralph St.Owen married Godehuda Aguillon, who became a co-heiress, and the St.Owens thereby acquired part of Isleham/Ilsham in Sussex, and probably parts of Strethampton and Burpham/Burgham, also in Sussex[3]. By the very early 1300s, and probably earlier, they had also obtained Burton and other manors in Herefordshire, and some land in Wales (Radnorshire). By 1410 their land had passed through a daughter to the Dounton family. Litigation related to this passage of the St.Owen inheritance to the Dountons provides considerable evidence concerning the relationships involved. As near as I can tell, the outcome depended on whether the original charter said "heir male", or simply "heir". This material is quoted in full below. A Ralph St.Owen was "Vicecomiti Hereford" in 1254.[4] A John St.Owen tourneyed at Stepney in 1308. Another Ralph St.Owen was escheator and sheriff of Surrey and Sussex in 1352-3.[5] Another John St.Owen was a tax assessor for Sussex in 1380. Patrick St.Owen was bailiff of Dover in 1402-6. The last three are definite members of the family under consideration here, and the first two very probably so. 3b. Braose family The Braose family is quite well known, though it has suffered some confusion in the literature, partly due to their strong preference for the given name William, and partly due to some non-hereditary land transfers. They rose to considerable power by the reign of King John, and suffered considerable set backs from him. They are believed to have come from Braiose/Briouze near Argentan in Normandy,[6] and were established as lords of the rape of Bramber, in Sussex, by William the Conqueror.[7] By marriages they acquired land in Herefordshire and Gloucestershire, among other places.[8] They became "marcher lords", barons responsible for the Anglo-Norman conquest of Wales, and acquired land there. For clarity, I will always use the spelling "Braose" for known members of this family, except when quoting, despite the fact that various spellings were actually used, and the predominant spellings changed from century to century. William de Braose, son of William, son of Phillip, son of William, was active, with his wife Maud de St.Valery, during the reign of King John. They had much land and a numerous brood, of whom sons William and Reginald carried on the family name. Son William married Maud de Clare. They named their first son John, presumably after King John, at the height of the family's association with him. Apparently father William was closely involved with the capture and death of Prince Arthur, John's nephew, who also had a claim to the throne. A few years later John demanded son William as a hostage, and Maud his mother refused, basing her refusal on John's treatment of Arthur. John took military action against the Braoses, capturing and killing mother Maud and son William, but not father William, who died in France a year later. The Braose lands were confiscated, and then held by Giles, bishop of Hereford, another son of father William and Maud de St.Valery, and after his death by Reginald. The family went back and forth in allegiance between England and Wales. When grandson John, who had been raised in Wales, came of age, he obtained the majority of the lands, and married Margaret, daughter of Llywelyn the Great, Prince of Wales. Considerable lands were still retained by Reginald's branch of the family, though. John and Margaret certainly had a son William, almost certainly a son Richard, and probably a son John.[9] John the father died an early death, in a horse riding accident. His son William, however, lived a longer life, having three wives in the course of it. This William's heir, also named William, was by his first wife, Alina de Multon (erroneously identified as Isabel de Clare in some older references). By his second wife, Agnes de Moels, he had a son Giles. By his third wife, Mary de Ros, he had sons Richard, Peter and William (again), and a daughter Margaret. Mary survived her husband and held a substantial dower. Heir William had a son William, who apparently died before him, and two daughters, who passed the main Braose inheritance to new surnames.[10] Son Giles had lands in Buckinghamshire, and left children, with known descendants to this day. Son Richard died without issue before his mother, and the lands which had been settled on him passed to his brother Peter. This Peter is often called "of Tetbury"[11] from his most prominent holding (in Gloucestershire). He also died before his mother, certainly leaving sons Thomas and John, and likely a daughter Mary, who married twice and in her widowhood was countess marshal of England.[12] These marriages of this Mary have often been erroneously attributed to Mary de Ros.[13] When Mary (de Ros) died, Peter's son Thomas was her heir. His descendants are carefully detailed in Complete Peerage,[14] and his issue is known to have eventually failed. Thomas' second son, also named Thomas, is buried in Horsham, Sussex.[15] Peter's son John's eventual heir was his daughter Agnes, married to a Urian St.Peter.[16] His issue continued on through the surnames Cokesay and Greville. With the deaths, by 1326, of the last William to be lord of Brambre and Gower, and of his step-mother Mary, the overlordship of the St.Owen lands in Sussex passed to the Mowbray family,[17] though members of other branches of the Braoses continued to hold lands in Sussex of the Mowbrays. We should also take notice of a later Peter Braose, who, by 1344, was married to Joan Percy.[18] An excellent recent work on him is the article by F. N. Craig.[19] This Peter and Joan held Whiteford manor in Devon, granted it to the King, and received Westneston, or Wiston, in Sussex,[20] so that he is customarily identified as "Peter of Wiston". He died in 1377-8 and his eventual heir was his daughter Beatrix, wife of Hugh Shirley. There are three versions of his parentage: that he was son of William who was son of William and Mary de Ros (a full brother of Peter of Tetbury, and half brother of another William),[21] that he was grandson of Giles who was son of William and Agnes Moels,[22] and that he was son of Peter of Tetbury.[23] As near as I can tell, all three possibilities are still open and, perhaps, the additional possibility of his having been a grandson of Peter of Tetbury. 3c. Bruse family of Skelton To sort the relationships out, an understanding of the Bruse family of Skelton in Yorkshire will be helpful. The Bruce family of Scotland, from whom King Robert descended, are a cadet branch of this family. Again for clarity, I will generally use the spelling "Bruse" for members of this family, though spellings in the records vary. They are generally believed to have come from Brix near Cherbourg in Normandy.[24] Adam and Peter were the favored given names in the family, with William and Robert also occurring. In the senior line, after two Adams, lineally, there were three Peters, lineally, the last of whom died without issue, so that his four sisters divided the inheritance. One of them was married to a cousin of Mary de Ros,[25] wife of William Braose, and the sons of two of them successively married Isabel, Mary's sister.[26] 4. Summary of Evidence Here I present the evidence in chronological order of the documents themselves, within three categories, with brief analyses. Further conclusions are drawn later. 4a. Near Contemporary St.Owen Evidence The section is for evidence which specifically refers to a member of the St.Owen family, and which was apparently set down during living memory. 1296: Subsidy entry stating "Johanne de Sco Audoeno" paid "1 L. 19 s. 2.5 d." at "Villat' de Clopham" in Sussex.[27] [This John is probably the father of Ralph Sr.] 1296: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1296. Oct. 8. Croft. The like [protection with clause volumus], for one year, for Ralph de Sancto Audoeno, and John de Thornhill, staying in Scotland with Henry de Percy."[28] [This is probably Ralph Sr., father of Ralph who married Alice.] 1305: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "1305. June 19. Findon. "... deliver to Margaret, late the wife of Edmund de Mortuo Mari, tenant in chief ... her dower: ... a fee in Bourton, Wymoneston and Bertinghope, ... which Ralph de Sancto Audoeno holds ... 40 s yearly ..."[29] [This is probably also Ralph Sr.] 1313: Patent Roll entry reading, in part, "1313. 16 Oct. Westminster. Pardon ... of all causes ... arisen in any manner on account of Peter de Gavaston ... to the under-mentioned persons, adherents of Thomas, earl of Lancaster, for the death of Peter de Gavaston, viz. — ... Robert de Seint Owayn ..."[30] [This is probably the Robert who granted the charter for Burton which surfaced in 1408.] 1316: Parliamentary document published in "Feudal Aids" for Sussex includes entry "Villa de Clopham cum aliis membris est in manu Marie, que fuit uxor Willelmi de Brewosa, racione minoris etatis Radulfi de Seintowayne."[31] [This is the same Mary (de Ros) who was wife of William and mother of Peter de Braose, and this will be shown to be Ralph Jr.] 1317: Inq. at Durham stating "Thursday the feast of St. Oswald, 10 Edw. II. Daltone. Robert de Seynt Oweyn was seised of a rent of 10 l. yearly for life from the said manor by virtue of a deed made by Sir Henry de Percy late lord of the manor, for two years and a half during the said Henry's life, and the manor was taken into the king's hand twelve months ago."[32] [This shows Robert St.Owen very probably to have been of age by 1314-5. Incidentally, Dalton had come to the Percy family from the Bruse family of Skelton.] 1320: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "1320. March 26. Eltham. ... Mary, late the wife of William de Breuse, the elder, tenant in chief ... to have scutage of ... which were assigned to her in dower by the late king on 20 September, in the 19th year of his reign ... 2 fees in Clopham, which John de Sancto Audoeno held ..."[33] [Showing Clapham was in Mary de Ros' dower, and held by a St.Owen, presumably Ralph Sr.'s father.] 1323: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "1323. Dec. 27. Kenilworth. To Edmund, earl of Arundel, justice of Wales. Order to release ... Welsh prisoners, as ... Ralph de Seint Owen ... have mainperned to have them before the king in his next parliament ..."[34] [This must be the same Ralph as the one who was a minor in 1316, and shows that he probably came of age by 1323.] 1327: Subsidy entry stating "Robto de Seintewain" paid "11 s. 0.5 d." at "Villat' de Clopham" in Sussex.[35] [Presumably the same Robert who granted the Burton charter.] 1332: Subsidy entry stating "Rado de Seyntewayn" paid "11 s. 4 d." at "Villat' de Clopham" in Sussex.[36] [Presumably Ralph Sr.] 1353: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "1353. Nov. 14. Westminster. ... Roger Husee, knight ... Ralph de Seint Oweyn, knight ... have mainperned ..."[37] [This is the earliest reference to Ralph as a knight.] 1357: Close Roll entry reading, in full, "1357. July 6. Westminster. John Seyntowayn acknowledges that he owes to Thomas de Breouse, knight, 300 l.; to be levied, in default of payment, of his lands and chattels in Sussex."[38] [These are John Sr. and Thomas the son of Peter.] Other debtors of Thomas de Braose, at various times, included Reginald de Dyk, Thomas de Egmanton, Robert de Muleward of Cortyngton, Richard de Peshale, knight, and Philip Purefey,[39] and his creditors included Thomas Bovet, Joan de Mortimer and William de Pertenhale.[40] 1361: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "1361. Feb. 16. Westminster. "Order to deliver in dower to Philippa who was wife of Roger de Mortuo Mari earl of March ... namely two thirds of one knight's fee in Borton, Berthynghop and Wymaston now held by Alice de Sancto Audoeno (extended at 66 s. 8 d.), one third of one knight's fee in Berchynghope and Wymaston held by John de Sancto Audoeno (at 33 s. 4 d.)".[41] [This Alice is the widowed mother of this John.] 1361/2: IPM of "John de Moubray of Axiholm, the elder", in the part for "Sussex. Extent (undated) made at Horsham lists "Clopham and Spolspich. 2 knights' fees, held by John Seint Owayn."[42] [The index to this volume of IPMs identifies "Spolspich" as being "Poles Pitch".] 1362: Fine Roll entry reading, in part, "1362. May 8. Westminster. Order ... to make inquisition touching his lands and heir ... John de Seynt Oweyn; Hereford."[43] 1362: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1362. May 12. Westminster. Pardon to Alesia late the wife of Ralph de Seint Oweyn of her waiver in the husting of London for non-appearance before the justices of the Bench to answer Simon de Reynham, citizen and mercer of London, touching a plea of debt of 73 s. 4 d. she having now surrendered to the Flete prison, as is found by a certificate of Robert de Thorpe, chief justice."[44] Another who owed to Simon was William de Medelane, and Simon in turn owed to John de Aspal, and to William Somerby.[45] 1369/70: IPM of "Margaret Seint Owayn" quoted in full. "Writ to the escheator to enquire as to the lands and heir of the said Margaret, who held of the heir of Roger de Mortuo Mari, late earl of March, a minor in the king's wardship, and as to who has been in possession of her lands since her death and received the issues. 8 July, 43 Edward III." "Hereford. Inq. taken at Hereford, 7 August, 43 Edward III. Germeston by Webbeleye. A messuage, 60 a. arable, a parcel of meadow and a grove of underwood, held of Edmund, son and heir of the said late earl. The king had the issues thereof from the times of her death by the hand of Philip de Lutteleye, late escheator. She died on 3 October, 35 Edward III. John son of John Seint Owayn of Burton, aged 20 years and more on 14 August last, is her heir."[46] [Thus Margaret died 1361 Oct. 3 and John St.Owen Jr. was born before 1348 Aug. 14. The second occurrence of the great plague began in England in 1361, and Margaret may well have died of it. I note that the IPM does not actually state Margaret's relationship to the two John St.Owens. The most obvious possibility is that she was wife of the elder and mother of the younger, but she might have been wife of the younger, or step-mother of the younger, or an unmarried cousin. The possibility of her having been mother or step-mother of the elder is excluded by the evidence that Alice was the name of the wife who survived Ralph, who was John Sr.'s father. It's also curious this is dated eight years after her death.] 1370/1: IPM of "John Seynt Oweyn" quoted in full. "Writ of precipimus touching the lands &c. held by the said John of the heir of Roger de Mortuo Mari, late earl of March, a minor in the king's wardship. 18 October, 44 Edward III." "Hereford. Inq. (indented) taken at Hereford, 31 March, 45 Edward III. Gerneston in the fee of Webbeleye. A messuage, 60 a. land, 2 a. meadow and 6 a. wood, held of the said heir by knight's service. He held no other lands &c. in the county. He died on 15 October, 35 Edward III. John Seynt Oweyn, his son, aged 23 years on 8 September last, is his heir. Immediately after his death Philip Luttelee, late escheator, took the premises into the king's hand on account of the minority of the heir, and received the issues for the king's use until 27 November, 42 Edward III, when William Auncell received the office of escheator and took possession of the premises, whereof he still receives the issues for the king's use." "Similar writ, 8 May, 46 Edward III. Hereford. Inq. (indented) taken at Hereford, 12 June, 46 Edward III. Gerneston by Webbeleye. A messuage, 60 a. arable, 2 a. meadow and 8 a. underwood, held as above. He died on 12 October, 35 Edward III. Heir as above, aged 26 years on 13 September last. Possession since death as above."[47] [Thus John St.Owen Sr. died 1361 Oct. 15 or 12 and John St.Owen Jr. was born 1347 Sep. 8 or 1345 Sep. 13. John may well also have died of the plague. It's curious this is dated nearly ten years after John Sr.'s death.] 1373-4: Manor roll entry of Wiston reading, in part, "stipend of 1 man daubing the walls of the chamber of John Seyntwayn for 4 days 4 d."[48] [This is John Jr. At this time the lord of Wiston was Peter de Braose "of Wiston".] 1385: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1385. May 5. Westminster. Grant to Adam Durant of the custody, during the minority of the heir and successive heirs dying minors, together with the marriage of the heir, of lands to the value of 12 s. yearly, in the county of Hereford, late of John de Seyntowen, who held by knight service of the heir of Edmund de Mortuo Mari, late earl of March, without rendering aught therefor, but accounting at the Exchequer for any surplus value. By K. & C."[49] 1400: IPM captioned "Writ, for fees, 21 July 1400. Sussex. Extent. Bramber. 22 Aug. includes "Clapham, the manor, 2 fees held by Thomas Seyntoweyn".[50] [Thus Thomas' older brother John is now dead.] 1402: IPM of "Thomas son and heir of John Seyntoweyn", first of four items, quoted in full. "656 Writ 8 Aug. 1402. "Hereford and the Adjacent March of Wales. Inquisition. Hereford. 18 June 1403. "He held the manors of Burlingjobb, Walton and Womaston and 57 s. rent in Presteigne, all in the March of Wales; and 1 toft, 50 a., 2 a. meadow, 6 a. wood and 5 s. rent in Garnstone and two parts of the manor of Burton, all in Herefordshire, with the reversion of the third part which Richard Lyngayne and Isabel, formerly the wife of John Seyntoweyn, brother of Thomas, now hold in the dower of Isabel. He held as kinsman and male heir of Ralph de St. Audoen, knight, being the son of John, son of John, son of Ralph, who held in fee tail to himself and the heirs male of his body. "The premises, except those mentioned below, are held of Henry Percy, earl of Northumberland, Henry Percy the son, William Beauchampe, Lord Abergavenny, Hugh de Burnell, knight, and Thomas Overton, clerk, of the honour of Radnor by knight service, annual value L. 14 13 s. 4 d., the 57 s. rent in Presteigne is held of the same in socage of the same honour, service unknown, annual value nil because the tenements have been burnt and destroyed by the Welsh rebels. Six of the 50 a. in Garnstone are held of Richard Sarnesfeld by 12 d. rent, 4 of the 6 a. wood are held of John Bradley by a rent of 20 d. "He died on 22 June last. Patrick Seyntoweyn, son of Ralph, is next heir male and aged 40 years and more."[51] [Thus Thomas St.Owen died 1402 June 22, and Patrick St.Owen was born before 1363 June 18 (probably much before).] 1402: IPM of "Thomas son and heir of John Seyntoweyn", third of four items, quoted in full. "658 Writ 8 Aug. 1402. "Sussex. Inquisition. Clapham. 18 Aug. "The manor of Clapham by the death of John Seyntowayn, who held of the heir of Thomas duke of Norfolk, under age in the king's ward, by knight service, and owing to the minority of Thomas Seyntowayn, who died under age, came into the king's hands and so remains. It is held of the heir of the duke of the honour of Bramber. There are the site of the manor, annual value nil; 1 dovecot, 6 s. 8 d.; assize rents and farms, L. 6 13 s. 4 d. payable by equal parts at the four principal terms; 140 a. at 3 d.; 30 a. wood at 1 d.; and pasture for 300 sheep, 6 s. 8 d. He also held 1 messuage there called 'le Compe' of the same Thomas son of the duke of the manor of Findon in socage, annual value 5 s. Stephen prior of Sele has occupied the manor since the death of Thomas. "He also held 11 a. in the meadow of Arundel at 7 d. of the earl of Arundel in socage; 20 s. assize rents in Burgham and 2 s. assize rent in Kirdford of the bishop of Chichester in socage; and the manor of Ilsham of the same bishop, service unknown. In the manor are 1 site, annual value nil; assize rents, 5 s. 5 d. by equal parts at Christmas and Midsummer; 40 a. arable at 4 d.; and 20 a. meadow at 8 d. The bishop has occupied the manor since the death of Thomas. "Date of death and heir as above (no. 656)."[51] 1402: Fine Roll entry reading, in full, "1402. Oct. 24. Westminster. Order to William Weston, escheator in the county of Sussex, - pursuant to an inquisition made by him showing that the manors of Clopham and Islesham and a messuage in Clopham called 'Le Compe,' 11 acres of meadow in the meadow of Arundell and 22 s. of rent of assise in Burgham and Curdeforde, co. Sussex, are in the king's hand by the death of John Seyntowayn, who held by knight service of the heir of Thomas late duke of Norfolk, a minor in the king's ward, and by reason of the minority of Thomas Seyntowayn, John's son and heir, who lately died a minor in the king's ward, and that the manor of Clopham and the messuage are held of the said heir and the rest of the premises of other lords, and that Patrick Seyntowayn the uncle of John is the next heir of Thomas Seyntowayn and of full age, - to take Patrick's fealty and cause him to have full seisin of the said manor of Clopham and the messuage, removing the king's hand from the rest of the premises, if they have been taken into the king's hand for no other cause than the death of John Sentoweyn, and delivering any issues taken therefrom since the death of John to those to whom they pertain."[52] 1404: IPM of "Thomas son and heir of John Seyntoweyn", second of four items, quoted in full. "657 Writ, plenius certiorari, reciting last inquisition, which does not say what estate Thomas had in the toft etc., and whether he died without heirs male, and ordering inquiry into how Patrick is kinsman and next heir, whether Burlingjobb, Walton and Womaston are one manor or several, and what estate he had in the toft etc. 10 Sept. 1403. "Hereford and the Adjacent March of Wales. Inquisition. Hereford. 16 Feb. 1404. "They say that Burlingjobb and Womaston are one manor, not separate, and that Walton is one manor. John is brother of Thomas Seyntoweyn, son of John, son of John, son of John, son of Ralph junior, son of Ralph senior. His predecessors died seised of the manors from time immemorial. They descended from father to son, from Ralph to Ralph to John to John to John and so to Thomas. Patrick is the next heir of Thomas, being the son of Ralph junior, father of John, father of John."[51] 1404: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "1404. April 3. Westminster. ... to remove the king's hand ... the manor of Bertelynghope and Wymaston, the manor of Walton, 57 s. of rent in Presthemede ... 5 s. of rent in Gereneston and two thirds of the manor of Borton co. Hereford with the reversion of the third part thereof now held in dower by Richard Lyngayn and Isabel his wife, sometime wife of John Seyntoweyn brother of Thomas, delivering to Patrick Seyntoweyn any issues thereof ... Thomas Seyntoweyn who died within age in ward of the king, being son and heir male of John Sentoweyn, brother (sic) of the said (sic) Thomas son of John, son of John son of John son of Ralph the younger son of Ralph the elder, at his death held ... by virtue of an entail made to the said Ralph the elder and to the heirs male of his body, that the said Patrick, being son of Ralph the younger father of John father of John father of John father of Thomas son of John brother of Thomas (sic) is cousin and next heir male of Thomas son of John brother of Thomas, for that John son of Ralph the younger, John his son and John son of John son of John son of John (sic) son of Ralph the younger are dead without issue male, and is of full age, ..."[53] 1406: IPM of "Joan Wife of Thomas Dounton", first of two items, quoted in full. "660 Writ 7 Feb. 1404. "Hereford and the Adjacent March of Wales. Inquisition. Weobley. 16 July 1406. "Joan wife of Roger Dounton, rightly called Joan wife of Thomas Dounton, sister and heir of Thomas Seyntoweyn, brother and heir of John Seyntoweyn, held: "In the Welsh March: the manor of Burlingjobb and Walton, the manor of Womaston, and two parts of 57 s. rent in Presteigne with the reversion of the third part which Richard Lyngayn and Isabel his wife, formerly wife of John Seyntoweyn, now hold in the dower of Isabel. "In Herefordshire: two parts of the manor of Burton, and the reversion of the third part similarly held by Richard Lyngayn and Isabel in dower; and two parts of a toft, 50 a., 2 a. meadow, 6 a. wood and 5 s. rent in Garnstone, with the reversion of the third part held by the same in dower. "The manor of Burlingjobb and Walton, the manor of Womaston, two parts of Burton, and of the toft, 44 of the 50 a., 2 a. meadow and 2 out of 6 a. wood in Garnstone, are held of the heir of Roger de Mortuo Mari, earl of March, who is in the king's ward, of the honour of Radnor by knight service, annual value 22 marks. The two parts of 57 s. rent with the third part are held of the same in socage of the honour of Radnor, service unknown, annual value 20 s. and no more because of waste and arson by the Welsh rebels. Six of the 50 a. in Garnstone are held of Richard Sarnesfeld by a rent of 12 d. and 4 of the 6 a. of wood there are held of John Bradeley by a rent of 20 d. "She died on 20 May 1403. Thomas her son and heir is aged 7 years."[54] [Thomas Dounton was thus born between 1398 July 17 and 1399 July 16.] 1408: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "... remove the king's hand ... the manor of Berteleynghope and Walton and the manor of Wymaston ... 57 s. of rent in Presthemde ... two thirds of a toft, 50 acres of land, 2 acres of meadow, 6 acres of wood and 5 s. of rent in Gerneston ... Joan who was wife of Roger Dounton deceased, otherwise incorrectly called Joan who was wife of Thomas Dounton, at her death held the same, and the reversion of a third part ... held in dower by Richard Lyngayn and Isabel his wife sometime wife of John Seyntoweyn, as sister and heir of line of Thomas Seyntoweyn brother and heir of the said John, ... and that Patrick Seynt Oweyn has taken the issues and profits thereof since the day of her death; ... the matter understood, ... the seizure of the premises was improper, wherefore it was determined that the king's hand be removed ..."[55] 1408: IPM of "Joan Wife of Thomas Dounton", second of two items. quoted in full. "661 Writ, plenius certiorari, enquiring what estate she held in the manor of Burton, by what name the heir of the earl of March is known, and what estate she had in the rent in Presteigne. 26 May 1408. "Hereford and the Adjacent March of Wales. Inquisition. Hereford. 23 June. "Robert de St. Audoen held the manor of Burton in his demesne as of fee and granted it by charter to Ralph de St. Audoen and Alice his wife and their heirs. They had issue John, who had issue John, Thomas and Joan. John had issue Isabel. She received two parts with reversion of the third part held by Isabel her mother, and died without heirs. Thomas as uncle and heir then held the two parts until he died. Then Joan entered as sister and heir of Thomas, and held it to herself and her heirs. "The heir of the earl of March is called Edmund de Mortuo Mari. By what service she held the 57 s. rent in Presteigne is unknown."[54] 1409: Fine Roll entry reading, in full, "1409. Dec. 10. Westminster. Commitment to Nicholas Merbury, esquire, - by mainprise of John Merbury of the county of Hereford, esquire, and John Russell of the same county, - of the keeping of the manors of Bertelynghope, Walton and Wymaston, in the march of Wales adjacent to the county of Hereford, and of two-thirds of 57 s. of rent in Presthemde, in the said march, and also of two-thirds of the manor of Borton, a toft, 50 acres of land, 2 acres of meadow, 6 acres of wood and 5 s. of rent in Gerneston, co. Hereford, with the reversion of the third part of the said manor of Borton and of the said toft, land, meadow, wood and rents which is now held in dower by Isabel late the wife of Richard Lyngayn after the death of John Seyntowyn, late her husband, - the said manors of Bertelynghope, Walton and Wymaston and the said two-thirds being in the king's hand by the death of Joan late the wife of Roger Dounton, who (qui) held in chief of Edmund earl of March, a minor in the king's ward, and by reason of the minority of Thomas Dounton, Joan's son and heir; - to hold the same until the lawful age of the said heir, and so from heir to heir until one of them shall have attained full age, rendering the extent thereof yearly, or as much as may be agreed upon between him and the treasurer, and maintaining the houses and buildings incumbent upon the said manors of Bertelnghope, Walton and Wymaston and upon the said two-thirds. By bill of the treasurer. Vacated because otherwise this year."[56] 1410: Fine Roll entry, dated "1410. Feb. 20. Westminster", identical to the 1409 entry except for minor changes of wording and no notice of vacation.[57] 1410: Fine Roll entry reading, in full, "1410. March 20. Westminster. Commitment to Nicholas Merbury and John Merbury, esquires, - by mainprise of Thomas Holgot, esquire, and Edmund Morys, - of the keeping of the manor of Clopham, co. Sussex, which came to the king's hands by the death of Thomas Seyntowayn, who held of Thomas late earl marshal in chief, and which is still in the king's hand by reason of the minority of John, brother and heir of the said late earl, the king's ward, and of Thomas Dounton, son of Joan the sister of the said Thomas Seyntowayn and his kinsman and next heir; to hold the same until the lawful age of the said Thomas Dounton, and so from heir to heir until one of them shall have attained full age, rendering yearly the extent thereof, or as much as may be agreed upon between them and the treasurer, and maintaining the houses and buildings incumbent on the manor. By bill of the treasurer."[58] 1410: IPM of "Thomas son and heir of John Seyntoweyn", fourth of four items, quoted in full. "659 Writ, plenius certiorari, reciting the last inquisition and saying that Patrick was not the heir, but that Joan sister of Thomas was and Thomas son of Joan now is. Order to inquire, 24 Feb. 1410. "Sussex. Inquisition. Bramber. 4 March. "Patrick, named in the inquisition, was not the heir on 22 June 1402, but Joan sister of Thomas then was, Thomas Dounton, son of Joan, is now next heir and aged 11 years and more."[51] [Thomas Dounton was thus born before 1399 Feb. 24.] 1423: Two Close Roll entries reading, in part, "1423. Dec. 14. Westminster. ... give Thomas Dounton seisin of the manor of Clopham; as ... by the death of John Seyntowayn ... and ... the nonage of Thomas Seyntowayn his son (sic) and heir ... and that Patrick Seyntowayn, uncle of John father of Thomas, was his next heir and of full age; and by another inquisition ... the said Patrick was not next heir of thomas Seyntowayn, but Joan sister of the said Thomas was his next heir, and that Thomas Dounton her son and heir was then his next heir; and he has proved his age ..." and "1423. Dec. 14. Westminster. ... give Thomas Dounton seisin of the manors ... that Joan who was wife of Roger Dounton, otherwise incorrectly called wife of Thomas Dounton, as sister and heir of line of Thomas Seyntoweyn brother (sic) and heir of John Seyntowayn, at her death held ... Bertelynghope and Walton ... Wymaston ... rent in Presthemde and the reversion of one third thereof then held by Richard Lyngayn and Isabel his wife, sometime wife of John Seyntoweyn, as dower of Isabel, two thirds of the manor of Borton and the reversion of one third ... rent in Gerneston ... and that Thomas Dounton son of the said Joan is her next heir; and by another inquisition ... Robert de Sancto Audoeno was seised of the manor of Borton, and gave the same to Ralph de Sancto Audoeno and Alice his wife and to the heirs of Ralph's body, that they had issue John Seyntoweyn, who had issue John, who had issue John, Thomas and Joan, and that John son of John son of John had issue Isabel and died thereof seised, that Isabel as his daughter and heir entered two thirds thereof and the reversion of one third held in dower by Isabel above mentioned, that Isabel the daughter died without issue, that after her death Thomas as her uncle and heir entered those two thirds by the form of the gift, and died seised thereof and of the said reversion without issue, that after his death the said Joan likewise entered as his sister and heir, and continued her possession to the day of her death, dying thereof seised and of the said reversion, and that at her death she had an estate ... to her and her heirs, and died thereof so seised; and Thomas Dounton has proved his age ..."[59] 4b. Other near contemporary evidence The section is for relevant evidence which does not specifically refer to a member of the St.Owen family, and which was apparently set down during living memory. 1244-59: Item in "The Matthew Paris Shields" reading "Brewes. Perimitur Willelmus de Brahuse. Party per pale indented gules and azure." The editor of the Harleian Society volume notes this is the son of "Reynold de Brewes" and that "the descendants of William de Brewes, elder s. of William de Brewes the elder, bore azure crusuly a lion rampant or".[60] 1253-8: Item in "Glover's Roll" reading "Will'm de Breuse d'azur od un leon d'or croiselez d'or" with variants "(a) Crusuly of ten crosses crosslet dispersed irregularly" and "(b) Gives the lion a gold crown", according to the Harleian Society volume.[61] 1271: IPM of "Peter de Brus" reading, in part, "Writ, 28 Sept. 56 Hen. III. Agnes ... Lucy ... Margaret ... Ladereyna ... are his heirs."[62] [This is the last Peter de Bruse of Skelton. He thus died by 1271 Sep. 28. The four women are his sisters.] 1296: IPM of "Richard de Brewose" reading, in part, "Thursday before St. Scholastica, 24 Edw. I. Tettebury ... Peter de Brewose, aged 23, is his next heir and was enfeoffed jointly with him."[63] [Thus Peter of Tetbury was born 1272-3.] 1300: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1300. June 6. Pontefract. Licence for Agnes, late the wife of Henry Huse, tenant in chief, to marry Peter de Brewose, if she will. By K."[64] [This is Peter of Tetbury.] 1301: Charter Roll entry reading, in full, "1301. May 10. Kempsey. 30. Grant to Peter de Brewosa, and his heirs, of free warren in all his demesne lands in Tettebury, Uptone, Cherletone, Helmundestre, Dughtone, Redmertone and Colkretone, co. Gloucester. Rex precepit apud Fekenham."[65] 1312: IPM of "Peter de Brewosa" found that he held the manor of "Tettebury" by 1 knight's fee of "William de Brewose" and had assigned it to "Agnes his wife" in exchange for manors in Wiltshire and Sussex which "Mary de Brewose" holds for life.[66] [This is Peter of Tetbury. The William mentioned is Peter's elder half-brother, son of William and Alina (de Multon). The Mary is Mary de Ros.] 1326: Subsidy Roll entries for "Agnes Breuouse 7 s 0.25 d" in "Tetbury (Tettebury)" within Longtree Hundred, for "Alice la Brewes 21 d" in "Longford (Longeforde)" within Dudstone Hundred, and for "Alice la Brewes 15.25 d" in "Wotton St Mary Without (Wotton)" also within Dudstone Hundred.[67] [I believe these are all reference to Agnes, widow of Peter Braose. Alice, widow of Richard Braose, had died by 1301.] 4c. Later evidence The section is for relevant evidence which was apparently not set down during living memory. 1569: Harleian M.S. 615, said to be the work of Robert Cooke, Clarenceux King of Arms, copied by Alexander Evesham, incorporated into "The Visitation of Shropshire". The pedigree "Broughton of Broughton and Henley", shows "John" and "Raulfe" as sons of "John Santoweyn". This "Raulfe mar. Alyes doughtr to Sir Piers Brewes" and they are shown with two children: "John Santoweyn" and "Patricke sans yssue". The arms at the head of the pedigree do not include a Brewes among the seven quarterings.[68] 1578: Arms of tilters in the Tournament at Stepney in 1308[69] include: "19. Sr John de Saynt Oweyn. - Gu. a cross Ar. the 1st quarter charged with a shield of Clare." "34. Sr Piers de Breysy. - Or, a lion ramp. Az. langued Gu." [This is the usually quoted arms for the Bruses of Skelton, but the event is 36 years after the death of the last Peter de Bruse of the senior line. I believe there is most likely an error on the part of the drafter of this work. Probably, the person who tourneyed at Stepney in 1308 was Peter Braose of Tetbury, and the arms are in error, though possibly it is he but using the arms of the Bruses of Skelton, perhaps to honor his namesake. Or perhaps this is a member of an otherwise unrecorded cadet branch of the Bruses of Skelton.] 1585?: arms roll entry in Harleian manuscript 2169, tricked by Robert Cooke, blasoned by Joseph Foster. "S. John Brewse of Sowsex. Azure, crusily bontonnee and a lyon rampant or. Braose"[70] [This is probably John who married the daughter of prince Llywelyn.] 1586: Harleian M.S. 1545, by Robert Cooke, Clarencieux, incorporated into "The Visitation of Herefordshire". The preface to the published volume states that no visitation was actually conducted in 1586. The implication is that the contents of this manuscript are based on information obtained in the 1569 visitation and/or research at the College of Arms. The "St. Owen" pedigree is in the "Additional Pedigrees". Its inclusion is apparently because the Hopton family is descended from the St.Owens (see "Descents from Alice" section here). The pedigree is subcaptioned "(of Gerneston in Weobley)", and headed by arms, of which the fourth of five is "Brewse. Az. a lion ramp. betw. ten cross crosslets Or. crowned Gu." It shows "Raufe St. Owen of Gerneston and Burton in co. Hd." as married to "Allice, d. and coh. of Sr. Peeter vel Peers de Bruse of co. Glos. 4 E. 3, 16 E. 3, 50 E 3." They have two children: "1. John de St. Owen of Gerneston and Burton" and "Patrick de St. Owen, o.s.p."[71] [It will be seen that the "50 E 3" date is quite unlikely for the father of Alice, who would have been at least about 96 years old at that date, which throws the other two dates into doubt also. These dates would make sense for Peter de Braose of Wiston, and it may be that the herald mistakenly concluded he was Alice's father, and entered these dates from his life.] 1592?: arms roll entries in Harleian manuscript 6163, blasoned by Joseph Foster.[72] "Brewys. Argent, a bend gules, a bordure counter-compony or and azure: quarterly with, azure, crusily and a lyon rampant or." "Shirley. Azure, three palets argent, a quarter ermine: quarterly with, gules, crusily or and a lyon rampant of the second, crowned azure." [Foster's index appears to identify this as the coat of "Raffe Shirley".] "(Sherley, 2d coat, i.e. of augmentation). Azure, a lyon rampant or crowned gules; quarterly with, Shirley, paly (6) or and azure, a quarter ermine." [Except for the, probably accidental, omission of the field of cross crosslets, the first quartering is identical to the coat quartered in the St.Owen pedigree.] "S. Thomas Cokesay. Quarterly of six, (1); sable, a cross and a bordure both engrailed or. (2); azure, crusily and a lyon rampant or. (3); argent, on a bend azure, three cinquefoyles pierced or. Cokesay. (4); argent, a bend sable, a label (3) gules. (5); argent, a bend gules, a bordure counter compony or and azure. (6); argent, on a bend gules, three annulets or. Crest. A garb or, banded gules." [Thomas Cokesay was a descendant of John, son of Peter de Braose of Tetbury. The second quarter is a Braose coat.] 1620: Harleian M.S. 1241, described as "a copie of the Visitation of Shropshire, taken by Richard Lee, Richmond Herauld & Marshall to Robert Cooke, Clarenceux Kinge of Armes, augmented by many Notes and Gatherings of Lewis Dunne and others, by Jacob Chaloner, untill the yeare 1620", incorporated into "The Visitation of Shropshire". A pedigree of the St.Owen - Dounton - Haven lines appears as an appendix to the Cotes pedigree. It shows "Sr Raph St Owen Kt" married to "Alice da. & hei. to Pierre Bruse de Hochampe". Two children are shown for the couple: "Patrick St Owen" and "John St Owen". Furthermore, Alice, together with "Maud uxr Jon de Vaulx" and "Elizabeth uxor Wm Molineux", are shown as three daughters of "Piers Bruse", shown as son of "William Bruse", shown as son of "Piers Bruse", shown as son of "Wm Lord Bruse of Gower" who is also the father of "Wm Lord Bruse of Gower" the father of a third "Wm Lord Bruse of Gower". The arms at the head of the Cotes pedigree has nine quarterings, of which the eighth is "azure, a lion rampant or, crowned gules, within an orle of cross-crosslets of the second, Brewes".[73] [A substantial excerpt from this pedigree is charted in the appendices here.] 1634?: Harleian M.S. 1562, a composite of visitations and other genealogies, the genealogy of "Shirley".[74] The arms include the two quarterings: "3, Azure, semee of cross-crosslets a lion rampant or, crowned argent [Broase of Brember]; 4, Barry of six vaire and gules [Broase of Gower]" out of twelve. There is a margin comment "All ye Brewses before this Wm did beare theys Armes of Barry in the discent yt Som' made for Sr Thomas Shirley allthough in dyde none of them should have borne the lyon wth the Crosses before Wm Lord Bruse that was the son of John Lord Bruse of Gore." Before 1896: a manuscript page captioned "Cottes" in an obsolete hand, found in Pilley's Hereford pedigrees. Pilley appears to say this "is probably a copy of Harl. M.S. 1545 ... from 1569 Vist." The pedigree begins with "Sr Ralph St Owen / Knt. Barry: 6: or - g." shown married to "Alies da: Sr Perss Bruss". They are shown with one child "John: St Owen / sone and heire" who married "Joane da: c heire to / William Tirrell". They are parents of "John St Owen" who is father of "Thomas St Owen dyed sans issue" husband of "da: to Phillip Holgate" and "Joan da: to John and sister and hey: to Thomas" wife of "Roger Downton".[75] Before 1913: an heraldic style pedigree captioned "St. Owen", published in Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica. A list of arms reads: "1. ST. OWEN / 2. BRUSE / 3. TYRRELL / 4. DOUNTON / 5. HEAVYN / 6. [HOPTON] / 7. NOEL as before only blazoned." A black and white picture shows the arms, with the stated six quarterings, and the Noel blazon below. The second quartering appears to me to be: background "A", field of nine cross crosslets "O", a lion rampant "G". The first paragraph of the pedigree begins, "Raphe St owen of Burton Com Glouc. had issue Raphe who espoused Alice da. of Peter de Bruse and had John and he John St owen who mar. Margaret da. and heire of Hughe Tyrrell com. heref. and had issue Joane da. and Coheire marr. to Roger Dounton Esquior by whom he had Isabell da. and Coheire issue Tho. Do: Esquiuor who marr. Margaret da. of Ric. Langley of Sutton Com heref. and had Isabell da. and Coheire marr. to John Heavyn Esqiuour, and they had Margaret theire da. & heire mar. to willm Sonne of Nicholas Hopton and his heire Esq." A note reads, "[The corrections [in brackets] and erasures [in italics] were made by the later hand who wrote the following addition,* filling up the page. It is badly written.]"[76] 5. Direct Conclusions It will be noted there are three different versions of the birth date of John St.Owen, son of John: before 1348 Aug. 14, 1347 Sep. 8 and 1345 Sep. 13. I will adopt the 1347 Sep. 8 date, though it should have little effect on any other conclusions. The only substantial contradiction within the near contemporary evidence is in regard to how many John St.Owens there were between Ralph and Alice, ancestors, and John, Thomas and Joan, siblings, their descendants. One IPM says just one such John, another IPM says three, but all the rest say two. The Visitations also disagree on this point, one saying just one such John, and all the others saying two. This does resolve, however. There are three references to a death of a John St.Owen. The first occurred 1360/1 Oct 15, the second shortly before 1385 May 5, and the third, who was the older brother of Thomas, before 1400. These must be three different individuals. The first two cannot be the same because the heir of the second was a minor in 1385, but would have been at least 24 years old if he was the son of one who died in 1361. Furthermore, from the IPM, we know the son and heir of the first was born even earlier, namely about 1347. The second and third cannot be the same because the third must have been a minor in 1385, and therefore not born before 1365, four years after the death of the first John. Therefore the single IPM and single Visitation which give only one intermediate John St.Owen must be rejected in favor of two or three. Two will suffice, and agrees with the preponderance of evidence. Three would require a surprisingly, though not impossibly, short generation time three generations in a row, as well. Now, having a sequence containing two birthdates, we can estimate the family's typical generation time. John St.Owen Jr. was born 1347 Sep. 8 and his grandson Thomas Dounton was born between 1398 July 17 and 1399 Feb. 24. The average generation is then between 25 and 26 years, quite reasonable for this era. From this we can also estimate that John Jr.'s grandparents would have been born about 1296, to within say a decade. This estimate, in turn, makes it highly probable that Ralph, the father of John and Patrick, was the one who was a minor in 1316, since the latter would have had to have been born between 1296 and 1316. He must also, then, have been the one who mainperned two Welshmen in 1323 and the one who was sheriff of Surrey and Sussex in the 1350s. Since he presumably was an adult in 1323, this further places his birth before about 1302, also quite consonant with the generation length calculation. Alice's given name appears in contemporary records, as well as in the IPM of her great-granddaughter Joan, which appears to quote an earlier charter. We may take it as established that her given name was "Alice" (variously spelled). The fact that the grant referred to in the IPM mentions Alice by name must indicate that she was important in her own right. Ordinarily, I would take this to suggest the land came from her family, but Burton was already in St.Owen hands before Alice. Some, but not all, sources call Alice an heiress. We should consider this undecided. The first statement of a maiden surname and/or father for her is in the 1569 Visitation by Robert Cooke. No evidence disagrees with this, but all the remaining evidence may well be derived from this one, which is more than two centuries removed from his death. From this evidence, without further support and analysis, we may only take it as probable that Alice's father's name was Peter (or Piers or Pierre) Brewes (or Bruse). Most, but not all, sources entitle Alice's father "sir", including the earliest source. This may be considered probable. One source calls Alice's father "de Hochampe". This may be considered a clue, but only a clue. Furthermore, it is uncertain what this means. I consider the most likely meaning to be "of Horsham", but there is a Huxham it might refer to, or it might be a transcription error for "Bokham". The tracing of Peter as a son of William, son of another Peter, son of a William Bruse, Lord of Gower, should be considered even less well established, occurring in only one source, and that a late and probably derived one. Furthermore, the listing of this William Bruse, Lord of Gower, as the first of three in a row is impossible. See further discussion below. Not all sources show a coat of arms from Alice being quartered by her descendants. All which do so, however, show the standard Braose arms, sometimes with a difference. Specifically, these are the arms used by descendants of the William Braose who married Maude de Clare, other arms having been adopted by his brother Reginald.[77] The facts that John St.Owen owed a substantial sum to Thomas de Braose, and that his son's chamber's daubing was paid by the manor of Wiston owned by Peter de Braose (of Wiston), are suggestive that he was a close relative of them. At the times of these events neither Thomas nor Peter was an overlord of John, unlike the many earlier interactions between St.Owens and Braoses, which largely resulted from their land tenure relationship. 6. Modern Work I know of only two modern works that show an ancestry for Alice beyond her father. They are an appendix in Lee's history of Tetbury and a footnote in Gowdy's family history. The appendix in Lee's work[78] is captioned "The Following Pedigree Shews the Descent (through the Female Line) of the Cotes of Woodcote, Salop, from the De Braose's, Lords of Tetbury". It begins with "William de Braose, Lord of Brecknock, famished in Windsor Castle = Maud, d. Of Richard Earl of Clare". They are given a son "Peter, second son, died in the Holy Land, 25 Hen. III (1241)". He is given a son "Sir Peter de Braose of Gloucester, temp. Edw. I and Edw. II." He in turn is given a daughter "Alice de Braose = Ralph de St. Owen, Arms, Gules, 3 chev. Or". The pedigree continues in accordance with the conclusions drawn here, through to the representative of the Cotes family at the time of Queen Victoria. No indication is given of any source for this appendix. As near as I can tell, the first Peter here either did not in fact exist, or is an erroneous insertion of a Peter Bruse of Skelton into the Braose family. The death date is actually the same as that of Peter II Bruse, and one Visitation[79] says this Peter Bruse died in the Holy Land. There was a crusade this year, partially led by King Henry III's brother, Richard, Earl of Cornwall. This pedigree also leaves an unlikely chronological gap, since the next Peter must then have been born no later than 1242, and Alice is unlikely to have been born earlier than 1296, making Peter 54 when Alice was born. This is possible, of course, but even this is an absolute minimum. A son of someone dying in 1241 would more likely have been born say 1230, and Alice was more likely born about 1300, making Peter 70 at her birth, which was and still is very rare. What I salvage from this is that the author believed Alice's father a member of the Braose family, and specifically a descendent of the William who married Maude de Clare, but that he was uncertain of the exact relationship. He does identify Alice's father as a Braose lord of Tetbury named Peter, active during the reigns of Edward I and II, which must be Peter "of Tetbury". I would guess that a scrap of information on Peter II Bruse, being stumbled upon, was erroneously supposed to fill the gap. The footnote in Gowdy's book[80] only covers this family incidentally. The only source he specifically cites is Nicholas's Peerage, but several references elsewhere in this extensive footnote make it probable he also used the Visitations. The result is, basically, putting the Harleian 1241 line into the known Braose family the most obvious way, with the William Lord Bruse of Gower, who heads the Harleian 1241 line, being identified with William, son of John. His sources for the Braose family unfortunately contain some of the common errors one encounters. For instance, he has this William marrying Eva Marshall, who actually married William, son of Reginald. He further makes Thomas, who was son of Peter, a brother instead. At any rate, Peter son of William son of John (who is thus Peter of Tetbury), is given three children, John whose daughter married Urian St.Pierre, George who died without issue, and "William de Braose (Brus) whose son Peter left as heir a daughter Alice, wife of Sir Ralph St. Owen". As it stands, this is chronologically impossible. The time interval from 1272, birth of Peter of Tetbury, to 1347, birth of John St.Owen Jr., will not accommodate the five generational intervals required. Either William Braose, son of John, is not the correct identification of the William at the top of the Harleian 1241 chart, or the chart has too many generations in it, or it is simply wrong. 7. Comparison of Reconstructions 7a. Alice as daughter of Peter Braose of Tetbury We have seen that Alice was born, almost certainly about 1296 or shortly thereafter. The Peter Braose under consideration here married in 1300, and died in 1312, making an excellent chronological match. In 1316 Ralph St.Owen's property was in the hands of his overlord, Mary, widow of William Braose and mother of this Peter Braose. She would probably have controlled his marriage as well, and either controlled or had substantial influence over the marriages of any children of her recently deceased son Peter. This provides opportunity for the marriage. Motive is that any daughters of Peter, having at least two brothers, would have had no inheritance, and Ralph held several manors in Sussex, Herefordshire and Radnorshire, which would provide a nice support for him and his wife. Peter of Tetbury was certainly entitled to be called "sir", and the evidence indicates Alice's father was. It seems unlikely two people of the same name could have been contemporaneous in the fourteenth century, and both entitled "sir", without there being some surviving record attributable to the second which could not be mistaken for a record of the first. If Alice was daughter of Peter of Tetbury, then the 300 L. debt of John St.Owen Sr. to Thomas de Braose was to his uncle. Furthermore, one of this John's grandsons was named Thomas, a name of which there is no previous record in the St.Owen family. While the precise parentage of Peter of Wiston is uncertain, John Jr., whose chamber was refurbished apparently at Peter's expense, would have been either his great nephew, his cousin twice removed, or his half second cousin once removed. These facts therefore support this relationship more than any other possible parentage for Alice. Peter's wife was named "Agnes",[81] which seems to appear in two subsidy roll entries as "Alice". Thus Alice, wife of Ralph St.Owen, might have been named for her mother if she was daughter of this Peter. This is not a strong argument, however, as the clearly predominant version of the putative mother's name is "Agnes", not "Alice". However, Alice was also the name of the wife of Peter's uncle Richard, who could therefore be the source. One concern about this possibility is that "Knights of Edward I" gives this Peter a coat of arms different from that quoted for any of Alice's descendants, and, for that matter, different from any quoted for his known relations, namely "de or crusule de sable, a un lion rampaund de sable od la couwe forchie e renouwe".[82] However, his known descendant Thomas Cokesay quartered Braose arms with the standard colors and no apparent differencing. Thus it would seem Peter decided to vary the colors, rather than adopting a more standard type of difference, and then his heirs reverted to the family's standard colorings, or perhaps the quoted arms for Peter are simply erroneous. Now, of course, the question should be asked, whether Alice's descendants would have had the right to quarter Braose arms. By the standards which were becoming established at the time, if she were daughter of this Peter, there would have been no transmission of arms, since she had brothers. In fact, it appears to me, that her descendants did not initially quarter Braose arms, but some time after the 1569 Visitation a conclusion was drawn that they did have such a right, and the quartering commenced. (As will be seen in the next paragraph, Alice may have become heiress in her issue as of 1502.) At any rate, the presence in some St.Owen descendant coats-of-arms of a Braose arms indicates that the heralds who sanctioned this believed that Alice's father was a descendant of the William Braose who married Maud de Clare. An argument which might be made against this hypothesis is from the passage of the manor of Tetbury, which was held by this Peter, as detailed in the Victoria County History for Gloucestershire.[83] From him it went first to his son Thomas, and then Thomas' heirs. In 1444 the widow of Thomas' last descendent died, and the manor passed to the heirs of Peter's next son, John. The last of these to hold Tetbury, Thomas Cokesey or Greville, died without issue in 1498,[84] and in 1502 the estates were partitioned between Thomas Howard, earl of Surrey, and Maurice Berkeley, lord Berkeley, with Tetbury manor going to Maurice. Howard and Berkeley were heirs of William Braose, older half brother of Peter, and this could indicate that all descendants of Mary de Ros were now extinct. If so, this is also an argument against the hypothesis that Peter Braose of Wiston was a son of Peter of Tetbury, or of his younger full brother William. However, I do not believe it was possible in 1502 to identify all such descendants, and the heirs of William Braose, elder half brother of Peter, had always been the overlords of this property. It would have been quite easy for them to take possession and fail to find any other heirs in an allotted period of time. Furthermore, Lee, in his history of Tetbury, claims that "Margaret, the widow of Sir John Berkeley, and whose first husband was Sir Thomas de Braose, held in dower the Manor of Tetbury of the jointure of Sir Thomas de Braose, and died seized thereof 23 Henry VI., (1445.) It was by this marriage that the Manor of Tetbury passed into the hands of the Berkeley family."[85] Other modern works also claim the manor passed by marriage.[86] I think this argument against this Peter is in fact quite weak. Yet another concern is that, if we accept all the claimed children of Peter, it is a rather full family for ten years of marriage. There are Thomas and John, definitely known; and Mary the countess marshal, who calls Thomas a brother; plus Alice, Maud and Elizabeth, according to Harleian 1241; and finally Peter of Wiston, or his father. All of these are identified as producing children in turn. Still, this is possible, and I feel Mary, Maud, Elizabeth and Peter are less certainly of this family than Thomas and John, so the problem may not be so large. A more specific problem is that the Harleian 1241 list of daughters looks as if it was intended to be complete, but does not include Mary, but this may be regarded as a problem with this specific source, rather than with the conclusion considered here. In relation to Harleian 1241, this option would assume that the first William in this list is indeed William, son of John, and that there are two errors, namely that the third William, lord of Gower, was the William who in fact died before his father and was never lord of Gower, and that the pattern William - Peter - William - Peter is an erroneous reduplication which should simply say: William - Peter. Both these assumed errors are in fact of common types. If Alice was daughter of this Peter, her mother was probably his known wife Agnes, but there is a possibility which cannot be excluded of her having been daughter of an otherwise unknown earlier wife of Peter. 7b. Alice's father as a close relative of Peter Braose The two other known Peter Braoses can be quickly eliminated on chronological and inheritance grounds. One of these is Peter, son of Thomas, son of Peter of Tetbury. If he were Alice's father we would have to fit four generation intervals into the time from Thomas' birth, after 1300, to John St.Owen Jr.'s birth in 1347, which is not possible. The other is Peter of Wiston. (As noted above, the copiest of at least one visitation manuscript apparently concluded this.) Not knowing his birth date, or even his father, the chronological exclusion is not absolute, though he lived until 1377-8, making it unlikely he was born early enough to be John St.Owen Jr.'s great-grandfather. A greater problem here is that this Peter's daughter Beatrice is known to have been his eventual heir in 1426,[87] a time close enough that, if Alice had been her sister, this would not have gone unrecognized. We should also consider the possibility of there having been a hitherto unknown Peter Braose. This is suggested by the other way to use the Harleian 1241 line, namely, to assume the William at the top is not William, son of John. We could assume it should be John, who married Margaret verch Llywelyn. He did indeed have a son and a grandson, both named William, and both lords of Gower, as the pedigree says, and he himself was a lord of Gower. His oldest son, William, was apparently born about 1224 (He "was of full age before 15 July 1245").[88] John died in 1232, having had at least one additional son, Richard. He could easily have had yet another son, Peter, born about 1230, who could be identified as the grandfather of Peter, father of Alice, which leaves an acceptable 117 years for the five generations to John St.Owen Jr. Alternatively, the William at the top of the Harleian 1241 list could be John's father, the William who married Maud de Clare, and was murdered by king John in 1210, with John de Braose accidentally omitted from the line. A problem with this is that we appear to have a complete list of William and Maud's children, and there is no Peter.[89] The best that can be done is to assume that son Philip was at some point identified only by the initial "P", which was later taken to stand for "Peter". In either case we must assume the existence of previously unidentified members of the Braose family, not just a new Peter, but also a new William to be his father, at least. Such is possible, but, by Okham's razor, to be considered less likely than the simple theory that Alice's father was Peter of Tetbury. In an effort to find any evidence there might be of such additional Braoses, I searched for Peter Braoses in the time period prior to 1272. All but one of the references I found were easily identified as a Peter Bruse of Skelton. The only exception was a minor landholder in Gloucestershire in 1244. Since Alice would likely have been an heiress under this scenario, I checked all claims of land by St.Owens and Dountons, but there is nothing in Gloucestershire. Further, I found an Adam Bruse in a Gloucestershire subsidy roll early in the fourteenth century, which leads me to believe I was looking at yet another member of some branch of the Bruse family of Skelton. The date of the Gloucestershire Peter is also slightly too early to realistically be a younger son of John, and, being a contemporary record, presumably got his name right, so that it is not Philip. It must also be realized that there is no good evidence of anyone in the Braose family being named Peter prior to Peter of Tetbury. I speculate that Peter of Tetbury, who was born within a year of the death of Peter Bruse III of Skelton, to a mother who had several close family relationships with the Bruses of Skelton, was actually named after Peter of Skelton. If so, this would indicate any genealogy showing a previous Peter in the Braose family is incorrect. These theories would also place John St.Owen more distantly related to the Thomas de Braose to whom he owed money, and the Peter de Braose who refurbished his chamber. All theories of this sort place too much emphasis, in my opinion, on the details of a single late source, namely Harleian 1241. This category of possibilities, which once seemed most probable to me, now seems to have little to support it, but nevertheless cannot be absolutely excluded. 7c. Alice's father as a cadet of the Bruses of Skelton The variations in spellings of names is such that the Bruse family of Skelton should also be considered, especially since Peter was a favorite given name among them. The senior male line of this family came to an end in 1271, but there is evidence of cadet lines continuing, including in Gloucestershire, which would have been reasonably accessible to the St.Owens. Furthermore, Robert St.Owen had been granted land formerly belonging to the Bruse family. I therefore feel it appropriate to consider this possibility, but the preponderance of evidence and circumstances clearly points to the Braose family, since there was a longstanding and close relationship between the St.Owen and Braose families which continued after the end of Braose overlordship of St.Owen lands, and since the coat-of-arms evidence, though late and ambiguous, always points to the Braoses and never to the Bruses, and since the only explicit evidence (late though it is) specifically relates him to the Braose lords of Gower. My final conclusion then is to reject this possibility. 7d. Other possibilities I do not know how Robert Cooke, in 1569, came to the conclusion that Alice's father was named Piers Brewes, and this casts a bit of a cloud over all the above possibilities. If it was only a guess, though, it was a very clever one, in view of what has been argued above. Another concern is that none of Ralph and Alice's known descendants appear to have been named "Peter", unless "Patrick" was taken as an equivalent of "Peter", but, then, no known descendants were named "Alice", and solid evidence provides her name. 8. Summary of Conclusions Alice, wife of Ralph St.Owen, sheriff of Sussex and Surrey in the mid fourteenth century, was born about the year 1300. Alice's father was almost certainly named Peter Brewes, and is probably identical with the well known Peter/Piers de Braose/Brewose, who was born 1271-2 and died by 1312 April 7, and is frequently called "of Tetbury". This possibility fits the evidence best, but there is some possibility he was an otherwise unknown cousin of this Peter, or perhaps he is simply not identifiable at all. In favor of the proposed identification is the good chronological match between known dates in the St.Owen and Braose families, and the fact that one person, Mary de Ros, widow of William de Braose, probably had control or strong influence over the marriages of Ralph and of daughters of this Peter, and the continuing relationship between known members of the two families. 9. Unanswered Questions Ralph is certainly descended from an earlier Ralph St.Owen and his wife Godehuda Aguillon, but the exact list of intervening generations needs to be investigated. There is strong evidence that the wife of one of the John St.Owens descended from Ralph and Alice was a Tyrell, but the specifics are quite muddy. There is some evidence that the other of these wives was a Berkeley. Harleian 1241 shows two sisters for Alice, and I have some evidence of the existence of the stated relatives. There is also the general belief that Mary, countess marshal of England, was a daughter of Peter of Tetbury, though the evidence seems not quite conclusive to me. These questions all show promise of resolution by further research. 10. Appendices 10a. Other evidence I present here evidence I have uncovered which further illuminates the people discussed, including some evidence which, at one point or another, seemed to bear on the case at hand, but which it was my final conclusion did not. My comments, if any, are in brackets. 1244: Curia Regis Roll entry, under "Hilary term, 28 Henry III (1244)", reading, in part, "1095 Glouc'. Sumers'. Devon'. Johanna que fuit uxor Thome de Berkelay petit versus ... Glouc'. Eadem Johanna optulit se iiij. die versus ... et versus Petrum de Breaus de placito tercie partis xlij. acrarum terre cum ..."[90] [This might be a reference to a Peter Braose prior to Peter of Tetbury, but is more likely a reference to Peter Bruse III.] 1277: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1277. Aug. 25. Rhuddlan. [Protection for] John de Sancto Audoeno, until All Saints."[91] [This John is probably the father of Ralph Sr.] 1286-7: IPM of "Robert de Mortuo Mari" found "Hereford. Inq. Tuesday after St. Laurence, 15 Edw. I. ... La Aysse [alias La Asshe]. The manor, held by John de Sancto Audoneo (sic) [alias Audoeno] for 1/3 fee."[92] [This John is probably the father of Ralph Sr.] 1291: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "1291. Sept. 20. Devises. ... deliver to Mary, late the wife of William de Breuse, the elder, tenant in chief ... her dower: ... two fees in Clopham, which John de Sancto Audoeno holds ..."[93] [This John is probably the father of Ralph Sr.] 1304: Charter Roll entry reading, in full, "1304. March 21. St. Andrews. 76 Grant to Ralph de Sancto Audoeno, and his heirs, of free warren in all their demesne lands in Burton, co. Hereford, and Clopham, co. Sussex. By p.s."[94] [This is probably Ralph Sr.] 1308: IPM of "Maud, late the wife of Hugh de Mortuo Mari of Richards Castle" apparently taken "8 April, 1 Edw. II" found that "Ralph de Sancto Audoeno" held 1/3 knight's fee of her at "Asshe" in Hereford and IPM of "Hugh de Mortuo Mari of Richards Castle" taken "St. Andrew, 2 Edw. II" found "Ralph de Sancto Audoeno" held 1/3 knight's fee of him at "Assche" in Hereford.[95] [Asshe is one of the manors whose tenure shows that all the St.Owen references cited here are to members of the same family. This Ralph is probably Ralph Sr.] 1316: Patent Roll entry reading, in part, "1316. Feb. 6. Lincoln. ... protection, with clause ... for the following, going with the elect of York, viz: — ... Robert de Sancto Audoeno ..."[96] [This is probably the Robert who granted Burton to Ralph and Alice.] 1316: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1316. Feb 8. Lincoln. Robert de Seint Oweynt, going beyond the seas on the king's service with Master William de Melton, elect of York, has letters nominating Matthew de Essex and Asculph de Whytewelle his attorneys for three years."[97] [This is probably the Robert who granted Burton.] 1318: Close Roll entry reading, in full, "1318. Nov. 23. York. Simon de Waldeby acknowledges that he owes to Robert de Sancto Audoeno 96 l.; to be levied, in default of payment, of his lands and chattels in co. York."[98] [Again probably Robert who granted Burton.] 1324: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "1324. Oct. 28. Westminster. ... Agnes de Brewes acquired the messuage from Henry Tyeys three years before Henry adhered to the rebels ..."[99] [This is Agnes, widow of Peter of Tetbury, and Henry who had been given the wardship of Peter's lands and son Thomas.] 1332: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1332. June 24. Woodstock. Pardon to Ralph le Keyne of the island of Guerseye for the death of Ralph son of Philip du Val, his nephew, seven years of age, on proof that he killed him by mischance with a ball while at play. By p.s."[100] [This might be the Philip Vaulx of the Shropshire Visitation, though I think it unlikely. If it is, this would push Peter Brewes, father of Alice, back in time somewhat.] 1332: Close Roll entry reading, in part, "1332. Dec. 12. York. ... receipt by John de Coupeland, executor of the will of Robert de Sancto Audoeno, of 96 l. from Simon de Waldeby ..."[101] [Same Robert as above, probably grantor of Burton.] 1349: Patent Roll entry reading, in part, "1349. May 16. Woodstock. Commission ... on complaint ... that ... Thomas son of Roger de Bassebourne, ... Roger de Bassebourne, ... took and carried away deer."[102] [This might be the Roger Basingborne listed in the Visitation.] 1350-1: Parliamentary Summons reading, in part, "25 Edw. III. (1350-1). Summoned to meet at Westminster, 9 February, 1350-1 ... Radulphus de Seynt Oweyn } Sussex County".[103] 1351: Fine Roll entry reading, in full, "1351. Nov. 18. Westminster. Ralph de Seint Oweyn; Surrey and Sussex. Order to Thomas de Hoo, late sheriff, to deliver the counties to him."[104] [Ralph Jr.'s appointment as sheriff.] 1351-2: Parliamentary Summons reading, in part, "25 Edw. III. (1351-2). Summoned to meet at Westminster, 13 January, 1351-2 ... Radulphus de Seyntoweyn } Sussex County".[105] 1353: Fine Roll entry reading, in part, "1353. Oct 31. Westminster. ... Order to Ralph de Seint Owan, later escheator, to deliver the office ..."[106] [End of Ralph Jr.'s tenure of office of sheriff.] 1356/7: IPM of "Pain atte Nash" found "Nassh. A messuage, two carucates of land and 15 s. yearly rent held of Ralph de Sancto Audoeno by service of a quarter of a knight's fee" with the note "Ralph de Sancto Audoeno seized the said tenements in Nassh by way of wardship and occupied them and received the issues and profits thereof."[107] [Ralph Jr.] 1358: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1358. Dec. 20. Westminster. Pardon to Henry le Molineux, indicted of the death of Richard de Bechinton, of the king's suit for the said death and of any consequent outlawry; as the king is informed that he killed him in a hot conflict and not of malice."[108] [This might be the Henry Molineux listed in the Visitation as a nephew of Alice.] 1361: Patent Roll entry reading, in part, "1361. Jan. 3. Woodstock. Grant to the king's yeoman Henry de Molyneux of the constableship of the castle of Bishopescasterl, co. Salop."[109] [This might be the Henry Molineux listed in the Visitation as a nephew of Alice.] 1364: Papal letter, dated "15 Kal. June. Avignon", reading in part, "... Isabella de Scaresbrok, of the diocese of York, who in her tenth year was espoused to Henry Molineux, and was carried off ..."[110] [This might be the Henry Molineux listed in the Visitation as a nephew of Alice.] 1380: Fine Roll entry reading, in part, "1380. Dec. 7. Northampton. Commission ... to assess on all persons in the county ... the subsidy ... granted to the king by ... Parliament ... Henry Husee, 'chivaler,' Edmund Fitz Herberd, 'chivaler,' William Echyngham, 'chivaler,' John Cobeham, John Seintouwayn, Nicholas Wilcombe, Richard Herst, John Ernele, William Wychrynge, Philip Sessyngham and Thomas Perham; Sussex, except the city of Chichester ..."[111] [This must be John St.Owen Jr., grandson of Ralph and Alice.] 1384: Parliamentary Summons reading, in part, "7 Ric. II. (1384). Summoned to meet at Salisbury, 29 April, 1384 ... Johannes Seyntoweyn } Sussex County".[112] 1393: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1393. March 16. Westminster. Grant, by mainprise of John Venour and William Holt of Sussex, to Patrick de Seynt Oweyn of the marriage of Henry, son and heir of Eleanor, late the wife of Peter de Veel, knight, who (que) held by knight service of the heir of Edward le Despenser, a minor in the king's custody; paying 50 l. to the king for the said marriage. By bill of treasurer."[113] [This is Patrick, son of Ralph and Alice.] 1398: Patent Roll entry reading, in part, "1398. Oct. 26. Westminster. ... to arrest and bring before the Council in Chancery Patrick Seint Oweyn, to answer what shall be objected against him both by the king and by the master of the college of Cobeham."[114] [This is Patrick, son of Ralph and Alice.] 1398: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1398. Nov. 5. Westminster. Patrick Seynteweyn alias Seint Owyn, for not appearing to answer William Tannere, master of Cobeham college, or John Elvet, clerk, touching debts of 18 l. 4 s. 4.5 d. and 10 l. respectively. Kent and London."[115] [This is Patrick, son of Ralph and Alice.] 1398: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1398. Nov. 26. Westminster. Revocation of protection with clause volumus for one year lately granted to Patrick Seynt Oweyn, esquire, as going to Aquitaine to stay in the company of John, marquess of Dorset, the king's lieutenant there, because he tarries in Kent on his own affairs, as is certified by the sheriff of Kent."[116] [This is Patrick, son of Ralph and Alice.] 1398: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1398. Dec 15. Westminster. Pardon to Patrick Seintowein of all claim which the king has against him by reason of the marriage of Henry Veel, son and heir of Eleanor, late the wife of Peter de Veel, neither he nor his heirs to be charged by reason thereof with the 40 l. demanded of him, nor with the 10 l. wherewith Thomas Seintlegier, late sheriff of Kent, is charged. By p.s."[117] [This is Patrick, son of Ralph and Alice.] 1400: Fine Roll entry reading, in part, "1400. May 20. Westminster. Commitment ... by mainprise of ... Patrick Seint Owyne ..."[118] 1402: Patent Roll entry reading, in part, "1402. April 17. Westminster. Grant for life to the king's esquire Patrick Seyntoweyn of the office of bailiff of the town of Dover ... By p.s."[119] [Patrick, son of Ralph and Alice, appointed bailiff.] 1406: Patent Roll entry reading, in part, "1406. March 20. Westminster. Grant ... of the office of the bailiwick of the town of Dover ... in lieu of a like grant to Patrick Seintoweyn, by letters patent, surrendered. ..."[120] [Patrick, son of Ralph and Alice, end of his tenure as bailiff.] 1409: Bishop's Register entry reading, in full, "[Date and Place of Admission] A 1409 Oct. 18 Aumberle .. [Parish or Benefice] Ilysham R. .. [Name of Presentee] John Wellons .. [Status] Dns. .. [Patron] Patricius Seyntoweyn .. [Induction or Installation by] Archdn. Chich."[121] 1412: Close Roll entry reading, in full, "1412. May 25. Westminster. Edward Gildeforde to the king. Recognisance for 200 l., to be levied etc. in Kent. Condition, that he shall do or procure no hurt or harm to Patrick Seyntoweyn, his men or servants."[122] 1424: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1424. May 29. Westminster. Protection with clause volumus for one year to Thomas Dounton, esquire, about to proceed to Ireland in the company of Edmund, earl of March, the king's lieutenant of that land. By bill of p.s."[123] [This is Thomas, heir of the St.Owens.] 1434: Patent Roll entry reading, in part, "1434. May 1. Westminster. ... the following ... persons who should take the oath not to maintain peace breakers ... Hereford. ... Thomas Dounton, esquire. ..."[124] [This is a long list and apparently simply means Thomas was a person of note in the county.] 1442: Patent Roll entry reading, in full, "1442. Jan. 4. Dogmersfield. Grant to the king's esquire Edward Striklande and Henry Langton, yeoman-usher of the chamber, of the keeping of two parts of all the lands late of John Dounton, esquire, within the county of Hereford or elsewhere in England or the marches of Wales, held in chief, in the king's hands by reason of his death and the minority of his four daughters and heirs, to hold from the day of the said John's death during the minority of two of the said daughters with the marriages of the same, sustaining all houses and closes, supporting all other charges and maintaining the said two daughters during their minority; provided always that the latter be not married beneath their rank. By p.s. etc."[125] [I presume "John" is an error for Thomas, and that one of the four daughters later died without issue.] 10b. Alice's life reconstructed From the known facts, and from the conclusions reached in this article, and with some sensible conjectures, Alice's life can be reconstructed to a limited extent. She was most likely born about 1302, to Peter de Braose and his wife Agnes Clifford. She was either their first or second child. She was probably born and lived her first few years at Tetbury in Gloucestershire. Her brother Thomas was close to her in age. Her brother John was younger. She probably had sisters as well, most notably Mary eventual countess of Norfolk and marshal of England, and possibly another brother, all younger than her. In 1312, when she was about ten, her father died. Since her father held land "in chief", the family fell under the king's wardship, and he (Edward II) placed two-thirds of the land and the heir (brother Thomas) in the custody of Henry Tyeys. Alice's mother, Agnes, held one third of the land as widow's dower, and Alice's grandmother Mary was still very much alive, holding one third of her husband's land as widow's dower. Alice probably went to Sussex, possibly Horsham, to live, where her grandmother's dower lands were concentrated. Her future prospects now depended entirely on marriage, since she had at least two brothers who would inherit before her, and no close family member had permanent tenure and custody of any land to give her. Sometime between 1308 and 1316 Ralph St.Owen, who was lord of Clapham, within grandmother Mary's dower lands, as well as other manors, died leaving a minor son, also named Ralph, who thereby came into Mary's custody with that manor. The opportunity was seized to marry Ralph and Alice. Probably as a condition of the marriage a guarantee was needed from the St.Owen family of Alice's property rights, so Robert St.Owen, a near relative of Ralph's who was of full age, signed a grant of the manor of Burton, in Herefordshire, to Ralph and Alice and their heirs. The St.Owen overlords in Herefordshire were the Mortimer family, who were distant cousins, being descended from Maud, a granddaughter of Reginald de Braose, as well as being descended from Gwladus, sister or half-sister of Margaret, wife of John de Braose. The couple probably took up residence at Burton, while Robert lived at Clapham. By 1326 Alice's mother and grandmother had died. By the end of that year a revolution had occurred in England. King Edward II was overthrown by his wife, Queen Isabella, and their son was elevated to the throne as Edward III. For four years the country was ruled by Isabella and her paramour, Roger de Mortimer, Ralph and Alice's Herefordshire overlord. Their oldest son, John, named after his great-grandfather on his father's side, was probably born in the early 1320s. Another son, Patrick, was born some years later. There were probably daughters as well, and children who died young, none of whom gained mention in any records. In 1330 another revolution occurred. King Edward III overthrew Roger Mortimer, who was executed, and the Queen Mother Isabella withdrew from government. After decades of a king who disregarded government for his personal pleasure, and years of a queen who did the same, the nation now had a king who felt strongly about fulfilling his kingly duties. After Robert's death, probably in 1332, Ralph and Alice would have included Clapham as one of their residences. About this time brother Thomas married Beatrice, widow of Edward the king's cousin, and daughter of Roger de Mortimer, while sister Mary married Thomas de Brotherton, this Edward's father, and the king's uncle. At some point Ralph was knighted, following in the footsteps of several previous members of his family. About 1337 king Edward realized his greatest kingly duty was to conquer France, and the Hundred Years War began. Ralph likely was involved, as brother Thomas definitely was, though I have no information whether either was at the battle of Crecy. Sometime in the early 1340s a marriage was arranged for son John and in 1347 his son, also named John, was born. In 1348 the Great Plague arrived in Europe and it raged through 1350. Between a third and two fifths of the population of England died, but Ralph, Alice, John, Patrick, and infant John survived. In 1348 brother Thomas was summoned to Parliament as a lord[126], and Ralph was summoned to Parliament for 1351 Feb. as one of the two representatives of the county of Sussex, and again in 1352 in the same capacity. On Nov. 18 of 1351 Ralph was appointed sheriff and escheator for the counties of Surrey and Sussex, and served in this capacity through 1353 Oct. 31. Sometime between 1356 and 1361 Ralph died, probably in 1357, as in that year son John had to acknowledge a debt of 300 lb. to uncle Thomas de Braose. Alice was assigned widow's dower, including two-thirds of the family lands in Herefordshire, notably the manor of Burton. The Great Plague returned in 1361. Son John, and Margaret, probably his wife, died, as did brother Thomas and sister Mary. Alice survived, we know, because in 1362 she had to turn herself in to prison in London in regard to a debt of 73 s. to a textiles merchant. Probably she served no time, but simply had to acknowledge the debt as a lien against her land holdings. When she died I know not, though it would have been fairly soon after this, as she was now about 60 years old, a rather long life for this era. 10c. Descents from Alice Ralph and Alice had two documented children: John and Patrick. Patrick is not documented to have had any children. John died 1361-2 leaving a son, John, who was born 1347 and died by 1385. This latter John had three documented children: John, the oldest son, Thomas, and Joan. John died by 1400 and his only surviving child, a daughter Isabel, died without issue before her uncle Thomas, who died without issue 1402 June 22. John's widow, Isabel, daughter of Philip Holgate, remarried Richard Lingen. Joan married Roger Dounton, and she died 1403 May 20 leaving a son, Thomas Dounton. It is through this Thomas Dounton that all known later descendants of Alice are traced. Thomas Dounton was born 1398-9 and died by 1442 Jan 4. He married Margaret Lingen, daughter of Richard Lingen[127] (and perhaps Isabel Holgate). They left three surviving children: Isabel, Joane and Elizabeth, among whom the inheritance was divided.[128] Isabel Dounton married John Haven, of Haven in Herefordshire and Cleobury in Shropshire.[129] They had two sons and three daughters: John, Stephen, Margaret, Anne and Jane. The two sons died without issue. Margaret Haven married William Hopton, and they are recorded with three sons in the Shropshire Visitation,[130] five sons and three daughters in the Herefordshire Visitation[131]. Anne Haven married Hugh Shirley, a cadet member of the family descended from Beatrice, daughter and sole heir of Sir Peter Braose of Wiston. Jane Haven married Walter Broughton, and they are recorded with three sons and five daughters in the Shropshire Visitation. Joane (or Jane) Dounton married firstly William Wood,[132] and secondly Thomas Acton, of Longnor and Aldenham in Shropshire.[133] The VCH says that Clapham manor went to the Wood family, but I have not been able to find any specifics. The Shropshire Visitation carries this Acton line on, recording two sons for Thomas and Joane. Elizabeth Dounton married John Cotes of Woodcoates in Shropshire.[134] The Shropshire Visitation carries this line on, recording four sons. One of them, Humphrey, was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field. Elizabeth Angela Marguerite Bowes-Lyon [1900-2002], late Queen Mother, descends in two lines from Baptist Noel [1611-1682], third Viscount Campden, who was son of Edward Noel, second Viscount Campden, and Juliana Hicks. Edward [1582-1643] was son of Andrew Noel and Mabel Harrington. Andrew [died 1607] was son of Andrew Noel and Elizabeth Hopton.[135] Elizabeth was daughter of John Hopton, who was son of William Hopton and Margaret Haven, mentioned above.[136] (It may be that William and Margaret had two sons named John, an older who died without issue, and a younger, with a son Richard between.) Rev. John Davenport [1597-1670] arrived at Boston in 1637 and settled in New Haven.[139] John was son of Henry Davenport and Winifred Barnaby. Winifred [died 1597] was daughter of Richard Barnaby and Mary Abington. Mary [died 1574] was daughter of Richard Abington and Joyce Shirley, mentioned above.[140] Thomas Thompson [1610-1655] was an early immigrant to Connecticut,[141] where he married Ann, daughter of Governor Thomas Welles. Thomas Thompson was son of John (or possibly Richard) Thompson and Beatrice Detton. Beatrice [1484-1650] was daughter of George Detton and Anne Thomas.[142] George [died 1619] was son of Robert Dodington and Mary Kittleby. Robert was son of John Dodington and Anna Broughton. Anna, who had a twin Jana, was daughter of Walter Broughton and Jane Haven, mentioned above.[143] The author's maternal grandfather, Donald Charles Hills [1897-1984], was son of Homer Chauncy Hills [1864-1930], who was son of Darwin Todd Hills II [1831-1898], who was son of Darwin Todd Hills I [1806-1887], who was son of Beulah Andrews [1784-1866], who was daughter of Elizabeth Clark [1758-1840], who was daughter of Elizabeth Newell [1720-1791], who was daughter of Elizabeth Hawley [1699-1779], who was daughter of Joseph Hawley [1675-1752], who was son of Mary Thompson [1653-1685], who was daughter of Thomas Thompson [1610-1655], whose descent is given previously. 10d. Notable ancestors of Peter Braose Peter Braose, of Tetbury, is descended, through his father, from prince Llywelyn the Great of Wales, from king Henry I of England, from king Henri I of France, and from grand prince Yaroslav I of Kiev. Through his mother he is descended from king William the Lion of Scotland,[145] from king Henri I of France, and from grand prince Yaroslav I of Kiev. 10e. St.Owen reference chart Ralph St.Owen : : John St.Owen ________:_________ : : John St.Owen Ralph St.Owen Senior Peter Brewes : | : : | : Robert St.Owen Ralph St.Owen Junior = Alice a minor in 1316 | ____________|_____________ | | John St.Owen Senior Patrick St.Owen died 1361/2 | | John St.Owen Junior [1347-1385] ____________________|____________________________________ | | | John III = Isabel = Richard Lingen Joan = Roger Dounton Thomas | : died 1404 died 1402 | : | | : | Isabel Margaret = Thomas born 1398/9 [Solid connections are from near contemporary evidence. Dotted connections are from later evidence.] 10f. Braose reference chart William de Braose = Maud de St.Valery died 1211 | died 1210 __________________|_________________ | | William de Braose = Maude de Clare Reginald de Braose died 1210 | died 1228 _____________|________________ | | | | John = Margaret v. Llywelyn Philip@ William = Eva Marshal died 1232 died 1230 _|_________________________________________________________ | | William = Alina de Multon, = Agnes de Moels, = Mary de Ros Richard died 1291| | | died 1326 died 1292 | | _|_________________ | | | | | William Giles Richard* Peter William@ died 1326 died 1305 died 1295 died 1312 ____|__________ | ____|____ | | | | | | William* Alina Joan John@ Thomas# John died 1361 died 1343 | | Peter* * Known not to have had surviving issue # Issue known to have become extinct after two generations @ Unknown whether or not any issue 10g. Bruse of Skelton reference chart Robert Bruce died 1141 ____________|___________ David I, king of Scotland [1082-1153] | | | | Adam Bruse Robert Bruce Henry of Huntington died 1172 [1138-1196] | | ________|________ | | | | | Adam Bruse Robert de Bruce William de Bruce David of Huntington died 1196 died 1191 |________ | | | | | | | Peter Bruse I Robert de Bruce = Isabel | died 1245 | | | Peter Bruse II Robert de Bruce "competitor" died 1241 _|_____________________________________________________ | | | | | Peter Bruse III* Agnes Lucia Margaret Ladryna died 1272 = Walter = Marmaduke = Robert = John Fauconberge Thweng Roos Bellew * Known not to have had surviving issue 10h. Chart of excerpt from Harleian 1241 Wm Lord Bruse of Gower _________|_________ | | | | Sr Raph St Owen = Maude Oreby Piers Bruse Wm Lord Bruse of Gower ______| | | | | | Jon St Owen = Margarett Whitchurch William Bruse Wm Lord Bruse of Gower ______|_______________ |_____ | | | Sr Jon St Owen Raph St Owen = Julian Piers Bruse ___|________________ | _______|_________________ | | | | | | | | Raph | Margarett Jane Sr Raph = Alice Maud Elizabeth St Owen | = Richd = Robt St Owen | da & hei to = Jon = Wm | Knightley Coulshurst Kt | Pierre Bruse | de Vaulx | Molineux Robt St Owen _______________________| de Hochampe | |____ ____________| ________________| | | | | | | Patrick John St Owen = Jane Phillip = Ellen Roger Henry St Owen | Tirrell Vaulx |Hagonett Basingborne Molineux _________________|______ |____________ |_____ | | | | Tho St Owen = da & hei to Jane sister = Roger Tho Vaulx = Elinor ob.s.p. Phillip & hei. to | Downton | Hollgate Tho St Owen | of Downton | 4 H. 4 | in com Heref Elinor = Tho Lucy da & heier Note: There are known and probable errors in the pedigree charted here. See text for details. 11. Acknowledgements This possible connection was first brought to my attention by Paul Vogel, through the RootsWeb/ Google medieval genealogy group. I have also profited greatly from further communications from him, and from George Alderson, Ken Knill, Paul MacKenzie, Paul Selfe, and Doug Thompson. 12. Notes [1] King-1874 p. 199. VCH-Sus v. 6, pt. 1 (1980), p. 11. [3] Peckham-1922; Salzman-1938. [4] CClR v. 8 Henry III for 1253-1254 (1929), p. 52. [5] CClR v. 32, pp. 414,423,526,530,570; v. 34, p. 93; CFR v. 6 pp. 308,324,328,345-7,356,371,388; CPtR v. 24, pp. 283,304,309,335,379,395,399. [6] Crispin-1985 p. 35; King-1874 p. 173. [7] Crispin-1985 p. 35; VCH-Sus v. 6, pt. 1 (1980), p. 3. [8] Crispin-1985 p. 35. [9] CP v. 2 (1912), "Brewes" p. 302, 304, 307. [10] CP v. 2, "Brewes" pp. 303-4. [11] CP v. 2, "Brewes" p. 308; v. 9 (1936), "Norfolk" p. 598. [12] CP v. 3 (1913), "Cobham" p. 338; v. 9 "Norfolk" pp. 598-9. [13] Cooper-1856 p. 103. [14] CP v. 2, "Brewes" pp. 308-10. [15] Cooper-1856 pp. 98-9; CP v. 2, "Brewes" p 309. [16] Cooper-1856 p. 103; Craig-1996; Grazebrook-1889 "St. Peter of Cause" p. 425. [17] VCH-Sus v. 6, pt. 1 (1980), p. 4. [18] CP v. 8 (1932), "Mautravers" p. 581, note (c). [19] Craig-1996. [20] Hudson-1910b p. 145-7; Hudson-1911 p. 149-50. [21] Cooper-1856 p. 103; Lower-1852 pp. 5-6; Roberts-1993 p. 334; Weis-1999 p. 159, line 122A. [22] Bannerman-1905 "Shirley" pp. 4-7. [23] Craig-1996. [24] King-1874 p. 175. [25] Weis-1999 p. 155, line 118. [26] Weis-1999 p. 154, line 117. [27] Hudson-1910a p. 63. [28] CPtR v. 9 for 1292-1301 (1895), p. 205. [29] CClR v. 19 Edward I pt. 5 for 1302-1307 (1908), p. 274. [30] CPtR v. 12 for 1313-1317 (1898), p. 21-2. [31] Feudal-Aids v. 5, p. 134. [32] CIPM v. 5 Edward II (1908), p.411. [2] [33] CClR v. 22 Edward II for 1318-1323 (1895), p. 185. CClR v. 23 Edward II for 1323-1327 (1898), p. 51. [35] Hudson-1910a p. 161. [36] Hudson-1910a p. 276. [37] CClR v. 32 Edward III pt. 9 for 1349-1354 (1906), p. 565. [38] CClR v. 33 Edward III pt. 10 for 1354-1360 (1908), p. 313. [39] CClR v. 25, p. 543; v. 27, p. 536; v. 29, p. 672. [40] CClR v. 26, p. 327,335. [41] CClR v. 34, p. 158. [42] CIPM v. 11 Edward III (1935), p. 143, item 144, which cites "C. Edw. III. File 162. (11.)". [43] CFR v. 7 Edward III for 1356-1368 (1923), p. 246. [44] CPtR v. 27 for 1361-1364 (1912), p. 189. [45] CClR v. 30, p. 244; v. 32, pp. 466-7; v. 35, p. 55. [46] CIPM v. 12 Edward III (1938), pp. 401-2, item 414, which cites "C. Edw. III. File 213. (10.)". [47] CIPM v. 13 Edward III (1954), pp. 219-220, item 238, which cites "C. Edw. III. File 232. (8.)". [48] Hudson-1911 p. 158. [49] CPtR v. 33 Richard II for 1381-1385 (1897), p. 562. [50] CIPM v. 18 Henry IV for 1399-1405 (1987), p. 92, item 304. [51] CIPM v. 18, pp. 216-8, items 656-9, which cites "C 137/33, no. 44, mm. 1-4, 9-12" and "E 149/79, no 1". [52] CFR v. 12 Henry IV for 1399-1405 (1931), p. 180. [53] CClR v. 45 Henry IV pt. 2 for 1402-1405 (1929), pp. 328-9. [54] CIPM v. 18, pp. 218-9, items 660-1, which cites "C 137/33, no. 44, mm. 5-8". [55] CClR v. 46 Henry IV pt. 3 for 1405-1409 (1931), pp. 310-1. [56] CFR v. 13 Henry IV for 1405-1413 (1933), p. 170-1. [57] CFR v. 13 Henry IV for 1405-1413, p. 173-4. [58] CFR v. 13 Henry IV for 1405-1413, p. 177-8. [59] CClR v. 51 Henry VI pt. 1 for 1422-1429 (1933), p. 84-5. [60] Tremlett-1967 p. 21, item 44. [61] Tremlett-1967 p. 125, item 55. [62] CIPM v. 1 Henry III (1904), p. 265, item 800, which cites "C. Hen. III. File 41. (13.)". [63] CIPM v. 3 Edward I (1912), p. 211, item 346, which cites "C. Edw. I. File 75. (7.)". [64] CPtR v. 9 for 1292-1301 (1895), p. 518. [65] CChR v. 3 for 1300-1326 (1908), p. 9. [66] CIPM v. 5 Edward II (1908), p. 182, item 321, which cites "C. Edw. II. File 24. (20.)". [67] Franklin-1993 p. 53 list 126, p. 82 list 293, p. 83 list 306. [68] Grazebrook-1889 "Broughton of Broughton and Henley" p. 82. [69] L/CE-1837 p. 64. [70] Foster-1904 p. 30. [71] Weaver-1886 "St. Owen" pp. 94-95. [72] Foster-1904 pp. 177, 215, 279, 303. [73] Grazebrook-1889 "Cotes of Woodcote" pp. 152-3. [74] Bannerman-1905 pp. 4-7. [75] Pilley-1948 [page numbering not discernable]. [34] Bannerman-1913 4th series, v. 5, p. 290 [of the printed version] with a corner caption "[p. 154.]". [77] Tremlett-1967 p. 31. [78] Lee-1857 pp. 249-50. [79] Norcliffe-1881 "Brus" p. 40. [80] Gowdy-1919 pp. 29-30. [81] CP v. 7 (1929), "Husee" pp. 2-3. [82] Moor-1932 v. 1 for A-E, p. 143. [83] VCH-Glouc v. 11 (1976), pp. 264-5. [84] Cooper-1856 p. 103. [85] Lee-1857 pp. 70-71. [86] Hodgson-1976 p. 14; perhaps implied in Cooper-1856, p. 101, note 14. [87] Bannerman-1905 "Shirley" p. 5; Hudson-1910b p. 148; Lower-1852 pp. 6-7; Roberts-1993 p. 334; Weis-1999 p. 159-60, line 122A. [88] CP v. 2 (1912), "Brewes" p. 302, which cites "Fine Roll, 29 Hen. III, m. 6." [89] Thompson-2002. [90] CRR v. 18 Henry III for 1243-1245, p. 230, item 1095. [91] CPtR v. 7 Edward I for 1272-1281 (1901), p. 221. [92] CIPM v. 2 Edward I (1906), p. 395, item 640, which cites "C. Edw. I. File 49. (2.)". [93] CClR v. 17 Edward I pt. 3 for 1288-1296 (1904), p. 179. [94] CChR v. 3 for 1300-1326 (1908), p. 41. [95] CIPM v. 5 Edward II (1908), p. 25, item 57, which cites "C. Edw. II. File 4. (2.)" and p. 26, item 58, which cites "C. Edw. II. File 4. (3.)". [96] CPtR v. 12 for 1313-1317 (1898), p. 386. [97] CPtR v. 12 for 1313-1317, p. 387. [98] CClR v. 22 Edward II for 1318-1323, p. 110. [99] CClR v. 23 Edward II for 1323-1327 (1898), p. 228. [100] CPtR v. 17 for 1330-1334 (1893), p. 319. [101] CClR v. 25 Edward III for 1330-1333 (1898), p. 614. [102] CPtR v. 23 Edward III for 1348-1350 (1905), p. 321-2. [103] Parl-Sus v. 30, p. 182. [104] CFR v. 6 Edward III for 1347-1356 (1921), p. 308. [105] Parl-Sus v. 30, p. 183. [106] CFR v. 6 Edward III for 1347-1356, p. 388. [107] CIPM v. 10 Edward III (1921), pp. 251-2, item 297, which cites "C. Edw. III. File 133. (18.)". [108] CPtR v. 26 for 1358-1361, p. 131. [109] CPtR v. 26 for 1358-1361, p. 508. [110] CEPR v. IV, p.44. [111] CFR v. 9 Richard II for 1377-1383 (1926), p. 225. [112] Parl-Sus v. 31, p. 104. [113] CPtR v. 36 Richard II pt. 5 for 1391-1396 (1905), p. 245. [114] CPtR v. 37 Richard II pt. 6 for 1396-1399 (1909), p. 504. [115] CPtR v. 37 Richard II pt. 6 for 1396-1399, p. 393. [116] CPtR v. 37 Richard II pt. 6 for 1396-1399, p. 453. [117] CPtR v. 37 Richard II pt. 6 for 1396-1399, p. 459. [118] CFR v. 12 Henry IV for 1399-1405 (1931), p. 58. [76] [119] CPtR v. 39 Henry IV pt. 2 for 1401-1405 (1905), p. 86. CPtR v. 40 Henry IV pt. 3 for 1405-1408 (1907), p. 179. [121] Rede pt. 2, pp. 306-7. [122] CClR v. 47 Henry IV pt. 4 for 1409-1413 (1932), p. 343. [123] CPtR v. 44 Henry VI pt. 1 for 1422-1429 (1901), p. 203. [124] CPtR v. 45 Henry VI pt. 2 for 1429-1436 (1907), p. 376. [125] CPtR v. 47 Henry VI pt. 4 for 1441-1446 (1908), p. 30. [126] CP v. 2, "Brewes" p. 308. [127] Grazebrook-1889 p. 82, 153; Weaver-1886 p. 95. [128] Grazebrook-1889 p. 10, 83, 150, 153; Weaver-1886 p. 95. [129] Grazebrook-1889 "Broughton" p. 83, "Cotes" p. 153; Weaver-1886 "St. Owen" p. 95. [130] Grazebrook-1889 "Hopton" pp. 256-7. [131] Weaver-1886 "Hopton" p. 45. [132] Grazebrook-1889 p. 83; VCH-Sus v. 6, pt. 1 (1980), p. 11. [133] Grazebrook-1889 "Acton" p. 10, "Cotes" p. 153. [134] Grazebrook-1889 "Cotes" pp. 150-1,153. [135] Burke-1844 "Noel" pp. 386-8; Elwin-1967 pp. 12,23. [136] Grazebrook-1889 "Hopton" pp. 256-7. [137] Marshall-1871 "Clifton" p. 18. [138] Grazebrook-1889 "Blount" p. 52. [139] Davenport-1982 pp. 8,11-27. [140] Davenport-1982 p. 28; Roberts-1976; Roberts-1993 p. 334. [141] Jacobus-1952 p. 782. [142] Fletcher-1915 p. 7; Grazebrook-1889 "Dodington" pp. 165-6. [143] Grazebrook-1889 "Broughton" p. 83. [144] Marshall-1871 "Clifton" p. 18. [145] Roberts-1993 p. 335. [120] 13. References Bannerman-1905: "The Visitations of the County of Sussex, 1530 and 1633-4"; edited by W. Bruce Bannerman, F.S.A.; the Publications of the Harleian Society, vol. 53, 1905 [Stanford: Green CS410H3] Bannerman-1913: "Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica"; edited by W. Bruce Bannerman, F.S.A.; London, 1912-1913 [Sutro: micro-fiche G412 nos. 121-336] Brault-1997: "Rolls of Arms: Edward I (1272-1307)"; edited by Gerard J. Brault; 2 volumes, Aspilogia vols III & IV, 1997 [Stanford: Green CR1614R68] Burke-1844: "Burke's Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies", 2nd edition; by John Burke & John Bernard Burke; 1841, 1844, reprinted 1964, 1977 [Palo Alto: R929.72B959GE; Santa Clara: GR929.72B95] CChR: "Calendar of the Charter Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office"; prepared under the superintendence of the Deputy Keeper of the Records; The Hereford Times Limited, Hereford, 1916[Stanford: Green DA25C8] CClR: "Calendar of the Close Roles Preserved in the Public Record Office"; prepared under the superintendence of the Deputy Keeper of the Records; published by the Home Department, London, 1892[Stanford: British Documents DA25D314] CEPR: "Calendar of Entries in the Papal Registers, Relating to Great Britain and Ireland"; printed for His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1893-1902 [Stanford: British Documents DA25C6] CFR: "Calendar of the Fine Rolls, Preserved in the Public Record Office"; published by His Majesty's Stationery Office, 1911- [Stanford: British Documents DA25D33] CIPM: "Calendar of Inquisitions Post Mortem and Other Analogous Documents"; published by His Majesty's Principal Secretary of State for the Home Department, 1904- [Stanford: British Documents DA25D5] Cooper-1856: "The Families of Braose of Chesworth, and Hoo"; by William Durrant Cooper, F.S.A.; Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. 8, pp. 13-, 1856 [Stanford: Green DA670S97S9] CP: "The Complete Peerage"; London, 1912- [Stanford: CS421C71] CPtR: "Calendar of the Patent Rolls Preserved in the Public Record Office"; published by the Home Department; 1891- [Stanford: British Documents DA25C91] Craig-1996: "Whose Son Was Peter de Braose?"; by F. 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Fletcher, F.S.A.; Shropshire Parish Registers, v. 16, 1915 July [Sutro: CS435S26] Foster-1904: "Two Tudor Books of Arms - Illustrated - Bring Harleian manuscripts 2169 & 6163"; blasoned by Joseph Foster, Hon. M.A. Oxon; the De Walden Library, 1904 [Stanford: Green CR1614F73f] Franklin-1993: "The Taxpayers of Medieval Gloucestershire: An Analysis of the 1327 Lay Subsidy Roll with a New Edition of its Text"; by Peter Franklin; 1993 [Stanford: Green CS436G575F7] Gowdy-1919: "A Family History Comprising the Surnames of Gade- Gadie- Gaudie- Gawdie- GawdyGowdy- Goudy- Goudey- Gowdey- Gauden- Gaudern- and Other Variant Forms, from A.D. 800 to A.D. 1919"; by Hon. Mahlon M. Gowdy, and edited by Rev. G. T. Ridlon, Sr.; Lewiston, 1919 [Sutro: CS71G724] Grazebrook-1889: "The Visitation of Shropshire, Taken in the Year 1623 by Robert Tresswell, Somerset Herald, and Augustine Vincent, Rouge Croix Pursuivant of Arms"; edited by George Grazebrook, F.S.A. and John Paul Rylands, F.S.A., published by the Harleian Society, vol. 28 & 29, London, 1889 [Stanford: Green CS410H3] Hodgson-1976: "A History of Tetbury"; by Eric Hodgson; first published 1976, reprinted by Alan Sutton 1978 [Stanford: Green DA690T34H6] Hudson-1910a: "The Three Earliest Subsidies for the County of Sussex; in the Years 1296, 1327, 1332"; transcribed and edited by William Hudson; Sussex Record Society, vol. 10, 1910 [Stanford: Green DA670S97S97] Hudson-1910b: "On a Series of Rolls of the Manor of Wiston"; by Rev. William Hudson, F.S.A.; Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. 53, pages 143-, 1910 [Stanford: Green DA670S97S9] Hudson-1911: "On a Series of Rolls of the Manor of Wiston - Miscellaneous Notes"; by Rev. 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Lee, M.A.; London, 1857 [Sutro: micro-fiche G3LH11563] Lower-1852: "The Descent of Wiston"; by Mark Antony Lower; Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. v, pp. 1-28, 1852 [Stanford: Green DA670S97S9] Marshall-1871: "The Visitations of the County of Nottingham, in the Years 1569 and 1614"; edited by George William Marshall, LL.M.; The Publications of the Harleian Society, vol. 4, 1871 [Stanford: Green CS410H3] Moor-1932: "Knights of Edward I"; notices collected by Rev. C. Moor, D.D., F.S.A., F.R.Hist.S.; published by the Harleian Society, vol. 80-84, 1929-1932 [Stanford: Green CS410H3] Norcliffe-1881: "The Visitation of Yorkshire in the Years 1563 and 1564, made by William Flower, Esquire, Norroy King of Arms"; edited by Charles Best Norcliffe, M.A.; published by the Harleian Society, vol. 16, 1881 [Stanford: Green CS410H3] Parl-Sus: "Members of Parliament for Sussex"; Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. 30 & 31 [Stanford: Green DA670S97S9] Peckham-1922: "Poling and Islesham"; by W. D. Peckham; Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. 63, item 6, pages 228-231, 1922 [Stanford: Green DA670S97S9] Pilley-1948: "Pedigrees and Genealogies of Hereford Families"; by Walter Pilley; manuscript microfilmed 1948 [LDS FHL: film 91580, items 1-2] Rede: "Register of Bishop Robert Rede"; Sussex Record Society, vol. 11, 1910 [Stanford: Green DA670S97S97] Roberts-1976: "An Ilegitimate Royal Descent from Edward I of England to the Rev. John Davenport of New Haven"; by Gary Boyd Roberts; The American Genealogist, vol. 52, n. 4, w.n. 208, 1976 Oct. [Sutro: F104N6A6] Roberts-1993: "The Royal Descents of 500 Immigrants"; by Gary Boyd Roberts; 1993 [Santa Clara: GR929.72R64] Salzman-1938: "The Family of Aguillon"; by L. F. Salzman; Sussex Archaeological Collections, vol. 79, 1938 [Stanford: Green DA670S97S9] Thompson-2002: "Re: De Braose & Cote"; posting by Doug Thompson [[email protected]]; 2002 Mar 23 14:05:07 [https://archiver.rootsweb.com/th/read/GEN-MEDIEVAL/2002-03/1016921107] Tremlett-1967: "Rolls of Arms: Henry III"; edited by Thomas Daniel Tremlett, F.S.A, and Hugh Stanford London, F.S.A.; The Harleian Society, v 113/114, Oxford 1967 [Stanford: Green CS410H3] VCH-Glouc: "A History of the County of Gloucester"; edited by N. M. Herbert; vol. V, 1996 and vol. XI, 1976 (A Victoria County History) [Stanford: Green DA670G5V6] VCH-Sus: "A History of the County of Sussex"; edited by T. P. Hudson; vol. V, 1997 and vol. VI, 1980-1986 (A Victoria County History) [Stanford: Green DA670S92V6 & DA670S98V6] Weaver-1886: "The Visitation of Herefordshire made by Robert Cooke, Clarencieux, in 1569"; edited by Frederic William Weaver, M.A.; published by William Pollard and Co., Exeter, 1886 [Archived CD Books] Weis-1999: "The Magna Charta Sureties, 1215", 5th edition; by Frederick Lewis Weis with Walter Lee Sheppard and William R. Beall; Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1999 [Santa Clara: GS929.72W42]