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Киммерийцы и скифы. Культурно-исторические и хронологические проблемы археологии восточноевропейских степей и Кавказа пред- и раннескифского времени (Степные народы Евразии, II). Москва, 2001, 324 с.

Steppenvölker Eurasiens 6YLVTaL TGWUKa *IWGNOO Band II 7US II Askold I. Ivantchik %XQURbK -. -IGT^OQ Kimmerier und Skythen /OSSLWOP]a O XQO[a DEUTSCHES ARCHÄOLOGISCHES INSTITUT EURASIEN-ABTEILUNG INSTITUT FÜR ALLGEMEINE GESCHICHTE DER RUSSISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN ZENTRUM FÜR VERGLEICHENDE ERFORSCHUNG DER ALTEN ZIVILISATIONEN STEPPENVÖLKER EURASIENS Herausgegeben von Askold Ivantchik und Hermann Parzinger INTERNATIONALES BERATUNGSGREMIUM Vorsitzende: G. Bongard-Levin (Moskau), H. Kyrieleis (Berlin) A. Askarov (Tashkent), K. Bajpakov (Alma-Ata) V. Bočkarev (Sankt-Petersburg), H.-P. Francfort (Paris), Gh. Gnoli (Rom), B. Hänsel (Berlin), Th. Höllmann (München), K. Jettmar (Heidelberg), G. Kossack (München), C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (Cambridge, Mass.), B. Litvinskij (Moskau), V. Molodin (Novosibirsk), M. Moškova (Moskau), R. Munčaev (Moskau), M. Piotrovskij (Sankt-Petersburg), D. Raevskij (Moskau), P. 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Ivantchik KIMMERIER UND SKYTHEN Kulturhistorische und chronologische Probleme der Archäologie der osteuropäischen Steppen und Kaukasiens in vor- und frühskythischer Zeit Moskau 2001 67*42>* 2%53)> *'5%,-7US II  .        /ZRbYZWTU-OXYUWO^LXQOL O \WUTURUJO^LXQOL VWUHRLSa GW\LURUJOO IUXYU^TULIWUVLPXQO\ XYLVLP O /GIQGNG VWLK- O WGTTLXQO[XQUJU IWLSLTO 1UXQIG 2001 6YLVTaL TGWUKa *IWGNOO, II Steppenvölker Eurasiens, II %XQURbK -. -'%2<-/, /OSSLWOP]a O XQO[a. /ZRbYZWTU-OXYUWO^LXQOL O \WUTURUJO^LXQOL VWUHRLSa GW\LURUJOO IUXYU^TULIWUVLPXQO\ XYLVLP O /GIQGNG VWLK- O WGTTLXQO[XQUJU IWLSLTO. 1UXQIG 2001 Askold I. IVANTCHIK, Kimmerier und Skythen. Kulturhistorische und chronologische Probleme der Archäologie der osteuropäischen Steppen und Kaukasiens in vor- und frühskythischer Zeit. 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EAC32 J3DEO C34AEN BAD52L8@3 5 AD@A5@A? HCA@A>A6;J8D=;? 3DB8=E3? BCA4>8?N. #CA4>8?3 73E;CA5=; D?8@N BC87D=;GD=A< =F>OEFCN C3@@8D=;GD=A< 5 DE8B2H 5ADEAJ@A< 5CABN ADE38ED2 7;D=FDD;A@@A<, BC;J8? C3:4CAD ?@8@;< :78DO 7ADE3EAJ@A 58>;= — AE D8C87;@N VIII 7A @3J3>3 VI 5. 7A @. P. A 5EACA< J3DE; C34AEN 2 BNE3QDO DA4C3EO E8 73@@N8, =AEACN< BA:5A>2QE BC;52:3EO @3;4A>88 BA:7@;8 B3?2E@;=; BC87D=;GD=A< =F>OEFCN ; @3;4A>88 C3@@;8 B3?2E@;=; C3@@8D=;GD=A< =F>OEFCN = DFL8DE5FQL;? D;DE8?3? 34DA>QE@A< HCA@A>A6;;, BC8978 5D86A HCA@A>A6;; B8C87@85ADEAJ@A<, 3 E3=98 ; I8@EC3>O@A85CAB8<D=A<. ?8@@A E3=32 BCAI87FC3 BC87DE35>28ED2 ?@8 @3;4A>88 BA7HA72L8< 7>2 FDE3@A5>8@;2 73EN B8C8HA73 AE BC87D=;GD=A< = C3@@8D=;GD=A< =F>OEFC8 5 5ADEAJ@A85CAB8<D=;H DE8B2H. !3=A@8I, 8L8 A7;@ 3DB8=E BCA4>8?N ADE38ED2 5 BA>8 ?A86A 5@;?3@;2 5 A48;H J3DE2H C34AEN: =F>OEFC@N8 D52:; @3D8>8@;2 DE8B8< =A@I3 BC87D=;GD=A6A ; C3@@8D=;GD=A6A B8C;A73 D ;H DAD872?;, BC8978 5D86A D @3D8>8@;8? 35=3:3, #8C87@8< :;; ; *8@EC3>O@A< 5CABN. N8HIQ 1                   Ahq_\gbdb _\jZabckdbo kl_i_c \i_j\u_ ihY\eYxlkY \ ihe_ aj_gbY ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ \h \lhjhc iheh\bg_ VIII \. ^h g. w. F_j\u_ ^hklh\_jgh gZf ba\_klgu_ kh[ulbY bklhjbb wlbo dhq_\gbdh\ — bo ihoh^u \ F_j_^gxx b CZemx 8abx, ]^_ hgb \klmibeb \ g_ihkj_^kl\_gguc dhglZdl k gZjh^Zfb, h[eZ^Z\rbfb ibkvf_gghklvx (mjZjlZfb, ZkkbjbcpZfb, ]j_dZfb b ^j.), [eZ]h^ZjY q_fm, kh[kl\_ggh, b klZeb gZf ba\_klgu. Fhoh^u _\jZabckdbo dhq_\gbdh\ \ F_j_^gxx 8abx gZqZebkv g_ iha`_ 714 ]. ^h g. w., dh]^Z hgb \i_j\u_ mihfbgZxlkY \ Zkkbjbckdbo l_dklZo, b ijh^he`Zebkv, \b^bfh, \ l_q_gb_ \k_]h VII \. ^h g. w. <hklZlhqgh fgh]hqbke_ggu_ ibkvf_ggu_ bklhqgbdb iha\heYxl \ h[sbo q_jlZo j_dhgkljmbjh\Zlv bklhjbx wlbo ihoh^h\ 1. : lh `_ \j_fY hgb hklZ\beb b fZl_jbZevgu_ ke_^u, \u^_e_gb_ b b^_glbnbdZpbY dhlhjuo ij_^klZ\eY_l hkh[uc bgl_j_k ^eY bkke_^h\ZgbY jZaebqguo klhjhg bklhjbb _\jZabckdbo ghfZ^h\. IZd, ZgZeba wlbo ^Zgguo g_h[oh^bf ^eY bamq_gbY ijh[e_fu bo \aZbfhhlghr_gbc k gZjh^Zfb F_j_^g_c b CZehc 8abb, \dexqZY fZehZabckdbo ]j_dh\, dhlhjZY ^he`gZ j_rZlvkY gZ hkgh\_ bkihevah\ZgbY \k_]h dhfie_dkZ ^hklmiguo bklhqgbdh\ — dZd ibkvf_gguo, lZd b Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo. Fjhbkoh^Ysb_ ba CZehc 8abb Zjo_heh]bq_kdb_ ^Zggu_ qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`gu b ^eY \uYkg_gbY dmevlmjgh]h b wlgbq_kdh]h h[ebdZ kZfbo dhq_\gbdh\, \ lhf qbke_ khhlghr_gbY f_`^m ^\mfY hkgh\gufb bo ]jmiiZfb, mihfYgmlufb \ ibkvf_gguo l_dklZo — dbff_jbcpZfb b kdbnZfb. E^gbf ba Zki_dlh\ wlhc ijh[e_fu Y\eY_lkY b^_glbnbdZpbY Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmju j_Zevguo bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\ — ijh[e_fZ, fgh]h ^bkdmlbjh\Z\rZYkY \ gZmd_, gh g_ ihemqb\rZY ^h kbo ihj ijb_fe_fh]h ^eY \k_o j_r_gbY. <jm]hc qZklvx lhc `_ ijh[e_fu Y\eY_lkY b \hijhk h dmevlmj_ jZggbo kdbnh\, ij_`^_ \k_]h h ^Zlbjh\d_ __ \hagbdgh\_gbY b oZjZdl_j_ jZggbo wlZih\ jZa\blbY. 1 Ivantchik 1993; ?\Zgqbd 1996. 14 ;B8:8 1.1   «  » F_j\ZY ijh[e_fZ, dhlhjZY \klZ_l i_j_^ gZfb, dh]^Z fu iulZ_fkY \uY\blv Zjo_heh]bq_kdb_ ke_^u ij_[u\ZgbY _\jZabckdbo ghfZ^h\ \ CZehc 8abb — wlh \hijhk h lhf, d_f k Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc lhqdb aj_gbY [ueb dbff_jbcpu, l. _. ijh[e_fZ dbff_jbckdhc Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmju. ?^_glbnbdZpbY Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmju dbff_jbcp_\ b mklZgh\e_gb_ __ khhlghr_gbY k dmevlmjhc kdbnh\ fh`_l ^Zlv ^hihegbl_evgu_ k\b^_l_evkl\Z b ih ijh[e_f_ bo Yaudh\hc b wlgbq_kdhc ijbgZ^e_`ghklb. RlZ ijh[e_fZ ^he`gZ [ueZ [u, dhg_qgh, j_rZlvkY \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v gZ hkgh\Zgbb ebg]\bklbq_kdbo ^Zgguo. IZdb_ ^Zggu_, h^gZdh, kebrdhf kdm^gu b ^\mkfuke_ggu. DZebqguc ebg]\bklbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe, k\YaZgguc k dbff_jbcpZfb, h]jZgbqb\Z_lkY bo kZfhgZa\Zgb_f * Gimĕ/ir 1, Z lZd`_ lj_fY khojZgb\rbfbkY \ ZddZ^kdbo bklhqgbdZo bf_gZfb dbff_jbckdbo pZj_c. HZfhgZa\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ g_ bf__l m^h\e_l\hjbl_evghc wlbfheh]bb b g_ fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\Zgh ^eY \uYkg_gbY wlgbq_kdhc ijbgZ^e_`ghklb wlh]h gZjh^Z. Ijb bf_gb dbff_jbckdbo pZj_c lZd`_ ^Zxl g_ \iheg_ Ykgmx bgnhjfZpbx. F_j\h_ ba gbo, mTe-uš-pa-a, \hafh`gh, Y\eY_lkY bjZgkdbf ih ijhbkoh`^_gbx, h^gZdh ij_^eZ]Z\rb_kY _]h wlbfheh]bb g_gZ^_`gu b bf_xl l_ beb bgu_ nhjfZevgu_ g_^hklZldb, ijbq_f b bgh_, g_bjZgkdh_ (gZijbf_j, omjjblkdh_), ijhbkoh`^_gb_ ^Zggh]h bf_gb lZd`_ g_ bkdexq_gh 2. ?fY \lhjh]h dbff_jbckdh]h pZjY, mDug-dam-me-i / Λύγδαμις, kdhj__ \k_]h bf__l fZehZabckdh_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_, Z _]h bjZgkdb_ wlbfheh]bb g_ m[_^bl_evgu 3. DZdhg_p, lj_lv_ bfY, mSa-an-dak-KUR-ru, bf__l \ i_j\hc qZklb bfY dbebdbckdh]h [h`_kl\Z Sand/ta. ?gl_jij_lZpbY \lhjhc qZklb bf_gb aZ\bkbl hl ijhql_gbY ij_^ihke_^g_]h agZdZ — a^_kv jZ\gh \hafh`gh dZd ql_gb_ -kur-, lZd b -šad-. : i_j\hf kemqZ_ bfY dbff_jbckdh]h pZjY hdZau\Z_lkY em\bckdbf ih ijhbkoh`^_gbx. :h \lhjhf we_f_gl -kšatru fh`_l [ulv bklhedh\Zg dZd i_j_^ZqZ bjZgkdh]h xšaθra b lh]^Z bfY hdZ`_lkY dhfihablguf ZgZlhebckdh-bjZgkdbf 4. Fhke_^gb_ ^\Z bf_gb, \b^bfh, hljZ`Zxl l_kgu_ iheblbq_kdb_ b, \hafh`gh, ^bgZklbq_kdb_ dhglZdlu f_`^m em\bckdbf, b ki_pbZevgh dbebdbckdbf, gZk_e_gb_f 8gZlhebb b dbff_jbcpZfb. IZdbf h[jZahf, gb h^gh ba lj_o ba\_klguo dbff_jbckdbo bf_g g_ bf__l g_khfg_gghc bjZgkdhc wlbfheh]bb, Z ^\Z ihqlb gZ\_jgYdZ k\YaZgu k 8gZlheb_c. 1 8gZeba khojZgb\rbokY nbdkZpbc gZa\ZgbY dbff_jbcp_\ b gu_, ij_`^_ \k_]h debghibkgu_, bklhqgbdb k\b^_l_evkl\mxl j_dhgkljmdpbx _]h i_j\hgZqZevghc nhjfu, Z lZd`_ jZa[hj h lhf, qlh dbff_jbcpu b kdbnu [ueb ^\mfY jZagufb, ohlY jZaguo wlbfheh]bc wlh]h gZa\ZgbY, kf. Ivantchik 1993, 127 – gh]h ?. C. <vYdhgh\uf ij_^iheh`_gbY h lhf, qlh gZa\Zgb_ b [ebadbfb ih dmevlmj_ wlghkZfb. 2 Ivantchik 1993, 61– 62; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 64 – 65. 3 Ivantchik 1993, 115 –118; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 122 –124. «dbff_jbcpu» [ueh g_ gZklhYsbf wlghgbfhf, Z h[hagZq_- 4 Ivantchik 1993, 120 –124; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 127 –131. 154; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 132 –159. >^_kv `_ kf. djblbdm \ukdZaZg- gb_f kdbnkdbo fh[bevguo hljY^h\. DZ fhc \a]eY^ ibkvf_g- 15 1.1.1 H:?<=I=BQHI:8 F?HQC=DDPL I=AHIE: E C8I=G?8BQDE@ AJBQIJG= A?CC=G?@M=: Hdm^gu_ kh[kl\_ggh ebg]\bklbq_kdb_ fZl_jbZeu, dZd fu \b^_eb, g_ ^Zxl gbq_]h hij_^_e_ggh]h ^eY j_r_gbY ijh[e_fu dbff_jbckdh]h wlghkZ b YaudZ. : gZr_f jZkihjY`_gbb, ke_^h\Zl_evgh, hklZxlkY ebrv dhk\_ggu_ ^Zggu_. NZklv ba gbo kh^_j`blkY \ ZddZ^kdbo debghibkguo bklhqgbdZo 5, mihfbgZxsbo «dbff_jbckdb_» emdb b klj_eu b g_db_ «dbff_jbckdb_» j_fgb, ih-\b^bfhfm, [u\rb_ ^_lZeYfb dhgkdhc mijY`b. 9hevrZY qZklv wlbo l_dklh\ ^Zlbjm_lkY Zo_f_gb^kdhc wihohc, h^gZdh g_dhlhju_ ba gbo hlghkYlkY b d gh\h\Z\behgkdhc wiho_, ojhgheh]bq_kdb [ebadhc ^_Yl_evghklb bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\ \ F_j_^g_c 8abb. : gZr_f jZkihjY`_gbb bf__lkY, djhf_ lh]h, bg\_glZjguc kibkhd gh\hZkkbjbckdhc wihob, \_jhYlg__ \k_]h, \j_f_gb ijZ\e_gbY 8kZjoZ^^hgZ beb 8rrmj[ZgbiZeZ, \ dhlhjhf mihfbgZ_lkY «dbff_jbckdZY h[m\v» (ADD 1039 = SAA 7, 120, II, 7 – 8). Ajhf_ lh]h, qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`gh, qlh \ iha^g_\Z\behgkdbo l_dklZo gZa\Zgb_ «dbff_jbcpu» bkihevam_lkY ^eY h[hagZq_gbY kdbnh\ b kZdh\. G_qv b^_l g_ lhevdh h ^_eh\uo ^hdmf_glZo, gh b h pZjkdbo gZ^ibkYo 8o_f_gb^h\, khklZ\eY\rbokY iZjZee_evgh gZ i_jkb^kdhf b \Z\behgkdhf, Z lZd`_ b ^jm]bo (weZfkdhf, ZjZf_ckdhf) YaudZo. : wlbo gZ^ibkYo ^j_\g_i_jkb^kdhfm gZa\Zgbx Sakā, h[hagZqZ\r_fm, km^Y ih dhgl_dklm, g_ lhevdh kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, gh b k_\_jhijbq_jghfhjkdbo kdbnh\, j_]meYjgh khhl\_lkl\m_l ZddZ^kdh_ Gimirrāia 6. :k_ wlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h dmevlmjghc [ebahklb dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\, ij_^klZ\eY\rbo, hq_\b^gh, h^bg b lhl `_, gh\uc ^eY F_j_^g_c 8abb, dmevlmjguc b \h_gguc lbi. H\YaZggu_ k wlbf lbihf dmevlmju gh\u_ ijh]j_kkb\gu_ nhjfu \hhjm`_gbY, ij_`^_ \k_]h emd b klj_eu, gZa\Zggu_ ]j_dZfb \ihke_^kl\bb «kdbnkdbfb», Z lZd`_, \b^bfh, b gh\uc \b^ dhgkdhc mijY`b (^\Z hkgh\guo we_f_glZ «kdbnkdhc ljbZ^u»), \i_j\u_, hq_\b^gh, klZeb ba\_klgu gZjh^Zf C_khihlZfbb bf_ggh hl dbff_jbcp_\. Ihevdh wlbf h[klhYl_evkl\hf fh`gh h[tYkgblv aZdj_ie_gb_ aZ gbfb gZa\ZgbY «dbff_jbckdbo», Z lZd`_ b lh, qlh gh\u_ klZgh\b\rb_kY ba\_klgufb `bl_eYf C_khihlZfbb gZjh^u lh]h `_ dmevlmjghohaYckl\_ggh]h lbiZ (kdbnu \ rbjhdhf kfuke_ keh\Z, kj_^g_ZabZlkdb_ kZdb) hlh`^_kl\eYebkv bfb k dbff_jbcpZfb. ?lZd, ^Zggu_ ZddZ^kdbo ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ iha\heYxl aZdexqblv, qlh j_Zevgu_ dbff_jbcpu, k dhlhjufb ZkkbjbcpZf ijboh^behkv klZedb\ZlvkY \ dhgp_ VIII–VII \\. ^h g. w., [ueb \ dmevlmjghf hlghr_gbb [ebadb iha^g_crbf kdbnZf. 1.1.2 I=GC?D «A?CC=G?@HA8T AJBQIJG8» ? FGE9B=C8 ?<=DI?K?A8M?? 8GL=EBE;?N=HAE@ AJBQIJGP ?HIEG?N=HA?L A?CC=G?@M=: <Zgguc \u\h^ ih^\h^bl gZk d \hijhkm h dbff_jbckdhc Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmj_. I_jfbg «dbff_jbckdZY dmevlmjZ» rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_g \ Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_. Eg [ue \\_^_g m`_ kZfufb i_j\ufb bkke_^h\Zl_eYfb ij_^kdbnkdbo dmevlmj H_\_jgh]h Fjbq_jghfhjvY 7 \ dZq_kl\_ bo gZbf_gh\ZgbY. IZdh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ ^Zggh]h l_jfbgZ hkgh\u\Z_lkY gZ g_h]jZgbq_gghf ^h\_jbb jZkkdZam ;_jh^hlZ h[ ba]gZgbb kdbnZfb dbff_jbcp_\ ba H_\_jgh]h Fjbq_jghfhjvY b ihke_^mxs_f aZk_e_gbb bo kljZgu. <hklh\_jghklv wlh]h jZkkdZaZ g_ ih^\_j]ZeZkv gb khfg_gbx, gb ZgZebam, b \hijhk h kh- 5 I_dklu kf. <Zg^ZfZ_\ 1977, 30 – 39; Dandamayev 1979, 95–109; Dandamayev 1992, 159 –162. jbY I). 7 HZfhd\Zkh\ 1908, 41 ke; Ebert 1921, 386 ff; Tallgren 1926; 6 =^bgkl\_gguc ZddZ^kdbc l_dkl, \ dhlhjhf g_khfg_ggh ;hjh^ph\ 1928. mihfbgZ_lkY l_jfbg Saka — CT 55, 93: 9 (HbiiZj, wihoZ <Z- 16 hl\_lkl\bb Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo ^Zgguo k\b^_l_evkl\Zf ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ h dbff_jbcpZo ih kms_kl\m ^Z`_ g_ klZ\bekY 8. : lh `_ \j_fY kZfh ihgYlb_ «dbff_jbcpu» ijbgZ^e_`bl kn_j_ ibkvf_gguo l_dklh\ b ^he`gh, \g_ \kYdh]h khfg_gbY, jZkkfZljb\ZlvkY ij_`^_ \k_]h bf_ggh gZ bo hkgh\_. Hhhlg_k_gb_ l_jfbgZ «dbff_jbcpu», h[hagZqZxs_]h j_Zevguc gZjh^, bklhjbY dhlhjh]h hljZ`_gZ ibkvf_ggufb bklhqgbdZfb, k ^Zggufb Zjo_heh]bb m`_ ih qbklh f_lh^bq_kdbf khh[jZ`_gbYf \hafh`gh ebrv ihke_ ^_lZevgh]h bamq_gbY ibkvf_gguo l_dklh\. GZamf__lkY, lZdh]h jh^Z bkke_^h\Zgb_ g_ \oh^bl \ aZ^Zqb Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo jZ[hl, lZd qlh g_m^b\bl_evgh, qlh ijbf_gY_fuc \ Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ l_jfbg «dbff_jbckdZY dmevlmjZ» klZe ebrv mkeh\guf ljZ^bpbhgguf gZbf_gh\Zgb_f ij_^kdbnkdbo dmevlmj. : lh `_ \j_fY g_\_jgh_ ihgbfZgb_ mkeh\gh]h l_jfbgZ «dbff_jbckdZY dmevlmjZ» dZd ihgYlbY, h[hagZqZxs_]h Zjo_heh]bq_kdmx dmevlmjm j_Zevguo bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\, ijb\_eh d [_kieh^guf b [_kkfuke_gguf ^bkdmkkbYf h[ hlh`^_kl\e_gbb lhc beb bghc dhgdj_lghc ij_^kdbnkdhc dmevlmju k bklhjbq_kdbfb dbff_jbcpZfb 9. : gZklhYs__ \j_fY gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gZ lhqdZ aj_gbY 8. ?. I_j_gh`dbgZ k jZaebqgufb fh^bnbdZpbYfb, kh]eZkgh dhlhjhc dbff_jbcpZf ijbgZ^e_`Zeb ij_^kdbnkdb_ iZfYlgbdb q_jgh]hjh\kdh]h lbiZ b lbiZ Dh\hq_jdZkkdh]h deZ^Z 10. : ihke_^g__ \j_fY [ueb knhjfmebjh\Zgu k_jv_agu_ \hajZ`_gbY ijhlb\ ljZ^bpbhggh]h mihlj_[e_gbY \ ebl_jZlmj_ ^Z`_ l_jfbgZ «kdbnkdZY dmevlmjZ» b hlf_q_gu Z[_jjZpbb, d dhlhjuf ih^h[gh_ mihlj_[e_gb_ ijb\h^bl 11. : _s_ [hevr_c f_j_ ^Zggu_ \hajZ`_gbY hlghkYlkY d dbff_jbcpZf, ihkdhevdm lZd gZau\Z_fZY «dbff_jbckdZY» dmevlmjZ bf__l agZqbl_evgh f_gvr_ ijZ\ gZ lh gZa\Zgb_, dhlhjh_ hgZ ghkbl. AZd dZ`_lkY, f_lh^bq_kdb \_jguf Y\eY_lkY kh\_jr_ggh bghc ih^oh^ d ijh[e_f_ b^_glbnbdZpbb Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmju j_Zevguo dbff_jbcp_\. F_j\uf wlZihf lZdh]h bkke_^h\ZgbY ^he`gh [ulv ih^jh[gh_ bamq_gb_ ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ b \u^_e_gb_ gZ _]h hkgh\_ jZchgh\ g_khfg_gghc ehdZebaZpbb bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\. ?amq_gb_ Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo ^Zgguo, ijhbkoh^Ysbo ba wlbo jZchgh\, b ^he`gh ^Zlv hl\_l gZ \hijhk h[ bo Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmj_. Fjb bkke_^h\Zgbb ibkvf_gguo k\b^_l_evkl\ h dbff_jbcpZo ijbhjbl_l ijbgZ^e_`bl ZddZ^kdbf l_dklZf, h[eZ^Zxsbf \ukhdhc kl_i_gvx ^hklh\_jghklb b khklZ\e_gguf h^gh\j_f_ggh k dhglZdlZfb Zkkbjbcp_\ b dbff_jbcp_\. Rlh g_ hagZqZ_l, h^gZdh, qlh ^Zggu_ Zglbqguo bklhqgbdh\ ^he`gu b]ghjbjh\ZlvkY. Egb lj_[mxl ki_pbZevgh]h ZgZebaZ k p_evx \uY\e_gbY bklhjbq_kdhc bgnhjfZpbb b __ hl^_e_gbY hl iha^gbo mq_guo ihkljh_gbc b fbnheh]baZpbb, h^gZdh aZqZklmx wlb bklhqgbdb kihkh[gu hk\_lblv l_ kh[ulbY dbff_jbckdhc bklhjbb, dhlhju_ g_ ihiZeb \ ihe_ aj_gbY debghibkguo l_dklh\. Fh^jh[gh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ ZddZ^kdbo l_dklh\, ^Zxsbo bgnhjfZpbx h dbff_jbcpZo, ijh\_^_gh fghx \ ^jm]hf f_kl_ 12. IZf `_, Z lZd`_ \ ^jm]bo jZ[hlZo 13 Y h[km`^Ze b k\YaZggu_ k ijh[e_fhc deZkkbq_kdb_ l_dklu, qlh iha\heY_l i_j_clb d khihklZ\e_gbx wlbo ^Zgguo k Zjo_heh]bq_kdbfb fZl_jbZeZfb. Fhkdhevdm gZ hkgh\Zgbb ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ gZfb mklZgh\e_gZ dmevlmjgZY [ebahklv dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\, dhlhjZY ^he`gZ [ueZ hljZablvkY b \ Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo ^Zgguo, ba jZkkfhlj_gbY ke_^m_l bkdexqblv l_ jZchgu, ]^_ dbff_jbcpu b kdbnu (Iškuzāia ZddZ^kdbo l_dklh\) gZoh^bebkv \f_kl_. IZdbfb jZchgZfb [ueb \hklhqgu_ ]jZgbpu 8kkbjbb, jZchgu Cb^bb b CZggu, ]^_ aZijhku pZj_c 8kZjoZ^^hgZ b 8rrmj[ZgbiZeZ d [h]m OZfZrm nbdkbjmxl kh\f_klgh_ ij_[u\Zgb_ kdbnh\ b dbff_jbcp_\. ?. D. C_^\_^kdZY, jZa^_eYxsZY fg_gb_ h dmevlmjghc [ebahklb dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\ \iehlv ^h g_jZaebqbfhklb bo Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo dmevlmj, iheZ]Z_l, qlh iZfYlgbdb, gZc^_ggu_ gZ l_jjblhjbb JjZjlm, \ Cb^bb b \hklhqghf BmjbklZg_, ke_^m_l hlghkblv d dbff_jbcpZf, Z ijhbkoh^Ysb_ ba ijb- 8 Fheh`_gb_ a^_kv baf_gbehkv ebrv \ kZfh_ ihke_^g__ \j_- r_]h, bkihevamxlkY ljZ^bpbhggu_ l_jfbgu «jZgg_kdbnkdZY fY, kf. 8e_dk__\ 1992; C_^\_^kdZY 1992; 8e_dk__\, AZqZeh\Z, dmevlmjZ», «kdbnkdbc a\_jbguc klbev» b ih^. Eq_\b^gh, IholZkv_\ 1993. 9 ?klhjbx \hijhkZ kf. Sulimirski 1960, 45 – 65; I_j_gh`dbg b^_glbqgu ihgYlbYf «Zjo_heh]bq_kdbY dmevlmjZ / a\_jbguc 1973, 7 –19; 8e_dk__\ 1992, 70 –77. 10 I_j_gh`dbg 1976. klbev j_Zevgh]h wlghkZ kdbnh\». 12 Ivantchik 1993; ?\Zgqbd 1996. 11 Fh]j_[h\Z, GZ_\kdbc 1992, 51–52. D_kfhljY gZ kijZ\_^- 13 Hf. hkh[_ggh ?\Zgqbd / Ivantchik, \ i_qZlb. h^gZdh, qlh wlb qbklh Zjo_heh]bq_kdb_ l_jfbgu \h\k_ g_ eb\hklv wlbo aZf_qZgbc, \ ^Zgghc jZ[hl_, aZ g_bf_gb_f emq- 17 mjfbckdh]h jZchgZ (CZggZ) — kdbnZf 14. IZdh_ jZa^_e_gb_ ^hklZlhqgh kljZggh — \_^v ibkvf_ggu_ bklhqgbdb nbdkbjmxl Zdlb\gmx ^_Yl_evghklv \ CZgg_ g_ lhevdh kdbnh\, gh b dbff_jbcp_\ (SAA 4, 24; SAA 10, 111). : lh `_ \j_fY gZ l_jjblhjbb Cb^bb aZnbdkbjh\ZgZ ^_Yl_evghklv dZd dbff_jbcp_\, lZd b kdbnh\ (SAA 4, 35, 36, 39, 40, 65, 66, 71). Nlh dZkZ_lkY iZfYlgbdh\ gZ l_jjblhjbb JjZjlm, hkh[_ggh gZ k_\_j_ b \hklhd_ kljZgu, lh a^_kv lZd`_ fh`gh ij_^iheZ]Zlv gZebqb_ h[hbo gZjh^h\, ijbr_^rbo \ F_j_^gxx 8abx q_j_a AZ\dZa. :h \kYdhf kemqZ_ h ijbkmlkl\bb kdbnh\ gZ l_jjblhjbb Lm[mrdbb gZf ba\_klgh (SAA 4, 23). GZchgu CZggu b Cb^bb, Z lZd`_ b \hklhqghc qZklb JjZjlm, ^he`gu [ulv ihwlhfm bkdexq_gu ba jZkkfhlj_gbY b h[t_dlhf gZr_]h \gbfZgbY ^he`gu klZlv bf_ggh jZchgu 8gZlhebb, ]^_ ij_[u\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ aZnbdkbjh\Zgh ZddZ^kdbfb l_dklZfb, Z kdbnu ibkvf_gguf bklhqgbdZf g_ba\_klgu ih f_gvr_c f_j_ \ l_q_gb_ i_j\uo lj_o q_l\_jl_c VII \. ^h g. w. 15 Fj_[u\Zgb_ kdbnh\ \ CZehc 8abb g_ nbdkbjm_lkY debghibkgufb l_dklZfb, Z Zglbqgu_ Z\lhju agZxl h g_f ebrv ^eY [he__ iha^g_c wihob (k\_^_gbY h ij_[u\Zgbb kdbnkdh]h hljY^Z \ Bb^bb ijb 8ebZll_). Fj_`^_, q_f i_j_clb d ZgZebam dhq_\gbq_kdbo iZfYlgbdh\ F_j_^g_c 8abb, ke_^m_l k^_eZlv _s_ h^gh aZf_qZgb_. <eY lh]h, qlh[u bf_lv \hafh`ghklv \u^_eblv Zjo_heh]bq_kdb_ iZfYlgbdb bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\ b hl^_eblv bo hl iZfYlgbdh\ bklhjbq_kdbo kdbnh\, gZ^h [ulv m\_j_gguf, qlh gb h^bg ba wlbo ^\mo l_jfbgh\ g_ ihdju\Z_l ^jm]hc b g_ mihlj_[eY_lkY \ debghibkguo l_dklZo VII \. ^h g. w. kh[bjZl_evgh (dZd gZa\Zgb_ kdbnh\ \ Zglbqghc ebl_jZlmj_ beb l_o `_ dbff_jbcp_\ \ iha^g_\Z\behgkdbo l_dklZo). Fh^h[gh_ ij_^iheh`_gb_ \ukdZau\Zehkv ?. C. <vYdhgh\uf 16, ih fg_gbx dhlhjh]h \ l_dklZo, khklZ\e_gguo \Z\behgkdbfb (gh g_ Zkkbjbckdbfb) ibkpZfb, gZa\Zgb_ Gimirrāia fh]eh h[hagZqZlv b j_Zevguo kdbnh\, mihlj_[eYYkv jZkrbjbl_evgh, dZd \ l_dklZo gh\h\Z\behgkdhc b Zo_f_gb^kdhc wihob, ]^_ hgh h[hagZqZeh b kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, b ijbq_jghfhjkdbo kdbnh\. Fjb wlhf hg iheZ]Ze, qlh Zkkbjbckdb_ ibkpu, \ hlebqb_ hl \Z\behgkdbo, ihke_^h\Zl_evgh jZaebqZeb kdbnh\ b dbff_jbcp_\, ihkdhevdm ijhbkoh^beb ba H_\_jghc C_khihlZfbb b [ueb emqr_ agZdhfu k wlbfb dhq_\gbdZfb. GY^ \hajZ`_gbc ijhlb\ wlhc ]bihl_au Y m`_ ijb\h^be 17. Fh^q_jdgm, h^gZdh, _s_ jZa, qlh ZddZ^kdb_ bklhqgbdb dhgpZ VIII–VII \\. ^h g. w. ihke_^h\Zl_evgh jZaebqZxl ^\_ ]jmiiu ghfZ^h\, gZau\Z\rbo k_[Y «dbff_jbcpu» b «kdbnu». Ih, qlh \ h[hbo kemqZYo j_qv b^_l h kZfhgZa\ZgbYo, m^hklh\_jY_lkY nbdkZpb_c h[hbo keh\ \ ^hklZlhqgh [ebadhc nhjf_ \ ^\mo kZfhklhYl_evguo ljZ^bpbYo, ]j_q_kdhc b ZddZ^kdhc (Κιμμέριοι / Gimir(r)āia b ih^., Σκύθαι / I/Aškuzāia, k ijhl_lbq_kdbf ]eZkguf, ^h[Z\e_gguf \h ba[_`Zgb_ aZij_s_ggh]h \ ZddZ^kdhf ^\mkh]eZkgh]h gZqZeZ keh\Z); aZbfkl\h\Zgb_ wlbo wlghgbfh\ ba h^ghc ljZ^bpbb \ ^jm]mx bkdexq_gh. HZfh ihY\e_gb_ \ ZddZ^kdbo l_dklZo gZa\ZgbY Iškuzāia k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h lhf, qlh l_jfbg Gimirrāia \ VII \. ^h g. w. _s_ g_ klZe kh[bjZl_evguf h[hagZq_gb_f gZjh^h\ kdbnh-kZdkdh]h dmevlmjgh]h h[ebdZ, dZd wlh ijhbahreh iha`_, \ \Z\behgkdbo l_dklZo Zo_f_gb^kdhc wihob. <_ckl\bl_evgh, ]jmiiZ lh]h `_ \h_ggh-dmevlmjgh]h h[ebdZ, qlh b dbff_jbcpu, klZ\rb_ ba\_klgufb ZkkbjbcpZf jZgvr_, [ueZ gZa\ZgZ g_ bo bf_g_f (dZd lh [ueh [u k^_eZgh gZ 150 e_l iha`_, dh]^Z gZa\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ klZeh kh[bjZl_evguf), Z kZfhh[hagZq_gb_f wlbo \hbgh\. Jihlj_[e_gb_ l_jfbgh\ Gimirrāia b Iškuzāia gZ jZ\guo ijZ\Zo \ h^gbo b l_o `_ l_dklZo (\ «ZggZeZo» 8kZjoZ^^hgZ, \ aZijhkZo d hjZdmem OZfZrZ, kf. hkh[_ggh aZijhk SAA 4, 24, ]^_ hgb klhYl jY^hf) k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[ bo ijbgZ^e_`ghklb d h^ghfm mjh\gx wlgbq_kdhc ghf_gdeZlmju. =keb ij_^iheh`blv, qlh gZa\Zgb_ «dbff_jbcpu» m`_ \ wlh \j_fY [ueh kh[bjZl_evguf, lZdh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ ^\mo l_jfbgh\ [ueh [u klhev `_ g_\hafh`guf, dZd khq_lZgb_ «les Allemands et les Brandebourgeois» \h njZgpmakdhf beb «die Franzosen und die Lyoner» \ g_f_pdhf. DZjY^m k wlbfb ^\mfY dhgdj_lgufb h[hagZq_gbYfb \iheg_ hij_^_e_gguo ]jmii \hbgkl\_gguo \kZ^gbdh\, ZddZ^kdb_ l_dklu VII \. ^h g. w. bkihevah\Zeb, ^_ckl\bl_evgh, b kh[bjZl_evgu_ l_j14 C_^\_^kdZY 1992. 15 Rlh h[klhYl_evkl\h g_^hhp_gb\Z_l ;. AhkkZd (Kossack gb_ d ^Zgguf debghibkguo l_dklh\ ijb\h^bl _]h d i_kkbfb- 1994, 32). Eg g_ jZa^_eY_l jZaebqgu_ j_]bhgu F_j_^g_c q_kdbo ke_^h\ ij_[u\ZgbY ^\mo ]jmii dhq_\gbdh\ \ F_j_^g_c 8abb, \ dhlhjuo ibkvf_ggu_ bklhqgbdb nbdkbjmxl ijbkml- 8abb. 16 <vYdhgh\ 1956, 265; Diakonoff 1981, 118 –119. 17 Ivantchik 1993, 79, 86 – 94; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 83, 90 – 97. kl\b_ dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\. Rlh hlghr_gb_ d F_j_^g_c 8abb dZd d g_jZa^_ebfhfm _^bgkl\m b g_^hklZlhqgh_ \gbfZ- 18 klbq_kdhfm \u\h^m h g_\hafh`ghklb jZaebq_gbY Zjo_heh]b- fbgu, lZdb_ dZd ummān manda b zēr halqāti . Egb ihdju\Zeb g_ lhevdh dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\, gh b ^jm]bo \jZ`^_[guo 8kkbjbb \Zj\Zjh\, gZijbf_j fb^bcp_\. He_^m_l mqblu\Zlv, djhf_ lh]h, b oZjZdl_j ZddZ^kdbo l_dklh\: wlh g_ mq_gu_ khqbg_gbY bklhjbdhwlgh]jZnbq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ, dZd ]j_q_kdZY ijhaZ, Z \ hkgh\ghf l_dklu \iheg_ ijZ]fZlbq_kdh]h kh^_j`ZgbY (^hg_k_gbY jZa\_^db, Z^fbgbkljZlb\gZY i_j_ibkdZ, aZijhku d ]Z^Zl_eYf ih dhgdj_lguf \h_gguf b iheblbq_kdbf ijh[e_fZf b ih^.). Egb hibku\Zxl ZdlmZevgu_ kh[ulbY b bo jhev khklhbl g_ \ bgl_jij_lZpbb b j_dhgkljmdpbb wlbo kh[ulbc, Z \ fZdkbfZevgh lhqghc i_j_^Zq_ bgnhjfZpbb. IZd, gZijbf_j, Z\lhju aZijhkh\ d hjZdmem OZfZrZ, \ dhlhjuo khojZgbebkv fgh]hqbke_ggu_ mihfbgZgbY dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\, klj_fbebkv ij_^_evgh ^_lZevgh b g_^\mkfuke_ggh knhjfmebjh\Zlv \hijhku, i_j_qbkeYY ijb wlhf \k_ \hafh`gu_ m]jhau, dhlhjuo klj_fbebkv ba[_`Zlv (kj., gZijbf_j, ^ebggu_ b f_ehqgu_ i_j_qbke_gbY \k_o \hafh`guo ebp, fh]msbo ij_^klZ\eYlv hiZkghklv ^eY pZjY, \ aZijhkZo, ihk\Ys_gguo _]h [eZ]hihemqbx, gZijbf_j SAA 4, 139). Jqblu\ZY wlm `Zgjh\mx hkh[_gghklv aZijhkh\ d hjZdmem, ljm^gh ij_^iheZ]Zlv, qlh bo khklZ\bl_eb ^himkdZeb g_lhqghklv \ gZbf_gh\Zgbb ihl_gpbZevguo ijhlb\gbdh\ 8kkbjbb, h[hagZqZY j_Zevguo kdbnh\ gZa\Zgb_f dbff_jbcp_\, ^Z`_ _keb b kh]eZkblvkY \ ijbgpbi_ k \hafh`ghklvx jZkrbjbl_evgh]h mihlj_[e_gbY wlh]h wlghgbfZ \ klhev jZgg__ \j_fY. AZd gb ljZdlh\Zlv gZa\Zggu_ l_dklu, gb m dh]h g_ \uau\Z_l khfg_gbY, qlh h[_ ]jmiiu, dZd kdbnu, lZd b dbff_jbcpu, [ueb Zdlb\gufb ^_ckl\mxsbfb ebpZfb \ iheblbq_kdhc `bagb wihob 8kZjoZ^^hgZ. Jihlj_[e_gb_ h^gh]h l_jfbgZ \f_klh ^jm]h]h kha^Z\Zeh [u ^\mkfuke_gghklv, b djZcg_ khfgbl_evgh, qlh Z\lhju aZijhkh\ d hjZdmem fh]eb __ ^himklblv, ih^\_j]ZYkv jbkdm ihemqblv hl [h`_kl\Z ^\mkfuke_gguc beb g_lhqguc hl\_l. Ajhf_ lh]h, dZd m`_ mdZau\Zehkv, kms_kl\m_l ih djZcg_c f_j_ h^bg aZijhk d hjZdmem, \ dhlhjhf gZa\ZgbY dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\ khojZgbebkv jY^hf (\ g_dhlhjuo ^jm]bo l_dklZo gZa\Zgb_ h^gh]h ba wlbo gZjh^h\ jY^hf k ^jm]bf \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lkY k ^hklZlhqgh [hevrhc m\_j_gghklvx). :Z`gh ijb wlhf, qlh bf_gZ dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\ \dexq_gu a^_kv \ kibkhd \hafh`guo ijhlb\gbdh\, ijbq_f \ wlhf kibkd_ hgb klhYl g_ jY^hf: «[m^v lh dbff_jbcpu, [beb mjZjlu], beb fZgg_b, beb kdbnu, [beb ...]pu, beb ex[hc \jZ]». IZdhc ihjY^hd i_j_qbke_gbY kh\_jr_ggh bkdexqZ_l \hafh`ghklv lh]h, qlh «kdbnu» ^eY Z\lhjZ aZijhkZ Y\eYebkv ebrv ih^]jmiihc «dbff_jbcp_\»: \ lZdhf kemqZ_ g_\hafh`gh h[tYkgblv, ihq_fm bo mihfbgZgbY jZa^_e_gu mihfbgZgbYfb fZgg__\ b [mjZjlh\] (\hkklZgh\e_gb_ gZ^_`gh), ohlY gb l_, gb ^jm]b_ g_ fh]eb, hq_\b^gh, h[hagZqZlvkY kh[bjZl_evguf gZa\Zgb_f «dbff_jbcpu». DZ fhc \a]eY^ hq_\b^gh, qlh \k_ mihfYgmlu_ \ wlhf kibkd_ gZa\ZgbY ijbgZ^e_`Zl d h^ghfm mjh\gx wlgbq_kdhc ghf_gdeZlmju b gb h^gh ba gbo g_ ihdju\Z_l ^jm]h_. D_l gbdZdbo hkgh\Zgbc ij_^iheZ]Zlv bgh_ keh\hmihlj_[e_gb_ \ ^jm]bo l_dklZo [ebadhc ^Zlu, hlghkYsbokY d lhfm `_ `Zgjm b khklZ\e_gguo l_f `_ djm]hf ebp. GZamf__lkY, jZkrbjbl_evgh_ mihlj_[e_gb_ gZa\ZgbY dbff_jbcp_\, \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v ^eY h[hagZq_gbY kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, gZ^_`gh aZk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgh qZklvx ZddZ^kdbo l_dklh\. E^gZdh wlb l_dklu g_ lhevdh ^ZlbjmxlkY ]hjZa^h [he__ iha^gbf \j_f_g_f (hgb hlghkYlkY d gh\h\Z\behgkdhc b Zo_f_gb^kdhc wihoZf), gh b ijbgZ^e_`Zl bghc ibkph\hc ljZ^bpbb. ?o Z\lhju ijbgZ^e_`Zeb d \Z\behgkdbf dZgp_eYjbYf, \ hlebqb_ hl Z\lhjh\ aZijhkh\ d hjZdmem [h]Z OZfZrZ, ibk_f pZjkdh]h Zjob\Z b [hevrbgkl\Z ^jm]bo hlghkYsbokY d ijh[e_f_ l_dklh\, dhlhju_ [ueb k\YaZgu ij_`^_ \k_]h k ^\hjhf Zkkbjbckdbo pZj_c (ohlY qZklv ba gbo b ihevah\ZeZkv gh\h\Z\behgkdbf ibkvfhf). IjZ^bpbb dZgp_eYjbc H_\_jghc b S`ghc C_khihlZfbb jZaebqZebkv b jZgvr_, h^gZdh wlZ jZagbpZ klZeZ, hq_\b^gh, _s_ j_aq_ k aZ\h_\Zgb_f :Z\behghf g_aZ\bkbfhklb b ij_\jZs_gb_f \ ]eZ\gh]h khi_jgbdZ 8kkbjbb, \kdhj_ ijb\_^r_]h __ d ]b[_eb. Fhke_ iZ^_gbY 8kkbjbb \Z\behgkdb_ ibkpu klZeb _^bgkl\_ggufb ghkbl_eYfb ljZ^bpbc ZddZ^hYauqguo dZgp_eYjbc, b bf_ggh bo ljZ^bpbb, Z g_ ljZ^bpbb Zkkbjbckdbo dZgp_eYjbc H_\_jghc C_khihlZfbb, gZke_^h\Zeb Zo_f_gb^kdb_ ibkpu. ?a-aZ hlkmlkl\bY ^Zgguo g_\hafh`gh mklZgh\blv, dh]^Z gZa\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ klZeh mihlj_[eYlvkY jZkrbjbl_evgh ^eY h[hagZq_gbY kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, gh \_kvfZ \_jhYlgh, qlh lZdh_ _]h agZq_gb_ [ueh oZjZdl_jgh ebrv ^eY \Z\behgkdhc, gh g_ Zkkbjbckdhc ibkph\hc ljZ^bpbb. :b^bfh, hgh \hagbdeh \ lhc kj_^_, \ dhlhjhc jZaebqb_ f_`^m ^\mfY wlgbq_kdbfb ]jmiiZfb [ueh g_kms_kl\_ggh b ]^_ \Z`g__ [ueh bo koh^kl\h. : 8kkbjbb VII \. ^h g. w. kblmZpbY [ueZ kh\_jr_ggh bghc — kdbnu b dbff_jbcpu [ueb g_ lhevdh Zdlb\gufb mqZklgbdZfb iheblbq_kdbo kh[ulbc, gh b ehdZebah\Zebkv, ih djZcg_c f_j_ hlqZklb, gZ 19 jZaebqguo l_jjblhjbYo b, ih \k_c \b^bfhklb, g_j_^dh aZgbfZeb jZagu_ ihabpbb ih hlghr_gbx d g_c (_klv hkgh\ZgbY iheZ]Zlv, qlh kdbnu h^gh \j_fY [ueb khxagbdZfb 8kkbjbb, lh]^Z dZd dbff_jbcpu, ih-\b^bfhfm, \k_]^Z hklZ\Zebkv __ \jZ]Zfb). DZijhlb\, ^eY \Z\behgYg, hkh[_ggh gZqbgZY k dhgpZ VII \. ^h g. w., jZaebqb_ f_`^m dbff_jbcpZfb, kdbnZfb b kZdZfb [ueh g_kms_kl\_gguf, ihkdhevdm gb l_, gb ^jm]b_, gb lj_lvb g_ ij_^klZ\eYeb ^eY gbo hiZkghklb, ^Z b \hh[s_ g_ b]jZeb kdhevdh-gb[m^v kms_kl\_gghc jheb \ bo `bagb. He_^m_l hlf_lblv, qlh dbff_jbcpu \ wlh \j_fY _s_ g_ hdhgqZl_evgh bkq_aeb ba iheY aj_gbY i_j_^g_ZabZlkdbo gZjh^h\ (bo «ba]gZgb_ ba 8abb» ijbibku\Z_lkY eb^bckdhfm pZjx 8ebZllm), ohlY b g_ b]jZeb lhc jheb, qlh ij_`^_. E^gZdh i_j_g_k_gb_ bf_gb dbff_jbcp_\ gZ jh^kl\_gguo bf ih dmevlmjghfm lbim kZdh\ fh]eh ijhbahclb b iha`_: dbff_jbcpu g_ h[YaZl_evgh ^he`gu [ueb hklZ\ZlvkY \ wlh \j_fY `b\hc j_Zevghklvx — ^hklZlhqgh [ueh khojZg_gbY \hkihfbgZgbc h gbo. Fh^h[gu_ kemqZb ^he]h]h kms_kl\h\ZgbY wlghgbfZ ihke_ bkq_agh\_gbY _]h j_Zevgh]h ghkbl_eY ohjhrh ba\_klgu. IZd, \baZglbcpu gZau\Zeb kdbnZfb ]mggh\, keZ\Yg b g_dhlhju_ ^jm]b_ gZjh^u kimklY fgh]b_ klhe_lbY ihke_ bkq_agh\_gbY j_Zevguo kdbnh\ ba kl_i_c Fjbq_jghfhjvY. ?lZd, fg_ dZ`_lkY gZb[he__ \_jhYlguf, qlh gZa\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ klZeh mihlj_[eYlvkY jZkrbjbl_evgh, \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v ^eY h[hagZq_gbY kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, ibkpZfb Dh\h\Z\behgkdh]h pZjkl\Z \ kZfhf dhgp_ VII beb VI \. ^h g. w. ;h\hjblv h ih^h[ghf mihlj_[e_gbb wlghgbfZ \ [he__ jZgg__ \j_fY, b hkh[_ggh \ Zkkbjbckdbo dZgp_eYjbYo, g_l hkgh\Zgbc. : ex[hf kemqZ_ g_dhjj_dlgh [ueh [u i_j_ghkblv \u\h^u, k^_eZggu_ gZ hkgh\Zgbb ZgZebaZ keh\hmihlj_[e_gbY l_dklh\ gh\h\Z\behgkdhc ibkph\hc ljZ^bpbb, gZ l_dklu, ij_^klZ\eYxsb_ kh\_jr_ggh bgmx gh\hZkkbjbckdmx ljZ^bpbx. :k_ wlh iha\heY_l kqblZlv, qlh, dh]^Z ZddZ^kdb_ bklhqgbdb VII \. ^h g. w. ]h\hjYl h dbff_jbcpZo beb kdbnZo, hgb bf_xl \ \b^m ]jmiim dhq_\gbdh\, dhlhjZY ^_ckl\bl_evgh gZau\ZeZ k_[Y khhl\_lkl\mxsbf l_jfbghf. Fhkdhevdm kdbnu b dbff_jbcpu \ wlbo bklhqgbdZo jZa]jZgbq_gu l_jjblhjbZevgh, \hagbdZ_l \hafh`ghklv jZa]jZgbq_gbY Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo iZfYlgbdh\, hklZ\e_gguo dbff_jbcpZfb b kdbnZfb. Ahg_qgh, fh`gh [ueh [u ij_^iheh`blv, qlh djhf_ wlbo ^\mo ]jmii _\jZabckdbo dhq_\gbdh\ \ F_j_^g_c 8abb ijbkmlkl\h\Zeb b ^jm]b_, g_ gZau\Z\rb_ k_[Y gb kdbnZfb, gb dbff_jbcpZfb. IZdh_ ij_^iheh`_gb_, h^gZdh, kh\_jr_ggh mfhajbl_evgh b ij_^klZ\eY_lkY baebrgbf. :h \kYdhf kemqZ_, ba\_klgu_ d gZklhYs_fm \j_f_gb ^hklZlhqgh fgh]hqbke_ggu_ bklhqgbdb mihfbgZxl lhevdh wlb ^\_ ]jmiiu, b lhevdh h gbo b fh`gh \k_jv_a ]h\hjblv ijb ZgZeba_ gZoh^hd «kdbnkdh]h lbiZ» \ ^Zgghf j_]bhg_. @H=?= 1.2             1.2.1 GKTB?JETBNGEB LK@MB>BJEY J= JKMUPJOBLB Jejnrnpne bpel_ m`g`d a{kn nosakhjnb`mn wer{pe wpegb{w`imn b`fm{u h b{p`ghrek|m{u jnlokejq`, opnhqund_yhu q repphrnphh =m`rnkhh. ?qe nmh _bk_~rq_ nqr`rj`lh jnwebmhweqjhu g`unpnmemhi. Ab` hg mhu nam`psfem{ m` `jpnonke Jnpxsmreoe, meond`kejs nr I`k`r|h b bepumel rewemhh Bbtp`r` 1. Lepbne opedqr`bk_er qnani meonrpebnfemmne jnmqjne g`unpnmemhe. G`lep`, b jnrnpni nmn qnbepxemn, hleer p`glep{ 3,50 × 2,20 l h b{qnrs njnkn 3 l. Be qrem{ rnkyhmni 0,50 – 0,60 l qknfem{ hg j`lm_ bqsus~, ` onk qnqrnhr hg oknrmn srp`lanb`mmncn qkn_ ckhm{, kef`yecn onbepu c`kewmncn qkn_. J` cksahme njnkn 70 ql nr bepumecn jp`_ j`lep{ kef`kh qjeker{ dbsu fepeavnb h dbsu qna`j, eye ophlepmn m` 20 – 30 ql cksafe — qjeker jna{k{. Chbnrm{e, nwebhdmn, a{kh sahr{ m` leqre oncpeaemh_ — upeaer jna{k{ oepepsakem q onlny|~ nam`psfemmni gdeq| fe qejhp{, ` ndhm hg fepeavnb a{k sahr sd`pnl jno|_ qn qrnpnm{ kno`rjh wepeg cpsd| 2 ("). 1; 2). Lncpeaemhe oepejp{rn qrpnemhel, jnrnpne d`rhpserq_ on m`und_yeiq_ b mel jep`lhje VII b. dn m. }. @. Gnqq`j onk`c`er, wrn p`gpsxemhe onqekemh_, j jnrnpnls ophm`dkefhr d`mmne gd`mhe, qb_g`mn q chaek|~ Pp`prs bn brnpni onknbhme VII b. dn m. }. h d`rhpser oncpeaemhe oepbni onknbhmni hkh qepedhmni }rncn qrnkerh_ 3. N`l bk`dekev oncpeaemm{u jnmei, nwebhdmn, b d`mmni j`lepe onunpnmem me a{k, b qb_gh q wel bnglnfm{ dbe hmrepoper`vhh d`mmncn qnnpsfemh_. Nnck`qmn ndmni hg mhu pew| lnfer hdrh n jemnr`te. =m`knchh r`jhl oncpeaemh_l m` p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u dnqr`rnwmn unpnxn hgbeqrm{. O`j, m`ophlep, b onkmnqr|~ p`qjno`mmnl p`mmeqjhtqjnl lnchk|mhje J`pr`m b G`a`pdhmn->`kj`phh nam`psfemn 4 jemnr`t`, qndepf`bxhu dnqr`rnwmn anc`r{i oncpea`k|m{i hmbemr`p| h g`unpnmemh_ jnmei (b ndmnl hg mhu nam`psfem qjeker ndmncn jnm_, b dpscnl rpeu) 4. Wrn opedonknfemhe lnfer naz_qmhr| h m`khwhe b jnlokejqe opedlernb bnnpsfemh_, mesleqrm{u b jnmqjnl oncpeaemhh, qnopnbnfd`bxel nqmnbmne g`unpnmemhe, ` r`jfe h rn, wrn qjeker{ jnmei onleyem{ me m` onks oncpea`k|mni j`lep{, ` gm`whrek|mn b{xe. Nnck`qmn dpscni hmrepoper`vhh, jnrnps~ opedk`c`er `brnp p`qjnonj R. R`sorl`mm, d`mmne qnnpsfemhe qb_g`mn q dpschl, m`und_yhlq_ m` p`qqrn_mhh 22 l j ~cn-~cn-bnqrnjs nr oepbncn. Nb_g| dbsu qnnpsfemhi sqr`m`bkhb`erq_ b oepbs~ nweped| m` nqmnb`mhh qundmni nphemr`vhh hu qrpnhrek|m{u nqr`rjnb. 1 Hauptmann 1983, 251–270; qp. Hauptmann 1972, 105 – 107; Öǧün 1978, 66; Öǧün 1978a, 648. Gnmqjhe g`unpnmemh_ me Hauptmann 1976, 72 –73; qp. Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 96 – 99, phq. 3. 2 Np. eye qnnayemhe n oncpeaemhh rpeu jnmei b nrdek|mnl u`p`jrepm{ dk_ sp`prqjhu oncpeaemhi, unr_ b mhu w`qrn m`un- qjhu g`unpnmemhi bngke depebmh Hhw j qebeps nr ngep` ?`m d_r jnmqjs~ sop_f|. 3 Kossack 1987, 63, qp. Hauptmann 1983, 269, Anm. 112. 4 >`rw`eb 1985, 38 – 44, O`a. 44 – 46; 49; 51–53; I`unpr{u (bngke L`rmnq`). G qnf`kemh~, mhj`jhu qbedemhi n oncpe- 1991, 40; =kejqeeb 1992, 50. qnnpsfemhh (bhdhln, aeg weknbeweqjncn qjeker`) qpedh sp`pr- a`k|mnl hmbemr`pe hkh u`p`jrepe qnnpsfemh_ me ophbndhrq_: 21 852,64 5. "$ 7. $&,#-!)* # N 852,84 851,75 851,90 851,91 9. &$-+& 851,84 GKJV 1 &# 851,98 852,59 1. #&%,%"# #&'- 851,99 &# 852,67 851,95 851,89 852,20 0 GKJV 2 851,94 1m Mhq. 1 Lk`m oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe. Gnmh 1 h 2 Ln Hauptmann 1983, Abb. 2 ?rnpne qnnpsfemhe opedqr`bk_er qnani jb`dp`rms~ j`leps p`glepnl ophlepmn 6 × 7 l h scksakemms~ ophlepmn m` 6 l ("). 3). Km` a{k` onqrpnem` m` j`lemmnl tsmd`lemre qn qrem`lh xhphmni nr 1,40 dn 2,50 l h njpsck{lh sck`lh. Nrem{ q`lni j`lep{ qknfem{ hg q{pvnb{u jhpohwei, ophwel m` spnbme ophlepmn 60 – 80 ql nr tsmd`lemr` b q{pvnbni qreme thjqhpserq_ qkni, qnqrn_yhi hg wepeojnb ohtnq`, bhdhln, sjpeok_~yhi jnmqrpsjvh~. Lncpea`k|m`_ j`lep` oepejp{b`k` ankee p`mm~~ cksanjs~ _ls, bnglnfmn, ophlem_bxs~q_ b jsk|rnb{u vek_u. Nsd_ on bqels, }r` _l` a{k` hqonk|gnb`m` dk_ qnnpsfemh_ nohq`mmni oncpea`k|mni onqrpnijh. Lph }rnl ee bepum__ w`qr| a{k` p`qxhpem` h b mei onqrpnem` scksakemm`_ oncpea`k|m`_ j`lep`. ? g`onkmemhh bepumei w`qrh _l{ opnqkefhb`~rq_ rph qkn_ j`l{x`, nwebhdmn, qb_g`mm{u q oncpea`k|m{l qnnpsfemhel. Jhfmhi qkni ophl{j`er j j`lemmnls tsmd`lemrs, brnpni p`qonknfem m` 0,50 – 0,80 l b{xe h rperhi m` 2,60 l b{xe brnpncn. Je_qmn, onkmnqr|~ kh j`lep` a{k` onleyem` b _ls hkh scksakem` khx| w`qrhwmn. ?epum__ w`qr| qnnpsfemh_ me thjqhpserq_ — bnglnfmn nm` a{k` p`gpsxem` ongdmeixhlh onqrpnij`lh (_l` h m`und_y`_q_ b mei j`lep` oepejp{r{ jsk|rspm{lh qkn_lh). Ln-bhdhlnls, b j`lepe m`undhknq| g`unpnmemhe, onkmnqr|~ p`gcp`akemmne eye b dpebmnqrh. ?msrph nam`psfem{ nqr`rjh weknbeweqjncn qjeker` h lmncnwhqkemm{e ok`qrhmjh fekegmncn wexsiw`rncn o`mvhp_, ` r`jfe tp`clemr{ fekegm{u rnonp` h mnf`. ?me j`lep{ m`undhkhq| wexsijh rncn fe o`mvhp_ h apnmgnb{i rpeu- 22 852,64 852,84 N 851,75 851,76 851,84 3. &'&( 851,70 851,75 852,59 6. "$ 851,75 8. (&%"!" 851,65 4. & 852,75 851,79  3 851,89 852,20 851,92 851,69 2. #&%,%"# #&'- 851,94 0 1m Mhq. 2 Lk`m oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe. Gnm| 3 Ln Hauptmann 1983, Abb. 3 kno`qrmni m`jnmewmhj qrpek{ q anjnb{l xhonl qjhtqjncn rho` 5. Ln lmemh~ R. R`sorl`mm`, }r` j`lep` a{k` opedm`gm`wem` dk_ g`unpnmemh_ bk`dek|v` knx`dei, oncpeaemm{u nrdek|mn. A`mmne opedonknfemhe, ndm`jn, me aeqqonpmn. Rnr_ b qjhtqjhu oncpeaemh_u qnopnbnfd`~yhe jnmqjhe g`unpnmemh_ h a{b`~r sd`kem{ nr jnqr_j` hu bk`dek|v` (w`qrn nmh kef`r, m`ophlep, s bund` b oncpea`k|ms~ j`leps, unr_ w`qrn h bmsrph q`lni j`lep{), nmh bqe fe m`und_rq_ b p`lj`u ndmncn oncpea`k|mncn qnnpsfemh_, jspc`m`. M`qqrn_mhe fe lefds dbsl_ g`unpnmemh_lh m` Jnpxsmreoe, j`j opedqr`bk_erq_, qkhxjnl bekhjn dk_ rncn, wrna{ hu lnfmn a{kn nrmnqhr| j edhmnls jnlokejqs. ? rn fe bpel_ na` qnnpsfemh_, on-bhdhlnls, deiqrbhrek|mn, a{kh onqrpnem{ b nwem| akhgjne bpel_, eqkh me ndmnbpelemmn. J`khwhe b nanhu opedlernb qjhtqjncn nakhj` (bn brnpnl qksw`e pew| hder khx| n edhmqrbemmnl m`jnmewmhje qrpek{, m`idemmnl bngke oncpea`k|mni j`lep{) sqhkhb`er d`mmne opedonknfemhe. Ln}rnls lnfmn dsl`r|, wrn pew| hder me n edhmnl jnlokejqe, ` n dbsu g`unpnmemh_u akhgjncn bpelemh, ndmn hg jnrnp{u a{kn jemnr`tnl. Kam`psfemm{i oph jnmqjhu g`unpnmemh_u hmbemr`p| bjk~w`k apnmgnb{e opedler{ jnmqjni sop_fh: jnk|w`r{e sdhk` q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh, o`knwjs-g`qrefjs, jnk|vn q ondbhfmni lstrni (s qjeker` 5 Hauptmann 1976, 73, Taf. 47, 6. 23 Mhq. 3 G`lep` brnpncn oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe Ln Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 54, 2 oepbncn fepeav`), qrpelewjnbhdm{e sdhk` h dbe opnmhgh, sjp`xemm{e cnknbj`lh cphtna`p`mnb (s qjeker` jna{k{). Gpnle rncn, gdeq| fe m`idem{ fekegm{e opedler{ bnnpsfemh_: rnonp, db` dkhmm{u m`jnmewmhj` jno|_, db` hgncmsr{u mnf` ("). 4). Ononp h ndmn hg jnohi, j`j sfe sonlhm`knq|, a{kh hqonk|gnb`m{ dk_ sahiqrb` oncpeaemm{u jnmei. T`qr| hmbemr`p_ d`mmncn oncpeaemh_ m`undhr akhgjhe `m`knchh b sp`prqjhu h g`j`bj`gqjhu l`reph`k`u. Wrn j`q`erq_ opefde bqecn u`p`jrepm{u jnk|w`r{u sdhk q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh, p`qopnqrp`memm{u b D`j`bj`g|e, Ep`me, ` g`rel h Pp`prs m`whm`_ q IX b. dn m. }. h b rewemhe VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. (ql. mhfe). J`idemm`_ bleqre q }rhlh sdhk`lh o`knwj`-g`qrefj`, on lmemh~ R. R`sorl`mm`, m`undhr dnqr`rnwmn akhgjhe `m`knchh b qjhtqjhu jnlokejq`u. Km sj`g{b`er `m`knchwm{e m`undjh b jspc`m`u Nr`px`_ lnchk` 6, Cspnbj` 406, 432 h 447 7, A`p|ebj` 8, Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk` 1 h 2 9 ("). 5). Nkedser, ndm`jn, g`lerhr|, wrn sj`g`mm{e opedler{ me bonkme qnnrberqrbs~r m`undje hg Jnpxsmreoe. Lpefde bqecn, bqe nmh qdek`m{ hg jnqrh, ` me hg apnmg{, h gm`whrek|mn nrkhw`~rq_ on tnple. Bye b`fmee, onf`ksi, wrn nmh hle~r hmne tsmjvhnm`k|mne m`gm`wemhe: bqe sj`g`mm{e R. R`sorl`mmnl opedler{ qksfhkh me }kelemr`lh jnmqjni qapsh, ` g`qrefj`lh jnkw`mnb, qnbleqrmn q nqr`rj`lh jnrnp{u nmh h m`idem{ b oncpeaemh_u 10. Os fe tsmjvh~ b{onkm_kh h j`lemm{e g`qrefjh qundmni tnpl{, jnrnp{e nam`psfem{ b p_de oncpeaemhi Nebepmncn G`bj`g` (~fm`_ lnchk` jspc`m` 1 h jspc`m 9 s usrnp` Gp`qmne gm`l_) 11. Lndnam{e g`qrefjh hg apnmg{ hkh j`lm_ hgbeqrm{ h b Ep`me 12. =m`knchwm{e g`qrefjh 6 Ikkimq|j` 1951, 201, r`a. II, 1; Ikkimq|j` 1968, r`a. 2, 1. 7 Ek|hmqj`_ 1975, r`a. 8, 7; 12, 4,14. 8 Ek|hmqj`_ 1975, r`a. 34, 16 –17. 9 Ek|hmqj`_, Ingnkebqjhi, Oepemnfjhm 1980, 36, phq. 6, 38; g`qrefj` hg Nr`pxni lnchk{ hgcnrnbkem` hg apnmg{. Nl. qbndjs ondnam{u g`qrefej nr cnphrnb: Tepmemjn 1981, 36 – 42, 144 –145, phq. 22 –25. 11 Lerpemjn 1983, 46, phq. 61– 63. 12 Ghirshman 1939, 59, pl. XXIX, 6,7; Herzfeld 1941, 142, 14, 10,20. 10 Ikkimq|j` 1951, 201, r`a. II, 1; Ek|hmqj`_ 1968, 25; Ek|hm- fig. 258; Kossack 1989, 119. Np. r`jfe m`undjs o`p{ `m`knchw- qj`_ 1975, 23, 25, 26, r`a. 8, 7; 12, 4,14; Ek|hmqj`_, Ingn- m{u g`qrefej hg j`lm_ b qkne m`w`k` VII b. dn m. }. @npdhnm`: kebqjhi, Oepemnfjhm 1980, 36, 43– 44, phq. 6, 38; 14, 10,20. Anderson 1980, 336, Nr. 151, fig. 21. @. Gnqq`j (Kossack 1987, Abb. 27, 33) nxhanwmn sj`g{b`er, wrn 24 5 1 2 6 3 4 7 8a 8b 9 10 Mhq. 4 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe. 1– 4, 10. Cekegn; 5 – 9. >pnmg` Ln Hauptmann 1983, Abb. 4 25 1 2 4 3 5 7 6 8 9 10 11 13 12 14 16 15 17 18 20 19 21 22 Mhq. 5 M`mmeqjhtqjhe g`qrefjh cnphrnb. 1. Nr`px`_ lnchk`; 2. >eknckhmj`; 3. Lpsqq{; 4. Cspnbj` 447; 5, 16. Cspnbj` 432; 6, 19, 20. Cspnbj` 406; 7. Oph >p`r`; 8. Kqm_ch; 9, 10. A`p|ebj`; 11. Lepea{jnbv{; 12. Gniqsch; 13–15. Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 17. Hsjh; 18. Gnl`pnbqjhi lnchk|mhj; 21. Wxj`jnm 4; 22. D`keq|e. Gnqr| Ln Tepmemjn 1981, phq. 24 hqonk|gnb`khq| h dk_ jpeokemh_ lew` m` on_qe. Egnap`femh_ r`jhu opedlernb hgbeqrm{ m` `qqhphiqjhu pek|et`u N`pcnm` II (bqe hgnap`femm{e oepqnm`fh p`gnpsfem{, on}rnls g`qrefj` h bhdm`) 13 ("). 6). Gpnle rncn, r`jni opedler hg qknmnbni jnqrh m`idem bleqre q lewnl b cpnamhve 3 q`k`lhmqjncn mejpnonk_ m` Ghope (bhdhln, jnmev VII b. dn m. }.) 14. Ln-bhdhlnls, gm`whrek|mn akhfe o`knwjeg`qrefje hg Jnpxsmreoe apnmgnb{e g`qrefjh q opnpeg|~, jnrnp{e a{kh nam`psfem{ bleqre q sdhk`lh rncn fe rho` (jnk|w`r{e q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh) b I`knl jspc`me b Ihk|qjn-G`p`a`uqjni qreoh 15 ("). 7, 1, 5) h b Ihmcew`spqjhu jspc`m`u 16 ("). 73, 2, 3, 5, 6). Nkedser ondwepjmsr|, wrn o`knwjhg`qrefjh q opnpeg|~, hqonk|gsel{e j`j }kelemr{ qapsh, nqnaemmn xhpnjn p`qopnqrp`mem{ hlemmn b o`l_rmhj`u D`j`bj`g|_, cde nmh bqrpew`~rq_ bleqre q jnmqjni sgdni q XIII b. dn m. }. 17 Gpnle rncn, b mejnrnp{u p`mmeqjhtqjhu jspc`m`u Nebepmncn G`bj`g` ondnam{e apnmgnb{e g`qrefjh-o`knwjh r`jfe hmncd` hqonk|gnb`khq| b jnmqjni sgde (nmh nam`psfem{ bleqre qn qrpelewjnbhdm{lh sdhk`lh) 18, wrn, 13 Botta, Flandin 1849, pl. 106; 107; 123 –133; 136. Egd`mm{e 14 Karageorghis 1967, 38, Nr. 96, pl. XLV; LXXIX. gdeq| pek|et{ hg dbnpv` N`pcnm` b Asp-U`ppsjhme bnqopn- 15 Eeqqem 1965, 27. 16 =qk`mnb, ?`hdnb, Enme 1959, r`a. XXXIX, 2; XL, 1,5; hgbnd_rq_ r`jfe b hgd`mhh Albenda 1986. ? nqmnbe }rncn hgW. Qk`md`m`, b mejnrnp{u qksw`_u hle~yhe megm`whrek|m{e Kossack 1983, Abb. 20, 7. 17 Kossack 1989, 119 –121, qn qq{kjni m` oncpeaemhe XIII b. p`qunfdemh_ q b{onkmemm{lh on mhl cp`b~p`lh, bnqopn- dn m. }. s G`pekh akhg @nph h ankee ongdmhe o`l_rmhjh (>ex- d`mh_ kef`r nam`psfemm{e `brnpnl nphchm`k{ phqsmjnb hgbedemm{lh b hgd`mhh 1849 c. Ddeq| fe nosakhjnb`m{ tnrn- r`xemh b Oph`kerh, G`k`jemr, G`p`ask`j, >`kksj`_, Rndf`- cp`thh melmnchu svekebxhu pek|etnb Asp-U`ppsjhm` (nqr`k|m{e srnmskh b U`rr-}k|-=p`a oph rp`mqonprhpnbje k{). Np. mhfe. 18 Lerpemjn 1983, 46, phq. 47; Tepmemjn 1981, 42, phq. 25, 8,9; b 1855 c.). Lerpemjn 1990, 68; I`unpr{u 1991, 53. 26 Mhq. 6 =qqhphiqjhi pek|et hg dbnpv` N`pcnm` II b Asp-U`ppsjhme (onleyemhe 6) Ln Albenda 1986, pl. 68 – 69 bnglnfmn, naz_qm_erq_ g`j`bj`gqjhl bkh_mhel. O`jhl nap`gnl, hqonk|gnb`mhe apnmgnbni o`knwjhg`qrefjh b sgde jnm_ hg Jnpxsmreoe _bk_erq_ qjnpee g`j`bj`gqjni weprni, unr_ nmn hgbeqrmn h b p`mmeqjhtqjni qpede. J`idemm{e gdeq| fe m`jnmewmhjh jnohi R. R`sorl`mm r`jfe qwhr`k qjhtqjhlh, sj`g{b`_ b j`weqrbe akhf`ixei `m`knchh m`undjh b Gekepleqqjnl jspc`me 19. Lpedqr`bk_erq_, ndm`jn, wrn sj`g`mm{e E. J. Iedbedqjni sp`prqjhe jno|_ hg Onop`jj`ke ("). 8, 1) h lnchk|mhj` Rpr`mnv` b =plemhh (nxhanwmn sj`g`m G`plhp->ksp j`j leqrn m`undjh jnohi) 20 ("). 8, 2) on opnonpvh_l h tnple pnlahweqjncn oep` gm`whrek|mn akhfe j m`undj`l m` Jnpxsmreoe. Kdm`jn sonl_msr{i e~ m`jnmewmhj jno|_ hg >`qr`l` 21 qkhxjnl l`k on p`gleps h hleer qkhxjnl jnpnrjs~ brskjs. =m`knchwm{e fekegm{e jno|_ q ankee hkh lemee _pjn b{p`femm{lh sck`lh oph oepeunde nr oep` jn brskje unpnxn hgbeqrm{, jpnle Rpr`mnv`, h b dpschu o`l_rmhj`u m` repphrnphh =plemhh, nrmnq_yhuq_ j VII b. dn m. }. (J`bsp, Tnp`r`m, Ahkhf`m h dp.) 22 ("). 8, 3– 6). Egbeqrm{ nmh b D`j`bj`g|e h qebepmnl Ep`me h b ankee p`mmee bpel_ 23. >khgjh on tnple m`jnmewmhj`l jnohi hg Jnpxsmreoe r`jfe m`jnmewmhjh hg G`k`jemr` (L`p`dhqteqrsmc, oncpeaemhe 3), ndm`jn nmh lem|xe on p`gleps 24. M`mmeqjhtqjhe jno|_, bjk~w`_ jekepleqqjhe (lnfmn sj`g`r| eye jno|_ hg jspc`mnb Nr`px`_ lnchk`, Cspnbj` 406, Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk` 1 h 2 h dp.) ("). 8, 7 – 11), hle~r ankee ok`bm{e nwepr`mh_ oep` h ankee xhpnjs~ 19 Hauptmann 1983, 263 qn qq{kjni: Iek~jnb` 1964, 37 qk, 105, 224, r`a. 12, 8,9. 20 Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 99, qp. Wartke 1990, 123 –125, Abb. 31, fe dpsche `m`knchh. 21 Kroll 1988, 58, Abb. 2, 6, Taf. 37, 2. 22 Bq`_m 1966, 18, r`ak. I, 7,8; Bq`_m 1976, r`ak. 116, 1–7. 23 Lncpeanb` 1977, 74 –77. Taf. XXXVIII, b,c; I`prhpnq_m 1964, 270, phq. 105, 1,2, gdeq| 24 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 54, Taf. 5, 10,11. r`a. 12, 14 (nrdek 1, rho 2). Np. @`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, 102 – 27 2 1 3 4 5 6 Mhq. 7 >pnmgnb{e opedler{ hg oncpeaemh_ I`kncn jspc`m` (=gepa`idf`m). 1. Pdhk` h oq`khh; 2. Q`k`p; 3. Gnknjnk|whj; 4. J`jnmewmhj qrpek{; 5. D`qrefj`; 6. Gnmqjhi m`knamhj Ln Eeqqem 1965, phq. 10 –12 28 0 1 6 3 2 4 5 0 0 7 8 9 6 0 9 6 6 10 11 Mhq. 8 Cekegm{e m`jnmewmhjh jnohi. 1. Onop`jj`ke; 2. Rpr`mnv; 3. J`bsp; 4. Tnp`r`m; 5, 6. Ahkhf`m; 7. Nr`px`_ lnchk`; 8. Gekepleq; 9, 10. Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 11. I`jeebj` 491 Ln Wartke 1993, Taf. 24 (1); I`prhpnq_m 1964, 272, phq. 105, 2 (2); Bq`_m 1976, phq. 116, 1,2,4,6 (3– 6); Iek~jnb` 1964, r`a. 12, 8,10 (7, 11); @`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, O`a. 12, 9 (8); Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 247 (9, 10) 29 3 2 5 1 4 6 7 8 10 9 11 13 12 14 16 17 15 0 21 10 20 18 0 19 Mhq. 9 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ B 10a, β 6 Ahmu`-reoe II Ln Muscarella 1974, fig. 36 30 5 1 3 2 7 4 9 8 10 19 14 22 21 27 31 18 15 20 25 12 11 17 16 13 6 5 23 28 24 29 30 26 32 33 34 35 36 Mhq. 10 Gnqr_m{e }kelemr{ jnmqjni sgd{ (opnmhgh h m`jnmewmhjh oq`khi) hg Gekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb 1 h 2 ?eqeknbqjncn Ln Kossack 1987, Abb. 18, 20, 21 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 13 12 15 16 17 20 18 21 22 23 24 19 28 26 27 25 29 30 31 33 32 34 35 36 37 Mhq. 11 Embemr`p| ~fmncn oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 1 s usr. Gp`qmne Dm`l_. 1– 11, 16, 20, 25, 26, 29, 32, 33. >pnmg`; 12, 13, 17, 22, 30. Gnqr|; 14, 15. G`lem|; 18, 19. Nepeapn; 21. M`jnbhm` j`sph; 23, 24, 27, 28. Dnknrn; 31. Gnqr| h gnknrn; 34. Cekegn; 35 – 38. @khm` Ln Lerpemjn 1983, 47; Lerpemjn b oew`rh 32 38 2 3 4 5 6 11 12 13 1 7 14 8 16 17 9 10 15 18 19 Mhq. 12 Pgdewm{e m`anp{ h m`jnmewmhjh qrpek qjhtqjncn rho` hg G`plhp->ksp`. 1– 6. Gnmqj`_ sgdewj` hg onleyemh_ 25; 7 –10. Pgdewj` jnm_, onchaxecn oph xrsple jpeonqrh; 11–18. Gnmqj`_ sgdewj` hg onleyemh_ 18; 19. J`jnmewmhjh qrpek. 1, 2, 16. Cekegn; 3– 9, 11–14, 17, 19. >pnmg`; 10. Nepeapn; 15, 18. Gnqr| Ln Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 37 33 brskjs. Ln}rnls opedqr`bk_erq_, wrn jno|_, j`j h sdhk` q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh, dnkfm{ a{r| nrmeqem{ j sp`prqjni hkh g`j`bj`gqjni w`qrh hmbemr`p_ oncpeaemh_. J`und_yhiq_ b lnchke rnonp r`jfe m`undhr akhf`ixhe `m`knchh b g`j`bj`gqjn-hp`mqjhu, ` me qjhtqjhu, l`reph`k`u, b w`qrmnqrh, b ndmnl hg oncpeaemhi m` Ahmu`-reoe II, jnrnpne, bepn_rmn, d`rhpserq_ IX b. dn m. }. (oncpeaemhe B 10a, β 6) 25 ("). 9, 8). ? }rnl oncpeaemhh, jpnle qejhp{, nam`psfemn r`jfe jno|e akhgjncn jno|_l hg Jnpxsmreoe rho`, ` r`jfe opedler{ jnmqjni sgd{ h meonkm{i p`qwkememm{i qjeker knx`dh ("). 9, 2, 21). Egncmsr{e mnfh r`jfe u`p`jrepm{ hlemmn dk_ sp`prqjhu h g`j`bj`gqjhu o`l_rmhjnb h me m`und_r qeae akhgjhu `m`knchi b p`lj`u p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ 26. Oel me lemee b hmbemr`pe hle~rq_ h beq|l` u`p`jrepm{e opedler{, ophm`dkef`yhe qjhtqjnls jpscs beyei. Wrn opefde bqecn apnmgnb{e qrpelewjnbhdm{e sdhk` h apnmgnb{e opnmhgh, b{onkmemm{e b gbephmnl qrhke. Lpnmhgh hle~r tnpls cphtna`p`m` q jpsck{l ck`gnl, nap`lk_~yhl ecn qmhgs pncnl, hle~yhl m` qeae teqrnmw`r{i npm`lemr, h sunl, p`qonknfemm{l bngke ck`g`. ?qe der`kh ry`rek|mn opnp`anr`m{. >pnmgnb{e sdhk` rncn fe rho`, wrn m` Jnpxsmreoe, na{wm{ m` p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u: nmh nam`psfem{ b jspc`m`u s usrnp` =kejqeebqjhi, b Gekepleqqjhu jspc`m`u, p`qjno`mm{u ?eqeknbqjhl h Usk|vel, ` r`jfe b C`anrhmqjhu 2 h 524, Oemerhmj` 183, Nr`px`_ lnchk`, Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk` 1 h 2, @sk_i cnpnd 38 h lmnchu dpschu. >pnmgnb{e opnmhgh b bhde cnknb cphtna`p`mnb me hle~r qrnk| akhgjhu `m`knchi. Eu ophm`dkefmnqr| p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rspe me b{g{b`er, ndm`jn, mh l`keixhu qnlmemhi. Egnap`femh_ cphtna`p`m`, onley`bxheq_, j`j op`bhkn, m` opedler`u jnmqjni sgd{ (opnmhg_u hkh njnmw`mh_u oq`kheb), _bk_~rq_ ndmhl hg q`l{u _pjhu ophgm`jnb p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Lph }rnl nmh u`p`jrepm{ hlemmn dk_ bnqrnwmnebpnoeiqjhu qreoei h keqnqreoei, me p`qopnqrp`m__q| m` bnqrnj d`kee repphrnphh q`bpnl`rqjni jsk|rsp{ 27. Lnf`ksi, m`hankee akhgjh j opnmhg_l hg Jnpxsmreoe opnmhgh h m`jnmewmhjh oq`kheb, opnhqund_yhe hg Gekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb 1 h 2, p`qjno`mm{u ?eqeknbqjhl ("). 10 ) 28. Kmh akhgjh me rnk|jn on tnple, mn h on nrdek|m{l der`k_l, b w`qrmnqrh, on sjp`xemh~ pnc` teqrnmw`r{l npm`lemrnl. Lp`bd`, m` jekepleqqjhu bey`u r`jni npm`lemr sjp`x`er bepum~~ w`qr| pnc` cphtna`p`m`, ` me m`undhrq_ ond ecn ck`gnl, j`j m` opnmhg_u hg Jnpxsmreoe. J`hankee qsyeqrbemm{l p`gkhwhel lefds }rhlh bey`lh _bk_erq_ hu l`reph`k — jekepleqqjhe beyh hgcnrnbkem{ hg jnqrh, rncd` j`j opnmhgh hg Jnpxsmreoe apnmgnb{e. Gnqr_m`_ opnmhg| b bhde cnknb{ cphtna`p`m` nam`psfem` r`jfe b jspc`me 1 s usrnp` Gp`qmne Dm`l_ (~fmne oncpeaemhe), jnrnp{i, bhdhln, nrmnqhrq_ j jekepleqqjnls oephnds ("). 11, 22) 29. >pnmgnb{e opnmhgh b bhde cphtna`p`mnb hgbeqrm{ m` ankee ongdmhu o`l_rmhj`u (Cspnbj` 407 30, @sk_i cnpnd 38 31, D`u`peijnb` lnchk` 1 32, Lnonbj` 9 h 10 33), ndm`jn hu tnpl` cnp`gdn quel`rhwmee. Lndnam`_ quel`rhwm`_ apnmgnb`_ opnmhg| a{k` m`idem` h m` G`plhp->kspe 34 ("). 12, 6). Gpnle rncn, ondnam`_ quel`rhwm`_ apnmgnb`_ opnmhg| up`mhrq_ b lsgee Ierpnonkhrem b J|~-Fnpje ("). 13) 35. Onwmne leqrn ee m`undjh mehgbeqrmn — nm` a{k` ophnaperem` W. Repvtek|dnl b R`l`d`me b Ep`me. N opnmhg_lh hg Jnpxsmreoe lnfmn qnonqr`bhr| r`jfe opnhqun- 25 Muscarella 1974, 64 – 67, fig. 36; Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 99 m`undjh m` G`plhp->kspe (Hauptmann 1983, 264) cnp`gdn (q nxhanwm{l sj`g`mhel m` ophm`dkefmnqr| oncpeaemh_ d`k|xe nr opnmhgei hg Jnpxsmreoe on tnple h npm`lem- qkn~ Ahmu` III). 26 Lhnrpnbqjhi 1950, 37, phq. 17; Kroll 1988, 156, Abb. 1, 1; r`vhh. G rnls fe nmh hgcnrnbkem{ hg jnqrh, ` me apnmg{. 29 Lerpemjn 1983, phq. 20. Wartke 1990, 103 –109, Abb. 24; I`prhpnq_m 1964, 270, 30 Ek|hmqj`_ 1975, 24, r`a. X, 10,11. 31 Ek|hmqj`_ 1975, 14, r`a. II, 30,31. 32 Ek|hmqj`_, Ingnkebqjhi, Oepemnfjhm 1980, 61, phq. 36, phq. 105, 3–5; I`prhpnq_m 1967, 232, phq. 6; Aebedf_m 1981, 62, r`ak. XXIII, 3,5; qp. Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 97 – 99. 27 Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 88 – 90; Lncpeanb`, M`ebqjhi 1992, 128 – 135, q bngbedemhel d`mmncn lnrhb` j ksphqr`mqjhl apnmg`l. 28 @`k`mhm` 1983, r`a. 8, 1,2,5,6,22,23; 9, 8; Galanina 1985, Taf. 8, 1,2,5,6,22,23; 9, 8; Kossack 1987, Abb. 18, 15,23,24,37; @`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, 124 –129, r`a. 21, 174 –177,183,184; 22, 239. Pj`g{b`el{e R. R`sorl`mmnl b j`weqrbe `m`knchi 34 1,2. 33 Ek|hmqj`_ 1968, 59 – 60, r`a. LII, 1,11. 34 Lhnrpnbqjhi 1952, 37. 35 Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 503. Np. Herzfeld 1941, 271, fig. 374. Mhq. 13 >pnmgnb`_ opnmhg| hg lsge_ Ierpnonkhrem, J|~-Fnpj Ln Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 503 d_ys~ hg G`plhp->ksp` pncnbs~ cnknbjs cphtna`p`m` q jk~bnl, sjp`xemm{l teqrnmw`r{l npm`lemrnl ("). 14, 11) 36. J`p_ds q sdhk`lh qn qrpelewjnbhdm{lh njnmw`mh_lh, apnmgnb{e opnmhgh b bhde cnknbnj cphtna`p`mnb hg Jnpxsmreoe _bk_~rq_ m`hankee _pjhl ophgm`jnl, ongbnk_~yhl `rphasrhpnb`r| }rnr jnlokejq mnqhrek~ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Nsd_ on bqels, d`mm{i }kelemr l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ p`mmhu jnwebmhjnb, b nrkhwhe nr p_d` dpschu, me a{k g`hlqrbnb`m oepedme`gh`rqjhlh m`pnd`lh h lnfer qwhr`r|q_ m`defm{l dh`cmnqrhps~yhl ophgm`jnl hlemmn p`mmeqjhtqjni `puenknchweqjni jsk|rsp{. >nkee rncn, b p`lj`u q`lni }rni jsk|rsp{ nm r`jfe ncp`mhwem upnmnknchweqjh — ondnam{e opedler{ mehgbeqrm{ m` o`l_rmhj`u q`lncn p`mmecn, f`anrhmqjncn, }r`o` h bund_r b sonrpeakemhe khx| m` jekepleqqjnl }r`oe. Kmh hqonk|gnb`khq| h b qkeds~yhi oephnd p`gbhrh_ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ (rperhi }r`o on quele @. Gnqq`j` – E. J. Iedbedqjni), ` g`rel b{xkh hg sonrpeakemh_. Lph }rnl dk_ onqkedmecn oephnd` u`p`jrepm{ qhk|mn quel`rhghpnb`mm{e, w`qrn hgcnrnbkemm{e hg apnmg{, cnknbjh cphtna`p`mnb, rncd` j`j `m`knchh der`khg`vhh cnknbnj hg Jnpxsmreoe h hu npm`lemrs opnhqund_r hlemmn hg jekepleqqjncn }r`o` (unr_ nqr`k|m{e ondnam{e opedler{ qdek`m{ hg jnqrh). O`jhl nap`gnl, «qjhtqj`_» w`qr| jnlokejq` beyei jnmqjncn oncpeaemh_ hg Jnpxsmreoe lnfer a{r| nrmeqem` hlemmn j jekepleqqjnls oephnds p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Gpnle oepewhqkemm{u m`undnj b oncpeaemhh hg Jnpxsmreoe nam`psfem eye ndhm opedler jnmqjni sop_fh — apnmgnbne jnk|vn q naknl`mni ondbhfmni lstrni. A`mm{i }kelemr hmbemr`p_ — edhmqrbemm{i b oncpeaemhh, jnrnp{i lnfer a{r| qb_g`m q opedqjhtqjni jsk|rspni rho` Jnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. Aeiqrbhrek|mn, ondnam{e jnk|v` bqrpew`~rq_ b jnlokejq`u }rncn rho`, b rnl whqke h b reu, jnrnp{e bjk~w`~r }kelemr{ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Kqnaemmn p`qopnqrp`mem{ ondnam{e m`undjh m` Nebepmnl G`bj`ge. O`j, nmh nam`psfem{ b oncpeaemh_u s Heplnmrnbqjncn p`gzegd` h s usrnp` =kejqeebqjhi 37 (na` jnlokejq` hle~r b qbnel qnqr`be p`mmeqjhtqjhe beyh), b Lxhxqjnl jk`de 38 (q dbsjnk|w`r{lh sdhk`lh), b jspc`me P`xuhrs 39 h dpschu. ?qrpew`~rq_ nmh r`jfe h b ongdmemnbnwepj`qqjhu o`l_rmhj`u m` repphrnphh Heqnqreoh (>sremjh h Gbhrjh) 40 h ophwepmnlnpqjhu qreoei (Lpenap`femqjne, =jq`i) 41 ("). 15; 16, 26 – 27). Bye b 60-e cnd{ =. J. Iekemr|eb opedonknfhk, wrn ondnam{e jnk|v` qksfhkh dk_ qjpeokemh_ jnmqjni sop_fh q _plnl jnkeqmhv{. Lph }rnl, m` nqmnb`mhh u`p`jrep` hgmnq` jnkev, nam`psfemm{u bleqre q dpschlh opedler`lh jnmqjni sop_fh b qnqr`be =jq`iqjncn jk`d`, nm opedonknfhk, wrn ondnam{e opedler{ g`jpeok_khq| m` _ple b beprh36 Lhnrpnbqjhi 1950, 96, phq. 64. @. Gnqq`j (Kossack 1987, Abb. 25, 4) nxhanwmn sj`g{b`er, wrn nm` qdek`m` hg apnmg{. 37 Eeqqem 1954, 117 –123; Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 20 –23. 38 Wpkhu 1991, phq. 5. 39 Wpkhu 1990, 60; Wpkhu 1994, 27, 32 – 33, r`a. 5, 26 –27. 40 Gnbo`memjn 1962, 67, phq. 2, 1,2; Gnbo`memjn, @so`kn 1984, 45, phq. 6, 12. 41 Nbndjs m`undnj ql. Wpkhu 1994, 32 – 33, 46 – 47; ?`k|w`j 1997`, 40 –56. 35 j`k|mnl onknfemhh jnk|vnl jbepus 42. J` }rs hmrepoper`vh~ me nap`y`knq| dnkfmncn bmhl`mh_ dn reu onp, onj` ?. M. Wpkhu me nam`psfhk db` ondnam{u jnk|v` oph p`qjnoj`u jspc`m` P`xuhrs b =d{cee, cde nmh a{kh m`idem{ bleqre q werbepjni knx`dei h nqr`rj`lh jnkeqmhv{. J` nqmnb`mhh }rni m`undjh ?. M. Wpkhu bepmskq_ j opedonknfemh~ =. J. Iekemr|eb` h, m` lni bgck_d, qnbepxemmn qop`bedkhbn jnmqr`rhpnb`k, wrn ondnam{e apnmgnb{e jnk|v` qksfhkh w`qr|~ jnkeqmhwmni sop_fh, ` me qapsh bepunb{u jnmei 43. Lph }rnl nm, ndm`jn, jnkeakerq_ b nopedekemhh tsmjvhnm`k|mncn m`gm`wemh_ }rhu jnkev. Mex`~yhl `pcslemrnl b onk|gs hqrnkjnb`mh_ ondnam{u jnkev j`j der`kei jnkeqmhwmni sop_fh bnnaye (?. M. Wpkhu) h hu hqonk|gnb`mh_ dk_ qjpeokemh_ qapsh q _plnl b w`qrmnqrh (=. J. Iekemr|eb) _bk_~rq_, j qnf`kemh~, me hqonk|gnb`mm{e sonl_msr{lh `brnp`lh m`undjh opejp`qmn qnup`mhbxhuq_ jnkeqmhv q g`op_femm{lh b mhu knx`d|lh b mejpnonke N`k`lhm` (Ghop). >nc`reixhe oncpeaemh_ q jnkeqmhv`lh m` q`k`lhmqjnl mejpnonke d`rhps~rq_ lefds onqkedmei werbepr|~ VIII h jnmvnl VII bb. dn m. }. 44 Npedh ler`kkhweqjhu der`kei jnkeqmhv, m`idemm{u bleqre q unpnxn qnup`mhbxhlhq_ b p_de qksw`eb depeb_mm{lh der`k_lh, nam`psfemn ank|xne jnkhweqrbn jnkev (j`j apnmgnb{u, r`j h fekegm{u). Eu m`undjh bleqre q nqr`rj`lh _pl` jnkeqmhv{ qbhderek|qrbs~r n rnl, wrn nmh jpeohkhq| j }rnls _pls, ophwel g`jpeok_khq| m` mel beprhj`k|mn, j`j h opedonk`c`k =. J. Iekemr|eb. Lph }rnl jnk|v` _pl` hgbeqrm{ b meqjnk|jhu p`gmnbhdmnqr_u. Jejnrnp{e hg mhu feqrjn g`jpeok_khq| b beprhj`k|mnl onknfemhh, ndm`jn b ank|xhmqrbe qksw`eb jnk|v` hle~r lstrs, g`bepx`~ys~q_ xr{pel, jnrnp{i sjpeok_kq_ b depeb_mmnl _ple. Gnk|vn, r`jhl nap`gnl, g`jpeok_knq| qbnandmn. ? mejnrnp{u qksw`_u jnk|vn hleer lstrs aeg xr{p_, jnrnp`_, b qbn~ nweped|, qjpeok_k`q| q g`jpeok_bxhlq_ m` _ple xr{pel hkh cbngdel — r`jhe jnk|v` m`hankee akhgjh ophwepmnlnpqjhl 45 ("). 17; 18). Nkedser, ndm`jn, nrlerhr|, wrn b meonrpebnfemmnl oncpeaemhh hg Jnpxsmreoe mer mhj`jhu qbhderek|qrb m`khwh_ jnkeqmhv{ hkh rncn, wrn oncpeaemm{e gdeq| jnmh opedm`gm`w`khq| dk_ g`op_fjh b mee, ` me dk_ bepunbni egd{. Gpnle rncn, lstr` m` }rnl jnk|ve naknl`m` h b jnlokejqe nmn opedqr`bkemn khx| b edhmqrbemmnl }jgelok_pe, rncd` j`j b jnlokejq`u, cde r`jhe jnk|v` hqonk|gnb`khq| dk_ jnkeqmhwmni sop_fh, nmh bqecd` bqrpew`~rq_ b o`pe 46. Infmn opedonknfhr| on}rnls, wrn b oncpeaemhh hg Jnpxsmreoe d`mmne jnk|vn hqonk|gnb`knq| me on oepbnm`w`k|mnls m`gm`wemh~, ophwel r`jnls hqonk|gnb`mh~ me lex`kn nrqsrqrbhe m` mel nrknl`mmni ophbeqjh. Wrn opedonknfemhe naz_qmhkn a{ h ecn ankee `pu`hwm{i nakhj on qp`bmemh~ q nqr`k|m{lh }kelemr`lh jnlokejq`. J`qjnk|jn hgbeqrmn, oncpeaemhe m` Jnpxsmreoe _bk_erq_ edhmqrbemm{l jnlokejqnl, cde ondnamne jnk|vn bqrpewemn bleqre q opedler`lh jekepleqqjncn }r`o` p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. ?opnwel, m`undjh jnkeqmhv m` Ghope onj`g{b`~r, wrn ondnam{e jnk|v` hqonk|gnb`khq| b sop_fh jnkeqmhv me rnk|jn b ebp`ghiqjhu qreo_u, mn h b Lepedmei =ghh (op`bd`, onj` b dpschu p`inm`u nmh me hdemrhthvhpnb`m{ j`j der`kh jnkeqmhv), ophwel hgbeqrm{ nmh gdeq| h b opedek`u VII b. dn m. }. Infmn opedonk`c`r| on}rnls, wrn jnk|vn hg Jnpxsmreoe ophm`dkefhr me qreomni, ` leqrmni w`qrh hmbemr`p_ oncpeaemh_. Qnpl` sjpeokemmni m` lstre der`kh, jnrnp`_ lnck` a{ srnwmhr| opnhqunfdemhe d`mmncn opedler`, mehgbeqrm`, onqjnk|js nm` me qnup`mhk`q|. O`jhl nap`gnl, bnbqe me na_g`rek|mn qb_g{b`r| }rnr opedler q jsk|rspni rho` Jnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`, h sf bn bq_jnl qksw`e ecn m`undj` b jnlokejqe oepbni onknbhm{ VII b. dn m. }. mhj`j me lnfer d`rhpnb`r| o`l_rmhjh }rncn rho` rel fe bpelemel, j`j qwhr`er ?. M. Wpkhu 47. Aeiqrbhrek|mn, m` Jnpxsmreoe jnk|vn nam`psfemn b qnqr`be jnlokejq`, bjk~w`~yecn u`p`jrepm{e opedler{ ankee ongdmecn, jekepleqqjncn, nakhj`, h beq| jnlokejq dnkfem d`rhpnb`r|q_ on qbnhl m`hankee ongdmhl qnqr`bk_~yhl. 42 Iekemr|eb 1967, 42 – 44. 43 Wpkhu 1990, 59 – 60; Wpkhu 1994, 38 – 41. 44 Lsakhj`vh~ ql. Dikaios 1963, 126 –210 (cpnamhv` 1); sjpeokem{ m` jp`_u g`cmsr{u jbepus jnmvnb _pl` h wepeg mhu, Karageorghis 1967 (cpnamhv{ 2, 3, 47, 50); Karageorghis 1973, 4 –121 (cpnamhv` 79). Np. Karageorghis 1975, 32 –154. ghis 1967, 82 – 84, 87, Nr. 66 – 69, 98 –102, pl. LXXXV; CXLIII. 45 O`jhe jnk|v` hqonk|gnb`m{, m`ophlep, b jnkeqmhve B hg cpnamhv{ 79, g`op_c`bxeiq_ werbepjni jnmei. Kmh a{kh 36 nwebhdmn, opnundhk onbnd ophqr_fm{u jnmei: Karageorghis 1973, 30, Nr. 220 / 8A, pl. LXXIX; CCLIV, fig. 10. Np. Karageor46 Wpkhu 1994, 41. 47 Wpkhu 1994, 91. 11 10 3 13 12 4 5 14 1 8 6 9 2 7 0 9 15 16 Mhq. 14 Egdekh_ «qjhtqjncn» rho` hg G`plhp->ksp`. 1– 6, 10, 11, 13. Gnqr|; 7 – 9, 12, 14. >pnmg`; 15, 16. Cekegn Ln Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 35 37 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 Mhq. 15 >pnmgnb{e jnk|v` q lstrni. 1, 2. «Lxhxqjhi jk`d» 1988 c.; 3. Rsrnp =kejqeebqjhi; 4. Heplnmrnbqjhi p`gzegd; 5. Inchk|mhj Lxhx; 6. «=jq`iqjhi jk`d»; 7. Gbhrjh Ln ?`k|w`j 1997a, phq. 1, 7,8 (1, 2), phq. 2, 2,3 (5, 6); Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 21, 23 (3, 4); Gnbo`memjn, @so`kn 1984, Mhq. 6, 12 (7) 38 2 9 4 1 3 11 8 10 6 5 7 12 13 14 16 21 15 19 18 20 17 22 23 26 24 25 27 31 30 28 29 35 32 36 34 0 6 33 Mhq. 16 Embemr`p| jspc`m` P`xuhrs b =d{cee. 36. Cekegn, nqr`k|mne apnmg` Ln Wpkhu 1994, phq. 5 39 0 1m 1 2 0 Mhq. 17 Mejnmqrpsjvh_ jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ N`k`lhm` (Ghop). 1. @pnamhv` 79, B; 2. @pnamhv` 2 Ln Karageorghis 1967, pl. CXV (1); Karageorghis 1973, fig. 10 (2) 40 1m 3 1 2 6 5 4 7 8 9 Mhq. 18 Gnk|v` nr _pl` jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ N`k`lhm` (Ghop). 1– 8. Gnkeqmhv` hg cpnamhv{ 47; 9. Gnkeqmhv` B hg cpnamhv{ 79 Ln Karageorghis 1967, pl. CXLII–CXLIII (1– 8); Karageorghis 1973, pl. CCLIV (9) 41 @nbnp_ n qnwer`mhh b oncpeaemh_u hg Jnpxsmreoe qjhtqjhu beyei q g`j`bj`gqjhlh (hkh sp`prqjhlh), qkedser sonl_msr| n ondnamni fe j`prhme b p`mmhu jnwebmhweqjhu o`l_rmhj`u, nam`psfemm{u m` repphrnphh D`j`bj`g|_. ? j`weqrbe ophlep` lnfmn ophbeqrh I`k{i jspc`m b Ihk|qjnG`p`a`uqjni qreoh 48, mejnrnp{e oncpeaemh_ cpsmrnbncn lnchk|mhj` Ihmcew`sp` 49, Okhiqjncn lnchk|mhj` 50 h lmnche dpsche 51. Gnlokejqs hg Jnpxsmreoe, onf`ksi, m`hankee akhgnj jnlokejq I`kncn jspc`m`, cde r`jfe m`idem{ apnmgnb{e sdhk` q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh, o`knwj`-g`qrefj` q opnpeg|~ h rpeukno`qrmni m`jnmemewmhj qrpek{ «qjhtqjncn» rho` ("). 7, 1, 4, 5). 1.2.2 GKTB?JETBNGEB LK@MB>BJEY P EIEMHBM= E =I=NVE Apscni _pjhi jnwebmhweqjhi jnlokejq, opnhqund_yhi hg =m`rnkhh — oncpeaemhe, nam`psfemmne b 1971 c. b pegsk|r`re cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnonj s dep. Elhpkep akhg =l`q|h — bjk~w`er rnk|jn opedler{ «qjhtqjncn» nakhj` 52. Ddeq| r`jfe, j`j h m` Jnpxsmreoe, a{k` nam`psfem` jb`dp`rm`_ oncpea`k|m`_ j`lep` (p`glep{ njnkn 2,80 × 2,80 l), qrem{ jnrnpni opedqr`bk_~r qnani mepecsk_pms~ j`lemms~ jk`djs aeg p`qrbnp`. G`lep` a{k` ophlepmn m` 1,20 l scksakem` b qj`k|ms~ gm`whrek|mn b{berphbxs~q_ onpnds. Be onk qnqrnhr hg oknrmn srp`lanb`mmni ckhm{. ?msrph j`lep{ oph ee dnqkednb`mhh a{kh m`idem{ qhk|mn p`gpsxemm{e cp`ahrek|qjhlh p`qjnoj`lh nqr`rjh qjekernb weknbej` h on lem|xei lepe ndmni knx`dh. ? d`mmnl jnlokejqe nam`psfem dkhmm{i fekegm{i 53 lew (dkhm` 78,8 ql) q qepdvebhdm{l oepejpeqrhel h apsqjnbhdm{l m`bepxhel, jkhmnj jnrnpncn qncmsr ononk`l, ahler`kkhweqjhi jkebev (fekegm{i jkhmnj h apnmgnb`_ brskj`), soknyemm{i apnmgnb{i phtkem{i brnj (bhdhln, ophm`dkef`yhi pswje rncn fe jkebv`), apnmgnb{e qrpelewjnbhdm{e sdhk` h qel| apnmgnb{u dbsukno`qrm{u m`jnmewmhjnb qrpek (wer{pe khqrnbhdm{u, b rnl whqke ndhm q anjnb{l xhonl, db` ok`bmnpnlahweqjhu h ndhm pnlahweqjhi, bqe rph q anjnb{lh xho`lh) ("). 19). Gpnle rncn, b oncpeaemhh a{k m`idem r`jfe gnknrni ap`qker, jnrnp{i bqjnpe onqke cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnonj a{k opnd`m mehgbeqrmnls khvs h nj`g`kq_ mednqrsoem dk_ hqqkednb`rekei, ` r`jfe eye 21 m`jnmewmhj qrpek, r`jfe opnd`mm{i w`qrmnls khvs (w`qnbyhjs Isuhrrhms T`khxj`ms hg =l`q|h) h onrnls menosakhjnb`mm{i. J`idemm{e b Elhpkepe apnmgnb{e sdhk` ophm`dkef`r j rnls fe unpnxn hgbeqrmnls m` p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u rhos, wrn h sdhk` hg Jnpxsmreoe (ql. b{xe). Je lemee u`p`jrepem h rhohwm{i dk_ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ lew q qepdvebhdm{l oepejpeqrhel, apsqjnbhdm{l m`bepxhel h dkhmm{l jkhmjnl 54. Lndnam{e lewh w`qrn bqrpew`~rq_ b p`mmeqjhtqjhu jnlokejq`u. ?epn_rmn, ndhm hg q`l{u p`mmhu }jgelok_pnb nam`psfem b oncpeaemhh s Heplnmrnbqjncn p`gzegd` (m`bepxhe lew` me qnup`mhknq|) ("). 20, 1) 55. ? }rnl jnlokejqe qn qjhtqjhl lewnl qnwer`~rq_ opedqjhtqjhe beyh rho` Jnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d` ("). 20 ). Eg dpschu p`mmhu jnlokejqnb lnfmn m`gb`r| oncpeaemhe 27 hg lnchk|mhj` N`lr`bpn 56 ("). 21, 13), oncpeaemh_ 68, 85, 93, 94, 106, 128, 129, 164, 216 Okhiqjncn lnchk|mhj` (w`qr| hg m`idemm{u gdeq| lewei hleer dnqr`rnwmn dkhmm{i jkhmnj, dpsche _bk_~rq_ 48 Eeqqem 1965, 22 – 30. 49 R`khknb 1971, 185 –187. 50 Oeunb 1980, 219 –257. 51 Nbndjs g`j`bj`gqjhu o`l_rmhjnb, qnedhm_~yhu b qeae 53 Nnck`qmn sj`g`mh~ R. R`sorl`mm` ( Hauptmann 1983, 268) psjn_r| lew` qdek`m` hg apnmg{, ndm`jn ?. Pm`k b qbnel nohq`mhh (Ünal 1983, 66) }rncn me ondrbepfd`er, nrlew`_ khx| }kelemr{ p`mmeqjhtqjni h leqrm{u jsk|rsp ql. Bq`_m, Lnc- m`khwhe m` psjn_rh nqr`rjnb depeb`. 54 Njnphi 1981, 19 –25; =kejqeeb 1992, 85; @npekhj 1993, peanb` 1985, 21– 37. 52 Ünal 1983, 65 – 81; Hauptmann 1983, 268 –269; Kossack 32 – 33, r`a. XV, 12 –15; XVI, 1,2. 55 Eeqqem 1954, 122 –123; Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 1987, 67, Abb. 26; qp. @npekhj 1987, 51–53; =kejqeeb 1992, 21–22. 56 Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 28 –29. 85 – 86; Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 95 – 96, phq. 2. 42 4 5 6 7 8 3 10 9 11 2 0 4 1 Mhq. 19 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Elhpkep`. 1. Cekegn; 2. Cekegn h apnmg`; 3–11. >pnmg` Ln Kossack 1987, Abb. 26 43 2 4 3 5 11 1 6 9 8 7 Mhq. 20 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Heplnmrnbqjncn p`gzegd`. 1, 11. Cekegn; 2 –10. >pnmg` Ln Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 21 44 10 5 1 4 7 2 6 9 8 3 12 10 14 15 16 17 18 11 19 20 21 13 0 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 6 30 Mhq. 21 J`undjh hg lnchk|mhj` N`lr`bpn (@psgh_). 1–11. Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 106; 12 – 30. Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 27. 1– 6, 9 –11. Gnqr|; 7, 8, 14 – 30. >pnmg`; 12, 13. Cekegn Ln Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 29 45 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 46 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mhq. 22 >neb{e jkebv{. 1. Ihmsqhmqj; 2. Nsk`j s Kpemaspc`; 3. =m`m|hmn; 4. Ieqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn, Isgei Ierpnonkhrem, J|~-Fnpj; 5. Lepj`k|qjhi lnchk|mhj s L_rhcnpqj`; 6. Inchk|mhj @smdekem; 7. Inchk|mhj Pic`p`j, jspc`m 84; 8. Lncpeaemhe s Elhpkep`; 9. M`inm Isx`; 10. Inchk|mhj N`j`p-w`c` 6, jspc`m 23; 11. Kpeunbn Hsc`mqjni nak.; 12. =m`rnkh_, =puenknchweqjhi lsgei Nr`lask`. 1. >pnmg`; 4. Nepeapn h fekegn, nqr`k|m{e apnmg` h fekegn Ln Lhnrpnbqjhi 1989, phq. 7 (1, 3, 9); Nlhpmnb 1964, phq. 77, 16 (2); Q`pj`x 1992, phq. 2 – 3 (4); Gngemjnb` 1995, r`a. XX, 4 (5); ?hmncp`dnb 1972, phq. 30, 12 (6); ?hxmebqj`_ 1973, r`a. XX, 1,2 (7); Kossack 1987, Abb. 26, 2 (8); Yaknmqjhi 1991, phq. 10, 14 (10); G`r`knc 1993, phq. 53 (11); Müller-Karpe 1995, Res. 1 (12) 47 jnpnrjhlh jhmf`k`lh) 57, gm`lemhr{e lewh hg Iek|csmnb` h Gekepleq` (oepb{i jspc`m Usk|v`) 58, hg Nr`pxni lnchk{ 59 h dp. O`jhl nap`gnl, apnmgnb`_ sgd` h dkhmm{i fekegm{i lew hg Elhpkep` hle~r akhgjhe `m`knchh b opedek`u bqecn p`mmeqjhtqjncn oephnd`, ndm`jn me ongbnk_~r rnwmee nopedekhr| ecn onknfemhe bmsrph }rncn jpsc` o`l_rmhjnb. Lnf`ksi, r`jhe b{bnd{ lnfmn qdek`r| m` nqmnb`mhh qnup`mhbxhuq_ b oncpeaemhh m`jnmewmhjnb qrpek. Eg qelh nosakhjnb`mm{u m`jnmewmhjnb (eye db`dv`r| ndhm m`jnmewmhj menosakhjnb`m h nqr`erq_ mednqrsom{l) khx| ndhm ophm`dkefhr q`lnls p`mmels, r`j m`g{b`elnls f`anrhmqjnls, rhos pnlanbhdm{u apnmgnb{u dbsukno`qrm{u m`jnmewmhjnb. ?qe nqr`k|m{e nrmnq_rq_ j ankee ongdmels rhos khqrnbhdm{u hkh ok`bmnpnlahweqjhu dbsukno`qrm{u m`jnmewmhjnb r`j m`g{b`elncn jekepleqqjncn rho`. Ka{wmn qwhr`erq_, wrn b{reqmemhe dbsukno`qrm{u pnlahweqjhu m`jnmewmhjnb f`anrhmqjncn rho` khqrnbhdm{lh h ok`bmnpnlahweqjhlh ophundhrq_ m` jekepleqqjs~ }onus h b q`lhu Gekepleqqjhu jspc`m`u f`anrhmqjhe m`jnmewmhjh sfe nrqsrqrbs~r 60. ? rn fe bpel_ b Gekepleqqjhu jspc`m`u ophqsrqrbs~r h on_bk_~yheq_ meqjnk|jn ongdmee rpeukno`qrm{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek, jnrnp{e b jnlokejqe Elhpkep` nrqsrqrbs~r. Jeqlnrp_ m` rn, wrn jnkhweqrbn nosakhjnb`mm{u qrpek hg Elhpkep` megm`whrek|mn, nmh bqe fe ongbnk_~r qdek`r| mejnrnp{e b{bnd{. Lpenak`d`mhe khqrnbhdm{u m`jnmewmhjnb ongbnk_er onleqrhr| d`mm{i jnlokejq b jekepleqqjhi oephnd. ? rn fe bpel_ m`khwhe b mel ndmni qrpek{ f`anrhmqjncn rho` h onkmne nrqsrqrbhe rpeukno`qrm{u m`jnmewmhjnb ongbnk_er nrmnqhr| Elhpkep j p`mmels }r`os jekepleqqjncn oephnd`, bhdhln, meqjnk|jn p`m|xe Gekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb ?eqeknbqjncn. ?eq|l` qbnenap`gmni der`k|~ hlhpkepqjncn jnlokejq` _bk_erq_ nam`psfemm{i b mel ahler`kkhweqjhi jkebev. Km hleer fekegm{i jkhmnj h apnmgnbs~, nb`k|ms~ b p`gpege h p`qxhp_~ys~q_ jmhgs brskjs q nrbepqrhel dk_ cbngd_ b mhfmei w`qrh. ? bepumei w`qrh brskjh, ond jkhmjnl, hleerq_ oerk_, ntnplkemm`_ b bhde cnknbjh uhymni orhv{ q g`cmsr{l jk~bnl. ?rnpni qundm{i jkebev nam`psfem meqjnk|jn bnqrnwmee, b p`inme Isx` (j g`o`ds nr ngep` ?`m) ("). 22, 9) 61. Bye ndhm ahler`kkhweqjhi jkebev bleqre q apnmgnb{l phtkem{l brnjnl nr ecn pswjh, wpegb{w`imn akhgjhi hlhpkepqjnls, up`mhrq_ b Nr`lask|qjnl `puenknchweqjnl lsgee ("). 22, 12) 62. Km, nwebhdmn, opnhqundhr hg cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnonj m` repphrnphh Ospvhh, mn n leqre h naqrn_rek|qrb`u ecn m`undjh mhwecn mehgbeqrmn. Lndnam{e ahler`kkhweqjhe jkebv{ mena{wm{ dk_ o`l_rmhjnb p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ 63. Tsfd{ nmh h dk_ Lepedmei =ghh, ndm`jn hu m`undjh hgbeqrm{ b Lph`p`k|e (Pic`p`j, jspc`m 84), ~fmnl Lphsp`k|e h Lnbnkf|e (=m`m|hmn, Kpemaspc), Nhahph (Ihmsqhmqj h dpsche) ("). 22, 1 – 3, 7) 64. Gkebv{ q }rhu repphrnphi, j`j h jkebv{ hg Elhpkep`, Isx` h Nr`lask`, hle~r `m`knchwmn ntnplkemms~ p`qxhp_~ys~q_ jmhgs brskjs q nrbepqrhel dk_ cbngd_ h oerkei bngke jkhmj`, ntnplkemmni na{wmn b bhde cnknbjh uhymni orhv{, h qundms~ tnpls jkhmj` 65. Ln-bhdhlnls, d`mm{i bhd 57 Oeunb 1980, 219 –257. 58 Tepmemjn 1980, 7 – 30; @`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, 92 –101, reoep| Müller-Karpe 1995, 233–238, Leh. 14, C. 63 Np. Ikkimq|j` 1961, 34 – 36; Iek~jnb` 1964, 68. Bdhmqrbem- 222 –223, r`a. 7 – 9. 59 Ek|hmqj`_ 1968, 24, r`a. I, 1. 60 Ikkimq|j` 1973, 13–26; Lnkim 1987, 21–22, qp. Lerpemjn m{i jkebev }rncn rho`, opnhqund_yhi hg ophwepmnlnpqjhu qreoei — med`bmn nosakhjnb`mm`_ qksw`im`_ m`undj` hg p`inm` j bnqrnjs nr Anmevj` (q. Kpeunbn, =mrp`vhrnbqjhi p`inm 1990, 62 –74; =kejqeeb 1992, 85 – 86. Ln onqkedmhl srnwmem- Hsc`mqjni nak`qrh): G`r`knc 1993, 45 – 46, phq. 53; Lndnaed m{l d`mm{l qpedh rpeu qephi jekepleqqjhu m`jnmewmhjnb 1994, 181–185 ("). 22, 11). Nkedser nrlerhr|, wrn h }r` (70 –75 qjhoebxhuq_ b db` jnlj` m`jnmewmhj` hg jspc`m` 2 m`undj` opnhqundhr q bnqrnwmni oephtephh qnaqrbemmn ?eqeknbqjncn, 145 }jgelok_pnb hg p`qjnonj Usk|v` h 76 }jgelok_pnb hg p`qjnonj jspc`m` 24 b 1980 c., nrnfdeqrbk_elncn qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{, me qkhxjnl sd`kemmni nr Lnbnkf|_. 64 Hauptmann 1983, 269; Kossack 1983, 181, Karte 3; Lhnrpnb- q jspc`mnl 3 hkh 4 Usk|v`) bqe fe hleerq_ edhmqrbemm{i qjhi 1989, 9, phq. 7; =kejqeeb 1992, 86; Gspnwjhm, Nsaanrhm m`jnmewmhj f`anrhmqjncn rho`, wrn, ndm`jn, qsyeqrbemmn me 1993, 59 – 64, phq. 1, qp. Q`pj`x 1992, 170, phq. 2 – 3. 65 Dapseb` 1952, 104 –107, r`a. XXII; Nlhpmnb, Lerpemjn lem_er j`prhms: @`k`mhm` 1995, 40 – 46, phq. 3; @`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, 104 –115, phq. 27. 61 Lhnrpnbqjhi 1989, phq. 7, 8. 1963, 29, r`a. 14, 34; ?hxmebqj`_ 1973, 97 – 98, r`a. XX, 1–2; XXVII, 7; Tkemnb` 1981, 4 –7, phq. 1–2; Gsg|lhm{u 1983, 62 Inv. Nr. 7736, ophnaperem b 1968 c. Nepdewmn ak`cnd`p~ 140 –142, r`a. LVI (apnmgnb{e h ahler`kkhweqjhe }jgelo- @. Gnqq`j`, opednqr`bhbxecn b lne p`qonp_femhe phqsmnj k_p{); Lhnrpnbqjhi 1989, phq. 7. }rncn b rn bpel_ menosakhjnb`mmncn jkebv`. Lsakhj`vh~ ql. 48 npsfh_ on_bhkq_ b p`inme O`c`pqjni jsk|rsp{ (Ihmsqhmqj`_ jnrknbhm` h ophkec`~yhe p`inm{ ~fmni Nhahph), cde xhpnjn p`qopnqrp`mem{ apnmgnb{e opnrnrho{ ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb p`qql`rphb`elncn rho`. ?onqkedqrbhh nmh p`qopnqrp`mhkhq| m` g`o`d, b rnl whqke b p`inm =m`m|hmqjni jsk|rsp{, ` r`jfe b ~fmne Lphsp`k|e, Lph`p`k|e h d`kee m` G`bj`g h b Lepedm~~ =gh~ 66. ?qe rph nam`psfemm{u b I`kni =ghh jkebv` (hg Elhpkep`, Isx` h Nr`lask|qjncn lsge_) rnwmn qnnrberqrbs~r nohq`mm{l, bjk~w`_ h r`js~ u`p`jrepms~ der`k|, j`j oerk_ b bhde cnknbjh uhymni orhv{ s nqmnb`mh_ jkhmj`. Jeqjnk|jn nrkhw`erq_ nr mhu oknun qnup`mhbxhiq_ jkebev hg jspc`m` 23 lnchk|mhj` N`j`p-w`c` 6 b ~fmnl Lph`p`k|e — nm hleer oerk~ b mhfmei w`qrh apnmgnbni brskjh ("). 22, 10 ) 67. Ab` (` me rph, j`j hmncd` sj`g{b`erq_ b khrep`rspe) ondnam{u ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebv` opnhqundhr q G`bj`g` — hg Lepj`k|qjncn lnchk|mhj` b njpeqrmnqr_u L_rhcnpqj` 68 h hg @smdekem` 69 ("). 22, 5, 6). Lnqjnk|js d`mm{i bhd npsfh_ m` qnaqrbemmn qjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u mehgbeqrem, mn g`rn nam`psfem b reu p`inm`u, cde ohq|lemm{e hqrnwmhjh thjqhps~r opea{b`mhe jhllephiveb, lnfmn opedonknfhr|, wrn b d`mmnl qksw`e l{ hleel dekn q }kelemrnl l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ hlemmn hqrnphweqjhu jhllephiveb. ? r`jnl qksw`e hqonk|gnb`mhe ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb a{kn a{ ndmhl hg melmnchu hgbeqrm{u }kelemrnb, ongbnk_~yhu b{dekhr| l`reph`k|ms~ jsk|rsps jhllephiveb hg qnqr`b` nayei «p`mmeqjhtqjni» jsk|rsp{. ?opnwel, m`khwm{i l`reph`k qkhxjnl ncp`mhwem h me ongbnk_er qdek`r| njnmw`rek|m{e b{bnd{. Infmn r`jfe opedonknfhr|, wrn m`undjh ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb nrp`f`~r osr| opndbhfemh_ jhllephiveb (hkh ndmncn hg }kelemrnb, bundhbxhu b qnqr`b jhllephiqjhu cpsoo) hg Semrp`k|mni =ghh hkh ~fmncn Lphsp`k|_ wepeg G`bj`g b Lepedm~~ =gh~, ndm`jn ondnam{i b{bnd m` nqmnbe khx| ndmni j`recnphh m`undnj nqr`erq_ bqe fe me ankee wel chonregni. Gpnle oncpea`k|mncn jnlokejq` s Elhpkep` ophlepmn b rnl fe p`inme (dnkhm` lefds O`xnb` h H_dhjnl j qebeps nr =l`q|h, rnwmne leqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn) r`jfe oph cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnoj`u a{kn nam`psfemn eye ndmn g`unpnmemhe jnwebmhj`, ndm`jn nmn onkmnqr|~ p`gcp`akemn. Bdhmqrbemmne, wrn nqr`knq| nr oncpea`k|mncn hmbemr`p_ — m`anp hg 250 m`jnmewmhjnb qrpek ("). 23); na nqr`k|m{u m`undj`u hmtnpl`vh_ nrqsrqrbser 70. Wrnr m`anp, ndm`jn, me nqr`bk_er qnlmemh_ mh b jsk|rspmni ophm`dkefmnqrh, mh b d`rhpnbje oncpeaemh_. ?qe opnhqund_yhe hg mecn m`jnmewmhjh, g` hqjk~wemhel o_rh oskebhdm{u, dbsukno`qrm{e apnmgnb{e. Lnd`bk_~yee hu ank|xhmqrbn khqrnbhdm{e h ok`bmnpnlahweqjhe, unr_ hleerq_ h meqjnk|jn pnlahweqjhu m`jnmewmhjnb «f`anrhmqjncn» rho`. ? rn fe bpel_ qnbepxemmn nrqsrqrbs~r rpeukno`qrm{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek. Wrn qbhderek|qrbser n rnl, wrn d`mmne oncpeaemhe, bepn_rmn, ndmnbpelemmn oncpeaemh~ s Elhpkep` h dnkfmn r`jfe nrmnqhr|q_ j m`w`k|mnls oephnds jekepleqqjncn }r`o` p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{, bhdhln, meqjnk|jn p`m|xe Gekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb ?eqeknbqjncn. Anonkmhrek|m{l `pcslemrnl dk_ d`rhpnbjh }rncn jnkw`mmncn m`anp` _bk_~rq_ beq|l` u`p`jrepm{e pek|etm{e lerjh b bhde «qked` orhw|ei k`o{» m` meqjnk|jhu m`jnmewmhj`u ("). 24, 5 – 7) 71. Lndnam{e lerjh hgbeqrm{ m` m`jnmewmhj`u qjhtqjncn rho` hg >nc`gj^_ ("). 24, 8) 72, d`rhpnb`mm{u brnpni werbepr|~ – qepedhmni VII b. dn m. }. (ql. mhfe), h hg p`mmhu o`l_rmhjnb qjhtqjncn nakhj` b Lphsp`k|e, m` wrn nap`rhk bmhl`mhe =. X. =kejqeeb ("). 24, 1– 4) 73. H~ano{rmn, wrn `m`knchh }rnls nphchm`k|mnls qonqnas npm`lemr`vhh m`jnmewmhjnb opnhqund_r hg rncn q`lncn p`inm`, cde a{kh p`qopnqrp`mem{ ahler`kkhweqjhe jkebv{ rho` m`idemm{u b Elhpkepe h Isxe. Wrn naqrn_rek|qrbn lnfer qksfhr| eye ndmhl sj`g`mhel m` knj`khg`vh~ hqrnphweqjhu jhllephiveb dn hu ophund` m` G`bj`g h b Lepedm~~ =gh~. 66 Nbndjs l`reph`k` h nanqmnb`mhe vemrp` opnhqunfdemh_ 1983, 181 (q sj`g`mhel m` m`undjh b Ihmep`k|m{u bnd`u h jkebvnb ql. Gspnwjhm, Nsaanrhm 1993, 59 – 64. Lpnrhb: Tke- L_rhcnpqje). 69 ?hmncp`dnb 1972, 125, 346, phq. 30, 12; Gngemjnb` 1995, 75, mnb` 1997, 15. 67 Yaknmqjhi 1991, 81, phq. 10, 14; Yaknmqjhi 1996, 43, me n apnmgnbni brskje jkebv`, ` n jek|re. 68 Bcnpnb 1955, 60, phq. 20, 3; Gpsomnb 1960, 205, r`a. XXXVI, r`a. XX, 5. 70 Ünal 1983, 70 –78, Abb. 3–7. 71 Ünal 1983, Abb. 7, 247,249,250. 72 Boehmer 1972, Taf. XXXI, 902. 4 (mernwm{i phqsmnj); Iek~jnb` 1964, 68, r`a. 21, 4; Gngem- 73 Nlhpmnb 1964, phq. 8, 1; Eql`chknb 1988, phq. 6, 36,40,54; jnb` 1995, 75, r`a. XX, 4. @. Gnqq`j nxhanwmn bjk~w`er }rnr =kejqeeb 1992, 86. phq. 19, 16. Ln lmemh~ ?. =. Lndnaed` (1994, 182), pew| hder jkebev db`fd{ b qbn~ qbndjs m`undnj }rncn rho`: Kossack 49 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 12 13 14 15 19 20 21 22 23 27 28 29 30 31 37 38 39 35 36 43 44 45 46 47 8 9 16 10 17 18 25 26 32 33 34 40 41 42 24 48 49 Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (1–50) 50 50 51 52 53 54 55 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 78 79 80 86 87 67 75 76 77 83 84 85 92 93 94 95 96 56 88 97 57 58 81 89 82 90 98 91 99 Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (51– 99) 51 100 109 101 102 103 104 105 110 111 112 113 114 117 118 119 125 126 127 134 143 135 144 120 128 136 145 121 129 122 138 147 107 108 115 116 123 130 137 146 106 131 139 148 124 132 140 133 141 149 Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (100 –150) 52 142 150 151 152 160 161 169 170 178 187 197 179 188 198 153 162 154 155 163 164 171 172 173 180 181 189 199 165 191 200 166 201 176 184 192 177 185 193 202 159 168 167 175 183 158 157 174 182 190 156 194 203 186 195 204 196 205 Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (151–205) 53 206 207 214 208 209 215 222 216 223 230 224 231 238 232 239 245 210 246 218 219 225 226 227 234 241 247 212 217 233 240 211 248 220 229 236 243 249 221 228 235 242 213 237 244 250 Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (206 –250) Ln Ünal 1983, Abb. 3 – 7 54 3 4 2 8 1 5 6 7 Mhq. 24 >pnmgnb{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek q pek|etm{lh lerj`lh b bhde «qked` orhw|ei k`o{». 1– 3. @sl`pnbn; 4. Jnb`_ >ekncnpj`, jspc`m 2, oncpeaemhe 38; 5 –7. M`gcp`akemmne oncpeaemhe lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl; 8. >nc`gj^i Ln Eql`chknb 1988, phq. 6, 36,40,54 (1– 3); Nlhpmnb 1964, phq. 8, 1 (4); Ünal, 1983, Abb. 7, 247,249,250 (5 – 7); Boehmer, 1972, Taf. XXXI, 902 (8) 1.2.3 =MRBKHK@ETBNG=Y GPHVOPM= ENOKMETBNGER GEIIBMEFSB? E BB NKKOJKUBJEB N «M=JJBNGEQNGKF» GPHVOPMKF D`bepx`_ p`ganp jnwebmhweqjhu oncpeaemhi b I`kni =ghh, qkedser nqr`mnbhr|q_ m` hu oncpea`k|mnl nap_de. ?n bqeu rpeu qksw`_u, jncd` sd`erq_ ngm`jnlhr|q_ q oncpea`k|m{lh qnnpsfemh_lh (db` b Jnpxsmreoe h ndmn b Elhpkepe, n oncpea`k|mnl nap_de werbeprncn qbedemhi mer), b{_qm_erq_, wrn pew| hder n j`lemm{u scksakemm{u b gelk~ qjkeo`u (b dbsu qksw`_u), hkh n q{pvnbnl qnnpsfemhh m` j`lemmnl tsmd`lemre (bnglnfmn, nmn a{kn me onkmnqr|~ nosyemn b _ls, ` khx| scksakemn). Lndnam{e oncpea`k|m{e qnnpsfemh_ b veknl meu`p`jrepm{ dk_ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Ak_ p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhjnb j`j qreoh, r`j h keqnqreoh, u`p`jrepm{ oncpeaemh_ b cpsmrnb{u _l`u, w`qrn q depeb_mm{lh jnmqrpsjvh_lh, hkh b depeb_mm{u qjkeo`u 74. G`lemm{e cpnamhv{ g`thjqhpnb`m{ b nqmnbmnl m` repphrnphh Gp{l`, mn gdeq|, j`j op`bhkn, pew| hder n j`lemm{u _yhj`u 75, meqnonqr`bhl{u q j`lemm{lh qjkeo`lh Jnpxsmreoe h Elhpkep`. Bdhmqrbemm`_ cpsoo` p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhjnb, b jnrnpni m`und_rq_ akhgjhe `m`knchh l`kn`ghiqjhl qnnpsfemh_l — }rn oncpeaemh_ vemrp`k|mncn Lpedj`bj`g|_, cde a{kh p`qopnqrp`mem{ j`lemm{e qjkeo{ jb`dp`rmni hkh ondjb`dp`rmni tnpl{. G`j op`bhkn, nmh qnnpsf`khq| m` spnbme dpebmecn cnphgnmr`, ndm`jn hgbeqrm{ qksw`h, jncd` j`lemm{i qjkeo a{k scksakem b gelk~ (Gp`qmne gm`l_ 4) hkh bnbqe qnnpsfem b _le (Gp`qmne gm`l_ 2). G`j h b oncpea`k|mnl qnnpsfemhh hg Jnpxsmreoe, oph ntnplkemhh b{jhd` hqonk|gnb`kq_ j`l{x 76. Lphlew`rek|mn oph }rnl, wrn gnm` ophlememh_ j`lemm{u qjkeonb b p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u Nebepmncn G`bj`g` beq|l` ncp`mhwem` knj`k|mn. Kmh qnqpednrnwem{ b vemrp`k|mnl Lpedj`bj`g|e, rncd` j`j m` qebepn-bnqrnwmnl G`bj`ge h b Lphjsa`m|e ndmnbpelemmn hqonk|gnb`khq| depeb_mm{e qnnpsfemh_ hkh oncpeaemh_ b cpsmrnb{u _l`u. D` opedek`lh vemrp`k|mnj`bj`gqjncn pechnm` hgbeqrem edhmqrbemm{i j`lemm{i qjkeo. 74 Kk|unbqjhi 1978, 83– 97; Ispghm 1984, 48 – 63. 75 Ispghm 1982, 51; Ispghm 1984, 52. 76 Lerpemjn 1983, 44 – 45; Lerpemjn 1989, 217 –218; I`unpr{u 1991, 19 –25. 55 J` nqmnb`mhh d`mm{u hg I`kni =ghh lnfmn opedonknfhr|, wrn oncpeaemh_ b j`lemm{u qjkeo`u, m`p_ds q hqonk|gnb`mhel ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb q hgnap`femhel orhw|ei cnknbjh ond jkhmjnl, _bk_~rq_ eye ndmni knj`k|mni nqnaemmnqr|~ `puenknchweqjni jsk|rsp{ jhllephiveb, b{dek_~yei ee qpedh dpschu o`l_rmhjnb p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Lphlew`rek|mn, wrn m` bqei repphrnphh p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ g`qbhderek|qrbnb`m{ rnk|jn rph m`undjh ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb hmrepeqs~yecn m`q rho`, h dbe hg mhu opnhqund_r j`j p`g hg rncn p`inm`, cde a{kh p`qopnqrp`mem{ j`lemm{e qjkeo{: ndhm a{k m`idem s L_rhcnpqj`, dpscni meqjnk|jn ~fmee, s qek` @smdekem. ?qe }rn ongbnk_er opedonknfhr|, wrn nrlewemm{e dbe wepr{ l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ (hqonk|gnb`mhe ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb, sjp`xemm{u oerkei b bhde orhw|ei cnknbjh, h ophlememhe b oncpea`k|mnl nap_de j`lemm{u hkh j`lemmn-q{pvnb{u qjkeonb) nrkhw`kh hqrnphweqjhu jhllephiveb nr dpschu mnqhrekei «p`mmeqjhtqjni» jsk|rsp{. J`khwhe ndmnbpelemmn nanhu }rhu ophgm`jnb b knj`k|mn ncp`mhwemmni cpsooe p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhjnb vemrp`k|mncn Lpedj`bj`g|_ ongbnk_er opedonknfhrek|mn `rphasrhpnb`r| jhllephiv`l me rnk|jn nam`psfemm{e b I`kni =ghh g`unpnmemh_, mn h }rs cpsoos o`l_rmhjnb hkh ee w`qr|. Lpedonknfemhe n ophm`dkefmnqrh «p`mmeqjhtqjhu» o`l_rmhjnb vemrp`k|mncn Lpedj`bj`g|_ (hkh hu w`qrh) hlemmn hqrnphweqjhl jhllephiv`l m`undhr ondrbepfdemhe h b ohq|lemm{u hqrnwmhj`u. «Nrp`m` @`lhp», rn eqr| nak`qr|, g`m_r`_ jhllephiv`lh bn bpel_ hu jnmtkhjr` q Pp`prs b 714 c. dn m. }., knj`khgnb`k`q| hlemmn b ~fmni w`qrh vemrp`k|mncn D`j`bj`g|_ 77. ?`fmn nrlerhr| b qb_gh q }rhl, wrn hlemmn b vemrp`k|mni w`qrh G`bj`g` hleerq_ p_d sdnam{u opnundnb, b pegsk|r`re wecn nm oepeqr`er a{r| rni eqreqrbemmni opecp`dni, p`gdek_~yei Lpedj`bj`g|e h D`j`bj`g|e, j`jni _bk_erq_ b dpschu leqr`u. Jed`pnl h b ankee ongdmee bpel_ hlemmn gdeq| G`bj`g me a{k cp`mhvei p`qqekemh_ }rmnqnb — dnqr`rnwmn sonl_msr| nqerhm, fhbsyhu on nae qrnpnm{ G`bj`gqjncn upear`. Emrepeqmn b qb_gh qn qj`g`mm{l, wrn g`j`bj`gqjhe o`l_rmhjh, hle~yhe }kelemr{ qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{, h m`undjh beyei qjhtqjncn rho` qnqpednrnwem{ j`j p`g b vemrp`k|mnl D`j`bj`g|e, nqr`b`_q| ankee pedjhlh b ecn bnqrnwmni h g`o`dmni w`qr_u (g` hqjk~wemhel =au`ghh) 78. O`jhl nap`gnl, knj`khg`vh_ «qrp`m{ @`lhp» jkhmnohqm{u rejqrnb b vemrp`k|mnl D`j`bj`g|e jnqbemmn ondrbepfd`er qdek`mmne m` nqmnbe `puenknchweqjhu d`mm{u opedonknfemhe n ophm`dkefmnqrh «p`mmeqjhtqjhu» o`l_rmhjnb vemrp`k|mncn Lpedj`bj`g|_ jhllephiv`l. M`gsleerq_, megm`whrek|mne jnkhweqrbn hgbeqrm{u meqnlmemmn nrmnq_yhuq_ j jhllephiv`l o`l_rmhjnb =m`rnkhh d`er qkhxjnl l`kn l`reph`k`, wrna{ qwhr`r| }rn opedonknfemhe dnj`g`mm{l, ndm`jn d`mm`_ chonreg`, j`ferq_, m`hkswxhl nap`gnl naz_qm_er hle~yheq_ p`gmnu`p`jrepm{e d`mm{e. M`qqlnrpemm{e jnlokejq{ ophbnd_r j ndmngm`wmnls b{bnds n u`p`jrepe jhllephiqjni `puenknchweqjni jsk|rsp{. ? rnl, wrn l`kn`ghiqjhe jnlokejq{ ophm`dkef`r hlemmn jhllephiv`l, Gimirrāia `jj`dqjhu rejqrnb, ` me qjht`l, Iškuzāia reu fe rejqrnb, mer mhj`jhu qnlmemhi. Lphqsrqrbhe qjhtnb m` d`mm{u repphrnph_u, bn bq_jnl qksw`e b opedek`u oepb{u rpeu werbeprei VII b. dn m. }., hqrnwmhj`lh me thjqhpserq_ 79. J`opnrhb, de_rek|mnqr| jhllephiveb b p`inm`u, akhgjhu j Elhpkeps h Jnpxsmreoe, dnqr`rnwmn ondpnamn nohq{b`erq_ `jj`dqjhlh rejqr`lh m`whm`_ q 670-u cc. dn m. }. Nnck`qmn «`mm`k`l» =q`pu`ddnm`, b 679/8 c. dn m. }. jhllephiv{, bngck`bk_el{e v`pel Oesxoni, a{kh p`gcpnlkem{ `qqhphiv`lh b r`a`k|qjni nak`qrh Rsasxm`, bhdhln, j ~cn-g`o`ds nr Jnpxsmreoe. M_d g`opnqnb j np`jsks anc` U`l`x` qnnay`er na `jrhbmni de_rek|mnqrh jhllephiveb b 678 – 675 cc. dn m. }. b Iekhde, p`inme, meonqpedqrbemmn ophkec`~yel j Jnpxsmreoe. Kjnkn rncn fe bpelemh d`rhpserq_ h g`opnq j np`jsks SAA 4, 1, jnrnp{i sonlhm`er n qnbleqrm{u deiqrbh_u jhllephiveb h lsxjnb, r. e. 77 Ivantchik 1993, 26 –28; Eb`mwhj 1996, 28 – 34. 78 Bq`_m, Lncpeanb` 1985, 20. Nbndjs r`jhu o`l_rmhjnb ql. femhel brnpni onknbhmni VII b. dn m. }. =brnp hcmnphpser O`l fe, 21– 37. 79 Nnbepxemmn aegnqmnb`rek|m{ ono{rjh @. J. Gspnwjhm` qksw`eb medbsql{qkemmn sj`g{b`~r m` oepbs~ onknbhms VII b. `puenknchweqjhe d`r{ `m`rnkhiqjhu m`undnj, jnrnp{e b p_de dn m. }. Gpnle rncn, h q`lh p`qqsfdemh_ `brnp` n «qjhtqjnl (1994, 119 – 120) ophohq`r| `m`rnkhiqjhe jnwebmhweqjhe bk`d{weqrbe» nqmnb`m{ m` mejphrhweqjnl dnbephh p`qqj`gs o`l_rmhjh me jhllephiv`l, ` qjht`l }onuh hu «bk`d{weqrb` @epndnr`, jnrnpne b m`qrn_yee bpel_ b{ck_dhr m`qrn_yhl m`d =ghei» h d`rhpnb`r| hu b qnnrberqrbhh q }rhl opedonkn- `m`upnmhglnl (qp. n «qjhtqjnl bk`d{weqrbe» Ivantchik, 1999). 56 tphchiveb, bhdhln, b p`inme med`kejn nr Elhpkep`. Lphqsrqrbhe jhllephiveb bn Qphchh h qnqedmei q mei ?hthmhh bonkme dnqrnbepmn thjqhpserq_ h dnqr`rnwmn lmncnwhqkemm{lh `mrhwm{lh hqrnwmhj`lh, on lem|xei lepe w`qrhwmn bnqund_yhlh j leqrmni sqrmni rp`dhvhh (Strabo I, 34,21; Eustath. Ad Od. XI, 14; Steph. Byz. s. v. Συασσός; Arr. Bith.: FGrHist 156, F76, qp. F 60; Schol. Apoll. Rhod. I, 1126, qp. II, 140a, 723, 780/83a; Heracl. Pont. Fr. 129 Wehrli). Jeqjnk|jn ankee ongdmhl bpelemel, wel qnnayemh_ n deiqrbh_u jhllephiveb b Iekhde, d`rhpserq_ g`opnq SAA 4, 18, jnrnp{i qnnay`er n bnglnfmnqrh qnbleqrm{u deiqrbhi jhllephiveb h sp`prnb opnrhb `qqhphiveb b Usaphh, p`inme, p`qonknfemmnl j bnqrnjs nr Jnpxsmreoe. Gqr`rh, Isx, cde a{k m`idem ahler`kkhweqjhi jkebev, opedonknfhrek|mn nopedek_el{i j`j jhllephiqjhi, p`qonk`c`erq_ b rni fe nak`qrh. =qqhphiqjhe hqrnwmhjh }onuh op`bkemh_ =xxspa`mho`k` r`jfe qnnay`~r na `jrhbm{u deiqrbh_u jhllephiveb b I`kni =ghh — nr Hhdhh m` g`o`de dn Ghkhjhh h g`o`dm{u cp`mhv =qqhphh m` bnqrnje 80. Er`j, jnwebmhweqjhe oncpeaemh_ b Elhpkepe h Jnpxsmreoe lncsr a{r| hdemrhthvhpnb`m{ j`j jhllephiqjhe. ? onkmnl qnnrberqrbhh q jnqbemm{lh d`mm{lh `jj`dqjhu rejqrnb jhllephiv{ ophm`dkef`r j rni fe `puenknchweqjni jsk|rspe, wrn h p`mmhe qjht{, bnglnfmn q megm`whrek|m{lh knj`k|m{lh nqnaemmnqr_lh. Gsk|rsp` l`kn`ghiqjhu jhllephiveb lnfer a{r| rnwmee nopedekem` j`j jekepleqqjhi }r`o «p`mmeqjhtqjni» jsk|rsp{. ?hdhln, ee hgbeqrm{e o`l_rmhjh mem`lmncn ankee p`mmhe, wel Gekepleqqjhe jspc`m{ ?eqeknbqjncn. Lhq|lemm{e h `puenknchweqjhe hqrnwmhjh ongbnk_~r d`rhpnb`r| }rs jsk|rsps bpelemel lefds m`w`knl 70-u h m`w`knl 30-u cndnb VII b. dn m. }. Je hqjk~wemn h mejnrnpne p`qxhpemhe d`rhpnbnj b nae qrnpnm{. O`j, bnglnfmn nlnknfemhe bepumei cp`mhv{ d`rhpnbjh (mn me dk_ jnlokejqnb hg Jnpxsmreoe, nrmnqhl{u on sqknbh_l m`undjh j oepbni onknbhme VII b. dn m. }.), onqjnk|js nrqsrqrbhe sonlhm`mhi jhllephiveb b `jj`dqjhu rejqr`u onqke 639 c. dn m. }. lnfer naz_qm_r|q_ me hqwegmnbemhel q`lncn m`pnd` q hqrnphweqjni qvem{, ` aedmnqr|~ h nrp{bnwmnqr|~ q`lhu hqrnwmhjnb }rncn oephnd`. >nkee rncn, `mrhwmni rp`dhvhh hgbeqrmn n opea{b`mhh jhllephiveb b I`kni =ghh eye b oephnd op`bkemh_ khdhiqjncn v`p_ =kh`rr`, jnrnpnls ophohq{b`erq_ hu njnmw`rek|mne hgcm`mhe (Herod. I, 16; Polyaen. VII, 2, 1). Yqmn, ndm`jn, wrn dn reu onp, onj` b I`kni =ghh me asdsr m`idem{ opedler{ opedjekepleqqjncn, f`anrhmqjncn, }r`o` p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ (r`jhe m`undjh h bnnaye nrqsrqrbs~r b Lepedmei =ghh), m`w`kn jekepleqqjncn }r`o` lnfmn d`rhpnb`r| bpelemel me ongfe m`w`k` 670-u cc. dn m. }., ` qjnpee bqecn h p`m|xe (qp. mhfe) 81. 80 =m`khg m`gb`mm{u rejqrnb ql. Ivantchik 1993, 57 –76, 95 – 81 Np. upnmnknch~ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{, opedknfemms~ 125; Eb`mwhj 1996, 77 –79, 100 –131. E. J. Iedbedqjni (1992, 86 –107). JRGIG 1.3     «  »      Tmtomzzˆyu |mylzuwmyu u~„r}|ˆomr~l ~|u~{w w{„rozu„r~wu‚ w{y|xrw~{o zm zr~{yzrzz{ wuyyr}uv~w{v r}}u{}uu. U~mx‰zˆr |mylzuwu mw{p{ }{qm uxu |}{u~‚{ql ut }mv{z{o, pqr |u~‰yrzzˆr u~{„zuwu uw~u}€‹ {qz{o}ryrzz{r |}rnˆomzur wuyyr}uvƒro u ~wu{o (r}}u{}uu Smzzˆ u Suquu), uxu loxl‹~l ut{xu}{omzzˆyu zm‚{qwmyu ozr w{y|xrw~{o. cu zm‚{qwu |{qor}sqm‹ ~qrxmzzˆv zm {~z{or ut€„rzul |{p}rnmx‰zˆ‚ w{y|xrw~{o oˆo{q { |}uzmqxrsz{~u u~{}u„r~wu‚ wuyyr}uvƒro ~ m}‚r{x{pu„r~w{v {„wu t}rzul «}mzzr~wu~w{v» w€x‰€}r, m {„zrr rr wrxr}yr~~w{y€ Šm|€, m mwsr qmu}{ow€ Š{v w€x‰€}ˆ. I ymx{mtuv~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚, o {y „u~xr o r‚ p{}{qm‚, w{{}ˆr nˆxu, ~{pxm~z{ |u~‰yrzzˆy u~{„zuwmy, }mt}€ rzˆ wuyyr}uvƒmyu, {nzm}€srz{ tzm„urx‰z{r w{xu„r~o{ |}rqyr{o ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm. Tmun{xrr yz{p{„u~xrzz{v wmrp{}urv |{q{nzˆ‚ zm‚{q{w, loxl‹~l, |{smx€v, zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx. Tmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m wmw o Smx{v Gtuu, mw u o q}€pu‚ }mv{zm‚ (J}rƒuu, Xu}uu u Vmxr~uzr, Sr~{|{myuu, O}mzr u q}.) {nzm}€srzˆ „€‰ xu zr zm o~r‚ u~~xrq{omzzˆ‚ |{~rxrzul‚ 1. Uqzmw{ Šu zm‚{qwu |}mwu„r~wu zu„rp{ zr qm‹ qxl zm u‚ ƒrxrv, |{~w{x‰w€ «~wu~wur» ~}rxˆ nˆxu q{~m{„z{ nˆ~}{ |}uzlˆ zm o{{}€srzur zm}{qmyu Vr}rqzrp{ I{~{wm u u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ |{o~ryr~z{, mw „{ u‚ zm‚{qwm o {y uxu uz{y yr~r zr y{sr ~x€su‰ ~ouqrrx‰~o{y }rmx‰z{p{ |}rnˆomzul my ~wu{o uxu wuyyr}uvƒro 2. I ~oltu ~ Šuy ‚m}mwr}zm, zm|}uyr}, ~u€mƒul, }m~w}ˆml |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Xyu}zˆ. I{ o}ryl {~mqˆ p{}{qm xuquvƒmyu {w{x{ 600 p. q{ z. Š. rp{ tm†uzuwu |{x‰t{omxu~‰ ~}rxmyu ~ qo€‚x{|m~zˆyu zmw{zr„zuwmyu «~wu~w{p{» {nxuwm, „m~{ ~ n{w{oˆy u|{y, m zm|mqmo ur xuquvƒˆ — }r‚x{|m~zˆyu, «~wu~wuyu» sr, zmw{zr„zuwmyu 3. S{sz{ €|{ylz€‰ mwsr zm‚{qw€ zr~w{x‰wu‚ ˆ~l„ (|{„u o~r }r‚x{|m~zˆr) zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m o Vr}~r|{xr 4. X }rmx‰zˆyu z{ymqmyu, |{smx€v, y{p€ nˆ‰ ~{|{~moxrzˆ xu ‰ ~myˆr }mzzur {n}mtƒˆ mwu‚ ~}rx ut Smx{v Gtuu, qmu}€ryˆr o{}{v „ror}‰‹ – ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. Š. Tr~y{}l zm {, „{ wuyyr}uvƒˆ, ouquy{, zm‚{quxu~‰ my u |{tsr, |}uzr~rzzˆr uyu zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m o Š{ o}ryl €sr q{~m{„z{ u}{w{ u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ u q}€puyu zm}{qmyu. 1 Xo{qw€ zm‚{q{w ~y. Sulimirski 1954, 282 – 318; Boehmer 1972, q{ z. Š., u~|{x‰t€r~l wmw ~ouqrrx‰~o{ {p{, „{ «~wu~wur 111–115; ~}. mwsr Cleuziou 1977, 187 –199; Muscarella 1988, zmryzuwu» ~x€suxu o o{v~wr Tmo€‚{q{z{~{}m u qmsr nˆxu 107 –108; Ökse 1994, 24 – 32. 2 V{|ˆwu u~|{x‰t{om‰ mwur zm‚{qwu wmw |}lyˆr ~ouqr- rp{ momzpm}q{y. Ymw{r {xw{omzur zm‚{q{w Šu‚ ~}rx, wmw u rx‰~om |}rnˆomzul ~wu{o uxu wuyyr}uvƒro o {y uxu uwu: ~}rxˆ «~wu~w{p{» u|m o w{zƒr VII – zm„mxr VI o. uz{y yr~r uz{pqm o~}r„m‹~l q{ ~u‚ |{}, ~}. zm|}uyr} q{ z. Š. nˆxu }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ o Vr}rqzrv Gtuu |{o~ryr~z{ Yamauchi 1982, 97– 99; Yamauchi 1983, 94– 95. I Š{v }mn{r zm‚{qwm zr~w{x‰wu‚ ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m o Or}€~mxuyr, o u u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰, w{zr„z{, u z{o{omoux{z~wuyu x€„zuwmyu. 3 Nicholls 1958/1959, 128–134. w{zrw~r, ~oltmzz{y ~ rp{ {~mq{v omoux{zlzmyu o 586 p. 4 Schmidt 1957, 99, Tab. IX, 76. 58 q}€pur |{q{nzˆr |{~}{rzul, zr oˆqr}suomr zuwmw{v w}u- 1.3.1 «XQO[XQOL» TG\UKQO ON QGWSOW-HRZWG O KWZJO\ ZWGWYXQO\ VGSeYTOQUI X{~€†r~o{omzur o w{y|xrw~r T{} €zr|r «}mzzr~wu~wu‚» or†rv ~ €}m}~wuyu ~ouqrrx‰~o€r { q{~m{„z{ uzrz~uoz{y w€x‰€}z{y otmuy{qrv~ouu wuyyr}uvƒro, |}uzmqxrsmo u‚ m}‚r{x{pu„r~wu }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}r, ~ u‚ ~{~rqlyu €}m}myu, „{ |}uorx{ w tmuy~o{omzu‹ uyu zrw{{}ˆ‚ Šxryrz{o €}m}~w{v ymr}umx‰z{v w€x‰€}ˆ. U„rouqz{, tmuy~o{omzur x{ u o {n}mz{y zm|}moxrzuu, l}wuy ~ouqrrx‰~o{y „rp{ ~x€sm zm‚{qwu zm Qm}yu}-Hx€}r. Q}r|{~‰ Yrv rnmuzu (Qm}yu}-Hx€}) nˆxm |{~}{rzm €}m}~wuy ƒm}ry W€~{v II |}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzz{ ~ zm‚{ql†rv~l ‹szrr w}r|{~‰‹ Hm~my. Unr {zu nˆxu }mt}€ rzˆ |}unxuturx‰z{ o {qz{ o}ryl u n{xrr zr o{~~mzmoxuomxu~‰. K{xp{r o}ryl punrx‰ Qm}yu}-Hx€}m qmu}{omxu zm„mx{y VI o. q{ z. Š. Jxmozˆy {~z{omzury mw{v qmu}{owu nˆx{ |}rq|{x{srzur { {y, „{ Šm w}r|{~‰ |{punxm {qz{o}ryrzz{ ~ €}m}~wuy p{~€qm}~o{y. V{~xrqzrr ~{nˆur qmu}{omx{~‰ o |r}o€‹ {„r}rq‰ zm {~z{omzuu €|{yuzmzul zmtomzul Z}m}€ o omoux{z~w{v ‚}{zuwr Tmn{|mxm~m}m |{q 609/8 p. q{ z. Š.5 u o |}{}{„r~om‚ Or}ryuu (51, 27 –28) 594 p. q{ z. Š. V}rq|{xmpmx{~‰, „{ Z}m}€ zr y{px{ nˆ‰ €zu„{srz{ }mzrr Šu‚ qm 6. Kmzzml qmu}{owm nˆxm |{qor}sqrzm }rw{z~}€wƒurv |}moxrzul zr~w{x‰wu‚ ƒm}rv yrsq€ |{~xrqzuy utor~zˆy €}m}~wuy ƒm}ry Xm}q€}u III, €|{ylz€ˆy o m~~u}uv~wu‚ «mzzmxm‚» }rqmwƒuu G (ƒuxuzq} Wm~~mym), ouquy{, ~{~moxrzzˆ‚ o 643/2 p. q{ z. Š., u |}rq|{xmpmry{v qm{v |mqrzul Z}m}€. Yrtu~ { ~€†r~o{omzuu Šu‚ q{|{xzurx‰zˆ‚ ƒm}rv, zr tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omzzˆ‚ zu o {qz{v {uƒumx‰z{v zmq|u~u, {n{~z{oˆomx~l €|{yuzmzury }lqm u|u„zˆ‚ qxl €}m}~w{p{ ƒm}~o€‹†rp{ q{ym uyrz, loz{ zr |}uzmqxrsmo u‚ utor~zˆy ƒm}ly, o zmq|u~l‚ zm |r„ml‚ u |}rqyrm‚. X{o{w€|z{r |}moxrzur Šu‚ q{|{xzurx‰zˆ‚ €}m}~wu‚ ƒm}rv q{xsz{ nˆx{ tm|{xzu‰ zr yrzrr „ry |luqr~luxrzuv |}{yrs€{w, {qrxl‹†uv |{~xrqzrr q{~{or}z{r €|{yuzmzur €}m}~w{p{ ƒm}l { |}rq|{xmpmry{v qmˆ €zu„{srzul €}m}~w{p{ ƒm}~om7. Kmu}{owm |mqrzul €}m}~w{p{ ƒm}~om u }mt}€ rzul Yrv rnmuzu zm„mx{y VI o. q{ z. Š. q{xp{r o}ryl nˆxm {n†r|}uzl{v. I ~o{‹ {„r}rq‰, {zm nˆxm pxmoz{v {|{}{v qxl {|}rqrxrzul ‚}{z{x{puu }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ, |{~w{x‰w€ qmomxm „€‰ xu zr rquz~orzz€‹ mn~{x‹z€‹ qm€ }mzzr~wu~wu‚ or†rv, |{to{xll |}uoltm‰ qmu}{ow€ ~wu~w{v m}‚r{x{pu„r~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ w nxuszro{~{„z{v ‚}{z{x{puu. V{ ~€†r~o€, uyrzz{ zm qmu}{owm‚ ~wu~wu‚ or†rv ut Qm}yu}-Hx€}m u ~}{uxu~‰ o |r}o€‹ {„r}rq‰ ‚}{z{x{pul wmw ~my{v }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ, mw u rr |{loxrzul o |}u„r}z{y{}~wu‚ ~r|l‚. I |{~xrqzrr o}ryl, {qzmw{, z{oˆr qmzzˆr tm~mouxu ~r}‰rtz{ €~{yzu‰~l o |}moux‰z{~u }mquƒu{zz{v qmˆ punrxu Yrv rnmuzu u Z}m}€ o ƒrx{y. Wm~w{|wu €}m}~w{v w}r|{~u Hm~my, |}{o{quo ur~l zryrƒw{v Šw~|rquƒurv, |{to{xuxu €~mz{ou‰ o}ryl rr }mt}€ rzul. Nqr~‰ nˆx {nzm}€srz ~wxmq |}{q{o{x‰~orzzˆ‚ |}u|m~{o, ~}rqu w{{}ˆ‚ zm‚{qux{~‰ {w{x{ 1200 n€xx, ~{qr}smo u‚ uyrzm €}m}~w{p{ ƒm}l W€~ˆ II u zr~w{x‰wu‚ |}uzƒro 8. Xwxmq ~p{}rx o y{yrz punrxu w}r|{~u. cm zm‚{qwm |{to{xlr {z{~u‰ punrx‰ Hm~mym w{ o}ryrzu |}moxrzul W€~ˆ II u qmu}{om‰ rr ~my{r |{tqzrr ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. Š. Uqzmw{ r†r omszrr q}€p{v oˆo{q. Qmw €sr €wmtˆomx{~‰, n{x‰ ml „m~‰ {nzm}€srzzˆ‚ o Hm~myr n€xx loxl‹~l ƒm}~wuyu |r„mlyu W€~ˆ II ~ ‚m}mwr}zˆyu uyrzz{ ƒm}~wuyu m}un€myu. Tm}lq€ ~ zuyu o {y sr ~wxmqr {nzm}€srzˆ, {„rouqz{, {qz{o}ryrzzˆr uy |r„mu zr~w{x‰wu‚ |}uzmqxrsmo u‚ w ƒm}~w{y€ q{y€ |}uzƒro, tmzuymo u‚ q{~m{„z{ oˆ~{wur |{~ˆ o p{~€qm}~orzz{v mqyuzu~}mƒuu. ^m~‰ |}uzƒro y{sr nˆ‰ uqrzuuƒu}{omzm ~ ryu |r}~{zmsmyu, w{{}ˆ‚ |}rqxmpmx{~‰ ~„um‰ «q{|{xzurx‰zˆyu» €}m}~wuyu ƒm}lyu 9. Ymwuy {n}mt{y, |{ w}mvzrv yr}r „m~‰ r‚ „xrz{o €}m}~w{p{ |}mol†rp{ q{ym, w{{}ˆr }mzrr ~„umxu~‰ ƒm}lyu, o qrv~ourx‰z{~u nˆxu {x‰w{ |}uzƒmyu u |{ n{x‰ rv „m~u ~{o}ryrzzuwmyu, m zr ~xrq{omxu q}€p tm q}€p{y. 5 Grayson 1975, 96, Chr. 3: 72; Chr. 4: 3. 6 K‰lw{z{o 1951, 32 – 34; Vu{}{o~wuv 1959, 116. 7 ZVK, 29. 145–154. 9 Kroll 1984, 151–170, {~{n. 161–164, ~}. Srqorq~wml 1992, 100 –101. 8 V€nxuwmƒu‹ |r„mrv ~y. Seidl 1979, 137–149; Seidl 1988, 59 I }rt€x‰mr {|mqmr pxmozˆv m}p€yrz o |{x‰t€ |}{qxrzul ~€†r~o{omzul €}m}~w{p{ ƒm}~om. Ot |}rq|{xmpmryˆ‚ |{tqzu‚ ƒm}rv q{~{or}z{ tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omz{ xu ‰ |}moxrzur W€~ˆ III, ~ˆzm c}uyrzˆ, €|{ylz€{p{ o wm„r~or ƒm}l, zm|}uyr}, o zmq|u~l‚ ZQT 287, 292, 293, 295, 296 u 458m. V{ |}rq|{x{srzu‹ X. Q}{xl uyrzz{ {z, m zr W€~m II, o}ryl |}moxrzul w{{}{p{, mwuy {n}mt{y, ~{w}m†mr~l, €|{ylz€ o zmq|u~l‚ G €}nmzu|mxm {w{x{ 655/654 p. q{ z. Š.10, {qzmw{ o mw{v }mw{owr zrx‰tl nˆ‰ €or}rzzˆy. U~mx‰zˆr |}rq|{xmpmryˆr |{tqzur €}m}~wur ƒm}u, ~w{}rr o~rp{, zuw{pqm zr |}mouxu, m nˆxu xu ‰ |}uzƒmyu. ^{ wm~mr~l Xm}q€}u, ~ˆzm Xm}q€}u, €|{ylz€{p{ ~ ƒm}~wuy u€x{y o zmq|u~u zm {nx{ywm‚ n}{zt{o{p{ †um ut Qm}yu}-Hx€}m (ZQT 459), { zr {~z{omzuv qmu}{om‰ rp{ |}moxrzur o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VII o. q{ z. Š. X€ql |{ €zuwmx‰z{~u zmq|u~u Š{p{ ƒm}l, {z |}moux or~‰ym zrq{xp{, |}u„ry zu„{ zr yr mr {z{~u‰ rp{ r†r w VIII o. q{ z. Š. Lp{ |}moxrzur y{sz{ |{yr~u‰, zm|}uyr}, yrsq€ Xm}q€}u II u W€~{v I, |}u‚{q w{{}{p{ w oxm~u, wmw utor~z{, nˆx ~oltmz ~ zrw{v ~y€{v u nr~|{}lqwmyu. Tru~wx‹„rz{, „{ W€~m I nˆx €t€}|m{}{y. V}rqx{srzzml qmu}{owm |}moxrzul Xm}q€}u, ~ˆzm Xm}q€}u |{qor}sqmr~l ry, „{ o~r {nzm}€srzz{r zm Yrv rnmuzu |m}mqz{r {}€sur {z{~u~l, ~€ql |{ zmq|u~ly zm zry, w{ o}ryrzu ƒm}rv VIII o. q{ z. Š. — Srz€m, G}pu u I, Xm}q€}u II u W€~ˆ I. U}€sul, |}uzmqxrsmo rp{ n{xrr |{tqzuy ƒm}ly, tqr~‰ zr {nzm}€srz{. `u Xm}q€}u, ~ˆzm Xm}q€}u |}uzmqxrsu w {v sr p}€||r zm‚{q{w u, {„rouqz{, q{xsrz qmu}{om‰~l ry sr o}ryrzry. Lquz~orzzˆy {~z{omzury }mquƒu{zz{v qmˆ punrxu Z}m}€ {~mr~l, mwuy {n}mt{y, €|{yuzmzur Š{v ~}mzˆ o omoux{z~wu‚ ‚}{zuwm‚ u |}{}{„r~om‚ Or}ryuu. Uqzmw{ X. Q}{x‰, m o~xrq tm zuy O. T. Srqorq~wml, €nrqurx‰z{ |{wmtmxu, „{ zmtomzur Z}m}€ o Šu‚ u~{„zuwm‚ u~|{x‰t€r~l xu ‰ wmw pr{p}mu„r~w{r |{zlur, m zr |{xuu„r~wuv r}yuz, {n{tzm„m‹†uv zrtmou~uy{r p{~€qm}~o{, wmw {z{ u~|{x‰t{omx{~‰ u |{tsr, o mwwmq~wu‚ or}~ul‚ ƒm}~wu‚ zmq|u~rv G‚ryrzuq{o11. Q}{yr {p{, ~{{or~o€‹†ml }mtm o wzupr Or}ryuu y{sr nˆ‰ xu ‰ xur}m€}zˆy {|{~{y, {}msm‹†uy }rmx‰z€‹ ~u€mƒu‹ |r}o{v |{x{ouzˆ VII o. q{ z. Š. u w{ o}ryrzu Or}ryuu nˆo uy €sr mzm‚}{zuty{y12. Qm}yu}-Hx€} u Hm~my, m mwsr }lq q}€pu‚ €}m}~wu‚ w}r|{~rv o Š{y }rpu{zr, o‚{quxu o rquz€‹ {n{}{zurx‰z€‹ ~u~ry€, o{tqoupz€€‹ W€~{v II qxl {n{}{zˆ o{~{„zˆ‚ }€nrsrv Z}m}€. Iuquy{, {zu |{punxu mwsr |}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzz{ 13. Wm~w{|wu Hm~mym |{to{xl‹ qmu}{om‰ }mt}€ rzur Šu‚ w}r|{~rv |}moxrzury W€~ˆ II, . r. {p{ sr ƒm}l, w{{}ˆv u‚ |{~}{ux14. Xw{}rr o~rp{, Š{ ~{nˆur |}u‚{qu~l zm 650-r pp., . r. w}r|{~u Hm~my u, o{ty{sz{, Yrv rnmuzu ~€†r~o{omxu zr n{xrr qomqƒmu xr. Kmsr r~xu |}rq|{xmpm‰, „{ Qm}yu}-Hx€} |{pun |{tsr Hm~mym15, qom ~{nˆul zr y{pxu nˆ‰ 10 Kroll 1984, 163. 11 Kroll 1984, 166–167; Srqorq~wml 1992, 100 –102. Q Š{v {„wr t}rzul |}u~{rquzux~l o |{~xrqzrr o}ryl O. S. K‰lw{- 12 Zawadzki 1988, 151–152. c{ |}rq|{x{srzur, o|}{„ry, zr{nltmrx‰z{; ~}. m}p€yrzˆ |}{uo zrp{ K‰lw{z{o 1994, 115. 13 Kroll 1976, 175; ~}. Srqorq~wml 1992, 100 –103. z{o (1994, 115), w{{}ˆv |{xmpmr, „{ Z}m}€ o |}{}{„r~or 14 Tm‚{qwu zm Qm}yu}-Hx€}r |u~ry ~ |r„mlyu Xm}q€}u, Or}ryuu {n{tzm„mr €sr |{q„uzrzz€‹ Suquu r}}u{}u‹ ~ˆzm W€~ˆ (ZVK 1, 2 = ZQT 333, 455), w{{}ˆv, ouquy{, (om~~mx‰z{r ƒm}~o{). V}u Š{y {z {yr„mr, „{ €|{}rnxrz- uqrzu„rz ƒm}‹ Xm}q€}u III, zr y{p€ qmu}{om‰ punrx‰ w}r- zˆv o qmzz{y ~x€„mr r}yuz ‫ממלָכ ָה‬ ֳ zr {nltmrx‰z{ €wmtˆomr |{~u, |{~w{x‰w€ nˆxu ~{~moxrzˆ, ouquy{, w{pqm {z r†r nˆx uyrzz{ zm ƒm}~o{, z{ y{sr {n{tzm„m‰ o~lw{r p{~€qm}~- ƒm}rou„ry. 15 K. X. Wmro~wuv (1993, 82 – 83) u S. T. V{p}rn{om (1993, orzz{r {n}mt{omzur, zm|}uyr} z{yˆ Lpu|m (Is. 19, 2). Wr„‰, mwuy {n}mt{y, y{sr uqu xu ‰ { zrw{v mqyuzu~}muoz{v 87 – 88) {~muom‹ }mquƒu{zz€‹ qmu}{ow€ punrxu Qm}yu}- rquzuƒr o ~{~mor Suquu, {„zˆv ~m€~ w{{}{v rw~ Or}r- Hx€}m, zr |}uo{ql zuwmwu‚ z{oˆ‚ m}p€yrz{o o rr |{x‰t€ u zr yuu {|}rqrxu‰ zr |{to{xlr. X}. mwsr Srqorq~wml 1994, tmyr„ml {p{, „{ r m}p€yrzˆ, zm w{{}ˆ‚ {zm ~}{uxm~‰ o 132. Hxutw€‹ {„w€ t}rzul oˆ~wmtˆomr u c. G. J}mz{o~wuv ~o{r o}ryl, n{xrr zr qrv~ourx‰zˆ. Uzu {p}mzu„uom‹~l |{ (1994, 45), w{{}ˆv ry zr yrzrr |{qqr}suomr tqr~‰ }mqu- ~€†r~o€ xu ‰ |}rq|{x{srzulyu { {y, „{ p{}{q y{p ~€†r- ƒu{zz{r yzrzur { qmu}{owr punrxu Z}m}€. Uqzmw{, r~xu € ~o{om‰ u |{~xr {n†rv punrxu Z}m}€. I {qz{v ut ~o{u‚ Or}ryuu Z}m}€ {n{tzm„mr wmw€‹-{ r}}u{}u‹ o ~{~mor zrqmozu‚ }mn{ O. S. K‰lw{z{o (1994, 114 –115) mwsr |{xm- Suquu, { Š{ rw~ zr y{sr u~|{x‰t{om‰~l qxl |{tqzrv pmr, „{ Qm}yu}-Hx€} |r}rsux Hm~my u ƒm}~o{omzur W€~ˆ qmu}{owu punrxu Z}m}€, |{~w{x‰w€ {}msmr ~u€mƒu‹ €sr II, {qzmw{ ~{pxm~rz |}u Š{y, „{ Yrv rnmuzu, wmw u Hm~my, |{~xr Š{p{ ~{nˆul. ~€†r~o{omx{ o r„rzur sutzu {qz{p{ |{w{xrzul. 60 }mtqrxrzˆ tzm„urx‰zˆy |}{yrs€w{y o}ryrzu. X~ˆxwu zm |}u~€~our o ~x{l‚ Qm}yu}-Hx€}m or†rv, u|u„zˆ‚ qxl |mylzuw{o VII–VI oo. q{ z. Š. 16, zu„rp{ zr q{wmtˆom‹, |{~w{x‰w€ mn~{x‹zˆr qmu}{owu Šu‚ |mylzuw{o ~}{uxu~‰ o tzm„urx‰z{v ~r|rzu zm qmu}{owm‚ Qm}yu}-Hx€}m. Tmxuƒ{, mwuy {n}mt{y, tmywz€ˆv w}€p. Qmw €sr p{o{}ux{~‰, zm‚{qwu mw zmtˆomryˆ‚ ~wu~wu‚ or†rv zm Qm}yu}-Hx€}r ~ouqrrx‰~o€‹ {n {|}rqrxrzz{y oxulzuu ymr}umx‰z{v w€x‰€}ˆ w{„rozuw{o, ~w{}rr o~rp{ wuyyr}uvƒro, zm €}m}~w{r zm~rxrzur, o{ o~lw{y ~x€„mr zm zm~rxrzur €}m}~w{v |r}ur}uu. G}‚r{x{pu„r~wuv w{zrw~ ~ouqrrx‰~o€r { {y, „{ pm}zut{z Yrv rnmuzu u~|{x‰t{omx zrw{{}ˆr «}mzzr~wu~wur» (wuyyr}uv~wur) |}rqyrˆ uxu |}rqyrˆ, u‚ w{|u}€‹†ur, ‚{l o}lq xu o Š{y ~x€„mr y{sr uqu }r„‰ { ~wu~w{y (wuyyr}uv~w{y) pm}zut{zr, wmw |{xmpmr G. d. Gxrw~rro 17. Ymw, o wxmq{oˆ‚ Yrv rnmuzu {nzm}€srzˆ n}{zt{oˆr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m, |}uzlˆr €}m}myu zm o{{}€srzur zm}lq€ ~ u‚ }mquƒu{zzˆyu srxrtzˆyu „r}rzw{oˆyu zmw{zr„zuwmyu (. 12, 19) 18. Q}{yr ~}rx, o ƒumqrxu zmvqrz €sr €|{yuzmo uv~l qxuzzˆv mwuzmw }mzzr~wu~w{p{ u|m (qxuzm 88 ~y) u zr~w{x‰w{ }mpyrz{o yr„rv u wuzsmx{o ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm, m mwsr w{~lz{v zmw{zr„zuw z{srz o ouqr ~or}z€orp{~l suo{z{p{ (. 14, 4, 15, 16) 19. U~{nrzz{ uzr}r~z{, „{ zm Qm}yu}-Hx€}r {nzm}€srzˆ zr {x‰w{ p{{oˆr |}rqyrˆ o tor}uz{y ~uxr, z{ u ~xrqˆ u‚ |}{uto{q~om. I mw zmtˆomry{v «w{yzmr |}uo}mzuwm» zmvqrzˆ tmp{{owu ut {xrz‰rp{ }{pm, ~qrxmzzml ut w{~u }€w{l‰ z{sm u oˆ}rtmzzml ut w{~u p{x{owm p}u{nm}mzm 20. I q}€pu‚ yr~m‚ {nzm}€srz{ r†r |l‰ w{~lzˆ‚ p{x{o{w {}xm, nm}mzm u p}u{nm}mzm, {qzm ut w{{}ˆ‚ zm‚{quxm~‰ o{txr }m~|uxrzzˆ‚ tmp{{o{w (. 14, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13) 21. Q}{yr {p{, zm‚{qwm qo€‚ €tqr„zˆ‚ zmn{}{o «~wu~w{p{» u|m o wxmq{oˆ‚ w}r|{~u (|{yr†rzul № 18 u 25) ~ouqrrx‰~o€r, ouquy{, { {y, „{ €}m}ˆ y{pxu tmuy~o{om‰ € w{„rozuw{o zr {x‰w{ ~}rxˆ, z{ u w{z~w€‹ €|}ls‰ (. 12, 1– 6, 11– 18) 22. I~r Š{ |{wmtˆomr, „{ zm~rxrzur |r}ur}uvz{v €}m}~w{v w}r|{~u Yrv rnmuzu zr {x‰w{ u~|{x‰t{omx{ |}rqyrˆ o wuyyr}uv~w{-~wu~w{y ~uxr, z{ u tmzuymx{~‰ u‚ utp{{oxrzury. c{, o ~o{‹ {„r}rq‰, tm~moxlr ~ {~{}{sz{~‰‹ |{q‚{qu‰ w ut{xu}{omzzˆy u ~qrxmzzˆy ozr w{y|xrw~{o zm‚{qwmy ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m uxu |}rqyr{o tor}uz{p{ ~uxl. Uzu y{p€ ~ouqrrx‰~o{om‰ zr {x‰w{ { |}rnˆomzuu ~wu{o uxu wuyyr}uvƒro o {y uxu uz{y yr~r, z{ u |}{~{ {}msm‰ oxulzur ~wu~w{v (wuyyr}uv~w{v) ymr}umx‰z{v w€x‰€}ˆ. Q~mu, }m~w{|wu {p{ sr Qm}yu}-Hx€}m p{o{}l { {y, „{ ~}rxˆ ~wu~w{p{ u|m |}uyrzlxu~‰ zr {x‰w{ tm†uzuwmyu w}r|{~u, z{ u €}y{omo uy rr |}{uozuw{y. Q}{yr {p{, ut }m~w{|{w Qm}yu}-Hx€}m |}{u~‚{qu r†r {quz €tqr„zˆv zmn{} ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm, w{{}ˆv, o{ty{sz{, |}uzmqxrsmx {qz{v ut x{ mqrv zm|mqmo u‚ (. 12, 7 – 10 ) 23. I{{}€srzur u €tqm «~wu~w{p{» u|m y{pxu, ~xrq{omrx‰z{, o Š{ o}ryl |}uyrzl‰~l }mtxu„zˆyu, o {y „u~xr |}{uo{n{}~o€‹†uyu, zm}{qmyu. X}rqu |}{„u‚ zm‚{q{w ~wu~w{p{ u|m zm Qm}yu}-Hx€}r nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ w{~lzˆr |xm~uzˆ, €w}m rzzˆr w{zƒrz}u„r~wuyu w}€pmyu u o}rtzˆyu }r€p{x‰zuwmyu u {wmz„uom‹†ur~l ut{n}msrzury w{|ˆm, m mwsr utqrxul ~ ut{n}msrzury „rˆ}r‚x€„ro{p{ ~{xl}z{p{ tzmwm (. 14, 1, 2) 24. Gzmx{puu {}zmyrz€ o ouqr w{zƒrz}u„r~wu‚ w}€p{o utor~zˆ wmw o |}rq~wu~w{v, mw u o zm„mxr }mzzr- 16 V{p}rn{om 1993, 88. 17 Gxrw~rro 1992, 40. 18 Vu{}{o~wuv 1950, 93, }u~. 63; Vu{}{o~wuv 1959, 241. I|}{„ry, zm G}pu u‚uzuxu, zm|}uyr}, €}m}ˆ, or}{lz{, |{x‰t{omxu~‰ xu ‰ ~o{uyu }mquƒu{zzˆyu ~}rxmyu, m zm‚{qwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m (qo€‚- u }r‚x{|m~zˆ‚) ~oltˆom‹~l ~ o}mpmyu, }mt}€ uo uyu w}r|{~‰: Sm}u}{~lz 1974, 171–173, }u~. 108. X}., {qzmw{, tqr~‰ sr zm‚{qw€ w{z~w{p{ €tqr„z{p{ zmn{}m «~wu~w{p{» u|m, ouquy{, |}uyrzlorp{~l surxlyu p{}{qm, u ym}uƒˆ qxl |}{uto{q~om utqrxuv o tor}uz{y ~uxr ~ ut{n}mturx‰zˆy y{uo{y, nxutwuy uyr‹†ry€~l zm wrxr}yr~~w{v ~rwu}r: Yu}mƒlz 1978, 106 – 114; L~mlz, V{p}rn{om 1985, 27. 19 Vu{}{o~wuv 1959m, 177. 20 Vu{}{o~wuv 1950, 95 – 96. 21 Vu{}{o~wuv 1954, 142; Vu{}{o~wuv 1959, 242. 22 Vu{}{o~wuv 1950, 92 – 93, }u~. 61, 62; Vu{}{o~wuv 1954, 142 –143; Vu{}{o~wuv 1959, 242 –243. 23 Vu{}{o~wuv 1950, 93; Vu{}{o~wuv 1954, 142 – 143, }u~. 2. 24 Vu{}{o~wuv 1955, 17 –18, 43– 46, }u~. 9; Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 34 – 35. 61 ~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ, m o ouqr o}rtmzzˆ‚ }r€p{x‰zuw{o — o |mylzuwm‚ smn{uz~w{p{ |r}u{qm. Ymw{v {}zmyrz tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omz, zm|}uyr}, zm w{~lzˆ‚ |~mxul‚ ut Mmn{uz~w{p{ w€}pmzm № 2 (. 25, 7, 8) 25 u ut |{p}rnrzul 106 y{pux‰zuwm Xmymo}{ (. 21, 2, 3) 26. Tm {~z{omzuu Šu‚ mzmx{puv O. T. Srqorq~wml {zr~xm u‚ uyrzz{ w Š{y€, ~my{y€ }mzzry€, |r}u{q€ }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. V{~w{x‰w€ Šu w{~lzˆr |xm~uzˆ nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ oyr~r ~ ƒm}~wuy |m}mqzˆy {}€sury VIII o. q{ z. Š., w{{}{r nˆx{ |r}rzr~rz{ zm Yrv rnmuzu |}u rp{ |{~}{vwr ut ~{~rqzrv w}r|{~u c}rn€zu, {zm |}rq|{x{suxm, „{ |xm~uzˆ |r}o{zm„mx‰z{ |{|mxu zm c}rn€zu {w{x{ 714 p. q{ z. Š., w{pqm wuyyr}uvƒˆ o|r}oˆr |{loxl‹~l o |{xr t}rzul mwwmq~wu‚ u~{„zuw{o 27. c{ |}rq|{x{srzur o|{xzr o{ty{sz{: o ~oltu ~ Šuy ~xrq€r zm|{yzu‰, „{ {|u~mzz{r o m~~u}uv~wu‚ |u~‰ym‚ ~{xwz{orzur €}m}{o ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu o{ o}ryl zr€qm„z{p{ |{‚{qm W€~ˆ I o «~}mz€ wuyyr}uvƒro» (Gamir) |}{ut{ x{ o nxutw{y }mv{zr. Xmym «~}mzm Jmyu}», w{{}ml, or}{lz{, ‚{l nˆ zm w}mw{r o}ryl ~mxm wuyyr}uv~w{v nmt{v, x{wmxut€r~l |{nxut{~u { w}r|{~rv c}rn€zu u Yrv rnmuzu, w ~ror}€ { zu‚ 28. Xxrq€r, {qzmw{, tmyru‰, „{ |{q{nzˆr w{~lzˆr |xm~uzˆ, €w}m rzzˆr o}rtzˆyu }r€p{x‰zuwmyu u tmor} m‹†ur~l ut{n}msrzury w{z~w{p{ w{|ˆm ({„rouqz{, |~mxuu) o~}r„m‹~l u zm |mylzuwm‚ wrxr}yr~~w{p{ Šm|m. Uzu {nzm}€srzˆ o w{y|xrw~r w€}pmzm 16 y{pux‰zuwm Tm}mz 29 oyr~r ~ tr}wmx{y ~ }€„w{v zm {n{}{r, u|u„zˆy qxl wrxr}yr~~w{p{ Šm|m, u n}{zt{oˆyu }r‚x{|m~zˆyu u qo€‚x{|m~zˆyu zmw{zr„zuwmyu ~}rx «wrxr}yr~~w{p{» u|m (. 26, 1– 9, 25, 28 – 30 ). Ymwuy {n}mt{y, u zmvqrzzˆr zm Yrv rnmuzu |xm~uzˆ o|{xzr y{p€ qmu}{om‰~l, wmw u {~mx‰zˆr |}rqyrˆ ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm o Vr}rqzrv Gtuu, wrxr}yr~~wuy |r}u{q{y. Q}{yr Yrv rnmuzu u G}pu u‚uzuxu, zm‚{qwu |}rqyr{o «~wu~w{p{» {nxuwm utor~zˆ u zm q}€pu‚ €}m}~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚. Kxl qmu}{owu «wrxr}yr~~w{p{» Šm|m }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ {~{n{r tzm„rzur uyr‹ zm‚{qwu n}{zt{oˆ‚ qo€‚x{|m~zˆ‚ ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m, ~qrxmzzˆr |}u }m~w{|wm‚ €}m}~w{v w}r|{~u Hm~my. Lr }mt}€ rzur, wmw €wmtmz{ oˆ r, zmqrsz{ qmu}€r~l ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. Š. I~r {nzm}€srzzˆr tqr~‰ zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx Š{v }mtz{ouqz{~u |}uzmqxrsm «wrxr}yr~~w{y€» u|€ xu~{ouqzˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o. ^m~‰ u‚, {nzm}€srzzml o €}m}~w{y ~x{r 30, nxmp{qm}l w{zrw~€ 25 Ilt‰yuuzm 1963, 158 –170, }u~. 2 –5; Ox‰uz~wml 1975, 19, |}u‚{qu~l {or}pm‰ Š{ |}ly{r €wmtmzur, |}rq|{xmpml tqr~‰ mn. VI, 10,11; Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 234, 239; Kossack { unw€ uxu zrn}rsz{~‰ mo{}m, qxl „rp{, zm y{v otpxlq, zr 1987, Abb. 10, 14,15. I. d. N€ro (1993, 38 –52) |}rq|}uzlx q{~m{„zˆ‚ {~z{omzuv. I{}{v rp{ m}p€yrz (N€ro 1993, 40): |{|ˆw€ |r}rqmu}{om‰ w{y|xrw~ o{}{p{ Mmn{uz~w{p{ {~€~our q}€pu‚ w{y|xrw~{o, o w{{}ˆ‚ nˆ |{q{nzˆr €quxm w€}pmzm u {zr~u rp{ w Š|{‚r n{xrr |{tqzrv, „ry Qrxr}yr~- o}r„mxu~‰ oyr~r, |}{~{ zror}rz. «T{o{„r}wm~~wur» u }mz- ~wur w€}pmzˆ. Jxmozˆy {~z{omzury qxl }mzzrv qmu}{owu zr~wu~wur €quxm {nzm}€srzˆ ~{oyr~z{ o }mtyˆ{y w€}pm- Š{p{ w{y|xrw~m loxlr~l zm‚{qwm o zry €qux ~{ ~}ryr„w{- zr o ^u ‚{ (Gqˆprl): Y{o 1989, }u~. 3– 6, ~}. mwsr V{xuz ouqzˆyu {w{z„mzulyu ~wu~w{p{ u|m ~{oyr~z{ ~ €quxmyu 1994m, 147. K}€pur |}uorqrzzˆr I. d. N€roˆy ~{{n}msrzul, ~ qo€w{x‰„mˆyu {w{z„mzulyu z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, „{ wm~m‹†ur~l uw{z{p}muu ut{n}msrzuv zm }{p{oˆ‚ |~mxul‚, u |{to{xlr {zr~u qmzzˆv w{y|xrw~ w Š|{‚r |r}r‚{qm { zr wms€~l yzr q{~m{„z{ or~wuyu qxl {p{, „{nˆ {or}p- T{o{„r}wm~~w{v w }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}r. I. d. N€ro |{q- z€‰ |}lyˆr €wmtmzul }m~w{|†uwm, wm~m‹†ur~l ~{~mom w{y- or}pmr ~{yzrzu‹ w{y|xrw~z{~‰ zm‚{qwu, ~~ˆxml~‰ zm zroˆ- |xrw~m o{}{p{ Mmn{uz~w{p{ w€}pmzm. Szr wmsr~l |{Š{y€, ~{w{r wm„r~o{ q{w€yrzmƒuu }m~w{|†uwm w€}pmzm I. I. \o{v- „{ Š{ w€}pmz y{sz{ |{-|}rszry€ {z{~u‰ w „u~x€ |}rq- w{ u zm {, „{ o |r}o{v |€nxuwmƒuu {~€~o€‹ }u~€zwu wrxr}yr~~wu‚ u |{xmpm‰, „{ {z qrv~ourx‰z{ ~{qr}smx €qu- €qux, zmvqrzzˆ‚, ~{pxm~z{ rp{ ~{{n†rzu‹, o{ o{}{y w€}pm- xm z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m. 26 Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 28 –29, }u~. 3; ~}. Ox‰uz- zr. V{Š{y€ I. d. N€ro ~„umr zrq{~{or}zˆy mw zm‚{qwu o |{p}rnrzuu €qux ~ qo€w{x‰„mˆyu {w{z„mzulyu. Lp{ m}p€yrzmƒul zr wmsr~l yzr q{~m{„z{ €nrqurx‰z{v. I. I. \o{vw{, o ~my{y qrxr, zr |}uo{qu }u~€zwm €qux o ~o{rv |€nxuwmƒuu, {qzmw{ {z zr {x‰w{ ~{{n†mr {n u‚ zm‚{qwr, ~wml 1973, 12. 27 Srqorq~wml 1992, 105, |}uy. 20. 28 Gzmxut u~{„zuw{o ~y. Ivantchik 1993, 19 –55; Oomz„uw yu, }u~€zwu w{{}ˆ‚ nˆxu |{yr†rzˆ o {y sr utqmzuu, ~~ˆ- 1996, 21–58. 29 Hm„mro 1985, 36 – 37, mnx. 41, 28 – 30. 30 Kroll 1979, 166, Abb. 16, 30 – 31, Taf. 51, 1; Kroll 1988, 157, xml~‰ |}u Š{y zm ut{n}msrzur €qux zr {x‰w{ ~{ ~}ryr„w{- Abb. 2, 3– 4. z{ u p{o{}u, „{ {zu nˆxu ~‚{qzˆ |{ ouq€ ~ q}€puyu €quxm- ouqzˆyu, z{ u qo€w{x‰„mˆyu {w{z„mzulyu. I. d. N€ro€ 62 1 2 3 5 6 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 Wu~. 25 Ozorzm}‰ |{p}rnrzul w€}pmzm 2 € ~. Mmn{uz. 1, 2, 5 –12 W{p; 3, 4 H}{ztm V{ Ilt‰yuuzm 1963, }u~. 1–5 63 11 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 8 9 10 16 15 14 19 18 17 0 6 23 12 0 24 13 20 15 21 22 0 6 29 27 26 30 28 0 4 25 Wu~. 26 Ozorzm}‰ |{p}rnrzul w€}pmzm 16 y{pux‰zuwm Tm}mz. 1–10, 18, 19, 25, 26. H}{ztm; 11, 16. N{x{{; 12, 14, 17, 20 –24, 27. Mrxrt{; 13. Mrxrt{ u t{x{{; 15. Wmw{ouzm wm€}u; 28 – 30. Q{~‰ V{ Hm„mro 1985, mn. 41 64 2 1 3 6 4 5 Wu~. 27 Q{~lzˆr |~mxuu «~wu~w{p{» u|m. 1, 2. \mtmzx€ III; 3. Qm|xmz€; 4 –5. ^mo€ r|r; 6. T€ -u Ksmz V{ Hauptmann 1983, Abb. 5, 12 – 16 (1–5); Curtis 1984, fig. 16, Nr. 431 (6) 65 2 1 5 12 11 16 22 34 7 6 10 28 3 8 13 18 14 24 19 25 15 20 27 26 29 30 31 32 33 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 46 47 48 49 Wu~. 28 H}{zt{oˆr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx ut H{pmtwkl V{ Boehmer 1972, Taf. XXX, XXXI 66 9 21 17 23 4 44 50 45 zm‚{qwu €or}rzz{ qmu}€r~l Š|{‚{v |}moxrzul W€~ˆ II ({w{x{ 680 – 650 pp. q{ z. Š.), w{pqm ~€†r~o{omxm Šm w}r|{~‰. V}uyrzlxu~‰ xu Šu zmw{zr„zuwu pm}zut{z{y w}r|{~u uxu rr }mt}€ urxlyu, u wry nˆxu Šu |{~xrqzur, {~mr~l zrl~zˆy, {qzmw{ u~|{x‰t{omzur «wrxr}yr~~wu‚» ~}rx o |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. Š. |{x€„mr r†r {qz{ |{qor}sqrzur. U~mx‰zˆr zm‚{qwu ~}rx Š{p{ u|m zm Hm~myr |}{u~‚{ql ut ~yr mzzˆ‚ ~x{ro u y{p€ {z{~u‰~l wmw w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. Š., mw u n{xrr |{tqzry€ o}ryrzu 31. Q}{yr {p{, ~xrq€r €|{ylz€‰ zm‚{qw€ }r‚x{|m~z{p{ zmw{zr„zuwm ~}rxˆ «~wu~w{p{» u|m |}u }m~w{|wm‚ €}m}~w{v w}r|{~u Qmlxˆqr}r, }m~|{x{srzz{v w tm|mq€ { {t. Imz (. 30, 6). Nqr~‰ Š{ zmw{zr„zuw nˆx {nzm}€srz o ‚}my{o{y w{y|xrw~r 32. Go{} }m~w{|{w ~wx{zrz qmu}{om‰ }mt}€rzur w}r|{~u zm„mx{y VII o. q{ z. Š. Uqzmw{, qmsr r~xu {zm nˆxm }mt}€ rzm u |{tsr, }€qz{ |}rq|{xmpm‰, „{ w}r|{~‰ |r}rsuxm ~r}rquz€ ~{xrul. cm zm‚{qwm, mwuy {n}mt{y, loxlr~l r†r {qzuy ~ouqrrx‰~o{y u~|{x‰t{omzul }r‚x{|m~zˆ‚ ~}rx «~wu~w{p{ u|m» o |r}o{v |{x{ouzr, m o{ty{sz{ u zm„mxr VII o. q{ z. Š. Ixulzur wuyyr}uv~w{v (m}‚r{x{pu„r~wu }mzzr~wu~w{v) ymr}umx‰z{v w€x‰€}ˆ zm o{rzz{r qrx{ Z}m}€ zr {p}mzu„uomx{~‰ xu ‰ |r}ur}urv, ‚{l, o{ty{sz{, u nˆx{ my ~ux‰zrr. Ymw, o €}m}~w{y p{}{qr ^mo€ r|r, }m~|{x{srzz{y o ƒrz}mx‰zˆ‚ }mv{zm‚ Z}m}€ zr|{qmxrw€ { ~{xuƒˆ Y€ |ˆ, {nzm}€srz{ qom w{~lzˆ‚ |~mxul ~ {w{z„mzulyu o ouqr p{x{o{w p}u{nm}mz{o (. 27, 4, 5) 33, q{~m{„z{ u|u„zˆ‚ qxl wrxr}yr~~w{p{ Šm|m }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ, m mwsr qo€‚- u }r‚x{|m~zˆr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m 34. V}u }m~w{|wm‚ q}€pu‚ €}m}~wu‚ w}r|{~rv, w{{}ˆr |}{o{quxu~‰ o |{~xrqzrr o}ryl zm r}}u{}uu Y€}ƒuu, }rp€xl}z{ o~}r„m‹~l {qrx‰zˆr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m, tm„m~€‹ o w{zrw~r VII o. q{ z. Š.35 U~{nrzz{ uzr}r~zm zm‚{qwm 75 mwu‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o, tm~}lo u‚ o ‹sz{v ~rzr w}r|{~u Glzu~ Qmxr, }m~|{x{srzz{v zr|{qmxrw€ { €}m}~w{v ~{xuƒˆ 36. cu zmw{zr„zuwu ozr o~lw{p{ ~{yzrzul |}uzmqxrsmxu ~}rxmy o}mp{o, €}y{omo u‚ w}r|{~‰ u mwuy {n}mt{y ~uz‚}{zzˆ rr punrxu o ~r}rquzr — o{}{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. Š. Tm‚{qwu ~wu~wu‚ or†rv o O}mzr, owx‹„ml \mtmzx€ (. 27, 1, 2) u mw zmtˆomryˆv «wxmq ut Nuour», |}uzmqxrsm {y€ sr w}€p€, „{ u }m~~y{}rzzˆr |}rqyrˆ, {nzm}€srzzˆr zm «wuyyr}uv~wu‚» r}}u{}ul‚ o Vr}rqzrv Gtuu. Uqzmw{ |{~w{x‰w€ |u~‰yrzzˆr u~{„zuwu uw~u}€‹ tqr~‰ {qz{o}ryrzz{r |}rnˆomzur u wuyyr}uvƒro, u ~wu{o, { oˆl~zu‰, wmw{y€ ut qo€‚ zm}{q{o |}uzmqxrsm Šu |mylzuwu, zr |}rq~moxlr~l o{ty{szˆy. 1.3.2 «XQO[XQOL» TG\UKQO VII I. KU T. c. I GTGYUROO O VGRLXYOTL X}rqu mzm{xuv~wu‚ zm‚{q{w «~wu~wu‚» |}rqyr{o {~{n{r tzm„rzur uyr‹ 50 zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx Š{p{ u|m, {nzm}€srzzˆ‚ o H{pmtwkr (. 28). Y}u ut zu‚ }r‚x{|m~zˆr, {w{x{ qr~lu qo€‚x{|m~zˆr }{ynu„r~wur «smn{uz~w{p{» u|m, m n{x‰ uz~o{ xu~{ouqzˆr 37. c{ ~{{z{ rzur |{„u 31 Kroll 1979, 154, 158, 162, 164, Abb. 3, 1–2; 10, 8; 15, 1; 16, „u~xrzzˆr zm‚{qwu zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m u 30 – 32, Taf. 51, 2 – 4; Kroll 1988, 160, Abb. 3, 3– 4. 32 Burney 1966, 79, fig. 21, 10. wx‹o{ouqz{v €tqr„z{v |}{zutu o ~x{l‚ IIa u IIb }upuv- 33 Erzen 1978, 56, Abb. 41, Taf. 47 a,b; Kossack 1987, Abb. 10, Gzwm}ˆ. Q ~{smxrzu‹, Š{ ~x{v uyrr q{~m{„z{ 2,3. 34 Erzen 1978, 53, Abb. 38. 35 Xy. zm|}uyr} Oymy{px€ \€‹w (}mv{z Smxm‰u): Uzunoǧlu qm€. Xy. rsrp{qzˆr {„rˆ { }m~w{|wm‚ X. Uy€}ˆ o Kazı Sonuçları Toplantısı 10–16, 1988–1994. Hxmp{qm}‹ \. \m€|- 1988, 72, Abb. 4; dwm}ˆ Gztm Qmxr ({w}r~z{~u Imzm): Belli, Yalçin 1993, 57, Zeichn. 6 b, Abb. 1, 2; Imz Qmxr: Tarhan, Sevin 1990, 438, Abb. 22, 8; Tarhan 1993, 282, ~}. mwsr yz{p{- 37 Boehmer 1972, 109 –111, Taf. XXX; XXXI. ~w{v w}r|{~u Qmymz-Qmxr \€‹w, zm‚{ql†rv~l o 100 wy { u}{w€‹ ymzzm, €wmtmo rp{ yzr zm Šu |€nxuwmƒuu. 36 Çilingiroǧlu 1990, 203. 67 {„z{ ~{{or~o€r ~{{z{ rzu‹ {}y o zmn{}m‚ ~}rx ut Oyu}xr}m u ut {w}r~z{~rv Gym~‰u. Jxmoz{r {xu„ur ~{~{u o |{loxrzuu, |}moqm, o zrtzm„urx‰z{y w{xu„r~or, }r‚x{|m~zˆ‚ ~}rx. c{ y{sr ~ouqrrx‰~o{om‰ { zr~w{x‰w{ n{x‰ rv q}roz{~u €wmtmzzˆ‚ |{p}rnmx‰zˆ‚ w{y|xrw~{o |{ ~}mozrzu‹ ~ zm‚{qwmyu o H{pmtwkr. Xxrq€r zm|{yzu‰ o ~oltu ~ Šuy, „{ }r‚x{|m~z{v zmw{zr„zuw ~}rxˆ nˆx {nzm}€srz mwsr o }mtp}mnxrzz{y tm‚{}{zrzuu o wmyrzz{-~ˆ}ƒ{o{y ~wxr|r zm mw}{|{xr T{} €zr|r, m mwsr o w}r|{~u Qmlxˆqr}r, {z{~l†u‚~l w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. Š. (. 30, 6). I ~oltu ~ qmu}{ow{v o}ryrzu |{loxrzul }r‚x{|m~zˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m ~xrq€r €|{ylz€‰ r†r zm‚{qw€ „rˆ}r‚ |{q{nzˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o o «yuquv~w{y ~x{r» |{~rxrzul T€ -u Ksmz o tm|mqz{y O}mzr, w{{}ˆv {z{~u~l w{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr VIII – |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. Š. (. 30, 1– 4) 38. I~r Šu qmzzˆr €wmtˆom‹, mwuy {n}mt{y, zm |{loxrzur zmw{zr„zuw{o Š{p{ u|m €sr o |}rqrxm‚ |r}o{v |{x{ouzˆ VII o. q{ z. Š. H{x‰ uz~o{ zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m nˆxu zmvqrzˆ zm H{pmtwkr o ~x{r I u xu ‰ {qrx‰zˆr Šwtry|xl}ˆ o ~x{r II u zm„mxr ~x{l I. cu ~x{u qmu}€‹~l o{}{v „ror}‰‹ – ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. Š. 39, „{ |{xz{~‰‹ ~{{or~o€r ~ouqrrx‰~omy |u~‰yrzzˆ‚ u~{„zuw{o {n mwuoz{~u wuyyr}uvƒro o Š{y }rpu{zr o qmzz€‹ Š|{‚€. S{sz{ |{xmpm‰, „{ zmtomzzˆr zm‚{qwu loxl‹~l m}‚r{x{pu„r~wuyu ~xrqmyu qrlrx‰z{~u wuyyr}uvƒro — zrtmou~uy{ { {p{, |}uzmqxrsmxu xu ~zmnsrzzˆr uyu ~}rxˆ ~myuy wuyyr}uvƒmy („{ zmun{xrr or}{lz{), uxu nˆxu yr~zˆyu |{q}msmzulyu. c{, o ~o{‹ {„r}rq‰, |{qor}sqmr rtu~ { {y, „{ wuyyr}uvƒˆ ~ m}‚r{x{pu„r~w{v {„wu t}rzul {z{~uxu~‰ w }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}r wrxr}yr~~w{p{ |r}u{qm. I {y sr |r}o{y ~x{r H{pmtwkl nˆx zmvqrz mwsr srxrtzˆv }r‚ |r rx‰„mˆv |~mxuv (. 29) 40. V{q{nzˆr |~mxuu u}{w{ }m~Wu~. 29 Y}r‚|rrx‰„mˆv srxrtzˆv |~mxuv ut H{pmtwkl |}{~}mzrzˆ o }mzzr~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚: {zu zmvqrzˆ, zm|}uyr}, o Qrxr}yr~~wu‚ w€}pmzm‚ Ir~rx{o~w{p{ 1 u 2 41, o w€}pmzm‚ V{ Boehmer 1972, Taf. LVIII, 1695 Xm} ml y{puxm 42, X{x{qwm 1 u 2 43, Gw~‹uzƒˆ 6 (1886 p.) 44 u yz{pu‚ q}€pu‚. Kmu}{owm srxrtz{p{ |~mxul ut H{pmtwkl o{}{v „ror}‰‹ – ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. Š. |{to{xlr ~oltˆom‰ rp{, wmw u zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx ut {p{ sr ~x{l, ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu. L†r {qzm ‚{}{ { qmu}{omzzml zm‚{qwm }mzzrp{ «~wu~w{p{» zmw{zr„zuwm ~}rxˆ (qo€‚x{|m~z{v }{yn{ouqzˆv) nˆxm ~qrxmzm o }r‰ry }upuv~w{y ~x{r (uzmx‰zml mtm) Sm m \€‹wm o ƒrz}mx‰z{v Gzm{xuu (. 30, 5) 45. V{ €~x{ouly zm‚{qwu zmw{zr„zuw qmu}€r~l zm„mx{y, ~my{r |{tqzrr |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VII o. q{ z. Š. Tmvqrzzˆv tqr~‰ zmw{zr„zuw ~}rxˆ, mwuy {n}mt{y, mwsr y{sr nˆ‰ ~{{zr~rz ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu. 38 Curtis 1984, 22, 27 –28, fig. 6, Nr. 259 –262. 39 Boehmer 1972, 111. 40 Boehmer 1972, 162, Taf. LVIII, Nr. 1695. 41 Jmxmzuzm 1983, mn. 5, 5,7; 6, 6,7; 7, 1,8,9,10; 9, 21,22,35,36 42 Ox‰uz~wml 1968, mn. IV, 1. 43 Ox‰uz~wml 1968, mn. XII, 5,20. 44 Ox‰uz~wml 1968, mn. XVIII, 13. 45 Özgüç 1982, 137, pl. 62, 10. I{}{v {nzm}€srzzˆv tqr~‰ u q}. = Galanina 1985, Taf. 5, 5,7; 6, 6,7; 7, 1,8,9,10; 9, 21,22,35, zmw{zr„zuw «~wu~w{p{» u|m zmvqrz o{ o{}{y }upuv~w{y 36 u q}.; Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, 120 –121, Taf. 17, 86; 18, ~x{r u qmu}€r~l o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VII – ~r}rquz{v V oo. 113; 19, 127,141,142; 20, 160,243; 22, 274,278; 23, 284; 24, q{ z. Š. 401,414; 25, 338,346,372 u q}. 68 2 1 3 4 5 6 Wu~. 30 H}{zt{oˆr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx. 1– 4. T€ -u Ksmz; 5. Sm m \€‹w; 6. Qmlxˆqr}r V{ Curtis 1984, fig. 6, Nr. 259 –262 (1– 4); Özgüç 1982, pl. 62, 10 (5); Burney 1966, 79, fig. 21, 10 (6) Qmw €sr €wmtˆomx{~‰, ~ }rmx‰zˆyu z{ymqmyu y{p€ ~oltˆom‰~l xu ‰ ~myˆr }mzzur zm‚{qwu o Gzm{xuu zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m, w{{}ˆr qmu}€‹~l zr |{tsr ~r}rquzˆ VII o. q{ z. Š. Q ~{smxrzu‹, {zu qmu}{omzˆ ~{x‰ {„z{ w}mvzr }rqw{. I n{x‰ uz~or ~x€„mro zr €qmr~l {„z{ {|}rqrxu‰ u‚ o}ryl u qxl zmw{zr„zuw{o „m~{ |}uzuymr~l ~€yym}zml qmm VII–V oo. q{ z. Š. I Š{y {z{ rzuu or~‰ym ‚m}mwr}z{ oˆ~wmtˆomzur mo{}m }m~w{|{w o Xm}qm‚ Ks. \mzymzzm 46: «Tmun{xrr or}{lz{, „{ {zu (zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx) loxl‹~l ~ouqrrx‰~o{y |r}~uq~w{v mmwu o{ o}ryl |{~xrqzrp{ ~{|}{uoxrzul Q}rtm o 547 p. q{ z. Š., {qzmw{ zr u~wx‹„rzˆ zu wuyyr}uv~wur €}yˆ o VII o. q{ z. Š., zu u{zuv~w{r zm|mqrzur o 499 p. q{ z. Š.» Tm q}€pu‚ ymx{mtuv~wu‚ |{~rxrzul‚ wm}uzm mzmx{pu„zml, ‚{l r uxu uzˆr uw~u}€ryˆr zm zu‚ ~x{u }mt}€ rzul „m~{ ~ n{x‰ uy uxu yrz‰ uy {~z{omzury |}u|u~ˆom‹ wuyyr}uv~w{y€ o{}srzu‹. Ymw, ~x{v |{sm}u†m J{}qu{zm ~oltˆomr~l ~ o{}srzury wuyyr}uvƒro 47 zm {y {~z{omzuu, „{ o |r}rw}ˆom‹†ry rp{ ~x{r, |}rq r~o{omo ry m‚ryrzuq~wuy zm|xm~{omzuly, nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ }mpyrzˆ wr}myuwu |r}o{v |{x{ouzˆ – ~r}rquzˆ VII o. q{ z. Š. Uqzmw{ zm‚{qwu «~wu~wu‚» ~}rx tqr~‰ uxu |x{‚{ ~}muuƒu}{omzˆ, uxu {z{~l~l w |r}~uq~w{v Š|{‚r 48. Qmwu‚-xun{ zr~{yzrzzˆ‚ ymr}umx‰zˆ‚ ~xrq{o |}rnˆomzul wuyyr}uvƒro o J{}qu{zr zr {nzm}€srz{ 49. Oqrzuuwmƒul sr ~x{l |{sm}u†m ~ zm r~oury wuyyr}uvƒro ~}{u~l u~wx‹„urx‰z{ zm ~{{n}msrzul‚ u~{}uw{-‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{p{ ‚m}mwr}m. Uqzmw{ r~xu utyrzu~l qmu}{owm Š{p{ ~x{l, { qmzz{r }mt}€ rzur n{xrr zr ~y{sr |}u|u~ˆom‰~l zm r~ou‹ wuyyr}uvƒro u rp{ |}uqr~l ~oltˆom‰ ~ wmwuy-{ q}€puy ~{nˆury 50. Hrt€~x{oz{ { un{„zm |{|ˆwm ~oltm‰ ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu zm‚{qwu qo€‚x{|m~zˆ‚ o€x‰„mˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx o «J{}{qr Suqm~m» (Cité de Midas) 51. cu zmw{zr„zuwu |}{u~‚{ql ut ~x{l V–IV oo. q{ z. Š. («notre ville») 52 u, ~xrq{omrx‰z{, qmu}€‹~l zm qom orwm |{tsr, „ry |}rnˆomzur wuyyr}uvƒro o Smx{v Gtuu. X wuyyr}uv~wuy o{}srzury ~oltˆomxu~‰ u zm‚{qwu «~wu~wu‚» ~}rx o{ }upuv~wu‚ ~x{l‚ Gxum}m. Qmw {yr„mxu mo{}ˆ }m~w{|{w, mwur zmw{zr„zuwu |{loxl‹~l o IV ~x{r Gxu m}m u o n{x‰ {y „u~xr o~}r„m‹~l o V ~x{r 53. Uqzmw{ Šm uz{}ymƒul ymx{ „{ qmr — |r}o{zm„mx‰z{ IV ~x{v qmu}{omx~l o}ryrzry {w{x{ 1400 –1200 pp. q{ z. Š. (‚r~wuv |r}u{q), m o V ~x{v owx‹„mxu~‰ o~r w€x‰- 46 Hanfmann 1961, 36. 47 X}. Edwards 1959, 263–264; Young 1960, 243; McClellan 1975, 114 –115; DeVries 1990, 388 – 389; Voigt 1994, 272 –273. 48 Young 1953, 164 –165, fig. 10, ~ qmu}{ow{v w{y|xrw~m ~p{}ro rp{ tqmzul, o w{{}{y zmvqrzˆ zmw{zr„zuwu, ~r}rquz{v VI o. q{ z. Š. 49 X}. Young 1964, 55 –56. 50 X}. {n~€sqrzur qmu}{owu Š{p{ ~x{l u o{ty{sz{~u rp{ €q}rozrzul Voigt, Young 1999, 201, 202, n. 4. 51 Sm‚{}ˆ‚ 1994, 30. 52 Haspels 1951, 3–5 (qmu}{owm), 97, pl. 42, a,b. 53 Schmidt 1932, 264 –265, fig. 348; Schmidt, Krogman 1933, 66, fig. 89; von der Osten 1937, 287, 441, fig. 496 (|r}oˆv }lq, o{}{v }lq ~|}mom); von der Osten 1937, 110, fig. 107. 69 €}zˆr {~mwu { |mqrzul ‚r~w{p{ ƒm}~om q{ Šxxuzutym 54. I|{~xrq~ouu, {qzmw{, Šu qmu}{owu nˆxu |r}r~y{}rzˆ: oˆl~zux{~‰, „{ IV ~x{v {z{~u~l w «|{~‚r~w{y€ u }upuv~w{y€» |r}u{q€, m V ~x{v nˆx €~x{oz{ zmtomz «~x{v o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ I ˆ~. q{ z. Š.», |}u„ry o zrp{ nˆxu owx‹„rzˆ w€x‰€}zˆr zm|xm~{omzul zm„uzml |}uyr}z{ ~ VII o. q{ z. Š. q{ Šxxuzutym owx‹„urx‰z{ 55. Qmw ouquy, Š{ €{„zrzur qmr zryz{p{. J}mzuƒm yrsq€ qo€yl ~x{lyu nˆxm |{yr†rzm o |}rqrxm‚ VII o. q{ z. Š. u ~oltmzm ~ zm r~oury wuyyr}uvƒro, zm {~z{omzuu „rp{ rr {zr~xu w zm„mx€ orwm. Uqzmw{ |{ ~€†r~o€ {zm {~mxm~‰ zr{|}rqrxrzz{v, |{~w{x‰w€ }mtp}mzu„rzur u qmu}{owm ~x{ro o tzm„urx‰z{v ~r|rzu {|u}mxu~‰ zr zm ~{n~orzz{ m}‚r{x{pu„r~wur qmzzˆr, m zm uzr}|}rmƒuu u~{}u„r~w{p{ ‚m}mwr}m. Xxrq€r €„uˆom‰ u { {n~{lrx‰~o{, „{ zryz{p{„u~xrzzˆr zm‚{qwu «~wu~wu‚» ~}rx o IV ~x{r, qmu}€ry{y XII–VII oo. q{ z. Š., y{pxu |{|m~‰ €qm u o }rt€x‰mr zm}€ rzuv, zr tmuw~u}{omzzˆ‚ mo{}myu }m~w{|{w, yr{qˆ w{{}ˆ‚ nˆxu qmxrwu { ~{or} rz~om. Omw, zm‚{qwu ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m o Gxu m}r zr qm‹ |}mwu„r~wu zuwmw{v uz{}ymƒuu |{ wuyyr}uv~w{v |}{nxryr. Trx‰tl u~wx‹„m‰ {p{, „{ ~myˆr }mzzur Šwtry|xl}ˆ zmw{zr„zuw{o Šu‚ ~}rx ~oltmzˆ ~ qrlrx‰z{~‰‹ wuyyr}uvƒro, {qzmw{ {qrxu‰ Šu zmw{zr„zuwu { n{xrr |{tqzu‚, |}uyrzlo u‚~l „€‰ zr o~ryu m}yulyu {p{ |r}u{qm, zr |}rq~moxlr~l o{ty{szˆy. Tu„€‰ zr x€„ r ~u€mƒul o wuxuwuv~w{y p{}{qr Ym}~r, o {w}r~z{~l‚ w{{}{p{ mwuozml qrlrx‰z{~‰ wuyyr}uvƒro mwsr zmqrsz{ uw~u}€r~l |u~‰yrzzˆyu u~{„zuwmyu. X{pxm~z{ qmzzˆy mwwmq~wu‚ rw~{o, wuyyr}uvƒˆ qrv~o{omxu o Š{y }mv{zr, „m~{ o ~{‹tr ~ yr~zˆyu ƒm}~omyu \uxmww€ u Ymnmx, |{ yrz‰ rv yr}r ~ 70-‚ q{ zm„mxm 30-‚ pp. VII o. q{ z. Š., w{pqm €|{yuzmzul { zu‚ o{{n†r u~„rtm‹ ut wxuz{|u~zˆ‚ rw~{o. Xw€qzˆr qmzzˆr wuyyr}uv~w{v {z{ym~uwu mwsr, o{ty{sz{, ~ouqrrx‰~o€‹ {n {~{nˆ‚ ~oltl‚ wuyyr}uvƒro ~ Quxuwurv 56. Gzu„zml }mquƒul mwsr tzmxm { wuyyr}uv~w{y |}rnˆomzuu o Quxuwuu — uyrzz{ o Šu‚ yr~m‚ X}mn{z ~|}morqxuo{ x{wmxut€r punrx‰ wuyyr}uv~w{p{ ƒm}l Rupqmyu~m (I, 3,21). V{Š{y€ nˆx{ nˆ x{pu„z{ {suqm‰ {w}ˆul ymr}umx‰zˆ‚ ~xrq{o |}rnˆomzul wuyyr}uvƒro o qmzz{y }mv{zr. Krv~ourx‰z{, o Ym}~r {nzm}€srzˆ zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m. O‚ }m~|}rqrxrzur |{ ~x{ly ~xrq€‹†rr: «}mzzrr srxrt{» ({w{x{ 1100 – 850 pp. q{ z. Š.) — 2, «~}rqzrr srxrt{» ({w{x{ 870 – 700 pp. q{ z. Š.) — 5, «m~~u}uv~wuv |r}u{q» ({w{x{ 700 – 600 pp. q{ z. Š.) — 7, «m}‚mu„r~wuv |r}u{q» ({w{x{ 600 – 520 pp. q{ z. Š.) — 10, Šxxuzu~u„r~wuv |r}u{q (~x{v III – zm„mxm II o. q{ z. Š.) — 2, zr ~}muuƒu}{omz{ — 2 57. U„rouqz{, zm‚{qwu «~wu~wu‚» ~}rx o qo€‚ zuszu‚ ~x{l‚ {n‡l~zl‹~l u‚ zm}€ rzulyu, o }rt€x‰mr „rp{ |}{u~‚{qux{ |r}ryr†rzur n{xrr |{tqzu‚ ymr}umx{o o }mzzur zm|xm~{omzul. ^{ wm~mr~l zm‚{q{w zmw{zr„zuw{o o «m~~u}uv~w{y» ~x{r VII o. q{ z. Š., { „m~‰ ut zu‚ y{sr o |}uzƒu|r nˆ‰ ~{{zr~rzm ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu. Uqzmw{ zr zuwmw{v €or}rzz{~u o {y, „{ }r„‰ zr uqr { }rt€x‰mm‚ yr‚mzu„r~w{p{ zm}€ rzul w€x‰€}zˆ‚ ~x{ro, wmw Š{ uyrx{ yr~{ ~ n{xrr zuszuyu zm|xm~{omzulyu. Q}{yr {p{, ~xu w{y u}{wml qmu}{owm ~x{l (or~‰ VII o. q{ z. Š.) tm}€qzlr m}un€ƒu‹ {|}rqrxrzz{y€ zm}{q€ r‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o, w{{}ˆr zr nˆxu |r}ryr†rzˆ, m utzm„mx‰z{ |}uzmqxrsmxu ~x{‹. Wr„‰ tqr~‰ y{sr uqu zr {x‰w{ { wuyyr}uvƒm‚, z{ u { x‹n{y q}€p{y zm}{qr, €„m~o{omo ry o n€}zˆ‚ ~{nˆul‚ w{zƒm VII o. q{ z. Š., ~oltmzzˆ‚ ~ |mqrzury G~~u}uu (zm|}uyr}, { yuquvƒm‚ uxu omoux{zlzm‚). Q}{yr {p{, n{xrr „ry or}{lz{, „{ ~my{ zm~rxrzur Quxuwuu, q{xp{ w{zmwu}{omo rr ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu u ~{~{lo rr ~ zuyu o ~{‹tzu„r~wu‚ {z{ rzul‚, tmuy~o{omx{ wuyyr}uv~w{r o{{}€srzur, wmw Š{ ~qrxmxu q}€pur |r}rqzro{~{„zˆr zm}{qˆ. Smr}umxˆ Ym}~m, mwuy {n}mt{y, mwsr zr qm‹ zuwmw{v zr~{yzrzz{v uz{}ymƒuu. Xxrq€r r†r €|{ylz€‰ zm‚{qwu «~wu~wu‚» zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx o Xmym}uu, w{{}€‹ W. Hkyr} owx‹„ux o „u~x{ r‚ zryz{pu‚ |€zw{o, pqr ~}rxˆ ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm ~ €or}rzz{~‰‹ qmu}€‹~l €}, Qm}‚ryu 59). VII o. q{ z. Š. 58 (q}€pur |€zwˆ: H{pmtwkv, Qm}yu}-Hx€}, Nrzqmz-u X€xrvymz, G 54 Schmidt 1932, 25 –27; Schmidt, Krogman 1933, 1. 55 von der Osten 1937, 448 ff. 58 Boehmer 1972, 114. 59 Tm‚{qwu zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx o G 56 Ivantchik 1993, 114 –124; Oomz„uw 1996, 122 –131. 57 Goldman 1950, 389, fig. 264, 2; Goldman 1963, 14, 371– 374, mwsr wmw o }lqr q}€pu‚ m~~u}uv~wu‚ p{}{q{o, ~€ql |{ o~ry€, loxl‹~l ~ouqrrx‰~omyu o{vzˆ, |}uorq rv w punrxu G~~u- pl. 174. }uu. Xwuˆ o Š{v o{vzr, ouquy{, zr €„m~o{omxu, m pxmozˆy 70 €}r u Qm}‚ryu r, Nqr~‰ {zu {nzm}€srzˆ o {~z{oz{y o |}rqrxm‚ o{~‰y{p{ ~x{l, m mwsr o Šxxuzu~u„r~wu‚ ~x{l‚, w€qm |{|mxu o }rt€x‰mr zm}€ rzuv n{xrr q}rozu‚ zm|xm~{omzuv. Q}{yr {p{, qom zmw{zr„zuwm (qo€‚x{|m~z{v xu~{ouqzˆv u }r‚x{|m~z{v, {nm ~ u|{y) {nzm}€srzˆ o |{-ouquy{y€ zr zm}€ rzzˆ‚ zm|xm~{omzul‚ ~rq‰y{p{ ~x{l (№13 u 14), m r†r {quz |{|mx o Š{ ~x{v o }rt€x‰mr zm}€ rzul 60. Kmu}{owm qo€‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m ut Xmym}uu o}ryrzry VII ~x{l, ~€ql |{ o~ry€, q{~m{„z{ zmqrszm. Xmy VII ~x{v ~oltˆomr~l ~ qrlrx‰z{~‰‹ z{o{p{ zm~rxrzul Xmym}uu, |{~rxrzz{p{ my m~~u}uv~wuy ƒm}ry Xm}p{z{y II {w{x{ 720 p. q{ z. Š. 61 |{~xr qr|{}mƒuu ro}rv~w{p{ zm~rxrzul p{}{qm. Lp{ ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wml p}mzuƒm ~{ ~xrq€‹†uy, VIII ~x{ry, w{{}ˆv qmu}€r~l VII–VI oo. q{ z. Š., zr {|}rqrxrzm. e~z{ xu ‰, „{ VII ~x{v zr q{‚{qu q{ w{zƒm VII o. q{ z. Š., |{~w{x‰w€ wr}myuwm Š{p{ o}ryrzu, o~}r„m‹†ml~l o o{~‰y{y ~x{r, o ~rq‰y{y {~€~o€r 62. Omw, qom zmtomzzˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuwm ~}rx y{p€ nˆ‰ qmu}{omzˆ |{ €~x{ouly u‚ zm‚{qwu w{zƒ{y VIII – {w{x{ }r‰rv „ror}u VII o. q{ z. Š. Xoltˆom‰ u‚ zm|}ly€‹ ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu, |{-ouquy{y€, zro{ty{sz{, |{~w{x‰w€ |u~‰yrzzˆr u~{„zuwu zr ~{qr}sm zuwmwu‚ ~ouqrrx‰~o { |}{zuwz{orzuu Š{p{ zm}{qm ~{x‰ qmxrw{ zm ‹p. L~r~orzz{, wmtmx{~‰ nˆ, ~oltm‰ Šu zm‚{qwu ~{ ~wumyu, w{{}ˆr, ~{pxm~z{ ~{{n†rzuly mzu„zˆ‚ mo{}{o, ~{or} uxu |{‚{q o Vmxr~uz€ o|x{‰ q{ p}mzuƒ Lpu|m. V{‚{q ~wu{o, {qzmw{, }€qz{ {„z{ qmu}{om‰, |{~w{x‰w€ qmzzˆr mzu„z{v ‚}{z{p}muu |{ Š{y€ |{o{q€ w}mvzr zrzmqrszˆ u ~nuo„uoˆ, m |m}mxxrx‰zˆr u~{„zuwu qxl rr |}{or}wu {~€~o€‹ 63. Y}€qz{, {qzmw{, ~rnr |}rq~mou‰, „{nˆ Š{ |{‚{q y{p |}{ut{vu o { o}ryl, w{pqm G~~u}ul r†r ~€†r~o{omxm u y{pxm w{z}{xu}{om‰ ~o{‹ r}}u{}u‹. Tmun{xrr or}{lz{ |{Š{y€, „{ zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx ut Xmym}uu qmu}€‹~l o}ryrzry }mz‰ r |{loxrzul ~wu{o o Vmxr~uzr. S{sz{ |}rq|{xmpm‰, „{ {zu loxl‹~l {qzuy ut }mzzu‚ ~ouqrrx‰~o }m~|}{~}mzrzul ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m o |r}rqzrmtum~w{y }rpu{zr u u‚ u~|{x‰t{omzul nxuszro{~{„zˆyu m}yulyu. I mw{y ~x€„mr }mzzur zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx ut Xmym}uu zr uyr‹ |}ly{p{ {z{ rzul zu w wuyyr}uvƒmy, zu w ~wumy, m q{xszˆ nˆxu u~|{x‰t{om‰~l ~myuyu ~mym}uv~wuyu surxlyu. 1.3.3 GW\LURUJO^LXQOL XRLKa VU\UKUI QU^LITOQUI I OUTOO O ROKOO Vr}rvqry w p{}{qmy Ruquu u O{zuu, „m~‰ ut w{{}ˆ‚ nˆxm }mt}€ rzm wuyyr}uvƒmyu 64. I Suxrr q{ ~u‚ |{} zr €qmr~l ~ q{~m{„z{v €or}rzz{~‰‹ |}{~xrqu‰ m}‚r{x{pu„r~wur {~mwu wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym. U{sqr~oxrzur |{sm}m q{ym pr{yr}u„r~w{v Š|{‚u, }m~|{x{srzz{p{ w o{~{w€ { ‚}mym Guzˆ, w{{}ˆv |}{ut{ rx, ouquy{, o zm„mxr VII o. q{ z. Š., ~ wuyyr}uv~wuy zm r~oury 65 „u~{ €y{t}urx‰z{ u zr {~z{omz{ zu zm wmwu‚ }rmx‰zˆ‚ qmzzˆ‚. Wm~w{|wu o Srxuu, zr|{qmxrw€ { Vmzu{zul zm tm|mqz{y |{nr}rs‰r Smx{v Gtuu, mwsr zr qmxu o Š{y {z{ rzuu o|{xzr {|}rqrxrzzˆ‚ }rt€x‰m{o. Otor~z{r |u~‰y{ Ru~uym‚m w p}msqmzmy Xmy{~m (283/2 p. q{ z. Š.) |{ |{o{q€ lsnˆ Xmy{~m u V}urzˆ { |}mor oxmqrzul yr~r„w{y Hmuzruqm 66 ~ouqrrx‰~o€r { {y, „{ wuyyr}uvƒˆ o{ pxmor ~ Rupqmyu~{y tm‚omuxu Š€ r}}u{}u‹ u oxmqrxu r‹ |}{uozuw{y m~~u}uvƒro nˆxu yuquvƒˆ, o{{}€srzzˆr x€wmyu u ~}rxmyu «~wu~w{p{» u|m. Xy. |{q}{nz{: Zawadzki 1988. Kmu}{ow€ zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx ut Qm}‚ryu m 604 p. 61 Tadmor 1958, 33– 40; ~}. Becking 1992. 62 Kenyon 1957, 97 – 98. 63 X}. Ivantchik, 1999, 497 –520. q{ z. Š. ~y. €sr Woolley 1921, 125, pl. 22 b. Nqr~‰ sr zmvqrzm 64 Gzmxut |u~‰yrzzˆ‚ u~{„zuw{o ~y. Ivantchik 1993, 95 – {}ym qxl {xuowu |{q{nzˆ‚ ~}rx, „{, {„rouqz{, ~ouqr- 126; Oomz„uw 1996, 100 –131. 65 Hommel 1959/1960, 39. rx‰~o€r {n u‚ |}{uto{q~or zm yr~r: Woolley 1921, 130 –131, pl. 23 b. 60 Kenyon 1957a, 452 – 453, fig. 110, 3–11,13,14. 66 Welles 1966, 46 –51, Nr. 7. 71 zr~w{x‰w{ (}u ?) xr, |}u„ry zm~rxlo ur {nxm~‰ p}rwu nrsmxu zm {~}{om. V{Š{y€ mo{}ˆ }m~w{|{w m}un€u}{omxu qom zmvqrzzˆ‚ tqr~‰ n}{zt{oˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuwm «~wu~w{p{» u|m (qo€‚x{|m~z{v u }r‚x{|m~z{v) 67 wuyyr}uvƒmy. Unzm}€srzzˆr zmw{zr„zuwu tm~}lxu o ~rzm‚ mw}{|{xl (Qmxrr|r), w€qm {zu y{pxu |{|m~‰ |}u }mt}€ rzuu p{}{qm. I mw{v uzr}|}rmƒuu zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx zr zu„rp{ zro{ty{sz{p{, {qzmw{ ~xrq€r {yru‰, „{ w}r|{~‰ Srxuu nˆxm o{~~mz{oxrzm |{~xr wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym u |}{q{xsmxm r†r q{xp{ {~mom‰~l o ƒrz}r }mtz{{n}mtzˆ‚ o{{}€srzzˆ‚ w{zxuw{o wmw o VII o. q{ z. Š., mw u |{tsr 68. V{Š{y€ zmtomzzˆr ~}rxˆ, ~my{~{lrx‰zˆr {~z{omzul qxl qmu}{owu w{{}ˆ‚ {~€~o€‹, y{pxu |}uzmqxrsm‰ u x‹n{y€ q}€p{y€ o}mp€, zm|}uyr}, xuquvƒmy. Gzu„zˆr u~{„zuwu ~{{n†m‹, „{ wuyyr}uvƒˆ o{ pxmor ~ Rupqmyu~{y ~{spxu uxu |ˆmxu~‰ ~sr„‰ ‚}my G}ryuqˆ o cr~r (Callim. Ad Dian. (III), 251 – 258; Hesych. s. v. Λύγδαμις). U~z{oˆoml~‰ zm Š{y ~{{n†rzuu, mo{} |r}oˆ‚ }m~w{|{w ‚}mym G}ryuqˆ cr~~w{v |{xmpmx, „{ wuyyr}uvƒˆ €zu„{suxu {nzm}€srzzˆv uy ~myˆv }mzzuv «‚}my G» u ~oltˆomx ~ wuyyr}uv~wuy }mtp}{y{y tmuw~u}{omzzˆv o{ o}ryl }m~w{|{w p{}rxˆv ~x{v 69. X{yzrzul o |}moux‰z{~u Š{v uzr}|}rmƒuu oˆ~wmtˆomxu~‰ qmoz{ 70, m }rt€x‰mˆ zrqmozu‚ }m~w{|{w G}ryu~ul tm~mouxu {w{z„mrx‰z{ { zrr {wmtm‰~l. V}rsqr o~rp{, n{xrr |{tqzur u~~xrq{omzul zr {nzm}€suxu zuwmwu‚ ~xrq{o }mt}€ rzul m}‚mu„r~w{p{ ‚}mym o{vz{v uxu |{sm}{y, xun{ q}€pu‚ ~ouqrrx‰~o wuyyr}uv~w{p{ o{}srzul71. H{xrr {p{, z{oˆr }m~w{|wu tm~mouxu |r}r~y{}r‰ u u~{}u‹ }mtouul ~oluxu†m. X{pxm~z{ Šuy qmzzˆy, }mzzuv ‚}my G}ryuqˆ (w{{}ˆy nˆx zr «‚}my G», {wmtmo uv~l |{~}{vw{v Š|{‚u Q}rtm) o ouqr |r}u|r}m, nˆx |{~}{rz o{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. Š. Uz |{pun o }rt€x‰mr wmm~}{u„r~w{p{ zmo{qzrzul o VII o. q{ z. Š., o~w{}r nˆx o{~~mz{oxrz u |{qor}p~l tzm„urx‰z{v |r}r~}{vwr xu ‰ |{~xr 600 p. q{ z. Š. 72, . r. wuyyr}uv~w{r zm r~our zm zry zuwmw zr {}mtux{~‰. V{q ~r}r{nm{y ‚}mym G}ryuqˆ w}rt{o{v |{~}{vwu qrv~ourx‰z{ |}{~xrsrz {qrxrzzˆv { zrp{ |}{~x{vw{v |r~wm ~x{v €pxl u |r|xm, ~yr mzzˆ‚ ~ tryxrv. V{ yzrzu‹ mo{}m }m~w{|{w G. Hmyyr}m, zrl~z{, {qzmw{, uqr xu }r„‰ { ~x{r }mt}€ rzul, uxu { zm~ˆ|mzz{y |{q €zqmyrz w}rt{om ‚}mym |}u rp{ ~}{urx‰~or €w}r|xl‹†ry ~x{r, { w{{}{y €|{yuzmr Vxuzuv (Plin. N. h. 36, 25), uxu qmsr |}{~{ {n {~mwm‚ sr}o{|}uz{ rzuv, zr |{yr†rzzˆ‚ |}{uo {nˆwz{orzul o n{}{~, wmw Š{ €sr nˆx{ {yr„rz{ |}u }m~w{|wm‚ mxm}l G}ryuqˆ 73. H{xrr {p{, qmsr r~xu {xw{om‰ €|{ylz€ˆv ~x{v wmw ~ouqrrx‰~o{ |{sm}m, zrl~z{ ~ wmwuy o{}srzury rp{ ~oltˆom‰ — wuyyr}uv~wuy, uxu ~ zm|mqrzury xuquv~w{p{ ƒm}l Gxumm, ouquy{, o w{zƒr VII o. q{ z. Š.74 I ~oltu ~ Šuy ~xrq€r {yru‰, „{ |}u }m~w{|wm‚ }m~|{x{srzz{v zr|{qmxrw€ Xyu}zˆ zr {nzm}€srz{ zuwmwu‚ ymr}umx‰zˆ‚ ~xrq{o wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym, ‚{l ~x{u, ~oltmzzˆr ~ }mt}€ rzury p{}{qm xuquvƒmyu |}u Gxumr u |r}~myu o 545 p. q{ z. Š., uw~u}€‹~l q{~m{„z{ {„rxuo{. Unzm}€srzzˆr o Xyu}zr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m zmvqrzˆ o ~x{l‚ 610 –545 pp. q{ z. Š. u, {„rouqz{, {z{~l~l uyrzz{ w Šuy qo€y ~{nˆuly75. Xouqrrx‰~om mzu„zˆ‚ mo{}{o {n €zu„{srzuu wuyyr}uvƒmyu ‚}mym G}ryuqˆ cr~~w{v {~m‹~l, mwuy {n}mt{y, nrt m}‚r{x{pu„r~wu‚ |{qor}sqrzuv. Tm Š{y {~z{omzuu zrx‰tl, {qzmw{, {wmtˆom‰ uy o q{or}uu, |{~w{x‰w€ ~xrqˆ wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym y{pxu |}u |{~xrq€‹†u‚ |r}r~}{vwm‚ u~„rtz€‰. I|}{„ry, ~{u tmyru‰ o ~oltu ~ Šuy, „{ ut ~{{n†rzul Qmxxuym‚m zrl~z{, €qmx{~‰ xu Rupqmyu~€ {~€†r~ou‰ ~o{v zr„r~uoˆv tmyˆ~rx (ut w{zrw~m y{sz{ |{zl‰, „{ zr €qmx{~‰). V}ly{ zm €zu„{srzur 67 Kleiner, Hommel, Müller-Wiener 1967, 135 –138. 68 Kleiner, Hommel, Müller-Wiener 1967, 95 – 96. 69 Hogarth 1908, 239, 245. x{p{ ~x{l |}uyr}z{ 650/40 pp. q{ z. Š. o o{~{„z{v „m~u ‚}m- 70 O~{}u‹ o{|}{~m ~y. Atzinger 1970, 1654 –1657; Bammer nˆ‰ ~oltmz{ ~ wuyyr}uv~wuy o{}srzury. 72 Bammer 1988b, 1– 31; Bammer 1990, 137 –160; Bammer 1991, 1983/4, 92 – 94; Bammer, Muss 1996, 33– 38. 71 Bammer 1983/4, 94; Bammer 1984, 74; Bammer 1988, 213; y{o{p{ qo{}m. L~xu Š{ qrv~ourx‰z{ ~xrqˆ |{sm}u†m („{ z€sqmr~l o q{|{xzurx‰z{y |{qor}sqrzuu), { {z{ y{sr xuwmƒuu (Bammer, Muss 1996, 32) G. Hmyyr} |{qor}sqmr 63– 83; Bammer 1993, 137 –161; Bammer, Muss 1996, 33– 38. 73 Bammer 1978, 517 –521; Bammer 1973/1974, 57 –58. 74 Vetters 1989, 88. {~€~our wmwu‚-xun{ ~xrq{o |{sm}m VII o. q{ z. Š. o ƒrz- 75 Nicholls 1958/59, 128 – 134; Akurgal 1983, 54, 72 –76, }mx‰z{v „m~u ~oluxu†m, {qzmw{ €|{yuzmr zmxu„ur p{}r- Taf. N, 3. Bammer 1991, 75, ~}. Brein 1978, 722 –723. I |{~xrqzrv |€n- 72 ‚}mym G}ryuqˆ Rupqmyu~{y €wmtˆomr xu ‰ Jr~u‚uv, mo{} |{tqzuv, z{ {|u}m‹†uv~l zm Šxxuzu~u„r~wur u~{„zuwu. Tr~w{x‰w{ {xu„zml ~u€mƒul uw~u}€r~l |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Xm}q. Tr~y{}l zm {, „{ tqr~‰ nˆx{ zmvqrz{ q{~m{„z{ n{x‰ {r w{xu„r~o{ zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m 76, Šu zm‚{qwu, wmw €sr €wmtˆomx{~‰, |x{‚{ ~}muuƒu}{omzˆ u u‚ ~olt‰ ~ ry uxu uzˆy u~{}u„r~wuy ~{nˆury {~mr~l zrl~z{v. I { sr o}ryl ~x{v }mt}€ rzul Xm}q wuyyr}uvƒmyu uw~u}€r~l u uqrzuuƒu}€r~l q{~m{„z{ €or}rzz{. Wr„‰ uqr { q{~m{„z{ „rw{ oˆ}msrzz{y ~x{r |{sm}u†m, loxl‹†ry~l „m~‰‹ }r‰rp{ xuquv~w{p{ ~x{l u {~{nrzz{ l}w{ |}{~xrsrzz{y o ~rw{}r «K{y n}{zt». V{sm} nˆx oˆtomz, {„rouqz{, ozrtm|zˆy zm|mqrzury, u |}u }m~w{|wm‚ {nzm}€srzˆ {~mzwu |{ yrz‰ rv yr}r |lzmqƒmu uzquouq€€y{o, |{pun u‚ o }rt€x‰mr Š{p{ zm|mqrzul. I { sr o}ryl }mt}€ rzur Xm}q zr oˆtomx{ ~w{x‰w{-zun€q‰ tmyrz{p{ w}utu~m p{}{qm, {z nˆx nˆ~}{ o{~~mz{oxrz u, ~{pxm~z{ qmzzˆy }m~w{|{w, |}{q{xsmx |}{ƒorm‰. V{sm}u†r o }r‰ry xuquv~w{y ~x{r qmu}€r~l |{ zm‚{qwmy o |r}rw}ˆom‹†ry rp{ |xm~r {w{x{ ~r}rquzˆ VII o. q{ z. Š.77 I~r Šu qmzzˆr ‚{}{ { ~{pxm~€‹~l ~{ ~ouqrrx‰~omyu |u~‰yrzzˆ‚ rw~{o { }mt}€ rzuu Xm}q wuyyr}uvƒmyu, mw „{ uqrzuuwmƒul ~x{l |{sm}u†m o }r‰ry xuquv~w{y ~x{r Xm}q ~ wuyyr}uv~wuy zm r~oury |}rq~moxlr~l q{~m{„z{ ‚{}{ { {n{~z{omzz{v. Gzmxut |u~‰yrzzˆ‚ u~{„zuw{o { otluu Xm}q wuyyr}uvƒmyu |{wmtˆomr, „{ o }rmx‰z{~u Š{ ~{nˆur uyrx{ yr~{ xu ‰ rquz{sqˆ u, ouquy{, ~oltmz{ ~ punrx‰‹ Jupm { }€w wuyyr}uvƒro o 644 p. q{ z. Š.78 X{{n†rzul mzu„z{v }mquƒuu { qo{vz{y otluu Xm}q o{~‚{ql w q{~m{„z{ |{tqzuy €„rzˆy w{z~}€wƒuly u ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wuy oˆwxmqwmy Šxxuzu~u„r~w{v Š|{‚u, |}uzmqxrsm†uy |}rsqr o~rp{ Qmxxu~rz€. Jxmoz{v tmqm„rv Šu‚ oˆwxmq{w nˆx{ €~mz{oxrzur ‚}{z{x{puu sutzu }lqm mzu„zˆ‚ |{Š{o, o |r}o€‹ {„r}rq‰ Qmxxuzm u G}‚ux{‚m. Jr}{q{, ~{{n†m‹†uv { }mt}€ rzuu Xm}q wuyyr}uvƒmyu, ~„umx, „{ Š{ ~{nˆur uyrx{ yr~{ xu ‰ {qzmsqˆ u {z{~ux rp{ w |}moxrzu‹ zm~xrqzuwm Jupm, ƒm}l G}qu~m. cm qmu}{owm mwsr loxlr~l }rt€x‰m{y ~x{szˆ‚ ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wu‚ wmx‰w€xlƒuv u {n‡l~zlr~l u~‚{ql ut |}uzl{v Jr}{q{{y {n†rv ~‚ryˆ ‚}{z{x{puu o{~{„zˆ‚ ƒm}~wu‚ quzm~uv, tzm„urx‰z{ tmoˆ rz{v |{ ~}mozrzu‹ ~ }rmx‰z{~‰‹. Xqrxmzzˆv o }rt€x‰mr mzmxutm |u~‰yrzzˆ‚ rw~{o oˆo{q { {y, „{ Xm}qˆ nˆxu otlˆ wuyyr}uvƒmyu xu ‰ rquz{sqˆ, wmw wmsr~l, zm‚{qu |{qor}sqrzur o ymr}umxm‚ }m~w{|{w Š{p{ p{}{qm. Go{}ˆ Šu‚ }m~w{|{w {yr„m‹, „{ uyu nˆx tmuw~u}{omz xu ‰ {quz ~x{v }mt}€ rzul o }mywm‚ VII o. q{ z. Š. — zuwmwu‚ |}utzmw{o o{}{p{ otlul p{}{qm m}‚r{x{pu„r~wu zr uw~u}€r~l 79. K{~{or}z{~‰ ~ouqrrx‰~om Jr}{q{m (I, 15) { {y, „{ wuyyr}uvƒˆ tm‚omuxu Xm}qˆ tm u~wx‹„rzury mw}{|{xl, o}lq xu y{sr nˆ‰ |}{or}rzm qmzzˆyu m}‚r{x{puu. V}u }m~w{|wm‚ zm mw}{|{xr Xm}q zr {nzm}€srz{ zuwmwu‚ ~ouqrrx‰~o wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym, {qzmw{ u ~myu ~x{u VII o. q{ z. Š. my oˆ}msrzˆ {„rz‰ |x{‚{ u |}mwu„r~wu zr ~{‚}mzuxu~‰ 80. c{ {n~{lrx‰~o{ tm~moxlr o{tqr}sm‰~l { }r urx‰z{p{ ~€sqrzul { q{~{or}z{~u ~{{n†rzul Jr}{q{m, ‚{l ut {n†u‚ ~{{n}msrzuv {z{ o|{xzr |}moq{|{q{nz{. 76 Waldbaum 1983, 32 – 35, pl. 3. 77 Hanfmann 1964, 14; Mitten 1966, 44; Hanfmann 1967, 32 – 238, n. 5. I Š{y ~x€„mr ~x{v }mt}€ rzul, }mt€yrr~l, zr 33; Hanfmann 1972, 185, 228 –229, fig. 139; Hanfmann, Mierse, wmwuy-{ uzˆy o}msr~wuy zmnrp{y. Xxrq€r, {qzmw{, tmyr- Foss u. a. 1983, 28, 41, 63, 68, 235 n. 10, 238 n. 5. I |{~xrqzrr u‰, „{ o {y sr ~x{r nˆxm {nzm}€srzm u n{xrr |{tqzll o}ryl, {qzmw{, nˆxm |}rq|}uzlm |r}rqmu}{owm }r‰rp{ xu- wr}myuwm, o „m~z{~u }mpyrzˆ ~}rqzr|}{{w{}uz~wu‚ y{sr nˆ‰ ~oltmz ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu u q{xsrz {n‡l~zl‰~l quv~w{p{ ~x{l o ~rw{}r «K{y n}{zt» u {z{~l†rp{~l w zry€ ~{~€q{o 690 – 650 pp. q{ z. Š., m o zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |r}rw}ˆom- |{sm}u†m. Ks. _rr}, {~z{oˆoml~‰ zm }mpyrzm‚ qo€‚ ‹†ry rp{ ~x{r — |{tqzr|}{{w{}uz~wur }mpyrzˆ 650 – w{}uz~wu‚ ~{~€q{o, {nzm}€srzzˆ‚ o Š{y ~x{r, w{{}ˆr {zm 630 pp. q{ z. Š.: Schaeffer 1997, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, Nr. Cor 12, 13, qmu}€r 750 –720 pp. q{ z. Š. (Q{}uz~wuv |{tqzrpr{yr}u„r- 21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 32 u . q. 78 Oomz„uw / Ivantchik, o |r„mu. X}. Ivantchik 1993, 105 –114; ~wuv, LG), ~„umr zr{n‚{quyˆy {zr~u or~‰ ~x{v w{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. Š.: Schaeffer 1997, 5 –7, 17 –20, ~}. { sr yzrzur c. Wryrqsm: Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 29 u o{t}msrzul Ks. \mzymzzm: Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, Oomz„uw 1996, 110 –121. 79 Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 28. 80 Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 43. 73 1.3.4 QOSSLWOPXQGe HZYLWURb ON XGWK Tr~y{}l zm {, „{ ~x{v wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym o Xm}qm‚ oˆ}msrz q{~m{„z{ l}w{ u o}lq xu y{sz{ €~{yzu‰~l o rp{ u~{}u„r~w{v uqrzuuwmƒuu, o zry |{„u {~€~o€‹ zm‚{qwu, w{{}ˆr y{pxu nˆ ‚m}mwr}ut{om‰ ymr}umx‰z€‹ w€x‰€}€ €}y{omo u‚ Xm}qˆ wuyyr}uvƒro. V{-ouquy{y€, rquz~orzzˆy |}rqyr{y ut }m~w{|{w Xm}q, w{{}ˆv y{sr nˆ‰ ~{ tzm„urx‰z{v q{xrv €or}rzz{~u m}un€u}{omz wuyyr}uvƒmy, loxlr~l w{~lzml |xm~uzwm o ouqr ~or}z€o rp{~l w{x‰ƒ{y suo{z{p{ (. 31; 32). Ot{n}msrzur ~ux‰z{ ~uxut{omz{, z{ }r„‰ uqr, {„rouqz{, { w{ m„‰ry ‚u†zuwr 81. Tm rp{ p{x{or oˆqrxrzˆ n{x‰ {v w}€pxˆv pxmt, {norqrzzˆv {n{qw{y, u |{qw{o{{n}mtz{r €‚{. Uw}ˆml |m~‰ ut{n}msrzm o ouqr |{x€{omxm, p}mzuƒˆ w{{}{p{ {n{tzm„rzˆ qo{vz{v xuzurv. Srsq€ qo€yl xuzulyu zm‚{qu~l zm~r„wm. Gzmx{pu„zˆr qor xuzuu ~ zm~r„wmyu yrsq€ zuyu }m~|{x{srzˆ zm p{x{or tor}l ({ pxmtm q{ €‚m) u zm rp{ suo{r. I{ty{sz{, Š{ ~uxut{omz{r ut{n}msrzur r}~u. Tm rxr suo{z{p{ ~‚rymu„z{ zmyr„rzm x{|mwm u |{wmtmz{ nrq}{, xm|ˆ tmor} m‹~l ~|u}mxrouqzˆy uxu w{x‰ƒroˆy {w{z„mzury. K{~m{„z{ qxuzzˆv ‚o{~ suo{z{p{, |}uyˆwm‹†uv w rp{ |m~u, tmor} mr~l mwuy sr {w{z„mzury. cm |xm~uzwm, ~w{}rr o~rp{ ~x€suo ml zmw{zr„zuw{y z{srz mwuzmwm, {nzm}€srzm o ~x{r, zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |r}rw}ˆom‹†ry ~x{v wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym, ~}rqu }m~|u~z{v wr}myuwu, qmu}€ry{v {w{x{ ~r}rquzˆ VII o. q{ z. Š. 82 Wu~. 31 Q{~lzml |xm~uzwm ut Xm}q ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}z€o rp{~l ‚u†zuwm V{ Mitten 1966, fig. 5 81 Y}mw{owm tor}l mo{}myu }m~w{|{w wmw p}u{zm o}lq xu 82 Detweiler, Hanfmann, Mitten 1967, 151, fig. 3; Hanfmann, {n{~z{omzm — zuwmwu‚ ~xrq{o {}xuz{v p{x{oˆ zm |xm~uzwr Swift 1966, 10 –14, fig. 9; Mellink 1966, 13–15, pl. 41, 13; Hanf- zr ouqz{. V}rq|{x{srzur { {y, „{ tqr~‰ uqr }r„‰ { rxrz- mann, Detweiler 1966, 92, fig. 2; Mitten 1966, 45, fig. 5; Schefold wr, wmw u m}un€ƒul |}rqyrm m‚ryrzuq~w{y€ uxu yuq{-|r}- 1967, Abb. 342 a (‚{}{ ml {{p}mul); Hanfmann 1972, ~uq~w{y€ u~w€~~o€ (Buchholz 1980/81, 66, Anm. 78), {~z{omz{ fig. 124; Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 68; ~}. X{}{wuz zm x{sz{y |}rq~moxrzuu { |}{u~‚{sqrzuu y{uom ~or}z€o- 1978, 186 –187. Nqr~‰ ~{qr}su~l zror}z{r €wmtmzur zm zrwur rp{~l tor}l o w{„rozu„r~w{y tor}uz{y ~uxr { n€r}{xrv «yuquv~wur {}p{oˆr u }ryr~xrzzˆr |{~}{vwu», lw{nˆ ~{{- m‚ryrzuq~wu‚ mwuzmw{o (~y. zusr) u |}{uo{}r„u wmw nxut- }€srzzˆr o Xm}qm‚ o VII o. q{ z. Š. I qrv~ourx‰z{~u o }mv- wuy mzmx{puly ut ~wu{-~unu}~w{p{ yu}m, mw u qmu}{owr {zr, { w{{}{y uqr }r„‰, }m~w}ˆˆ {~mwu xuquv~w{p{ ~x{l, o w{{}{y {nzm}€srz qmzzˆv |}rqyr. X. X. X{}{wuz }ˆzwm. X}. mwsr: Ghirshman 1979, 23, fig. 1 (zr{„zml |}{}u- (1978, 186 –187) ~„umr, „{ tqr~‰ ut{n}msrzm ~{nmwm. c{ ~{owm). {xw{omzur zr wmsr~l {n{~z{omzzˆy. 74 Wu~. 32 Q{~lzˆr |xm~uzwu ut Xm}q V{ Greenewalt, Cahill u. a. 1990, fig. 34 I {y sr ~rw{}r, {nzm}€srz{ r†r }u w{~lzˆ‚ w}€pxˆ‚ |xm~uzˆ, }mw€ryˆ‚ wmw {n}mtƒˆ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl (. 32) 83. Uqzm ut zu‚ |}rq~moxlr ~{n{v, {„rouqz{, mwsr zmw{zr„zuw z{srz 84. Q ~{smxrzu‹, Šm |xm~uzwm {„rz‰ |x{‚{ ~{‚}mzuxm~‰ — {zm nˆxm }m~w{x{m, u ut{n}msrzur ~or}z€o rp{~l tor}l zm ~{‚}mzuo ry~l }mpyrzr y{sr nˆ‰ o{~~mz{oxrz{ xu ‰ |{ mzmx{puu ~ {|u~mzzˆy oˆ r |}rqyr{y. Tm zry, wmsr~l, }mtxu„mr~l tmqzll xm|m tor}l ~ ‚m}mwr}zˆy ~|u}mxrouqzˆy uxu w{x‰ƒrouqzˆy {w{z„mzury, x{|mwm u zm„mx{ |r}rqzrv xm|ˆ. V{ €wmtmzu‹ mo{}m |€nxuwmƒuu, qmzzml |xm~uzwm zmvqrzm o ~x{r w{zƒm VII – zm„mxm VI o. q{ z. Š. Ot {p{ sr ~x{l |}{u~‚{qu r†r {qzm tzm„urx‰z{ yrz‰ ml |{ }mtyr}€ w{~lzml |xm~uzwm, w{{}€‹ rr |€nxuwm{} uzr}|}ru}€r wmw |€p{ouƒ€ 85. X‹sr zmzr~rzz{p{ zm zrr ut{n}msrzul €qmr~l }m~|{tzm‰ u uqrzuuƒu}{om‰ xu ‰ ~ n{x‰uy }€q{y u nrt €or}rzz{~u o or}z{~u uzr}|}rmƒuu, mw „{ w |}rqyrmy w{„rozu„r~w{p{ ~uxl rr y{sz{ {zr~u xu ‰ ~ zmlsw{v. Tm zrv y{sz{ }m~|{tzm‰ ut{n}msrzur p{x{oˆ |uƒˆ. Iˆqrxlr~l w}€|zˆv pxmt, ut{n}msrzzˆv o ouqr }r‚ w{zƒrz}u„r~wu‚ {w}€sz{~rv (o|{xzr {nˆ„zˆv qxl ~wu~w{p{ u~w€~~om |}ury) u, o{ty{sz{, wx‹o, tmw}€„rzˆv ~|u}mx‰‹. Nzm„rzur r†r {qz{p{ y{uom, zm‚{ql†rp{~l |{q wx‹o{y, {qzmw{, zrl~z{, „{ ~mou |{q ~{yzrzur o~‹ uzr}|}rmƒu‹. Q}{yr {p{, ~xrq€r tmyru‰, „{ }m~|{x{srzur ut{n}msrzul o ƒrz}r |xm~uzˆ zr }mquƒu{zz{ qxl ~wu~w{p{ u~w€~~om, qm u o{{n†r o~r ut{n}msrzur y{sr nˆ‰ o{~|}uzl{ |}{~{ wmw pr{yr}u„r~wuv {}zmyrz. I{}ml w}€pxml |xm~uzwm, zr~w{x‰w{ n{x‰ rp{ }mtyr}m, nˆxm {nzm}€srzm o {y sr ~rw{}r, z{ o ~yr mz{y ~x{r 86. Lr utqmrx‰ {xw{omx ut{n}msrzur wmw qor |}{uo{|{~moxrzzˆ‚ p{x{owu ‚u†zˆ‚ 83 Greenewalt 1973, 33– 34, fig. 11 ({{p}mul |x{‚{p{ wm„r- xuw{omzzˆ‚ n€r}{xrv, wmw |{xmpmr mo{}, m ~ rp{ |}u~w{}n- ~om); Greenewalt, Cahill, Dedeoǧlu, Herrmann 1990, 166 –167, zˆy zrtzmzury ~{{or~o€‹†rv zm€„z{v xur}m€}ˆ (qmxr- fig. 34 – 37. 84 X}mzzˆy oˆpxlqu €or}sqrzur |€nxuwm{}m Š{p{ |}rq- w{ zr {x‰w{ }€~~w{ltˆ„z{v). V}uyr}ˆ, qmxrw{ zr u~„r}|ˆ- yrm (Greenewalt, Cahill, Dedeoǧlu, Herrmann 1990, 173, n. 50) { {y, „{ ut{n}msrzul ~or}z€o rp{~l tor}l o w{„rozu„r~w{y zusr. 85 Greenewalt, Cahill, Dedeoǧlu, Herrmann 1990, 173, n. 49, u~w€~~or zr o~}r„m‹~l zm n€r}{xl‚. c{ oˆ~wmtˆomzur, fig. 34. w{zr„z{, ~oltmz{ zr ~ ymxˆy „u~x{y {nzm}€srzzˆ‚ u {|€n- 86 Greenewalt 1973, 33– 34, fig. 11. om‹†ur o~rp{ yz{p{„u~xrzz{p{ ~|u~wm mwu‚ n€r}{xrv, ~y. 75 |uƒ. Krv~ourx‰z{, zm |xm~uzwr zm‚{qu~l ut{n}msrzur qo€‚ ~uyyr}u„z{ }m~|{x{srzzˆ‚ w}€pxˆ‚ «pxmt», }mw{omzzˆ‚ o }mquƒu{zz{v qxl tor}uz{p{ ~uxl ymzr}r wmw w}€s{w, {norqrzzˆv {n{qw{y. Srsq€ zuyu zm‚{qu~l ~|u}mx‰, w{{}ml y{sr nˆ‰ u~{xw{omzm wmw wx‹o {qz{v uxu {nru‚ |uƒ. Q}{yr {p{, qom pxmtm ~{rquzrzˆ qo{vz{v |}ly{v xuzurv. Ot „rˆ}r‚ {|u~mzzˆ‚ |}rqyr{o ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu n{xrr uxu yrzrr €or}rzz{ nxmp{qm}l €~x{ouly rp{ zm‚{qwu y{sr nˆ‰ ~oltmz |r}oˆv, zmun{xrr oˆ}mturx‰zˆv. L~xu or}zm qmu}{owm ~x{l, o w{{}{y {nzm}€srzm Šm |xm~uzm (o „ry zr {~z{omzuv ~{yzrom‰~l), { {zm {z{~u~l |}uyr}z{ w ~r}rquzr VII o. q{ z. Š., { r~‰ wmw }mt w {y€ o}ryrzu, w{pqm wuyyr}uvƒˆ otlxu Xm}qˆ o 644 p. q{ z. Š. U~mx‰zˆr }u |}rqyrm zmvqrzˆ uxu o n{xrr |{tqzry (w{zrƒ VII – zm„mx{ VI o. q{ z. Š.), uxu o zrqmu}{omzz{y w{zrw~r. Z~x{oul zm‚{qwu, w{zr„z{, zr u~wx‹„m‹ o{ty{sz{~u n{xrr }mzzrv qmu}{owu ~myu‚ |}rqyr{o u u‚ m}un€ƒuu wuyyr}uvƒmy, {qzmw{ o qmzz{y ~x€„mr yˆ zr y{sry nˆ‰ €or}rzˆ, „{ u‚ zrx‰tl |}u|u~m‰ u ~wumy. X{pxm~z{ mzu„zˆy u~{„zuwmy, |}rnˆomzur wmw{p{-{ {}lqm ~wu{o o Xm}qm‚ qmu}€r~l o}ryrzry Gxumm, { r~‰ wmw }mt w{zƒ{y VII – zm„mx{y VI o. q{ z. Š. V{Š{y€ n{xrr {~{}{szˆy |}rq~moxlr~l u~|{x‰t{om‰ qxl uqrzuuwmƒuu wuyyr}uv~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ xu ‰ |r}o€‹ |xm~uz€, qmu}{omzz€‹ ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. Š. Tm ~„m~‰r, {zm loxlr~l zmun{xrr oˆ}mturx‰z{v ut „rˆ}r‚ zmtomzzˆ‚ |}rqyr{o u ~ zmun{x‰ rv €or}rzz{~‰‹ y{sr nˆ‰ {zr~rzm w w{„rozu„r~w{y€ tor}uzz{y€ ~ux‹. Ozr}|}rmƒul rr ut{n}msrzul wmw utor~z{p{ y{uom ~or}z€o rp{~l ‚u†zuwm zr oˆtˆomr ~{yzrzuv. Ot{n}msrzur ~or}z€o rp{~l ‚u†zuwm, o n{x‰ rv uxu yrz‰ rv ~r|rzu ~uxut{omz{r, loxlr~l, |{-ouquy{y€, {qzuy ut ~myˆ‚ {}upuzmx‰zˆ‚ u ‚m}mwr}zˆ‚ Šxryrz{o w{„rozu„r~w{p{ «~wu~w{p{» tor}uz{p{ ~uxl 87. V}{nxrym rp{ |}{u~‚{sqrzul ~x{szm u qu~w€~~u{zzm. Tmun{xrr or}{lzˆy wmsr~l |}rq|{x{srzur { |}{u~‚{sqrzuu Š{p{ ut{n}mturx‰z{p{ y{uom ut Quml; rp{ |}{{u|ˆ, ouquy{, y{sz{ zmvu o q}roz{~l‚ Š|{‚u tm|mqz{p{ ^s{€ (1027 –771 pp. q{ z. Š.) 88. I|{~xrq~ouu {z }m~|}{~}mzlr~l o ƒrz}mx‰z{mtum~w{y }rpu{zr (G}smz, Zvpm}mw u q}.) u ~mz{ou~l {qzuy ut {~z{ozˆ‚ y{uo{o «~wu~w{p{» tor}uz{p{ ~uxl. Iˆ~wmtˆomxu~‰ u q}€pur {„wu t}rzul { rp{ |}{u~‚{sqrzuu: o „m~z{~u, { ~my{tm}{sqrzuu y{uom o }mzzr~wu~w{v ~}rqr wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{zm (o |mylzuwm‚ «~mwwˆt~w{-wrxr}yr~~w{p{ w}€pm») u { zrtmou~uy{y |m}mxxrx‰z{y }mtouuu o ƒrz}mx‰z{mtum~w{~unu}~w{y }rpu{zr 89. Kmzz{r |}rq|{x{srzur |}{uo{}r„u, {qzmw{, uw{z{p}mu„r~w{v nxut{~u yrsq€ €sr ~myˆyu }mzzuyu ut{n}msrzulyu ~or}z€o rp{~l tor}l o u~w€~~or ƒrz}mx‰z{mtum~w{p{ u |}u„r}z{y{}~w{-wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{z{o, m mwsr ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{y€ |}u{}ur€ }mzzu‚ ƒrz}mx‰z{mtum~wu‚ |mylzuw{o (w€}pmz G}smz) |r}rq |mylzuwmyu w}€pm Nuour u Qrxr}yr~m. Gzmx{pu„zˆr |xm~uzwr ut Xm}q ut{n}msrzul ~or}z€o rp{~l ‚u†zuwm „}rtoˆ„mvz{ yz{p{„u~xrzzˆ o }mzzr~wu~w{y u~w€~~or, ‚{l |{xz{v mzmx{puu rv zmvu zr €qmr~l (o|}{„ry, |{xz{~‰‹ mzmx{pu„zˆr utqrxul Š{p{ u|m o ~myu‚ ~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ mwsr „}rtoˆ„mvz{ }rqwu) 90. I~r {zu 87 Xy. {n Š{y y{uor ^xrz{om 1967, 118 –119, mn. 27; _w€}- Xm}q zm‚{qu ~rnr mzmx{puu xu ‰ o ~ror}{wmowmt~wu‚ zm‚{q- w{ 1969, 31– 39; Ox‰uz~wml 1971, 72 – 84; X{}{wuz 1972, 75 – wm‚, z{ zr o ~r|zˆ‚ u xr~{~r|zˆ‚ |mylzuwm‚, w{{}ˆr {z 78; Hm}w{om 1983, 20 – 31; ^rsuzm 1984, 61– 64; V{p}rn{om, |{„ry€-{ ~„umr n{xrr |{tqzuyu, „ry ~ror}{wmowmt~wur u, o Wmro~wuv 1992, 104 –122; Q€}{„wuz 1993, 92 – 98; ^xrz{om {xu„ur { zu‚, nr~~|{}z{ ~wu~wuyu. I{{n†r o ~o{rv ~m‰r 1993, 69 –70, }u~. 13; Qu~rx‰ 1994, 111–119; Vr}ro{q„uw{om mo{} u~‚{qu ut |}ro}mzˆ‚ |}rq~moxrzuv {n {z{~urx‰- 1994, 29 – 32, 42 – 46; V{xuq{ou„ 1994, 63–78; Brentjes 1994, z{v u mn~{x‹z{v ‚}{z{x{puu |mylzuw{o }mzzr~wu~w{v 147 –164. 88 Jettmar 1979, 155; Hüttel 1979, 11–12, Abb. 1, 4– 6; Kossack w€x‰€}ˆ u {nzm}€suomr zrtzmw{y~o{ ~ z{o{v xur}m€}{v 1987, 27–30, Abb. 2–3; Q€}{„wuz 1993, 96 – 98. I. G. Qu~rx‰ ut Xm}q zm‚{qu mzmx{puu zr {x‰w{ o ~ror}{wmowmt~wu‚, z{ u (1994, 116) |}rq|{„umr p{o{}u‰ { {}yu}{omzuu Š{p{ o q}€pu‚ |mylzuwm‚ wrxr}yr~~w{p{ Šm|m }mzzr~wu~w{v |{ Š{v rymuwr. Qmw n€qr ouqz{ ut qmx‰zrv rp{, n€r}{x‰ {n}mtm o }mv{zr o{~{„z{p{ Qmtm‚~mzm, Gxml, Y€oˆ u S{z- w€x‰€}ˆ. Uyr„€ r†r, „{ y{v otpxlq zm ~{{z{ rzur wuy- p{xuu. 89 V{p}rn{om, Wmro~wuv 1992, 104 –122, tqr~‰ sr {nt{} q}€pu‚ yr}uvƒro u ~wu{o u u‚ w€x‰€} utxmpmr~l H. H}rz‰r~{y yzrzuv |{ |}{nxryr. 90 H. H}rz‰r~ (Brentjes 1994, 161) |{xmpmr, „{ n€r}{x‰ ut 76 (Brentjes 1994, 161) zr{„z{. V}u„uzm Š{p{, or}{lz{, o {y, „{ {z ~€qux { zry xu ‰ |{ €~z{y€ utx{srzu‹ o q{wxmqr, |}{„umzz{y o 1994 p. o Hr}xuzr. {n‡rquzl‹~l {n†uyu ~uxu~u„r~wuyu Šxryrzmyu o rquz€‹ p}€||€, {qzmw{ Šu Šxryrzˆ zm }mtzˆ‚ |}rqyrm‚ |}u~€~o€‹ o }mtzˆ‚ ~{„rmzul‚. Oz{pqm zm zu‚ o{~|}{uto{qu~l zr o~r rx{ tor}l, m xu ‰ rp{ zmun{xrr tzm„uyˆr Šxryrzˆ (xm|ˆ, ‚o{~, pxmt, €‚{, |m~‰). Jxmt u €‚{, „m~{ oˆ~€|m‹†ur tm w{z€} |}rqyrm, zm w{{}{y zm‚{qu~l ut{n}msrzur, {nˆ„z{ (z{ zr o~rpqm) uyr‹ ~{{or~orzz{ {}y€ w}€pm, {norqrzz{p{ {n{qw{y, u ~r}qƒrouqz€‹ uxu |{qw{o{ouqz€‹ {}y€. Uw}ˆml |m~‰ „m~{ uyrr {}y€ |{x€{omxm. Unˆ„z{ {zm zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |}uyˆwmr w q{~m{„z{ qxuzz{y€ ‚o{~€, tmor} m‹†ry€~l w}€sw{y uxu ~|u}mx‰‹. Ymw{r sr tmor} rzur uyr‹ „m†r o~rp{ u xm|ˆ. Rm| |{wmtmz{ wmw |}moux{ {x‰w{ qor (tor}‰ ut{n}msrz o |}{ux‰), |}u„ry |}u o~rv u‚ €~x{oz{~u |{„u o~rpqm {yr„rzm x{|mwm |}u |r}rqzrv xm|r u nrq}{ |}u tmqzrv. I~r Šu ‚m}mwr}zˆr Šxryrzˆ |}u~€~o€‹ zm ut{n}msrzuu ‚u†zuwm ut Xm}q. Ir~‰ym nxutwm ry€ w{~lzml n€r}{x‰ ut w€}pmzm Km}‰rowm 2 nxut _|{xˆ (. 33, 6). Ot{n}msrzzˆv zm zrv ~ux‰z{ ~uxut{omzzˆv tor}‰ mwsr uyrr w}€pxˆv {norqrzzˆv {n{qw{y pxmt u |{qw{o{ouqz{r €‚{ ({zu, |}moqm, zr oˆ~€|m‹ tm w{z€} n€r}{xu), rp{ xm|ˆ ~ zmyr„rzzˆyu nrq}{y u x{|mw{v mwsr tmor}m‹~l ~|u}mxlyu, m uyr‹†uv mw{r sr tmor} rzur ‚o{~ mwsr |{qlz€ w |m~u (w{{}ml, o|}{„ry, tmw}ˆm). V{p}rnrzur w€}pmzm Km}‰rowm 2 qmu}€r~l |{ {nzm}€srzz{v o zry p{x{owr x‰om ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u o{~{„z{p}r„r~w{v }mn{ˆ o |}rqrxm‚ o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ VII o. q{ z. Š. 91 Xxrq€r zmtom‰ mwsr p}€||€ |}{u~‚{ql†u‚ ut wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{zm n}{zt{oˆ‚ u w{~lzˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o z{srz, w{{}ˆr {nzm}€suom‹ r~z{r }{q~o{ yrsq€ ~{n{v u n{xrr {qmxrzz{r — ~ zm‚{qw{v ut Xm}q. c{v |{~xrqzrv {~{nrzz{ nxut{w zmw{zr„zuw ut w€}pmzm 21 Tm}mz~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm (. 33, 4) 92, uyr‹†uv mzmx{pu„z€‹ }mw{ow€ €‚m u xm| tor}l (u‚ {w{z„mzul, m mwsr x{|mwm u nrq}{) u |{q{nz{r sr }m~|{x{srzur ‚o{~m {z{~urx‰z{ (|}moqm, tmw}ˆ{v) |m~u. Q{y|xrw~ w€}pmzm 21 Tm}mz~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm, ouquy{, |}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzrz uxu zr~w{x‰w{ ~m} r Qrxr}yr~~wu‚ w€}pmz{o Ir~rx{o~w{p{ u y{sr nˆ‰ qmu}{omz {w{x{ ~r}rquzˆ – }r‰rv „ror}u VII o. q{ z. Š. 93 Ot q}€pu‚ wmowmt~wu‚ zm‚{q{w, o‚{ql†u‚ o € sr p}€||€ (n}{zt{oˆr u w{~lzˆr n€r}{xu ut |{p}rnrzuv 164, 216 u 258 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm, ut ~. W€w o dsz{v U~ruu 94, ut {w}r~z{~rv Smvw{|m 95, ut [m~wm€ 96, . 33, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8), {~{nrzz{ nxutwm ~m}q~w{v |xm~uzwr n€r}{x‰ ut |{p}rnrzul 216 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm (~‚{su |}rsqr o~rp{ }mw{owm xm|, {~{nrzz{ |r}rqzrv, u ‚o{~m, m mwsr }m~|{x{srzur ‚o{~m {z{~urx‰z{ |m~u suo{z{p{), ‚{l u {~mx‰zˆr |r}r„u~xrzzˆr |}rqyrˆ |{ Šuy |}utzmwmy ~nxusm‹~l ~ zm‚{qw{v ut Xm}q. K{~m{„z{ nxutwm zm‚{qwr ut Xm}q mwsr n}{zt{oml n€r}{x‰ ut w€}pmzz{p{ |{p}rnrzul € ‚€. Xr|z{v nxut J€qr}yr~m (. 33, 9) 97, {~{nrzz{ |{ }mw{owr xm| u ‚o{~m. Tm‚{qwu ut Qrxr}yr~~wu‚ w€}pmz{o mwsr qm‹ q{~m{„z{ nxutwur mzmx{puu |xm~uzwr ut Xm}q. Nqr~‰ y{sz{ zmtom‰ ut{n}msrzul ~or}z€o rp{~l ‚u†zuwm zm n}{zt{o{y tr}wmxr ut o{}{p{ w€}pmzm Ir~rx{o~w{p{ 98 (}mw{owm €‚m u |m~u, xm|, o {y „u~xr x{|mwu, u ‚o{~m) (. 33, 18), zm xm|m‚ u ‚o{~r tzmyrzu{v |mzr}ˆ ut |r}o{p{ w€}pmzm _€x‰ƒm (. 33, 13) 99 (~‚{q~o{ o }mw{owr pxmtm u |m~u, {w{z„mzuv xm|, |{x{srzul ‚o{~m {z{~urx‰z{ |m~u), zm w{~lzˆ‚ €tqr„zˆ‚ |}{zutl‚ ut w€}pmzm 24, . r. }r‰rp{ w€}pmzm _€x‰ƒm (}mw{owm €‚m u pxmtm, xm|) (. 34, 2 – 3) 100. Q wrxr}yr~- 91 Ox‰uz~wml 1973, 14 –15, }u~. 5, 6; Ox‰uz~wml 1975, 53–54, mn. XXXIV, 3; Kossack 1983, 154, Abb. 34, 5; Kossack 1987, 76, Abb. 31, 1a. 92 Hm„mro 1985, mn. 51, 20. 93 X}. Vr}rzw{ 1990, 65 –73; Sm‚{}ˆ‚ 1991, 76; Gxrw~rro 1992, 48 –50; Srqorq~wml 1992, 93– 95. 94 Yr‚{o 1980, 233, 235, 236, }u~. 15, 6; 17, 5; 19, 2 – 3; 21; 23; 143, 239, Taf. 31, 223. 99 Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, 116 –121, 224 –225, Taf. 3, 13. 100 Jmxmzuzm, Gxrw~rro 1990, }u~. 6, 3– 6; Schiltz 1994, 74, Abb. 53, ~ { un{„zˆy €wmtmzury zm yr~{ zm‚{qwu («Kelermes, Kurgan Nr. 1»); tqr~‰ sr (Abb. 53) |}uorqrzm {{p}mul w{~lz{p{ w{x‰ƒm ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}z€o rp{~l tor}l ut w€}pmzm Yryu}-p{}m o Q}ˆy€ ~ { un{„zˆy €wmtmzury zm rp{ Kossack 1983, 143, Abb. 28, 1; 34, 7 – 8. 95 Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 53, }u~. 15 –18, {~{nrzz{ |}{u~‚{sqrzur ut Qrxr}yr~~w{p{ w€}pmzm 2. X}. |{q{nzˆr nxut{w № 15 |{ }mw{owr |r}rqzrv xm|ˆ, pxmtm u €‚m. 96 Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 45, }u~. 3. 34, 1): Jmxmzuzm 1983, mn. 9, 10,12 = Galanina 1985, Abb. 9, 97 Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 47, }u~. 3. 98 Kossack 1987, Abb. 19, 1; Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, 138 – |}{zutu ut o{}{p{ w€}pmzm Ir~rx{o~w{p{ (. 10, 26, 31; 10,12; Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, 240 –241, 247, Taf. 16; 22, 258, 259,374 – 377. 77 1 3 2 4 5 7 6 8 10 9 11 12 13 78 14 16 15 18 17 19 Wu~. 33 Ot{n}msrzul ~or}z€o rp{~l tor}l o w{„rozu„r~w{y tor}uz{y ~uxr. 1. H€r}{x‰ ut ~. W€w, dszml U~rul; 2. H€r}{x‰ ut |{p}rnrzul 164 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm; 3. Hxl‚m ut w€}pmzm 482 € ~. Hm~{owm; 4. H€r}{x‰ ut w€}pmzm 21 zrw}{|{xl Tm}mz; 5. H€r}{x‰ ut |{p}rnrzul 216 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm; 6. H€r}{x‰ ut w€}pmzm 2 € Km}‰rowu; 7. H€r}{x‰ ut |{p}rnrzul 258 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm; 8. H€r}{x‰ ut [m~wm€, U~rul; 9. H€r}{x‰ ut w€}pmzm € ‚€. Xr|z{v nxut J€qr}yr~m; 10. Hxl‚m ut w€}pmzm 499 € ~. Hm~{owm; 11. Hxl wm ut w€}pmzm 33 y{pux‰zuwm Zvpm}mw; 12. Hxl wm ut w€}pmzm 27 y{pux‰zuwm Zvpm}mw; 13. Krmx‰ nxl‚u o ouqr |mzr}ˆ ut Qrxr}yr~~w{p{ w€}pmzm 1 _€x‰ƒm; 14. Hxl‚m ut w€}pmzm G}smz, Y€om; 15. W€„wm tr}wmxm ut }mv{zm Q}m~z{qm}~w{p{ o{q{‚}mzuxu†m; 16. Hxl‚m ut Nuour, u}mz~wuv Q€}qu~mz; 17. Hxl‚m ut Xunu}~w{v w{xxrwƒuu Vr}m I; 18. W€„wm tr}wmxm ut Qrxr}yr~~w{p{ w€}pmzm 2 Ir~rx{o~w{p{; 19. H€r}{x‰ ut w{xxrwƒuu Hm}n‰rS‹xxr} o Mrzror, yr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{. 1– 3, 8 –12, 14, 15, 18. H}{ztm; 4 –7, 19. Q{~‰; 13, 16, 17. N{x{{ V{ Yr‚{o 1980, }u~. 21, 1,2,4,5 (1, 2, 5, 7); Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 47; 45, 3; 331, 3,23 (3, 8 –10); Hm„mro 1985, mn. 51, 20 (4); Kossack 1987, Abb. 34, 5; 22, 1,2,4,9; 19, 1 (6, 13, 14, 16 –18); Iu zro~wml 1973, mn. IX, 8,16 (11, 12); V‰lzw{o, Ym}mnmz{o 1997, }u~. 4 (15); Barbier 1996, fig. 7 (19) 79 ~wuy or~‰ym nxutw{ mwsr ut{n}msrzur ~or}z€o rp{~l tor}l zm n}{zt{o{y tr}wmxr, |}{u~‚{ql†ry ut }mv{zm Q}m~z{qm}~w{p{ o{q{‚}mzuxu†m (. 33, 15) 101. Tm |xm~uzr ut Xm}q {~€~o€r ut{n}msrzur z{~m ~or}z€o rp{~l ‚u†zuwm, „{ q{~m{„z{ }rqw{ o~}r„mr~l zm ~wu~wu‚ or†m‚. Uqzmw{ mzmx{puu u mw{y€ ~|{~{n€ ut{n}msrzul p{x{oˆ suo{z{p{ uyr‹~l — w}{yr €sr €|{ylz€ˆ‚ n€r}{xrv ut |{p}rnrzuv Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm, ut ~. W€w u [m~wm€ y{sz{ r†r zmtom‰ |}{zutu u nxl‚u ut w€}pmz{o Hm~{owm 482 u 499 (. 33, 3, 10 ) 102. Gzmx{puu |xm~uzwr ut Xm}q, |}{u~‚{ql†ur ut n{xrr o{~{„zˆ‚ {nxm~rv (Zvpm}mw, G}smz, Xunu}‰) (. 33, 11, 14, 17) 103 tzm„urx‰z{ qmx‰ r, „ry |}u„r}z{y{}~w{-wmowmt~wur |}rqyrˆ, ‚{l }{q~o{ wmw {n†rv w{y|{tuƒuu, mw u {qrx‰zˆ‚ qrmxrv (}mw{owm xm| u ‚o{~m, |m~u) {„rouqz{. I|}{„ry, {qz{ ut ut{n}msrzuv ~or}z€o rp{~l tor}l, |}{u~‚{ql†rr ut Zvpm}mwm (uqrzu„zˆr n}{zt{oˆr nxl wu ut w€}pmz{o 27 u 28) (. 33, 12), zr~w{x‰w{ nxusr wmowmt~wuy zm‚{qwmy u |xm~uzwr ut Xm}q 104. Q}{yr |r}r„u~xrzzˆ‚, ~xrq€r €|{ylz€‰ r†r ~‚{qz€‹ ~ |xm~uzw{v ut Xm}q w{~lz€‹ n€r}{x‰ zrutor~z{p{ |}{u~‚{sqrzul, w{{}ml ‚}mzu~l o ~{n}mzuu Hm}n‰r-S‹xxr} o Mrzror (. 33, 19) 105. Ot{n}msrzzˆv zm zrv tor}‰ {„rz‰ zm|{yuzmr ~m}q~w{p{ wmw |{ {n†rv w{y|{tuƒuu, mw u }mw{owr xm| u ‚o{~m. Uqzmw{ |{~w{x‰w€ zu yr~{, zu {n~{lrx‰~om zm‚{qwu n€r}{xu zrutor~zˆ (y{sz{ |{q{t}rom‰, „{ }r„‰ uqr { r}}u{}uu Y€}ƒuu uxu O}mzm), Š{ |}rqyr |}mwu„r~wu zu„rp{ zr y{sr qm‰ qxl zm u‚ ƒrxrv. Xxrq€r tmyru‰ r†r, „{ tzmyrzuml nxl‚m ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}z€orp{~l tor}l, w{{}{v |}u|u~ˆomr~l |}{u~‚{sqrzur ut Nuour (. 33, 16) 106, tzm„urx‰z{ qmx‰ r { n€r}{xu ut Xm}q, „ry |r}r„u~xrzzˆr ~wu~wur u ƒrz}mx‰z{mtum~wur or†u. Nor}‰ zm zrv ut{n}msrz p{}mtq{ n{xrr }rmxu~u„z{ u, |{smx€v, rquz~orzzml qrmx‰, w{{}ml {n‡rquzlr rp{ ~ zmtomzzˆyu |}rqyrmyu — Š{ ~r}qƒrouqzml {}ym €‚m. V{qo{ql u{p, y{sz{ {yru‰, „{, ‚{l u zr €qmr~l zmvu |{xz{v mzmx{puu |xm~uzwr ut Xm}q, o w{{}{v {n‡rquzlxu~‰ nˆ o~r rr ‚m}mwr}u~uwu, {n†ml w{y|{tuƒul u o~r qrmxu ut{n}msrzul ~or}z€o rp{~l ‚u†zuwm zm zrv zm‚{ql yz{p{„u~xrzzˆr |m}mxxrxu o }mzzr~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚, {~{nrzz{ |mylzuwm‚ wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{zm. G}un€ƒul |xm~uzwu u~w€~~o€ }mzzr~wu~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl zr oˆtˆomr, mwuy {n}mt{y, ~{yzrzuv. S{uo ~or}z€o rp{~l tor}l, o {xu„ur { }lqm q}€pu‚ |}uzr~rzzˆ‚ w{„rozuwmyu z{omƒuv, {~mx~l „€sq zr {x‰w{ ymx{mtuv~w{y€, z{ u |r}~uq~w{y€ u~w€~~o€ u, ouquy{, tm |}rqrxmyu ~wu{-~mw{~unu}~w{p{ w€x‰€}z{p{ w}€pm zr nˆx }m~|}{~}mzrz 107. V{Š{y€ w{~lzml |xm~uzwm ut Xm}q o}lq xu y{sr |}uzmqxrsm‰ w{y€-zun€q‰, w}{yr w{„rozuw{o ~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. Z„uˆoml, „{ qmzzml zm‚{qwm ‚{}{ { ~}muuƒu}{omzm u qmu}{omzm ({zm |}{u~‚{qu ut ~x{l, zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |r}rw}ˆom‹†rp{ ~x{v wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym u qmu}€r~l |{ {w}€sm‹†ry€ ymr}umx€ {w{x{ ~r}rquzˆ VII o. q{ z. Š.), rr u~{xw{omzur wmw ymr}umx‰z{p{ ~ouqrrx‰~om |}rnˆomzul wuyyr}uvƒro o Xm}qm‚ ~mz{ou~l n{xrr „ry or}{lzˆy. Sˆ |{x€„mry, mwuy {n}mt{y, r†r {qz{ ~ouqrrx‰~o{ ymr}umx‰z{v w€x‰€}ˆ u~{}u„r~wu‚ wuyyr}uvƒro — o u‚ u~w€~~or, |{-ouquy{y€, u~|{x‰t{omx~l y{uo ~or}z€o rp{~l o w{x‰ƒ{ tor}l ~ {~z{ozˆyu ‚m}mwr}zˆyu u qxl }mzzrp{ ~wu~w{p{ u~w€~~om ~uxu~u„r~wuyu Šxryrzmyu (w}€pxˆr pxmtm, {norqrzzˆr {n{qw{y, |{qw{o{ouqzˆr € u, ~uxutmƒul xm| o ouqr ~|u}mxrv uxu w}€sw{o u q}.). 101 V‰lzw{o, Ym}mnmz{o 1997, 67 – 69, }u~. 4, 1. 102 Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 331, }u~. 3, 20 –23, zm Šu‚ z{y ouqr (mw, „m~{ zm n€r}{xl‚ ut{n}msmr~l zr ‚u†zuw, m sr |}rqyrm‚ mzmx{pu„z{ ~m}q~w{v |xm~uzwr ut{n}msrzm o }{pm). V{q{nzˆr y{uoˆ zm m‚ryrzuq~wu‚ mwuzmwm‚ loz{ r}~‰ suo{z{p{. 103 Kossack 1987, Abb. 2, 3,5,6,8,9. 104 Iu zro~wml 1973, 114 –115, mnx. IX, 8; X, 12. 105 Schiltz 1994, Abb. 48; Barbier 1996, 12, 36 – 37, Nr. 6, fig. 7. 106 Ghirshman 1964, fig. 158; Kossack 1987, Abb. 2, 4. w{|ˆz{r, |}u„ry |{qw{o{ouqz{r €‚{ ‚u†zuwm |}ro}m†mr~l loxl‹~l |}{uto{qzˆyu { w{„rozu„r~wu‚ {n}mtƒ{o: Bernard 1976, 227 –246, {~{n. 243 –246; X{}{wuz 1978, 75 –78; Vr}ro{q„uw{om 1983, 96 –102; Vr}ro{q„uw{om 1994, 173–179. X}. Stucky 1976, 13–23, pqr |}rq|{xmpmr~l zrtmou~uy{r }mtouur y{uom o m‚ryrzuq~w{y u~w€~~or u qmsr yuq{-|r}~uq~w{r 107 Uz o~}r„mr~l mwsr zm m‚ryrzuq~wu‚ n€r}{xl‚ V o. q{ oxulzur zm ~wu~wuv y{uo. Q}uuw€ ~y. Bernard 1976, 227 – z. Š., {qzmw{ €sr o ~ux‰z{ qrp}mqu}{omo ry u ouq{utyrzrz- 246. 80 1.3.5 VXLIKUQU^LITO^LXQOL VWLKSLYa ON XGWK O KWZJO\ SGRUGNOPXQO\ VGSeYTOQUI V}u }m~w{|wm‚ Xm}q nˆxu zmvqrzˆ u q}€pur |}rqyrˆ, oˆ|{xzrzzˆr o tor}uz{y ~uxr u ~oltˆomryˆr mo{}myu Šu‚ }m~w{|{w ~ ymr}umx‰z{v w€x‰€}{v w{„rozuw{o, ~wu{o uxu wuyyr}uvƒro. V}rsqr o~rp{, tqr~‰ nˆx{ {nzm}€srz{ qor n}{zt{oˆ‚ |}{zutu, {qzm o {}yr p{x{oˆ {}xm uxu l~}rnm, q}€pml — o ouqr ~uxut{omzz{p{ wx‹om (. 34, 4, 5) 108. Tm |r}o{v ut zu‚ q{~m{„z{ }rmxu~u„z{ ut{n}msrzm p{x{om ‚u†z{v |uƒˆ ~ w}€pxˆy }rx‰rzˆy pxmt{y. Nmpz€ˆv wx‹o uyrr |}{|{}ƒu{zmx‰zˆr }mtyr}ˆ, rp{ oz€}rzzuv w{z€} |{wmtmz „rw{ u }rmxu~u„z{. Tr~y{}l zm {, „{ o Š{v p{x{owr zm |r}oˆv otpxlq y{sz{ €ouqr‰ oxulzur ~wu~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl, {zm zr zm‚{qu ~rnr nxutwu‚ mzmx{puv o |}u„r}z{y{}~wu‚ ymr}umxm‚. Zwmtˆomryˆr \. \m€|ymzz{y 109 mzmx{puu qxl qmzz{v |}{zutu |}uzmqxrsm q}€p{y€, q{~m{„z{ }m~|}{~}mzrzz{y€ o }mzzr~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ u|€ wx‹o{ouqzˆ‚ |}{zutrv u zr y{p€ nˆ‰ zm|}ly€‹ ~{|{~moxrzˆ ~ zm‚{qw{v ut Xm}q. Nm{, qrv~ourx‰z{, zm‚{qwr ut Xm}q or~‰ym nxutwu €wmtmzzˆr Ks. Imx‰qnm€y u \. \m€|ymzz{y |}{zutu, ‚}mzl†ur~l o S€trr utl†zˆ‚ u~w€~~o o H{~{zr u o {qz{y zryrƒw{y „m~z{y ~{n}mzuu (. 34, 6, 7) 110. Q ~{smxrzu‹, zu {„z{r yr~{, zu {n~{lrx‰~om zm‚{qwu Šu‚ |}{zutrv zrutor~zˆ; omsz{, {qzmw{, „{ {zu mwsr |}{u~‚{ql ut Smx{v Gtuu. Q}{yr {p{, r†r qor |{q{nzˆr |}{zutu ‚}mzl~l o S€trr Sr}{|{xurz o T‰‹-P{}wr (. 34, 8, 9) 111. Uqzm ut |}{zutrv (ut w{xxrwƒuu c. \r}ƒrx‰qm) |}{u~‚{qu mwsr ut Smx{v Gtuu. K}€pml, |{ ~x{omy rr |}rszrp{ oxmqrx‰ƒm H. Hr}}u — ut Xunu}u, {qzmw{ Šm uz{}ymƒul zr q{~{or}zm u o Xunu}u |{q{nzˆr |}rqyrˆ zrutor~zˆ. I~r Šu |}{zutu {n‡rquzrzˆ {n†rv }rmxu~u„z{v }mw{ow{v p{x{oˆ |uƒˆ, {quzmw{oˆyu rr |}{|{}ƒulyu u ~‚{qz{v |}{}mn{w{v qrmxrv. Xxrq€r tmyru‰, „{ zm qo€‚ ut zu‚ pxmt zr w}€pxˆv u oˆ|€wxˆv, wmw zm q}€pu‚, m uyrr yuzqmxrouqz€‹ {}y€ 112. I~r Š{ zr zm‚{qu nxutwu‚ |m}mxxrxrv o }mywm‚ }mzzr~wu~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl. Kxl }mzzr~wu~w{p{ €tqr„z{p{ zmn{}m o oˆ~ rv ~r|rzu ‚m}mwr}z{ u~|{x‰t{omzur w{~lzˆ‚ u n}{zt{oˆ‚ |}{zutrv o ouqr p{x{oˆ p}u{nm}mzm, o {v uxu uz{v ~r|rzu ~uxut{omzˆ‚, {qzmw{ ut{n}msrzur p{x{oˆ ‚u†z{v |uƒˆ zm |}{zutl‚ zr ~{x‰ }m~|}{~}mzrz{. I|}{„ry, Š{ y{uo q{o{x‰z{ „m~{ o~}r„mr~l zm |}rqyrm‚ ~wu~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl, {qzmw{ {z }mw€r~l ~{or} rzz{ uzm„r. Kxl ~wu~w{p{ u~w€~~om ‚m}mwr}z{ p{}mtq{ n{xrr €~x{oz{r ut{n}msrzur. Q}€pxˆv, {nˆ„z{ {norqrzzˆv {n{qw{y pxmt |uƒˆ ~ux‰z{ €orxu„rz u „m~{ tmyr†mr „€‰ xu zr o~‹ p{x{o€. Qx‹o r†r n{x‰ r pu|r}}{u}{omz, |}u„ry tmpz€ {z p{}mtq{ n{x‰ r, „ry zm ymx{mtuv~wu‚ |}{zutl‚, u „m~{ o{o~r tmw}€„rz o ~|u}mx‰. I wm„r~or |}uyr}m y{sz{ €|{ylz€‰ n}{zt{oˆr |}{zutu ut w€}pmzm №9 € ‚€. V{|{owm (. 35, 2) 113, zmvqrzzˆr my ~{oyr~z{ ~ srxrtzˆyu €quxmyu, |}rqyrˆ €tqˆ ut w€}pmzm Km}‰rowm 2 nxut _|{xˆ (. 35, 3) 114, zmw{zr„zuwu z{srz yr„m ut |{p}rnrzul 246 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm (. 35, 6) 115, Tm}mzm 6 (. 35, 4) 116, Wr|l‚{om{v y{puxˆ 2 (. 35, 7) 117, |{p}rnrzul 8 w€}pmzm T{o{mxrw~mzq}{owm 7 (. 35, 1) 118 u q}. V{smx€v, rquz~orzzˆy |}rqyr{y ut ~wu~w{p{ m}rmxm, ~{|{~mouyˆy ~ ymx{mtuv~wuyu |}{zutlyu, loxl‹~l qor nxl‚u ut w€}pmzm 2 € ~. I{xw{oƒˆ (}m~w{|wu Smtm}mwu 1897 p.) (. 35, 5) 119. c{ }rmxu~u„r~wu }mw{omzˆr u qrmxutu}{omzˆr n}{zt{oˆr p{x{owu |uƒ. Q{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul, ouquy{, {z{~u~l w V o. q{ z. Š. Uqzmw{ Šu nxl wu ~{l {~{nzlw{y ~}rqu |}{utorqrzuv ~wu~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl. I qmzz{y ~x€„mr zr u~wx‹„rz{, €„uˆoml q{~m{„z{ |{tqz‹‹ qm€ |{p}rnrzul, p}r„r~w{r w€x‰€}z{r oxulzur. 108 Waldbaum 1983, 40 – 41, pl. 6. 109 Hauptmann 1983, 266, Anm. 90. 110 Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 56, 9 –10; Waldbaum 1983, pl. 6. 111 Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 504, 505. X}. Herzfeld 1941, 271, 114 Ox‰uz~wml 1975, mn. XXXIV, 4; Kossack 1987, Abb. 33, 10. 115 Yr‚{o 1980, 235, }u~. 18, 2 – 3; 21, 6. 116 Hm„mro 1985, mn. 21, 23. fig. 374. 112 Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 56, 9; Muscarella 1988, 383. 113 Ox‰uz~wml 1968, 59, mn. LII, 1. }u~. 11, 7; 12, 2. 118 Q{}rzlw{, R€w‰l w{ 1982, 156, }u~. 6, 3. 119 Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 321– 322, 324. 117 Ox‰uz~wml, S{t{xro~wuv, Yr}rz{swuz 1980, 42 – 43, 81 1 2 4 3 5 6 9 7 8 Wu~. 34 1– 3. Q{~lzˆr |}{zutu ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}z€o rp{~l ‚u†zuwm ut Qrxr}yr~~wu‚ w€}pmz{o. 4 – 9. H}{zt{oˆr |}{zutu. 1. Q€}pmz 2, }m~w{|wu T. O. Ir~rx{o~w{p{; 2, 3. Q€}pmz 24, }m~w{|wu R. Q. Jmxmzuz{v; 4, 5. Xm}qˆ; 6 – 9. Sr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{; 6. ^m~z{r ~{n}mzur, Jr}ymzul; 7. S€trv utl†zˆ‚ u~w€~~o o H{~{zr; 8, 9. S€trv Sr}{|{xurz, T‰‹-P{}w V{ Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, mn. 16, 259,374,375 (1– 3); Calmeyer 1985, Abb. 7 (4, 5); Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 56, 9,10 (6, 7); Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 504, 505 (8, 9) 82 2 4 1 3 5 6 7 11 12 9 8 13 14 10 15 Wu~. 35 1–7. Ot{n}msrzul p{x{oˆ ‚u†z{v |uƒˆ o w{„rozu„r~w{y tor}uz{y ~uxr. 8 –15. «Qx‹o{ouqzˆr» u «w{prouqzˆr» |}{zutu. 1. Tmw{zr„zuw z{srz ut |{p}rnrzul 8 w€}pmzm 7 € ~. T{o{mxrw~mzq}{owm; 2. V}{zut‰ ut w€}pmzm 9 € ‚€. V{|{owm; 3. Krmx‰ €tqˆ ut w€}pmzm 2 € ~. Km}‰rowm; 4. Tmw{zr„zuw z{srz ut w€}pmzm 6 y{pux‰zuwm Tm}mz; 5. Hxl wm ut w€}pmzm 2 € ~. I{xw{oƒˆ (}m~w{|wu 1897); 6. Tmw{zr„zuw z{srz ut |{p}rnrzul 246 Yxuv~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm; 7. Tmw{zr„zuw z{srz ut |{p}rnrzul 2 w€}pmzm Wr|l‚{omml y{puxm; 8. Q€}pmz 466 € ~. Gw~‹uzƒˆ; 9. Q€}pmz 478 € ~. I{xw{oƒˆ; 10. Q€}pmz 38 € ~. J€xlv p{}{q; 11. V{p}rnrzur 1 w€}pmzm Nm‚m}rvw{om y{puxm; 12. V{p}rnrzur 2 w€}pmzm Wr|l‚{omml y{puxm; 13. Qmyrzz{y{~~wuv y{pux‰zuw; 14, 15. Vr}~r|{x‰. 1, 3, 4, 6. Q{~‰; 2, 5, 7 –11, 13. H}{ztm; 12. Q{p{‰ yrqorql; 14, 15. Qmyrz‰ V{ Kossack 1987, Abb. 32,1 (1); Ox‰uz~wml 1968, mn. XIII, 2; XXXIX, 24; LII, 1 (8, 9, 2); Ox‰uz~wml 1975, mn. XXXIV, 4 (3); Hm„mro 1985, mn. 21, 23 (4); Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 21, }u~. 4; 243; 324 (13, 10, 5); Yr‚{o 1980, }u~. 21, 6 (6); Ox‰uz~wml, S{t{xro~wuv, Yr}rz{swuz 1980, }u~. 11, 7; 19; 36, 1 (7, 12, 11); Schmidt 1957, pl. 79, 4 –5 (14, 15) 83 Omw, zr~y{}l zm {, „{ o uw{z{p}muu mzm{xuv~wu‚ |}{zutrv {†€†mr~l zrw{{}{r }{q~o{ ~ |}{utorqrzulyu tor}uz{p{ ~uxl, {~€~our |}lyˆ‚ mzmx{puv uy o ~{n~orzz{ ~wu~wu‚ |}u„r}z{y{}~wu‚ uxu wmowmt~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ u w{zƒrz}mƒul |{q{nzˆ‚ or†rv o Smx{v Gtuu |{to{xlr |}rq|{xmpm‰, „{ o qmzz{y ~x€„mr }r„‰ uqr { zrw{v yr~z{v p}€||r utqrxuv, o{o~r zr {nltmrx‰z{ ~oltmzz{v przru„r~wu ~{ ~wu~wuy (uxu wuyyr}uv~wuy) u~w€~~o{y. Ot{n}msrzul ‚u†z{v |uƒˆ, {}xuz{p{x{oˆ‚ p}u{z{o u . q. nˆxu or~‰ym }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ o u~w€~~or }mtzˆ‚ zm}{q{o Vr}rqzrv Gtuu u cpruqˆ. I ~oltu ~ Šuy y{sz{ €|{ylz€‰ mwsr yz{p{„u~xrzzˆr ut{n}msrzul ‚u†z{v |uƒˆ ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u (w{zrƒ VII – zm„mx{ VI oo. q{ z. Š.), {nzm}€srzzˆr |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Šr~~w{p{ G}ryu~ul 120. X wmwuy zm}{q{y ~xrq€r ~oltˆom‰ qmzz€‹ p}€||€ |}{zutrv, {~mr~l zrl~zˆy — }r„‰ tqr~‰ y{sr uqu zr {x‰w{ { wuyyr}uvƒm‚ uxu ~wum‚ (wmwml-{ „m~‰ u‚, ouquy{, zm‚{quxm~‰ o Ruquu |}u Gxumr), z{ u { |r}~m‚, u { wmw{y-zun€q‰ ~{n~orzz{ ymx{mtuv~w{y zm}{qr, zm|}uyr}, ~myu‚ xuquvƒm‚, u~|{x‰t{omo ry ut{n}msrzul p{x{o{w ‚u†zˆ‚ |uƒ o €|}lsu w{zrv. I zrymx{v ~r|rzu mw{r {~€~our {|}rqrxrzz{~u ~oltmz{ ~ zro{ty{sz{~‰‹ n{xrr uxu yrzrr €or}rzz{ qmu}{om‰ or†u, { w{{}ˆ‚ uqr }r„‰. Lquz~orzzˆy {~z{omzury qmu}{owu y{p nˆ nˆ‰ m}‚r{x{pu„r~wuv w{zrw~ zm‚{qwu |}{zutu o Xm}qm‚. Uzm nˆxm {nzm}€srzm o |{yr†rzuu, zm‚{ql†ry~l }lq{y ~ mxm}ry Qunrxˆ u |}rq|{x{surx‰z{ u~{xw{omzz{y wmw q{y s}rƒm 121. Smr}umx, zmvqrzzˆv oyr~r ~ p{x{ow{v |uƒˆ, qmu}€r~l o{}{v „ror}‰‹ – ~r}rquz{v VI o. q{ z. Š. 122, {qzmw{ ~mym {zm y{sr {z{~u‰~l u w n{xrr }mzzry€ o}ryrzu. I{ o~lw{y ~x€„mr, |}{zut‰ u~|{x‰t{omxm~‰ o Xm}qm‚ loz{ o{}u„z{ u zr |{ zmtzm„rzu‹ — {zm nˆxm tmxum ~ouzƒ{y, m rr zm‚{qwm o w€x‰{o{y w{y|xrw~r, ~oltmzz{y ~ mxm}ry Qunrxˆ, €„uˆoml }{x‰ l~}rnm o |}rq~moxrzul‚ { zrv 123, qrxmr |}rq|{x{srzur { w€x‰{o{y u~|{x‰t{omzuu qmzz{v p{x{owu or~‰ym or}{lzˆy. \}{z{x{pu„r~wuv }mt}ˆo yrsq€ o}ryrzry mwuoz{~u wuyyr}uvƒro o Smx{v Gtuu u m}‚r{x{pu„r~w{v qmu}{ow{v, |€~‰ u zr{„z{v, p{x{owu l~}rnm, €~uxuomr |}rq|{x{srzur { rr |}uzmqxrsz{~u, wmw u q}€pu‚ |{q{nzˆ‚ utqrxuv, zrw{v ymx{mtuv~w{v w{xr, zr ~oltmzz{v ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu uxu ~wumyu. I{}ml |}{zut‰ «~wu~w{p{ u|m» ut Xm}q mwsr zmvqrzm ozr o~lw{v ~oltu ~{ ~x{ry wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym, o zrqmu}€ry{y ~yr mzz{y ~x{r 124. Uzm, zm|}{uo, |}uzmqxrsu u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrzz{y€ u|€ wx‹o{ouqzˆ‚ |}{zutrv, o {v uxu uz{v yr}r ~uxut{omzˆ‚. Uzu utor~zˆ o {„rz‰ yz{pu‚ }mzzr~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚, zm„uzml ~ |{p}rnrzul 1921 p. Qmyrzz{y{~~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm o Qmnm}quz{-Hmxwm}uu, ~{„rm‹†rp{ Šxryrzˆ |}rq~wu~w{v u }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€} 125, m mwsr o w€}pmzm‚ Gw~‹uzƒˆ 466 u 3 (1886 p.) 126, I{xw{oƒˆ 478 127, J€xlv p{}{q 38 128, Q{z~mzuz{owm 244 129, Nm‚m}rvw{om y{puxm 1130 u q}. (. 35, 8 – 13). c{ u| |}{zutrv nˆx, {qzmw{, tmuy~o{omz € w{„rozuw{o u q}€puyu zm}{qmyu — ~zm„mxm €}m}myu (~}. oˆ r { zm‚{qwr |{q{nzˆ‚ or†rv o ~{~mor €tqr„zˆ‚ zmn{}{o ut Qm}yu}-Hx€}m) (. 12, 3– 5, 7, 11– 14), m tmry |r}~myu. V{q{nzˆr |}{zutu zr {x‰w{ {nzm}€srzˆ |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Vr}~r|{xl u o zrw{{}ˆ‚ q}€pu‚ yr~m‚ (. 35, 14, 15)131, z{ u l~z{ }mtxu„uyˆ zm yz{p{„u~xrzzˆ‚ ut{n}msrzul‚ w{zrv |r}~{o zm |r}~r|{x‰~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚ u q}€pu‚ ut{n}msrzul‚ m‚ryrzuq~w{v Š|{‚u (. 36) 132. Ymwuy {n}mt{y, u ~{{zr~rzur qmzz{v |}{zutu ~ wmwuy-xun{ w{zw}rzˆy zm}{q{y tm}€qzrz{ u {zm 120 Jacobsthal 1951, fig. XXXIV, a – d. 121 Hanfmann, Waldbaum 1970, 17 –19; Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 36. 122 Mitten 1968, 112. 123 Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 36. 124 Waldbaum 1983, 40 – 41, pl. 6. 125 Or~~rz 1941, }u~. 4, 4. 126 Ox‰uz~wml 1968, mn. XIII, 2; XIX, 8. 127 Ox‰uz~wml 1968, mn. XXXIX, 24. 128 Ox‰uz~wml 1975, mn. II, 32. 84 129 Ox‰uz~wml 1975, mn. XIII, 16. 130 Ox‰uz~wml, S{t{xro~wuv, Yr}rz{swuz 1980, 59, }u~. 36, 1. 131 Schmidt 1957, 100, pl. 79, 3–5; Muscarella 1988, 219 –220, ~ xur}m€}{v. Xy. mwsr Omura 1991, 323, Res. 7, 2 (}upuv~wml w}r|{~‰ Qmymz-Qmxr \€‹w o 100 wy { Gzwm}ˆ). 132 Xy. Calmeyer 1985, 125 –144, Taf. 38 –50. X}. Bernard 1965, 271–273; Özgüç 1982, 123, pl. 64, 1a – b; I (}m~|u~zml „m m |{~xrqzrv „ror}u VI o. q{ z. Š.); Muscarella 1988, 219 –220; Kossack 1989, 118 –119. 1 2 3 Wu~. 36 Ot{n}msrzul w{zrv m‚ryrzuq~w{v Š|{‚u. 1, 2. Vr}~r|{x‰, }rx‰rˆ m|mqmzˆ; 3. Wm~|u~zml „m m ut Sm m \€‹wm V{ Calmeyer 1985, Taf. 39, 41 (1, 2); Özgüç 1982, pl. 64, 1a (3) 85 mwsr zr y{sr ~„um‰~l zr~{yzrzzˆy ~ouqrrx‰~o{y ymr}umx‰z{v w€x‰€}ˆ wuyyr}uvƒro uxu ~wu{o 133. Q}{yr qo€‚ zmtomzˆ‚ n}{zt{oˆ‚ |}{zutrv o Xm}qm‚ nˆx{ {nzm}€srz{ r†r qor n}{zt{oˆ‚ nxl wu, ~ux‰ w{{}ˆ‚ mwsr zm|{yuzmr ~wu~wuv tor}uzˆv ~ux‰. V}u }m~w{|wm‚ mw}{|{xl ~}rqu zm‚{q{w |{tqzroutmzuv~w{v Š|{‚u nˆxm {nzm}€srzm nxl‚m ~ ut{n}msrzury wmnmzm 134, m zr~w{x‰w{ |{tsr o Šxxuzu~u„r~w{y ~x{r — nxutwml w |r}o{v |{ ~ux‹ nxl‚m ~ ut{n}msrzury p{}z{p{ w{txm (. 37, 1, 2) 135. V}uyr„mrx‰z{, „{ |{~xrqzll zr tmw{z„rzm u |{-ouquy{y€ |}rq~moxlr ~{n{v |}{uto{q~orzzˆv n}mw, „{ ~ouqrrx‰~o€r { rr utp{{oxrzuu zm yr~r, o Xm}qm‚. Kmzzml zm‚{qwm ~qrxmzm zr|{qmxrw€ { {p{ yr~m, pqr zr~w{x‰w{ }mz‰ r nˆxm {nzm}€srzm q}€pml zrtmor} rzzml n}mw{omzml n}{zt{oml |xm~uzm ~ {}zmyrz{y o ouqr }{tr{w 136. c{ y{sr ~ouqrrx‰~o{om‰ { x{wmxutmƒuu o qmzz{y }mv{zr yrmxx€}pu„r~w{v ym~r}~w{v. Qmnmz zm n}{zt{o{v |xm~uzwr }mtyr}{y 9,50 × 4,50 ~y ut{n}msrz ~ |{qsmˆyu z{pmyu, }m~|{x{srzzˆyu |m}mxxrx‰z{ |{q rx{y. Iq{x‰ o~rv ~|uzˆ uqr p}rnrz‰ r}~u, y{}qm u rx{ y{qrxu}{omzˆ q{~m{„z{ qrmx‰z{ u }rmxu~u„z{. Vxm~uzwm ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm yrz‰ r |{ }mtyr}€ (5,30 × 4,20 ~y). Q{trx ut{n}msrz ~ |{q{pz€ˆyu |{q €x{ou†r z{pmyu, |}u„ry w{|ˆ{ ~ux‰z{ ~{pz€{v |r}rqzrv z{pu }m~|{xmpmr~l zmq w{|ˆ{y tmqzrv. J{x{om w{txm |{or}z€m zmtmq, n{}{qm |mqmr zm ~|uz€. Kxuzˆv, }mtqrxrzzˆv zm ~rpyrzˆ, }{p }rtw{ tmpunmr~l zmtmq u |}uyˆwmr ~o{uy w{zƒ{y w qxuz{v rr suo{z{p{, {punml n{x‰ {r €‚{. I ƒrx{y |{ ~o{rv ymzr}r qor {|u~mzzˆr nxl wu {n}mt€‹ {„rouqz{r ~uxu~u„r~w{r rquz~o{. Unr {n~€sqmryˆr nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu suo{zˆ‚ uyr‹ zm {n}mz{v ~{}{zr {qz{u|zˆr |rxu qxl w}r|xrzul. Uzu y{pxu u~|{x‰t{om‰~l o wm„r~or Šxryrz{o w{z~w{v €tqˆ, {qzmw{ mw{r u‚ |}uyrzrzur zu„ry zr q{wmtˆomr~l — zu {qzm ut |{q{nzˆ‚ nxl‚ zr nˆxm {nzm}€srzm oyr~r ~ q}€puyu Šxryrzmyu w{z~w{p{ €n{}m. Hxusmv ur mzmx{puu nxl wmy ut Xm}q |}{u~‚{ql mwsr ut tm|mqz{v Smx{v Gtuu. c{ |}rsqr o~rp{ nxl wm ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm ut Otyum zm S}my{}z{y y{}r, loxl‹†ml~l |{„u {„z{v w{|urv nxl wu ut Xm}q (. 37, 3) 137. K}€pml „}rtoˆ„mvz{ nxutwml nxl wm zm‚{qu~l o {qz{y ƒ‹}u‚~w{y „m~z{y ~{n}mzuu. Sr~{ rr zm‚{qwu, w ~{smxrzu‹, zr utor~z{ (. 38, 1) 138. X‚{qzml nxl wm ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm (. 37, 4) 139 u qor n}{zt{oˆ‚ |}{zutu zr~w{x‰w{ uz{v w{z~}€wƒuu ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm u wmnmzm zm‚{ql~l o w{xxrwƒuu H}umz~w{p{ y€trl (. 39, 1, 2) 140. Q{trx tqr~‰ ut{n}msrz o q}€p{v |{tr — rp{ p{x{om zr }mtor}z€m zmtmq, m ~y{}u o|r}rq, {qzmw{ z{pu }m~|{x{srzˆ o|{xzr mzmx{pu„z{ ut{n}msrzu‹ zm nxl wr ut Xm}q. Q ~{smxrzu‹, zu {„z{r yr~{, zu {n~{lrx‰~om zm‚{qwu Šu‚ nxl rw zrutor~zˆ. Zwmtˆomr~l xu ‰, „{ {qzm ut zu‚, ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm, nˆxm w€|xrzm o Y}{mqr, „{ |{to{xlr |}rq|{x{su‰ rr |}{u~‚{sqrzur ~ ~ror}{-tm|mqm Smx{v Gtuu. L†r {qzm {„rz‰ nxutwml zmtomzzˆy |}{zut‰ ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm nˆxm zmvqrzm |}u }m~w{|wm‚ q{}u„r~w{p{ ‚}mym V o. q{ z. Š. zm mw}{|{xr Jrxˆ o ‹sz{v Xuƒuxuu (. 39, 3) 141. V{q{nzml sr |}{zut‰, |}{u~‚{ql†ml ut Y€}ƒuu, ‚}mzu~l o {qz{y myr}uwmz~w{y „m~z{y ~{n}mzuu, m q}€pml, zr~w{x‰w{ {xu„m‹†ml~l |{ }mw{owr ut{n}msrzz{p{ suo{z{p{ u |}{u~‚{ql†ml ut Xu}uu — o R€o}r (. 38, 2, 3) 142. Ir~‰ym nxutw{ zmtomzzˆy mwsr ut{n}msrzur w{txm zm n}{zt{o{y |}rqyrr zrl~z{p{ zmtzm„rzul (}€w{l‰ ?), {nzm}€srzz{y o |{tqzry ~x{r (ouquy{, VI o. q{ z. Š.), |r}rw}ˆom‹†ry }upuv~wur 133 V{|ˆwu |}rq~mou‰ zm‚{qwu |{q{nzˆ‚ |}{zutrv wmw ~ouqrrx‰~o{ |}u~€~oul wuyyr}uvƒro uxu ~wu{o (~y. {~{nrzz{ Ghirshman 1977, 27 – 37; Ghirshman 1983, 86 – 87), 138 Stucky 1985, 120, Taf. 65, Nr. 22. 139 Barnett 1962/1963, 99, pl. 50 a; Waldbaum 1983, 68 – 69, pl. 17, 7 – 8. 140 Hogarth 1908, 177, fig. 33; Otto 1941, 83, Abb. 3– 4; Kossack mwuy {n}mt{y, xu rzˆ {~z{omzuv. 134 Hansen 1962, 27 – 36. 1987, Abb. 5, 2,3 (~ { un{„zˆy €wmtmzury zm |}{u~‚{sqrzur 135 Waldbaum 1983, 67 –72. 136 Hanfmann 1962, 11–12, fig. 8; Hanfmann, Detweiler 1964, ut cr~m u ~x{z{o€‹ w{~‰ wmw ymr}umx). 141 Orlandini 1956, 8 –10, Tav. III, 1–2; Stucky 1985, 120, 27, fig. 4. 137 Otto 1941, 81– 88, Abb. 1–2; Waldbaum 1983, 68, pl. 17, Taf. 36, 5. 142 Stucky 1985, 120, Nr. 17, 19, Taf. 37, 1–2, 3– 4. 5 – 6. 86 1 2 3 4 Wu~. 37 H}{zt{oˆr |xm~uzwu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}zˆ‚ w{tx{o u wmnmz{o. 1, 2. Xm}qˆ; 3. Otyu; 4. Y}{mqm (?), H}umz~wuv y€trv V{ Waldbaum 1983, fig. 17, 1– 8 87 1 2 3 Wu~. 38 H}{zt{oˆr |xm~uzˆ u |}{zutu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}zˆ‚ w{tx{o. 1. Sr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{, ]‹}u‚~w{r „m~z{r ~{n}mzur; 2. Y€}ƒul, „m~z{r ~{n}mzur, X_G; 3. Xu}ul, R€o} V{ Stucky 1985, Taf. 37, 1– 4; 65 88 1 2 3 4 5 Wu~. 39 Ot{n}msrzul p{}zˆ‚ w{tx{o u wmnmz{o. 1, 2. V}{zutu ut Smx{v Gtuu (?), H}umz~wuv y€trv; 3. V}{zut‰ ut Jrxˆ, dszml Xuƒuxul; 4. Vxm~uzm ut H{pmtwkl; 5. V}rqyr ut H{pmtwkl. 1– 3, 5. H}{ztm; 4. Q{~‰ V{ Hogarth 1908, fig. 33 (1, 2); Stucky 1985, Taf. 36, 5 (3); Boehmer 1972, Taf. IX, 172; LXVII, 1890 (5, 4) 89 |{~}{vwu zm H{pmtwkr (. 39, 5) 143. Nqr~‰ sr o ~yr mzz{y ~x{r nˆx {nzm}€srz {nx{y{w w{~lz{v |xm~uzˆ ~ ut{n}msrzury nxutw{p{ u|m (. 39, 4) 144. L†r qor mzmx{pu„zˆ‚ nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury w{tx{o, {qzm ut w{{}ˆ‚ |}{u~‚{qu ut Y€}ƒuu, m yr~{ zm‚{qwu q}€p{v zrutor~z{, ‚}mzl~l o n{~{z~w{y S€trr utl†zˆ‚ u~w€~~o (. 40, 1, 2) 145. Otor~rz u r†r }lq |{q{nzˆ‚ nxl‚ zrutor~z{p{ |}{u~‚{sqrzul ut n}{ztˆ uxu w{~u, ut{n}msm‹†u‚ w{tx{o uxu wmnmz{o u ‚}mzl†u‚~l o }mtxu„zˆ‚ ~{n}mzul‚ 146. Q qmzz{v p}€||r or†rv |}uyˆwm‹ yz{p{w}mz{ €|{yuzmo ur~l o xur}m€}r nxl wu ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u, zmvqrzzˆr |}u }m~w{|wm‚ G}ryu~ul o cr~r. Uqzm ut zu‚ ut{n}msmr w{txm, m q}€pml wmnmzm (. 40, 3, 4) 147. Tm nxl wr ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm uyrr~l {}zmyrz o ouqr qo€‚ o|u~mzzˆ‚ o w}€p yz{p{x€„roˆ‚ }{tr{w, }m~|{x{srzzˆ‚ zm nrq}r u x{|mwr suo{z{p{. cr~~wur utqrxul ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u ~uxu~u„r~wu „}rtoˆ„mvz{ nxutwu €|{yuzmo uy~l n}{zt{oˆy nxl wmy, ‚{l o }mw{owr z{p wmnmzm tmyrz{ {xu„ur — {zu zr |{q{pz€ˆ |{q rx{, m }m~|{x{srzˆ |m}mxxrx‰z{ q}€p w q}€p€ |{q €px{y w zry€, mw „{ wmnmz wmw nˆ |}u|mx zm zu‚. cr~~wur nxl wu, o {xu„ur { n{x‰ uz~om q}€pu‚, y{p€ nˆ‰ qmu}{omzˆ |{ m}‚r{x{pu„r~w{y€ w{zrw~€ ({nr nxl wu ut Xm}q u nxl wm ut Jrxˆ loz{ zmvqrzˆ o{ o{}u„z{y w{zrw~r). Uzu nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ ~}rqu q}€pu‚ yz{p{„u~xrzzˆ‚ utqrxuv ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u |{q {~z{omzury €zqmyrzm G}ryu~ul, w€qm, ouquy{, |}u w}rt{o{v |r}r~}{vwr |{|mxm „m~‰ n{xrr }mzzu‚ sr}orzzˆ‚ qm}{o. Ir~‰ w{y|xrw~ {nzm}€srzzˆ‚ tqr~‰ |}rqyr{o q{~m{„z{ €or}rzz{ qmu}€r~l o{}{v „ror}‰‹ VI o. q{ z. Š. — o}ryrzry, zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |}rq r~o{omo uy |r}r~}{vwr ~oluxu†m Q}rt{y, {qzmw{ „m~‰ or†rv {z{~u~l w n{xrr }mzzry€ o}ryrzu — o {~z{oz{y w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VI o. q{ z. Š.; uyr‹~l u n{xrr }mzzur |}rqyrˆ 148. I |{~xrqzrr o}ryl qmzzml p}€||m or†rv |{|{xzuxm~‰ qo€yl omszˆyu zm‚{qwmyu, |}{u~‚{ql†uyu ut qmu}{omzˆ‚ ~x{ro cr~m. V}u }m~w{|wm‚ mo~}uv~w{v Šw~|rquƒuu o G}ryu~uu nˆx{ {nzm}€srz{ r†r qom ut{n}msrzul w{|ˆzˆ‚ ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u (p{}z{p{ w{txm u nm}mzm), {quz ut w{{}ˆ‚ or~‰ym nxut{w ~m}{v zm‚{qwr ut }m~w{|{w K. \{pm}m 149. Q{trx ut{n}msrz o {v sr |{tr, ~ p{x{o{v, {n}m†rzz{v zmtmq, u uyrr, wmw u w{trx zm utor~z{v |xm~uzr, w}€pu zm x{|mwr u nrq}r (. 41, 1). I{}ml |xm~uzm ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u, ~ mw{v sr «w{}{nw{v» qxl w}r|xrzul zm tmqzrv ~{}{zr, wmw u zm ~m}ˆ‚ zm‚{qwm‚, ut{n}msmr nm}mzm o q}€p{v ‚{}{ { utor~z{v |{tr, ~ p{x{o{v, ~y{}l†rv o|r}rq (. 41, 2) 150. Xuxu~u„r~wu, {qzmw{, Šm up€}m q{o{x‰z{ ~€†r~orzz{ {xu„mr~l { q}€pu‚ zm‚{q{w qmzz{v p}€||ˆ. cu |}rqyrˆ |}{u~‚{ql ut ~x{l, |r}rw}ˆ{p{ ‚{}{ { uw~u}€ry{v srx{v |x{z{v |{or}‚z{~‰‹ Š|{‚u Q}rtm u |r}rw}ˆom‹†rp{ ~x{v {zw{p{ |r~wm. Unzm}€srzzˆr tqr~‰ zm‚{qwu qmu}€‹~l yrsq€ w{zƒ{y VII u ~r}rquz{v VI o. q{ z. Š. u o {~z{oz{y loxl‹~l sr}orzzˆyu qm}myu G}ryuqr cr~~w{v, ~oltmzzˆyu ~ zm‚{ql†uy~l tqr~‰ mxm}ry. Xx{v mwsr zm~ˆ†rz yz{p{„u~xrzzˆyu w{~lyu sr}orzzˆ‚ suo{zˆ‚ u |r|x{y ~ €pxry, {~mo uyu~l { sr}o{|}uz{ rzuv 151. Z„uˆoml zm‚{qw€ o H{pmtwkr |}rqyrm ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm o ~x{l‚ VI o. q{ z. Š., y{sz{ qmu}{om‰ qmzz€‹ p}€||€ |}rqyr{o |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VI o. q{ z. Š. ^{ wm~mr~l yr~m |}{uto{q~om qmzz{v p}€||ˆ |}rqyr{o, { |}rq|{x{srzur {n u‚ ~wu~w{y |}{u~‚{sqrzuu {~z{oˆomr~l xu ‰ zm ozr zry o|r„mxrzuu nxut{~u |}rqyrmy ~wu~w{p{ tor- 143 Boehmer 1972, 69 –70, Taf. IX, Nr. 172. 144 Schirmer 1969, 51, Taf. 39, Nr. 173; Boehmer 1972, 185 – 186, Taf. LXVII, Nr. 1890. 145 Waldbaum 1983, 69, pl. 18, 1–2, 7 – 8; Stucky 1985, 119 – {qzmw{ {~z{omzul Š{v qmu}{owu zrl~zˆ. X}. Bammer 1990, 148 –150. 149 Bammer 1988, Abb. 54 –55; Bammer 1988a, 12 –15, Abb. 16; Vetters 1989, 89, Taf. V; Bammer 1992, 186, 190, pl. 8 a – b. X}. 120, Nr. 13, 18. 146 Amandry 1965, 153; Stucky 1985, 119 –121; Stucky 1987, Ibid., pl. 8 c; Bammer, Muss 1996, 30, Abb. 26. 150 Vetters 1973, 183, Taf. VI; Bammer 1973/1974, Taf. 5, 1; 160 –164. 147 Hogarth 1908, 163–164, pl. 21, 5; 23, 2 (w{trx); 26, 3 Bammer 1988, Abb. 51; Bammer 1992, 186, 189, pl. 9 a – b; (wmnmz). 148 Jacobsthal 1951, 85 – 95; Robinson 1951, 156 –167; Robinson Bammer, Muss 1996, 30, Abb. 27. 151 Bammer 1988a, 1– 4, 23; Bammer 1991, 66, ~}. Bammer 1956, 1– 8; Atzinger 1970, 1686 –1688. I. Gƒuzpr} qmu}€r 1973/1974, 53–54; Brein 1978, 721–723; Bammer, Brein, Wolff uzr}r~€‹†ur zm~ |}rqyrˆ yrsq€ 560 u 550 pp. q{ z. Š., 1978, 126, 143. 90 Bammer 1984, Abb. 72, 104; Stucky 1987, 161, Taf. 19, 3– 4; 1 2 3 4 Wu~. 40 V}{zutu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}zˆ‚ w{tx{o u wmnmz{o. 1. Y€}ƒul, S€trv utl†zˆ‚ u~w€~~o o H{~{zr; 2. Sr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{, S€trv utl†zˆ‚ u~w€~~o o H{~{zr; 3, 4. cr~~wuv G}ryu~uv. 1, 2. H}{ztm; 3, 4. Xx{z{oml w{~‰ V{ Waldbaum 1983, fig. 18, 1–2, 7 – 8 (1, 2); Hogarth 1908, fig. 23, 2; 26, 3a (3, 4). 91 1 2 Wu~. 41 Vxm~uzˆ ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}z{p{ w{txm u nm}mzm. cr~~wuv G}ryu~uv V{ Bammer, Muss 1996, Abb. 26, 27 92 1 2 3 4 Wu~. 42 Hxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu wmnmz{o u p{}z{p{ w{txm. 1. O}mz; 2. Q€}pmz € ~. G}‚mzprx‰~wml ~x{n{qm; 3. Q€}pmz 6 € ~. Gxrw~mzq}{owm; 4. «Nuour». 1. H}{ztm; 2 – 4. N{x{{ V{ Stucky 1985, Taf. 38, 2 (1); Schiltz 1994, fig. 292 B (2); Ox‰uz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 111 (3); Godard 1950, fig. 39 (4) 93 }uz{p{ ~uxl. V}u Š{y ~xrq€r {yru‰, „{ mzmx{puu o ~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚, zm w{{}ˆr y{sz{ €wmtm‰, tzm„urx‰z{ qmx‰ r { ymx{mtuv~wu‚ nxl rw, „ry {zu yrsq€ ~{n{v. Ymw, zm|}uyr}, y{sz{ zmtom‰ t{x{€‹ nxl‚€ ~ ut{n}msrzury wmnmzm, zmvqrzz€‹ o w€}pmzr №6 € ~. Gxrw~mzq}{owm (€„‚{t «Xmym}~wuv») o Kzr|}{|r}{o~w{v {nxm~u (. 42, 3) 152. cm nxl‚m, {qzmw{, uyrxm q}€p{r €zwƒu{zmx‰z{r zmtzm„rzur u nˆxm zr „m~‰‹ w{z~w{v €tqˆ, m €w}m rzury z{srz yr„m. K}€pml mzmx{pul qmu}€r~l tzm„urx‰z{ n{xrr |{tqzuy o}ryrzry. Wr„‰ uqr { r~u €w}m mo u‚ w{x„mz t{x{ˆ‚ |xm~uzm‚ ~ ut{n}msrzury wmnmz{o, w{{}ˆr nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ o w€}pmzz{y tm‚{}{zrzuu }€nrsm V– IV oo. q{ z. Š. € ~. G}‚mzprx‰~wml ~x{n{qm o \r}~{z~w{v {nxm~u (. 42, 2) 153. I { sr o}ryl r†r o 40-r pp. zm {~z{omzuu ~{|{~moxrzul Šr~~wu‚ w{~lzˆ‚ |}rqyr{o ~ zrw{{}ˆyu xuquv~wuyu }rx‰rmyu oˆ~wmtˆomx{~‰ |}rq|{x{srzur {n u‚ xuquv~w{y |}{u~‚{sqrzuu 154. Tm‚{qwm n}mw{omzz{v nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm o Xm}qm‚ |{qor}sqmr Š{ |}rq|{x{srzur. Tr yrzrr omszm w{zƒrz}mƒul |{q{nzˆ‚ utqrxuv o ~ror}{-tm|mqz{v Smx{v Gtuu |}u zrtzm„urx‰z{y w{xu„r~or ~w{x‰w{-zun€q‰ nxutwu‚ mzmx{puv o ~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ Xror}z{p{ V}u„r}z{y{}‰l. Tmw{zrƒ, zm }mzzu‚ xuquv~w{-u{zuv~wu‚ Šxrw}{oˆ‚ y{zrm‚ up€}u}€‹ ut{n}msrzul suo{zˆ‚, w{{}ˆr y{p€ nˆ‰ ~{|{~moxrzˆ ~ ut{n}msrzulyu zm |xm~uzm‚ 155. Tmun{xrr or}{lzm qmu}{owm Šu‚ |}rqyr{o, wmw u |}{zutrv o ouqr }rmxu~u„z{ u~|{xzrzzˆ‚ p{x{o{w ‚u†z{v |uƒˆ, |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v, or}{lz{ nxusr w ~r}rquzr, VI o. q{ z. Š. Ymwuy {n}mt{y, qmzzml p}€||m zm‚{q{w, ~w{}rr o~rp{, zr uyrr zuwmw{p{ {z{ rzul w ymr}umx‰z{v w€x‰€}r wuyyr}uvƒro, o{}srzul w{{}ˆ‚ o Ruqu‹ u O{zu‹ qmu}€‹~l tzm„urx‰z{ n{xrr }mzzuy o}ryrzry. S{sz{ nˆx{ nˆ ~oltˆom‰ Šu |}rqyrˆ ~ oxulzury zm xuquv~w{r u~w€~~o{ ~wu{o, { |}rnˆomzuu wmw{v-{ p}€||ˆ w{{}ˆ‚ o Ruquu o ~oltu ~ xuq{-yuquv~wuy w{zxuw{y |}u Gxumr ~{{n†m‹ mzu„zˆr mo{}ˆ. Ymw{r |}rq|{x{srzur, {qzmw{, zr {nltmrx‰z{. O~~xrq{omzur V. Gymzq}u 156 |{wmtˆomr, „{ zrw{{}ˆr mw zmtˆomryˆr «~wu~wur» y{uoˆ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl, o {y „u~xr u ut{n}msrzur w{|ˆz{p{, |}rsqr o~rp{ w{txm, ~ |{or}z€{v zmtmq p{x{o{v, o qrv~ourx‰z{~u uyr‹ px€n{wur (~ III ˆ~. q{ z. Š.) nxuszro{~{„zˆr w{}zu u y{pxu o{vu o xuquv~w{r u~w€~~o{ nrt o~lw{p{ €„m~ul ~wu~wu‚ uxu wuyyr}uv~wu‚ w{„rozuw{o. O~{„zuw{y oxulzul zm xuquv~w{r u~w€~~o{ y{p nˆ‰ u O}mz, €„uˆoml uzrz~uozˆr xuq{yuquv~wur, m tmry xuq{-|r}~uq~wur w{zmwˆ o r„rzur VI o. q{ z. Š. \m}mwr}z{ |}u Š{y, „{ o }mywm‚ ~wu~w{p{ yu}m q{~m{„z{ nxutw€‹, ‚{l u zr |{xz€‹ mzmx{pu‹ ymx{mtuv~wuy |}rqyrmy, w}{yr €|{yuzmo rv~l nxl‚u ut w€}pmzm №6 € ~. Gxrw~mzq}{owm, ~{~moxl‹ nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm ut tzmyrzu{p{ «wxmqm € Nuour» o u}mz~w{y Q€}qu~mzr (. 42, 4) 157. U~{nml }{x‰ |r}rqzro{~{„zˆ‚ u u}mz~wu‚ }mquƒuv o ~uxr |}rqyr{o ut Š{v p}€||ˆ q{~m{„z{ ‚{}{ { utor~zm. L†r omszrr {, „{ uyr‹~l mwsr n}{zt{oˆr nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury wmnmz{o, „}rtoˆ„mvz{ ~‚{qzˆr ~ ymx{mtuv~wuyu wmw |{ ~ux‹, mw u |{ qrmxly w}r|xrzul zm {n{}{z{v ~{}{zr u |}{u~‚{ql†ur ~ r}}u{}uu O}mzm (. 42, 1) 158. I { sr o}ryl |{q{nzˆr |r}r„u~xrzzˆy ymx{mtuv~wuy utqrxuly n}{zt{oˆr nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury w{tx{o, |}{u~‚{ql†ur ut O}mzm, zm w{{}ˆr ~~ˆxm‹~l V. Gymzq}u u W. _€wu 159, ‚{l u {nzm}€suom‹ {|}rqrxrzz{r }{q~o{ ~ ymx{mtuv~wuyu zm‚{qwmyu, {qzmw{ {xu„m‹~l { zu‚ n{x‰ rv ~‚rymu„z{~‰‹, uz{v }mw{ow{v qrmxrv u . q. Uzu loz{ ~{~moxl‹ {n{~{nxrzz€‹ ~{ ~uxu~u„r~w{v {„wu t}rzul p}€||€. 152 Q{omxrom, I{xw{n{v, Sm}uzm u q}. 1978, 331– 332, {{; Q{omxrom, S€‚{|mq 1982, 98, 100 –101, }u~. 5, 3; 6; Ox‰uz~wml, 1993, 69, Nr. 25. 154 Barnett 1948, 18. 155 Xy., zm|}uyr}, ut{n}msrzur p{x{oˆ wmnmzm zm y{zrr, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 99, 111 (}u~.); S€}tuz 1984, 29, }u~. 15. 153 Rr~w{o 1972, 56 –59, }u~. 35, 37; ^r}zrzw{ 1981, 55 –56, zury w{txm: Bammer 1988a, 18, Abb. 29; Bammer 1991, 66 – 67, Q{omxrom, I{xw{n{v, Q{~rzw{ u q}. 1978, 13, }u~. 2, 1–2; }u~. 36; Vr}ro{q„uw{om 1986, 13, }u~. 3, 3. X}. mwsr }rtz{r ut{n}msrzur wmnmzm zm qr}rolzz{y ~m}w{mpr ut o{}{p{ Hmmqm}~w{p{ w€}pmzm zm Gxmr: W€qrzw{ 1960, 46 –51, }u~. 27m. Qmnmz zm ~r}rn}lz{v |{t{x{„rzz{v |xm~uzr ut |r}o{p{ Zxl|~w{p{ w€}pmzm o Gqˆprr (V–IV oo. q{ z. Š.) ut{n}msrz ~{o~ry o q}€p{v |{tr: Leskov 1990, 28 –29, Abb. 182; Katalog 94 zmvqrzz{v o cr~r o {qz{y ~x{r ~ |xm~uzw{v ~ ut{n}msrFig. 5. 156 Amandry 1965, 149 –160. 157 Godard 1950, fig. 39; Ghirshman 1979, pl. III. 158 Amandry 1965, 153, pl. XXIX, 3,4,6,7; Stucky 1985, Taf. 38, 2. 159 Amandry 1965, 153; Stucky 1985, 119 –121. 2 1 3 Wu~. 43 Tm‚{qwu ut Šr~~w{p{ G}ryu~ul. 1. N{x{ml |{qor~wm o ouqr p{x{oˆ nˆwm, €orz„mzz{v p{x{o{v x‰om; 2. H}{zt{oml |{qor~wm-n€nrzrƒ; 3. Xm€Šwm n{puzu ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u V{ Bammer 1991, fig. 10 (1); Bammer, Muss 1996, Abb. 28, 29 (3, 2) 95 S{sz{ w{z~mu}{om‰, ~xrq{omrx‰z{, „{ ymx{mtuv~wur nxl‚u, or}{lz{ xuquv~w{p{ |}{u~‚{sqrzul, ~qrxmzzˆr wmw ut n}{ztˆ, mw u w{~u, |}rq~moxl‹ ~{n{v {~{n€‹ p}€||€, ~{l†€‹ {~{nzlw{y wmw { ~{n~orzz{ u}mz~wu‚, mw u { ~wu~wu‚ |}rqyr{o. I{|}{~ |}{u~‚{sqrzul Š{p{ ~uxl q{~m{„z{ ~x{srz — tqr~‰ y{sz{ uyr‰ o ouq€ wmw }mtz{{n}mtzˆr oxulzul, mw u zm~xrq{omzur ymx{mtuv~wu‚ }mquƒuv. I „m~z{~u, ~xrq€r €|{ylz€‰ w{~lz€‹ }rt‰n€ mw zmtˆomry{p{ «}upuv~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl» VIII o. q{ z. Š., }mtouomo €‹~l u o n{xrr |{tqzrr o}ryl, owx‹„ml |r}~uq~w€‹ Š|{‚€, u o}lq xu uyr‹†€‹ wmw{r-zun€q‰ {z{ rzur w w{„rozu„r~w{y€ u~w€~~o€ 160. Ir}{lz{, yr~z{r |}{uto{q~o{ ut{n}msrzuv }mtxu„zˆ‚ suo{zˆ‚ o tm|mqz{v Smx{v Gtuu nˆx{ ~oltmz{ tqr~‰ ~ w€x‰{y n{puzu, |{„umo rv~l wmw πότνια θηρων, o „m~z{~u G}ryuqˆ cr~~w{v. Wmtz{{n}mtzˆr ut{n}msrzul suo{zˆ‚, {nzm}€srzzˆr o Šr~~w{y G}ryu~uu, ~x€suxu o{uozˆyu {n‡rwmyu, w{{}ˆr |{~ol†mxu~‰ o ~oluxu†r zm}lq€ ~ }rmx‰zˆyu sr}omyu 161. cu |}rqyrˆ (owx‹„ml zm‚{qwu ut Xm}q, cr~m u Y}{mqˆ, |}uzmqxrsm†ur }m~~ym}uomry{v p}€||r), w{{}ˆr ~oltmzˆ ~ yr~zˆyu }rxupu{tzˆyu |}rq~moxrzulyu u yr~z{v ut{n}mturx‰z{v }mquƒurv, o x‹n{y ~x€„mr zr zuwmwu‚ {~z{omzuv ~„um‰ wuyyr}uv~wuyu uxu ~wu~wuyu. O~{xw{omzur Šu‚ |}rqyr{o wmw wuyyr}uv~wu‚ o zrqmozrr o}ryl |}uorx{ w |{loxrzu‹ pu|{rtˆ {n «€„m~uu wuyyr}uvƒro o w€x‰r» G}ryuqˆ cr~~w{v u qmsr {n u‚ |}u„m~z{~u w {~z{omzu‹ rr ‚}mym 162. Iˆ r €sr €wmtˆomx{~‰, „{ zm‚{qwu |xm~uz ~ ut{n}msrzulyu w{tx{o zr y{p€ |{qor}sqm‰ Š€ r{}u‹ wmw |{{y€, „{ {zu q{~m{„z{ qmxrwu { {n}mtƒ{o w{„rozu„r~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl, mw u |{ ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wuy ~{{n}msrzuly — {zu ~w{}rr o~rp{ {z{~l~l w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VI o. q{ z. Š., w{pqm wuyyr}uvƒˆ €sr |r}r~mxu up}m‰ ~€†r~orzz€‹ }{x‰ o Smx{v Gtuu. Q}{yr Šu‚ |xm~uz, G. Hmyyr} ~„umr «wuyyr}uv~w{v» mwsr {nzm}€srzz€‹ tqr~‰ sr t{x{€‹ |{qor~w€ o ouqr p{x{oˆ x‰om, zm‚{ql†rv~l zm p{x{or nˆwm, ~~ˆxml~‰ |}u Š{y zm ~‚{qzˆr zm‚{qwu ut Qrxr}yr~~wu‚ w€}pmz{o (. 43, 1) 163. Zwmtmzzˆr uy mzmx{puu zr oˆtˆom‹ ~{yzrzul, {qzmw{ wrxr}yr~~wur |}rqyrˆ qmoz{ nˆxu uqrzuuƒu}{omzˆ wmw qrmxu yrnrxu m~~u}{-omoux{z~w{p{ u|m, w{{}ml o‚{quxm o ~{~mo q{nˆ„u, zmp}mnxrzz{v ~wumyu o{ o}ryl u‚ |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{q{o. cu |}rqyrˆ ~{or}rzz{ „€sqˆ ~r|z{v }mquƒuu u zm‚{ql ~rnr mzmx{puu ~}rqu utqrxuv |r}rqzro{~{„z{v {}rouwu164. Ymwuy {n}mt{y, t{x{ml |{qor~wm mwsr zr uyrr {z{ rzul w ~r|zˆy w{„rozuwmy u q{xszm nˆ‰ ~oltmzm ~ Vr}rqzrv Gturv. Tro{ty{sz{ ~oltˆom‰ ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu u qor n}{zt{oˆr |{qor~wu o ouqr n€nrzƒ{o, {qzm ut w{{}ˆ‚ €w}m rzm ~uxut{omzzˆyu p{x{owmyu |uƒ (. 43, 2) 165. V}rsqr o~rp{ ~xrq€r {or~u |}uo{quyˆr G. Hmyyr}{y mzmx{puu. Tmvqrzzˆr zm Xmy{~r w{x{w{x‰„uwu, zm w{{}ˆr {z ~~ˆxmr~l, zr uyr‹ zuwmw{p{ {z{ rzul w Šr~~wuy n€nrzƒmy: {zu {w}ˆˆr ~zut€ u uyr‹ w{zu„r~w€‹ uxu o{~‰yup}mzz€‹ {}y€ 166. ^m~‰ Šu‚ w{x{w{x‰„uw{o |}uzmqxrsu ‚{}{ { utor~z{y€ €}m}~w{y€ u|€. Tusr l |{q}{nz{ }m~~ym}uom‹ o{|}{~ { }m~|}{~}mzrzuu u qmu}{owr w{x{w{x‰„uw{o u n€nrzƒ{o, |{Š{y€ tqr~‰ {p}mzu„€~‰ xu ‰ w}mwuyu tmyr„mzulyu (|{q}{nz{r {n{~z{omzur u ~~ˆxwu zm xur}m€}€ „umrx‰ zmvqr o pxmor 2.2.6). H€nrzƒˆ zmvqrzz{p{ o cr~r u|m ~{or} rzz{ zr utor~zˆ o ~r|l‚. Hxutwur mzmx{puu uy y{sz{ zmvu o u}mz~wu‚ u o yrz‰ rv yr}r o tmwmowmt~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚, pqr {zu nˆxu }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ r†r o zm„mxr II ˆ~. q{ z. Š. V}uyr}z{ ~ ~r}rquzˆ VIII o. q{ z. Š. |{q{nzˆr n€nrzƒˆ }m~|}{~}mzl‹~l o ]rz}mx‰z{v u dsz{v Lo}{|r, ~zm„mxm o |mylzuwm‚ . z. «}mw{-wuyyr}uv~w{p{» p{}ut{zm (Xror}zml Omxul, Irzp}ul, H{pryul, \{}omul), m tmry u zm tm|mqzˆ‚ Hmxwmzm‚, o Boehmer 1972, 185 –186, Nr. 1887, pl. LXVI; Young 1964, 283, 163 Bammer 1988a, 15 –17, Abb. 24 –27; Bammer 1991, 66 – 67. 164 Xy. Jmxmzuzm 1991, 17, }u~. 1, 1– 3; Jmxmzuzm / Galanina pl. 84, 14 (}rtzˆr |xm~uzˆ, ut{n}msm‹†ur l~}rnm, zm|mo r- 1997, 154 –155, 227, 232, Taf. 4; 27, 91,92; 42, 35,36, ~ xur}m- p{ zm tmvƒm, o{ty{sz{ €sr |r}~uq~w{v Š|{‚u), ~}. mwsr r†r €}{v. 165 Bammer 1988b, 23, Abb. 32; Bammer, Muss 1996, 32, 160 Young 1963, 354 – 356; Kohler 1964, 58 – 62, pl. XVII–XX; {qz€ w{~lz€‹ |xm~uz€ ut H{pmtwkl: Beran 1962, 56 –57, Abb. 47 – 48; Boehmer 1972, 185 –186, Taf. LXVII, Nr. 1891. 161 Bammer 1988a, 12 –18; Bammer, Muss 1996, 64, 80 – 82. 162 Bammer 1991, 66 – 67; Bammer, Muss, 29 – 32. 96 Abb. 29. 166 Jantzen 1972, 81– 84, Taf. 79, 80. Smwrq{zuu u J}rƒuu. U„rouqz{, ~ {qz{v ut Šu‚ r}}u{}uv u q{xszˆ nˆ‰ ~oltmzˆ n€nrzƒˆ ut cr~m. Tm‚{qwu q}€pu‚ |}rqyr{o mzm{xuv~w{p{, |mxr~uz~w{p{, rpu|r~w{p{ u q}. |}{u~‚{sqrzul o Šr~~w{y G}ryu~uu q{~m{„z{ yz{p{„u~xrzzˆ 167. ^}rtoˆ„mvz{ ~}mzz{ oˆpxlqu |{|ˆwm |}u|u~m‰ w{„rozuwmy srz~w€‹ up€}€ ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u, ~{l†€‹ zm nmtr, {{}yxrzz{v o ouqr p{x{oˆ |mzr}ˆ (. 43, 3). cm up€}m, uyr‹†ml o|{xzr p}r„r~wuv {nxuw 168, ~{or} rzz{ „€sqm ~r|z{y€ u~w€~~o€. Tu {quz ut |}uorqrzzˆ‚ G. Hmyyr}{y |}rqyr{o zr y{sr nˆ‰, ~xrq{omrx‰z{, ~oltmz ~{ ~r|zˆyu w{„rozuwmyu. Tu„€‰ zr €nrqurx‰zrr u rp{ |{|ˆwm ~oltm‰ ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu xrprzqˆ {n mymt{zwm‚, w{{}ˆr |{ p}r„r~w{v }mquƒuu up}mxu }{x‰ o {~z{omzuu w€x‰m G}ryuqˆ cr~~w{v. Un}mt mymt{z{w, ‚{}{ { utor~zˆv €sr mo{}€ «Oxumqˆ» (Γ 189, Ζ 186, ~}. Β 814)169, o~rpqm nˆx ~oltmz ~ Smx{v Gturv u |r}o{zm„mx‰z{ zr uyrx zuwmw{p{ {z{ rzul w ~r|zˆy w{„rozuwmy. V{-ouquy{y€, p}rwu ~mxu m~~{ƒuu}{om‰ mymt{z{w ~{ ~wumyu zr }mz‰ r V o. q{ z. Š. (Hdt. IV, 117)170. K}€pur or†u ut Smx{v Gtuu, {„rouqz{, zuwmw zr ~oltmzzˆr ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu uxu ~wumyu, o}ryl { o}ryrzu mwsr m}un€u}€‹~l uy. Ymw, zm|}uyr}, c. Gw€}pmx 171 zm rx o{ty{szˆy {|}rqrxu‰ ~r}rn}lz€‹ „m €, {nzm}€srzz€‹ o Zzur w o{~{w€ { Xmy~€zm wmw «|{tqzrwuyyr}uv~w{r» utqrxur. U~moxll o ~{}{zr o{|}{~ { tzm„rzuu ~}mzz{p{ r}yuzm «|{tqzrwuyyr}uv~wuv», ~xrq€r tmyru‰, „{ „m m loz{ |}uzmqxrsu w}€p€ m‚ryrzuq~w{p{ u~w€~~om ({ „ry ~ouqrrx‰~o€r u „m~‰ |}uorqrzzˆ‚ ~myuy c. Gw€}pmx{y mzmx{puv) u zuwmw zr ~oltmzm ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu uxu ~wumyu172. V}uyr}z{ { sr y{sz{ ~wmtm‰ u { ~qrxmzz{y zrqmoz{ S. T. V{p}rn{o{v tmyr„mzuu { zmxu„uu «Šxryrz{o ~wu~w{p{ w{y|xrw~m o ~x{r II Kror \€‹wm nxut Qm}‚ryu m, qmu}{omzz{p{ VI o. q{ z. Š.» 173 I qrv~ourx‰z{~u zrw}{|{x‰ II Kror \€‹wm qmu}€r~l o{o~r zr VI o. q{ z. Š., m o}ryrzry yrsq€ 480 u 380 pp. q{ z. Š. 174 I zry {nzm}€srzˆ zr {x‰w{ }r‚x{|m~zˆr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m 175, z{ u r~‰ mwuzmw{o (u|u„z{ |r}~uq~w{r {}€sur), |}u {qz{y ut w{{}ˆ‚ zmvqrz n}{zt{oˆv zmw{zr„zuw z{srz, loxl‹†uv~l „€‰ xu zr {„z{v w{|urv zmw{zr„zuwm, ut{n}msrzz{p{ zm {qz{y ut |r}~r|{x‰~wu‚ }rx‰r{o 176. Oyrzz{ Š{ mwuzmw u zm‚{ql†ml~l |}u zry n€r}{x‰ ‚{}{ { qmu}{omzˆ zmvqrzzˆy ~ zuyu o {qz{y tm‚{}{zrzuu „r}z{xmw{oˆy mu„r~wuy wuxuw{y, {z{~l†uy~l w{ o}ryrzu o~w{}r |{~xr 480 p. q{ z. Š. 177 I zrw}{|{xr Kror \€‹w II {nzm}€srzˆ u q}€pur |{q{nzˆr n€r}{xu, ~ux‰ w{{}ˆ‚ u|u„rz o{o~r zr qxl ~wu~w{p{, m qxl m‚ryrzuq~w{p{ u~w€~~om. Ozr}|}rmƒul qmzz{p{ |mylzuwm zr oˆtˆomr zuwmwu‚ ~{yzrzuv. U„rouqz{, }r„‰ uqr { zrw}{|{xr, u~|{x‰t{omo ry~l qxl tm‚{}{zrzul o{uz{o {qz{p{ ut pm}zut{z{o |r}~uq~w{v m}yuu. Wmt€yrr~l, o ~{~mor Š{p{ pm}zut{zm y{pxu nˆ‰ u |}rq~mourxu, zm|}uyr}, ~}rqzrmtum~wu‚ ~mw{o, {qzmw{ zu„{ o uzorzm}r tm‚{}{zrzuv zr |{qor}sqmr Š{p{ |}rq|{x{srzul — }r„‰ y{sr uqu u { ~myu‚ |r}~m‚, u { |}rq~mourxl‚ q}€pu‚ zm}{q{o |r}~uq~w{v uy|r}uu. e~z{, o{ o~lw{y ~x€„mr, „{ zrw}{|{x‰ zr uyrr zu ymxrv rp{ {z{ rzul zu w wuyyr}uvƒmyu, zu w ~wumy Š|{‚u |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{q{o. 167 Bammer 1991/1992, 16 –54. 168 I n{xrr }mzzrv |€nxuwmƒuu ~my G. Hmyyr} zmtˆomr rr or~‰ym or}{lzˆy. Un mymt{zwm‚ ~y. |{q}{nz{ Blok 1995, «eine ionische Elfenbeinkore»: Bammer 1988a, 5, {yr„ml o{~- 410 – 419. 171 Akurgal 1967, 32 – 38. 172 X}. Moorey 1980, 139. {„z{r oxulzur o {y, „{ srz~wml up€}m ~{u zm p{x{or ‚u†zuwm. 169 X}. Huxley 1960, 122 –124. 170 K}€pur u~{„zuwu ~y. Gutschmid 1894, 113, pqr |}rq|{xmpmr~l, „{ p}rwu ~oltmxu qmoz{ utor~zˆr uy xrprzqˆ {n mymt{zwm‚ ~ ro}mtuv~wuyu z{ymqmyu |{~xr {p{, wmw |{tzmw{yuxu~‰ ~ ~mo}{ymmyu, o {n†r~or w{{}ˆ‚ srz†uzˆ-o{urx‰zuƒˆ up}mxu omsz€‹ }{x‰. c{ |}rq|{x{srzur wmsr~l ~|rƒumx‰z{ { |{tqzrv qmr u‚ ~oltu ~{ ~wumyu Blok 1995, 173 V{p}rn{om 1993, 87, |}uy. 3. 174 Moorey 1980, 7 – 8, 10. 175 Moorey 1980, 64 – 65. 176 Stucky 1976, 19, Abb. 11; Bernard 1976, 234, Nr. 10; Moorey 1980, 54, fig. 9. 177 Moorey 1980, 23. CK@B@ 1.4         «     » Qmgfugt uqpnaout} g{g utdgrhfgoja, lptpr|g drgna pt drgngoj qrjwpfjtsa dstrgybt} d mjtgrbturg (qrjygn ybstp s ogtpyo|nj ss|mlbnj ob qgrdjyo|g qucmjlbxjj nbtgrjbmb), p tpn, ytp obn jidgsto| jipcrbhgoja sljvpd jmj ljnngrjkxgd drgngoj qgrgfogbijbtsljw qpwpfpd, sfgmboo|g ngsto|nj obrpfbnj. 1.4.1 PEKYET @XXSPM@VHPO@K@ II HG MHLPSD@ Orghfg dsgep smgfugt rbssnptrgt} rgm}gv @zzurobxjrqbmb II (884 – 858 ee. fp o. ~.) ji Mjnrufb (. 44, 1), lptpr|k ybstp jsqpm}iugtsa lbl sdjfgtgm}stdp qrpojlopdgoja sljvpd jmj ljnngrjkxgd d Ogrgfo @ij uhg d qgrdpk qpmpdjog IX d. fp o. ~. Mb ogn jipcrbhgo| lbljg-tp dsbfojlj, dppruhgoo|g mulbnj 1, lptpr|w qrgsmgfut bssjrjkx| ob lpmgsojxg. Z. @. Crbotpdsljk uhg ptngybm, ytp tpmlpdbojg fboopep rgm}gvb lbl jipcrbhgoja sljvpd (fpcbdjn, j ljnngrjkxgd) ogdpinphop qp jstprjygsljn sppcrbhgojan, b ptmjyja ~toperbvjygslpep pcmjlb jipcrbhgoo|w ob rgm}gvg dsbfojlpd pt jidgsto|w fboo|w p qrgflbw ibqbfo|w jrboxgd (qgrspd, njfao j fr.) sjm}op qrgudgmjygop 2. No slmpogo syjtbt} jipcrbhgoo|w ifgs} dsbfojlpd qrgfstbdjtgmanj tgw ibqbfopjrbosljw qmgngo, qrjsutstdjg lptpr|w d IX d. fp o. ~. d rbkpog xgotrbm}opep Jurfjstbob j qrjmgeb{jw pcmbstaw obfghop ibsdjfgtgm}stdpdbop popnbstjygsljnj fboo|nj 3 j s lptpr|nj ifgs} stbmljdbmjs} bssjrjkx| qrj @zzurobxjrqbmg 4. Qmgfugt ibngtjt} d sdaij s ~tjn, ytp jipcrbhgoo|g ob rgm}gvg dsbfojlj jsqpm}iut qrbdyjw, uqrbdma{jw fduna jfu{jnj rafpn lpoanj, sjfa ob pfopn ji ojw j psdpcphfba tgn sbn|n rulj sjfa{jw ob dtprpn lpog dpjopd. Hsqpm}ipdbojg qrbdyjw c|mp wbrbltgrop jngoop fma qgrgfogbijbtsljw dsbfojlpd, d tp drgna, lbl jrbosljg opnbf| (sljv| j ljnngrjkx|) ptlbibmjs} pt 1 B.M. 124559: Budge 1914, pl. XXIV, 2. Dboo|k rgm}gv qgrdpobybm}op tpmlpdbmsa lbl jipcrbhgojg sjrjkxgd: Hall 1928, 35, pl. XVI, 2, dsmgf ib ojn: Bossert 1951, 75, Abb. 967. Gbtgn p «sgdgro|w jrboxbw»: Wäfler 1975, 266 –267, Anm. 1356. 2 Crbotpdsljk 1970, 370 – 372. 3 Crbotpdsljk 1970, passim. c|mp qrgfmphgop djfgt} d ogn sbnpg rboogg jipcrbhgojg 4 Qwpfopg nogojg (jrbox| Gberpsb) sn. Winter 1983, 23, sljvpd: Sulimirski 1954, 290 –293; Sulimirski 1970, 397, dsmgf ib fig. 13. B pqucmjlpdboopk ogslpm}lp rbogg rbcptg pob spqp- ojn: Dyson 1965, 208; Young 1967, 20; Meade 1968, 131; Yamau- stbdmagt jipcrbhgojg ~tjw dsbfojlpd s oglptpr|nj pcob- chi 1982, 70 –71; Yamauchi 1983, 92, s oglptpr|n jingogojgn ruhgoo|nj ob Ubibomu IV dg{bnj, d ybstopstj lposljn («ljnngrjkx| drgngoj obybm}o|w obcgepd»): Hm}joslba oberufojlpn j pfojn ji zmgnpd: Winter 1980, 4 –5, 14, 24. 1982, 45 – 47; Hm}joslba, Rgrgophljo 1987, 75 –77; pygdjfop, Mbsgmgojg Ubibomu IV c|mp, pygdjfop, nboogksljn (t. g. og tblhg qpf dmjaojgn R. Qumjnjrslpep L. Bgvmgr epdprjt jrbosljn). 98 1 2 3 Pjs. 44 Pgm}gv| @zzurobxjrqbmb II ji Mjnrufb. 1. Pgm}gv B.M. 124559 (qpng{gojg B, qmjtb 27); 2. Pglpostrulxja rgm}gvpd qpng{goja B fdprxb @zzurobxjrqbmb II d Mjnrufg; 3. Pgm}gv ob qmjtg 28 ji tpep hg qpng{goja Op Budge 1914, Taf. XXIV, 2 (1); Meuszyński 1981, Taf. 3 (2); Meuszyński 1975, 64, fig. 17a (3) 99 ojw j lbhf|k jw dpjo-muyojl sbn uqrbdmam spcstdgoo|n lpogn. Dboopg obcmfgojg smuhjt fpqpmojtgm}o|n breungotpn qrptjd jfgotjvjlxjj jipcrbhgoo|w ob ojnrufslpn rgm}gvg dsbfojlpd s ljnngrjkxbnj jmj sljvbnj. Jrpng tpep, ob qrjn|lb{gk l ~tpk ybstj rgm}gvb qmjtg c|m jipcrbhgo eprpf (jmj, dp dsalpn smuybg, lrgqpst}) ob cgrgeu rglj, ib{jtojlbnj lptprpep c|mj lpoo|g muyojlj j lptpr|k btblpdbmj bssjrjkx| (. 44, 2, 3). Jbl u stgo lrgqpstj, tbl j doutrj ogg jipcrbhgo| qgzjg dpjo|, pfgt|g tblhg, lbl lpoojlj 5. Braf mj ltp-ojcuf} rjslogt qrgfqpmphjt}, ytp ljnngrjkx| jmj sljv| d ~qpwu @zzurobxjrqbmb og tpm}lp qrjsutstdpdbmj ob erbojxbw s @ssjrjgk, op j dmbfgmj ifgs} eprpfbnj, lptpr|g c|mj d|ouhfgo| ib{j{bt} d wpfg bssjrjksljw qpwpfpd. Mblpogx, j tgwojlb strgm}c| obibf, lptprba syjtbmbs}, obqrjngr, L. Bgvmgrpn embdo|n breungotpn d qpm}iu jfgotjvjlbxjj jipcrbhgoo|w ob rgm}gvg dsbfojlpd sp sljvbnj jmj ljnngrjkxbnj, og nphgt sdai|dbt}sa mjz} s ojnj. L. H. Ppstpdxgd, qpsdatjdzjk ~tpnu tbltjygslpnu qrjgnu sqgxjbm}ou rbcptu, tblhg qrjqjs|dbm gep jipcrgtgojg ljnngrjkxbn j sljvbn, cmbepfbra lptpr|n, lbl po syjtbm, ~tpt qrjgn stbm jidgstgo d Ogrgfogk @ijj d lpoxg VIII–VII d. fp o. ~. 6 Ztjn drgngogn po fbtjrpdbm sbn|g rboojg, qp gep nogoj, jipcrbhgoja strgma{gep obibf dsbfojlb, ss|mbas} qrj ~tpn ob obkfgoou d @zzurg qgybt} s jipcrbhgojgn pwpt| ob c|lb (. 45, 1), j trj «vjojljksljw» ybzj. Nqucmjlpdbdzjk jsqpm}ipdboou L. H. Ppstpdxgd|n qgybt} N. Bgcgr, pfoblp, fbtjrugt gg «plpmp 1000 e. fp o. ~.»7. Ogrgjifbdzjk gg Z. Ugrxvgm}f ptopsjm qgybt} l iobyjtgm}op cpmgg rboognu drgngoj — rbogg qgybtgk t. o. «quoltjropep stjma», t. g. g{g lp II t|s. fp o. ~. 8 Bqrpygn, sufa qp dsgnu, ~tb qgybt} ptopsjtsa l eruqqg bssjrjksljw qgybtgk IX–VIII dd. fp o. ~. 9 Bstrgybtsa jipcrbhgoja «qbrvaoslpep d|strgmb» j ob fruejw ngspqptbnsljw qgybtaw, ptopsa{jwsa l IX–VIII dd. fp o. ~. 10 Hopefb strgma{jg obibf dsbfojlj jipcrbhbtsa qbrbnj, pfoblp, qp lrbkogk ngrg d pfopn ji ~tjw smuybgd pcb dsbfojlb qbr| — strgmlj, og jsqpm}iu{jg qrbdyjw 11. J tpnu hg drgngoj ptopsjtsa j raf qgybtgk s jipcrbhgojanj dsbfojlb, strgma{gep ygrgi epmpdu lpoa ob slblu 12. Rbljn pcrbipn, «qbrvaosljk d|strgm» og c|m spdgrzgoop ogjidgstgo d Ogrgfogk @ijj j fp ljnngrjksljw j sljvsljw qpwpfpd. Druepg fgmp, ytp lbl ~tpt qrjgn, tbl j strgm}cb s lpoa ob slblu, pygdjfop, og qrjngoamjs} d tp drgna d nbsspdpn qpraflg, b npemj fgnpostrjrpdbt}sa mjz} ptfgm}o|nj djrtupibnj dpm}tjhjrpdlj, fb j tp slprgg og d cjtdg, b ob pwptg (ogfbrpn rgfljg jipcrbhgoja strgma{gep s lpoa muyojlb jngtsa jngoop d sxgobw pwpt|, b og srbhgojk). 5 Or. Dr. III, N.W. XXX (slab 28). Ztb ybst} rgm}gvb og c|mb tblhg, dgrpatop, fdg epmpd| j fdb tgmb dsbfojlpd. A. Obrlgr, udgigob d Kpofpo j pstbmbs} d Mjnrufg: Layard 1849, 392 – pygdjfop, syjtbgt dtpru epmpdu dsbfojlb, obwpfa{usa ib 393; Gadd 1936, 136; Abu es-Soof 1963, 66; Meuszyński 1981, qmgypn qgrdpep, jipcrbhgojgn lpmybob. Op stjm qgybt} 24, Taf. 3, 2. Oucmjlbxj vptperbvjj sn. Meuszyński 1975, fbtjrugtsa VIII d. fp o. ~., pcobruhgob d sngzboopn lpotgl- 64, fig. 17 – 17a. 6 Rostovtzeff 1943, 181. 7 Weber 1920, Nr. 514 (VA 5191). 8 Herzfeld 1938, 37, 50, 53 – 55, Nr. 134, Abb. 233. 9 Parker 1955, 103; Moortgat 1966, 70, 144, Nr. 653, Taf. 77. 10 Porada 1948, 74 –75, pl. XC, Nr. 624: dsbfojl strgmagt ob- stg — dngstg s obwpflbnj, ptopsa{jnjsa l ~qpwg pt @zzur- ibf ob slblu, xgmas} d lr|mbtpep c|lb, u ope mpzbfj mghjt pcgiembdmgoo|k ygmpdgl; fbtjrugtsa ~qpwpk Qbrepob II qp opdpbssjrjkslpnu stjm (d psopdopn IX–VIII dd. fp o. ~.). 12 Moortgat 1966, 75, 151, Taf. 87, Nr. 746 (VA 831): dsbfojl swpfstdu mpzbfjopk uqrahj s jipcrbhgojanj ob embiurpdb- (xbr} ?) strgmagt ob slblu d m}djopepmpdpep fgnpob (. 45, o|w ljrqjybw ji @zzurb (. 45, 2). 11 Parker 1955, 103, pl. XIV, 3, ND. 2197: qbrb dsbfojlpd d djfjnp, tpep hg drgngoj Herzfeld 1938, 50, Nr. 135: dsbfojl, obxjrqbmb II fp @zzurcbojqbmb; Doumet 1992, 77, Nr. 136: dsbfojl strgmagt d c|lb, pcgroudzjs} obibf ob slblu (. 45, 3). Gb epmpdpk gep mpzbfj jnggtsa jipcrbhgojg g{g pfopk, pfoblp fruejg fgtbmj jipcrbhgoja dtprpk mpzbfj jmj dsbfojlb ptsutstdut. Ogybt} ptopsjtsa l «mjogbropnu» 5). Ogybt} fbtjrugtsa qp stjm ~qpwpk Qbrepob II. Qr. qgybt}, sxgog pwpt| ob c|lb (?) (. 45, 4). Qufa qp fdpkopnu jip- qrgsmgfu{jk rpebtpg lpq|topg, strgmagt d ogep ygrgi epmp- crbhgoj mulpd, pcb dsbfojlb qbr| — strgmlj. A. Obrlgr du lpoa (. 45, 6). Mjlbljl smgfpd dtprpep lpoa jmj dsbf- ibngybgt, ytp lrpng fdpkopep jipcrbhgoja epmpd| mpzbfj ob ojlb ogt. Ogybt} qrpjswpfjt ji rbslpqpl Cgigrb, efg pcob- qgybtj ogt ojlbljw qrjioblpd dtprpk mpzbfj jmj dsbfojlb, ruhgob d «ygtdgrtpn sgnjtslpn» smpg (plpmp 1000 –550 ee. pfoblp ob vptperbvjj asop rbimjybtsa fdg mjojj mulpd, b fp o. ~.): Macalister 1912, vol. II, 346; vol. III, pl. CCXIV, 24. 100 2 1 4 3 6 5 Pjs. 45 Hipcrbhgoja lpoo|w muyojlpd ob bssjrjksljw qgybtaw Op Weber 1920, Nr. 514 (1); Porada 1948, pl. XC, Nr. 624 (2); Doumet 1992, Nr. 136 (3); Parker 1955, 103, pl. XIV, 3 (4); Moortgat 1966, Taf. 87, Nr. 746 (5); Herzfeld 1938, Abb. 234 (6) 101 Jrpng obidboo|w smgfugt uqpnaout} g{g fpstbtpyop nopepyjsmgoo|g jipcrbhgoja strgma{jw ob slblu dqgrgf, ygrgi epmpdu mpzbfj, jmj obibf («qbrvaosljk d|strgm») dsbfojlpd d sxgobw pwpt| ob urbrtsljw crpoipd|w qpasbw (. 46) 13. J sphbmgoj, ib gfjostdgoo|n jslmygojgn, ngstp j pcstpatgm}stdb obwpflj dsgw ~tjw qpaspd ogjidgsto|; ogt ob ojw tblhg j obfqjsgk, tbl ytp poj npeut c|t} fbtjrpdbo| mjz} ob psopdbojj spqpstbdmgoja s fbtjrpdboo|nj ~lignqmarbnj j stjmjstjygslpep bobmjib. U.-I. Jgmm}ogr fbtjrugt tbljg qpasb dtprpk qpmpdjopk VIII – dtprpk qpmpdjopk VII dd. fp o. ~. 14 Qdaibop mj qpadmgojg tbljw jipcrbhgojk sp ioblpnstdpn sp stgqo|nj dsbfojlbnj, pstbgtsa ogaso|n. Bp dsalpn smuybg, dsg lpoo|g strgmlj ob urbrtsljw qpasbw qp sdpgk pfghfg j pruhj ojygn og ptmjybtsa pt sbnjw urbrtpd, obqrjngr, obwpfa{jwsa d lpmgsojxbw, j ogt ojlbljw psopdbojk qrgfqpmbebt}, ytp ifgs} jipcrbhgo| yuhgignx|. Htbl, ogt psopdbojk qrjqjs|dbt} jipcrgtgojg «qbrvaoslpep d|strgmb» sljvbnj jmj ljnngrjkxbn — nphop epdprjt} mjz} p tpn, ytp poj dqgrd|g stbmj qrjngoat} gep d nbsspdpn qpraflg d cp, stbmj jsqpm}ipdbt} lbl tbltjygsljk qrjgn. Orj ~tpn Z. @. Crbotpdsljk uhg ptngybm, ytp draf mj n| nphgn epdprjt} p npopqpmjj pfojw mjz} sljvpd j ljnngrjkxgd ob jsqpm}ipdbojg lpoo|w muyojlpd — dqpmog dgrpatop, ytp ~tjn djfpn dpksl zjrplp qpm}ipdbmjs} j fruejg jrbosljg obrpf|, obqrjngr, nbrf|, obidboo|g Omutbrwpn (Luc. 31, 9) ἱπποτοξόται 15. Nfoblp smgfugt qpfygrlout}, ytp d fgkstdjtgm}opstj dsbfojlj ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb dpdsg og qrjngoat obstpa{jk «qbrvaosljk d|strgm». B sbnpn fgmg, «qbrvaosljk d|strgm» — ~tp strgm}cb obibf dsbfojlb, lptpr|k ptquslbgt qpdpf}a mpzbfj j uqrbdmagt g tpm}lp qrj qpnp{j zgolgmgk. Brbej bssjrjkxgd hg qpdpf}a og ptquslbt — pfjo ji dsbfojlpd strgmagt ji mulb, b fruepk uqrbdmagt fduna jfu{jnj rafpn mpzbf}nj. Braf mj nphop epdprjt} j p spiobtgm}opn qrjngogojj tbltjlj ~tpep «qsgdfpqbrvaoslpep d|strgmb»: bssjrjksljk rgm}gv jipcrbhbgt, lbl pc|yop, rbierpnmgoopep j cgeu{gep drbeb, lptpr|k g{g q|tbgtsa ptcjdbt}sa. B ~tpn sn|smg spdgrzgoop bobmpejyop jipcrbhgojg rbierpnb bssjrjkxbnj brbcpd ob rgm}gvbw sgdgropep fdprxb @zzurcbojqbmb 16: sjfa{jg qp fdpg ob dgrcmfbw brbcsljg dpjo| ptstuqbt, ptstrgmjdbas} pt bssjrjkxgd j, rbiunggtsa, strgmaa qrj ~tpn obibf (. 47). Orj ~tpn tphg pfjo ji brbcsljw dpjopd strgmagt ji mulb, b fruepk uqrbdmagt dgrcmfpn: rbiojxb mjz} d tpn, ytp brbc| ob rgm}gvg @zzurcbojqbmb sjfat dfdpgn ob pfopn hjdptopn, b dsbfojlj ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb — ob fduw jfu{jw rafpn. Dpstbtpyop cmjilpg jipcrbhgojg spwrbojmps} g{g ob crpoipdpn dgfgrlg, pygdjfop, bssjrjkslpk rbcpt|, lptprpg qrpjswpfjt ji ibqbfopep Hrbob (sp smpd dmbfgm}xb lpmmglxjj, efg pop obwpfjtsa) (. 48). Mb ogn tblhg jipcrbhgob sqbsb{basa qbrb drbhgsljw dsbfojlpd, lptpr|w qrgsmgfut strgma{jg ji mulpd bssjrjkx| (?), obstuqb{jg ob lpmgsojxbw j dgrwpn. Nfjo ji qrgsmgfugn|w drbepd pcgroumsa j qpfoam rulu d tblpn hg hgstg, lbl j dsbfojl ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb 17. Opfpco|g jipcrbhgoja cgeu{jw drbepd jngtsa j ob fruejw bssjrjksljw rgm}gvbw, obqrjngr ob rgm}gvg ~qpwj @zzurcbojqbmb ji qpng{goja XXXIII ep-ibqbfopep fdprxb Juofhjlb 18. Ddpg drbepd q|tbtsa sqbstjs} dgrwpn; poj pcgroumjs} obibf j qpfoamj rulu d tblpn hg hgstg, lbl j pfjo ji cgeu{jw ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb (dgrpatop, hgst d|rbhbgt npm}cu, ptybaojg, strbw jmj qpfpcopg). Pbiojxb ifgs} mjz} d tpn, ytp poj uhg qptgramj pruhjg j fbhg og q|tbtsa spqrptjdmat}sa, b pfopep ji ojw obstje bssjrjksljk dpjo. Qwpfopg jipcrbhgojg jnggtsa j ob rgm}gvg Qjobwwgrjcb ji ep-ibqbfopep fdprxb Juofhjlb 19. 13 Bsbfojlj, strgma{jg dqgrgf: Kellner 1991, 30, 36 – 37, sa{gnsa, djfjnp, l VIII–VII dd. fp o. ~.: Kunze 1931, 8 –12, 43– 44, 50, 51, 54 –55, 82, Taf. 2 –5, 12 –13, 24 –27, 35, 37, 43, 208 –209, Taf. 10 –20, Beil. 1, 4c. 14 Kellner 1991, 19–20; Kellner 1991a, 145–147, Nr. 2, 4, 5. 15 Crbotpdsljk 1970, 371. 87, Nr. 11, 13, 14 (lr|mbt|g lgotbdr|), 55 (lr|mbt|g lgotbdr|: drgna @rejztj II), 95 (lpogx VIII – sgrgfjob VII d. fp o. ~.), 97 – 98, 130, 140, 174, 445. Bsbfojlj, strgma{jg obibf: Kellner 1991, 30 – 31, 33, 44, 47 – 48, 55, 59, 62, Taf. 4 – 9, 26 –27, 32, 46 – 47, 51, 58 –59, Nr. 12, 13, 19, 36, 99 (lpogx VIII – sgrgfjob VII d. fp o. ~.), 115, 182 (VII d. fp o. ~.), 205, 224. Qr. g{g jipcrbhgojg strgma{jw obibf dsbfojlpd d sxgog pwpt| ob crpoipdpn {jtg ji Hrblmjpob (Jrjt), ptop- 102 16 Or. Dr. VII, 29 (prjejobm og spwrbojmsa), B.M. 124925-6: Barnett 1976, pl. XXXII–XXXIII. 17 Seidl 1985, Abb. 1, Taf. 26. 18 Paterson 1915, pl. 62– 64 (B.M. 124801). 19 Smith 1938, pl. XXXVII. 1 2 3 4 5 Pjs. 46 Hipcrbhgoja lpoo|w muyojlpd ob urbrtsljw crpoipd|w qpasbw Op Kellner 1991, Taf. 5, 27, 35, Nr. 12, 13, 97, 99, 130 103 1 2 Pjs. 47 Pbierpn brbcpd bssjrjkxbnj. Pgm}gv| Qgdgropep fdprxb @zzurcbojqbmb. 1. B.M. 124925-6; 2. Or. Dr. VII, 29 Op Barnett 1976, pl. XXXII–XXXIII 104 Htbl, drbej bssjrjkxgd, jipcrbhgoo|g ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb, og jngt ojlblpep ptopzgoja l sljvbn jmj ljnngrjkxbn. Ztp lpoo|g muyojlj, op qrjngoa{jg pc|yo|k fma qgrgfogdpstpyo|w brnjk ~tpep qgrjpfb sqpspc uqrbdmgoja mpzbf} s qpnp{} qrbdygep. Qtrgm}cu obibf («qsgdfpqbrvaosljk d|strgm») poj draf mj qrjngoat lbl spiobtgm}ou tbltjlu — poj cgeut j strgmat obibf, d|ouhfgoo|g l tpnu lrbkojnj pcstpatgm}stdbnj. J tpnu hg rgy} jfgt og p lpygdojlbw, b pc psgfmpn obrpfg, ib{j{b{gn pt bssjrjkxgd pfou ji sdpjw lrgqpstgk. Orgfmbebdzbasa uhg d mjtgrbturg jfgotjvjlbxja ~tjw dpjopd s jrbosljn jmj lbljn-tp jo|n (qp sbnpnu rgm}gvu, lpogyop, ogm}ia slbibt} ojygep pqrgfgmgoopep pc jw ai|lpdpk qrjobfmghopstj) obsgmgojgn o|ogzogep Jurfjstbob, lufb @zzurobxjrqbm spembsop qjs}ngoo|n jstpyojlbn spdgrzbm qpwpf|, nphgt c|t} qrjiobob ucgfjtgm}opk. 1.4.2 DPSCHE HGNAP@FEMH[ «MNL@DNB» B lbygstdg qrjngrb fruejw jipcrbhgojk «sljvpd» jmj «ljnngrjkxgd» qrjdpfatsa vjeurlj dsbfojlpd ji Lgnvjsb, Jbrwgnjzb, Mgkrbcb j fr. 20. B tp hg drgna g{g Z. Ljoos, ji rbcpt| lptprpep d lpogyopn jtpeg sljvpmpej ibjnstdpdbmj jipcrbhgoja ~tjw dsbfojlpd ji Lgnvjsb, fbtjrpdbm jw V d. fp o. ~. j syjtbm jipcrbhgojanj sblpd, dwpfjdzjw d lpotjoegot rbsldbrtjrpdboo|w d Eejqtg qgrsjfsljw dpksl 21. @obmpejyo|g stbtu~tlj pcobruhgo| og tpm}lp d Mgkrbcg, op j dp nophgstdg fruejw quoltpd Qjrjj, j dgifg poj fbtjrutsa ~qpwpk @wgngojfpd j fbhg ~mmjojstjygsljn drgngogn 22. E{g L. H. Ppstpdxgd ibngybm qp jw qpdpfu: «Qptoj qpfpco|w stbtu~tpl bwgngojfslpep qgrjpfb obkfgo| dp dsgw qpsgmgojaw, lptpr|g c|mj iboat| qgrsjfslpk brnjgk» 23. Pgy}, tbljn pcrbipn, jfgt p dgs}nb nbsspdpn nbtgrjbmg bwgngojfslpk j ~mmjojstjygslpk ~qpwj, og jng{gn ojlblpep ptopzgoja l sljvbn j ljnngrjkxbn ~qpwj qgrgfogbijbtsljw qpwpfpd. Bpinphop, ~tp jipcrbhgoja dpjopd qgrsjfsljw (b qpihg, djfjnp, j sgmgdljfsljw) lpotjoegotpd, d spstbd lptpr|w dwpfjmj j srgfogbijbtsljg sblj. Nfoblp qrgfqpmphgojg p tpn, ytp uqpnaout|g fpstbtpyop swgnbtjyo|g vjeurlj jipcrbhbt jngoop jw, fpmhop c|t} g{g fplbibop 24. Gfgs} hg smgfugt uqpnaout} uqprop qpdtpragnpg d rafg rbcpt ptphfgstdmgojg lpoo|w dpjopd lpygdojygslpep pcmjlb, jipcrbhgoo|w ob tgrrblptpd|w lmbipngosljw sbrlpvbebw (. 49 – 51) 25 j ob «~trusslpk» dbig ji Bbtjlboslpep nuiga (Nr. 231) (. 52) 26, s ljnngrjkxbnj jmj sljvbnj ~qpwj qgrgfogbijbtsljw qpwpfpd 27. Rblpg ptphfgstdmgojg oj ob ygn og psopdbop, b uyjt|dba, ytp dsg obidboo|g jipcrbhgoja ptopsatsa l trgt}gk ygtdgrtj VI jmj qgrdpk trgtj V dd. fp o. ~. 28, j ogdpinphop qp 20 Qn., obqrjngr Sulimirski 1954, 305; Yamauchi 1982, 84, wbrbltgr ~tjw stbtu~tpl j ulbi|dbgt ob jw sdai} s jipcrbhg- 96 – 97; Hm}joslba 1982, 38 – 42; Hm}joslba, Rgrgophljo ojanj @stbrt|. 25 Murray 1898, pl. I; Cook 1981, 31– 34, 37 – 39, fig. 22, pl. 40, 1987, 73–74. 21 Minns 1913, Addenda et corrigenda, XXXVII–XXVIII, fig. 0, 41, 52, 54 (G 1, G 11, G 13). 1–5. 22 Qn. obqrjngr Pézard 1922, 104, pl. XVI, 1–2; Carrière, swpfou sxgou ob bttjygslpn fjopsg dtprpk ygtdgrtj VI d. Barrois 1927, 205 –206, pl. LII, 43 – 45, 51– 53; Woolley 1938, 163, pl. X, sr. Woolley 1921, pl. 20; Woolley 1952, 257 –258, pl. 70. 23 Rostovtzeff 1935, 188. 26 Beazley 1947, 1, pl. I, 1–2; Albizzati s.a., fig. 25, 26. Qr. fp o. ~.: Graef, Langlotz 1925, Taf. XXXI, Nr. 606 (Abb. 53– 54). 27 D}alpopd 1956, 235, rjs. 41; Dufbrgd, Lbwprt|w 1981, 37 – 48; Hm}joslba 1982, 45; Wmgopdb 1984, 30; Dufbrgd 1991, 70 – 24 Qdpflu nbtgrjbmb j jssmgfpdbojg ~tpk eruqq| stbtu~tpl 71 j fr. 28 Beazley 1947, 1; Cook 1981, 59 – 61, 148 (plpmp 500 – 470 ee. sn. Elayi 1991, 181–206, Tab. I–X. Pbiunggtsa, oj p sljvbw, fp o. ~.). oj p sblbw rgy} ifgs} og jfgt. @dtpr qpfygrljdbgt dptjdo|k 105 1 2 Pjs. 48 Abtbm}oba sxgob ob crpoipdpn bssjrjkslpn dgfgrlg (1, 2) 106 3a 3b Pjs. 48 Abtbm}oba sxgob ob crpoipdpn bssjrjkslpn dgfgrlg Op Seidl 1985, Abb. 1, Taf. 25, 26 107 108 Pjs. 49 Hipcrbhgojg ob lmbipngoslpn sbrlpvbeg ji Arjtboslpep nuiga (B.M. 96.6-15.1) Op Murray 1898, pl. I Pjs. 50 Dgtbm} jipcrbhgoja ob lmbipngoslpn sbrlpvbeg ji Arjtboslpep nuiga (B.M. 96.6-15.1) Op Cook 1981, pl. 41 109 1 0 2 Pjs. 51 Dgtbmj jipcrbhgojk ob lmbipngosljw sbrlpvbebw. 1. Hinjr, Basmahane 3493; 2. Obrjh, Kudr, CA 1024 Op Cook 1981, fig. 22, pl. 54 110 6 1 2 3 4 Pjs. 52 «Ztrusslba» bnvprb ji nuiga Bbtjlbob (№ 231) Op Beazley 1947, pl. I, 1–2 (1, 2); Albizzati s.a., fig. 25, 26 (3, 4) 111 Pjs. 53 @ttjygsljk fjops Op Graef, Langlotz 1925, Taf. XXXI, Nr. 606 Pjs. 54 Dgtbm} tpep hg fjopsb Op Graef, Langlotz 1925, Taf. XXXI, Nr. 606 112 wrpopmpejygsljn sppcrbhgojan. Syjt|dba fbtjrpdlu obidboo|w jipcrbijtgm}o|w qbnatojlpd, dsbfojlj ob ojw npemj c| ptphfgstdmat}sa slprgg s dpjobnj, dwpfjdzjnj d spstbd qgrsjfslpep dpkslb, dlmybdzgep rbimjyo|g obxjpobm}o|g lpotjoegot| 29. Mbxjpobm}oba qrjobfmghopst} ~tjw dsbfojlpd ogasob, op, dpinphop, rgy} nphgt jftj p srgfogbijbtsljw sblbw, uybstjg lptpr|w d qgrsjfslpn dpkslg wprpzp jidgstop. B lbygstdg lur}gib nphop uqpnaout} g{g tpmlpdboja dbdjmposljw jipcrbhgojk strgma{jw ji mulb lr|mbt|w lgotbdrpd XIII d. fp o. ~. lbl gdrbijksljw opnbfpd j qpq|tlj sdai|dbt} jw s frgdogkzjnj ljnngrjkxbnj jmj sljvbnj 30. Rblpg tpmlpdbojg, rbiunggtsa og jnggt ojlbljw psopdbojk, b jipcrbhgoja rbio|w njvjygsljw su{gstd, jsqpm}iu{jw sbn|g rbio|g djf| pruhja, d tpn yjsmg j mul, c|mj fpstbtpyop rbsqrpstrbogo| d ngspqptbnslpn jslusstdg II t|s. fp o. ~. Jr|mbt|k lgotbdr, ybstp s wdpstpn slprqjpob j fduna epmpdbnj (ygmpdgygslpk j m}djopk) c|m, qp dsgk djfjnpstj jipcrbhgojgn spidgifja, qrgfstbdma{gep oglpg dtprpstgqgoopg cphgstdp dbdjmposlpep qbotgpob. Eep jipcrbhgoja, pc|yop s mulpn, wpta jopefb j cgi ogep, fpstbtpyop ybstp dstrgybtsa ob dbdjmposljw j bssjrjksljw qgybtaw j rgm}gvbw kudurru (nghgd|g lbnoj) XIV–XII dd. fp o. ~. (gst} j pfop jipcrbhgojg g{g III t|s. fp o. ~., ~qpwj III fjobstjj Srb – Hsjob, cgi mulb) 31 j, rbiunggtsa, og jngt ojygep pc{gep s gdrbijksljnj opnbfbnj. 29 Qdpflu rbimjyo|w nogojk qp qpdpfu jotgrqrgtbxjj ~tjw vbnj) lgotbdrpd og dpstpyopk, b botjyopk trbfjxjj. Ztb dsbfojlpd sn. Kirchner 1987, 123–125. Apm}zjostdp bdtprpd slmpoagtsa l tpnu, ytp ~tp qgrs| jmj erglj d qgrsjfslpk pfg- sdai} stpm} hg ogpsopdbtgm}ob. 31 Qn. sdpflu nbtgrjbmb j gep jotgrqrgtbxj Seidl 1989, hfg. 30 Sulimirski 1970, 395, fig. 90. Qr. Sorokin 1990, 145 –147, lp- 90 – 91, Nr. 749, pl. CXIII; Moortgat 1966, 68, 142, Nr. 617, tpr|k sdai|dbgt s lpoo|nj opnbfbnj (ljnngrjkxbnj j slj- Taf. 74; Parker 1977, 264, Nr. 28; Matthews 1990, 82, 98. 176 –178, sr. Herzfeld 1936/1937, 132 –135; Porada 1948, R;LMU 2                :           = mncbybqwcg u^opf jy `y]okfif, upl lop^`ickkyc c`n^efgohfjf klj^b^jf ` G^ilg ;eff m^j]pkfhf o ^nsclilafucohlg pluhf enckf] lpklo]po] h hcicnjcoohljq {p^mq n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny. J^j]pkfhf, lpklo]wfco] h mcn`yj pncj ucp`cnp]j VII `. bl k. {., q`cnckkl o`]ey`^|po] o foplnfucohfjf hfjjcnfgt^jf; pc, upl lpklo]po] h mloicbkcg ucp`cnpf VII f k^u^iq VI `. bl k. {., ^ p^hdc hluc`kfucohfc m^j]pkfhf VII `. bl k. {. fe B^h^`h^ez] f Cn^k^, jlaqp _ypz lpkcocky h^h h hfjjcnfgt^j, p^h f ohfr^j. L ^nsclilafucohlg pluhf enckf] l_^ k^nlb^ hn^gkc pnqbkln^eifufjy. =y`lb l mnfk^bicdklopf hfjjcnfgtc` f ohfrl` {mlsf mcncbkc^ef^pohfs mlslbl` h hcicnjcoohljq {p^mq n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny fjccp mnfktfmf^izklc ek^uckfc kc plizhl bi] snlklilaff, kl f bi] foplnfucohlg fkpcnmncp^tff mnfucnkljlnohfs hluc`kfucohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Ik kcol`jcopfj o pn^bftflkklg foplnfucohlg h^npfklg, opnlf`vcgo] k^ lokl`c {pfs m^j]pkfhl` f, oicbl`^pcizkl, pnc_qcp mcncojlpn^ {plg h^npfky. Lleb^kk^] k^ lokl`c ^nsclilafucohfs b^kkys foplnfucoh^] nchlkopnqhtf] lh^ey`^i^ ek^ufpcizklc `if]kfc f k^ fkpcnmncp^tf| mfozjckkys foplukfhl`. M^h, pn^bftflkk^] fbckpfrfh^tf] foplnfucohfs hfjjcnfgtc` o Hl`lucnh^oohlg hqizpqnlg f b^pfnl`h^ `plnlg mlil`fklg VII `. bl k. {. ojcky {plg hqizpqny n^kkcohfrohlg mlbn^eqjc`^i^, upl ml]`ickfc ohfrohlal k^ocickf] ` Jnfucnkljlnzc, olmnl`ldb^`vcco] `ypcokckfcj hfjjcnfgtc`, mnlfoslbfil uqpz if kc k^ ai^e^s mcn`ys ancucohfs hlilkfopl`. Vplp `y`lb mnf`lbfi h pljq, upl ^kpfuk^] pn^bftf], ml`cop`q|w^] l_ {pfs ol_ypf]s, mncdbc `ocal olufkckfc >cnlblp^, oufp^i^oz ` `yovcg opcmckf e^oiqdf`^|wcg bl`cnf], mlohlizhq lk^ `lomnfkfj^i^oz h^h `loslb]w^] h o`fbcpci]j ollp`cpop`q|wfs ol_ypfg. Ibk^hl, h^h qh^ey`^iloz, o^j^ ^nsclilafucoh^] pclnf], lpldbcop`i]|w^] hfjjcnfgtc` o klofpci]jf mncbohfrohfs hqizpqn, ml]`fi^oz ` kcj^ilg opcmckf mlb `if]kfcj >cnlblp^. =lekfh^i, p^hfj l_n^elj, e^jhkqpyg hnqa: ^nsclilaf oleb^`^if o`lf nchlkopnqhtff, ` ek^ufpcizklg opcmckf lokl`y`^]oz k^ >cnlblpc, ` blopl`cnklopf o`cbckfg hlplnlal kc oljkc`^ifoz. Coplnfhf f rfililaf, ` o`l| lucncbz, mlbp`cndb^if blopl`cnklopz acnlblpl`ohlal n^ooh^e^ pcj, upl lk ollp`cpop`qcp nchlkopnqhtff foplnfucohfs ol_ypfg, oleb^kklg ml b^kkyj ^nsclilaff. 114 >F;=; 2.1     2.1.1 ?;MCKI=E; H;R;F; «E@F@KG@LLEI>I» VM;J; K;HH@LECOLEID ENFUMNKT Hc plizhl ` ;k^pliff, kl f ` n^glk^s h `loplhq lp ;oofnff, f b^dc ` B^h^`h^ezc, `opncu^|po] mlupf fohi|ufpcizkl n^kkcohfrohfc `cwf hcicnjcoohlal mcnflb^. =cwf _licc n^kkcal, d^_lpfkohlal {p^m^ ebcoz mn^hpfucohf kcfe`copky. Elop]kyc mi^opfkhf o ncez_lg fe Mcgvc_^fkf, plihl`^`vfco] h^h qh^e^kfc k^ {plp mcnflb, k^slb]p ^k^ilaff ` m^j]pkfh^s h^h d^_lpfkohlal, p^h f hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ f, oicbl`^pcizkl, `mlikc jlaqp _ypz lpkcocky h mloicbkcjq. Vpl l_opl]pcizop`l jlail _y o`fbcpcizop`l`^pz l k^u^ic hcicnjcoohlal mcnflb^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny qdc ` n^jh^s VIII `. bl k. {., hlab^ foplnfucohfc foplukfhf rfhofnq|p mcn`lc fe`copklc oplihkl`ckfc mcncbkc`loplukys tf`fife^tfg o hfjjcnfgt^jf (` 714 a. bl k. {.). Coplukfhf oll_w^|p ` {pl `ncj] kc plizhl l mlan^kfuklj oplihkl`ckff k^ oc`cnc Nn^npq, kl f ml]`ickff hfjjcnfgtc` aln^ebl |dkcc, ` n^glkc G^kky. = o`]ef o `lejldklopz| p^hlg b^pfnl`hf lol_yg fkpcnco mnfl_ncp^cp n^kkcohfrohfg hljmicho hqna^k^ 15 q Lpc_ic`^ ` Jlnlozc, ^`plny mq_ifh^tff hlplnlal myp^|po] l_lokl`^pz cal b^pfnl`hq VIII `. bl k. {. (. 55) 1. Eljmicho `hi|u^cp mncbjcpy hlkohlg qeby, pfmfukyc bi] hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ — dcicekyc lbklhlizu^pyc qbfi^ f pncsmcpcizu^pyc opcndkc`fbkyc mo^iff o e^akqpyj hlktlj (^k^ilaff jklalufoickky, `hi|u^] l_^ Ecicnjcoohfs hqna^k^ =cocil`ohlal), ^ p^hdc rn^ajckpy dciceklal ucvqgu^plal m^ktfn], blop^plukl u^opl `opncu^|wfco] ` hljmicho^s {plal `ncjckf 2. K]b bnqafs mncbjcpl` hljmicho^ (dcicekyg k^hlkcukfh hlmz], hcn^jfh^) p^hdc blop^plukl slnlvl mncbop^`ick ` m^j]pkfh^s {plal `ncjckf, kl k^slbfp ^k^ilaff f ` hljmicho^s mncbybqwcal mcnflb^. ;pnf_qtf] b^kklal hljmicho^ h hcicnjcoohljq {p^mq n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny, p^hfj l_n^elj, `n]b if jldcp `ye`^pz oljkckfc. Iol_yg fkpcnco oncbf k^slblh mncbop^`i]|p dcicekyg _lc`lg jlilp f _nlkel`yc k^hlkcukfhf opnci i^`nlifopklg rlnjy o `kqpnckkcg `pqihlg. Vpf mncbjcpy, lol_ckkl k^hlkcukfhf opnci, mn^hpfucohf kcfe`copky ` m^j]pkfh^s n^kkcohfrohlg f mncbohfrohlg hqizpqn Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz] f Jncbh^`h^ez], lbk^hl k^slb]p oc_c _ifehfc ^k^ilaff ` |dklg Lf_fnf, E^e^sop^kc f Lncbkcg ;eff 3. Gy qdc lpjcu^if k^ifufc {icjckpl` j^pcnf^izklg hqizpqny plal dc 1 Eiluhl, Lhlnfg 1993, 71– 84. 2 K^omnlopn^kckfc ucvqgu^pys m^ktfncg `l`oc kc l_]e^- `lucnh^oohlal pfm^; lpo|b^ lkf n^omnlopn^k]ifoz b^izvc k^ oc`cn (oj. kfdc). Mcj o^jyj okfj^cpo] lbkl fe `len^dckfg pcizkl o`]ey`^pz o mcncbkc^ef^pohfjf mlslb^jf hfjjcnfg- mnlpf` n^kkcg b^pfnl`hf opc_ic`ohlal hljmicho^, h^h f bnq- tc` f ohfrl`, h^h {pl u^opl bci^cpo]. M^hfc m^ktfnf _yif afs m^j]pkfhl`, olbcnd^`vfs lop^phf m^ktfncg (Eqnluhfk fe`copky ` B^h^`h^ezc cwc `l II pyo. bl k. {., ^ k^ Lc`cnklj 1994, 118). 3 Eiluhl, Lhlnfg 1993, 80 – 81, o ifpcn^pqnlg. E^`h^ec ml]`i]|po] ` mncbohfrohq| {mlsq ` m^j]pkfh^s kl- 115 1 3 2 4 6 5 9 8 7 10 11 12 13 15 14 116 16 17 0 18 6 20 19 0 6 22 0 6 21 Kfo. 55 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] hqna^k^ 15 q o. Lpc_ic`l. 1–5, 11–16. Acicel; 6 –10. <nlke^; 17 –22. >ifk^ Jl Eiluhl, Lhlnfg 1993, nfo. 3–5 117 mnlfosldbckf] (mncdbc `ocal, _fjcp^iifucohfc hic`ty) ` hluc`kfucohfs m^j]pkfh^s G^ilg ;eff f Jncbh^`h^ez], p^hdc lpklo]wfso] h hcicnjcoohljq mcnflbq n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny. Lpc_ic`ohfg hljmicho ]`i]cpo] cwc lbkfj blh^e^pcizop`lj oqwcop`l`^kf] p^hfs o`]ecg. H^hlkcukfhf o `kqpnckkcg `pqihlg, _ifd^gvfc ^k^ilaff hlplnyj =. C. Eiluhl f L. ;. Lhlnyg omn^`cbif`l k^slb]p ` blop^plukl jklalufoickkys oncbkc^ef^pohfs f h^e^sop^kohfs m^j]pkfh^s IX–VIII ``. bl k. {., oiqd^p ai^`kyj lokl`^kfcj bi] b^pfnl`hf opc_ic`ohlal hljmicho^ `ncjckcj kc mledc VIII `. bl k. {. @oif {p^ b^pfnl`h^ omn^`cbif`^, lk^ jldcp oiqdfpz `^dkyj ^naqjckplj ` mlizeq lpkcockf] k^u^i^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny cwc h VIII `. bl k. {. = o`]ef o {pfj oicbqcp lpjcpfpz, upl oncbf j^pcnf^il` Nga^n^hohlal jlafizkfh^ fe`copck `ocal lbfk k^hlkcukfh {plal pfm^, k^gbckkyg ` hqna^kc 84 `jcopc o _nlkel`yjf opncjcuhl`fbkyjf qbfi^jf f _fjcp^iifucohfj hic`tlj 4, plab^ h^h lop^izkyc k^hlkcukfhf o `kqpnckkcg `pqihlg mnfk^bicd^p h _licc mlebkcjq pfmq ucpyncsan^kkys fif nlj_fucohfs ` ocuckff k^hlkcukfhl` 5. M^ dc h^npfk^ s^n^hpcnk^ f bi] hliu^kkys k^_lnl` n^kkco^hohfs jlafizkfhl` L^h^n-u^a^ 5 f 6 6 f Wdkyg M^afohck 7. @wc lbkfj qh^e^kfcj k^ n^kk|| b^pfnl`hq k^u^i^ hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ ]`i]|po] k^slbhf ` hljmicho^s {plal `ncjckf (` u^opklopf, b`^ {hecjmi]n^ ` hqna^kc 2 =cocil`ohlal, lbfk ` hqna^kc 1 Sqizt^ Ecicnjcoohlal kchnlmli]) ifpys _nlkel`ys vicjl` «hq_^kohlal» pfm^, hlplnyc fomlizeq|po] ` pcuckfc blop^plukl lan^kfuckklal mnljcdqph^ `ncjckf f `ohlnc `yslb]p fe qmlpnc_ickf] 8. H^f_licc l_lokl`^kklg ` k^opl]wcc `ncj] mncbop^`i]cpo] afmlpce^ l mnlfosldbckff {plg anqmmy vicjl` fe oc`cnklal Efp^], abc k^slbhf luckz _ifehfs {hecjmi]nl` fe`copky ` {mlsq e^m^bklal Rdlq, ^ e^pcj, `fbfjl, p^hfc vicjy mcncop^|p fomlizel`^pzo] 9. H^slbhf vicjl` {plal pfm^ fe`copky f k^ mnljcdqplukys pcnnfplnf]s — ` Jl`lidzc, Lncbkcg ;eff f |dklg Lf_fnf, p. c. p^j dc, abc rfhofnq|po] f k^slbhf _fjcp^iifucohfs hic`tl` pfm^ k^gbckkys ` Cjfnicnc f Gqvc. Jlohlizhq lhlku^kfc {mlsf e^m^bklal Rdlq lpklofpo] h 771 a. bl k. {., `n]b if jldkl b^pfnl`^pz e^fjop`l`^kfc {plal pfm^ vicjl` ` Lncbk|| ;ef|, ^ e^pcj k^ Lc`cnkyg E^`h^e, jklal mledc {plg b^py. Jncbmlildckfc l_ lpldbcop`ickff hfjjcnfgtc`, b^ f n^kkfs ohfrl`, o klofpci]jf mncbohfrohfs hqizpqn Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz], lol_ckkl Jncbh^`h^ez], f ocgu^o k^f_licc n^omnlopn^kckl ` ifpcn^pqnc. ?lop^plukl oh^e^pz, upl ml jckzvcg jcnc pnf jlklan^rff ml b^kklg pcjc, lmq_ifhl`^kkyc ` mloicbkcc `ncj], ^naqjckpfnq|p fjckkl p^hq| pluhq enckf] 10. Ibk^hl qdc kclbklhn^pkl lpjcu^iloz lpoqpop`fc ` Jcncbkcg ;eff bnc`klopcg mncbohfrohfs ^nsclilafucohfs hqizpqn. Np`cndbckfc L. =. G^slnpys 11 l plj, upl ` Jcncbkcg ;eff fe`copky k^slbhf k^hlkcukfhl` opnci mncbohfrohlal pfm^ lvf_lukl. =l `ocs oiqu^]s, ` plj ufoic f ` pcs, k^ hlplnyc lk ooyi^cpo], ncuz fbcp l k^hlkcu- 4 =fvkc`oh^] 1973, 89, p^_. XX, 10. 5 =fvkc`oh^] 1973, 90 – 91. 6 X_ilkohfg 1991, 85 – 86, nfo. 6, 7, 10; X_ilkohfg 1996, 34 – 42, nfo. 35. 7 Cpfk^, X_ilkohfg 1997, 46 –53, nfo. 70. 8 = mloicbkcc `ncj] ml]`fifoz b^kkyc, mle`li]|wfc mncb- «hq_^kohfs» vicjl` bl pncpzcg ucp`cnpf VI `. bl k. {. kcize] oufp^pz lhlku^pcizkl blh^e^kkyj bl k^slbhf p^hlal vicj^ ` lbklj fe hljmichol` {plal `ncjckf. 9 =^nckl` 1992, 100 –104; ;ichocc` 1992, 37 – 38. Ln. Eljfoo^nl` 1988, 78 –79. G. =. >lncifh (1993, 168 –169) mncbmlufp^cp `le`lbfpz {pq anqmmq vicjl` h e^m^bklfn^kohfj f mlildfpz, upl vicjy {plal pfm^ bldf`^|p bl ocncbfky – qn^npohfj mnlplpfm^j, lbk^hl lkf aln^ebl b^izvc ml o`lcg pncpzcg ucp`cnpf VI `. bl k. {. Jnf n^ohlmh^s hqna^k^ 9 q rlnjc lp «hq_^kohfs» vicjl`, ucj hfp^gohfc, ` ucj q_cdb^cp o. Eqtc`lil`h^ Efnl`lan^bohlg l_i^opf _yil l_k^nqdckl f ol_n^kkyg o^jfj ^`plnlj j^pcnf^i, oj. >lncifh 1993, h^jckklc k^banl_klc fe`^]kfc, fel_n^d^|wcc `lfk^ ` alil`- p^_. LXII. Ln. Eqnluhfk 1993, 98. Jncbmlildckfc l e^fjop`l- klj q_lnc, hlplnyg pn^hpqcpo] h^h vicj «hq_^kohlal» pfm^. `^kff {pfs vicjl` ` Efp^g lp «k^nlbl` jln]» XIII–XII ``. ?^p^ lokl`klal e^slnlkckf] hqna^k^ lmncbci]cpo] l_k^nq- bl k. {. ucnce E^`h^e f opcmf (>lncifh 1993, 171) h^dcpo] dckkyjf ` kcj ancucohfjf ^jrln^jf ocncbfklg – pncpzcg hn^gkc j^il`cnl]pkyj. Ln. p^hdc Rickl`^ 1993, 62 – 63; ucp`cnpz| VI `. bl k. {. H^f_licc `cnl]pkl, upl fe`^]kfc >^i^kfk^ / Galanina 1997, 114 –117. ;`plny {pfs n^_lp olif- lpklofpo] h {pljq mlanc_ckf| f, oicbl`^pcizkl, b^pfnqcpo] b^nfeq|po] o G. =. >lncifhlj, kc mnf`lb] blmlikfpcizkys pcj dc `ncjckcj, upl jlail _y e^o`fbcpcizop`l`^pz fomliz- ^naqjckpl` ` mlizeq cal afmlpcey. 10 ?qb^nc` 1991; Vnifs 1994; G^slnpys 1994. 11 G^slnpys 1994, 22, 29 – 30. el`^kfc «hq_^kohfs» vicjl` ` qh^e^kklc `ncj]: <lhfg, Iizsl`ohfg 1994, 151–163. =oc dc mncbmlildckfc l _ypl`^kff 118 kfh^s opnci p. k. ohfrohlal pfm^, b`qsilm^opkys («hcicnjcoohfc», fklab^ «d^_lpfkohfc») fif pncsilm^opkys (on. `yvc). Ivf_lukl f olmlop^`ickfc k^hlkcukfhl` opnci, k^gbckkys «` ;ji^vc», hlplnyc ]hl_y ]`i]|po] «ncbu^gvfjf bi] {plal ncaflk^», o k^hlkcukfh^jf fe Hlo^uc`^ f <cilan^bt^. =lmcn7`ys, pncsilm^opkyc k^hlkcukfhf opnci, fencbh^ k^slbfjyc ` hljmicho^s pfm^ Hl`lucnh^oohlal hi^b^, k^mnfjcn ` Hlo^uc`c 12, fjc|p ol`cnvckkl fkq| rlnjq f kcolmlop^`fjy o k^hlkcukfh^jf fe Cn^k^. =l-`plnys, {pf pnf (^ kc b`^, h^h mfvcp L. =. G^slnpys) pncsilm^opkys k^hlkcukfh^, l_k^nqdckkyc ` 9 mlanc_ckff q bcnc`ckz Vj^j f Mlj^bd^k k^ |dklj ml_cncdzc E^omfgohlal jln] 13 `l`oc kc ]`i]|po] «ncbu^gvfjf» ` ncaflkc — k^mnlpf`, lkf mnfk^bicd^p h pfmq, unce`yu^gkl vfnlhl n^omnlopn^kckkljq ` Cn^kc k^ufk^] ol `plnlg mlil`fky VII `. bl k. {. f mledc. ?lop^plukl qmlj]kqpz, k^mnfjcn, k^slbhq lhlil ucpyncs pyo]u p^hfs k^hlkcukfhl` ` Jcnocmlic (oj. `yvc l k^hlkcukfh^s «ohfrohlal» pfm^, ` plj ufoic l pcs k^slbh^s, k^ hlplnyc ooyi^cpo] L. =. G^slnpys). Enljc plal, mlanc_ckfc fe Vj^j^, l hlplnlj fbcp ncuz, kcp lokl`^kfg b^pfnl`^pz VIII–VII ``. bl k. {.; lkl `mlikc jldcp mnfk^bicd^pz f h ek^ufpcizkl _licc mlebkcjq `ncjckf. >. H. Eqnluhfk mnf`ci kcb^`kl cwc lbfk ^naqjckp ` mlizeq mlebkcg b^pfnl`hf n]b^ m^j]pkfhl` hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny (Lp^nv^] Glafi^, =lihl`ty, ;ho|pfkty f bn.)14. Loyi^]oz k^ nceqizp^py ^k^ifel` jcp^ii^ _nlkel`ys febcifg, mnlfoslb]wfs fe k^e`^kkys m^j]pkfhl`15, lk e^hi|u^cp, upl {pf mncbjcpy «fealpl`icky k^ mnlfe`lbop`ckklg _^ec ^kpfukys alnlbl` Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz]» f, oicbl`^pcizkl, blidky _ypz mnlfe`cbcky mledc lokl`^kf] {pfs alnlbl` f k^u^i^ fs «vfnlhfs bcil`ys hlkp^hpl`» ol ohfr^jf k^ nq_cdc VII–VI ``. bl k. {., upl f lmncbci]cp b^pq ollp`cpop`q|wfs hljmichol`. = bcgop`fpcizklopf jcp^iilan^rfucohlc fooicbl`^kfc =. ;. Elofhl`^ `l`oc kc mle`li]cp obci^pz p^hfs e^hi|uckfg. Lbci^kkyc fj `y`lby h^o^|po] kc jcop^ mnlfe`lbop`^ ^k^ifefnqcjys febcifg, ^ ifvz mnlfosldbckf] jcp^ii^, mloiqdf`vcal bi] fs fealpl`ickf]. ;`pln `ybci]cp kcohlizhl anqmm nqbkys jcoplnldbckfg (`lial-h^joh^], `lial-qn^izoh^], h^nm^pl-pn^kofiz`^koh^], oc`cnl-h^`h^eoh^], bkcmnl`ohlal Jn^`l_cncdz]), oncbf hlplnys fjccpo] f anqmm^ lmncbci]cj^] h^h «oynzc nqbkys _^e ^kpfukys alnlbl` Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz]». Licbqcp e^jcpfpz, upl hlkhncpklc olbcnd^kfc mloicbkfs lop^cpo] kc]okyj: kfabc kc lal`^nf`^cpo], l h^hfs, ol_op`ckkl, jcoplnldbckf]s fbcp ncuz. Gldkl mncbmlildfpz, upl ^`pln fjccp ` `fbq, upl {pf febcif] fealpl`icky fe jcp^ii^, osldcal o jcp^iilj, fomlizel`^`vfjo] ` jcp^iiqnafucohlj mnlfe`lbop`c ancucohfs j^opcnohfs. Jlb^`i]|wcc _lizvfkop`l mnl^k^ifefnl`^kkys ^`plnlj mncbjcpl` fealpl`ickl mnf {plj fe jcp^ii^, mnlfoslb]wcal fe n^eifukys foplukfhl` (luc`fbkl, ` nceqizp^pc `plnfuklg mcncmi^`hf jcp^iifucohlal ilj^). Licbqcp l_n^pfpz lol_lc `kfj^kfc k^ pl, upl ncuz kc fbcp l_ fealpl`ickff ollp`cpop`q|wfs mncbjcpl` ancucohfjf ncjcoickkfh^jf — `l `ocs oiqu^]s, `hi|u^] f pc, hlab^ {pf mncbjcpy mnlfe`cbcky fe «nqby ^kpfukys alnlbl`», lkf fealpl`icky `kc `o]hlal oljkckf] ohfrohfjf, ^ kc ancucohfjf j^opcn^jf. Vpl kcqbf`fpcizkl — anchf `l`oc kc _yif mcn`llphny`^pci]jf nqbkys jcoplnldbckfg, hlplnyjf lkf `mloicbop`ff mlizel`^ifoz. Plnlvl fe`copkl, upl k^ifufc nqbkys jcoplnldbckfg _yil lbkfj fe oqwcop`ckkys r^hplnl`, `if]`vfs k^ `y_ln ancucohfjf hlilkfop^jf jcop bi] mlocickfg (kchlplnyc fooicbl`^pcif b^dc oufp^|p `lejldkyj al`lnfpz k^ {plj lokl`^kff l «oynzc`lg hlilkfe^tff»), ` plj ufoic f mnf hlilkfe^tff Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz] 16. Vpl lek^u^cp, upl h jljckpq lokl`^kf] ancucohfs hlilkfg Jnfucnkljlnz] pc jcoplnldbckf], hlplnyc `mloicbop`ff op^if «nqbklg _^elg» fs ncjcoickkfhl`, _yif slnlvl fe`copky f n^en^_^py`^ifoz (f `cnl]pkl qdc b^`kl) jcopkyj k^ocickfcj. M^hfj l_n^elj, ancucohfc hlilkff kc _yif cbfkop`ckkyj foplukfhlj jcp^ii^, mnlfoslb]wcal fe {pfs jcoplnldbckfg. Mlp r^hp, upl u^opz n^kkcohfrohfs _nlkel`ys febcifg fealpl`ick^ fe plal dc jcp^ii^, upl f mnlbqhtf] ancucohfs ncjcoickkfhl`, kc mle`li]cp ml{pljq e^hi|ufpz, _qbpl jcp^ii bi] {pfs febcifg mlop^`i]io] ancucohfjf hlilkfop^jf. Lhlncc `ocal, lk mnlfoslbfp fe n^en^_lplh {pfs jcoplnldbckfg, hlplnyc `cifoz jcopkyjf dfpci]jf bl lokl`^kf] ancucohfs hlilkfg. M^hfj l_n^elj, ^naqjckp >. H. Eqnluhfk^ kc fjccp ofiy. 12 Ln. Mcnckldhfk 1976, 80, 135, nfo. 45, 9. 13 Lj. Samadi 1959, 40; Samadi 1959a, 190, fig. 26. 15 Elofhl` 1992, 39 – 83. 16 Lj. Treister 1996, 146 –181, o ifpcn^pqnlg. 14 Eqnluhfk 1994, 118. 119 Hck^jklal _lizvc, ucj ` Jcncbkcg ;eff, mncbohfrohfs k^slblh b^dc f ` B^h^`h^ezc — ebcoz jldkl k^e`^pz ifvz cbfkfukyc k^slbhf bcp^icg hlkohlg o_nqf kl`lucnh^oohlal l_ifh^ k^ pcnnfplnff >nqeff (Lqnjqvohfg hi^b f Eo^kohlc qwcizc) (. 56, 1– 5) 17. Lplnlkkfhf lpldbcop`ickf] hfjjcnfgtc` o klofpci]jf mncbohfrohfs hqizpqn opnl]p o`lf mncbmlildckf] ` ek^ufpcizklg opcmckf k^ blmqwckff plal, upl o^jyc n^kkfc mnlkfhkl`ckf] opcmk]hl` ` n^glky, `slbf`vfc ` mlic enckf] ^`plnl` hifklmfokys pchopl`, jlaif kc lop^`fpz j^pcnf^izkys oicbl`. B^ kcfjckfcj k^slblh mncbohfrohfs `cwcg ` Jcncbkcg ;eff mncbmnfkfj^ifoz mlmyphf l_k^nqdfpz, k^mnlpf`, mcncbkc^ef^pohfc mncbjcpy ` mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfh^s Jnfucnkljlnz] f foplihl`^pz fs h^h oicby hfjjcnfgohfs mlslbl`. Hcb^`kl =. K. Vnifs o`ci `lcbfkl mlbl_kyc ^naqjckpy 18, lpop^f`^] fbc| l plj, upl `lckkyc mlslby klj^bl` ` Jcncbk|| ;ef| k^u^ifoz cwc ` kl`lucnh^oohlc `ncj] f, ollp`cpop`ckkl, fbckpfrftfnq] hfjjcnfgtc` o klofpci]jf Hl`lucnh^oohlg hqizpqny. Enljc plal, pc dc o^jyc b^kkyc ]`i]|po] f `^dkcgvfj lokl`^kfcj bi] b^pfnl`hf m^j]pkfhl` kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^. = o^jlj bcic, coif qb^opo] blh^e^pz, upl klofpcif {plg hqizpqny mnfkfj^if qu^opfc ` mlslb^s hfjjcnfgtc` ` Jcncbk|| ;ef|, pl lpo|b^ _qbcp oicbl`^pz, upl lk^ oqwcop`l`^i^ `l `ncj] {pfs mlslbl`, p. c. bldf`^i^ ml jckzvcg jcnc bl mcn`lg mlil`fky VII `. bl k. {. M^hfj l_n^elj, ml]`fifoz kl`yc ^naqjckpy ` mlbbcndhq pn^bftflkklg fkpcnmncp^tff ^nsclilafucohlal j^pcnf^i^, hlpln^] mnlpf`lncufp h^h mncbildckklg ` mcn`lg u^opf fbckpfrfh^tff ^nsclilafucohlg hqizpqny hfjjcnfgtc`, p^h f mlbn^eqjc`^cjlg c| snlklilaff n^kkcohfrohfs f mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. H^j mnfbcpo] omctf^izkl lop^kl`fpzo] k^ n^e_lnc ^naqjckpl` p^hlal nlb^, pcj _licc, upl qbnc`kckfc k^u^i^ hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny o^jlc mlebkcc bl k^u^i^ VII, ^ `lejldkl f bl hlkt^ VIII `. bl k. {., pnc_qcp f mcncojlpn^ mnfk]pys b^pfnl`lh mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`, ` u^opklopf lpklo]wfso] h kl`lucnh^oohljq hnqaq. 2.1.2 JKI<F@GT IMHILCM@FUHID PKIHIFI>CC JK@?LECOLECP J;GXMHCEI= Jnl_icj^ lpklofpcizklg f ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` bl`lizkl u^opl ` mloicbkcc `ncj] mnf`ich^cp `kfj^kfc fooicbl`^pcicg, lbk^hl cc kcize] oufp^pz ncvckklg. Hcojlpn] k^ oqwcop`ckkyc qomcsf ` lpbcizkys u^opklop]s, {pl omn^`cbif`l b^dc bi] lpklofpcizkys b^pfnl`lh mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. =^dkcgvcg mnl_icjlg ebcoz, mld^iqg, lop^cpo] ollpklvckfc jcdbq m^j]pkfh^jf ucnklalnl`ohlal f kl`lucnh^oohlal pfml`. = o`lc `ncj] ;. ;. Ccoock, `ybcif`vfg {pf b`c anqmmy, oufp^i kl`lucnh^oohfc m^j]pkfhf _licc bnc`kfjf, ^ n^kkcohfrohfc — kcmloncbop`ckkyj mnlblidckfcj ucnklalnl`ohfs 19. Vpljq omlol_op`l`^il ` mcn`q| lucncbz oslbop`l jklafs mncbjcpl` fk`ckp^n], s^n^hpcnkys bi] ucnklalnl`ohfs f n^kkcohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`, mncdbc `ocal hlkohlg qeby (qbfi^ ol opcjcuhl`fbkyjf lhlku^kf]jf f pncsbynu^pyc mo^iff). =mloicbop`ff, lbk^hl, ;. C. Mcnckldhfk, mcn`lk^u^izkl oufp^`vfg m^j]pkfhf ucnklalnl`ohlal f kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ lbkl`ncjckkyjf, lpkco mcn`yc h n^kkcg opqmckf mncbohfrohlg {mlsf (o b^pfnl`hlg 900 –750 aa. bl k. {.), ^ `plnyc — h mlebkcg (o b^pfnl`hlg 750 – 650 aa. bl k. {.) 20. >i^`kyj lokl`^kfcj p^hlal 17 Ccoock 1953, 64, nfo. 8; =lnlkl` 1980, nfo. 2, 20; ;ichoc- 18 Vnifs 1994, 83– 97. Lp^pz] Vnifs 1994a, 168 –175 ]`i]cpo] c` 1992, 80. Np`cndbckfc X. <lqech^, upl ` E^njfn-<iqnc ifvz hn^phfj feildckfcj u^opf pncpzcg ai^`y k^e`^kklg _yif k^gbcky «qbfi^ f bnqafc mncbjcpy pfm^ Rcnklalnl`hf» jlklan^rff. Loyihf k^ kcc ml{pljq ` b^izkcgvcj kc b^|p- (Bouzek 1983, 151) lvf_lukl. Hcmlk]pkl, upl lk fjccp ` o]. Ln. p^hdc Vnifs 1994_, 134 –150, abc hn^phl fei^a^|po] `fbq, qmljfk^] ebcoz dc k^slbhf opnci «hfjjcnfgohlal» kchlplnyc mlildckf] jlklan^rff. Jnlpf`: Jlifk 1994^, pfm^ ` ;k^pliff. I k^slbh^s opnci «ohfrohlal» pfm^ oj. 147 –148. 19 Ccoock 1953, 99 –102; Ccoock 1954, 119, 127 –129. 20 Mcnckldhfk 1975, 3– 4; Mcnckldhfk 1976, 198 –207. `yvc; mncbohfrohfc rlnjy ebcoz kc e^o`fbcpcizop`l`^ky. Ln. Mlsp^ozc` 1993, 90. 120 2 3 1 4 5 8 9 7 6 11 10 Kfo. 56 1–5. Ei^b _nlkel`ys `cwcg fe Lqnjqvf, >nqef]. 6 –11. <nlkel`yc mncbjcpy fe mlanc_ckf] 39 Eq_^kohlal jlafizkfh^ Jl Elnfbec 1965, nfo. 28 (1–5); ;krfjl` 1975, nfo. 2, 1,3; 3, 5,6; 4, 1,5 (6 –11) 121 lmncbcickf] lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff m^j]pkfhl` ucnklalnl`ohlal f kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ _yif nceqizp^py n^ohlmlh H. =. ;krfjl`^ ` Jnfhq_^kzc, abc fj _yil fooicbl`^kl b`^ jlafizkfh^ — Hfhli^c`ohfg f Eq_^kohfg21. Jlanc_ckf] mcn`lal fe kfs olbcnd^if mncbjcpy qeby ucnklalnl`ohlal (opncjcuhl`fbkyc qbfi^, pncsbynu^pyc mo^iff), `plnlal — kl`lucnh^oohlal (b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^, pncsmcpcizu^pyc mo^iff) pfml`. Jnf {plj ` mlanc_ckff 39 Eq_^kohlal jlafizkfh^ l_k^nqdcky opncjcuhl`fbkyc qbfi^ f pncsbynu^pyg mo^ifg o elljlnrkyjf lhlku^kf]jf ` olucp^kff o nlj_l`fbkyj k^hlkcukfhlj opnciy «d^_lpfkohlal» pfm^, upl o`fbcpcizop`qcp l mnfk^bicdklopf {plal mlanc_ckf] qdc n^kkcohfrohlg {mlsc (. 56, 7, 10, 11) 22. ;`pln n^ohlmlh lmncbcifi, upl Hfhli^c`ohfg jlafizkfh kcohlizhl op^nvc Eq_^kohlal, slp] `ncj] fs oqwcop`l`^kf] u^opfukl ol`m^b^il f l_^ jlafizkfh^ lpklo]po] h lbklg {mlsc. >i^`kyj lokl`^kfcj bi] p^hlal `y`lb^, k^ohlizhl jldkl oqbfpz, _yil mncl_i^b^kfc ` mcn`lj _nlkel`ys k^hlkcukfhl` hlmfg k^b dcicekyjf mnfplj, upl `l `plnlj jlafizkfhc `oc hlmz] _yif dcicekyjf. Kcvckfc ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj mnl_icjy ollpklvckf] ucnklalnl`ohlg f kl`lucnh^oohlg anqmmy m^j]pkfhl` lop^`i]cp n]b mnl_icj kcncvckkyjf — lkl kc l_x]ok]cp, k^mnfjcn, opn^kkyg snlklilafucohfg n^eny` ` fomlizel`^kff lbklpfmkys opncjcuhl`fbkys qbfi, ^ p^hdc _ifelopz f bnqafs hljmlkckpl` ucnklalnl`ohfs f n^kkcohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Vpf mnl_icjy op^if cwc lopncc mloic mq_ifh^tff j^pcnf^il` _la^pcgvcal hqna^k^ ;nd^k ` Mq`c 23. Jl n]bq mlh^e^pcicg (` plj ufoic ml s^n^hpcnq hlkohlg qmn]df) j^pcnf^i hqna^k^ o_ifd^cpo] o m^j]pkfh^jf ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^, upl mle`lifil jklafj fooicbl`^pci]j (` plj ufoic o^jljq ;. C. Mcnckldhfkq) al`lnfpz l ucnklalnl`ohl^nd^kohlj mcnflbc 24. L bnqalg oplnlky, lk olbcndfp n]b mncbjcpl`, `ymlikckkys ` e`cnfklj opfic f o_ifd^|wfs cal o n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqnlg. = mloicbkcc `ncj] op^il k^h^mif`^pzo] `oc _lizvc j^pcnf^il`, o`fbcpcizop`q|wfs l oloqwcop`l`^kff, ml hn^gkcg jcnc u^opfuklj, kl`lucnh^oohfs f ucnklalnl`ohfs m^j]pkfhl` f l pcnnfplnf^izklg n^ean^kfuckklopf fs ^nc^il` 25. M^hfj l_n^elj, op^`fpo] mlb `lmnlo ^bch`^pklopz mncbildckklg ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj oscjy f `lekfh^cp `lejldklopz mncbmli^a^pz k^ifufc mnccjop`ckklopf jcdbq qeblg ucnklalnl`ohlal f n^kkcohfrohlal pfm^ f bnqafjf h^pcalnf]jf k^slblh {pfs b`qs anqmm m^j]pkfhl`. =mnlucj, `y`lb l u^opfuklj oloqwcop`l`^kff ucnklalnl`ohfs f kl`lucnh^oohfs m^j]pkfhl` kc l_]e^pcizkl mnlpf`lncufp pljq, upl ` tcilj ucnklalnl`ohfc m^j]pkfhf _licc n^kkfc, ucj kl`lucnh^oohfc. Ibk^hl lk ohlncc `ocal o`fbcpcizop`qcp l plj, upl `plnyc kc ]`i]|po] mn]jyj mnlblidckfcj mcn`ys f, `fbfjl, mnfk^bicd^if klofpci]j bnqalg {pkfucohlg anqmmy. Hcohlizhl fklg `^nf^kp ncvckf] {plg mnl_icjy _yi mncbildck =. C. Eiluhl f =. W. Gqnefkyj. Llai^okl {plg afmlpcec mncbmli^a^cpo] k^ifufc b`qs `lik hluc`kfhl`, mnfkcovfs ` Jnfucnkljlnzc ok^u^i^ ucnklalnl`ohq|, ^ e^pcj n^kkcohfrohq| hqizpqnq. Lslbop`l b`qs hqizpqn l_x]ok]cpo] fs l_wfj mnlfosldbckfcj — l_c lkf ]`i]|po] lpbcif`vfjfo] ` n^eklc `ncj] lp`cp`ickf]jf hqizpqny, kcmncny`kl oqwcop`l`^`vcg ` Qckpn^izklg ;eff f mncbop^`ickklg, ` u^opklopf, hqna^klj ;nd^k. Jnf {plj ucnklalnl`ohfc m^j]pkfhf, ` ollp`cpop`ff o lpklofpcizklg snlklilafcg ;. C. Mcnckldhfk^, mnfek^|po] _licc n^kkfjf, ucj lokl`k^] u^opz kl`lucnh^oohfs 26. Jnl_icj^ `e^fjllpklvckf] ucnklalnl`ohfs f kl`lucnh^oohfs m^j]pkfhl` `l jklalj lop^cpo] kc]oklg. Xokl, lbk^hl, upl mnfk]p^] ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj ifkcgk^] snlklilafucoh^] oscj^, ` hlplnlg ucnklalnl`ohfc m^j]pkfhf ojck]|po] kl`lucnh^oohfjf, ^ pc — n^kkcohfrohfjf, kc ollp`cpop`qcp fe`copkyj ocgu^o b^kkyj. ?lh^e^kkyj jldcp oufp^pzo] f ml hn^gkcg jcnc u^opfuklc oloqwcop`l`^kfc m^j]pkfhl` b`qs anqmm. 21 ;krfjl` 1961, 103–126; ;krfjl` 1971, 170 –177. 22 ;krfjl` 1975, 41– 42, 45 – 46, nfo. 2, 3; 3, 5 – 6. 23 >n]ekl` 1980; Grjaznov 1984. jcpy qeby kl`lucnh^oohlal f ucnklalnl`ohlal pfml` (mnlpf` 24 Ln., lbk^hl, ` mloicbkcc `ncj] `len^dckf] mnlpf` `ybc- 173–183; G^slnpys 1994, 48 –50; Jlifk 1994, 156 –158. ickf] {plal mcnflb^, olmnl`ldb^|wfco] ljlildckfcj b^pf- I_eln oj. ;ichocc`, E^u^il`^, Mlsp^ozc` 1993, 51–76. 26 Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1987, 12 –19; Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, nl`hf ;nd^k^: Rickl`^ 1997. 25 Fcohl` 1984, 147 –152; ?q_l`oh^] 1989, 63– 69, o qh^e^- 122 kfcj k^ n]b hljmichol`, olbcnd^wfs lbkl`ncjckkl mncbLhlnfg 1991, 14 –25); <lhfg, >ln_qi, Ipnlwckhl 1991, 61–71; Gqnefk 1990, 15 –28. Jlbnl_klc n^oojlpnckfc {plg mnl_icjy kc `slbfp ` k^vq e^b^uq. ?i] `y]okckf] b^pfnl`hf rlnjfnl`^kf] n^kkcohfrohlg f lhlku^kf] oqwcop`l`^kf] Hl`lucnh^oohlg hqizpqny blop^plukl b^pfnl`^pz ifvz o^jyc mlebkfc mncbohfrohfc m^j]pkfhf. >nqmm^ p^hfs m^j]pkfhl`, u^opl olcbfk]|wfs {icjckpy mncbohfrohlg (Hl`lucnh^oohlg) f n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqn, `ybci]cpo] ` k^opl]wcc `ncj] blop^plukl q`cnckkl (@kbd^, <cilan^bct, <qpckhf, E`fphf, Hlo^uc`l, N^vsfpq, Rfvsl f bn.). Vpf m^j]pkfhf, luc`fbkl, ofksnlkky fif kck^jklal op^nvc n^kkcohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` «d^_lpfkohlal» mcnflb^, lp hlplnys lpifu^|po] ifvz hlifucop`ckkyj ollpklvckfcj «kl`lucnh^oohfs» f «n^kkcohfrohfs» {icjckpl`. H^vcg e^b^ucg ]`i]cpo], p^hfj l_n^elj, b^pfnl`h^ {pfs m^j]pkfhl`, ^ p^hdc n^oojlpnckfc pcs ^naqjckpl`, o mljlwz| hlplnys blh^ey`^iloz qu^opfc klofpcicg hqizpqny kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ ` mcncbkc^ef^pohfs mlslb^s. Vpf e^b^uf ` ek^ufpcizklg opcmckf ol`m^b^|p — ` o^jlj bcic, ^_oli|pkyc b^pfnl`hf m^j]pkfhl` kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ blidky opnlfpzo] fjckkl k^ mncbjcp^s, hlplnyj mnfmfoy`^cpo] mcncbkc`lopluklc mnlfosldbckfc, mlohlizhq fjckkl {pf mncbjcpy mle`li]|p mnf`]e^pz lpklofpcizkyc b^py, mliquckkyc ufopl ^nsclilafucohfjf jcplb^jf, h mcncbkc`lopluklg ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff. ?nqafj omlol_lj mnf`]ehf ]`i]cpo] ofksnlkfe^tf] mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` Jnfucnkljlnz] f Jncbh^`h^ez] o a^izvp^ppohfjf j^pcnf^i^jf. Ibk^hl ` mloicbkcj oiqu^c ncuz fbcp `oc dc l ofksnlkfe^tff jcdbq ol_lg b`qs ofopcj lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff. ;_oli|pk^] snlklilaf] >^izvp^ppohlg hqizpqny ` hlkcuklj fplac, h^h f snlklilaf] opcmkys hqizpqn, opnlfpo] k^ `kcvkfs b^kkys — k^ mnf`]eh^s h bnc`kc`lopluklg fif {acgohlg snlklilaff. Jloicbk]] dc bi] mcnflb^ jcdbq hlktlj jfhckohlg f acljcpnfucohlg {mlslg p^hdc mlupf kc fjccp ol_op`ckkys lokl`^kfg bi] ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf. 2.1.3 JKI<F@GT ;<LIFWMHID PKIHIFI>CC JK@?LECOLECP J;GXMHCEI= = lokl`c ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff mncbohfrohlal mcnflb^ bl ofs mln icd^p mncdbc `ocal olmlop^`ickf] ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj {pfs m^j]pkfhl` o m^j]pkfh^jf Qckpn^izklg @`nlmy 27. Kcuz fbcp ` lokl`klj l olmlop^`ickf]s mncbjcpl` ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^ o p^h k^ey`^cjyjf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfjf» m^j]pkfh^jf 28, hlplnyc `lekfh^|p ` mcnflb Ha B2 f ` lokl`klj lpklo]po] h mcnflbq Ha B3. Lfksnlkfefnq] k^ lokl`^kff {pfs ^k^ilafg m^j]pkfhf ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^ o mcnflb^jf Ha B2 f 3, ;. C. Mcnckldhfk b^pfnqcp fs IX – mcn`lg mlil`fklg VIII ``. bl k. {. Iokl`y`^]oz k^ plj, upl oncbf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfs» bnc`klopcg lpoqpop`q|p `cwf, olmlop^`fjyc o kl`lucnh^oohfjf, ^ p^hdc k^ mnf`cbckkys `yvc oll_n^dckf]s lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff, ;. C. Mcnckldhfk mljcw^cp `oc m^j]pkfhf kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ jcdbq ucnklalnl`ohfjf f n^kkcohfrohfjf. = o^jlj bcic, m^j]pkfhf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohlal» mi^op^ ` Qckpn^izklg @`nlmc jlaqp oiqdfpz blop^plukl `coljyj ^naqjckplj mnf b^pfnl`hc mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Jlohlizhq fs mnfk^bicdklopz h mcnflbq Ha B (o^jlc mlebkcc — h nq_cdq Ha B3 f Ha C) `n]b if jldcp `yey`^pz oljkckf] 29, mcncslb lp mcnflb^ Ha B h mcnflbq Ha C b^cp k^bcdkyg terminus ante quem bi] pcs hljmichol`, hlplnyc k^slb]p ^k^ilaff oncbf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfs» bnc`klopcg. Jcncslb lp mcnflb^ Ha B3 h mcnflbq Ha C (>^izvp^pp ` qehlj ojyoic oil`^) l_yukl b^pfnqcpo] lhlil ocncbfky – pncpzcg ucp`cnpf VIII `. bl k. {., ^ o^j mcnflb Ha B3 mljcw^cpo] ` mcn`q| mlil`fkq – ocncbfkq VIII `. bl k. {. 30 Vp^ 27 Mcnckldhfk 1965, 63– 85; Mcnckldhfk 1976, 197 –208. 28 Iokl`kyc j^pcnf^iy lmq_ifhl`^ky: Gallus, Horváth 1939; nl`ohf 1994^, 156 –161. 30 von Merhart 1969, 94 –103; Pittioni 1954, 541; Müller- Ln. Ecjcktcf 1986, 145 –153, Chochorowski 1993, o ifpcn^pq- Karpe 1959, 227–228 (o l_l_wckklg b^pfnl`hlg H^ =3 VIII `. nlg. 29 Ln. Kossack 1986, 135; Chochorowski 1993, 181–202; Plsl- bl k. {. Vp^ b^p^ lokl`y`^cpo] k^ b^pfnl`hc opqmckf Tarquinia III VII `. bl k. {., hlpln^] ` o`l| lucncbz lokl`^k^ k^ k^slbhc 123 b^pfnl`h^ lokl`y`^cpo] mncdbc `ocal k^ ofksnlkfe^tff o mcnflblj Ha C fp^ifgohfs m^j]pkfhl` alnfelkpl` Benacci II, Este III, Bologna III, Tarquinia III. Vpf mloicbkfc, ` o`l| lucncbz, blop^plukl k^bcdkl b^pfnq|po] ml olbcnd^wfjo] ` kfs `loplukyj f ancucohfj fjmlnp^j. Iol_lc ek^uckfc fjccp k^slbh^ ` lbklj fe mlanc_ckfg mcnflb^ Tarquinia III r^]kol`lg `^ey o k^bmfoz| cafmcpohlal r^n^lk^ <lhslnfo^, mn^`ickfc hlplnlal b^pfnqcpo] lhlil 720 –710 aa. bl k. {. 31, upl lmncbci]cp mloicbkcc bco]pficpfc VIII `. bl k. {. h^h k^bcdkyg terminus ante quem bi] k^u^i^ mcnflb^ Ha C. L mcnflblj Ha C ofksnlkfefnq|po] p^hdc kchnlmlif n]b^ ancucohfs hlilkfg ` Cp^iff, plab^ h^h blancucohfc mlanc_ckf], k^mnfjcn, kchnlmli] Eqj, olbcnd^wfc oncbf mnlucal ancucohq| fjmlnpkq| hcn^jfhq mcn`lg mlil`fky VIII `. bl k. {., ofksnlkky mcnflbq Ha B3. Jlohlizhq b^p^ lokl`^kf] o^jys n^kkfs ancucohfs hlilkfg ` Cp^iff, ` plj ufoic Eqj, m^b^cp mnfjcnkl k^ ocncbfkq VIII `. bl k. {., b^pfnl`h^ lhlku^kf] mcnflb^ Ha B3 jldcp oufp^pzo] blop^plukl slnlvl l_lokl`^kklg f `n]b if jldcp _ypz ek^ufpcizkl fejckck^. Vp^ b^pfnl`h^ _yi^ kcb^`kl mlbp`cndbck^ f nceqizp^p^jf fooicbl`^kf] j^pcnf^il` o^jlal {mlkfjklal m^j]pkfh^ >^izvp^ppohlg hqizpqny — >^izvp^ppohlal jlafizkfh^. ?i] n^kkcg anqmmy fooicbl`^kkys ebcoz m^j]pkfhl` (H 1A), ollp`cpop`q|wfs k^u^iq mcnflb^ Ha C, mliqucky bckbnlsnlklilafucohfc b^py, qh^ey`^|wfc k^ hlkct pncpzcg ucp`cnpf VIII `. bl k. {. (b`c b^py 727 f lbk^ 731 aa. bl k. {.), upl mle`li]cp b^pfnl`^pz kcjklafc `ybcickkyc ebcoz hljmichoy _licc n^kkcal `ncjckf (H 0, hlkct Ha B3 — k^u^il Ha C) o^jlc mlebkcc ocncbfklg VIII `. bl k. {. 32 I_lokl`y`^] ^_oli|pkq| snlklilaf| o`lcg ucnklalnl`ohlg opqmckf tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfjf m^n^iici]jf, ;. C. Mcnckldhfk kc mnf`lbfi kfh^hfs b^kkys plal dc nlb^, hlplnyc jlaif _y l_lokl`^pz b^pfnl`hq kl`lucnh^oohfs m^j]pkfhl` ocncbfklg VIII – ocncbfklg VII ``. bl k. {. Hcohlizhl mledc >. C. Ljfnkl`^, n^e`f`^] cal nceqizp^py f ` ek^ufpcizklg jcnc lokl`y`^]oz k^ n^_lpc >. Eloo^h^ 33, mnf`ci^ kchlplnyc bnqafc b^kkyc, mle`li]|wfc l_lokl`^pz ^_oli|pkq| snlklilaf| mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` 34. Ik^ `mlikc q_cbfpcizkl ofksnlkfefnl`^i^ mlebkfc m^j]pkfhf icolopcmklg Rcnklicoohlg hqizpqny, m^j]pkfhf anqmmy L^s^nk^-Llilkucky (Glib^`f]) f ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^ o tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfjf mcnflb^jf Ha B1–2, ` jckzvcg opcmckf Ha B3, ^ p^hdc o ofksnlkkyjf _^ih^kohfjf m^j]pkfh^jf. Ibk^hl f ` cc n^_lpc kfh^hfs b^kkys bi] ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf m^j]pkfhl` kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^, hlplnyc lk^ oufp^cp ofksnlkkyjf «d^_lpfkohfj» (mlebkcgvfj mncbohfrohfj), kc mnf`lbfpo]. ;_oli|pk^] snlklilaf] ;. C. Mcnckldhfk^ f cal mloicbl`^pcicg, h^h jy `fbcif, opnlfpo] mncdbc `ocal k^ mncbop^`ickff l plj, upl m^j]pkfhf kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ ]`i]|po] kcmloncbop`ckkyj mnlblidckfcj f n^e`fpfcj ucnklalnl`ohfs f, oicbl`^pcizkl, blidky b^pfnl`^pzo] mledc fs. E^h qdc qh^ey`^iloz, {pl mncbop^`ickfc kc ollp`cpop`qcp fjc|wfjo] r^hp^j. =plnyj lokl`^kfcj cal snlklilafucohlg ofopcjy ]`i]cpo] qp`cndbckfc, upl o «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfjf» bnc`klop]jf (^ oicbl`^pcizkl, o mcnflb^jf Ha B2 – 3) jlaqp _ypz ofksnlkfefnl`^ky ifvz m^j]pkfhf ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^, plab^ h^h kl`lucnh^oohfc oncbf kfs ^k^ilafg kc fjc|p. Jnf {plj ;. C. Mcnckldhfk, luc`fbkl, fjccp ` `fbq mncdbc `ocal pncsbynu^pyc mo^iff (qbfi^ fe {pfs m^j]pkfhl` ` lokl`klj fjc|p hlizu^pyc fif D-l_n^ekyc lhlku^kf] f opliz dc kcosldf o ucnklalnl`ohfjf, h^h f kl`lucnh^oohfjf). Vpl qp`cndbckfc, lbk^hl, ^_oli|pkl kc ollp`cpop`qcp bcgop`fpcizklopf, f mnlpf`lncufp f mnf`lbfjyj fj `^ey <lhslnfo^ (oj. kfdc). Ibk^hl {p^ `^e^ qh^ey`^cp k^ 124 –125 (b^pfnl`h^ k^u^i^ alnfelkp^ 1, ollp`cpop`q|wcal mloicbkfc b`^ bco]pficpf] VIII `. bl k. {. f o`fbcpcizop`qcp l k^u^iq mcnflb^ Ha C, lhlil 750/740 a. bl k. {.); Drack 1989, k^u^ic {p^m^ Tarquinia III f ollp`cpop`ckkl H^ L qdc ` n^j- 59 – 62, 89 (b^pfnl`h^ mcncslb^ h Ha C lhlil 750 aa. bl k. {.); h^s VIII `. bl k. {.); Kossack 1959, 50 –56 (b^pfnqcp an^kftq Pare 1992, 138 (o^jyc n^kkfc hljmichoy Ha C b^pfnq|po] jcdbq H^ B f H^ C lhlil 720 –700 aa. bl k. {., lpklo] anl_- «n^kcc mloicbkcg ucp`cnpf VIII `. bl k. {.»); Chochorowski kftq o `^elg <lhslnfo^ h mcn`lg mlil`fkc VII `. bl k. {.); 1993, 202 –203; Plslnl`ohf 1994^, 159 –160 (mcnflb Ha B3 Dehn, Frey 1962, 200 (p^ dc b^pfnl`h^); Gabrovec 1966, 15 – 39, b^pfnqcpo] 880 –750/740 aa. bl k. {.) f bn. 31 Bywanck 1936/37, 181–188. on. Gabrovec 1975, 338 – 385 (mcncslb lp H^ B h C mnlfoslbfi `fky VIII `. bl k. {.); Kossack 1970, 118 –119 (b^pfnl`h^ an^- 32 Hodson 1990, 68– 69. 33 Kossack 1980, 109–141. kfty H^ B f H^ C lhlil 730 –710 aa. bl k. {.); Parzinger 1988, 34 Ljfnkl`^ 1985, 33–53. ` Lil`ckff mlopcmckkl ` mncbci^s ocncbfky – `plnlg mlil- 124 o^jfj b^kkyj. «On^hl-hfjjcnfgohfc» bnc`klopf b^|p kfuqpz kc jckzvc ^k^ilafg kl`lucnh^oohfj, ucj ucnklalnl`ohfj m^j]pkfh^j, k^ upl qdc b^`kl qh^ey`^i >. Eloo^h 35. Bbcoz jldkl k^e`^pz f l_n^ety pfmfuklal «kl`lucnh^oohlal» lnk^jckp^ (oli]nkyc ek^uhf, ` plj ufoic k^ _nlkel`ys _i]vh^s, omfn^ic`fbkyg lnk^jckp), f hncopl`fbkyc mnlkfef 36, f pncsmcpcizu^pyc mo^iff, ` plj ufoic k^slbfjyc ` lbklj hljmichoc o pncsbynu^pyjf «h^jyvc`^sohlal» f «tfj_^izohlal» pfml` 37, f «hlkklalil`yc» ohfmcpny 38, f hlizt^ o mlb`fdkyjf jqrp^jf, luc`fbkl, lp hlicokfuklg qmn]df 39, f _fjcp^iifucohfc jcuf f hfkd^iy, hlplnyc k^slb]p _ifd^gvfc ^k^ilaff fjckkl ` oc`cnlh^`h^eohfs hljmicho^s kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ (. 57) 40, f bn. (oj. kfdc). M^hfj l_n^elj, o «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfjf» _nlke^jf `mlikc jlaqp _ypz ofksnlkfefnl`^ky k^slbhf kc plizhl ucnklalnl`ohlal, kl f kl`lucnh^oohlal pfml`. Vpl blh^ey`^cp, upl mloicbkfc qdc oqwcop`l`^if kc mledc k^u^i^ mcnflb^ Ha B3, lbk^hl j^il upl b^cp bi] b^pfnl`hf mcncslb^ lp kl`lucnh^oohlg h n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqnc. Licbqcp e^jcpfpz mnf {plj, upl f o^j ;. C. Mcnckldhfk mnf`lbfi kchlplnyc b^kkyc, hlplnyc mnlpf`lncu^p cal ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff. Enljc qdc qh^e^kkys mncbjcpl` o «kl`lucnh^oohfj» lnk^jckplj fe Qckpn^izklg @`nlmy, _lizvlc ek^uckfc fjccp hljmicho fe oci^ <qpckhf Jlip^`ohlg l_i^opf, olbcnd^`vfg jklalufoickkyc mncbjcpy qeby (ucpync m^ny b`qhlizu^pys qbfi o blmlikfpcizkyjf e`ckz]jf f nfrickfcj b`qj] n]b^jf h`^bn^pfhl` k^ jqkbvpqh^s, 9 pncsmcpcizu^pys ilm^opkys mo^ifc`, b`^ hlizt^ o mlb`fdklg jqrplg, `locjz _i]s) f b`^ k^hlkcukfh^ opnci «kl`lucnh^oohlal» pfm^ (. 58, 1– 27) 41. Vplp hljmicho l_yukl mnfufoi]cpo] h ufoiq mlebkcgvfs kl`lucnh^oohfs. = olop^` hljmicho^ `slbfil b`^ dcicekys k^hlkcukfh^ hlmz] ol oicah^ n^ovfn]|wfjo] hkfeq ifopl`fbkyj mcnlj f b`qj] lp`cnopf]jf k^ kcj. E^h omn^`cbif`l qh^ey`^|p >. M. El`m^kckhl f ;. C. Mcnckldhfk, {pf k^hlkcukfhf kc k^slb]p _ifehfs ^k^ilafg oncbf mncbohfrohfs f n^kkcohfrohfs k^hlkcukfhl` Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz], e^pl lkf osldf o k^slbh^jf fe Cp^iff 42. Kcuz fbcp l k^hlkcukfh^s hlmfg fe kchnlmli] Eqj `plnlal mncb{iifkohlal mcnflb^ f fe hi^b^ ;bcnkl ` Lftfiff (. 58, 28, 32) 43, hlplnyc ofksnlkfefnq|po] o mcnflblj Ha B3 f b^pfnq|po] kc mledc ocncbfky VIII `. bl k. {. @wc lbk^ ^k^ilaf] k^hlkcukfh^j fe <qpcklh — k^hlkcukfhf fe `ckacnohlal hi^b^ Eljilb (. 58, 29 – 31) 44, p^hdc lpklo]wcalo] h mcnflbq Ha B3. ;. C. Mcnckldhfk lpjcu^cp p^hdc _ifelopz ml rlnjc k^hlkcukfhl` hlmfg fe <qpcklh f fe hqna^k^ q o. @kbd^ ` ?l_nqbdc, hlplnyg oplfp k^ an^kftc jcdbq kl`lucnh^oohlg f n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqn^jf. Licbqcp bl_^`fpz, upl k^hlkcukfhf hlmfg p^hlg rlnjy o b`qj] lp`cnopf]jf ` kfdkcg u^opf mcn^ kcncbhl `opncu^|po] f ` Qckpn^izklg @`nlmc ` m^j]pkfh^s mcnflb^ Ha B, ^ p^hdc f ` >nctff 45. Jlohlizhq hljmicho fe <qpcklh ml l_wcjq jkckf| lpklofpo] h mlebkcgvcjq {p^mq Hl`lucnh^oohlg hqizpqny f mnfjcnkl ofksnlkck p^hfj ]nhfj hljmicho^j, h^h @kbd^ f E`fphf, qh^e^kkyc b^kkyc ]`i]|po] lbkfj fe o`fbcpcizop` ` mlizeq b^pfnl`hf {plg anqmmy m^j]pkfhl` kc mlebkcc ocncbfky VIII `. bl k. {. 35 Kossack 1980, 112–114; Kossack 1987, 35. Ln. G^slnpys 1996, 224 –225. 36 Gallus, Horváth 1939, pl. XV, 1– 4; XXIV, 11–13; XXXVI, chorowski 1993, 129 –134, Abb. 15. 39 Lj. omctf^izkl Vnifs 1994, 42 – 48. 40 Podborsky 1970, 147 –163; Eleckhl`^ 1975, 65 –70; Bukow- 10; XLV, 1,2,3,8,9; XLVI, 2; LI, 4,7, LII, 2– 4; LIV, 4–5; LVI, 1,3,5; LIX, A, 2–5; LX, 8 (Ugra, Ispánlak, Székesfehérvár, Somlyóvásárhely, Kisköszeg, Somlyóhegy, Vetropácz, Nagyenyed); Pittioni 1954, Abb. 356, 3,8–10,12 (Stillfried); =fkohf ski 1976, 57 –73; Kemenczei 1991, 65 – 68; ?qb^nc` 1991, 40 – 46; 1955, 33, 36 – 37, p^_. II, 6, oi. 16, 21–23 (;b^vc`ty, Llpfk, hfk 1976, 143–144. 43 Müller-Karpe 1959, 28–29, 38, Abb. 54, 10; 55, 2; Taf. 8, Hl`y <^kl`fty). Ln. Mcnckldhfk 1976, 174 –181; Chochorowski 1993, 95 – 97. 37 Gallus, Horváth 1939, fig. 1, pl. XII, 4–5; XVIII, 3,4,9; XLI, 5– 6; XLIII, 1; LXVI a – b (Csákberény, Ugra, Vácszentlászló, Gyula); Chochorowski 1993, 64– 66, Abb. 2, 16–19; 3. 38 L`lbhq j^pcnf^i^ oj. Vnifs 1990, 247 –250. Ln. Cho- Chochorowski 1993, 113–122. 41 El`m^kckhl 1962, 66 –72; Mcnckldhfk 1976, 69 –70. 42 El`m^kckhl 1962, 70; Mcnckldhfk 1965, 78 –79; Mcnckld- 1–2. 44 Gallus, Horváth 1939, pl. XXI, 1–3; Chochorowski 1993, 127, Abb. 14, 1. 45 Weber 1944, 147–148, 152, Taf. 57, a – d; 59, a; Sprockhoff 1954, 34, Abb. 3, 7– 8,10–11; Bukowski 1976, 74–76, Ryc. 5. 125 14 15 1 2 3 6 5 4 13 16 10 12 7 8 9 11 Kfo. 57 <fjcp^iifucohfc hfkd^iy. 1–12. Lc`cnkyg E^`h^e; 13–16. J^j]pkfhf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohlal» hnqa^ fe Qckpn^izklg @`nlmy Jl Eleckhl`^ 1975, nfo. 10 126 1 2 3 5 6 4 8 7 16 15 9 19 20 10 17 12 11 18 21 22 13 14 23 24 25 0 28 29 30 27 26 15 31 32 Kfo. 58 1–27. Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] q o. <qpckhf. 28 – 32. H^hlkcukfhf hlmfg. 28. Ei^b ;bcnkl, Lftfif]; 29 – 31. Ei^b Eljilb, =ckanf]; 32. Hchnlmliz Eqj, Cp^if]. 1–24, 27, 28. <nlke^; 25, 26, 29 – 32. Acicel Jl Mcnckldhfk 1976, nfo. 38 (1–27); Müller-Karpe 1959, Abb. 55; Taf. 8, 1 (28, 32); Gallus, Horváth 1939, Taf. XXI, 1– 3 (29 – 31) 127 =. K. Vnifs, h^h qdc qh^ey`^iloz, `oicb e^ ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj ohilkck b^pfnl`^pz mcncslb lp mncbohfrohlg h n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqnc mnfjcnkl ocncbfklg VII `. bl k. {., slp] foslbfp mnf {plj fe kcohlizhl fkys mncbop^`ickfg l_ lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Vpf mncbop^`ickf] lokl`y`^|po] mncdbc `ocal k^ ^k^ifec hlkohlg qeby fe B^hq_^kz], ` mcn`q| lucncbz `e^fjl`opncu^cjlopf ` n^eifukys hljmicho^s qbfi f mo^ifg n^eifukys pfml`. ;k^ilafukyg ^k^ife _yi fj `jcopc o L. <. =^izu^hlj mnlbci^k f bi] bnqafs n^glkl` =lopluklg @`nlmy, lbk^hl cal nceqizp^py lmq_ifhl`^ky ifvz ` o^jlg hn^phlg rlnjc 46. Jnf ^k^ifec bi] mo^ifg _yi^ n^en^_lp^k^ kl`^] pfmlilaf], ^ bi] qbfi fomlizel`^k^ pfmlilaf] ;. ;. Ccoock^ 47, lokl`^kk^] k^ rlnjc fs `kcvkfs mcpciz (b`qhlizu^pyc, lbklhlizu^pyc f opncjcuhl`fbkyc). = {pq pfmlilaf| _yil `kcockl ifvz kc_lizvlc fejckckfc — `kqpnf anqmmy opncjcuhl`fbkys qbfi _yil `ybcickl b`^ `^nf^kp^ — ucnklalnl`ohfg f n^kkcohfrohfg. M^hlc n^ebcickfc, lbk^hl, ` ek^ufpcizklg jcnc lop^cpo] fohqoop`ckkyj f bfhpqcpo] kc n^eifufcj rlnj b`qs `^nf^kpl` qbfi, ^ pcj, upl lkf _yif l_k^nqdcky ` b`qs anqmm^s m^j]pkfhl` — _licc ^ns^fukys ucnklalnl`ohfs f _licc mlebkfs ol_op`ckkl n^kkcohfrohfs. @wc ;. C. Mcnckldhfk lpjcu^i, upl lkf ` n]bc oiqu^c` kclpifufjy, ^ jcihfc lpifuf], s^n^hpcnkyc bi] ucnklalnl`ohfs {hecjmi]nl`, `opncu^|po] f k^ n^kkcohfrohfs qbfi^s 48. Jlmyphf k^gpf ucphfc hnfpcnff, mle`li]|wfc q`cnckkl lpifu^pz ucnklalnl`ohfc qbfi^ lp n^kkcohfrohfs _yif bl ofs mln kcqb^uky 49. Jncbildckklc =. K. Vnifslj n^ebcickfc pfm^ III Ccoock^ k^ «pncqalizklhlkcukyc» (ucnklalnl`ohfc) f «opncjcuhl`fbkyc» (n^kkcohfrohfc) qbfi^ p^hdc `mlikc qoil`kl 50. =ybcickkyg fj bi] n^kkcohfrohfs qbfi mnfek^h «lol_lc `ybcickfc mlbkldhf opncjcuh^» ol`cnvckkl oq_xchpf`ck, b^ f o^j ^`pln mnfek^cp, upl lk kc ]`i]cpo] ^_oli|pkyj. H^ lokl`c ^k^ife^ `e^fjl`opncu^cjlopf hlkohfs qbfi f mo^ifg =. K. Vnifs mlopnlfi oscjq n^e`fpf] rlnj hlkohlg qeby ` mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfh^s f, ollp`cpop`ckkl, fs lpklofpcizkq| snlklilaf|. Vpf m^j]pkfhf _yif n^ebcicky k^ b`c snlklilafucohfc anqmmy. = mcn`q|, ml jkckf| =. K. Vnifs^, `slb]p qebcukyc k^_lny, `hi|u^|wfc lbklhlizu^pyc, pncqalizklhlkcukyc f b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^, fklab^ o ildkl`fpyj nfrickfcj, olcbfk]|wfco] o pncsmcpcizu^pyjf mo^if]jf b`qs n^ekl`fbklopcg — mn]jyjf opncdkc`fbkyjf f ilm^opkyjf mi^opfku^pyjf. = n^jh^s mcn`lg anqmmy, p^hfj l_n^elj, mnfek^cpo] oloqwcop`l`^kfc `ocs pncs `fbl` qbfi, p. c. m^j]pkfhl` ucnklalnl`ohlal f kl`lucnh^oohlal pfml`, slp] b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^, ml jkckf| =. K. Vnifs^, lpklo]po] h mlebkcg u^opf anqmmy. Jcncslb hl `plnlg snlklilafucohlg anqmmc s^n^hpcnfeqcpo], mncdbc `ocal, foucekl`ckfcj lbklhlizu^pys f pncqalizklhlkcukys (ucnklalnl`ohfs) qbfi. = {pq anqmmq `slb]p hljmichoy, olbcnd^wfc b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^, fklab^ fjc|wfc nfrickfc ` `fbc h`^bn^pfhl` f olucp^|wfco] o _licc mlebkfjf n^ekl`fbklop]jf pncsmcpcizu^pys mo^ifg — mncdbc `ocal, opcndkc`fbkyjf ilm^opkyjf, ^ p^hdc felakqpyjf. = pncpz| anqmmq `hi|u^|po] hljmichoy, qdc olbcnd^wfc opncjcuhl`fbkyc qbfi^ «n^kkcohfrohlal» pfm^ ` olucp^kff o pncsmcpcizu^pyjf opcndkc`fbkyjf mo^if]jf o elljlnrkyjf lhlku^kf]jf, ^ p^hdc pncsbynu^pyjf mo^if]jf «of^ihl`ohlal» pfm^. =ncj] oqwcop`l`^kf] {plg anqmmy, ml jkckf| =. K. Vnifs^, u^opfukl ol`m^b^cp o mloicbkfj mcnflblj oqwcop`l`^kf] `plnlg anqmmy, ^ lpifuf] jcdbq kfjf kc snlklilafucohfc, ^ hqizpqnkyc. M^hfj l_n^elj, ` n^jh^s mcn`lal mcnflb^ lpjcu^cpo] oloqwcop`l`^kfc qeby ucnklalnl`ohlal f kl`lucnh^oohlal (n^kkfc `^nf^kpy) pfml`, ^ ` n^jh^s `plnlal — oqwcop`l`^kfc hi^oofucohlg kl`lucnh^oohlg qeby, hlpln^] k^ mlebkcj {p^mc oloqwcop`qcp o n^kkcohfrohlg. Jnl`cbckkyg ^k^ife ]`i]cpo] kcoljkckkyj v^alj `mcncb ` fequckff lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`, lbk^hl, h old^ickf|, lan^kfuf`^cpo] ifvz lbklg h^pcalnfcg j^pcnf^i^. Vp^ ofopcj^ faklnfnqcp kc plizhl `oc lop^izkyc h^pcalnff k^slblh (k^mnfjcn, lnqdfc, hcn^jfhq f p. b.), kl b^dc f mlb^`i]|wcc _lizvfkop`l hljmichol`, olbcnd^wfs kc mcpcizu^pyc, ^ bynu^pyc mo^iff. M^h, =. K. Vnifs m^n^blho^izkyj l_n^elj kc `hi|u^cp ` o`l| oscjq hljmicho hqna^k^ N^vsfpq, mq_ifh^tff hlplnlal, ` mcn`q| lucncbz, f mlo`]wck^ cal jlkl- 1994, 52 –73. Ln. pcmcnz =^izu^h 1997, 88 –119, _ce l_lokl`^- 48 Mcnckldhfk 1976, 149 –150. 49 Ln. Fldhfk, Jcpnckhl 1981, 70 –71; =^izu^h 1994, kf] ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff `ybci]cjys anqmm. 47 Ccoock 1953, 52. 131–133; G^slnpys 1994^, 123–124. 50 Vnifs 1994, 56. 46 Vnifs 1991, 31– 47; =^izu^h, Vnifs 1993, 17 –19; Vnifs 128 3 2 4 7 6 1 5 8 9 10 11 12 Kfo. 59 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 35 jlafizkfh^ O^no. 2, 5. Elopz; 6 – 8. E^jckz; lop^izklc _nlke^ Jl Vnifs 1994, p^_. 13 129 an^rf]. Vplp hljmicho olbcndfp pncsbynu^pyc mo^iff o ilm^op]jf (pfm «N^vsfpq-A^_lpfk», ml pcnjfklilaff =. K. Vnifs^) `jcopc o b`qhlizu^pyjf qbfi^jf. Jo^iff {plal pfm^ n^oojlpncky ^`plnlj lpbcizkl f _ce o`]ef o {plg oscjlg 51. ;_oli|pk^] snlklilaf] `ybcickkys =. K. Vnifslj anqmm l_lokl`^k^ aln^ebl oi^_cc, ucj lpklofpcizk^]. =coz o`lg mcn`yg {p^m lk b^pfnqcp k^ lokl`^kff hljmicho^ mlanc_ckf] 35 jlafizkfh^ O^no (. 59), ` hlplnyg `slbfp mpftcalil`yg plmlnfh-ohfmcpn. Iokl`y`^]oz k^ _ifelopf {plal ohfmcpn^ {hecjmi]nq, l_k^nqdckkljq ` olop^`c hi^b^ Jn|bz, lk ofksnlkfefnqcp l_^ hljmicho^. Ei^b fe Jn|bz, luc`fbkl, lpklofpo] h mcnflbq Ha B2 f b^pfnqcpo] ` mncbci^s IX `. bl k. {. (. 60 ) 52. Licbqcp lpjcpfpz mnf {plj, upl mlanc_ckfc O^no 35 olbcndfp ` o`lcj olop^`c b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^ f, oicbl`^pcizkl, mnfk^bicdfp h mlebkcg u^opf mcn`lg anqmmy (coif, ` o^jlj bcic, lbklhlizu^pyc f pncqalizklhlkcukyc qbfi^ ` n^jh^s mcn`lg anqmmy mncbvcop`q|p b`qhlizu^pyj, h^h pl oufp^cp =. K. Vnifs). ?^pfnl`h^ {plal mlanc_ckf] mle`lifi^ _y, oicbl`^pcizkl, b^pfnl`^pz kc `o| anqmmq, ^ ifvz cc mlebk|| u^opz. Jcn`lk^u^izkl =. K. Vnifs mnfkfj^i ofksnlkfe^tf| hi^b^ fe Jn|bz o mlanc_ckfcj O^no 35 _ce lal`lnlh f, ollp`cpop`ckkl, lpklofi o`lg mcn`yg {p^m, _licc fif jckcc ollp`cpop`q|wfg ucnklalnl`ohljq {p^mq ;. C. Mcnckldhfk^, fif `l `o]hlj oiqu^c cal k^u^il, h IX `. bl k. {. 53 =mloicbop`ff, lbk^hl, lk l_n^pfi `kfj^kfc k^ pl l_opl]pcizop`l, upl hi^b fe bcnc`kf Jn|bz olbcndfp _nlkel`yc hlizt^ o mnf`coh^jf, hlplnyc =. K. Vnifs oufp^cp bcp^i]jf hlicokfuklg qmn]df f hlplnyc ` mnfucnkljlnohfs m^j]pkfh^s `opncu^|po] plizhl o qeblg «hi^oofucohlal» kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ (p. c. lpklo]wcgo] hl `plnljq mcnflbq Vnifs^) fif ` m^j]pkfh^s, mcncslbkys h n^kkcohfrohfj. Enljc plal, lk e^jcu^cp, upl f ohfmcpn fe jlafizkfh^ O^no fjccp _licc ^ns^fukyg l_ifh, ucj cal ^k^ila fe hi^b^ q bcnc`kf Jn|bz 54. M^hfj l_n^elj, ` bcgop`fpcizklopf {plp hi^b blidck _yi _y ofksnlkfefnl`^pzo] kc o mcn`lg snlklilafucohlg anqmmlg Vnifs^, ^ ol `plnlg, mncbop^`ickklg «hi^oofucohlg» kl`lucnh^oohlg qeblg, `lejldkl, o cc k^u^ilj. Cp^h, `pln^] snlklilafucoh^] anqmm^ Vnifs^ (hi^oofucoh^] «kl`lucnh^ooh^]» qeb^ o b`qhlizu^pyjf qbfi^jf f pncsmcpcizu^pyjf opcndkc`fbkyjf ilm^opkyjf mo^if]jf) blidk^ ml jckzvcg jcnc u^opfukl ofksnlkfefnl`^pzo] o a^izvp^ppohfj mcnflblj B2 f k^ufk^pzo] cwc ` IX `. bl k. {. 55 M^hlg `y`lb mlbny`^cp mncbop^`ickf] =. K. Vnifs^ l_ ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` f kcmnfcjicj bi] kcal. Jl{pljq lk lph^ey`^cpo] lp b^pfnl`hf hi^b^ q bcnc`kf Jn|bz mcnflblj Ha B2 f lpklofp cal h hlktq VIII – mcn`lg mlil`fkc VII `. bl k. {., p. c. qdc h mcnflbq Ha C. Vpl mncbmlildckfc qdc _yil mlb`cnakqpl omn^`cbif`lg hnfpfhc =. C. Eleckhl`lg 56, hlpln^] lpjcpfi^, upl olop^` k^slblh {plal hi^b^, ` mcn`q| lucncbz hcizpl`, kfh^h kc jldcp _ypz olai^ol`^k o p^hlg mcncb^pfnl`hlg f s^n^hpcnck fjckkl bi] mcnflb^ Ha B2. =. K. Vnifs kc lom^nf`^cp {plal, lbk^hl lpjcu^cp, upl hi^b blidck b^pfnl`^pzo] ml o`lcjq o^jljq mlebkcjq {icjckpq, h^hl`yj lk oufp^cp bcp^if hlicokfuklg qmn]df, ` u^opklopf, hlizt^ o mlb`coh^jf. Jlohlizhq {pf mncbjcpy lk b^pfnqcp kc n^kzvc hlkt^ VIII `. bl k. {., pl h pljq dc `ncjckf lpklofp f `coz hi^b. M^hfj l_n^elj, =. K. Vnifs mlbn^eqjc`^cp, upl lokl`k^] u^opz hi^b^ (33 _nlkel`ys hcizp^ f bnqafc mncbjcpy), h^h f hcn^jfucohfg oloqb hqizpqny >^`^, ` hlplnlj lk k^slbfio] (upl lol_ckkl kcmn^`blmlbl_kl), ml jckzvcg jcnc k^ `ch bnc`kcc, ucj cal «`loplukyc» {icjckpy, p. c. hlizt^ o mlb`coh^jf f hlkklalil`yg ohfmcpn. M^hlc mncbmlildckfc h^dcpo] jkc kc`cnl]pkyj, f ^`pln, k^ jlg `eai]b, blidck _yi lh^e^pzo] ebcoz mcncb `y_lnlj: fif mlmyp^pzo] ljlilbfpz «bnc`k||» u^opz hljmicho^, ^ ek^ufp f o`]e^kkyc o kfj hi^by pfm^ <qhockpi^oil-H^bze^kh f P^gbq_loolnjckf, fif qbnc`kfpz cal «`loplukyc» {icjckpy. Ik, lbk^hl, kc bci^cp kf plal, kf bnqalal. <licc plal, ` o`lcj n^ooqdbckff lk fosl- 51 Vnifs 1994, 102 –103. 52 Kemenczei 1981, 29– 41; Kemenczei 1981a, 86– 88; Ljfnkl`^ 1985, 34; Kossack 1986, 126–127; Kossack 1994, 21. Ln. Kemenczei 1984, 55–56, 95; Chochorowski 1993, 187–191. 53 Vnifs 1991, 38 – 39. 130 54 Vnifs 1994, 63– 64; Vnifs 1997, 19 – 34. Ln. ?qb^nc` 1995, 27 –28. 55 Ln. Kossack 1986, 127 –135. 56 Eleckhl`^ 1996, 87 – 88. 1 2 3 7 6 4 5 8 10 9 11 Kfo. 60 Ei^b q bcn. Jn|bz, =ckanf]. <nlke^ Jl Vnifs 1997, nfo. 1 131 bfp fe plal, upl b^p^ l_k^nqdckkys ` hi^bc hlict o mlb`coh^jf qop^kl`ick^ ^_oli|pkl k^bcdkl f lkf o^jf jlaqp b^pfnl`^pz bnqafc `cwf hljmicho^. = bcgop`fpcizklopf {pl b^ichl kc p^h: ^_oli|pkyc b^py «kl`lucnh^oohfs» k^slblh, `hi|u^] f k^e`^kkyc hlizt^, ml-mncdkcjq olop^`i]|p mnl_icjq. = oqwklopf, mcn`lk^u^izkl f o^j =. K. Vnifs, h^h jy `fbcif, fomlizel`^i hi^b Jn|bz ` h^ucop`c ai^`klal snlklilafucohlal ncmcn^ mnf lmncbcickff `len^op^ mcn`lg fe `ybcickkys fj anqmm mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Elab^ dc `y]okfiloz, upl {plp ncmcn qh^ey`^cp k^ ol`cnvckkl fkq| b^pfnl`hq, ucj mncbmli^a^i^ cal oscj^, mncbjcpy «kl`lucnh^oohlal» pfm^ mnc`n^pfifoz fe b^pfnqcjys ` b^pfnq|wfc. <licc plal, =. K. Vnifs pcmcnz ohilkck f `l`oc lpnft^pz ek^uckfc tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfs j^pcnf^il` bi] b^pfnl`hf mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` f qp`cndb^cp, upl lkf l_i^b^|p ol_op`ckklg ofopcjlg mnf`]elh h ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff f upl {pf b^py mnflnfpcpky ml lpklvckf| h tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfj 57. M^hlc qp`cndbckfc mncbop^`i]cpo] ucncouqn lmpfjfopfukyj. Jl oqpf, ofopcjlg mnf`]elh h mcncbkc`lopluklg, ^ mledc h ancucohlg, snlklilaff l_i^b^|p ifvz n^kkcohfrohfc m^j]pkfhf, plab^ h^h `oc «kl`lucnh^oohfc» mnf`]ehf blop^plukl oljkfpcizky f blmqoh^|p ml jckzvcg jcnc n^eifukyc plihl`^kf], l ucj ncuz kfdc. H^ jlg `eai]b, p^hfj l_n^elj, hi^b Jn|bz blidck ml-mncdkcjq b^pfnl`^pzo] {mlslg Ha B2. Jlohlizhq lk olbcndfp mncbjcpy, mncbop^`ickkyc ` kl`lucnh^oohfs m^j]pkfh^s (bcp^if hlicokfuklg qmn]df f plmlnfh-ohfmcpn), pl jldcp fomlizel`^pzo] ` h^ucop`c snlklilafucohlal ncmcn^ bi] b^pfnl`hf {pfs m^j]pkfhl` f qh^ey`^cp k^ fs u^opfukq| ofksnlkklopz o {mlslg Ha B2. >i^`klg lmlnlg bi] ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf o`lcg `plnlg snlklilafucohlg anqmmy =. K. Vnifs oufp^cp hljmicho lbklal fe mlanc_ckfg Eifk-]nohlal jlafizkfh^, olbcnd^wfg qbfi^ kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ f vicj, hlplnyg lk oufp^cp ^oofnfgohfj f b^pfnqcp hlktlj VIII `. bl k. {. (. 61, 1– 14). E^h lmncbcickfc, p^h f b^pfnl`h^ {plal vicj^ mncbop^`i]|po] _licc ucj omlnkyjf, lbk^hl h n^oojlpnckf| {plg mnl_icjy jy `cnkcjo] kfdc. =cnsk]] b^p^ {plg anqmmy, ml =. K. Vnifsq, lmncbci]cpo] hljmicho^jf hcicnjcoohlal pfm^, bi] hlplnys lk mnfkfj^cp b^pfnl`hq pncpzcg ucp`cnpz| VII `. bl k. {. 58 @wc lbklg snlklilafucohlg mnf`]ehlg, k^ {plp n^e bi] o`lcg pncpzcg anqmmy, s^n^hpcnfeq|wcg qdc fomlizel`^kfc qeby n^kkcohfrohlal pfm^ (qbfi^ ol opncjcuhl`fbkyjf lhlku^kf]jf), =. K. Vnifs oufp^cp k^slbhq pncsbynu^pys mo^ifc`, `opncu^|wfso] fklab^ ol opncjcuhl`fbkyjf qbfi^jf, ` mlanc_ckff 15 fn^kohlal kchnlmli] Lf^ih B. Lfksnlkfefnl`^` {pl mlanc_ckfc ol o`lcg pncpzcg anqmmlg, lk opncjfpo] mcncb^pfnl`^pz cal, lpkco] h hlktq VIII – mcn`lg mlil`fkc VII ``. bl k. {. E b^pfnl`hc mlanc_ckf] 15 kchnlmli] Lf^ih B ] cwc `cnkqoz, ebcoz dc lpjcuq ifvz, upl mnf`lbfjyc ^naqjckpy kc q_cdb^|p, mlohlizhq ^`plnq kc qb^cpo] qh^e^pz kf lbklal mncbjcp^ fe of^ihl`ohlal kchnlmli], k^bcdkl b^pfnqcjlal VII `. bl k. {.59 Ckys lokl`^kfg bi] ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` =. K. Vnifslj kc mnf`lbfiloz. H^ kchlplnyc b^kkyc, mle`li]|wfc k^gpf snlklilafucohfc ncmcny bi] n^kkfs kl`lucnh^oohfs m^j]pkfhl` qh^e^if kcb^`kl =. C. Eiluhl f =. W. Gqnefk 60. Ikf lpjcpfif b`^ hljmicho^, ` hlplnys b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^ ^ns^fucohlal l_ifh^ k^gbcky `jcopc o mncbjcp^jf tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohlal mnlfosldbckf]. Ibklg fe p^hfs k^slblh ]`i]cpo] mlanc_ckfc q o. K^bflkl`h^ ` ?kcmnlmcpnl`ohlg l_i^opf (. 61, 15, 16), abc p^hfc qbfi^ l_k^nqdcky `jcopc o k^hlkcukfhlj hlmz], hlplnyg k^slbfp ^k^ilaff ` j^pcnf^i^s mcnflbl` Ha A1–2 61. Licbqcp, lbk^hl, lpjcpfpz, upl mlbl_kyc hlmz] fomlizel`^ifoz ` h^nm^pl-bqk^gohlj ncaflkc f mledc. ;k^ilaff fj oncbf j^pcnf^il` mcnflb^ Ha B qdc qh^ey`^ifoz 62. Enljc plal, hlmzc f qbfi^ mnlfoslb]p fe n^enqvckklal hqna^k^ f fs mnfk^bicdklopz h lbkljq f pljq dc mlanc_ckf| oljkfpcizk^ 63. Elmzc fe mlanc_ckf] q o. K^bflkl`h^, p^hfj l_n^elj, kc lmncbci]cp lbklek^ukl b^pfnl`hq k^gbckkys ebcoz b`qhlizu^pys qbfi. 57 Vnifs 1997, 31. 58 Vnifs 1994, 64 – 65, 88 – 90. Cjckkl hifk-]nohfg hljm- 60 Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, 61–71. Ln. G^slnpfs 1992, 25 –26. 61 Jcpnqkz 1969, 75 –76, nfo. 3; Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, 67, icho =. K. Vnifs oufp^cp ai^`kyj «ncmcnlj», mnf`]ey`^|wfj nfo. 1. 62 Eleckhl`^ 1975, 56 –58. 63 Ln. Jlifk 1994, 156. kl`lucnh^oohfc m^j]pkfhf h kl`l^oofnfgohlg snlklilaff: Vnifs 1997, 32. 59 Vnifs 1994, 67 – 68. 132 0 2 9 4 5 1 3 6 7 9 8 11 10 12 15 13 16 14 Kfo. 61 1–14. Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 186 jlafizkfh^ Eifk-]n III q Efoil`lboh^. 15, 16. H^slbhf fe n^enqvckklal hqna^k^ q o. K^bflkl`h^. 1, 5. Acicel; 3. E^jckz; 4. Acicel f _nlke^; lop^izklc бронза. Jl Kossack 1994, Abb. 10 (1–14); Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, nfo. 1 (15, 16) 133 2 0 90 3 0 12 1 4 6 10 5 7 8 9 Kfo. 62 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 34 jlafizkfh^ k^ pcnnfplnff Efoil`lbohlg jc_cizklg r^_nfhf (1–10) =plnlc o`fbcpcizop`l p^hlal nlb^ — mlanc_ckfc 34 fe jlafizkfh^, n^ohnyplal k^ pcnnfplnff Efoil`lbohlg jc_cizklg r^_nfhf (. 62). Bbcoz b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^ o blmlikfpcizkyjf e`ckz]jf f ildkl`fpyj nfrickfcj ` olucp^kff o pncsmcpcizu^pyjf mi^opfku^pyjf ilm^opkyjf mo^if]jf (olucp^kfc, pfmfuklc bi] mcn`lg snlklilafucohlg anqmmy Vnifs^) l_k^nqdcky `jcopc o b`qsilm^opkyjf `pqizu^pyjf k^hlkcukfh^jf opnci o vfnlhfj mcnlj f vfml`fbkyjf lhlku^kf]jf ilm^opcg (. 62, 15, 16)64. H^slbh^ opnci {plal pfm^ qkfh^izk^ k^ Lc`cnklj E^`h^ec, lbk^hl lkf fe`copky ` Qckpn^izklg @`nlmc, abc, ml]`f`vfoz cwc ` m^j]pkfh^s _nlkel`lal `ch^, fomlizeq|po] ` pcuckfc `ocal mcnflb^ Ha A. = kchlplnys anqmm^s m^j]pkfhl` (n^glk ?ncebck^, e^m^bklbqk^gohl-j^gkoh^] anqmm^ f n^glk Ibcn^-Hcgooc) p^hfc k^hlkcukfhf fomlizel`^ifoz f ` pcuckfc mcnflbl` Ha B1–2, hlab^ lhlku^pcizkl `yslb]p fe qmlpnc_ickf] (luc`fbkl, ` X–IX ``. bl k. {.) 65. H^slbhf oslbkys opnci fe`copky f ` bnqafs mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfh^s (G^i^] Qfj_^ih^, =yolh^] jlafi^), lbk^hl lkf ek^ufpcizkl b^izvc lp hfoil`lbohfs, ucj tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfc. M^hfj l_n^elj, fjc|po] lokl`^kf] mcn`q| snlklilafucohq| anqmmq Vnifs^, ` hlplnq| `slb]p hljmichoy, olbcnd^wfc kl`lucnh^oohfc qbfi^ ^ns^fucohlal l_ifh^, ^ p^hdc hlizu^pyc f pncqalizklhlkcukyc (ucnklalnl`ohfc) qbfi^, b^pfnl`^pz X, o^jlc mlebkcc IX `. bl k. {. f ofksnlkfefnl`^pz ml jckzvcg jcnc o mcnflblj Ha B1, ^ `le- 64 =fklan^bl`, ?qb^nc`, Kqkfu 1980, 188 –191, nfo. 4, 6 –7,14, 19; Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, 67 – 68. Jnlpf`: Jlifk 1994, 156. 134 65 Mercer 1970, 173–185. 11 12 13 16 14 0 6 0 15 3 17 18 19 Kfo. 62 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 34 jlafizkfh^ k^ pcnnfplnff Efoil`lbohlg jc_cizklg r^_nfhf. 3. >ifk^; 12. E^jckz; 13. Acicel; 4 –11, 14 –19. <nlke^ Jl Vnifs 1994, p^_. 19; Eleckhl`^ 1995, p^_. II, 2 – 4 (14 –16), XX, 1 (13), XXV, 7 (10) jldkl, ml hn^gkcg jcnc u^opfukl, f hlktlj Ha A. =mnlucj, mnl_icj^ mnlfosldbckf] b^kklal pfm^ k^hlkcukfhl` opnci lop^cpo] omlnklg 66. Qckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfc j^pcnf^iy b^|p f cwc lbkq lmlnkq| pluhq bi] snlklilaff k^u^i^ n^kkcohfrohlal mcnflb^. Jnf n^ohlmh^s qhncmickklal mlocickf] Ljlickftc-Glizmfn ` e^m^bklg Lil`^hff _yil l_k^nqdckl ek^ufpcizklc hlifucop`l k^hlkcukfhl` opnci ohfrohlal pfm^, hlplnyc ]`kl fomlizel`^ifoz jcopkyj k^ocickfcj ` pcuckfc `ocal mcnflb^ oqwcop`l`^kf] mlocickf] 67. Lncbf k^hlkcukfhl` mncl_i^b^|p pncsilm^opkyc, vfnlhl mncbop^`icky f b`qsilm^opkyc f pncsan^kkyc k^hlkcukfhf, mnfucj fs rlnjy s^n^hpcnky bi] mlebkfs hljmichol` n^kkcohfrohlg {mlsf. Jlocickfc oqwcop`l`^il ` pcuckfc mcnflbl` Ha C2 f Ha D1, p. c. `l `plnlg mlil`fkc VII – k^u^ic VI ``. bl k. {., 66 Ln. G^slnpys 1994, 45. I_ {pfs k^hlkcukfh^s oj. p^hdc Eleckhl`^ 1995, 10. 67 Dušek, M., S. 1984, Taf. 9, 3,22,24–26; 10, 9–11,13 –15; 15, 7– 8; 20, 5,7; 24, 6; 31, 2– 4,6– 8; 32, 10–14,16–24,26–34,36– 58; 35, 5,7,9,10,12,14,16,19,21,23; 37, 16; 45, 25,27,29–35,37– 40,42,44; 50, 10,12; 53, 9–11; 68, 11–13,15; 69, 1– 9; 83, 17–19, 23,24; 90, 20,22; 94, 25,26; 97, 27,29–30; 100, 4; 104, 11–12,14– 16; 114, 14,17; 116, 21–23,25,26; 118, 35–37; 129, 27–28,30; 130, 20; 140, 26; 146, 31,33; 150, 2,3,5; 151, 10; 157, 3,16–19, 23 –26,28–30,37– 41,43 – 45; 158, 12–16,18–20,27,35–37, 39– 41,44– 46,50,53,54; 164, 12,15–17,22–29; 165, 23 –29; 177, 4, 5,7; 181, 2,7; 182, 28. Ln. Plslnl`ohf 1994, nfo. 3– 6. 135 mnfucj kf lbfk k^gbckkyg ebcoz mncbjcp kc b^pfnqcpo] _licc mlebkfj `ncjckcj68. M^hfj l_n^elj, qdc `l `plnlg mlil`fkc VII `. bl k. {. k^hlkcukfhf opnci ohfrohlal pfm^, mnfucj kc o^jys n^kkfs pfml`, blop^plukl vfnlhl fomlizel`^ifoz ml hn^gkcg jcnc u^opz| k^ocickf] Qckpn^izklg @`nlmy 69. =n]b if mnfslbfpo] oljkc`^pzo], upl lkf _yif e^fjop`l`^ky fe opcmcg, abc, p^hfj l_n^elj, fs ml]`ickfc oicbqcp b^pfnl`^pz _licc n^kkfj `ncjckcj. M^hfj l_n^elj, jy mliqu^cj cwc lbkl lokl`^kfc bi] b^pfnl`hf k^u^i^ hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny n^kcc ocncbfky VII `. bl k. {. Jcncgbcj pcmcnz h n^oojlpnckf| pcs mncbjcpl`, hlplnyc oiqdfif ^naqjckp^jf qu^opf] kl`lucnh^ootc` ` mcncbkc^ef^pohfs mlslb^s. 68 Parzinger, Stegmann-Rajtár 1988, 162–178; Parzinger 1993, 213 –214. `kqpnf dfifw oncbf bnqafs mncbjcpl`, kc`lejldkl o`]ey- 69 X. Plslnl`ohf (1994, 50 –51, ebcoz dc mncbybqw^] ifpc- k^ocickfcj alnlbfw^. =yey`^cp oljkckf] f mn]jlc lpldbc- n^pqn^) _ce blop^plukys lokl`^kfg o`]ey`^cp `oc l_k^nqdck- op`ickfc k^m^b^|wfs `n^al` ol ohfr^jf k^ lokl`^kff plal, kyc ebcoz k^hlkcukfhf o n^enqvckfcj mlocickf]. ?i] kchl- upl lkf fomlizel`^if k^hlkcukfhf opnci ohfrohlal pfm^. = plnys fe kfs (k^mnfjcn, lphnypys k^ _lc`lg milw^bhc fif Qckpn^izklg @`nlmc ` VI `. bl k. {. p^hfc k^hlkcukfhf, luc- q `lnlp) {pl jldcp _ypz mn^`fizkyj, lbk^hl _lizvfkop`l `fbkl, _yif n^omnlopn^kcky kc jckzvc, ucj ` G^ilg ;eff. k^hlkcukfhl`, l_k^nqdckkys ` hqizpqnkys k^mi^opl`^kf]s `^pz o `n^dcohfj k^m^bckfcj — lkf ]`kl fomlizel`^ifoz IQFHF 2.2                    :          W}rqu m}‚r{x{pu„r~wu‚ ymr}umx{o, ‚m}mwr}ut€‹†u‚ wmw }mzzr~wu~w€‹ w€x‰€}€, mw u |}rq~wu~w€‹ w€x‰€}€ u|m z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ wxmqm, {qzuy ut omszrv u‚ loxlr~l w{z~wml €tqm. Vmtxu„zˆr {}yˆ w{z~w{v €tqˆ ~x€sm mwsr {qzuy ut w}ur}uro qmu}{owu ~{{or~o€‹†u‚ w€x‰€} u oˆl~zrzul ‚m}mwr}m u‚ ~oltrv ~ ~{~rqlyu. Xmw, |}uyrzrzur zrw{{}ˆ‚ zru|u„zˆ‚ qxl ~r|z{v t{zˆ rr }mtz{ouqz{~rv |}rq~wu~wuy zm~rxrzury U}u„r}z{y{}‰l ~x€sux{ {~z{omzury qxl {p{, „{nˆ |}rq|{xmpm‰ u‚ tmuy~o{omzur ut Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u }m~~ym}uom‰ wmw ~ouqrrx‰~o{ €„m~ul Š{p{ zm~rxrzul o |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{qm‚. Jxl qmu}{owu }mtxu„zˆ‚ |}rq~wu~wu‚ u }mzzr~wu~wu‚ ouq{o w{z~w{v €tqˆ {~{n{r tzm„rzur uyr‹ ymr}umxˆ Mmwmowmt‰l u N}mzm. Ytqm Š{p{ }rpu{zm uyrr ~{n~orzzˆr }mquƒuu }mtouul, {xu„zˆr { ~r|zˆ‚. Xry zr yrzrr {nr }mquƒuu, ~r|zml u tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~wml, zm‚{qux~‰ o |{~{lzzˆ‚ w{zmwm‚ u oxulxu q}€p zm q}€pm. Smxu„ur Šu‚ ~oltrv, o {y „u~xr, o{ty{sz{, u tmuy~o{omzuv, |{to{xlr ~oltm‰ qor }mquƒuu yrsq€ ~{n{v. W{{or~orzz{, o{tzuwmr o{ty{sz{~‰ zmvu ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wur |}uoltwu qxl |}rq~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ o |r}rqzro{~{„z{v ‚}{z{x{puu. U{|ˆwu ~{|{~moxrzul |}u„r}z{y{}~w{v €tqˆ ~ |r}rqzro{~{„z{v €sr |}rq|}uzuymxu~‰, {qzmw{ {zu {p}mzu„uomxu~‰, wmw |}moux{, u~|{x‰t{omzury xu ‰ {qrx‰zˆ‚ |}uyr}{o ut |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ ymr}umx{o. Tn†ml sr wm}uzm }mtouul |r}rqzrmtum~w{v €tqˆ |}u Š{y tm„m~€‹ upz{}u}{omxm~‰, „{ |}uo{qux{ w { un{„zˆy oˆo{qmy. Xmw, mzmxutu}€l €tq€ zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B o N}mzr, N. S. Rrqorq~wml {qz{tzm„z{ ~„umxm w{z~}€wƒu‹, |}uyrzlo €‹ w{x‰„mˆr €quxm u {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆr }r‚qˆ}„mˆr |~mxuu, ~w}r|xlo ur~l ~ zuyu |{~}rq~o{y }ryzrv, z{omƒurv o N}mzr VIII o. q{ z. Š. u ~oltˆomxm u‚ ~ ƒrz}mx‰z{ro}{|rv~wuy oxulzury 1. J}€p{v |}uyr} — €sr €|{yuzmo ml~l }mn{m H. V. b}xu‚m. Tz €qrxux o zrv {~{n{r ozuymzur |{loxrzu‹ o U}u„r}z{y{}‰r €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm», }mtouo u‚~l zm {~z{or {nˆ„zˆ‚ €qux z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m. U{loxrzur Š{v {}yˆ €tqˆ {z ~„umr }rt€x‰m{y «uy|{}m uqrv» ut Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u {qzuy ut ~ouqrrx‰~o €„m~ul z{~urxrv w€x‰€}ˆ u|m z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ wxmqm o |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{qm‚ wuyyr}uvƒro 2. Pmw yˆ €ouquy zusr, {nm |}rq~moxrzul zror}zˆ. Jxl {p{, „{nˆ |}moux‰z{ |{zl‰ otmuy{{z{ rzul yrsq€ |r}rqzro{~{„z{v u ~r|z{v }mquƒulyu }mtouul w{z~w{v €tqˆ, zr{n‚{quy{ }m~~ym}uom‰ wmsqˆv {qrx‰zˆv mw zr ut{xu}{omzz{, m o {y w{zrw~r, w w{{}{y€ {z |}uzmqxrsu. X{x‰w{ mw{r }m~~y{}rzur ~|{~{nz{ qm‰ zmqrszˆr {~z{omzul qxl ~uz‚}{zutmƒuu {qrx‰zˆ‚ loxrzuv, {z{~l†u‚~l w qo€y }mquƒuly, u u‚ qmu}{owu. U{Š{y€, |}uoxrwml |r}rqzro{~{„zˆr mzmx{puu qxl qmu}{owu r‚ uxu uzˆ‚ {}y ~r|zˆ‚ €qux uxu 1 Rrqorq~wml 1983, 64 –72; Rrqorq~wml 1994, 123–124. 2 b}xu‚ 1994, 85 – 86. 137 |~mxuv, zr{n‚{quy{ uyr‰ o ouq€ {n†€‹ wm}uz€ }mtouul |r}rqzrmtum~w{v €tqˆ, €qrxll {~{n{r ozuymzur ry }mv{zmy, pqr ~xrq€r {suqm‰ zmun{xrr r~zˆ‚ w{zmw{o ~ ro}mtuv~wuyu ~r|lyu — Mmwmowmt‰‹, N}mz€ u Y}m}€. 2.2.1 UVTGQKR` [VTSTQTINN MFPFHPFMWPN[ UFRdXSNPTH HXTVTO UTQTHNS` II – SF]FQF I X`W. JT S. b., WTJKVLF_N[ RKXFQQN]KWPNK UVKJRKX` PTSWPTO YMJ` Sm~w{x‰w{ y{sz{ ~€qu‰, ~my{v }mzzrv {}y{v yrmxxu„r~w{v €tqˆ, |}uyrzlo rv~l o Mmwmowmt‰r, nˆxu qo€‚„m~zˆr €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu qu~w{ouqzˆyu |~mxulyu, uyr‹†uyu yz{p{„u~xrzzˆr mzmx{puu o |mylzuwm‚ o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ II ˆ~. q{ z. Š. o yuwrz~w{v I}rƒuu u Ur}rqzrv Ftuu. Jmu}{omzzˆr Šwtry|xl}ˆ Š{p{ u|m €qux |{yr†m‹~l yrsq€ XV u XII oo. q{ z. Š. (Imtm, XV o.; ^m}wu xm o o{~{„z{v Pm||mq{wuu, XV–XIV oo.; Xrx‰-Fym}zm, zm„mx{ XIV o.; Vm~ ^my}m, XIII o.; Zuoˆ, XIII o.; Ruwrzˆ, XIII–XII oo., ~}. mwsr ut{n}msrzul mwu‚ |~mxuv zm }r~wm‚ XIII o. ut Ruwrz, Xu}uzm u T}‚{yrzm) (. 63, 1) 3. Fzmx{pu„zˆr |{ {}yr w{~lzˆr u }{p{oˆr qu~w{ouqzˆr |~mxuu, |}uyrzlo ur~l, {„rouqz{, ~ }ryrzzˆyu €quxmyu, nˆxu u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ u o ro}mtuv~wu‚ ~r|l‚ zm {p}{yzˆ‚ |}{~}mz~om‚ { U{q€zmo‰l q{ ~ror}z{p{ Pmtm‚~mzm ~{ o{}{v „ror}u II ˆ~. q{ z. Š. u o r„rzur rp{ o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ (. 63, 2) 4. H Mmwmowmt‰r yrmxxu„r~wur €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu qu~w{ouqzˆyu |~mxulyu nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ o{ o{}{y ( r~‰ Šwtry|xl}{o) u o{~‰y{y (qom Šwtry|xl}m) w€}pmzm‚ Q„m rzm oyr~r ~ |}rw}m~z{ ~{‚}mzuo uyu~l qr}rolzzˆyu |{o{twmyu (. 63, 3– 5) 5. P}{yr {p{, „rˆ}r Šwtry|xl}m mzmx{pu„zˆ‚ €qux o‚{quxu o ~{~mo wxmqm n}{zt{oˆ‚ or†rv o Pory{-Wm~u}ru o I}€tuu (yrsq€ Xnuxu~u u I{}u) (. 64, 7, 9) 6. W ymr}umx{y x„m rz~wu‚ w€}pmz{o or~‰ym ~‚{qzˆ ymr}umxˆ ut |{p}rnrzuv |r}o{v ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{v p}€||ˆ y{pux‰zuwm F}uw, „{ |{to{xlr u‚ ~uz‚}{zutu}{om‰ 7. Hmszˆy {~z{omzury qxl qmu}{owu }mzzrv p}€||ˆ |{p}rnrzuv F}uwm u x„m rz~wu‚ w€}pmz{o loxl‹~l zm‚{qwu o |mylzuwm‚ Š{p{ w}€pm |r„mrv yumzzuv~w{p{ u Šxmy~w{p{ ~uxl. H |{p}rnrzul‚ |r}o{v p}€||ˆ F}uwm (№53, 422, 625) nˆx{ {nzm}€srz{ }u mwu‚ |r„mu, qor ut w{{}ˆ‚ qmu}€‹~l XV–XIII, m {qzm — XIII–XII oo. q{ z. Š. 8 P}{yr {p{, ‚€}}u~wml |r„m‰ ~‚{qz{p{ u|m, ouquy{, {z{~l†ml~l w XV–XIV oo. q{ z. Š. nˆxm {nzm}€srzm u o x„m rz~w{y y{pux‰zuwr 9. K†r {qzm |r„m‰ ~}rqzrŠxmy~w{p{ u|m, mzmx{pu„zml {nzm}€srzz{v o 625 |{p}rnrzuu F}uwm, nˆxm zmvqrzm o |{p}rnrzuu € Um}zu-pr‚m o w{y|xrw~r, ~{qr}sm†ry or†u, ‚m}mwr}zˆr qxl |mylzuw{o x„m rz{-m}uw~w{p{ u|m 10. P}{yr {p{, mzmx{pu„zml |r„m‰ nˆxm {nzm}€srzm o ~{~mor w{y|xrw~m {p{ sr u|m o |{p}rnrzuu 7 Q{}u-nr}q~w{p{ 3 Potratz 1941– 44, 10 –18; Potratz 1966, 110 –116 (u| II); 5 Rzmƒwmzlz 1960, 151; Rzmƒwmzlz 1961, 70, }u~. 25, 4 – 6; Nagel 1963, 50 –53, Taf. XXXVI–XXXVII, 68 –71; Moorey 1971, Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 100, mn. VIII, 6 – 8; Piggott 1974, 18, pl. V b; 109 –111; Bittel 1975, 301– 311, Abb. 3–5, Taf. 56; Littauer, Piggott 1983, 70 –78. 6 Nioradze 1932, 89 – 91, Abb. 9 – 10; Potratz 1941– 1944, Crouwel 1979, 87; Crouwel 1981, 102, 107, 158, pl. 90, 94, 101 (}r~wu); Muscarella 1988, 158 –159. 4 Qr~w{o 1964, 299 – 303; Wyu}z{o, P€t‰yuzm 1977, 42 – 43; 12 –14, Abb. 17 –21; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 100 (qmu}€‹ XIII– P€t‰yuzm 1980, 8 –21; Hüttel 1981, 35 – 65, Taf. 2 – 4; Piggott XII oo. q{ z. Š.); H{}{z{o 1980, 205, }u~. 2, 10 –16 (nrt ~r}‰rt- 1983, 99 –100 (~ { un{„z{v qmu}{ow{v }m‚ryu}{o~wu‚ |~m- zˆ‚ {~z{omzuv qmu}€r zm„mx{y I ˆ~. q{ z. Š.). 7 [m„m}lz 1963, passim; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 81–113; [m„m}lz xuv III ˆ~. q{ z. Š.); U}l‚uz, Gr~rquz 1998, 22 – 34. T~{n{r tzm„rzur uyrr zm‚{qwm n{x‰ {p{ w{xu„r~om mwu‚ |~mxuv o y{pux‰zuwr o{}{v „ror}u – ~r}rquzˆ II ˆ~. q{ z. Š. Wuzm m o ‹sz{y Mm€}mx‰r. Rz{pur ut zu‚ {nzm}€srzˆ |}u „r}r|m‚ |{p}rnrzzˆ‚ w{zrv: Irzuzp, Mqmz{ou„, Irzuzp 1992, 111– 332. 138 X oo. q{ z. Š.); P{}uqtr 1965, 17 –18, mn. X (qmu}€r XIII– 1975, 156 –198; [m„m}lz 1979, 11–14; Kossack 1983, 103–108. 8 Hrouda 1983, 170 –177. W}. [m„m}lz 1975, 157 –158, 188 – 189; [m„m}lz 1979, 11–12. 9 Uu{}{o~wuv 1963, 11; [m„m}lz 1975, 189. 10 [m„m}lz 1975, 15, 131, 188, }u~. 1. 3 1 4 5 2 6 7 Vu~. 63 Yquxm u |~mxuu. 1. Ju~w{ouqzˆv |~mxuv ut Ruwrz; 2. Ju~w{ouqzˆv |~mxuv ut y{pux‰zuwm Wuzm m; 3–5. Yquxm ~ qu~w{ouqzˆyu |~mxulyu ut Q„m rz~wu‚ w€}pmz{o; 6. Yquxm ~ |}ly{€p{x‰zˆyu |~mxulyu ut Ruwrz; 7. U~mxuv ut Zuo. 1, 3–7. G}{ztm; 2. P{~‰ U{ Crouwel 1981, 215, pl. 1, 3 (1, 6, 7); Irzuzp, Mqmz{ou„, Irzuzp 1992, }u~. 75, 3 (2); Rm}u}{~lz 1964, mn. VIII, 6 – 8 (3–5) 139 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 9 10 Vu~. 64 G}{zt{oˆr |}rqyrˆ ut wxmqm o Pory{-Wm~u}ru, I}€tul U{ Schäffer 1948, fig. 299 140 1 2 3 5 6 4 Vu~. 65 Nzorzm}‰ |{p}rnrzul 79 y{pux‰zuwm F}uw. 1, 2, 4. Ixuzm; 3, 5, 6. G}{ztm U{ [m„m}lz 1979, 142 141 y{pux‰zuwm 11. Yw}m rzzˆr tuptmp{{n}mtzˆy {}zmyrz{y |r„mu ut Šu‚ |{p}rnrzuv, ouquy{, q{xszˆ qmu}{om‰~l, wmw u o m}uw~w{y |{p}rnrzuu 625, XIII–XII oo. q{ z. Š. Sm Š€ qm€ €wmtˆomr zm‚{qwm n{x‰ {p{ w{xu„r~om mwu‚ |r„mrv o «„m~{ozl‚» 3 u 4 Šxmy~w{p{ w€x‰{o{p{ ƒrz}m ]{pm Mmynux, w{{}ˆr qmu}€‹~l Šuy o}ryrzry 12. Wxrq€r €|{ylz€‰ r†r zm‚{qw€ |r„mu ‚€}}{-yumzzuv~w{p{ ~uxl, w{{}ml {z{~u~l w XV–XIII oo. q{ z. Š., o |l{y ^myu}my~w{y w€}pmzr (F m}mw~wuv }mv{z F}yrzuu). P ~{smxrzu‹, ut w}mw{v tmyrwu {n Š{y w€}pmzr rp{ w€x‰€}zml |}uzmqxrsz{~‰ zrl~zm 13. Sm‚{qwu Šu‚ |r„mrv €wmtˆom‹ zm qmu}{ow€ |mylzuw{o u|m Q„m rzm u }mzzrv p}€||ˆ F}uwm {w{x{ XIV–XIII o. q{ z. Š., o{ty{sz{ {„m~u owx‹„ml u XII o. q{ z. Š. T~{nˆv uzr}r~ qxl zm rv ryˆ |}rq~moxlr w{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul 79 y{pux‰zuwm F}uw, pqr {nzm}€srzˆ qo€„m~zˆr €quxm ~ qu~w{ouqzˆyu |~mxulyu u zmor} ur o {}yr w{txm, „}rtoˆ„mvz{ nxutw{r zmor} uly ut Q„m rzm (. 65) 14. X. W. [m„m}lz w{xrnxr~l o qmu}{owr Š{p{ |{p}rnrzul. Ur}o{zm„mx‰z{ {z ~„umx rp{ {qzuy ut orq€†u‚ w{y|xrw~{o }mzzrv p}€||ˆ F}uwm 15, {qzmw{ tmry {w{}}rwu}{omx Š{ yzrzur. U{-|}rszry€ ~„uml €quxm u zmor} ur ut Š{p{ w{y|xrw~m ‚m}mwr}zˆyu qxl }mzzrv p}€||ˆ F}uwm, {z {yr„mr o n{xrr |{tqzu‚ |€nxuwmƒul‚ zmxu„ur tqr~‰ wr}myuwu, ‚m}mwr}z{v qxl o{}{v m}uw~w{v p}€||ˆ 16. Q{pu„z{ |{Š{y€ ~„um‰, „{ |{p}rnrzur 79 loxlr~l |r}r‚{qzˆy { |r}o{v w{ o{}{v p}€||r. H ~my{y qrxr, zr {x‰w{ n}{zt{oˆr utqrxul o zry €wmtˆom‹ zm |}uzmqxrsz{~‰ w }mzzrv p}€||r, z{ u wr}myu„r~wuv w{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul uyrr ~yr mzzˆv ‚m}mwr}. Sm}lq€ ~ u|u„zˆyu qxl o{}{v p}€||ˆ ~{~€qmyu, €w}m rzzˆyu oqmoxrzzˆyu xuzulyu, o zry uyr‹~l u ‚m}mwr}zˆr qxl |r}o{v p}€||ˆ „r}z{x{†rzˆr ~{~€qˆ, {}zmyrzu}{omzzˆr x{†rzury 17. U{p}rnrzur 79, mwuy {n}mt{y, y{sr nˆ‰ qmu}{omz{ XII o. q{ z. Š. H Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u yuwrz~w{v I}rƒuu {qz{o}ryrzz{ ~€†r~o{omx u q}€p{v u| €qux — ~ €zwƒu{zmx‰z{ uqrzu„zˆyu |xm~uz„mˆyu zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, z{ zr qu~w{ouqz{v, m |{q|}ly{€p{x‰z{v {}yˆ (uyr‹~l }mtzˆr u‚ om}umzˆ — { |}ly{€p{x‰zuwm q{ qo€‚ ~{rquzrzzˆ‚ or} uzmyu }r€p{x‰zuw{o) (. 63, 6, 7). U~mxuu „m~{ ~zmnsmxu~‰ u|myu u {nˆ„z{ uyrxu }u {or}~ul ({„rouqz{, qxl }m~}{rzz{p{ zm†r„z{p{ }ryzl), |}u„ry uyr‹~l u |r}r‚{qzˆr {}yˆ { Š{p{ u|m |~mxuv w qu~w{ouqzˆy. Jmu}{omzzˆr Šwtry|xl}ˆ mwu‚ €qux {z{~l~l w |r}u{q€ yrsq€ XV u XII oo. q{ z. Š. (Imtm, XV o.; Xrx‰-Fym}zm, zm„mx{ XIV o.; Zuoˆ, |r}oml |{x{ouzm XIII o. (LH III B); Ruwrzˆ, XIII o.; Ruxr (yuwrz~wml p}{nzuƒm), XIII–XII oo.; Irtr}, XIII–XII oo.) 18. H ~r|z{v t{zr |{q{nzˆr |xm~uz„mˆr |~mxuu ut }{pm u w{~u o r„rzur o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ II ˆ~. q{ z. Š. ~{~€†r~o{omxu ~ qu~w{ouqzˆyu, ~{rquzll~‰, {„rouqz{, ~ ry sr u|{y }ryrzzˆ‚ €qux19. Jxl qmu}{owu or}‚zrv p}mzuƒˆ |}uyrzrzul Š{p{ ouqm €qux omsz{ u‚ ut{n}msrzur zm pxmt€}{omzˆ‚ wu}|u„m‚ Š|{‚u X€w€x‰u-Suz€}ˆ II (891 – 884 pp. q{ z. Š.) 20 u zm zrw{{}ˆ‚ }rx‰rm‚ F €}zmƒu}|mxm II (884 – 858 pp. q{ z. Š.), „{ ~ouqrrx‰~o€r {n u‚ u~|{x‰t{omzuu o F~~u}uu r†r o |r}o{v |{x{ouzr IX o. q{ z. Š. X{ sr u| |~mxuv ut{n}msrz, {„rouqz{, u zm n}{zt{o{v w{z~w{v |rw{}mxu m~~u}uv~w{v }mn{ˆ, mwsr {z{~l†rv~l w IX o. q{ z. Š. (. 66) 21. bu ut{n}msrzul, |{-ouquy{y€, u qm‹ or}‚z‹‹ p}mzuƒ€ u‚ }m~|}{~}mzrzul, o{ o~lw{y ~x€„mr qxl F~~u}uu. Pmsr~l, rquz~orzzˆy yr~{y, pqr mwur €quxm |}{q{xsmxu u~|{x‰t{om‰~l u |{tsr, nˆx Pu|}. U}u }m~w{|wm‚ }lqm wu|}u{~wu‚ zrw}{|{xrv, |}rsqr o~rp{ 11 Jrorqslz 1981, 37, mn. IX, 3. 12 Porada 1970, 111–119, 129, pl. XII; ~}. Amiet 1972, 266 – 267, pl. 183; Hrouda 1983, 173. 13 F}r lz 1983, 425 – 426, 425 ({{). 14 [m„m}lz 1963, 134, mn. 30, 3; [m„m}lz 1975, 218; [m„m- 15 [m„m}lz 1963, 30 – 31. 16 [m„m}lz 1975, 161, 218. 17 [m„m}lz 1963, 30 – 31; [m„m}lz 1979, 13, 142. 18 Potratz 1941– 44, 2 – 9; Potratz 1966, 103–110 (u| I); Moorey 1971, 107 –109; Bittel 1975, 301– 311, Abb. 1–2, Taf. 55; }lz 1979, 13, 142, ~}. Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 109 –110. W}. mwsr Littauer, Crowel 1979, 88; Donder 1980, 20 –21, Taf. 1, 1– 4; nxutw{r zmor} ur ~ up€}w{v {xrzl, {nzm}€srzz{r ~}rqu Gr}uwxqrrnu o I}€tuu. Q{ mqu nˆxu otz€tqmzˆ n}{zt{oˆyu Crowel 1981, 103–104, 158, pl. 3, 4,8. 19 P€t‰yuzm 1980, 16; Hüttel 1981, 24 – 35, Taf. 1. 20 Andrae 1923, Taf. 7. €quxmyu ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu. P€}pmz qmu}€r~l XIV– 21 Seidl 1986, Abb. 1– 3, Taf. 53–55; Born, Seidl 1995, 55 –72, XIII oo. q{ z. Š. (~r}rquzm II ˆ~. q{ z. Š. |{ }mqu{wm}n{zzˆy Abb. 45 –53. {~mw{o |{o{twu, tm|}lsrzz{v |m}{v x{ mqrv, o w€}pmzr 4 € qmmy). Wy. Koridse 1995, 109 –110, Abb. 97. 142 Wmxmyuzm, Umxr-Um{~m u Fym{zm, nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ n{pmˆr p}{nzuƒˆ, tm‚{}{zrzul w{{}ˆ‚ ~{|}{o{sqmxu~‰ {qz{v uxu zr~w{x‰wuyu w{xr~zuƒmyu u tm|}lsrzzˆyu o zu‚ x{ mq‰yu. ]m~‰ Šu‚ |{p}rnrzuv, ~€ql |{ u‚ uzorzm}‹, qmu}€r~l o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII, „m~‰ VII o. q{ z. Š. («Pu|}{m}‚mu„r~wuv |r}u{q I»), zmun{xrr |{tqzur — w{zƒ{y ~{xrul. U}u w{z~wu‚ |{p}rnrzul‚ {nzm}€srzˆ {qz{u|zˆr n}{zt{oˆr u srxrtzˆr €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |xm~uz„mˆyu |~mxulyu, |}u„ry o VII o. q{ z. Š. utor~zˆ, wmsr~l, {x‰w{ srxrtzˆr Šwtry|xl}ˆ. Yquxm, u~|{x‰t{omo ur~l o ~r}rquzr VIII o. q{ z. Š. zu„ry zr {xu„m‹~l { r‚, w{{}ˆr €|{}rnxlxu~‰ o w{zƒr VII o. q{ z. Š. (. 67, 1– 4) 22. U~mxuu {nˆ„z{ uyr‹ ouq |}ly{€p{x‰zˆ‚ |xm~uz ~ }ryl |rxlyu ({or}~ul wmw |}moux{ womq}mzˆr uxu |}ly{€p{x‰zˆr); uz{pqm {zu zr~w{x‰w{ oˆpz€ˆ. H{ty{sz{, €quxm Š{p{ u|m |}{q{xsm‹ yuwrz~wur }mquƒuu, {qzmw{ ut-tm {~€~oul |}{yrs€{„zˆ‚ zm‚{q{w o Š{y zrx‰tl nˆ‰ €or}rzzˆy. Sm‚{qwu €qux, {z{~l†u‚~l w |r}u{q€ yrsq€ yuwrz~w{v Š|{‚{v u o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII o. q{ z. Š., tm u~wx‹„rzury €qux ut |{p}rnrzul zm Fuz~w{v mp{}r (~y. zusr), u o{{n†r zrutor~zˆ, {qzmw{ Š{ zr |{to{xlr p{o{}u‰ { |r}r}ˆor }mquƒuu: zm~xrq{omzur wu|}~w{v w€x‰€}{v }lqm }mquƒuv yuwrz~w{v Š|{‚u ‚{}{ { utor~z{. H|}{„ry, o{ty{sz{ u tmuy~o{omzur Š{v {}yˆ €qux o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu, pqr u‚ u~|{x‰t{omzur tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omz{ q{ |r}o{v |{x{ouzˆ IX o. q{ z. Š. Jmzzˆv u| €qux, {qzmw{, nˆx zr ‚m}mwr}rz qxl Mmwmowmt‰l. Kquz~orzzˆv Šwtry|xl} Š{p{ u|m zm qmzz{v r}}u{}uu {nzm}€srz o F~‚mqt{}~w{y y{pux‰zuwr (. 67, 5). F. F. Rm}u}{~lz, {yr„ml, „{ mzmx{puu mwuy €quxmy zm Pmowmtr {~€~o€‹, ~|}morqxuo{ ~„umr u‚ m~~u}uv~wuy uy|{}{y, ry n{xrr, „{ o {y sr w{y|xrw~r zmvqrz u wuzsmx, ouquy{, m~~u}uv~w{p{ |}{u~‚{sqrzul 23 (wuzsmxˆ Š{p{ u|m utor~zˆ wmw zm }rx‰rm‚ F €}zmƒu}|mxm, mw u Wm}p{zm II u n{xrr |{tqzu‚). U}u Š{y {z qmu}€r €quxm IX–VIII oo. q{ z. Š., o wm„r~or rquz~orzz{p{ {n{~z{omzul mw{v qmu}{owu |}uo{ql xu ‰ ut{n}msrzul ~‚{qzˆ‚ |~mxuv zm }rx‰rr F €}zmƒu}|mxm 24. F~~u}uv~wur ut{n}msrzul, wmw €sr €wmtˆomx{~‰, {qzmw{, |{to{xl‹ {n{~z{om‰ xu ‰ qmu}{ow€ €qux IX o. q{ z. Š. R. S. U{p}rn{om |}rqxmpmr }m~ u}u‰ qmu}{ow€ F~‚mqt{}~w{p{ |{p}rnrzul q{ VII o. q{ z. Š., ~~ˆxml~‰ zm ut{n}msrzur mzmx{pu„z{v }€w{lu yr„m zm {qz{y ut }rx‰r{o F €}nmzu|mxm 25. Xmwml qmu}{owm, {qzmw{, o}lq xu |}uryxrym, |{~w{x‰w€, ~€ql |{ ut{n}msrzuly zm }rx‰rm‚, zm„uzml ~ Š|{‚u Xupxm|mxm~m}m III o{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. Š. Š{ ouq €tqˆ o F~~u}uu €sr zr |}uyrzlx~l. U{q{nzˆ‚ €qux zr tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omz{ u ~}rqu |}rqyr{o €}m}~w{v €tqˆ, ‚{}{ { utor~z{v zm„uzml ~ Š|{‚u Rrz€m (w{zrƒ IX – zm„mx{ VIII oo. q{ z. Š.). R{sz{ |{xmpm‰ |{Š{y€, „{ €quxm ut F~‚mqt{}~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm, m ~xrq{omrx‰z{ u w{y|xrw~, pqr {zu zmvqrzˆ, q{xszˆ qmu}{om‰~l zr |{tsr IX o. q{ z. Š. Huquy{, |}uyr}z{ o XII o. q{ z. Š. €quxm ~ qu~w{ouqzˆyu |~mxulyu o Mmwmowmt‰r oˆ‚{ql ut €|{}rnxrzul u tmyrzl‹~l uz{v {}y{v €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |{qouszˆyu |~mxulyu. U~mxuu |}rq~moxl‹ ~{n{v |}lyˆr |}€ˆ, {zu qo€qˆ}„mˆr, {nˆ„z{ ~ zrn{x‰ uyu }m~ u}rzulyu o r‚ yr~m‚, pqr zm‚{ql~l {or}~ul. P{zƒˆ |~mxuv „m~{ uyr‹ |x{~wur xl|wu. Wmyu €quxm uyr‹ pxmqwur mzpu u w}€|zˆr w{x‰ƒm qxl |{o{qm, {or}~ul w{{}ˆ‚ }m~|{x{srzˆ o {v sr |x{~w{~u, „{ u {or}~ul |~mxuv. Yquxm Š{p{ u|m ‚m}mwr}zˆ qxl p}€||ˆ tmwmowmt~wu‚ |mylzuw{o, ymr}umx‰zml w€x‰€}m w{{}ˆ‚ {nzm}€suomr {„rouqz{r rquz~o{. H~xrq tm F. F. Rm}u}{~lz{y Šm p}€||m y{sr nˆ‰ {n{tzm22 Dikaios 1963, 160, Nr. 163, fig. 12; Karageorghis 1963, 373– xm ut b„yumqtuz~w{p{ y€trl, w{{}ˆr, o{ty{sz{, uyrxu € sr 378; Karageorghis 1963a, 265 – 300, fig. 20 a – b; Karageorghis {}y€, {qzmw{ ut-tm {~€~oul uxx‹~}mƒuu €~mz{ou‰ Š{ 1965, 270 –279; Karageorghis 1965a, 282 –290, fig. 14; Karageor- {|}rqrxrzz{ zr |}rq~moxlr~l o{ty{szˆy. 24 Yor}sqrzur F. F. Rm}u}{~lzm (Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 145) { ghis 1967, 14, 33, 39, 49, 77 –79, 83– 84, 86, Nr. 54 –55, 150, 151, 79, 80, 94 – 97, 120, 121, pl. XV; XLVII; LXXXIII; LXXXIV; {y, „{ |{q{nzˆr €quxm «}m~|}{~}mzl‹~l |}u Xupxm|mxm- CXIV; CXXVIII; CXLI; Karageorghis 1973, 22, 24, 36, 39, 40, 82, ~m}r III u ut{n}msrzˆ zm }rx‰rm‚ F Nr. 156, 159 + 160, 167, 176, 186 + 214, 246, 320/16, 320/22, n{„z{ — |~mxuu zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚ o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ €}nmzu|mxm» { u- pl. LXXX; LXXVI; CXIX; CXXIV; CCLXIII; Donder 1980, 22 – VIII–VII oo. q{ z. Š. ~r}szr{n}mtzˆr u |}uzmqxrsm uz{y€ 26, Taf. 1–5, Nr. 5 –29; Chavane 1990, 43– 44, Nr. 379 – 380, u|€. Sr{~z{omrx‰z{ u ~nxusrzur Š{p{ ouqm €tqˆ ~ €tq{v ut pl. XII. W}. Gjerstad 1948, 146, 217, 399, fig. 26, 30 – 31; Donder S{}-F}r m, { w{{}{v ~y. zusr. 25 U{p}rn{om 1984, 59. 1981, 26 –28, Taf. 5, Nr. 30 – 31. 23 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 225, }u~. 87, 1. Mqr~‰ sr €|{ylz€ˆ €qu- 143 1 0 6 2 144 3 4 Vu~. 66 G}{zt{oml w{z~wml |rw{}mx‰ m~~u}uv~w{v }mn{ˆ ~ nmmx‰z{v ~ƒrz{v. Rr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{ U{ Seidl 1986, fig. 2 – 4 145 2 1 4 3 5 6 Vu~. 67 G}{zt{oˆr €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu. 1– 4. Srw}{|{x‰ Wmxmyuzm (Pu|}); 5. F~‚mqt{}~wuv y{pux‰zuw, F}yrzul; 6. U~mxuv ut |{p}rnrzul 46 y{pux‰zuwm Xmw-Puxu~m, X}umxru U{ Karageorghis 1973, pl. CCLXIII (1, 2); Karageorghis 1967, pl. CXLI (3, 4); Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 87, 1 (5); P€uz 1941, }u~. 56 (6) 146 1 2 3 5 4 6 Vu~. 68 G}{zt{oˆr €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu. 1. R{pux‰zuw Juymƒ € Pu}{omwmzm; 2. U{p}rnrzur 9 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrz € Pu}{omnmqm; 3. U{p}rnrzur 49 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrz € Pu}{omnmqm; 4. P€}pmz 1 € F}„mqt{}m; 5. Pxmq ut X{xm, I}€tul; 6. I}{nzuƒm 50 (XXI L) zrw}{|{xl Rm}xuw, N}mz U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, mn. XIII, 8 (1); Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 13, 23 (2, 3); P€ zm}rom 1957, }u~. 2, 2 (4); P{}uqtr 1965, mn. XVIII, 15 (5); Negahban 1977, fig. 134 (6) 147 1 4 3 2 5 7 6 8 10 9 11 12 13 148 14 15 Vu~. 69 Sm‚{qwu o |{p}rnrzuu 1 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r (b}rn€zu) U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, mn. XXIV; XXVI; XXVII 149 1 2 3 4 Vu~. 70 Sm‚{qwu o |{p}rnrzuu 2 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r (b}rn€zu). 1, 2, 4. G}{ztm; 3. Lrxrt{ U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 93, mn. XXV 150 Vu~. 71 G}{zt{oˆr up€}wu {xrzrv ut p}{nzuƒˆ 50 (XXI L) zrw}{|{xl Rm}xuw, N}mz U{ Negahban 1977, fig. 96 b–d „rzm |{ rr orq€†uy |mylzuwmy wmw ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~wml26. Yquxm Š{p{ u|m {nzm}€srzˆ zm }lqr |mylzuw{o p}€||ˆ, o „m~z{~u o w€}pmzm‚ 1 („rˆ}r Šwtry|xl}m) u 2 (}u Šwtry|xl}m) F}„mqt{}m 27, o y{pux‰zuwr Juymƒ (Pu}{omwmz, qom Šwtry|xl}m) 28, o |{p}rnrzul‚ 9 u 49 Pmxmwrzm (Um}mqu~r~€zp) 29, o |{p}rnrzuu 2 € ~rxm Pm„mpmz (}mv{z Fxmor}qu) 30 (. 68, 1– 4) u q}€pu‚ 31. Ntor~zˆ u rquzu„zˆr zm‚{qwu €qux Š{p{ u|m o tm|mqz{y Mmwmowmt‰r, zm|}uyr} o ~{~mor wxmqm ut X{xm (. 68, 5) 32, {qzmw{ tqr~‰ {zu loz{ zr nˆxu mw }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ. P}{yr Mmwmowmt‰l, zm‚{qwu mwu‚ €qux utor~zˆ xu ‰ zm r}}u{}uu N}mzm. Xmw, {zu nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ o {qz{v ut p}{nzuƒ (50, XXI L) zrw}{|{xl Rm}xuw (. 68, 6) 33. H {v sr p}{nzuƒr nˆx{ zmvqrz{ }u n}{zt{oˆ‚ up€}wu {xrzl (. 71) 34, w{{}ˆr y{p€ nˆ‰ ~{|{~moxrzˆ ~ n}{zt{o{v up€}w{v {xrzl ut X{x{}~~w{p{ w€}pmzm o F}yrzuu (. 72) 35. Rmr}umx X{x{}~~w{p{ w€}pmzm zrqo€~yˆ~xrzz{ €wmtˆomr zm rp{ |}uzmqxrsz{~‰ ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~w{v p}€||r |mylzuw{o. U{q{nzˆr up€}wu {xrzrv utor~zˆ u o q}€pu‚ |mylzuwm‚ Š{v p}€||ˆ, zm|}uyr} o |{p}rnrzuu € ~rxm Rƒrz 36. W‚{qzˆr up€}wu or~‰ym „m~{ o~}r„m‹~l mwsr o |mylzuwm‚ ƒrz}mx‰z{v I}€tuu (~}. zm|}uyr} . 90, 5 – 8 ). Sm‚{qwm ~‚{qzˆ‚ up€}{w oyr~r ~ €quxmyu m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m o zrw}{|{xr Rm}xuw loxlr~l q{|{xzurx‰zˆy €wmtmzury zm q{~m{„z{ r~zˆr ~oltu ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~w{v p}€||ˆ |mylzuw{o ~ N}mz{y. Sm‚{qwm €qux m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m o {qz{v ut p}{nzuƒ Rm}xuw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl y{sr ~x€su‰ mwsr {qzuy ut }r|r}{o qxl {|}rqrxrzul mn~{x‹z{v ‚}{z{x{puu Š{v p}€||ˆ |mylzuw{o. U}moqm, qmu}{owm ~my{p{ Š{p{ zrw}{|{xl ~x€su |}rqyr{y ~|{}{o, {qzmw{, |{smx€v, {qzuy ut zmun{xrr ~€†r~orzzˆ‚ €wmtmzuv zm rp{ ‚}{z{x{pu‹ y{sr ~x€su‰ zm‚{qwm tqr~‰ ƒuxuzq}u„r~wu‚ |r„mrv ‚€}}{-yumzzuv~w{p{ ~uxl, qmu}€ryˆ‚ {nˆ„z{ o |}rqrxm‚ XV–XII oo. q{ z. Š., „{ €wmtˆomr zm qm€ |{ w}mvzrv yr}r „m~u tm‚{}{zrzuv zrw}{|{xl. H|}{„ry, zm zrw}{|{xr tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omzˆ u |r„mu n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu, {qzmw{ zu {qzm ut zu‚ zr qmu}€r~l |{tsr IX o. q{ z. Š. 37 H {y sr |{p}rnrzuu, „{ u €quxm m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m, nˆx {nzm}€srz ~r}rn}lzˆv ~{~€q o {}yr «„mvzuwm» ~ t{x{ˆyu zmwxmqwmyu, ut{n}msm‹†uyu yuu„r~wu‚ suo{zˆ‚ 38, w{{}ˆr mwsr zm‚{ql ~rnr mzmx{puu zm |r„m26 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 145. 27 Rösler 1894, 231, Abb. 21; P€ zm}rom 1957, 137 –140, 145, Abb. 84 (ut N}mzm ?). S{o{r, |{xz{r, utqmzur Rm}xuw~w{p{ 165 –169, }u~. 2, 2. 28 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 144, mn. XIII, 8 – 9. 29 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 60, 78, Taf. 31, 1; 76, 1; 23, 1, ~}. Š{v wzup{v (Negahban 1996), w ~{smxrzu‹ {~mx{~‰ yzr Belck 1893, 62, fig. 1; Potratz 1966, 187, Abb. 176 b, 78 c. 30 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 141. 31 P€ zm}rom 1957, 165 –166; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 145 –146; U{p}rn{om 1977, 79 – 81; Kossack 1983, 129, 179 –180. 32 P{}uqtr 1965, 34, mn. XVIII, 15 (qmu}€r X–VIII oo. q{ z. Š.); H{}{z{o 1980, 209, }u~. 2, 32. 33 Negahban 1977, 12, 58, fig. 134. W}. Rehm 1997, 50, I 14, zrw}{|{xl, |{louo rr~l €sr |{~xr {w{z„mzul }mn{ˆ zmq zrq{~€|zˆy. 34 Negahban 1977, 51, Nr. 96 b – d. 35 Rzmƒwmzlz 1954, 102, }u~. 42; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 146 –147, mn. XIV, 8. 36 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 151, }u~. 62, 1–2. 37 Negahban 1965, 311– 315, fig. 1–2; Negahban 1977a, 81–102. 38 Negahban 1965, 320 – 322, fig. 19 –21; Negahban 1977, 53–54, Nr. 108, 137; Negahban 1983, 58 – 62, Nr. 21. 151 Vu~. 72 G}{zt{oml up€}wm {xrzl ut X{x{}~~w{p{ w€}pmzm, F}yrzul U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, mn. XIV, 8 l‚ yumzzuv~w{p{ ~uxl 39. Nt{n}msrzul, zmzr~rzzˆr zm Š{ ~{~€q, |{ r‚zuwr u~|{xzrzul u ~ux‹ {~{nrzz{ nxutwu ~r}rn}lz{y€ w€nw€ ~ Šxrw}{oˆyu zmwxmqwmyu ut [mtmzx€ IV, w{{}ˆv qmu}€r~l zr |{tsr X–IX o. q{ z. Š., m o{ty{sz{ u }mz‰ r 40. W{{n†mr~l, w}{yr {p{, { zm‚{qwr n}{zt{oˆ‚ €qux o r†r {qz{v n{pm{v p}{nzuƒr Rm}xuwm (52 –53, XXIII G), pqr {zu {nzm}€srzˆ oyr~r ~ |{xzˆy zmn{}{y w{z~wu‚ t€n{o. Z{{p}mul €qux, w ~{smxrzu‹, zr {|€nxuw{omzm, z{ y{sz{ |}rq|{xmpm‰ (|{ €y{x„mzu‹ mo{}m), „{ {zu |}uzmqxrsmxu {y€ sr u|€, „{ {|€nxuw{omzzˆr 41. H {v sr p}{nzuƒr 52 nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ {quz t{x{{v u „rˆ}r n}{zt{oˆ‚ ~{~€qm, zr~w{x‰w{ n}{zt{oˆ‚ yr„rv u wuzsmx{o, n}{zt{oˆr u r}}mw{{oˆr ~m€Šwu u yz{sr~o{ q}€pu‚ |}rqyr{o, o {~z{oz{y zr {|€nxuw{omzzˆ‚. Fo{} }m~w{|{w, zm {~z{omzuu mzmx{puv yrmxxu„r~wuy ~{~€qmy, zm‚{q{w |r„mrv u }mqu{wm}n{zzˆ‚ qm, qmu}€r zrw}{|{x‰ Rm}xuwm XIII–X oo. q{ z. Š. 42 U}moqm, zrw{{}ˆr rp{ |{p}rnrzul y{p€ {z{~u~l u w n{xrr |{tqzry€ o}ryrzu. Tqz{ ut ~myˆ‚ n{pmˆ‚ tm‚{}{zrzuv, 36 (XVIII C), ~{qr}su un€x€ |r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ u|m. T. Rm~wm}rxxm ~|}morqxuo{ €wmtmx, „{ Š{ mw {|}rqrxlr w{zrƒ VIII o. q{ z. Š. wmw terminus ante quem non qmzz{p{ |{p}rnrzul 43. H ~my{y qrxr, |{ {n†r|}uzl{y€ yzrzu‹ q€p{{n}mtzˆr un€xˆ o N}mzr u Y}m}€ |{loxl‹~l zr }mzrr |{~xrqzrv „ror}u VIII o. q{ z. Š. 44 U}moqm, ~xrq€r o ~oltu ~ Šuy tmyru‰, „{ qmzzˆv terminus zr loxlr~l ~{x‰ mn~{x‹zˆy, wmw ~„umr T. Rm~wm}rxxm. J€p{{n}mtzˆr un€xˆ u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ zm \rz}mx‰z{y Pmowmtr, ouquy{, €sr o XI o. q{ z. Š., pqr loxl‹~l {qzuy ut ‚m}mwr}zˆ‚ Šxryrz{o P{nmz~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ: o {qz{y {x‰w{ Xxuv~w{y y{pux‰zuwr {nzm}€srz{ 120 Šwtry|xl}{o mwu‚ un€x 45. Y„uˆoml zmxu„ur ~oltrv yrsq€ Mmwmowmt‰ry u N}mz{y zm }€nrsr II–I ˆ~. q{ z. Š. u }mz‰ r, zrx‰tl u~wx‹„m‰ o{ty{sz{~‰ |{|mqmzul rquzu„zˆ‚ un€x ~ Pmowmtm o N}mz. H ~oltu ~ Šuy ~xrq€r {yru‰ w{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul 1 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r (b}rn€zu), o w{{}{y nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ, zm}lq€ ~ u|u„zˆy €}m}~wuy uzorz- 39 Negahban 1965, 321; Negahban 1983, 61; P€}{„wuz 1990, 47. 40 Dyson 1960, 127; Winter 1977, 372, fig. 1. 41 Negahban 1977, 14 –15; Negahban 1983, 90. 42 Negahban 1983, 95 – 96. 43 Muscarella 1984, 413– 419. 1990, 78 –79. Yor}sqrzur G. T‹zm (Öǧün 1979, 179) { {y, „{ wmowmt~wur, o {y „u~xr w{nmz~wur, un€xˆ q{xszˆ qmu}{om‰~l |{tsr |{~xrqzrv „ror}u VIII o. q{ z. Š. nrt{~z{omrx‰z{. Kquz~orzzˆy m}p€yrz{y o |{x‰t€ mw{v qmu}{owu loxlr~l m|}u{}z{r |}rq|{x{srzur { {y, „{ un€xˆ nˆxu 44 Stronach 1959, 185–206; Vanden Berghe 1978, 35 – 74, pl. I–IV; Öǧün 1979, 178–188. tmuy~o{omzˆ zm Pmowmt ut Y}m}€. H qrv~ourx‰z{~u |€‰ 45 Xr‚{o 1977, 142 –147; Kossack 1983, 97 –102; P{trzw{om |}{uo{|{x{szˆy. 152 tmuy~o{omzul, |{ w}mvzrv yr}r o zrw{{}ˆ‚ ~x€„ml‚, nˆx m}ry, qor n}{zt{oˆr un€xˆ w{nmz~w{p{ u|m (. 69) 46. U{p}rnrzur y{sr nˆ‰ q{~m{„z{ {„z{ qmu}{omz{ nxmp{qm}l zm‚{qwr o zry n}{zt{o{p{ |{l~m, {z{~l†rp{~l w }mzzrv p}€||r ({w{x{ 770 – 740 pp. q{ z. Š.) 47. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, un€xˆ ~ q€p{{n}mtz{v ~|uzw{v u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ €}m}myu €sr o{ o{}{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. Š. u, o{ty{sz{, tmuy~o{omxu~‰ ~ Pmowmtm. X{, „{ un€xˆ w{nmz~w{p{ u|m u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ zr {x‰w{ zm ~ror}z{v |r}ur}uu Y}m}€, pqr |}{u~‚{quxu zr|{~}rq~orzzˆr w{zmwˆ ~ tmwmowmt~wuy zm~rxrzury, |{qor}sqmr~l zm‚{qw{v ~{or} rzz{ mzmx{pu„z{v ~r}rn}lz{v un€xˆ o p}{nzuƒr A Pmlxˆqr}r 48. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, zrx‰tl u~wx‹„m‰ |{loxrzur un€x o N}mzr u tzm„urx‰z{ }mzrr w{zƒm VIII o. q{ z. Š. Tqzmw{ Š{ o}lq xu {z{~u~l w ym}xuw~w{v un€xr. U{ ~o{ry€ {{}yxrzu‹ {zm q{~m{„z{ ~ux‰z{ {xu„mr~l { wmowmt~wu‚ {n}mtƒ{o. Gxusmv ur mzmx{puu rv |}uzmqxrsm w u|€ III, 7 |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ un€x |{ W}{zm‚€, o~}r„m‹†u‚~l, wmw zm { €wmtˆomr T. Rm~wm}rxxm, zm r}}u{}uu N}mzm. Y„uˆoml { mw, „{ zu {qzm q}€pml un€xm o zrw}{|{xr Rm}xuwm zr zmvqrzm, m mwsr u {, „{ uzˆr ymr}umxˆ, zr~{yzrzz{ {z{~l†ur~l zr {x‰w{ w VII, z{ qmsr u VIII o. q{ z. Š., ~}rqu rp{ ymr}umx{o zrutor~zˆ, y{sz{ |{xmpm‰, „{ |{p}rnrzur 36 loxlr~l ~myˆy |{tqzuy zm zrw}{|{xr u {z{~u‰ rp{ w{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. Š. Jmu}{owm Š{p{ |{p}rnrzul, {qzmw{, zu o w{rv yr}r zr oxulr zm qmu}{owu |{p}rnrzuv 50 u 52, o w{{}ˆ‚ {nzm}€srzm w{z~wml €tqm. G{xrr {p{, T. Rm~wm}rxxm tmyr„mr, „{ {}ym ~{qr}sm†u‚~l o Šu‚ w{y|xrw~m‚ ~{~€q{o («unbridged spouted vessels») ‚m}mwr}zm qxl Lrxrtz{p{ orwm I u ~ouqrrx‰~o€r { zr{n‚{quy{~u qmu}{om‰ Šu |{p}rnrzul r†r XIII–XI oo. q{ z. Š. 49 Xmwuy {n}mt{y, p}{nzuƒˆ 50 u 52 Rm}xuw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl, w{{}ˆr, ouquy{, nxutwu |{ qmr |mylzuwmy m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m, y{p€ nˆ‰ qmu}{omzˆ |{ ~{o{w€|z{~u ~{qr}sm†rp{~l o zu‚ ymr}umxm |}uyr}z{ XII–XI oo. q{ z. Š. 50 P}{yr mzmx{puv ut Rm}xuw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl uzˆr €wmtmzul zm ‚}{z{x{pu‹ ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~w{v p}€||ˆ |mylzuw{o ~}{l~l o {~z{oz{y zm ~{{n}msrzul‚ {z{~urx‰z{v ‚}{z{x{puu. U}moqm, o w€}pmzr 2 F}„mqt{}m ~}rqu q}€pu‚ ymr}umx{o nˆxm {nzm}€srzm |r„m‰ |r}rqzro{~{„z{p{ {nxuwm, {qzmw{ {zm, w ~{smxrzu‹, zr zm‚{qu ~rnr nxutwu‚ ~{{or~ouv o |r}rqzro{~{„zˆ‚ ymr}umxm‚, m |{{y€ zr qmr {„z{v qmˆ. N~‚{ql ut ~uxu~u„r~wu‚ ~{{n}msrzuv, G. [}{€qm ~wx{zrz {z{~u‰ rr |}uyr}z{ w X–IX oo. q{ z. Š. 51, {qzmw{ o {„z{~u Š{v qmu}{owu zrx‰tl nˆ‰ ~{or} rzz{ €or}rzzˆy u {zm qmr ~xu w{y ~xmn{r {~z{omzur qxl mn~{x‹z{v qmu}{owu ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~w{v p}€||ˆ |mylzuw{o. F. F. Rm}u}{~lz qmu}€r Š€ p}€||€ {w{x{ w{zƒm XI–X oo. q{ z. Š., {yr„ml, „{ {zm q{xszm |{yr†m‰~l yrsq€ |mylzuwmyu o{}zmw~w{v p}€||ˆ u F~‚mqt{}{y 52. Jmu}{owm |{~xrqzrp{, wmw yˆ ouqrxu, {|}rqrxlr~l q{~m{„z{ €or}rzz{ |{ zmvqrzzˆy o zry €quxmy m~~u}uv~w{p{ u|m zr |{tsr IX o. q{ z. Š. H zr~w{x‰w{ n{xrr }mzzrv }mn{r F. F. Rm}u}{~lz nˆx ~wx{zrz qmu}{om‰ |mylzuwu ‚{qsmxˆm}„mqt{}~w{v p}€||ˆ tzm„urx‰z{ n{xrr }mzzuy o}ryrzry — XIII–XII oo. q{ z. Š. 53 H|}{„ry, |}uorqrzzˆr uy {~z{omzul qmu}{owu zr €nrsqm‹ — Š{ o {~z{oz{y {n†ur ~{{n}msrzul, o „m~z{~u, { o}ryrzu }m~|}{~}mzrzul srxrtm, m mwsr |m}mxxrxu, „m~{ {qmxrzzˆr, ~ |r}rqzro{~{„zˆyu or†myu, uyr‹†uyu u}{w€‹ qmu}{ow€. R. S. U{p}rn{om qmu}{omxm zmun{xrr }mzzur |mylzuwu Š{v p}€||ˆ (Pu}{omnmq~wur u |r}oˆv F}„mqt{}~wuv w€}pmzˆ u q}.) XIII–XII oo. q{ z. Š., Pm}mnm‚~wur w€}pmzˆ — o {~z{oz{y XII–XI, m zmun{xrr |{tqzur |mylzuwu p}€||ˆ (o{}{v [{qsmxuz~wuv w€}pmz) — XI–X oo. q{ z. Š. 54 Ixmozˆr {~z{omzul qxl Š{p{ — nxut{~‰ }lqm wmrp{}uv uzorzm}l Pu}{omnmq~wu‚ 46 Barnett 1963, 194 –198; Rm}u}{~lz 242 – 251, uzorzm}l. P}{yr {p{, mo{} upz{}u}€r o{ty{sz{~‰ {p{, mn. XXIV; XXVI–XXVII; Muscarella 1965, 236, n. 25a; Salvatori 1964, „{ |{p}rnrzul Rm}xuwm y{p€ {z{~u‰~l w }mtzˆy Š|{‚my. 51 Hrouda 1983, 176–177. Yor}sqrzur F. F. Rm}u}{~lzm 1976, 87; Öǧün 1979, 180, Abb. 3. 47 Kellner 1991, 3, 19, 48, Nr. 119. 48 Burney 1966, 110–111, fig. 23, 7, pl. XXV, f. 49 Muscarella 1984, 417; Muscarella 1988, 258. 50 I. S. P€}{„wuz (1993m, 25 – 34) |}rqxmpmr qxl Rm}xuw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl n{xrr }mzz‹‹ qmu}{ow€ — XVII/XVI–XIII oo. q{ z. Š. U}uorqrzzˆr uy mzmx{puu q{~m{„z{ €nrqurx‰zˆ, (1964, 145) { {y, „{ €quxm Š{p{ u|m zr o~}r„m‹~l ~ |}rqyrmyu |r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ |}{u~‚{sqrzul, mwuy {n}mt{y, { un{„z{. 52 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 145. 53 Rm}u}{~lz 1961, 53–59. 54 U{p}rn{om 1977, 115 –126. {qzmw{ {z zr €„uˆomr o~rp{ {nzm}€srzz{p{ o Rm}xuwr 153 w€}pmz{o |mylzuwmy x„m rz{-m}uw~w{v p}€||ˆ. Kr qmu}{owu, mwuy {n}mt{y, wmw u € F. F. Rm}u}{~lzm, {~z{oˆom‹~l zm ~{{n}msrzul‚ {z{~urx‰z{v ‚}{z{x{puu: zm |{x{srzuu qmzzˆ‚ |mylzuw{o yrsq€ |mylzuwmyu x„m rz{-m}uw~w{p{ u|m u Ruzpr„m€}~wuyu w€}pmzmyu. X{ sr y{sz{ ~wmtm‰ u { q}€pu‚ |}rqxmpmo u‚~l qmu}{owm‚ Š{v p}€||ˆ |mylzuw{o — {zu ~{qr}sm }lq zmnx‹qrzuv, wm~m‹†u‚~l wmw {z{~urx‰z{v ‚}{z{x{puu oz€}u p}€||ˆ, mw u rr ~{{z{ rzul ~ q}€puyu |mylzuwmyu, {qzmw{ o mn~{x‹zˆ‚ qmu}{owm‚ zr uq€ qmxrr |}unxuturx‰zˆ‚ {ƒrz{w 55. I. P{~~mw qmu}€r F}„mqt{}~wur w€}pmzˆ IX o. q{ z. Š., {~z{oˆoml~‰, |}rsqr o~rp{, zm u}mz~wu‚ |m}mxxrxl‚ 56. Wmy{~{lrx‰zˆr {~z{omzul qxl mn~{x‹zˆ‚ qmu}{o{w, mwuy {n}mt{y, {~€~o€‹, m u}mz~wur |m}mxxrxu qm‹ zryz{p{, |{~w{x‰w€ |{x{srzur ~ mn~{x‹z{v ‚}{z{x{purv u}mz~wu‚ |mylzuw{o Š{p{ |r}u{qm zu„€‰ zr x€„ r, „ry o Mmwmowmt‰r. Tƒrzuoml mn~{x‹z€‹ ‚}{z{x{pu‹ Š{v p}€||ˆ |mylzuw{o, yˆ zr { unry~l, r~xu n€qry u‚ qmu}{om‰ yrsq€ XII u IX oo. q{ z. Š. bm qmu}{owm, }mt€yrr~l, ~xu w{y u}{wml, €wmtˆomr zm |}rqrx‰z{ o{y{szˆr qmˆ. Suszll p}mzuƒm {|}rqrxlr~l qmmyu x„m rz{-m}uw~w{v (~m} rv) p}€||ˆ |mylzuw{o, w{{}ˆr o}lq xu o{ty{sz{ qmu}{om‰ |{tsr XII o. q{ z. Š., m mwsr zmun{xrr or}{lz{v qmu}{ow{v ym}xuw~wu‚ p}{nzuƒ 50 u 52, ymr}umx w{{}ˆ‚ nxut{w ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~wuy |mylzuwmy. Hr}‚zll qmm p}€||ˆ {|}rqrxlr~l zm„mx{y y{†z{p{ €}m}~w{p{ oxulzul |}uyr}z{ ~ zm„mxm VIII o. q{ z. Š., |}utzmwu w{{}{p{ o Šu‚ |mylzuwm‚ {~€~o€‹, „{ tm~moxlr qmu}{om‰ u‚ n{xrr }mzzuy o}ryrzry 57. P}{yr {p{, or}‚zll p}mzuƒm {|}rqrxlr~l w{y|xrw~myu F~‚mqt{}~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm u Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o, o ~u~ryr {z{~urx‰z{v ‚}{z{x{puu ~xrq€‹†uyu tm ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~w{v p}€||{v. P€}pmzˆ Ruzpr„m€}m 58, {„rouqz{, |}uyˆwm‹ w {v sr w€x‰€}z{v p}€||r, z{ tmzuym‹ o zrv, |{ {n†ry€ yzrzu‹, zmun{xrr |{tqzrr |{x{srzur. Jxl qmu}{owu yuzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o {~{n{r tzm„rzur uyrr zm‚{qwm tqr~‰ (w€}pmzˆ II u IV) pxmt€}{omzˆ‚ ~{~€q{o m~~u}uv~w{p{ u|m, utp{{oxrzzˆ‚ ut nrx{v, {„rouqz{, zr yr~z{v, pxuzˆ 59. Sm‚{qwu mwu‚ ~{~€q{o, or~‰ym }rqwur o Mmwmowmt‰r, {„rouqz{, loxl‹~l ~ouqrrx‰~omyu uy|{}m ut F~~u}uu uxu N}mzm u ~{~moxl‹ q{~m{„z{ {qz{}{qz€‹ o ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{y {z{ rzuu p}€||€. U{q{nzˆr pxmt€}{omzˆr ~{~€qˆ nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ mwsr o |{tqzu‚ |{p}rnrzul‚ [{qsmxuz~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl (w€}pmz 11 u |{p}rnrzur 4 ut }m~w{|{w 1954 p.) 60 u o |{p}rnrzuu 11 Q{}u-nr}q~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl 61, w{{}ˆr, ouquy{, ~uz‚}{zzˆ w€}pmzmy Ruzpr„m€}m. Jxl qmu}{owu qmzz{v p}€||ˆ |mylzuw{o „}rtoˆ„mvz{ omsrz w{y|xrw~ w€}pmzm 11 zrw}{|{xl [{qsmxˆ, pqr |{q{nzˆv pxmt€}{omzˆv ~{~€q m~~u}uv~w{p{ u|m nˆx {nzm}€srz oyr~r ~ n€~uz{v, zm w{{}{v zm|u~mz{ uyl m~~u}uv~w{p{ ƒm}l Fqmqzu}m}u. W€ql |{ ‚m}mwr}€ zmq|u~u, }r„‰ y{sr uqu {n {qz{y ut qo€‚ |r}oˆ‚ ƒm}rv ~ Šuy uyrzry (|}mouxu {w{x{ 1310 –1281 u o 911– 890 pp. q{ z. Š.) 62. Jmu}{owm |{tqzu‚ |{p}rnrzuv zrw}{|{xl [{qsmxˆ u Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o XIII uxu qmsr XII–XI oo. q{ z. Š., IX, o{ty{sz{, „m~u„z{ VIII o. q{ z. Š.); Ruzwrou„-R€~m- 59 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 98, 112, mn. XLI, 10 –12. 60 Um~~rw, Qmˆzuz 1926, 63– 64, }u~. 5; P€ zm}rom 1959, 55 W}. zm|}uyr} P€ zm}rom 1957, 156 –177 (o {~z{oz{y mrom 1962, 118 –132 (o {~z{oz{y XI–IX oo., [mzxm}~wuv 383– 385. Kquzu„zˆr zm‚{qwu }mpyrz{o mwu‚ ~{~€q{o w€}pmz 28 — IX–VII oo. q{ z. Š.); Jmzurxlz 1973, 102 –112 utor~zˆ mwsr o }mv{zr [mzxm}m (W|uƒˆz 1902, 5) u zm Pm}- (XI–X oo. q{ z. Š.). 56 Kossack 1983, 126–134; Kossack 1989, 114. 57 P. [. P€ zm}rom (1957, 177) zuwmw zr {n{~z{oˆomr owx‹- yu}-Gx€}r (Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 21, }u~. 15), m mwsr o o{~{„- „rzur VIII o. q{ z. Š. o ‚}{z{x{pu‹ Š{v p}€||ˆ |mylzuw{o. (Xmxˆ , Wmymo}{, Rm}mxˆz Jr}r~u o X}umxru, T mwmz, Grt{~z{omrx‰zm |{|ˆwm F. N. Xr}rz{swuzm qmu}{om‰ €qu- Jouz u q}.), {xu„mr~l { Š{v p}€||ˆ ~{~€q{o ry, „{ xm zr {x‰w{ ut Ruzpr„m€}m, z{ u ut F}„mqt{}m VIII–VII oo. utp{oxrzm ut w}m~z{v pxuzˆ: Bayern 1885, 34; de Morgan q{ z. Š.: Xr}rz{swuz 1971, 79. U}uo{quyˆr uy o wm„r~or 1896, 105, pl. V, 3,5,6, ~}. P€uz 1941, 52 –53, mn. XX; Q{y- mzmx{puv €quxm ut zrw}{|{xl b}rn€zu (S{}-F}r ), m ry muqtr 1955, 54; Jrorqslz 1981, 54. 61 Jrorqslz 1981, 53–55, }u~. 17. 62 Rr†mzuz{o 1926, 52 –57; Rr†mzuz{o 1926m, 107 –111; n{xrr ut Xrv rnmuzu, {z{~l~l w uzˆy, n{xrr |{tqzuy, u|my, qm u {zu qmu}€‹~l zuwmw zr VII, m |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VIII o. q{ z. Š. (~y. zusr). 58 U€nxuwmƒul: F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959. 154 z{v I}€tuu (Uuƒ‚rxm€}u 1979, 41). Ixmt€}{omzml wr}myuwm yr~z{p{ |}{uto{q~om, uz{pqm o~}r„m‹†ml~l o Mmwmowmt‰r Rr†mzuz{o 1926n, 223–224; Meščaninov, Weidner 1931–1932, 266 –268 (K. Hmvqzr} ~wx{zrz qmu}{om‰ n€~uz€ Š|{‚{v {„rouqz{, u~wx‹„rzm; }€qz{ |}rq|{xmpm‰ mwsr, „{ n€~uzm ~m} r {~mx‰z{p{ w{y|xrw~m |{p}rnrzul n{xrr „ry zm }u~m xr. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, zmun{xrr or}{lz{, „{ }r„‰ o qmzz{y ~x€„mr q{xszm uqu {n Fqmqzu}m}u II. Sm‚{qwm n€~uzˆ ~ rp{ uyrzry o 11 w€}pmzr [{qsmxˆ oyr~r ~ m~~u}uv~wuy pxmt€}{omzˆy ~{~€q{y €wmtˆomr, mwuy {n}mt{y, zm qmu}{ow€ wmw Š{p{ w€}pmzm, mw u ~uz‚}{zzˆ‚ ry€ w€}pmz{o Ruzpr„m€}m, IX o. q{ z. Š. Woltˆom‰ zm‚{qwu pxmt€}{omz{v wr}myuwu o Mmwmowmt‰r ~ €}m}~w{v Šw~|mz~urv 63 o{o~r zr {nltmrx‰z{ — {zm o|{xzr y{pxm |{|m~‰ €qm u q{ zm„mxm Š{v Šw~|mz~uu o }rt€x‰mr {}p{oˆ‚ u uzˆ‚ ~oltrv wmw „r}rt { sr Y}m}€, mw u „r}rt N}mz. Nmw, qxl Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o zmun{xrr or}{lz{v |}rq~moxlr~l qmu}{owm IX o. q{ z. Š., ~w{}rr nxusr w rp{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr. U{|ˆwu |}{qxu‰ u‚ qm€ q{ VII o. q{ z. Š. 64 ~{or} rzz{ zr {~z{omrx‰zˆ — o w€}pmzm‚ {~€~o€‹ zr {x‰w{ or†u, ‚m}mwr}zˆr qxl VII o. q{ z. Š., z{ u mwur, w{{}ˆr y{sz{ nˆx{ nˆ nrt€~x{oz{ qmu}{om‰ VIII o. q{ z. Š. ]{ wm~mr~l }r‚qˆ}„mˆ‚ |~mxuro, w{{}ˆr ~x€suxu R. S. U{p}rn{o{v {~z{omzury qxl {p{, „{nˆ {zr~u o{}{v w€}pmz Ruzpr„m€}m «~my{r |{tqzrr w zm„mx€ VII o. q{ z. Š.» 65, { mwur |~mxuu {nzm}€srzˆ zr {x‰w{ o |{p}rnrzuu 15 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B (zr |{tsr o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ VIII o. q{ z. Š.), z{ u o ~x{r }mt}€ rzul [mtmzx€ IV B (w{zrƒ IX o. q{ z. Š., ~y. zusr). Xmwuy {n}mt{y, zmxu„ur mwu‚ |~mxuro o w{y|xrw~r o{}{p{ Ruzpr„m€}~w{p{ w€}pmzm o{o~r zr |}r|l~o€r rp{ qmu}{owr o{}{v |{x{ouz{v IX o. q{ z. Š. K†r {qzuy omszˆy €wmtmzury zm qmu}{ow€ Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o, u ~|rƒumx‰z{ w€}pmzm 2, qmo rp{ }mtzˆr ouqˆ w{z~w{v €tqˆ (~y. zusr), loxlr~l w{y|xrw~ o|€~wz{p{ |{p}rnrzul 1 Š{p{ w€}pmzm, {|}rqrxl‹†uv terminus ante quem rp{ {~z{oz{p{ |{p}rnrzul. b{ {n~{lrx‰~o{ nˆx{ {yr„rz{ N. S. Rrqorq~w{v 66. Tzm €wmtmxm, „{ o|€~wz{r |{p}rnrzur ~{qr}su n}{zt{oˆv wuzsmx ~ }my{„z{v }€w{l‰‹, w{{}ˆv qmu}€r~l zr |{tqzrr IX o. q{ z. Š. 67, m mwsr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx, oˆ rq ur ut €|{}rnxrzul o w{zƒr IX–VIII oo. q{ z. Š. H qrv~ourx‰z{~u, {qzmw{, qmzz{r |{p}rnrzur ~{qr}su wuzsmx uz{p{ u|m — zr ~ }my{„z{v, m ~ }m~}€nz{v }€w{l‰‹ («x€}u~mz~wuv» u|) (. 73, 1), w{{}ˆv y{sr {z{~u‰~l u w VIII o. q{ z. Š. bm qmm u {|}rqrxlr terminus ante quem {~z{oz{p{ |{p}rnrzul w€}pmzm, w{{}{r q{xsz{, }mt€yrr~l, qmu}{om‰~l n{xrr }mzzuy o}ryrzry, „ry o|€~wz{r. H{ o~r‚ |lu Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmzm‚ {nzm}€srzˆ €quxm m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m (. 73, 7 – 10 ) 68, zrw{{}ˆr ut w{{}ˆ‚ zu„ry zr {xu„m‹~l { €qux ut n{xrr }mzzu‚ |mylzuw{o, m q}€pur {nzm}€suom‹ z{oˆr „r}ˆ — p{}ut{zmx‰z{r }uxrzur zm or}‚zrv u zuszrv „m~u |~mxuv u mxx{{n}mtzˆr {w{z„mzul. T„rz‰ nxutwur yuzpr„m€}~wuy €quxm {nzm}€srzˆ o y{pux‰zuwr € ~. \uzƒwm}{ (X}umxru), ~€ql |{ ymr}umx€, ~uz‚}{zz{y Ruzpr„m€}~wuy w€}pmzmy (. 74, 1) 69. U{loxrzur }uxrzul zm |~mxul‚ u mxx{{n}mtzˆ‚ u‚ {w{z„mzuv, {„rouqz{, loxlr~l z{o{v „r}{v o }mtouuu tmwmowmt~w{v €tqˆ, |{louo rv~l tqr~‰, zm~w{x‰w{ y{sz{ ~€qu‰, o IX o. q{ z. Š. T„rz‰ nxutw{ w Š{y€ |{~xrqzry€ om}umz€ ~{l €quxm, |}rq~moxl‹†ur qmx‰zrv rr }mtouur qmzz{p{ u|m u {nzm}€srzzˆr o |{p}rnrzuu 2 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r (zrw}{|{x‰ b}rn€zu) (. 70, 1) 70. Fqmqzu}m}u I). W}. P€ zm}rom 1959, 383– 384; Rm}u}{~lz 1961, 53–54. N. R. J‰lw{z{o, {~z{oˆoml~‰ zm ~{{n}msrzul‚ u~{}u„r~w{p{ ‚m}mwr}m, ~wx{zrz {z{~u‰ Š€ n€~uz€ w |}m- 67 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 100, mn. XIII, 7. 68 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 92, 96 – 97, 108 –110, 115, oxrzu‹ Fqmqzu}m}u III ({w. 810 –782 pp. q{ z. Š.): J‰lw{z{o mn. XXXIX, 5 – 8. 69 P€uz 1941, 58 –59, }u~. 56; Schaeffer 1948, fig. 274, 6; 1951m, 302 – 303. 63 Rr†mzuz{o 1926m, 110 –111; P€ zm}rom 1959, 385. 64 Xr}rz{swuz 1971, 71– 84 (pxmoz{r {~z{omzur — ~{|{~mo- u~‚{sqrzur ut y{pux‰zuwm Xmw-Puxu~m). 70 Barnett 1963, 194 –198, fig. 45 (utx{srzur |€nxuwmƒuu |m- xrzur ~ €tq{v ~wu~w{p{ u z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, qmu}{owu ylzuwm zm m}ylz~w{y ltˆwr: Rm}u}{~lz, Rzmƒwmzlz 1958, Potratz 1966, 187, Abb. 78 a (~ { un{„zˆy €wmtmzury zm |}{- w{{}{v ~ux‰z{ tmoˆ rzˆ); Jmzurxlz 1973, 111–112; Abrami- 63– 84), ~ { un{„zˆy €wtmtmzury zm {, „{ €quxm nˆxu zmv- schwili 1995a, 36 – 37. Tz qmu}€r VII o. q{ z. Š. zr {x‰w{ w€}- qrzˆ o |{p}rnrzuu 1, w{{}{r tmry o{~|}{uto{qux{~‰ o n{xrr pmzˆ Ruzpr„m€}m, z{ mwsr u }lq q}€pu‚ }mzzu‚ |mylzuw{o |{tqzu‚ zr}€~~w{ltˆ„zˆ‚ |€nxuwmƒul‚); Rm}u}{~lz 1964, (~}. zusr). 65 U{p}rn{om 1984, 45. 66 Rrqorq~wml 1983, 68. 213, 245, }u~. 93, 3; Salvatori 1976, 88 – 89, fig. 13, 17; Yıldırım 1987, 475 – 476, Abb. 16. 155 2 4 3 5 6 1 8 7 9 Vu~. 73 Sm‚{qwu ut Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o. G}{ztm U{ F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, mn. XIII, 7 (1); XXXIX (2 – 4, 7 –10); XL, 1, 5 (5, 6) 156 10 1 2 0 6 3 4 5 6 Vu~. 74 G}{zt{oˆr €quxm. 1. R{pux‰zuw € ~. \uzƒwm}{, X}umxru; 2. [mtmzx€ IV; 3. U{p}rnrzur 74 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B; 4, 5. N}mz, {„z{r yr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{; 6. U{p}rnrzur 117 y{pux‰zuwm X}rxu o Xnuxu~u U{ P€uz 1941, }u~. 56 (1); de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, fig. 15 (2); Ghirshman 1939, pl. LXXV, S. 924 (3); Potratz 1941–1942, Abb. 3, 7 (4, 5); Abramischwili 1995, Abb. 199 (6) 157 N‚ |~mxuu, wmw u € zrw{{}ˆ‚ €qux ut Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o, €w}m rzˆ ut{n}msrzulyu mxx{~{o. Kquz~orzz{r ~€†r~orzz{r {xu„ur { |}rqˆq€†rp{ u|m €qux ~{~{u, |{smx€v, o {y, „{ |~mxuu q€p{{n}mtz{ {{pz€ˆ zm}€s€, m zr uyr‹ {}y€ |}lyˆ‚ ~r}szrv. bm {~{nrzz{~‰, ouquy{, {n‡l~zlr~l oxulzury €}m}~w{v €tqˆ. Jmm |{p}rnrzul 2 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r q{~m{„z{ €or}rzz{ {|}rqrxlr~l nxmp{qm}l zm‚{qwr o zry }mpyrz{o n}{zt{o{p{ €}m}~w{p{ |{l~m. Tz {z{~u~l w |r}o{v, ~my{v }mzzrv, p}€||r €}m}~wu‚ |{l~{o, w{{}ml qmu}€r~l |r}o{v }r‰‹ VIII o. q{ z. Š.71 U{p}rnrzur, mwuy {n}mt{y, ~w{}rr o~rp{ nˆx{ ~{or} rz{ o |r}u{q |}moxrzul F}pu u I ({w{x{ 786 –764 pp. q{ z. Š.), {~z{omo rp{ b}rn€zu o zm„mxr ~o{rp{ ƒm}~o{omzul 72. U{p}rnrzur S{}-F}r m zr {x‰w{ ~ouqrrx‰~o€r { |{loxrzuu z{o r~o o tmwmowmt~w{v €tqr (zmvqrzzˆr tqr~‰ €quxm, ‚{l u |{qor}pxu~‰ €}m}~w{y€ oxulzu‹, |}{q{xsm‹ uyrzz{ yr~z€‹ }mquƒu‹: €}m}~wur €quxm Š{p{ o}ryrzu q{~m{„z{ ~€†r~orzz{ { zu‚ {xu„m‹~l), z{ u {|}rqrxlr or}‚z‹‹ p}mzuƒ€ qmu}{owu Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o, zmun{xrr |{tqzu‚ |mylzuw{o ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m, w{{}ˆr q{xszˆ |{ ~{{n}msrzuly {z{~urx‰z{v ‚}{z{x{puu |{yr†m‰~l }mz‰ r |{p}rnrzul S{}-F}r m u, mwuy {n}mt{y, o}lq xu oˆ‚{ql tm |}rqrxˆ IX o. q{ z. Š. P}{yr {|u~mzz{p{, o Mmwmowmt‰r u N}mzr nˆxu }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ u q}€pur ouqˆ €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, zrw{{}ˆr {n}mtƒˆ w{{}ˆ‚ zmvqrzˆ, zm|}uyr}, o „ror}{y ~x{r [mtmzx€ (w{zrƒ IX o. q{ z. Š.) (. 74, 2) 73. H{ty{sz{, Š{ u| |}{q{xsmr }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆv }mzrr o Mmwmowmt‰r u N}mzr «m}„mqt{}~wuv» u| €qux, {qzmw{ tzm„urx‰z{ {xu„mr~l { zrp{. Ixmoz{r {xu„ur ~{~{u o {y, „{ |~mxuu (|{ |}rszry€ o ouqr |}lyˆ‚ ~r}szrv) uyr‹ zr {or}~ul qxl w}r|xrzul }ryzrv, m |rxu. Urxu }m~|{x{srzˆ o |x{~w{~u, |r}|rzquw€xl}z{v |x{~w{~u w{x‰ƒm qxl w}r|xrzul |{o{qm (~{{or~orzz{, o {v sr |x{~w{~u, „{ u {or}~ur, „r}rt w{{}{r |}{‚{qu mzpm €qux). H zrw{{}ˆ‚ om}umzm‚ |~mxuu zr |}lyˆr, m zr~w{x‰w{ {{pz€ˆ o|r}rq (o ~{}{z€, |}{uo{|{x{sz€‹ {v, zm w{{}{v zm‚{ql~l |rxu) — mwur €quxm zmvqrzˆ, zm|}uyr}, o |{p}rnrzuu 74 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B (. 74, 3) 74; utor~zˆ u q}€pur u‚ zm‚{qwu zm r}}u{}uu N}mzm, |}{u~‚{ql†ur ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w u zr qmu}{omzzˆr (. 74, 4, 5) 75. 2.2.2 YJNQF W PTQa]FX`RN TPTS]FSNdRN N TXJKQaS`RN UWFQNdRN Vm~~y{}uy r|r}‰ yzrzur { {y, „{ {qz{w{x‰„mˆr €quxm u |}uyrzlo ur~l ~ zuyu {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆr }r‚qˆ}„mˆr |~mxuu |{louxu~‰ o Mmwmowmt‰r u N}mzr |{q oxulzury ~r|z{v €tqˆ. Yquxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, }mtouur w{{}ˆ‚ y{sz{ |}{~xrqu‰ o Mmwmowmt‰r |{ yrz‰ rv yr}r ~ XIV |{ VIII oo. q{ z. Š., zr nˆxu o Š{ o}ryl rquz~orzzˆyu }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆyu tqr~‰ u|myu. Um}mxxrx‰z{ ~ zuyu u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ n}{zt{oˆr qo€„m~zˆr €quxm ~ w{x‰„mˆyu {w{z„mzulyu, utp{{oxrzzˆr {qrx‰z{ { |~mxuv u ~{rquzlo ur~l ~ zuyu, {„rouqz{, ~ |{y{†‰‹ }ryzrv. Xmwur €quxm {nzm}€srzˆ wmw o r‚ sr w{y|xrw~m‚, „{ u €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, mw u o ~uz‚}{zzˆ‚ uy. Huquy{, {qzm ut ~myˆ‚ }mzzu‚ zm‚{q{w €qux mw{p{ u|m o Mmwmowmt‰r |}{u~‚{qu ut |{p}rnrzul 79 y{pux‰zuwm F}uw, pqr {zu {nzm}€srzˆ oyr~r ~ €quxmyu ~ zm|€~wzˆyu qu~w{ouqzˆyu |~m71 Kellner 1991, 2, 18, 31, Nr. 16. 72 F. F. Rm}u}{~lz ~{{n†mr, „{ |{q{nzˆr €quxm nˆxu {n- Abb. 58, a – b (~ { un{„zˆy €wmtmzury, „{ {quz ut Šwtry|- zm}€srzˆ mwsr o 1957 p. |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Xrv rnmuzu (zr {|€n- xl}{o Šu‚ €qux utp{{oxrz ut srxrtm). 75 Potratz 1941– 42, 172, 174, Abb. 2 – 9; Gadd 1952, 12, pl. III; xuw{omzˆ): Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 213, 245. Tzu, {„rouqz{, nˆxu Nagel 1963, 28, Taf. LII, 112; Potratz 1966, 136 –137, Abb. 59 |r}rzr~rzˆ €qm oyr~r ~ q}€puyu |}rqyrmyu ut b}rn€zu. 73 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 69, fig. 15; de Schauensee 1989, a – b, Taf.-Abb. 126 –132; Moorey 1971, 111–112, Nr. 112 –114, 42 – 43, fig. 9 –10. 74 Ghirshman 1939, pl. XXV, 1; LXXV, S. 924; Potratz 1966, 136, 1983, 180, Nr. 121–122. 158 pl. 14 –15; de Waele 1982, 69, Nr. 75 –76, fig. 51; Vanden Berghe 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vu~. 75 Nzorzm}‰ |{p}rnrzul 433 y{pux‰zuwm F}uw. 1, 2. Ixuzm; 3. Tn~uqumz; 4 – 6. G}{ztm U{ [m„m}lz 1979, 302 159 xulyu (. 65, 3, 5) 76. Jmu}{owm Š{p{ |{p}rnrzul, tmzuym‹†rp{ |}{yrs€{„z{r |{x{srzur yrsq€ |r}o{v u o{}{v p}€||{v F}uwm, q{~m{„z{ €or}rzz{ {|}rqrxlr~l XII o. q{ z. Š. (~y. oˆ r). U}uyr}z{ ry sr o}ryrzry uxu zr~w{x‰w{ }mz‰ r, XIII o. q{ z. Š., qmu}€r~l |{p}rnrzur 117 y{pux‰zuwm X}rxu o Xnuxu~u, pqr {nzm}€srzˆ n}{zt{oˆr qo€‚„m~zˆr €quxm nrt |~mxuv, m mwsr w}‹wu { €tqˆ (. 74, 6) 77. Gxutwur mzmx{puu Šuy w}‹wmy |}{u~‚{ql ut }mzzrp{ wxmqm Pory{-Wm~u}ru (~y. oˆ r, . 64, 9). Xmwuy {n}mt{y, €quxm ~ w{x‰„mˆyu {w{z„mzulyu nrt |~mxuv zm„uzm‹ u~|{x‰t{om‰~l o Mmwmowmt‰r zr |{tsr XII o. q{ z. Š. P}{yr zmtomzz{p{, ~‚{qzˆr |}{~ˆr qo€‚„m~zˆr €quxm nrt |~mxuv zmvqrzˆ r†r o |{p}rnrzuu 433 F}uw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl, {z{~l†ry~l w rp{ o{}{v ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{v p}€||r, |}uyr}z{ ~uz‚}{zz{v }mzzrv „m~u |mylzuw{o ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~w{v p}€||ˆ. Mqr~‰ {nzm}€srz{ qom Šwtry|xl}m €qux, {w{z„mzul w{{}ˆ‚ uyr‹ D-{n}mtz€‹ {}y€; }lq{y ~ {w{z„mzulyu zm‚{ql~l w{x‰ƒroˆr mvnˆ (. 75, 4, 5) 78. Huquy{, €zwƒu{zmx‰z{ Šu mvnˆ mzmx{pu„zˆ ry, w{{}ˆv uyr‹~l zm zrw{{}ˆ‚ ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆ‚ €quxm‚ ut Yvpm}mw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl o U}um}mx‰r 79. Tzu, ouquy{, ~x€suxu €|{}{y qxl {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆ‚ |~mxuro ~ u}{wuy ƒrz}mx‰zˆy {or}~ury, „r}rt w{{}{r |}{|€~wmx~l w{zrƒ €qux. Wmyu |~mxuu, or}{lz{, qrxmxu~‰ ut zr~{vwu‚ ymr}umx{o (zm|}uyr}, qr}rom uxu w{su) u zr ~{‚}mzuxu~‰. U{p}rnrzur, o ~{~mor w{{}{p{ uyrr~l n}{zt{oml ~rwu}m m}‚mu„z{v {}yˆ, ouquy{, qmu}€r~l {w{x{ XII–XI oo. q{ z. Š. Wxrq€r €|{ylz€‰ r†r |{p}rnrzur 218, o w{{}{y, |{ yzrzu‹ X. W. [m„m}lzm, mwsr {nzm}€srzˆ n}{zt{oˆr €quxm. U{p}rnrzur, {„rouqz{, |}uzmqxrsu yxmq rv, }r‰rv, p}€||r |{p}rnrzuv F}uwm (X–IX oo. q{ z. Š.), or}{lz{, nxusr w rr w{zƒ€ (. 76) 80. Vr„‰ uqr { qo€‚ w}€|zˆ‚ n}{zt{oˆ‚ zrtmywz€ˆ‚ w{x‰ƒm‚, ~{rquzrzzˆ‚ yrsq€ ~{n{v, w wmsq{y€ ut w{{}ˆ‚ |}uor rz n}{zt{oˆv ou{v ~r}srzrw. X}mw{owm Š{p{ |}rqyrm wmw |~mxuv, ~{rquzlo u‚~l }ryzlyu, or~‰ym ~{yzurx‰zm. Ww{}rr, }r„‰ q{xszm uqr {n €w}m rzul‚, ry n{xrr, „{ o w{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul 218, w}{yr wr}myuwu, o‚{ql xu ‰ €w}m rzul (n}m~xrˆ, |{qor~wu u n€~ˆ). Nyrzz{ mw }mw{omx zm‚{qw€ ~{or} rzz{ mzmx{pu„zˆ‚ |}rqyr{o o ~{~mor |{p}rnrzul 8 Qrzuzmwmz~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl u F. F. Rm}u}{~lz 81. P}{yr F}uw~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm, n{x‰ {v uzr}r~ |}rq~moxl‹ mwsr zm‚{qwu €qux Š{p{ u|m o zrw}{|{xr Pmxmwrzm (Um}mqu~r~€zp). Jom Šwtry|xl}m n}{zt{oˆ‚ w{x‰„mˆ‚ €qux ~{ mzpmyu nrt }uxrzul {nzm}€srz{ o |{p}rnrzuu 112 Š{p{ zrw}{|{xl (. 77, 1, 2) 82. Sm‚{quo rr~l o {y sr w{y|xrw~r o{{}€srzur (~rwu}m, yr„, o{w, zmw{zr„zuw w{|‰l, ouxˆ) zm‚{qu ~rnr nxusmv ur ~{{or~oul, ~{o|mqm‹†ur o|x{‰ q{ yrxwu‚ qrmxrv, o |r}o{y u o{}{y F}„mqt{}~w{y w€}pmzm‚ 83. H}lq xu y{sz{ ~{yzrom‰~l o ~uz‚}{zz{~u Šu‚ w€}pmz{o ~ |{p}rnrzury 112 zrw}{|{xl Um}mqu~r~€zp. T~mx‰zˆr |{p}rnrzul Š{p{ zrw}{|{xl mwsr ~{qr}sm uzorzm}‰, ~nxusm‹†uv u‚ ~ |mylzuwmyu ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~w{v p}€||ˆ. Sm‚{qwu n}{zt{oˆ‚ w{x‰„mˆ‚ €qux utor~zˆ u zm q}€pu‚ |mylzuwm‚ Mmwmowmt‰l {v sr Š|{‚u: o |{p}rnrzuu 13 o Gr m rzu (X}umxru), ouquy{, ~uz‚}{zz{y ~ F}„mqt{}~wuyu w€}pmzmyu (~y. zusr), oyr~r ~ }{p{oˆyu |~mxulyu (. 78, 15 – 17, 19) 84, o ~{~mor w{xxrwƒuu n}{zt ut Qrzuzmwmz~w{p{ |{~rxrzul, {z{~l†rv~l o {~z{oz{y w {y€ sr o}ryrzu 85, o zrw}{|{xr Wmqm‚x{ (o 70 wy { Xnuxu~u) (. 77, 4, 5) 86. H P{x‚uqr €quxm ~ ouˆyu ~r}szlyu, m mwsr }mpyrz €qux nrt }uxrzul zm mzpm‚, {nzm}€srzˆ o ~{~mor wxmqm n}{zt{oˆ‚ |}rqyr{o ut Qmvxm u, oyr~r ~ |l‰‹ n}{zt{oˆyu {|{- 76 [m„m}lz 1975, 218; [m„m}lz 1979, 13, 142. 77 Abramischwili 1995, 192, 321, Nr. 350, Abb. 199. 78 [m„m}lz 1975, 203, }u~. 117; [m„m}lz 1979, 15, 302. 79 Hu zro~wml 1973, 101, mn. XXVI, 9 –11. 80 [m„m}lz 1975, 169 –170, 236 –237; [m„m}lz 1979, 16 –17, o wm„r~or mzmx{puu €quxm ut 1-p{ Vmtyrzz{p{ w€}pmzm nxut ~mzuƒˆ P{~}{y~w{v zr uyr‹ zuwmw{p{ {z{ rzul w Š{y€ |}rqyr€: }r„‰ uqr { u|u„zˆ‚ ~wu~wu‚ ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆ‚ n}{zt{oˆ‚ u srxrtzˆ‚ w{x‰„mˆ‚ €quxm‚. 82 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 117 –118, Taf. 46 – 47. }lz 1975, 167; [m„m}lz 1979, 15) — {„rouqzml { unwm. 81 Rm}u}{~lz 1954, 110 –112, }u~. 45, 2,3,6; Rm}u}{~lz 83 P€ zm}rom 1957, }u~. 2, 13; 7, 1,2,4; 8, 6. 84 P€uz 1941, 224, mn. XLVI; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 110. 85 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 122, }u~. 49. 1964, 283–284, }u~. 110, 3,4. U}uo{quyˆr X. W. [m„m}lz{y 86 de Morgan 1889, 74 –75, 139, fig. 144; Potratz 1966, 187. 51, 199. Tzr~rzur Š{p{ |{p}rnrzul w{ o{}{v p}€||r ([m„m- 160 1 2 3 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 Vu~. 76 Nzorzm}‰ |{p}rnrzul 218 y{pux‰zuwm F}uw. 1– 4, 6, 7. G}{ztm; 5. Wr}q{xuw; 8 –10. Ixuzm U{ [m„m}lz 1979, 199 161 }myu u zr~w{x‰wuyu w}€pxˆyu nxl‚myu (. 79) 87. W€ql |{ {}yr {|{}{o, o {y „u~xr n}{zt{o{p{ {|{}uwm ~ u|myu zm {n€‚r, wxmq y{sr nˆ‰ qmu}{omz {w{x{ XII–X oo. q{ z. Š. Sr~w{x‰w{ |{tsr qmu}€‹~l mzmx{pu„zˆr €quxm ut |{p}rnrzuv 10 u 67 (o |{~xrqzry ~x€„mr ~ }{p{oˆyu |~mxulyu) y{pux‰zuwm Xmw-Puxu~m (ouquy{, IX o. q{ z. Š.) (. 77, 3, 6) 88. Tqz{w{x‰„mˆr srxrtzˆr €quxm {p{ sr u|m nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ o |{p}rnrzuu 4 o Qrzuzmwmzr (}m~w{|wu 1931 p.), ouquy{, VIII o. q{ z. Š. 89 W}rqu tmwmowmt~wu‚ zm‚{q{w w{z~w{v €tqˆ {~{nˆv uzr}r~ |}rq~moxlr w{y|xrw~ o{}{p{ Ruzpr„m€}~w{p{ w€}pmzm ({ qmu}{owr ~y. oˆ r), pqr {nzm}€srz{ qom Šwtry|xl}m |{tqzrp{ om}umzm €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu oyr~r ~ „rˆ}‰yl {qz{w{x‰„mˆyu €quxmyu nrt |~mxuv (. 73, 2, 3, 7, 10 ). R€zq €wu }r‚ ut zu‚ ~|xrrzˆ ut n}{zt{o{p{ |}€m; r†r {quz Šwtry|xl} uyrr xuˆr pxmqwur y€zq €wu 90, „{ |{qor}sqmr ~{~€†r~o{omzur o~r‚ }r‚ u|{o €tqˆ o Mmwmowmt‰r o IX o. q{ z. Š. U}u €quxm‚ ~ ouˆyu ~r}szlyu {nzm}€srzˆ {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆr |~mxuu, ~{rquzlo ur~l ~ zuyu |}u |{y{†u }ryzrv. Tzu uyr‹ ouq ~r}szl ~ }ryl {or}~ulyu, }m~|{x{srzzˆyu o {qz{v |x{~w{~u o €{x†rzul‚, or}‚zuv w{zrƒ tmpz€ (. 73, 4) 91. Jxl ut€„rzul u~{}uu }mtouul tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{v u ~r|z{v €tqˆ {~{nrzz{ omsz{r tzm„rzur uyr‹ zm‚{qwu |}rqyr{o w{z~w{v €|}lsu o „ror}{y ~x{r [mtmzx€. Vr„‰ uqr {n Šmx{zz{y |mylzuwr, w{{}ˆv qmr zmqrszˆr {~z{omzul qxl mn~{x‹zˆ‚ qmu}{o{w q}€pu‚ |mylzuw{o zmtomzzˆ‚ }mv{z{o. U}{nxrym qmˆ „ror}{p{ ~x{l [mtmzx€, |{ |{o{q€ w{{}{v o |{~xrqzrr o}ryl oˆ~wmtˆomxu~‰ }mtxu„zˆr yzrzul, uyrr n{x‰ {r tzm„rzur qxl zm u‚ tmqm„. Vm~~y{}rzu‹ Š{v |}{nxryˆ, m mwsr pu|{rtˆ { ƒrz}mx‰z{ro}{|rv~w{y |}{u~‚{sqrzuu w{x‰„mˆ‚ €qux ~ {qrx‰zˆyu |~mxulyu, |{~ol†rz ~|rƒumx‰zˆv Šw~w€}~ (~y. zusr). U}{orqrzzˆv mzmxut |{to{xlr |}u~{rquzu‰~l w |}rqx{srzz{v mo{}myu }m~w{|{w [mtmzx€ qmu}{owr ~x{l }mt}€ rzul |{~rxrzul IV B ~myˆy w{zƒ{y IX o. q{ z. Š. u {or}pz€‰ |}rqxmpmo €‹~l N. S. Rrqorq~w{v rp{ qmu}{ow€ 714 p. q{ z. Š. W}rqu {nzm}€srzzˆ‚ zm [mtmzx€ IV B 42 Šwtry|xl}{o €qux (24 n}{zt{oˆ‚, 18 srxrtzˆ‚) 92 |{qmoxl‹†rr n{x‰ uz~o{ ~{~moxl‹ €quxm ~ w{x‰„mˆyu {w{z„mzulyu, |}uyrzlo ur~l ~ {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆyu |~mxulyu. U{„u o~r n}{zt{oˆr €quxm Š{p{ u|m uyr‹ y€zq €wu ut ~w}€„rzzˆ‚ |}€‰ro — xu ‰ € zrw{{}ˆ‚ y€zq €w pxmqwuv (. 80, 1, 2) 93. Y srxrtzˆ‚ €qux {p{ sr u|m ~{{z{ rzur uz{r: 11 Šwtry|xl}{o uyrxu pxmqwur ~r}szu, qom — |r}rw}€„rzzˆr, € |lu {}ym ~r}szrv zr €~mzmoxuomr~l ut-tm w{}}{tuu. W Šuy u|{y €qux |}uyrzlxu~‰ o {~z{oz{y n}{zt{oˆr }r‚qˆ}„mˆr |~mxuu ~ {{pz€ˆy zm}€s€ or}‚zuy w{zƒ{y, or~‰ym nxutwur {nzm}€srzzˆy o Ruzpr„m€}~w{y w€}pmzr (o~rp{ zmvqrz{ 15 Šwtry|xl}{o) (. 80, 4); |{ w}mvzrv yr}r o {qz{y ~x€„mr n}{zt{oˆr |~mxuu Š{p{ u|m u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ ~ srxrtzˆyu €quxmyu 94. Srw{{}ˆr |~mxuu ut [mtmzx€ IV uyr‹ S{n}mtz€‹ {}y€ ~ {{pz€ˆyu o }mtzˆr ~{}{zˆ w{zƒmyu (. 80, 3) 95. G}{zt{oˆr |~mxuu, {nzm}€srzzˆr zm [mtmzx€ IV, |}uzmqxrsm {y€ sr u|€, „{ u |~mxuu ut Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o u, {„rouqz{, y{p€ ~„um‰~l {qz{o}ryrzzˆyu ~ zuyu. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, qmu}{owu, |m}mxxrx‰z{ u zrtmou~uy{ €~mz{oxrzzˆr qxl Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o (IX o. q{ z. Š., ~w{}rr o{}ml |{x{ouzm) u qxl uzmx‰z{p{ ~x{l [mtmzx€ IV (~myˆv w{zrƒ IX o. q{ z. Š.) otmuyz{ |{qw}r|xl‹~l. P}{yr n}{zt{oˆ‚ |~mxuv, zm [mtmzx€ IV {nzm}€srz |{ w}mvzrv yr}r {quz Šwtry|xl} srxrtzˆ‚ |}lyˆ‚ }r‚|rrx‰„mˆ‚ |~mxuv. 1980, 208, }u~. 2, 24 – 30 (qmu}€r w{zƒ{y VIII – |r}o{v |{x{- 90 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 96 – 97, mn. XXXIX, 2,4. 91 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 97, mn. XXXIX, 1,3. 92 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 68 –70; Muscarella 1988, 64 – 65, ouz{v VII oo. q{ z. Š.; Šm, wmw u {~mx‰zˆr qmu}{owu, zr{|- Nr. 92 – 93 (zm~„uˆomr n}{zt{oˆ‚ €qux zm qom Šwtry|xl}m }moqmz{ tmoˆ rzm, |{~w{x‰w€ mo{} zrw}uu„r~wu ~xrq€r zr€qm„z{v |{|ˆwr F. N. Xr}rz{swuzm |r}rqmu}{om‰ Ruz- yrz‰ r). 93 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 68 –70 (€wmtˆom‹ xu ‰ {quz pr„m€}~wur w€}pmzˆ u {~mx‰zˆr ~oltmzzˆr ~ zuyu |myl- Šwtry|xl} ~ pxmqwuyu y€zq €wmyu); Muscarella 1988, 65, zuwu). 88 P€uz 1941, 223, mn. XXXI, 2; XXXIV, 6. 89 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 211 (ymr}umx zr {|€nxuw{omz, qmr~l Nr. 93 (€wmtˆomr, „{ u‚ nˆx{ zr~w{x‰w{); de Schauensee 1989, 87 Jsm|m}uqtr 1953, }u~. 2 (~ { un{„zˆy €wmtmzury zm |}{u~‚{sqrzur ut W€}y€ u); P{}uqtr 1965, 29, }u~. 21; H{}{z{o xu ‰ w}mw{r {|u~mzur). 162 43– 44, fig. 11. 94 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 64. 95 Muscarella 1988, 65, Nr. 94. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vu~. 77 G}{zt{oˆr €quxm. 1, 2. U{p}rnrzur 112 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrz € Pu}{omnmqm; 3. U{p}rnrzur 10 zrw}{|{xl Xmw-Puxu~m; 4. Srw}{|{x‰ Wmqm‚x{ o }mv{zr Xnuxu~u; 5. U{~rxrzur € Qrzuzmwmzm; 6. U{p}rnrzur 67 zrw}{|{xl Xmw-Puxu~m U{ Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 46 (1, 2); P€uz 1941, mn. XXXI, 2; XXIV, 6 (6, 3); de Morgan 1889, fig. 144 (4); Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 49 (5) 163 1 2 3 8 9 6 7 5 4 10 14 12 11 13 164 16 17 19 15 18 20 21 22 Vu~. 78 Nzorzm}‰ |{p}rnrzul 13 zrw}{|{xl Gr m rzu, X}umxru. 1, 14. P{~‰; 8. Wr}q{xuw; 12. Pmyrz‰; 15, 19. V{p; 20, 22. Ixuzm; {~mx‰z{r n}{ztm U{ P€uz 1941, mn. XLVI (15 –18); XLVII (1–14); XLVIII (19, 20); XL (21); }u~. 81 (7); 72 n (5); 80, 5 (6) 165 5 4 1 6 2 3 7 8 9 10 12 11 Vu~. 79 Pxmq n}{zt{oˆ‚ utqrxuv ut Qmvxm u, P{x‚uqm U{ P{}uqtr 1965, }u~. 21 166 1 6 2 3 4 5 Vu~. 80 P{z~wml €tqm ut [mtmzx€ IV. G}{ztm U{ Muscarella 1988, 65, Nr. 92, 94 (1, 4); de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, fig. 12, 13, 14 (2, 3, 5) 167 W srxrtzˆyu €quxmyu tqr~‰ |}uyrzlxu~‰ u }{p{oˆr }r‚qˆ}„mˆr |~mxuu. P}{yr Š{p{, zmun{xrr }m~|}{~}mzrzz{p{ zm [mtmzx€ IV, u|m €qux o~}r„m‹~l u q}€pur. X}u Šwtry|xl}m n}{zt{oˆ‚ €qux ~ pxmqwuyu mzpmyu uyr‹ zm|€~wzˆr |~mxuu ~ qo€yl |rxlyu, }m~|{x{srzzˆyu o |r}|rzquw€xl}z{v |{ {z{ rzu‹ w w{x‰ƒ€ qxl |{o{qm |x{~w{~u (. 74, 2, ~y. oˆ r). Nyrr~l mwsr rquz~orzzˆv Šwtry|xl} n}{zt{oˆ‚ €qux, sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆ‚ ~ |~mxulyu. ^mzpu Šu‚ €qux, {xuˆr oyr~r ~ |~mxulyu, uyr‹ x{sz{ou{r }uxrzur. U~mxuu qo€qˆ}„mˆr, ~ {{pz€ˆy zm}€s€ w{zƒ{y, €w}m rzzˆy t{{y{}zˆy ut{n}msrzury (. 80, 5). X}r‰uy omszˆy |mylzuw{y, zm w{{}{y {nzm}€srzˆ ~‚{qzˆr €quxm u |~mxuu, loxlr~l zrw}{|{x‰ Wumxw B. Nzorzm}‰ „rˆ}r‚ |{p}rnrzuv zrw}{|{xl owx‹„mr n}{zt{oˆr u srxrtzˆr €quxm ~ pxmqwuyu ~r}szlyu u w{x‰„mˆyu {w{z„mzulyu u ~oltmzzˆr ~ zuyu |~mxuu: n}{zt{oˆr q€p{{n}mtz{ ut{pz€ˆr }r‚qˆ}„mˆr, {quz w{zrƒ w{{}ˆ‚ tm{~}rz, m q}€p{v tmor} mr~l u r„w{v, m mwsr ~ux‰z{ w{}}{qu}{omzzˆr srxrtzˆr |}lyˆr, {„rouqz{, }r‚|rrx‰„mˆr, ~ {qzuy tm{~}rzzˆy w{zƒ{y u o{}ˆy uyr‹†uy €{x†rzur (. 81, 10 – 12). H {qz{y ut |{p}rnrzuv (15) uyrxu~‰ u w{~lzˆr |~mxuu 96. H~r |r}r„u~xrzzˆr |}rqyrˆ €tqˆ ~umxw{o~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl {nzm}€suom‹ nxusmv ur mzmx{puu zm [mtmzx€ IV. U{ |{o{q€ qmu}{owu zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B, u o {~{nrzz{~u rp{ |{p}rnrzul 15 (. 81), pqr {nzm}€srzˆ w{x‰„mˆr €quxm ~ {qrx‰zˆyu }r‚qˆ}„mˆyu |~mxulyu, oˆ~wmtˆomxu~‰ }mtzˆr {„wu t}rzul. Smun{xrr }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆy o zm~{l†rr o}ryl loxlr~l yzrzur U. Pmx‰yrvr}m u V. Gkyr}m, w{{}ˆr {zr~xu |{p}rnrzur 15 w |{tqzrv ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{v p}€||r zrw}{|{xl u qmu}{omxu Š€ p}€||€ o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII – zm„mx{y VII oo. q{ z. Š. 97 Ixmozˆy {~z{omzury qxl mw{v qmu}{owu loxl‹~l ~xrq€‹†ur |}rqyrˆ — «nmzqs{ouqzˆr» nxl wu u w{x{w{x‰„uwu qxl w{z~w{v €|}lsu, m mwsr ~{~€qˆ u|m Schnabelkopfkannen. Jxl qmu}{owu qo€‚ |r}oˆ‚ u~|{x‰t€‹~l o |r}o€‹ {„r}rq‰ ut{n}msrzul zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚ o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ VIII–VII oo. q{ z. Š., m qxl qmu}{owu }r‰u‚ — zm‚{qwm |{q{nz{p{ ~{~€qm zm Wmy{~r, pqr {z zr y{sr {z{~u~l w{ o}ryrzu }mz‰ r |{~xrqzrv }ru VIII o. q{ z. Š. Tnm m}p€yrzm, {qzmw{, y{p€ qm‰ xu ‰ terminus ante quem ~€†r~o{omzul wmw ~{{or~o€‹†rp{ u|m or†rv, mw u ~my{v w€x‰€}ˆ ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m, zr {|}rqrxll rp{ zuszrv p}mzuƒˆ. Rmr}umxˆ [mtmzx€ IV, pqr {nzm}€srzˆ o~r Šu p}€||ˆ |}rqyr{o, m mwsr {n†rr ~‚{q~o{ zm‚{q{w ut „ror}{p{ ~x{l [mtmzx€, ut tmwmowmt~wu‚ |mylzuw{o ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„qt{}~w{v p}€||ˆ u ut zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B, |{to{xlr ~„um‰, „{ w€x‰€}m o{}{v p}€||ˆ Š{p{ zrw}{|{xl zm„mxm ~€†r~o{om‰ r†r o |}rqrxm‚ IX o. q{ z. Š. u zr u~wx‹„m‰ qxl |{p}rnrzul 15 u w{zƒm Š{p{ orwm o wm„r~or o{ty{sz{v qmˆ 98. H { sr o}ryl n{x‰ ml m}‚mu„z{~‰ wr}myuwu [mtmzx€ IV |{ ~}mozrzu‹ ~ {v, „{ ‚m}mwr}ut€r zrw}{|{x‰ Wumxw B, |{to{xlr ~„um‰ rp{ {~z{oz€‹ „m~‰ n{xrr |{tqzrv, „ry |{~rxrzur „ror}{p{ ~x{l [mtmzx€ u {z{~u‰ rr o {~z{oz{y w VIII o. q{ z. Š. R{sz{ |{xmpm‰ |{Š{y€, „{ w{z~wml €tqm ut zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B, „}rtoˆ„mvz{ nxutwml €tqr ut [mtmzx€ IV u ut o{}{p{ Ruzpr„m€}~w{p{ w€}pmzm (o{}ml |{x{ouzm u w{zrƒ IX o. q{ z. Š.), qmu}€r~l zrzmyz{p{ n{xrr |{tqzuy o}ryrzry o |}rqrxm‚ VIII o. q{ z. Š. P}{yr zm‚{q{w zm [mtmzx€ u o zrw}{|{xr Wumxw B, {qz{w{x‰„mˆr €quxm utor~zˆ u zm q}€pu‚ u}mz~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ 99. Xmw, n}{zt{oˆr €quxm u }mpyrz mwu‚ sr srxrtzˆ‚ {nzm}€srzˆ o {qz{y ut |{p}rnrzuv zm Juz‚m-r|r (B 10a, β 6), oyr~r ~ |}rqyrmyu o{{}€srzul u }m~„xrzrzzˆy ~wrxr{y w{zl (. 9). U{p}rnrzur {z{~u~l w |r}u{q€ Juz‚m II, |}uyr}z{ ~uz‚}{zz{y€ [mtmzx€ IV, u y{sr nˆ‰ qmu}{omz{ IX – zm„mx{y VIII oo. q{ z. Š. 100 Jo€„m~zˆr w{x‰„mˆr n}{zt{oˆr €quxm {nzm}€srzˆ mwsr o |{p}rnrzuu 3 zrw}{|{xl Xr|r Iulz. Tzu ~{|}{o{sqmxu~‰ tqr~‰ }r‚qˆ}„mˆyu |~mxulyu, ~{or} rzz{ mzmx{pu„zˆyu ry, „{ {nzm}€srzˆ o 15 |{p}rnrzuu zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B. P}{yr {p{, tqr~‰ sr zmvqrzˆ nxl‚u qxl w{z~w{v €tqˆ, srxrtzˆv wuzsmx, xmo}{xu~zˆr „r}r w{oˆr zmw{zr„zuwu 96 Ghirshman 1939, pl. LVI, S. 803 a – c, 835, 841, 588; LVII, ~{qr}smo ry w{z~wuv ~wrxr, w{{}{r {z{~u~l, {„rouqz{, S. 791; LXII, S. 762; LXVIII, S. 715 d – e; LXXVII, S. 972. 97 Boehmer 1965, 801– 822; Calmeyer 1969, 99 –108. r†r w }r‰rv „ror}u II ˆ~. q{ z. Š., |}rqyrˆ €tqˆ zr 98 W}. ~‚{qz{r yzrzur Kossack 1983, 129 –130. 99 H |{p}rnrzuu |{tqzrp{ n}{zt{o{p{ orwm zm I{quz-r|r, 168 {nzm}€srzˆ: Young 1969, 19 –20, fig. 27 – 33. 100 Muscarella 1974, 64 – 67, 78 –79, fig. 36 – 37. 2 3 1 7 6 8 4 10 9 5 11 13 12 14 0 6 Vu~. 81 Sm‚{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul 15 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B. 2. Mrxrzˆv wmyrz‰; 4, 8. Pmnmzuv wxˆw; 12. Lrxrt{; 13, 14. Ixuzm; {~mx‰z{r n}{ztm U{ Ghirshman 1939, pl. LVI; Hüttel 1981a, Abb. 2 169 ~}rx (n}{zt{oˆr u srxrtzˆr), n}m~xrˆ u q}. (. 82) 101. W€ql |{ o~ry€, |{p}rnrzur |}uyr}z{ ~uz‚}{zz{ zrw}{|{x‹ Wumxw B u qmu}€r~l o |}rqrxm‚ VIII o. q{ z. Š. U}uyrzrzur mzmx{pu„z{v w{z~w{v €tqˆ ({qz{w{x‰„mˆr €quxm ~ {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆyu }r‚qˆ}„mˆyu |~mxulyu «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m) o Mmwmowmt‰r u N}mzr zmqrsz{ tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omz{ u qxl n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu. Tn Š{y ~ouqrrx‰~o€r, o „m~z{~u, w{y|xrw~ Rmx{p{ w€}pmzm o Rux‰~w{wm}mnm‚~w{v ~r|u (. 7) 102. Mqr~‰, w}{yr n{pm{p{ wr}myu„r~w{p{ w{y|xrw~m, {nzm}€srz mwsr w{z~wuv €tqr„zˆv zmn{}, ~{~{l†uv ut n}{zt{oˆ‚ |}rqyr{o: €qux u |m}ˆ {qrx‰zˆ‚ |~mxuv, |lu |}{}rtzˆ‚ nxl‚-mxm}{o, zmx{nzuwm, w{x{w{x‰„uwm u {nx{ymz{v |mx{„wu-tm~rswu. P}{yr {p{, {nzm}€srzˆ {nx{ywu srxrtz{p{ zmw{zr„zuwm w{|‰l u zr~w{x‰wu‚ z{srv. Yquxm ut Rmx{p{ w€}pmzm ~ouˆ ut qo€‚ ~r}szrv u tmor} m‹~l w}€pxˆyu w}€|zˆyu w{x‰ƒmyu. U~mxuu }r‚qˆ}„mˆr; {or}~ul }m~|{x{srzˆ o €{x†rzul‚ o {qz{v |x{~w{~u, or}‚zuv w{zrƒ tmpz€, {nm w{zƒm |~mxuv tmor} m‹~l u r„wmyu (. 7, 1). Tzu or~‰ym ~‚{su ~ |~mxulyu ut o{}{p{ Ruzpr„m€}~w{p{ w€}pmzm u q}€pu‚ €wmtmzzˆ‚ oˆ r |mylzuw{o. U}{}rtzˆr n}{zt{oˆr mxm}ˆ (. 7, 2) zm‚{ql ~rnr nxutwur ~{{or~oul o €}m}~w{v €tqr — mw{v mxm} o‚{qux, zm|}uyr}, o w{z~wuv zmn{} ut Xrv rnmuzu, €quxm w{{}{p{ zmq|u~mzˆ uyrzry Wm}q€}u II 103; utor~zˆ |{q{nzˆr zm‚{qwu u o q}€pu‚ |mylzuwm‚ VIII o. q{ z. Š. (Pm„mpmz~wuv w€}pmz) 104. X}m|rƒurouqzˆv zmx{nzuw u w{x{w{x‰„uw (. 7, 3, 6) mwsr o|{xzr ‚m}mwr}zˆ qxl €}m}~w{p{ w{z~w{p{ €n{}m. Tqzmw{ qxl qmu}{owu w{y|xrw~m Rmx{p{ w€}pmzm zmun{x‰ rr tzm„rzur uyrr zm‚{qwm o zry n}{zt{o{v }r‚x{|m~z{v o€x‰„m{v ~}rxˆ 105 u|m, ‚m}mwr}z{p{ qxl wrxr}yr~~w{p{ Šm|m }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ (. 7, 4). U{ ‚m}mwr}€ zm‚{q{w w{y|xrw~ Rmx{p{ w€}pmzm, wmw €sr €wmtˆomx{~‰, uyrr }lq {n†u‚ „r} ~ |{p}rnrzury w{„rozuwm zm mw}{|{xr S{} €zr|r (~y. oˆ r). Mqr~‰ mwsr {nzm}€srzˆ n}{zt{oˆr |rrx‰„mˆr €quxm {p{ sr u|m (o ~{„rmzuu ~ u|u„zˆyu ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆyu €quxmyu }mzzr~wu~w{p{ u|m); o {n{u‚ |{p}rnrzul‚ {nzm}€srzˆ mwsr srxrtzˆr zmw{zr„zuwu w{|uv u z{su. P}{yr {p{, o }mtp}mnxrzz{y tm‚{}{zrzuu zm S{} €zr|r, loz{ {qz{o}ryrzz{y ~ w{z~wuy |{p}rnrzury, {nzm}€srz zmw{zr„zuw }r‚x{|m~z{v ~}rxˆ {p{ sr u|m, „{ u o Rmx{y w€}pmzr. U{~w{x‰w€ |{p}rnrzur zm S{} €zr|r €or}rzz{ qmu}€r~l |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VII o. q{ z. Š., w {y€ sr o}ryrzu y{sr nˆ‰ {zr~rz u Rmxˆv w€}pmz. W}rqu u}mz~wu‚ |mylzuw{o y{sz{ zmtom‰ w{z~w{r tm‚{}{zrzur (|}utzmwu „rx{or„r~w{p{ w{~lwm {~€~o€‹) zm ƒrz}mx‰z{y ‚{xyr Gmnm-Jsmzm, ~{or} rzz{r o~w{}r |{~xr |}rw}m†rzul ~€†r~o{omzul tqr~‰ |{~rxrzul (Gmnm-Jsmz III) 106. W}rqu |{p}rnmx‰z{p{ uzorzm}l {nzm}€srz{ qom n}{zt{oˆ‚ ~{~€qm u |}uzmqxrsz{~u w{z~w{v ~n}€u — n}{zt{oˆr zmz{~zuw u |l‰ nxl rw, m mwsr srxrtzˆr {qz{w{x‰„mˆr €quxm. Tzu {„rz‰ ~ux‰z{ w{}}{qu}{omzˆ, {qzmw{, zm~w{x‰w{ y{sz{ ~€qu‰, u‚ y€zq €wu utp{{oxrzˆ ut |r}rw}€„rzzˆ‚ |}€‰ro. U~mxuu, mwsr srxrtzˆr, nˆxu {qrx‰zˆyu, {qzmw{ ut-tm ~ux‰z{v w{}}{qu}{omzz{~u u‚ {}ym zr €~mzmoxuomr~l 107. U{p}rnrzur |{ ~o{ry€ uzorzm}‹, ouquy{, qmu}€r~l |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VII o. q{ z. Š., o}ryrzry, zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |{~xrq{omo uy tm |}rw}m†rzury ~€†r~o{omzul |{~rxrzul zm ƒrz}mx‰z{y ‚{xyr zm }€nrsr VIII–VII oo. q{ z. Š. 108 Tqw{w{x‰„mˆr srxrtzˆr €quxm ~‚{qz{p{ u|m nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ u zm zrw}{|{xr Hm}-Pmn€q, w{{}ˆv |}uyr}z{ ~uz‚}{zutu}€r~l ~ [mtmzx€ III B u n{xrr |{tqzuv, „ry zrw}{|{x‰ Wumxw B. Kp{ y{sz{ |}rq|{x{surx‰z{ qmu}{om‰ VII o. q{ z. Š. 109 K†r {quz Šwtry|xl} n}{zt{oˆ‚ €qux ~ pxmqwuyu y€zq€wmyu, |}uzmqxrsm†uv w Š{y€ u|€, nˆx {nzm}€srz |}u p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|wm‚ zrw}{|{xl ]r yr‚-Rm‚u o Q€}u~mzr 110; rp{ qmu}{owm zrl~zm. Smw{zrƒ, zr~w{x‰w{ Šwtry|xl}{o {qz{w{x‰„mˆ‚ 101 Contenau, Ghirshman 1935, 18, pl. 8, V, 6; Potratz 1941– 42, 108 Goff 1969, 123–126; Goff 1978, 40 – 42; ~}. Moorey 1971, 175. W}. Nagel 1963, 53. U}rqx{srzzml tqr~‰ qmu}{owm |{p}rnrzul XIV–XIII oo. q{ z. Š. nrt{~z{omrx‰zm. 102 Nr~~rz 1965, 22 – 30. 103. 109 Vanden Berghe 1967, 57; de Waele 1982, 68. 110 Maleki 1964, 17, pl. VIII, 1. N. S. Rrqorq~wml (1983, 62) 103 Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №56. 104 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 212. €quxmyu ~ ut{pz€ˆyu zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu (~y. zusr). { un{„z{ €wmtˆomr, „{ Šu €quxm nˆxu zmvqrzˆ oyr~r ~ 105 Nr~~rz 1965, }u~. 12, 2. 106 Goff 1969, 123–126, fig. 6 –7. H qrv~ourx‰z{~u utor~z{ xu ‰, „{ {zu |}{u~‚{ql ut 107 Goff 1969, 126, fig. 7, 5. |{p}rnrzuly {zu |}uzmqxrsmxu, {~€~o€‹. 170 {qz{p{ y{pux‰zuwm, ~orqrzul sr { {y, w {qz{y€ uxu }mtzˆy 1 2 3 4 6 5 8 9 7 10 11 12 14 13 15 16 Vu~. 82 Sm‚{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul 3 zrw}{|{xl Xr|r Iulz U{ Contenau, Ghirshman 1935, pl. 8 171 €qux nrt |~mxuv, |}{u~‚{ql†u‚ ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w zm r}}u{}uu N}mzm, ‚}mzl~l o }lqr ro}{|rv~wu‚ ~{n}mzuv, zm|}uyr} o Gr}xuzr (qom o w{xxrwƒuu Srx‰~{zm, {quz o R€trr |}rq- u |}mu~{}uu) 111, o w{xxrwƒuu F. I{qm}m 112 u q}. Yquxm Š{p{ u|m u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ mwsr u €}m}myu. Mzm„urx‰z{r w{xu„r~o{ u‚ n}{zt{oˆ‚ u srxrtzˆ‚ Šwtry|xl}{o, |}{u~‚{ql†u‚ ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w, ‚}mzu~l o y€trl‚ X€}ƒuu (Fzwm}m, bxltˆp, Fqmzm u q}.) (. 87, 10, 11) 113; tm zruyrzury m}‚r{x{pu„r~w{p{ w{zrw~m u‚ zro{ty{sz{ ~w{x‰w{-zun€q‰ {„z{ qmu}{om‰. Mqr~‰ sr utor~zˆ u zm‚{qwu n}{zt{oˆ‚ |~mxuv «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m. Xmw, o y€trr Zuxmqrx‰uu ‚}mzu~l }u Šwtry|xl}m q€p{{n}mtzˆ‚ }r‚qˆ}„mˆ‚ |~mxuv, |}{u~‚{ql†u‚ ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w, or}{lz{, o o{~{„z{v Fzm{xuu ({„z{r yr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{) (. 87, 12) 114. Lrxrtzˆr u n}{zt{oˆr w{x‰„mˆr €quxm nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ u |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Xrv rnmuzu 115. Nyr‹~l zm‚{qwu mwu‚ €qux u w tm|mq€ { €}m}~w{v r}}u{}uu. Xmw, {quz Šwtry|xl} w{x‰„mˆ‚ srxrtzˆ‚ €qux nrt |~mxuv {nzm}€srz o G{pmtwkr, o ~x{r G‹‹wwmxr I (|r}oml |{x{ouzm – ~r}rquzm VII oo. q{ z. Š.); o {y sr ~x{r {nzm}€srz u srxrtzˆv }r‚|rrx‰„mˆv |~mxuv ~wu~w{p{ u|m (. 29) 116. Wux‰z{ w{}}{qu}{omzzˆr w{x‰„mˆr srxrtzˆr €quxm zmvqrzˆ u o ~x{r |}uyr}z{ {p{ sr o}ryrzu o Fxu m}r 117. P}{yr zmtomzzˆ‚ }rpu{z{o, o t{z€ }m~|}{~}mzrzul Š{p{ ouqm €tqˆ o‚{quxm u W}rqzll Ftul. Sm‚{qwu {qz{w{x‰„mˆ‚ €qux ‚{}{ { utor~zˆ tqr~‰ zm |mylzuwm‚ ]€~~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. Pmw €wmtˆomr zmvqrzzml zm p{}{qu†r Jmx‰or}tuz o Zr}pmz~w{v {nxm~u xurvzml {}ym qxl utp{{oxrzul |~mxul, {zu u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ ~ |~mxulyu {v sr {}yˆ, „{ zmvqrzzˆr o zrw}{|{xr Wumxw B, [mtmzx€ IV u o{}{y Ruzpr„m€}~w{y w€}pmzr 118. Jmu}{owm Šu‚ zm‚{q{w, wmw u ~my{v ]€~~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ, zrl~zm. Tzm {|}rqrxlr~l |}rsqr o~rp{ |{ mzmx{puu ~ u}mz~wuyu |mylzuwmyu, o „m~z{~u ~ zrw}{|{xry Wumxw B, m mwsr |{ }mqu{€pxr}{qzˆy qmmy, |}uyr}z{ XII–VIII oo. q{ z. Š. 119 U~mxuu Š{p{ u|m {nzm}€srzˆ mwsr o }mzzr~mw~w{y |{p}rnrzuu w€}pmzm 23 y{pux‰zuwm Wmwm}-„mpm 6 (. 83, 9, 10 ) 120. P}{yr |~mxuro ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m (ƒrz}mx‰z{r {or}~ur }{yn{ouqz{r, n{w{oˆr — w}€pxˆr; o~r }u uyr‹ {quzmw{oˆv }mtyr}), tqr~‰ sr zmvqrzˆ n}{zt{oˆr €quxm ~ |}ly{€p{x‰z{-~}ryr„w{ouqzˆyu {w{z„mzulyu u qo€‚}lqzˆy t€n„mˆy }uxrzury zm ~r}szl‚, n}{zt{oˆr |}{zutu u |{q|}€szˆr |}lswu, o {y „u~xr oˆ|{xzrzzˆr o tor}uzz{y ~uxr u ~{or} rzz{ mzmx{pu„zˆr nxl wmy ut w€}pmzm 33 Yvpm}mw~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm (. 83, 1– 8, 11– 15) 121. Mqr~‰ sr {nzm}€srz zmn{} ut qr~lu n}{zt{oˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o ~}rx, }u ut w{{}ˆ‚ „r}r w{oˆr ‚m}mwr}z{p{ ~mw~w{p{ u|m ({quz qo€‚- u qom }r‚x{|m~zˆr), m {~mx‰zˆr o€x‰„mˆr (}{yn{ouqzˆr, xmo}{xu~zˆr u |€xrouqzˆr) (. 83, 19 – 28). Xmw{r ~{„rmzur u|{o zmw{zr„zuw{o ‚m}mwr}z{ qxl }mzzu‚ ~mw~wu‚ w{y|xrw~{o U}um}mx‰l, {z{~l†u‚~l |{-ouquy{y€, w{ o}ryrzu zr |{tsr VII o. q{ z. Š. 122 P}{yr {p{, o { sr w{y|xrw~ o‚{qux nuyrmxxu„r~wuv wxrorƒ ~ n}{zt{o{v o€xw{v u srxrtzˆy n{vw{y, uyr‹†uv nxutwur mzmx{puu o w€}pmzr 84 Yvpm}mw~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm (oyr~r ~{ ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆyu €quxmyu u zmn{}{y ~}rx, o w{{}{y |}r{nxmqm‹ „r}r w{oˆr zmw{zr„zuwu) 123, w{y|xrw~r ut Nyu}xr}m u q}. (~y. oˆ r). W€†r~orzzˆy {xu„ury { Šu‚ wxroƒ{o loxr~l {, „{ Šwtry|xl} ut Wmwm}-„mpm uyrr |rx‹ o zuszrv „m~u o€xwu (. 83, 34). H ƒrx{y y{sz{ |{xmpm‰, „{ w{y|xrw~ w€}pmzm 23 y{pux‰zuwm Wmwm}-„mpm 6 |{ o}ryrzu nxut{w |{p}rnrzuly ut S{} €zr|r u Nyu}xr}m (wxrorƒ, ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆr €quxm, qo€‚x{|m~zˆr o€x‰„mˆr ~}rxˆ) u ut Rmx{p{ w€}pmzm o Rux‰~w{-Pm}mnm‚~w{v ~r|u ({}ym |~mxuro) uxu zr~w{x‰w{ ~m} r u‚ u qmu}€r~l zr |{tsr |r}o{v |{x{ouzˆ VII o. q{ z. Š. K~xu or}z{ |}rqx{srzur R. U. I}lt- 111 Nagel 1963, 27 –28, 53–54, Taf. LII, 109 –111. 112 de Waele 1982, 68, Nr. 73, fig. 50. 113 Yıldırım 1987, 490 – 491, Abb. 42 – 44. 114 Özgen 1979, 126, fig. 15; Özgen 1984, fig. 27; Yıldırım 1987, 476, Abb. 21. 115 Uu{}{o~wuv 1950, 54, }u~. 32 (|{y. 13); Piotrovsky 1969, pl. 77. 116 Boehmer 1972, 162, Taf. LVIII, Nr. 1695 A, 1695. 172 117 von der Osten 1937, 115, fig. 114. 118 Mmqzr|}{o~wuv 1962, 30 – 31, mn. XX, 3; XXI, 18. 119 Mmqzr|}{o~wuv 1962, 64 –70. 120 dnx{z~wuv 1991, 80 – 81, }u~. 10 –12; dnx{z~wuv 1996, 43– 44, }u~. 18 –20. 121 Hu zro~wml 1973, 114, mn. IX, 15 –16; XXVIII, 6 –7. 122 Rrqorq~wml 1972, 83– 85, 89; dnx{z~wuv 1991, 86. 123 Huz zro~wml 1973, mn. XX. 1 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 Vu~. 83 Nzorzm}‰ w€}pmzm 23 y{pux‰zuwm Wmwm}-„mpm 6 (1– 8) 173 11 12 13 9 10 14 15 18 17 16 Vu~. 83 Nzorzm}‰ w€}pmzm 23 y{pux‰zuwm Wmwm}-„mpm 6 (9 –18) 174 24 20 19 21 22 23 26 25 28 27 29 30 31 33 32 34 Vu~. 83 Nzorzm}‰ w€}pmzm 23 y{pux‰zuwm Wmwm}-„mpm 6. 1–28. G}{ztm; 29. M{x{m, nu}‹tm; 30, 31. Lrxrt{; 32. Pmyrz‰; 33. Gu}‹tm; 34. G}{ztm, srxrt{ U{ dnx{z~wuv 1996, }u~. 18 –20 175 z{om ~uz‚}{zutu}{om‰ y{pux‰zuwu Yvpm}mw u cszˆv Xmpu~wrz ~ w€}pmz{y F}smz 124, { {zu y{p€ nˆ‰ {zr~rzˆ r†r w VIII o. q{ z. Š. 125 u qmu}{om‰~l }mz‰ r, „ry wuyyr}uv~wur (m}‚r{x{pu„r~wu «}mzzr~wu~wur») |mylzuwu Rmx{v Ftuu. W‚{qzˆr |~mxuu o w{y|xrwr ~{ ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆyu €quxmyu ~ q{|{xzurx‰zˆy {or}~ury nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ mwsr o w{y|xrw~r ut Gusr (H{~{„z{r Wryu}r„‰r) 126. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, o Mmwmowmt‰r {qz{w{x‰„mˆr n}{zt{oˆr €quxm ~ {qrx‰zˆyu |~mxulyu |}uyrzlxu~‰ |m}mxxrx‰z{ ~ €quxmyu ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu «m}„mqt{}~w{p{» u|m |{ yrz‰ rv yr}r ~ XII o. q{ z. Š. (|{p}rnrzur 79 F}uw~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm, |{p}rnrzur 13 o Gr m rzu u q}.). N~|{x‰t{omzur Š{p{ ouqm €qux oyr~r ~ {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆyu yrmxxu„r~wuyu |~mxulyu zmqrsz{ tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omz{ zm„uzml ~{ o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ – w{zƒm IX o. q{ z. Š. ([mtmzx€ IV, o{}{v Ruzpr„m€}~wuv w€}pmz), |}u„ry |}uyr}z{ {pqm sr zm„uzm‹ |}uyrzl‰~l u srxrtzˆr €quxm u |~mxuu, w{{}ˆr, o|}{„ry, zr oˆr~zl‹ n}{zt{oˆr o|x{‰ q{ VII o. q{ z. Š. Sm~w{x‰w{ y{sz{ ~€qu‰, ~|{~{n utp{{oxrzul €qux (o ouqr |r}rouˆ‚ |}€‰ro uxu xuˆr) zr uyrr ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{p{ tzm„rzul — u r u q}€pur u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ {qz{o}ryrzz{, „{ tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omz{ u‚ zr{qz{w}mzˆyu zm‚{qwmyu o {qzu‚ u r‚ sr w{y|xrw~m‚. Tqz{w{x‰„mˆr €quxm ~ }r‚qˆ}„mˆyu |~mxulyu ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m |}{q{xsmxu |}uyrzl‰~l tqr~‰ |{ yrz‰ rv yr}r q{ VII o. q{ z. Š. U~mxuu ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m zr{qz{w}mz{ ~{|{~moxlxu~‰ ~ |~mxulyu, ‚m}mwr}zˆyu qxl ~myˆ‚ }mzzu‚ w{y|xrw~{o «}mzzr~wu~w{v» w€x‰€}ˆ, zm|}uyr}, ut w€}pmzm Lmn{uz 524, Xrzruzwm 183, € ‚€{}m Fxrw~rro~wuv o Wmo}{|{x‰r u q}. (. 84, 4; 85, 7) 127. Pmw €sr €wmtˆomx{~‰, H. V. b}xu‚ ~„umr mwur |~mxuu ‚m}mwr}zˆyu qxl ~o{rv }r‰rv ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{v p}€||ˆ, pqr {zu u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ oyr~r ~{ ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆyu €quxmyu 128. U~mxuu Š{v {}yˆ, zm~w{x‰w{ y{sz{ ~€qu‰, u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ xu ‰ o |}rqrxm‚ }mzzrp{, «smn{uz~w{p{», |r}u{qm }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ, m tmry oˆ‚{ql ut €|{}rnxrzul 129. K~xu |}rq|{xmpm‰, wmw Š{ qrxmr~l {nˆ„z{, tmuy~o{omzur }r‚qˆ}„mˆ‚ |~mxuv «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m o N}mz u Mmwmowmt‰r ut o{~{„z{ro}{|rv~wu‚ ~r|rv, Š{ y{sr qm‰ zrw{{}ˆr {~z{omzul qxl mn~{x‹z{v qmu}{owu |mylzuw{o «smn{uz~w{p{» |r}u{qm. N‚ zmxu„ur, |}u„ry o q{~m{„z{ n{x‰u‚ w{xu„r~om‚, o u}mz~wu‚ u tmwmowmt~wu‚ w{y|xrw~m‚ o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ – w{zƒm IX o. q{ z. Š. (o{}{v Ruzpr„m€}~wuv w€}pmz, [mtmzx€ IV) qmx{ nˆ terminus ante quem u‚ |{loxrzul o ~r|l‚. Tqzmw{ Š{ |}rq|{x{srzur {~mr~l zu„ry zr |{qor}sqrzz{v pu|{rt{v. Mqr~‰ zrx‰tl u~wx‹„m‰ zu {n}mz{p{ zm|}moxrzul tmuy~o{omzul, zu zrtmou~uy{p{ {}yu}{omzul zm {~z{or n{xrr m}‚mu„zˆ‚ }r‚qˆ}„mˆ‚ |~mxuro, }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆ‚ o |mylzuwm‚ „r}z{p{}{o~w{p{ u|m. H{ty{sz{ u tmuy~o{omzur Š{v {}yˆ |~mxuv wmw o N}mz, mw u H{~{„z€‹ Ko}{|€ ut W}rqzrv Ftuu, {qzmw{ ut-tm {~€~oul my qmu}{omzzˆ‚ }mzzu‚ zm‚{q{w Š{ |}rq|{x{srzur mwsr {~mr~l nrt zmqrszˆ‚ m}p€yrz{o. d~z{, o x‹n{y ~x€„mr, „{ {qz{w{x‰„mˆr €quxm ~ {qrx‰zˆyu |~mxulyu zr nˆxu o Mmwmowmt‰r u N}mzr z{omƒurv zu o VIII, zu qmsr o IX o. q{ z. Š., mw „{ u‚ u~|{x‰t{omzur tqr~‰ zro{ty{sz{ ~oltˆom‰ ~ |r}rqzrmtum~wuyu |{‚{qmyu ro}mtuv~wu‚ z{ymq{o. ]{ wm~mr~l n}{zt{oˆ‚ }r‚qˆ}„mˆ‚ |~mxuv «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m, { u‚ u~|{x‰t{omzur tqr~‰ zmqrsz{ q{w€yrzu}€r~l ~{ o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ IX |{ |r}o€‹ |{x{ouz€ VII oo. q{ z. Š. Jxl qmu}{owu |{tqzrv u‚ |}rq~wu~wu‚ |mylzuw{o {~{nˆv uzr}r~ |}rq~moxl‹ n}{zt{oˆr €quxm, m mwsr ~{~moxlo ur ~ zuyu zmn{} |~mxuu, {nzm}€srzˆr o |{p}rnrzuu 47 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrzm (Um}mqu~r~€zp) (. 85, 11– 13) 130. Yquxm ~|xrrzˆ ut n}{zt{o{p{ |}€m u uyr‹ w{x‰„mˆr 124 I}ltz{o 1980, 61; Grjaznov 1984, 83. W}. ~uz‚}{zutmƒu‹ Mmvƒrom, Qrnrqrom 1994, 141–156. bu qmu}{owu nˆxu, {qzm- w€}pmzm F}smz ~ }mzzuyu y{puxmyu Yvpm}mwm u u‚ qmu}{ow€ w{, o |{~xrqzrr o}ryl {~|{}rzˆ: ]xrz{om 1997. 126 Fwu ro, Fwu rom 1978, 39 – 40, }u~. 2. 127 W}. zm|}uyr} Xr}rz{swuz 1971, 74 –75; b}xu‚ 1994, VIII o. q{ z. Š.: P€t‰yuzm 1975, 287. W}. mwsr dnx{z~wuv 1996, 51. 125 Jmu}{owm F}smz~w{p{ w€}pmzm |{ qmzzˆy qrzq}{‚}{z{x{puu — 745 p. q{ z. Š. ± 40 xr (Rm}~mq{x{o 1988, 65 – 81), m |{ }rt€x‰mmy w{}}rxlƒuu qrzq}{‚}{z{x{pu„r~wu‚ u }mqu{wm}n{zzˆ‚ qmu}{o{w — 820 –740 pp. q{ z. Š.: Rm}~mq{x{o, 176 102 –103. 128 b}xu‚ 1994, 65 – 69. 129 Rrqorq~wml 1992, 87; b}xu‚ 1994, 103. 130 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 77, Taf. 19, 6; 76, 2. 1 2 5 6 7 8 4 3 10 9 11 12 Vu~. 84 Sm‚{qwu ut w€}pmzm 524 € ~. Lmn{uz. 1, 4, 6, 9. G}{ztm; 2. Pmyrz‰; 3. Lrxrt{; 5, 10 –12. Ixuzm; 7, 8. M{x{{ U{ Nx‰uz~wml, Xr}rz{swuz 1987, 237 177 {w{z„mzul. U~mxuu }r‚qˆ}„mˆr ({or}~ul }m~|{x{srzˆ o {qz{v |x{~w{~u), ~ tmpz€ˆyu w{zƒmyu, uyr‹†uyu {}y€ x{|m~rv, „{ {xu„mr u‚ { {nˆ„zˆ‚ |~mxuro «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m. P{y|xrw~ zm‚{q{w |{p}rnrzul, |}rsqr o~rp{ n}{zt{oˆv |{l~ ~ ‚m}mwr}zˆyu ut{n}msrzulyu suo{zˆ‚ u {}zmyrzmx‰zˆyu y{uomyu 131, m mwsr |{qor~wu o ouqr n€nrz„uw{o (~}. zusr) u ‚m}mwr}zˆv zmw{zr„zuw ~}rxˆ (. 85, 9, 15, 16), |{to{xl‹ ~uz‚}{zutu}{om‰ Š{ |{p}rnrzur (wmw, o|}{„ry, u n{x‰ uz~o{ q}€pu‚ o zrw}{|{xr) ~ |mylzuwmyu ‚{qsmxˆ-m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m. Hz€}u Š{v p}€||ˆ |{p}rnrzur y{sr nˆ‰ ~uz‚}{zutu}{omz{ ~ Ruzpr„m€}~wuyu w€}pmzmyu — {n}m†mr zm ~rnl ozuymzur, zm|}uyr}, ~‚{q~o{ w{x‰„mˆ‚ €qux ~ |xrrzˆyu y€zq €wmyu ut Š{p{ w{y|xrw~m u ut o{}{p{ w€}pmzm Ruzpr„m€}m. Pmw €sr €wmtˆomx{~‰, zrw}{|{x‰ Pmxmwrzm, wmw u Ruzpr„m€}~wur w€}pmzˆ, o}lq xu y{p€ nˆ‰ qmu}{omzˆ |{tsr w{zƒm IX o. q{ z. Š. Tn}m†mr zm ~rnl ozuymzur {}ym |~mxuv ut 47 |{p}rnrzul Pmxmwrzm. Tzu zr uyr‹ nxutwu‚ mzmx{puv ~}rqu tmwmowmt~wu‚ uxu u}mz~wu‚ ymr}umx{o. Gxusmv ml u rquz~orzzml mzmx{pul uy |}{u~‚{qu ut w€}pmzm Ym ‚u€ o Fqˆprr, pqr ~‚{qzˆr |~mxuu nˆxu zmvqrzˆ o w{y|xrw~r ~ qo€w{x‰„mˆyu €quxmyu z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m (. 16, 1– 3, 8 – 10, 15 – 17, 21, 22) 132. U~mxuu ut Ym ‚u€ u ut Pmxmwrzm or~‰ym ~‚{qzˆ — u r, u q}€pur uyr‹ {}y€ ~r}szrv ~ }ryl {or}~ulyu, w{{}ˆr tmor} m‹~l ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ €{x†rzury o ouqr u r„wu, m ~ q}€p{v — tmpz€{v x{|m~‰‹. Txu„ul yrsq€ zuyu zrtzm„urx‰zˆ — pxmozˆy ut zu‚ loxlr~l {{}yxrzur {or}~uv |~mxul. Y Šwtry|xl}{o ut Ym ‚u€ {or}~ul w}€pxˆr u zm‚{ql~l {zu o ~|rƒumx‰zˆ‚ y€m‚ (}€nwm‚). U~mxuu ut Pmxmwrzm uyr‹ {or}~ul {omx‰z{v {}yˆ; y€ˆ {~€~o€‹ u tmyrzrzˆ }m~ u}rzulyu, ~‚{qzˆyu ~ ryu, „{ uyr‹~l zm |~mxul‚ ut Wumxwm, Ruzpr„m€}m uxu zm |~mxul‚ „r}z{p{}{o~w{p{ u|m. H|}{„ry, zmxu„ur uxu {~€~our y€ o {{}yxrzuu {or}~uv |~mxuv zr ~{x‰ €s omszˆv |}utzmw — utor~zˆ |~mxuu }mtzˆ‚ u|{o, |}uyrzlo ur {nm ~|{~{nm {{}yxrzul {or}~uv u u~|{x‰t{omo ur~l {qz{o}ryrzz{. Xmw, ~}rqu |~mxuro w€}pmzm F}smz |}rq~moxrzˆ wmw Šwtry|xl}ˆ ~ |}{~ˆyu {or}~ulyu, {{}yxrzzˆyu €{x†rzury ~r}szl, mw u ~ y€myu, |}u„ry uyr‹~l u |r}r‚{qzˆr {}yˆ { {qz{v }mtz{ouqz{~u w q}€p{v 133. Pmw ~|}morqxuo{ tmyr„mr H. V. b}xu‚, |~mxuu ut Ym ‚u€ loxl‹~l ~uzrt{y «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m }r‚qˆ}„mˆ‚ |~mxuv u z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m }r‚|rrx‰„mˆ‚ ~ tmpz€{v x{|m~‰‹ 134. U}u Š{y {z {n‡rquzlr u‚ o {quz u| ~ }r‚qˆ}„mˆyu |~mxulyu u|m zmvqrzzˆ‚ o w€}pmzr Lmn{uz 524 u ‚m}mwr}zˆ‚ €sr qxl }mzzr~wu~wu‚ |mylzuw{o. bu |~mxuu, {qzmw{, uyr‹ omsz{r {xu„ur { zmvqrzzˆ‚ o Ym ‚u€ u Pmxmwrzr — € zu‚ {~€~o€r tmpz€ml x{|m~‰, m w{zrƒ {{}yxrz uxu o ouqr tmpz€{p{ ~r}szl (Lmn{uz 524), uxu |}{~{ |}ly{v (Xrzruzwm 183). P}{yr {p{, o~r {zu zmvqrzˆ oyr~r ~{ ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆyu }mzzr~wu~wuyu €quxmyu. U~mxuu u|m zmvqrzzˆ‚ o Ym ‚u€ u Pmxmwrzr |}rq~moxl‹ ~{n{v }rqwuv |r}r‚{qzˆv u|, ouquy{, zr |{x€„uo uv u}{w{p{ }m~|}{~}mzrzul u ~€†r~o{omo uv zrq{xp{. Tzu zmvqrzˆ o nxutwu‚, ‚{l u }mtqrxrzzˆ‚ Pmowmt~wuy ‚}rn{y, }mv{zm‚, pqr ouquy{, u ~x{sux~l Š{ u|, {n‡rquzlo uv ‚m}mwr}zˆr qxl qo€‚ }mv{z{o {}yˆ |~mxuv — }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆr w ~ror}€ { Pmowmtm x{|m~zˆr |~mxuu z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, u }rqwur o U}rqwmowmt‰r, z{ }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆr o Mmwmowmt‰r u N}mzr }r‚qˆ}„mˆr |~mxuu «~umxw{o~w{v» }mtz{ouqz{~u. U{x{srzur w€}pmzm Ym ‚u€ o ~u~ryr {z{~urx‰z{v ‚}{z{x{puu |mylzuw{o |}rq~wu~w{p{ u }mzzr~wu~w{p{ |r}u{q{o €nrqurx‰z{ {n{~z{omz{ H. V. b}xu‚{y — Š{ |mylzuw |}uzmqxrsu w ~my{y€ |{tqzry€ Šm|€ z{o{„r}wm~~w{v p}€||ˆ u o‚{qu o p}€||€ |r}r‚{qzˆ‚ w }mzzr~wu~w{v Š|{‚r |mylzuw{o 135. Wuz‚}{zutmƒul Š{p{ |mylzuwm ~ 47 |{p}rnrzury Pmxmwrzm qmr r†r {qz€ {|{}z€‹ {„w€ qxl qmu}{owu |{tqzu‚ z{o{„r}wm~~wu‚ |mylzuw{o — |{p}rnrzur Pmxmwrzm o}lq xu y{sr nˆ‰ qmu}{omz{ |{tsr }€nrsm IX–VIII oo. q{ z. Š. 131 J}€pur ~‚{qzˆr |{l~m {nzm}€srzˆ mwsr o |{p}rnrzul‚ u|€ (Dietz 1998, 122, Nr. 468, Taf. 33), ~€†r~orzz{ {xu- 49 (oyr~r ~ wxm~~u„r~wuyu €quxmyu «m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m»), „mr~l { |~mxuv ut Ym ‚u€. 133 I}ltz{o 1980, 47 – 49, }u~. 30; Grjaznov 1984, 65 – 67, 95, 98, 189, 6 (Kalakent), ~y. Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 26, 41, 43. Tn Š{v p}€||r |{l~{o ~y. Esayan 1984, 119 –132. 132 b}xu‚ 1994, 25 –26, mn. 5; Dietz 1998, 122, Nr. 461– 467, Taf. 33. U~mxuv ut Rrqouzm, {zr~rzzˆv Y. Q. Juƒ w {y€ sr 178 Abb. 30. 134 b}xu‚ 1994, 102. 135 b}xu‚ 1994, 29 – 33, 101–103. 4 3 2 1 5 6 7 8 10 9 12 11 14 13 15 16 17 Vu~. 85 1– 8. Sm‚{qwu ut w€}pmzm € ‚€. Fxrw~rro~wuv nxut Wmo}{|{xl. 9 –17. Sm‚{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul 47 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrz € Pu}{omnmqm. 9. Lrxrt{; {~mx‰z{r n}{ztm U{ Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 77 (1– 8); Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 19; 76 (9 –17) 179 2.2.3 YJNQF W LKWXPTWPVKUQKSS`RN UWFQNdRN H UKVKJSKO FMNN N KHVTUK Pmw €sr p{o{}ux{~‰, o xur}m€}r {nˆ„z{ ~„umr~l, „{ |{loxrzur €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu w ~ror}€ { Pmowmt~w{p{ ‚}rnm {n‡l~zlr~l u‚ tmuy~o{omzury ut Ur}rqzrv Ftuu. Sm {~z{or Š{p{ |}rq|{x{srzul qrxmr~l oˆo{q {n €„m~uu q{~wu~w{p{ zm~rxrzul U}u„r}z{y{}‰l o |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{qm‚ u { qmu}{owm‚ |}rq~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. Xmw{r |}rq~moxrzur wmsr~l, {qzmw{, or~‰ym €|}{†rzzˆy. U}rsqr o~rp{, ~{or} rzz{ zr|{zlz{, |{„ry€ |}uzƒu| utp{{oxrzul €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu ~„umr~l ~|rƒuu„r~wu |r}rqzro{~{„zˆy. H}lq xu u~|{x‰t{omzur Š{p{ |}uzƒu|m uyrr rquzˆv ƒrz} |}{u~‚{sqrzul u o{ o~lw{y ~x€„mr o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆr ~ |~mxulyu €quxm |{loxl‹~l q{~m{„z{ |{tqz{. H ~o{r o}ryl O. U{}mƒ oˆqrxux mwur €quxm o III yr~{|{my{-rpu|r~wuv u| u ~oltˆomx rp{ |}{u~‚{sqrzur ~ Wror}zˆy Pmowmt{y 136. N~|{x‰t{omzur Š{p{ u|m o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu {z qmu}{omx VII–V oo. q{ z. Š. Tqzmw{ u~|{x‰t{omzzˆ‚ uy qmzzˆ‚ ~{or} rzz{ zrq{~m{„z{ qxl mw{v qmu}{owu. H wm„r~or rr pxmozˆ‚ {|{}zˆ‚ |€zw{o {z zmtˆomx zm‚{qwu €qux o Ur}~r|{xr u o ~x{r |r}~uq~w{p{ }mtp}{ym (480 p. q{ z. Š.) o Fuzm‚ 137. Tqzmw{ Šu zm‚{qwu y{p€ {n{~z{oˆom‰ o w}mvzry ~x€„mr or}‚z‹‹ qm€ }m~|}{~}mzrzul mwu‚ €qux, z{ zuwmw zr zusz‹‹. X{ sr or}z{ u qxl qmzzˆ‚, zm w{{}ˆr {|u}mx~l U. R€}u. T~z{oˆoml~‰ |}rsqr o~rp{ zm zm‚{qwm‚ €qux Š{p{ u|m o zrw}{|{xr Jror [€‹wm (yrsq€ 480 u 380 pp. q{ z. Š.) 138 u o Ur}~r|{xr (o {~z{oz{y Š|{‚m Fxrw~mzq}m Rmwrq{z~w{p{) 139, {z ~oltmx rp{ }m~|}{~}mzrzur ~ |r}~uq~w{v m}yurv, ~„uml, „{ o~r qmu}{omzzˆr zm‚{qwu qmzz{p{ u|m {z{~l~l uyrzz{ w |r}~uq~w{v Š|{‚r (. 86, 1– 4) 140. Tz |{xmpmx, w}{yr {p{, „{ o{{n†r €quxm, sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆr ~ |~mxulyu, |{loxl‹~l o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu o w{zƒr VII o. q{ z. Š. u oˆr~zl‹ ‚m}mwr}zˆr qxl n{xrr }mzzrp{ |r}u{qm €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |{qouszˆyu |~mxulyu 141. bm qmm, {qzmw{, zuwmw zr nˆxm {n{~z{omzm. N. S. Rrqorq~wml, {yruo ~xmn{~‰ m}p€yrzmƒuu U. R€}u, |{|ˆmxm~‰ qmu}{om‰ |r}r‚{q { €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu w €quxmy ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu. Tzm ~|}morqxuo{ tmyruxm, „{ o VII o. q{ z. Š. €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu o Mmwmowmt‰r €sr zr u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰. U}u Š{y N. S. Rrqorq~wml ~„umxm, „{ tmyrzm €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu €quxmyu ~ ƒrx‰z{xuˆyu |~mxulyu |}{ut{ xm zm }€nrsr VIII–VII oo. q{ z. Š. Tqzmw{ u rr {n{~z{omzur Š{v qmˆ |}rq~moxlr~l or~‰ym ~xmnˆy. Tzm {~z{oˆomxm~‰ |{„u u~wx‹„urx‰z{ zm qmu}{owr zm‚{q{w ~ ƒrx‰z{xuˆyu |~mxulyu o |{tqzrz{o{„r}wm~~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ U}u„r}z{y{}‰l, w{{}ˆr {z{~uxm, o ~{{or~ouu ~ |}uzlˆyu {pqm |}rq~moxrzulyu, w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. Š. 142 bm qmu}{owm |{~x€suxm pxmozˆy {~z{omzury qmu}{owu |{p}rnrzul 74 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B, ~{qr}sm†rp{ €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu. Xr|r}‰, {qzmw{, N. S. Rrqorq~wml q{xszm nˆ tzm„urx‰z{ €q}rozu‰ ~o{‹ qm€ Š{p{ |{p}rnrzul, |{~w{x‰w€ zm‚{qwu ut |}rq~wu~wu‚ |{p}rnrzuv o U}u„r}z{y{}‰r qmu}€‹~l ~rv„m~ (o{ o~lw{y ~x€„mr, r‹) |}uyr}z{ zm orw }mz‰ r, o ~{{or~ouu ~ {n†uy €q}rozrzury }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ 143. Tqzmw{ ~yrzm €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu €quxmyu ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu y{sr nˆ‰ €~mz{oxrzm u |{ ~myuy |r}rqzro{~{„zˆy ymr}umxmy, nrt u~|{x‰t{omzul |}u„r}z{y{}~wu‚ mzmx{puv. T~{n€‹ }{x‰ up}m‹ tqr~‰ ~orqrzul {n €}m}~w{v w{z~w{v €|}lsu, ~€†r~orzz{ {xu„mo rv~l { tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{v €tqˆ. Vmtouur €}m}~w{v €|}lsu y{sz{ |}{~xrqu‰ zm„uzml |}uyr}z{ ~ }€nrsm IX–VIII oo. q{ z. Š. Sr~y{}l zm {, „{ tzm„urx‰zml „m~‰ €}m}~wu‚ ymr}umx{o |}{u~‚{qu ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w u, ~{{or~orzz{, zr y{sr nˆ‰ qmu}{omzm |{ €~x{ouly zm‚{qwu, {|}rqrxu‰ qm€ zrw{{}ˆ‚ |}rqyr{o y{sz{ |{ uyr‹†uy~l zm zu‚ zmq|u~ly. 136 Potratz 1966, 116 –117, ~}. Potratz 1941–1944, 14, 18 –27. 137 Potratz 1966, 123–124. 138 Moorey 1980, 70 –72, Nr. 227 –230, fig. 10. 139 Schmidt 1939, 49, fig. 30; Schmidt 1957, 100, pl. 78, 2 – 4; 79, 7 – 9. W}. Muscarella 1988, 213–214, Nr. 324. 180 140 Wo{qwu zm‚{q{w ~y. Moorey 1980, 71–72; Muscarella 1988, 213–214. 141 Moorey 1971, 112, 127. 142 Rrqorq~wml 1983, 61– 64. 143 Rrqorq~wml 1992, 86 –107. 1 2 3 4 0 5 6 6 Vu~. 86 G}{zt{oˆr €quxm |r}~uq~w{p{ u|m. 1. Ur}~r|{x‰; 2. Fuzˆ, ~x{v |r}~uq~w{p{ }mtp}{ym; 3, 4. Jror [€‹w; 5, 6. Rr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{, Puro~wuv u~{}u„r~wuv y€trv U{ Muscarella 1988, 213, Nr. 324 (1); Yıldırım 1987, Abb. 35 (2); Moorey 1980, fig. 10, Nr. 227, 228 (3, 4); Xurzw{ 1954, }u~. 2, 3 (5, 6) 181 Smun{xrr }mzzrv utor~z{v {}y{v €}m}~wu‚ €qux nˆxu n}{zt{oˆr €quxm ~ |{qouszˆyu zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, wmw |}moux{ ~ {{pz€ˆyu zm}€s€ w{zƒmyu («x€w{ouqzˆr») u |rxlyu qxl }ryzrv €tqˆ, |}u„ry utor~zˆ u srxrtzˆr Šwtry|xl}ˆ Š{p{ u|m. U{ qrmxly {{}yxrzul |~mxuv }mtxu„mr~l zr~w{x‰w{ om}umz{o, ~€†r~o{omo u‚ {qz{o}ryrzz{ 144. W}rqu €qux Š{p{ u|m uyrr~l qorzmqƒm‰ Šwtry|xl}{o ~ zmq|u~lyu ƒm}l Rrz€m ({w{x{ 810 –785 pp. q{ z. Š.): {quz ut zu‚ {nzm}€srz |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Xrv rnmuzu (. 87, 1) 145, {~mx‰zˆr |}{u~‚{ql ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w u ‚}mzl~l o }mtxu„zˆ‚ y€trl‚ u „m~zˆ‚ ~{n}mzul‚ o X€}ƒuu u tm rr |}rqrxmyu (. 87, 3, 4) 146. T Šu‚ €qux |{ ~o{rv w{z~}€wƒuu }mquwmx‰z{ {xu„m‹~l €quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu. H zm~{l†rr o}ryl utor~z{ }u Šwtry|xl}m mwu‚ €qux, zmq|u~mzˆ‚ uyrzry ƒm}l Wm}q€}u II ({w. 760 –730 pp. q{ z. Š.). H~r }u Šwtry|xl}m |}uzmqxrsm w {qz{y€ u|€, ozr o~lw{p{ ~{yzrzul, loxl‹†ry€~l }mtouury {|u~mzz{p{ oˆ r u|m €qux Š|{‚u Rrz€m, w w{{}ˆy {zu „}rtoˆ„mvz{ nxutwu |{ {}yr. H~r utor~zˆr €quxm Š{p{ u|m nuyrmxxu„r~wur — ~ srxrtzˆyu y€zq €wmyu sr~w{ ~w}r|xrzˆ n}{zt{oˆr |~mxuu, zm w{{}ˆr u zmzr~rzˆ zmq|u~u. Tquz Šwtry|xl} mwu‚ €qux ~ zmq|u~‰‹ Wm}q€}u {nzm}€srz oyr~r ~ q}€puyu |}rqyrmyu w{z~w{p{ €n{}m |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Xrv rnmuzu (ut-tm ~ux‰z{v w{}}{tuu ~{‚}mzuxu~‰ xu ‰ zrtzm„urx‰zˆr }mpyrzˆ y€zq €wm) (. 87, 2) 147, qom q}€pu‚ |}{u~‚{ql ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w Ftzmo€}r|r u ‚}mzl~l o y€trr Fqmzˆ (. 87, 5) 148. Jom |{~xrqzu‚ Šwtry|xl}m, € w{{}ˆ‚ ~{‚}mzuxu~‰ y€zq €wu, |{wmtˆom‹, „{ {zu uyrxu {}y€ ~w}€„rzzˆ‚ |}€‰ro. P}{yr zmq|u~mzz{p{ Šwtry|xl}m, zm Xrv rnmuzu {nzm}€srz{ r†r {quzzmqƒm‰ |m} €qux {p{ sr u|m nrt zmq|u~rv 149. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, o~r utor~zˆr q{ ~u‚ |{} qmu}€ryˆr zmq|u~lyu Šwtry|xl}ˆ €}m}~wu‚ €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |{qouszˆyu |~mxulyu |}uzmqxrsm Š|{‚r Rrz€m, o~r ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu — Š|{‚r Wm}q€}u II. Ntor~zˆ u |r}r‚{qzˆr {}yˆ yrsq€ Šuyu qo€yl ouqmyu €qux. Tzu uyr‹ {nˆ„zˆr qxl €}m}~w{v €tqˆ |~mxuu q€p{ouqz{v {}yˆ ~ {{pz€ˆyu zm}€s€ w{zƒmyu, z{ zr ~ }ryl uxu „rˆ}‰yl |rxlyu, wmw o Š|{‚€ Rrz€m, m ~ qo€yl, wmw o Š|{‚€ Wm}q€}u (. 87, 6, 7). Xu|{x{pu„r~wu Šu €quxm ~{l yrsq€ €quxmyu Š|{‚u Rrz€m u Wm}q€}u II: u‚ |~mxuu |{ {}yr uqrzu„zˆ o{}ˆy, {qzmw{ o zu‚ r†r u~|{x‰t€r~l m}‚mu„zˆv |}uzƒu| zm|€~wzˆ‚ €qux, „{ ~nxusmr u‚ ~ |r}oˆyu 150. P ~{smxrzu‹, o~r {zu |}{u~‚{ql ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w u zr uyr‹ zmq|u~rv, mw „{ y{p€ nˆ‰ qmu}{omzˆ xu ‰ ut u|{x{pu„r~wu‚ ~{{n}msrzuv. R{sz{ |}rq|{x{su‰, ~xrq{omrx‰z{, „{ |r}r‚{q { {qz{v w{z~}€wƒuu €qux w q}€p{v o Y}m}€ |}uyr}z{ ~{{or~o€r |r}u{q€ |}moxrzul F}pu u I, ƒm}~o{omo rp{ yrsq€ Rrz€m u Wm}q€}u II, . r. |r}o{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. Š. b{ oˆo{q |{qor}sqmr~l u ymr}umxmyu }m~w{|{w [mtmzx€ IV. W}rqu yz{p{„u~xrzzˆ‚ zm‚{q{w w{z~w{v €tqˆ o rp{ uzmx‰z{y ~x{r (w{zrƒ IX o. q{ z. Š., ~y. zusr) {nzm}€srz rquz~orzzˆv Šwtry|xl} €qux, ƒrx‰z{xuˆ‚ ~ |~mxulyu (. 80, 5) 151. U{ o~ry |}utzmwmy Šu €quxm |}rq~moxl‹ ~{n{v y{quuwmƒu‹ zr €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, mwsr zmvqrzzˆ‚ o „ror}{y ~x{r [mtmzx€, m w{x‰„mˆ‚ €qux ~ {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆyu |~mxulyu. R€zq €wu, wmw u zm n{x‰ uz~or €qux Š{p{ u|m ut [mtmzx€, uyr‹ x{sz{ou€‹ {}y€; {}ym |~mxuv |}mwu„r~wu ~{o|mqmr ~ {}y{v u|u„zˆ‚ qxl [mtmzx€ {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆ‚ |~mxuv: {zu uyr‹ ouq ~r}szrv ~ {qzuy tmpz€ˆy w{zƒ{y. Sm Šu‚ 144 Yıldırım 1987, 470 – 482. 145 K}romz, N~{}u„r~wuv y€trv F}yrzuu, №2010 –77: Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 17, 43, }u~. 34 (€|{yuzmr~l zm‚{qwm qo€‚ €qux 1966, 219 u ut S‰‹-O{}wm (Ariadne Galleries Inc.): Seidl 1991, 82, Nr. 31. 147 Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №56; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, o p}€||r n}{zt{oˆ‚ „m~rv qo€‚ w{z~wu‚ €n{}{o ~ zmq|u~lyu Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 47, Nr. 59; Yıldırım 1987, 483, Rrz€m; zrl~z{ nˆxu xu zmq|u~u zm {n{u‚ €quxm‚ uxu zm {q- Abb. 24. 148 Taşyürek 1975, 153, pl. XXXII c; XXXIV a, b; Yıldırım 1987, z{y Šwtry|xl}r); Uu{}{o~wuv 1959, 155, }u~. 23; Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №57; Yıldırım 1987, 470 – 471, Abb. 1. 146 Yıldırım 1987, 471– 473, Abb. 2 – 4, 6 –10, ~}. Gropp 1981, 95 – 96, 99 –102, Taf. I a; Belli 1983, 373– 386; Vanden Berghe, 483, Abb. 25, 26. 149 Y|{ylz€ˆ: Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 217 (zr {|€nxuw{omzˆ). 150 Özgen 1979, 125, fig. 12 –13; Özgen 1984, 101, fig. 24; Yıldı- De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 146, Nr. 57 –58; rım 1987, 473– 474, Abb. 11–13. Özgen 1984, 101, fig. 25 –26. Sr€„rzzˆr o ~o{qwr V. Oˆxqˆ- 151 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 69 –70, fig. 14; de Schauensee }ˆym Šwtry|xl}ˆ: ut ~{n}mzul Z{}€pu o N}mzr: Ghirshman 1989, 47, fig. 17. 182 1 2 3 4 5 9 7 6 8 12 10 11 Vu~. 87 Y}m}~wml w{z~wml €tqm. 1, 3, 4. Yquxm ~ zmq|u~‰‹ ƒm}l Rrz€m; 2, 5. Yquxm ~ zmq|u~‰‹ ƒm}l Wm}q€}u II; 6 – 12. Ytqm nrt zmq|u~rv; 1, 2. Pm}yu}-Gx€}; 3, 8, 9. R€trv Imtumzr|m; 4. R€trv Hmzm; 5. Ftzmo€}r|r; 6, 7. R€trv bxltˆpm; 10, 11. R€trv Fqmzˆ; 12. Zuxmqrx‰uv~wuv y€trv. 2, 5. G}{ztm u srxrt{; {~mx‰z{r n}{ztm U{ Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, }u~. 34 (1); Yıldırım 1987, Abb. 2, 6, 26, 24, 13, 11, 14, 15, 21, 44 (2 –12) 183 w{zƒm‚ uyr‹~l ~uxut{omzˆr p{x{owu suo{zˆ‚, q}€p{v w{zrƒ tmor} mr~l }m~ u}rzury. P}€pxˆr {or}~ul |~mxuv }m~|{x{srzˆ o }m~ u}rzul‚, ƒrz}mx‰z{r {or}~ur tmyrzrz{ w{x‰ƒ{y qxl w}r|xrzul |{o{qm, tmor} m‹†uy y€zq €w. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, y{sz{ |{xmpm‰, „{ zm }€nrsr IX–VIII oo. q{ z. Š. o }mv{zr Rmzzˆ, tmzuymo rv |r}rq{o{r |{x{srzur o {nxm~u w{zro{q~om, ~mxu |{loxl‰~l |r}oˆr Šwtry|xl}ˆ w{z~wu‚ €qux, ƒrx‰z{xuˆ‚ ~ |~mxulyu. Ur}o{zm„mx‰z{ {zu o{~|}{uto{quxu u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆr w {y€ o}ryrzu qo€„m~zˆr €quxm ~ w{x‰„mˆyu {w{z„mzulyu u ~w}r|xlo ur~l ~ zuyu ~ |{y{†‰‹ }ryzrv }r‚qˆ}„mˆr |~mxuu ~ tmpz€ˆy w{zƒ{y. Mmry Š{ |}uzƒu| w{z~}€wƒuu €tqˆ }m~|}{~}mzux~l o ~{~rqzrr Y}m}€, |{w{}uo rr „m~‰ Rmzzˆ, u, ouquy{, €sr w zm„mx€ o{}{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. Š. oˆr~zux }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆv tqr~‰ }mzrr |}uzƒu| ~o{n{qz{p{ ~w}r|xrzul €qux ~ |~mxulyu. U}u Š{y z{oˆr €}m}~wur sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆr €quxm |}{q{xsmxu, wmw |}moux{, {}y€ n{xrr }mzzu‚ €qux ~ |{qouszˆyu zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu. H Mmwmowmt‰r mwsr utor~rz }lq zm‚{q{w €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu uzˆ‚ }mtz{ouqz{~rv, „ry {|u~mzˆr oˆ r €quxm m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m. ]m~‰ ut zu‚ {nzm}€suomr ~‚{q~o{ ~ €}m}~wuyu €quxmyu {p{ sr |r}u{qm, „{, o{ty{sz{, {n‡l~zlr~l €}m}~wuy oxulzury. Xmw, |{q{nzˆr €quxm nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ o |{p}rnrzuu € ~rxm Rmwm} rz o F}yrzuu (. 88, 1) 152. U~mxuu Šu‚ €qux uyr‹ qor |rxu, }m~|{x{srzzˆr o |r}|rzquw€xl}z{v w{x‰ƒ€ |{o{qm |x{~w{~u, wmw u € }lqm q}€pu‚ }mtz{ouqz{~rv tmwmowmt~wu‚, u}mz~wu‚ u €}m}~wu‚ €qux. Tzu uyr‹ q€p{{n}mtz€‹ ~uyyr}u„z€‹ {}y€, ~‚{qz€‹ ~ {}y{v |~mxuv {nˆ„zˆ‚ €}m}~wu‚ €qux, z{ {xu„‹~l ry, „{ u‚ w{zƒˆ {{pz€ˆ zr zm}€s€ ({ †rw w{zl), m zmtmq, . r. o € ~{}{z€, w w{{}{v w}r|l~l |rxu. Yquxm Š{p{ u|m, w ~{smxrzu‹, |}{u~‚{ql†ur ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w, utor~zˆ u zm r}}u{}uu ~my{p{ Y}m}€ (‚}mzl~l o y€trr Imtumzr|m) (. 87, 8, 9) 153. P{zƒˆ u‚ |~mxuro €w}m rzˆ ut{n}msrzulyu mxx{~{o. H ~{~mo ymwm} rz~w{p{ w{y|xrw~m, w}{yr n}{zt{oˆ‚ €qux, o‚{qux{ qor w}€pxˆ‚ n}{zt{oˆ‚ nxl‚u oˆ|€wx{v {}yˆ, tmor} m‹†ur~l « u r„w{v»; ~ {n}mz{v ~{}{zˆ uyrr~l |rxl (. 88, 2, 3). Gxl‚u mzmx{pu„z{v {}yˆ o‚{quxu o ~{~mo {nzm}€srzz{p{ |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Xrv rnmuzu w{z~w{p{ zmn{}m ~ zmq|u~lyu Rrz€m (mwml zmq|u~‰ uyrr~l u zm {qz{v ut nxl‚) 154. Tqzmw{ |{q{nzˆr nxl‚u o‚{quxu u o ~{~mo |}{u~‚{ql†rp{ {€qm sr w{z~w{p{ zmn{}m ~ zmq|u~lyu Wm}q€}u II (rp{ uyl mwsr zmzr~rz{ zm {qz€ ut nxl‚) 155. Ntor~rz mwsr u }lq q}€pu‚ ~‚{qzˆ‚ nxl‚, o {y „u~xr u zmq|u~mzzˆ‚ uyrzmyu €}m}~wu‚ ƒm}rv, zm„uzml ~ N |€uzu, {qzmw{ u‚ {}ym n{xrr uxu yrzrr {xu„mr~l { zmvqrzzˆ‚ o Rmwm} rzr 156. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, {}ym nxl‚ zr |{to{xlr {„zrr qmu}{om‰ zmvqrzzˆr o Rmwm} rzr €quxm. Sr€qm„z{ u‚ ~{|{~moxrzur ~ €quxmyu ut Xrv rnmuzu, zmq|u~mzzˆyu uyrzry Rrz€m, w{{}{r |}rqxmpmr F. F. Rm}u}{~lz 157: Šu €quxm |}uzmqxrsm w uz{y€ u|€ (~y. oˆ r). K†r qmx‰ r { zu‚ €quxm ~ uyrzry Wm}q€}u ut Xrv rnmuzu (~{|{~moxrzur u‚ ~ ymwm} rz~wuy Šwtry|xl}{y mwsr |}rqxmpmr~l F. F. Rm}u}{~lz{y). Pmw yˆ ouqrxu, {zu zr {x‰w{ |}uzmqxrsm uz{y€ u|€, z{ u u~|{x‰t€‹ uz{v, n{xrr |{tqzuv, ~|{~{n ~w}r|xrzul €qux u |~mxuv. Jom Šwtry|xl}m n}{zt{oˆ‚ €qux }m~~ym}uomry{p{ u|m nˆxu mwsr {nzm}€srzˆ o |{p}rnrzuu 1961 p. zm tm|mqz{v {w}muzr Pu}{omwmzm (. 88) 158. N‚ |~mxuu, wmw u zm €}m}~wu‚ €quxm‚ ut Imtumzr|~w{p{ y€trl, tmor} m‹~l ut{n}msrzulyu mxx{~{o. P}{yr €qux, o ~{~mo w{y|xrw~m o‚{quxu n}{zt{oˆr nxl‚u { w{z~w{v €tqˆ {p{ sr u|m, „{ u o |{p}rnrzuu Rmwm} rzm, m mwsr zr~w{x‰w{ w{x{w{x‰„uw{o. P{x{w{x‰„uwu w{z€~{ouqzˆr, ~ srxrtzˆyu ltˆ„wmyu. U{q{nzˆr w{x{w{x‰„uwu u}{w{ |}uyrzlxu~‰ o €}m}~w{v €tqr u u‚ zm‚{qwu ‚{}{ { utor~zˆ 159. Jxl qmu}{owu mwu‚ w{x{w{x‰„uw{o {~{n{r tzm„rzur uyrr Šwtry|xl}, zmq|u~mzzˆv uyrzry Wm}q€}u II 160. Tqzmw{, ouquy{, mwur w{x{w{x‰„uwu |}uyrzlxu~‰ u o n{xrr }mzzrr o}ryl — {zu o‚{quxu o ~{~mo w{z~w{p{ €n{}m ut Xrv r152 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 212, }u~. 84, 1. 153 Yıldırım 1987, 474, Abb. 14, 15. 158 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 213–217, mn. XXI, 19 –20. 159 Vanden Berghe, de Meyer 1983, Nr. 62 –73; Özgen 1984, 154 Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 43– 44, }u~. 36, 37. 155 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 212; Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №56. 156 Wy. Belli 1976 –77, 177 –192; Özgen 1984, 104 –107. 110 –111; Seidl 1991, Nr. 20, 45, 60, 61. 160 Kellner 1987, 22, Taf. 24, 1. P{x{w{x‰„uwu, zmq|u~mzzˆr 157 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 212; U{p}rn{om 1984, 67. 28) uyr‹ n{xrr oˆlz€€‹ {}y€. 184 uyrzry F}pu u (Belli 1976 –77, 204 –205, Res. 11, Taf. 27 – 3 1 2 9 4 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 8 15 16 7 Vu~. 88 1– 3. U}rqyrˆ w{z~w{v €tqˆ ut }mt}€ rzz{p{ |{p}rnrzul € ~. Rmwm} rz, F}yrzul. 4 –16. Sm‚{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul zm tm|mqz{v {w}muzr Pu}{omwmzm, }m~w{|wu 1961 p. 1– 3, 5, 7, 9 –16. G}{ztm; 4, 6, 8. Lrxrt{ U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 84 (1– 3); mn. XXI (4 –16) 185 2 1 3 8 6 5 4 7 9 10 186 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Vu~. 89 Sm‚{qwu ut «o{}{p{ w{y|xrw~m» ~oluxu†m Rrxmmzu, o{~{„zml I}€tul. 1–12, 17 –24. G}{ztm; 13–16. Lrxrt{ U{ Pizchelauri 1984, Abb. 53 – 54 187 nmuzu, „m~‰ |}rqyr{o w{{}{p{ ~zmnsrzm zmq|u~lyu ~ uyrzry Rrz€m 161. H ~{~mo w{y|xrw~m wu}{omwmz~w{p{ |{p}rnrzul, w}{yr |}rqyr{o w{z~w{v €tqˆ, o‚{quxu mwsr }mpyrzˆ u|u„zˆ‚ qxl €}m}~wu‚ |mylzuw{o ~r}|{ouqz{p{ srxrtz{p{ z{sm, srxrtz{p{ zmw{zr„zuwm w{|‰l u srxrtz{p{ yr„m, m mwsr n}{zt{oˆr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx ‚m}mwr}z{v qxl Š{p{ |r}u{qm {}yˆ u n}{zt{oˆv |{l~. H ƒrx{y w{y|xrw~, wmw u ymwm} rz~wuv, q{~m{„z{ €or}rzz{ y{sr nˆ‰ qmu}{omz |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v, ~w{}rr |r}o{v }r‰‹ VIII o. q{ z. Š. ]{ wm~mr~l N}mzm, { zm‚{qwu €qux nxutw{v {}yˆ tqr~‰ mwsr utor~zˆ. Xmw, {zu nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ |}u p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|wm‚ zrw}{|{xl ]r yr‚-Rm‚u o Q€}u~mzr 162. P ~{smxrzu‹, ~orqrzul { w{y|xrw~r, o w{{}{y nˆxu zmvqrzˆ Šu €quxm, {~€~o€‹. Ntor~zˆ zm‚{qwu mwu‚ €qux u zm r}}u{}uu I}€tuu. Xmw, |~mxuv { mwu‚ €qux {nzm}€srz o ~{~mor wxmqm n}{zt{oˆ‚ utqrxuv ut Sup{tru 163. Jom ƒrxˆ‚ Šwtry|xl}m o‚{quxu o ~{~mo «o{}{p{ w{y|xrw~m» yrmxxu„r~wu‚ |}rqyr{o ut o{{„z{p}€tuz~w{p{ ~oluxu†m Rrxmmzu (. 89, 9, 12) 164. U~mxuu {n{u‚ Šwtry|xl}{o tmor} m‹~l mxx{{n}mtzˆyu {w{z„mzulyu. b{ w{y|xrw~ „}rtoˆ„mvz{ uzr}r~rz, mw wmw ~ouqrrx‰~o€r { ~{~€†r~o{omzuu o ƒrz}mx‰z{y Mmwmowmt‰r zr~w{x‰wu‚ u|{o w{z~w{v €tqˆ. P}{yr €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, o rp{ ~{~mo o‚{qux{ qr~l‰ n}{zt{oˆ‚ u |l‰ srxrtzˆ‚ €qux ~ w{x‰„mˆyu {w{z„mzulyu, w{{}ˆr |}uyrzlxu~‰ ~ {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆyu |~mxulyu. P}{yr {p{, tqr~‰ sr |}rq~moxrzˆ €quxm ~ qˆ}„mˆyu zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, w{{}ˆr |}{q{xsm‹ «m}„mqt{}~wuv» u|. Tzu {xu„m‹~l { }mzzu‚ {n}mtƒ{o ry, „{ |~mxuu uyr‹ {}y€ zr |}lyˆ‚ ~r}szrv, m tmpz€ˆ ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ. Srw{{}ˆr ut zu‚ ~ q}€p{v ~{}{zˆ uyr‹ }m~ u}rzur o {}yr |x{~w{v xl|wu. P}{yr €qux, o { sr w{y|xrw~ o‚{quxu n}{zt{oˆr nxl‚u, ~{or} rzz{ mzmx{pu„zˆr zmvqrzzˆy o Rmwm} rzr, n}{zt{oˆr u srxrtzˆr zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx ‚m}mwr}z{p{ qxl Mmwmowmt‰l u|m, n}{zt{oˆr |xm~uzˆ |{l~m, srxrtzˆv z{s (. 89). P{y|xrw~ ~oluxu†m Rrxmmzu zr uyrr €tw{v qmˆ — ~oluxu†r u~|{x‰t{omx{~‰ zm |}{lsrzuu zr~w{x‰wu‚ ~{xruv u nˆx{ }mt}€ rz{, ouquy{, o VII o. q{ z. Š. 165 Yquxm ~‚{qz{p{ u|m {nzm}€srzˆ mwsr o |{p}rnrzuu 19 y{pux‰zuwm Smnmp}rnu nxut Rƒ‚rˆ 166. Nzorzm}‰ |{p}rnrzul, w}{yr n}{zt{oˆ‚ |}rqyr{o €tqˆ (n}{zt{oˆr nxl‚u-mxm}ˆ, |mx{„wu-tm~rswu) owx‹„mr mwsr ‚m}mwr}zˆv n}{zt{oˆv yr„, srxrtzˆv wuzsmx, n}{zt{oˆr ~m€Šwu {xrzrv, un€x€ u q}. (. 90 ). Zun€xm |}uzmqxrsu w }mzzry€ u|€ ~ ~uyyr}u„z{v q€p{v |{„u nrt €{x†rzul u ~xmn{ }m~ u}rzzˆy |}uryzuw{y, w{{}ml ‚m}mwr}zm qxl p{}ut{zm Tli C alt |{ ‚}{z{x{puu I. P{~~mwm 167. U{ ~{~mo€ uzorzm}l w{y|xrw~, ouquy{, y{sr nˆ‰ qmu}{omz {w{x{ X–IX oo. q{ z. Š. Hr}{lz{, w {v sr Š|{‚r {z{~u~l }mpyrzu}{omzzˆv |~mxuv ut |{p}rnrzul 46 y{pux‰zuwm Xmw-Puxu~m (X}umxru), w{{}ˆv, o {xu„ur { |}rqˆq€†u‚, uyrr €|x{†rzz{r {w{z„mzur (. 67, 6) 168. Ntor~zˆ o I}€tuu u zm‚{qwu €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu, zm|}uyr} o ~{~mor wxmqm ut Rr‚„u~-\u‚r (nˆo ml Pm}c~wml {nxm~‰), pqr n}{zt{oˆv |~mxuv mwu‚ €qux nˆx zmvqrz oyr~r ~ zmn{}{y n}{zt{oˆ‚ {|{}{o, u|u„zˆ‚ wmw qxl o{~{„z{wmowmt~w{p{, mw u tm|mqz{wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{z{o (. 91) 169. W€ql |{ Š{v zm‚{qwr, wxmq o}lq xu y{sr nˆ‰ qmu}{omz }mz‰ r o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ VIII o. q{ z. Š. Smw{zrƒ, ~xrq€r €|{ylz€‰ „}rtoˆ„mvz{ uzr}r~zˆv w{y|xrw~ ut |{p}rnrzul 16 y{pux‰zuwm X}rxu II, }m~w{|mzz{p{ zm r}}u{}uu Xnuxu~u (. 92) 170. b{ |{p}rnrzur, w}{yr |}{„rp{ uzorzm}l, ~{qr}smx{ 15 |m} w{z~wu‚ €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu }mtxu„zˆ‚ u|{o, „m~‰ ut w{{}ˆ‚ utp{{oxrzm ƒrxuw{y ut n}{ztˆ, m „m~‰ uyrr srxrtzˆr y€zq €wu u n}{zt{oˆr |~mxuu. W}rqu zu‚ uyrr~l qo{r €qux, nxutwu‚ €quxmy ut Rmwm} rzm u Pu}{omwmzm. K†r |l‰ Šwtry|xl}{o mwsr uyr‹ |~mxuu, ~zmnsrzzˆr qo€yl |rxlyu, {quz w{zrƒ w{{}ˆ‚ {{pz€, {n}mt€l |{q{nur t{{y{}z{v p{x{owu. J}€pur 161 Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 43– 46. 162 Maleki 1964, 17, pl. VIII, 1. 163 Fnr~mqtr, Gm‚mqtr, Jomxu, Jsm|m}uqtr 1958, mn. XX, 1–7; H{}{z{o 1980, }u~. 2, 57. 164 Pizchelauri 1984, 66 – 68, Abb. 53–54. 165 Uuƒ‚rxm€}u 1979, 54 –57. 166 F|mwuqtr, Suw{xmu ouxu, Rrxum€}u, Wu‚m}€xuqtr, Wmq}mqtr 1982, 206 –208, 216, }u~. 1575 –1592. 188 167 Kossack 1983, 111. 168 P€uz 1941, 58, }u~. 56. 169 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 125 (qmu}€r w{zƒ{y XII–XI oo.); P{}uqtr 1965, 37 – 38, 154, }u~. 30 (qmu}€r X–VIII oo.); H{}{z{o 1980, 203–204 (qmu}€r o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII– VII oo. q{ z. Š.). 170 Abramischwili 1995a, 23– 30, Abb. 1–11. 2 1 3 5 6 4 7 0 9 10 9 8 14 11 12 13 15 16 17 20 18 19 Vu~. 90 Nzorzm}‰ |{p}rnrzul 19 y{pux‰zuwm Smnmp}rnu nxut Rƒ‚rˆ, I}€tul. 13, 15. Lrxrt{; {~mx‰z{r n}{ztm U{ F|mwuqtr, Suw{xmu ouxu u q}. 1982, }u~. 1576 –1582 189 }u Šwtry|xl}m uyr‹ mzmx{pu„z{r {{}yxrzur {w{z„mzuv |~mxuv, {qzmw{ |rxu zm zu‚ tmyrzrzˆ w}€pxˆyu {or}~ulyu. bu €quxm nxutwu €quxmy, {nzm}€srzzˆy o Rrxmmzu. Smw{zrƒ, r†r }u Šwtry|xl}m ~‚{qzˆ ~ €quxmyu m}„mqt{}~w{p{ u|m. H~r Šu u|ˆ €qux u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰, ~xrq{omrx‰z{, o qmzz{y }rpu{zr {qz{o}ryrzz{ o r„rzur wmw{p{-{ |}{yrs€wm o}ryrzu. H {y sr |{p}rnrzuu {nzm}€srzˆ u q}€pur Šxryrzˆ w{z~w{v €tqˆ, mzmx{pu„zˆr {nzm}€srzzˆy o €|{ylz€ˆ‚ w{y|xrw~m‚. b{ n}{zt{oˆr nxl‚u, tmor} m‹†ur~l u r„w{v u uyr‹†ur |rx‹ ~ {n}mz{v ~{}{zˆ u n}{zt{oˆr w{z€~{ouqzˆr w{x{w{x‰„uwu ~ srxrtzˆyu ltˆ„wmyu. Gxutwu w wu}{omwmz~wuy u zmw{zr„zuwu ~}rx u w{|‰l. N~‚{ql ut nxut{~u uzorzm}l, qmzz{r |{p}rnrzur y{sr nˆ‰ |}uyr}z{ ~uz‚}{zutu}{omz{ ~ €wmtmzzˆyu oˆ r w{y|xrw~myu. Sr u~wx‹„rz{, {qzmw{, „{ {z{ qmu}€r~l zr~w{x‰w{ }mz‰ r, |{~w{x‰w€ rp{ uzorzm}‰ {nzm}€suomr {|}rqrxrzz{r ~‚{q~o{ ~ uzorzm}ry Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o. Jmzz{r |{p}rnrzur tmzuymr, ouquy{, |}{yrs€{„z{r |{x{srzur yrsq€ Ruzpr„m€}~wuyu w€}pmzmyu u w{y|xrw~myu Rmwm} rzm u Pu}{omwmzm u {z{~u~l, or}{lz{, w }€nrs€ IX–VIII uxu zm„mx€ VIII o. q{ z. Š. Fo{} |€nxuwmƒuu |{p}rnrzul ~uz‚}{zutu}€r rp{ ~ n{x‰ {v p}€||{v |mylzuw{o, w{{}ˆr, o ~o{‹ {„r}rq‰, |{ rp{ yzrzu‹ {qz{o}ryrzzˆ. b{ Ruzpr„m€}~wur w€}pmzˆ, |{p}rnrzur ut [mtmzx€, w€}pmz 2 € [{qsmxˆ, |{p}rnrzul zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B, Rmxˆv w€}pmz o Rux‰~w{-Pm}mnm‚~w{v ~r|u u q}. Ur}r„u~xrzzˆr |mylzuwu o ~my{y qrxr uyr‹ yrsq€ ~{n{v zrw{{}ˆr {n†ur „r}ˆ, {qzmw{, wmw €sr p{o{}ux{~‰, {nzm}€suom‹ ~€†r~orzzˆr ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wur }mtxu„ul u zr y{p€ ~„um‰~l {qz{o}ryrzzˆyu. ]{ wm~mr~l |{p}rnrzul ut [mtmzx€, { ~~ˆxwm zr zrp{ o{{n†r zr y{sr nˆ‰ |}uzlm o{ ozuymzul ut-tm {~€~oul q{~{or}z{v uz{}ymƒuu { ~qrxmzzˆ‚ o zry zm‚{qwm‚ (~y. zusr). W{or} rzz{ nrt{~z{omrx‰zˆ |{|ˆwu {nzm}€su‰ o }m~~ym}uomry{y |{p}rnrzuu ~wu~wur „r}ˆ 171: w€}pmzzˆr |{p}rnrzul ~ qr}rolzzˆyu w{z~}€wƒulyu, w{z~wur u „rx{or„r~wur tm‚{}{zrzul, ~{|}{o{sqm‹†ur {~z{oz{r |{p}rnrzur, wmw u {~mwu |{yuz{w, o{o~r zr loxl‹~l ~|rƒuu„r~wu ~wu~wuyu „r}myu u utor~zˆ o n{x‰ {y w{xu„r~or w€x‰€} ~my{p{ }mtz{p{ o}ryrzu. Su {qz{p{ |}rqyrm ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm o |{p}rnrzuu zr {nzm}€srz{ u {z{ ozr o~lw{p{ ~{yzrzul |}rq r~o€r {}yu}{omzu‹ Š{v w€x‰€}ˆ. ]{ wm~mr~l mn~{x‹z{v qmu}{owu |{p}rnrzul 16 y{pux‰zuwm X}rxu II, { V. Fn}myu ouxu {z{~u rp{, wmw u q}€pur |mylzuwu, w{{}ˆr {z ~ zuy ~uz‚}{zutu}€r, w VII o. q{ z. Š. U}u Š{y {z |{xz{~‰‹ ~xrq€r tm F. N. Xr}rz{swuzˆy, zr |}uo{ql z{oˆ‚ m}p€yrz{o o |{x‰t€ rp{ qmu}{owu Ruzpr„m€}~wu‚ w€}pmz{o. Tn { un{„z{~u Š{v qmu}{owu €sr p{o{}ux{~‰ oˆ r. Sr n{x‰r q{wmtmrx‰z{v ~uxˆ uyr‹ u ~~ˆxwu zm u~{}u„r~w€‹ ~u€mƒu‹, |{q w{{}{v |{q}mt€yrom‹~l |{‚{qˆ wuyyr}uvƒro u ~wu{o o Mmwmowmt‰r. Fo{} u~‚{qu tqr~‰ ut |}rq|{x{srzul { {y, „{ zmtomzz{r |{p}rnrzur {~moxrz{ wuyyr}uvƒmyu uxu ~wumyu, qxl „rp{, wmw €sr €wmtˆomx{~‰, zr zuwmwu‚ {~z{omzuv: ~r|zˆr Šxryrzˆ o zry {~€~o€‹ u uzorzm}‰ uyrr o|{xzr tmwmowmt~wuv {nxuw. H{to}m†ml~‰ w €quxmy ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, ~xrq€r tmyru‰, „{ {zu, o{ty{sz{, u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ o Mmwmowmt‰r zr~w{x‰w{ q{x‰ r, „ry o Y}m}€, {qzmw{, ouquy{, zr zmyz{p{ u oˆ‚{ql ut €|{}rnxrzul r†r o |}rqrxm‚ VIII o. q{ z. Š. H{ o~lw{y ~x€„mr, zu {qz{p{ w{y|xrw~m ~ €quxmyu Š{p{ u|m o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ VIII–VII oo. q{ z. Š. o Mmwmowmt‰r zrutor~z{. H~r qmu}{omzzˆr €}m}~wur €quxm n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu, „ry Š|{‚m Wm}q€}u II, |}uzmqxrsm qo€y u|my — uxu ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu, uxu ~ {qrx‰zˆyu |~mxulyu. Su {qz{p{ Šwtry|xl}m €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu o{}{v |{x{ouzˆ VIII–VII oo. q{ z. Š. o Y}m}€ u zm |}uxrpm‹†u‚ r}}u{}ul‚ zrutor~z{; {zu, {„rouqz{, nˆxu |{xz{~‰‹ oˆr~zrzˆ €quxmyu ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu. H Š{v ~oltu uzr}r~zˆ ymr}umxˆ, {nzm}€srzzˆr o }r‰rv p}{nzuƒr Fxˆzr|r (. 100 ). bm p}{nzuƒm, {„rouqz{, |}uzmqxrsmo ml yr~z{y€ |}mourx‹, nˆo ry€ ~{o}ryrzzuw{y €}m}~w{p{ ƒm}l F}pu u II (714 – {w{x{ 685 pp. q{ z. Š.), zmqrsz{ qmu}€r~l |{ zmvqrzzˆy o zrv |}rqyrmy ~ zmq|u~lyu 172. Tzm ~{qr}smxm ~}rqu q}€p{p{ uzorzm}l |{ yrz‰ rv yr}r r~‰ zmn{}{o w{z~w{v €tqˆ, „{ |{to{xlr ~{~mou‰ q{~m{„z{ |{xz{r |}rq~moxrzur {n €}m}~w{v €tqr Š|{‚u F}pu u II 173. Nt Šu‚ r~u zmn{}{o € „rˆ}r‚ €quxm sr~w{ ~w}r|xrzˆ ~ |~mxulyu, m € qo€‚ — utp{{oxrzˆ {qrx‰z{; zu {qz{p{ Šwtry|xl}m €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu o p}{nzuƒr zr {nzm}€srz{. 171 Abramischwili 1995a, 32 – 33. 172 Özgüç 1961, 274; Özgüç 1969, 68 –74. 190 173 Özgüç 1989, 409 – 419. 4 1 3 2 5 7 11 8 6 9 12 13 16 10 14 17 15 Vu~. 91 Pxmq n}{zt{oˆ‚ utqrxuv ut Rr‚„u~-\u‚r, I}€tul U{ P{}uqtr 1965, }u~. 30 191 2 3 4 6 5 7 10 9 8 11 12 1 13 14 15 17 16 18 0 9 19 0 12 20 21 22 26 23 27 28 30 29 25 24 31 37 38 36 35 33 0 32 192 6 34 39 40 42 41 43 44 46 45 48 50 47 49 51 53 52 54 56 57 0 58 55 12 59 60 0 9 Vu~. 92 Nzorzm}‰ |{p}rnrzul 16 y{pux‰zuwm X}rxu II o Xnuxu~u. 1–15, 18 –21, 25, 29 – 34, 39 – 41, 44 –50. G}{ztm; 16, 35. Lrxrt{; 17, 22 –24, 26 –28, 36 – 38. P{~‰; 42, 43, 51– 60. G}{ztm u srxrt{ U{ Abramischwili 1995a, Abb. 1– 6 193 Nmw, |r}oˆr {n}mtƒˆ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆ‚ ~ |~mxulyu €qux |{loxl‹~l o w{zƒr IX o. q{ z. Š. ([mtmzx€ IV). Srw{{}{r o}ryl {zu ~{~€†r~o€‹ ~ €quxmyu ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, m tmry, ouquy{, w zm„mx€ o{}{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. Š., oˆr~zl‹ u‚. Ur}r‚{q w €quxmy ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu { €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, mwuy {n}mt{y, |}{ut{ rx o |r}o{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. Š. H Y}m}€ u o{{n†r o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu, wmw u o Mmwmowmt‰r, zrutor~zˆ €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, {|}rqrxrzz{ qmu}€‹†ur~l |{tsr Š{v qmˆ. Kquz~orzzˆy u~wx‹„rzury loxlr~l Pu|}, pqr r†r o VII o. q{ z. Š. ~{‚}mzlxm~‰ m}‚mu„zml {}ym €qux ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |xm~uz„mˆyu |~mxulyu, zm~xrq€‹†ml yuwrz~wur }mquƒuu, ‚{l {zu utp{moxuomxu~‰ o Š{ o}ryl {nˆ„z{ €sr ut srxrtm. P{~orzzˆy |{qor}sqrzury |{xz{p{ |r}r‚{qm w €quxmy ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu loxlr~l {, „{ o m‚ryrzuq~w{r o}ryl o{ o~rv Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ €quxm uyrzz{ Š{p{ u|m (. 86) 174. Tqzmw{ ~my{ |}rq~moxrzur { {y, „{ x‹nˆr zmvqrzzˆr o Ko}{|r €quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu — |r}rqzrmtum~wur |{ |}{u~‚{sqrzu‹ (uxu |r}rqzrmtum~w{v loxlr~l u‚ «uqrl», |{ r}yuz{x{puu H. V. b}xu‚m), |}{uo{}r„u uyr‹†uy~l qmzzˆy. [.-I. [‹rx‰ ~{or} rzz{ ~|}morqxuo{ {or}p yzrzur O. U{}mƒm { {y, „{ Š{ ~|{~{n ~w}r|xrzul €qux u |~mxuv |}{u~‚{qu ~ Wror}z{p{ Pmowmtm 175. Tz {yrux |}u Š{y, „{ €quxm ut wxmqm o Grxuzr (X}mz~ux‰omzul, V€yˆzul), sr~w{ ~w}r|xrzzˆr ~ |~mxulyu (. 93, 1), {z{~l~l w{ o}ryrzu, n{xrr }mzzry€, „ry |{q{nzˆr qmu}{omzzˆr zm‚{qwu ut wmowmt~w{p{ u |r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ }rpu{zm. Pxmq Grxuzm {z{~u~l w Š|{‚r |{tqzrv n}{ztˆ I (~€|rz‰ V{p{q – Wrzr ), „{ |}uyr}z{ ~{{or~o€r |r}u{q€ Ha B1, . r. |}uyr}z{ X – zm„mx€ IX o. q{ z. Š. 176 H|}{„ry, mw{v ~|{~{n ~w}r|xrzul €qux u |~mxuv zr uyrr o Ko}{|r zu |}{{u|{o, zu zr|{~}rq~orzzˆ‚ |}{q{xsrzuv, ‚{l ~myu |~mxuu |}uzmqxrsm ‚{}{ { utor~z{y€ o ~}rqzrro}{|rv~w{-wm}|m~w{y }rpu{zr u|€. Fzmx{pu„zˆv ~|{~{n w}r|xrzul |}uyrzrz u o w{~lzˆ‚ €quxm‚ ut |}u{tr}z{p{ |{~rxrzul o I}mz~{zr (wmz{z H{, ^orvƒm}ul), {„zml qmm w{{}ˆ‚ zrl~zm (|{tqzll n}{ztm) (. 93, 2) 177. H zmtomzzˆ‚ ~x€„ml‚ }r„‰ uqr, or}{lz{, {n Šw~|r}uyrzu}{omzuu — yˆ uyrry tqr~‰ qrx{ ~ rquzu„zˆyu Šwtry|xl}myu, ~{}yu}{omo uyu~l zm {~z{or }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆ‚ yr~zˆ‚ u|{o u zr uyro u‚ |}{q{xsrzul. H|}{„ry, {quz ut Šwtry|xl}{o |~mxuv, {nzm}€srzzˆ‚ o {y sr {tr}z{y |{~rxrzuu zm nr}rp€ Sr mrx‰~w{p{ {tr}m 178 (. 93, 3) |{wmtˆomr, „{ yz{p{„u~xrzzˆr w{~lzˆr |~mxuu n}{zt{o{p{ orwm ~ w}€|zˆy ƒrz}mx‰zˆy {or}~ury ut Š{p{ }rpu{zm |}uzmqxrsmxu, or}{lz{, uyrzz{ €quxmy, sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆy ~ |~mxulyu. N‚ p}ˆtxm utp{moxuomxu~‰ ut qr}rom u o~moxlxu~‰ o ƒrz}mx‰z{r {or}~ur |~mxuv; o €|{ylz€{y Šwtry|xl}r {~mwu p}ˆtxm ut qr}rom r†r ~{‚}mzuxu~‰ o ƒrz}mx‰z{y {or}~uu |~mxul. Xmw „{ zrx‰tl u~wx‹„m‰ u {p{, „{ |}uzƒu| sr~w{p{ ~w}r|xrzul €qux ~ |~mxulyu u}{w{ u~|{x‰t{omx~l o mx‰|uv~w{y }rpu{zr €sr o n}{zt{o{y orwr, w{pqm mwur €quxm utp{moxuomxu~‰ ut w{~u u qr}rom. H x‹n{y ~x€„mr yrmxxu„r~wur €quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu ‚{}{ { utor~zˆ zm r}}u{}uu Ko}{|ˆ o n{xrr |{tqzrr o}ryl. Mqr~‰ oˆqrxlr~l ƒrxml p}€||m mwu‚ €qux, w{{}ml nˆxm }m~|}{~}mzrzm o mx‰|uv~w{y }rpu{zr (F}z{mx‰qu (Wror}zml Nmxul), Umrz (Hmqrzm, cszˆv Xu}{x‰), Rr}uprz (G‰rzz~w{r {t.), P{}~rxr (Sr mrx‰~w{r {t.), \‹}u‚-Fx‰|rzwr u q}.) u Hrzp}uu (Yp}m, Z‹p{q, |{~xrqzur srxrtzˆr) (. 93, 4 – 6; 94, 1– 3) 179. Yquxm Š{v p}€||ˆ |{loxl‹~l o |}rqrxm‚ |r}u{qm Ha B3 (|}uyr}z{ w{zrƒ IX – |r}oml |{x{ouzm VIII o. q{ z. Š.) u u~|{x‰t€‹~l o r„rzur ~xrq€‹†rp{ |r}u{qm Ha C1. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wu |{loxrzur u }m~|}{~}mzrzur yrmxxu„r~wu‚ 174 Wo{qw€ zm‚{q{w ~y. Moorey 1980, 71–72. W}. mwsr }u 177 –178, pl. I (}mtz{ouqz{~‰ ~ |}lyˆyu |~mxulyu, €quxm Šwtry|xl}m zr€„rzzˆ‚ o ~o{qwr n}{zt{oˆ‚ €qux Š{p{ u|m, }r‚„m~zˆr). 175 Hüttel 1981, 145 –146. 176 Petrescu-Dîmboviţ a 1978, 92 – 97, 140, Nr. 213, Taf. 226; w{{}ˆr ‚}mzl~l o Puro~w{y u~{}u„r~w{y y€trr. Tquz |}{u~‚{qu ut w€}pmzm € ~. Q€nzˆ U{xmo~w{v {nxm~u (№ G 611), {or}~ul zm |~mxul‚ tmyrzrzˆ |rxlyu; |~mxuu tmor} m‹~l Hüttel 1981, 144 –147, Taf. 20, 216 –217, ~ xur}m€}{v. 177 Hüttel 1981, 122, Taf. 16, 165. 178 Hüttel 1981, 123, Taf. 16, 169. 179 Balkwill 1973, 431– 433, 441– 443, fig. 3; 4; Hüttel 1981, ut{n}msrzulyu w{|ˆ ~ {nru‚ ~{}{z (. 86, 5, 6). Wy. r†r 161–167; Chochorowski 1993, 72 –78. yr~{ zm‚{qwu qo€‚ q}€pu‚ zrutor~z{ (ut w{xxrwƒuu Xryzuƒw{p{, № G 1281, G 343): Xurzw{ 1954, 77 –78, }u~. 1– 3 (~ zror}z{v qmu}{ow{v VII o. q{ z. Š.). Sm {qz{y ut Šwtry|xl}{o zm‚{qw€ €qux Š{p{ u|m zm X€}rzp Xr|r (N}mz): Besenval 1982, 194 1 2 4 3 5 6 Vu~. 93 Yquxm. 1. Grxuz (V€yˆzul); 2, 3. I}mz~{z (^orvƒm}ul); 4. P{}~rxr (^orvƒm}ul); 5. Rr}uprz (^orvƒm}ul); 6. \‹}u‚-Fx‰|rzwr (^orvƒm}ul). 1, 4 – 6. G}{ztm; 2. P{~‰; 3. P{~‰ u qr}ro{ U{ Hüttel 1981, Taf. 20, 216 –217; 16, 165,169 (1– 3); Balkwill 1973, fig. 2, 24A (5); 3, 25A,26 (4, 6) 195 €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu o tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{y u ƒrz}mx‰z{ro}{|rv~w{y }rpu{zm‚ |}uyr}z{ ~{o|mqm‹. H {n{u‚ ~x€„ml‚ €quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu {}yu}€‹~l zm {~z{or yr~zˆ‚ |}{{u|{o — €qux ~ {qrx‰zˆyu uxu zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu. R{sz{ nˆx{ nˆ |{Š{y€ |}rq|{x{su‰ zrtmou~uy{r }mtouur o qo€‚ }rpu{zm‚, |}uorq rr w ~‚{q{y€ }rt€x‰m€. Tqzmw{, wmw yˆ ouqrxu, o qo€‚ ~{~rqzu‚ |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ }rpu{zm‚, zr~{yzrzz{ uyro u‚ r~zˆr w{zmwˆ yrsq€ ~{n{v, o Y}m}€ u ~ror}z{y N}mzr, zmnx‹qmr~l m sr wm}uzm — {zu |}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzz{ |r}r‚{ql w €tqr ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu, |}u„ry z{oˆv u| {}yu}€r~l zm {~z{or yr~zˆ‚ |}{{u|{o, m zr |}{~{ tmuy~o€r~l € ~{~rqrv. Srx‰tl |{Š{y€ u~wx‹„m‰ u wmw{v-{ ~oltu yrsq€ |{loxrzury €tqˆ ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u \rz}mx‰z{v Ko}{|r. Tqzmw{, r~xu Š{ mw, |{q{nzˆv u| €tqˆ q{xsrz nˆx }m~|}{~}mzu‰~l u zm |}{yrs€{„z{v r}}u{}uu. H ~my{y qrxr, mwur Šwtry|xl}ˆ zm Š{v r}}u{}uu utor~zˆ. Tquz Šwtry|xl} €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu, tmor} m‹†uyu~l ut{n}msrzulyu p{x{o{w suo{zˆ‚ (w{zrv), |}{u~‚{qu ut Hr}‚zrw{nmz~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm (. 94, 4). U~mxuu }r‚|rrx‰„mˆr, {quz ut zu‚ nˆx {x{ymz o q}roz{~u u |{„uzrz |€ry {xuowu q{|{xzurx‰z{p{ w{x‰ƒm, o w{{}{r nˆx o~moxrz {x{ymzzˆv |~mxuv 180. P ~{smxrzu‹, { w{y|xrw~r, {w€qm |}{u~‚{qu qmzzˆv Šwtry|xl}, zu„rp{ zrutor~z{. Yquxm Š{p{ u|m {~m‹~l ut{xu}{omzzˆyu o ~ror}{wmowmt~w{y }rpu{zr, {qzmw{ |{ zrw{{}ˆy ~o{uy „r}my {zu ~nxusm‹~l ~ tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{v }mquƒurv. Nyrzz{ qxl Š{v }mquƒuu ‚m}mwr}z{ €w}mrzur {n{u‚ w{zƒ{o |~mxuv p{x{owmyu suo{zˆ‚. W}rqu €qux ~ Šuy ouq{y {}zmyrzmƒuu utor~zˆ wmw u|ˆ ~ |rrx‰„mˆyu zm|€~wzˆyu 181, mw u ~ qˆ}„mˆyu u |rrx‰„mˆyu sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu 182 (. 94, 5, 6). Y„uˆoml ut{xu}{omzz{~‰ qmzz{p{ Šwtry|xl}m zm Wror}z{y Pmowmtr, y{sz{ |}rq|{xmpm‰ rp{ |}ly{v uy|{} ut tmwmowmt~w{-|r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ }rpu{zm. b{ |}rq|{x{srzur |{qor}sqmr~l |}{u~‚{sqrzury €qux ut y{pux‰zuwm P{nmz~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. S{~urxu P{nmz~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ, ~€†r~o{omo rv zm \rz}mx‰z{y Pmowmtr zr|}r}ˆoz{ |}uyr}z{ ~ XIV q{ zm„mxm IV o. q{ z. Š., zm~rxlxu {nm ~wx{zm Pmowmt~w{p{ ‚}rnm. Nyrzz{ {zu o r„rzur o~rp{ Š{p{ |r}u{qm w{z}{xu}{omxu €q{nzˆr |}{‚{qˆ \rz}mx‰z{p{ Pmowmtm, ~{rquzlo ur Mmwmowmt‰r ~ U}rqwmowmt‰ry u qmxrr ~ |}u„r}z{y{}~wuyu ~r|lyu. P€x‰€}zˆv u {}p{oˆv {nyrz yrsq€ qo€yl }rpu{zmyu, {~€†r~oxlouv~l, {„rouqz{, o {~z{oz{y uyrzz{ „r}rt Šu p{}zˆr |}{‚{qˆ, mwuy {n}mt{y, o tzm„urx‰z{v yr}r |}{‚{qux „r}rt |{~}rqzu„r~o{ w{nmz~w{p{ zm~rxrzul. Sr€quourx‰z{ |{Š{y€, „{ ~r|zˆr |}rqyrˆ (zm|}uyr}, ~wu~wur) o tzm„urx‰z{y w{xu„r~or zmvqrzˆ o |mylzuwm‚ zr {x‰w{ Wror}z{p{ Pmowmtm, z{ u w{nmz~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ ‹sz{p{ ~wx{zm (Xxu) u o |}uxrpm‹†u‚ w zry€ }mv{zm‚ (Wmymo}{). H { sr o}ryl zm‚{qwu |r}rqzro{~{„zˆ‚ |}rqyr{o ~ ~my{p{ }mzzrp{ o}ryrzu utor~zˆ zm ~ror}z{y ~wx{zr Pmowmtm uyrzz{ o |mylzuwm‚ P{nmz~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. H wm„r~or |}uyr}m }mzzu‚ zm‚{q{w |r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ u|m o t{zr }m~|}{~}mzrzul P{nmz~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ zm Wror}z{y Pmowmtr y{sz{ zmtom‰, zm|}uyr}, prymu{o€‹ |r„m‰ ‚€}}u~w{p{ u|m 183, w{{}ml qmu}€r~l XIV–XIII oo. q{ z. Š. P}{yr {p{, uyrzz{ ut y{pux‰zuw{o P{nmz~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ (Zm~wm€, P€yn€xm, Hr}‚zll V€‚m) |}{u~‚{ql }rq„mv ur zm r}}u{}uu w ~ror}€ { Pmowmt~w{p{ ‚}rnm zm‚{qwu |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ (u}mz~wu‚) wuzsmx{o ~ }my{„z{v }€w{l‰‹ (o{}ml |{x{ouzm II ˆ~. q{ z. Š., zr |{tsr IX o. q{ z. Š.) 184. K~xu €quxm ut Hr}‚zrw{nmz~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm y{sz{ {zr~u w |r}rqzrmtum~wuy uy|{}my (uxu |{q}msmzuly uy), { uzm„r {n~{u qrx{ ~ q}€p{v }mtz{ouqz{~‰‹ €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu, |}{u~‚{ql†u‚ ut Wror}z{p{ U}u„r}z{y{}‰l. Wo{qwm zm‚{q{w |{q{nzˆ‚ €qux zm ‹pr H{~{„z{v Ko}{|ˆ nˆxm zrqmoz{ {|€nxuw{omzm H. V. b}xu‚{y 185. Tz zm~„uˆomr o{~ry‰ zm‚{q{w mwu‚ €qux, „rˆ}r ut w{{}ˆ‚ |}{u~‚{ql ~ Wror}z{p{ Pmowmtm (]u ‚{, Rmvw{|, P}m~z{qm}), }u — ut qzr|}{o180 Yom}{om 1900, 31, }u~. 36; Nr~~rz 1953, 93– 94, }u~. 26; Dietz 1998, 169, Nr. 625, Taf. 44. 181 Potratz 1941–1942, 172, 174, Abb. 5 – 6; Gadd 1952, 12, 410, pl. I, II a – c. 183 Yom}{om 1900, 324, mn. CXXVII, 47; ~}. Ward 1910, 305, pl. III; Potratz 1966, 137, Abb. 59 a – b, Taf.-Abb. 131; Vanden fig. 955; Zxuzr} 1939, 21– 42; Barnett 1963, 190. 184 P}€|z{o 1951, 66, }u~. 25, 1– 3; U{p}rn{om 1977, 34 – 36, Berghe 1983, 180, Nr. 222. 182 Özgüç 1961, 272, fig. 17; Azarpay 1968, pl. 22; Jantzen 1972, mn. I, 3,4,8,10. 185 b}xu‚ 1994, 85 – 86. W}. Dietz 1998, 162 –166, Nr. 616 – 64 – 65, Taf. 61, B 95; Yıldırım 1987, 485, Abb. 31; Özgüç 1989, 621, Taf. 41– 42. 196 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vu~. 94 Yquxm. 1. F}z{mx‰qu (Wror}zml Nmxul); 2. Yp}m (Hrzp}ul); 3. Z‹p{q (Hrzp}ul); 4. Hr}‚zrw{nmz~wuv y{pux‰zuw; 5, 6. N}mz, yr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{. 3. Lrxrt{; {~mx‰z{r n}{ztm U{ Balkwill 1973, fig. 4, 29 (1); Gallus, Horváth 1939, pl. XIII, 2 (2); Chochorowski 1993, Abb. 41 (3); Nr~~rz 1953, }u~. 26 (4); Potratz 1966, 137, Abb. 59 a–b (5); Potratz 1941–1942, 175, Abb. 6 (6) 197 ~w{v xr~{~r|u (Xr}ryƒˆ, P{z~mzuz{owm 376, Pu}{o{p}mq~wuv y€trv) u {quz ut G{xpm}uu (Kzqsm). H. V. b}xu‚ ~|}morqxuo{ {yr„mr, „{ qmzzˆv u| €qux ~x{sux~l zm {~z{or €tqˆ z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, { „ry ~ouqrrx‰~o€r wmw {}ym |~mxuro ~ tmpz€{v x{|m~‰‹, {nˆ„zml qxl z{o{„r}wm~~wu‚ |~mxuro, mw u qom {or}~ul zm {w{z„mzul‚ €qux, o{~‚{ql†ur w {nˆ„zˆy z{o{„r}wm~~wuy €quxmy. P ~{smxrzu‹, qmxrw{ zr o~r zmtomzzˆr €quxm |}{u~‚{ql ut w{y|xrw~{o. bwtry|xl}ˆ ut Rmvw{|~w{p{ }mv{zm (~ q{|{xzurx‰zˆyu torz‰lyu) 186, ~ {w}muzˆ P}m~z{qm}m 187, ut ~rxm Xr}ryƒˆ 188 u ut Pu}{o{p}mq~w{p{ y€trl 189 (. 95, 1, 2) loxl‹~l ~x€„mvzˆyu zm‚{qwmyu. H zm ry }m~|{}lsrzuu, mwuy {n}mt{y, uyrr~l }u w{y|xrw~m, ~{qr}sm†u‚ €quxm Š{p{ u|m (P{z~mzuz{owm, w€}pmz 376; Kzqsm, w€}pmz 2, |{p}rnrzur 1, u ]u ‚{). Jom |r}oˆ‚ w{y|xrw~m qmoz{ utor~zˆ u o~rpqm ~„umxu~‰ l}wuyu |}rq~mourxlyu |r}r‚{qz{p{ Šm|m { |}rq~wu~w{p{ w }mzzr~wu~w{y€ |r}u{q€ (. 96) 190. Tzu, ouquy{, {z{~l~l w{ o}ryrzu xu ‰ zrzmyz{p{ n{xrr }mzzry€, „ry w€}pmz Lmn{uz 524, {|{}zˆv |mylzuw |r}o{p{, smn{uz~w{p{ |r}u{qm, }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. Smvqrzzˆv o w€}pmzr Kzqsm w{x„mzˆv zmn{}, owx‹„m‹†uv 52 n}{zt{oˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuwm ~}rx, ~{~{lx o {~z{oz{y ut qo€‚x{|m~zˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuw{o €qxuzrzz{-}{ynu„r~wu‚ {„r}mzuv, |}rq~moxl‹†u‚ ~{n{v }mzzuv om}umz zmw{zr„zuw{o «smn{uz~w{p{» u|m (. r. €sr }mzzr~wu~wu‚). P}{yr {p{, tqr~‰ zmvqrz{ qom }r‚x{|m~zˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuwm, ~‚{su‚ ~ }mzzr~wu~wuyu. H |{p}rnrzuu w€}pmzm 376 € ~rxm P{z~mzuz{owm {nzm}€srz{ qom }r‚x{|m~zˆ‚ srxrtzˆ‚ zmw{zr„zuwm ~‚{qz{v {}yˆ. T~mx‰zˆr zmvqrzzˆr o {n{u‚ w{y|xrw~m‚ |}rqyrˆ (wr}myuwm, srxrtzˆv yr„, t{x{ml qumqrym) mwsr ~ouqrrx‰~o€‹ { |r}r‚{qz{y ‚m}mwr}r Šu‚ |mylzuw{o { |}rq~wu~w{v w }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}r u {n u‚ ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{v nxut{~u, |}u zr~w{x‰w{ n{x‰ rv m}‚mu„z{~u, w |mylzuwmy smn{uz~w{p{ Šm|m 191. b{ |}rq~moxrzur { ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{y |{x{srzuu |mylzuw{o, ~{qr}sm†u‚ €quxm u|m «Kzqsm– P{~mzuz{owm», |{qor}qux{~‰ |{~xr |€nxuwmƒuu r†r {qz{p{ w{y|xrw~m ~ |{q{nzˆyu €quxmyu, zm Š{ }mt |}{u~‚{ql†rp{ ut U}rqwmowmt‰l. Vr„‰ uqr { |{p}rnrzuu, }m~w}ˆ{y zm o{toˆ rzuu ]u ‚{ o Fqˆprr (. 97) 192. U{p}rnrzur, w ~{smxrzu‹, ~{‚}mzux{~‰ zr|{xz{~‰‹, |{~w{x‰w€ w€}pmz, o w{{}{y {z{ zm‚{qux{~‰, nˆx }mtyˆ o{q{v (}rt€x‰m ~{{}€srzul P}m~z{qm}~w{p{ o{q{‚}mzuxu†m), m m}‚r{x{pu„r~w{r {n~xrq{omzur |}{o{qux{~‰ €sr zm }mtyˆ{y y{pux‰zuwr. H }mtyˆ{y |{p}rnrzuu ~{‚}mzux{~‰ q{o{x‰z{ n{x‰ {r w{xu„r~o{ n}{zt{oˆ‚ |}rqyr{o €tqˆ, xrsmo u‚ zm zrn{x‰ {y {qmxrzuu ({ 0,35 q{ 0,65 y) q}€p { q}€pm. Wwrxrˆ, tm u~wx‹„rzury x{ mquz{v „rx‹~u u t€n{o, zr ~{‚}mzuxu~‰. Sr~y{}l zm {, „{ |{p}rnmx‰z{r ~{{}€srzur nˆx{ ƒrxuw{y €zu„{srz{ o{q{v, o}lq xu y{p€ nˆ‰ ~{yzrzul o {y, „{ zmvqrzzˆr tqr~‰ |}rqyrˆ |}uzmqxrsmxu {qz{y€ w{y|xrw~€. H w{y|xrw~ o‚{quxu: qom Šwtry|xl}m €qux u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm» ({quz Šwtry|xl} uyrr zr qo€‚„m~zˆv, wmw {nˆ„z{, m }r‚„m~zˆv y€zq €w, m mwsr q{|{xzurx‰zˆr torz‰l zm {w{z„mzul‚), qo€w{x‰„mˆr €quxm u }r‚|rrx‰„mˆr |~mxuu ~ x{|m~zˆyu {w{z„mzulyu {nˆ„z{p{ z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, mzmx{pu„zˆr |~mxuu, zmvqrzzˆr oyr~r ~{ ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆyu €quxmyu }mzzr~wu~w{p{ u|m, nxl‚u { €tqˆ z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m u n}{zt{oˆr w{x‰ƒm, or}{lz{, loxlo ur~l qrmxlyu w{xr~zu„z{v €|}lsu. Sm‚{qwm o {qz{y w{y|xrw~r €qux wxm~~u„r~w{p{ z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m ~{ ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆyu €quxmyu }mzzr~wu~w{p{ u|m, |}u„ry u r u q}€pur ~{„rmxu~‰ ~ {qz{u|zˆyu }r‚|rrx‰„mˆyu x{|m~zˆyu |~mxulyu, |{qor}sqmr |}uzmqxrsz{~‰ Š{p{ w{y|xrw~m w |r}r‚{qz{y€ |r}u{q€ yrsq€ |}rq~wu~w{v u }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}myu. Jo€w{x‰„mˆr u ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆr €quxm nˆxu zmvqrzˆ oyr~r mwsr o w€}pmzr №2 € ~rxm Lmn{uz, w{{}ˆv loxlr~l {qzuy ut ‚m}mwr}zˆ‚ |mylzuw{o |r}o{p{ Šm|m €sr ~{n~orzz{ }mzzr~wu~w{p{ |r}u{qm u ~{qr}su }lq utqrxuv o }mzzr~wu~w{y tor}uz{y ~uxr (. 25) 193. Nmw, y{sz{ ~„um‰, „{ ~{}yu}{omo ur~l zm {~z{or wxm~~u„r~w{v z{o{„r}186 Nr~~rz 1953, 92. 187 b}xu‚ 1994, 85. }u~. 15 –16; 41, 3– 4. 191 Ixxiz~‰wm 1973, 15 –17; Nx‰uz~wml 1975, 65 – 66, 105; 188 I{}i ziv 1978, 55 –57, }u~. 1. 189 Xurzw{ 1954, 78 – 80, }u~. 5. 190 G{n}uz~w{v 1902, 32 – 33; U{|{o 1932, 98 –102, {n}. 87 – Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 138; Nx‰uz~wml, Xr}rz{swuz 1987, 232. 192 X{o 1989, 36 – 45, }u~. 1–7. 193 Hlt‰yuuzm 1963, 158 –170, }u~. 1–5; Nx‰uz~wml 1975, 97; Nx‰uz~wml 1973, 16 –17, }u~. 8, 6 –10; Nx‰uz~wml 1975, 19 –20, 61– 62, mn. VI, 1–11. 30 – 31, mn. XVI, 6 – 10; Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 42 – 43, 77, 198 1 2 3 4 Vu~. 95 G}{zt{oˆr €quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu. 1. Wrx{ Xr}ryƒˆ; 2. Rr~{ zm‚{qwu zrutor~z{, Pu}{o{p}mq~wuv y€trv; 3. P€}pmz 26 y{pux‰zuwm Yvpm}mw; 4. P€}pmz 55 y{pux‰zuwm cszˆv Xmpu~wrz U{ I{}i ziv 1978, }u~. 1 (1); Xurzw{ 1954, }u~. 5 (2); Hu zro~wml 1973, mn. VIII, 5 (3); Nuzm, dnx{z~wuv 1997, }u~. 71 (4) 199 1 6 4 3 2 7 5 10 8 9 12 11 13 14 18 15 16 17 Vu~. 96 1–13. Sm‚{qwu ut w€}pmzm 2 € ~. Kzqsm (G{xpm}ul). 14 –18. Sm‚{qwu ut w€}pmzm 376 € ~. P{z~mzuz{owm. 1. M{x{{; 2 – 8, 11, 16. G}{ztm; 9, 10, 18. Lrxrt{; 12 –15, 17. Ixuzm U{ Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 16 (1–13); Nx‰uz~wml, Xr}rz{swuz 1987, 235 (14 –18) 200 1 2 3 4 6 5 7 8 9 Vu~. 97 Sm‚{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul zm o{toˆ rzz{~u ]u ‚{ o Fqˆprr. G}{ztm U{ X{o 1989, }u~. 1–7 201 wm~~w{v €tqˆ €quxm ~ sr~ww{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm» ‚m}mwr}ut€‹ ~myˆr |{tqzur |mylzuwu z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ {nxuwm u {z{~l~l w wmz€z€ {}yu}{omzul }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. W€ql |{ {z{~urx‰z{v ymx{„u~xrzz{~u zm‚{q{w mwu‚ €qux u ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{v nxut{~u w{y|xrw~{o, {w€qm {zu |}{u~‚{ql, qmzzˆv u| €tqˆ ~€†r~o{omx zrq{xp{ u o~w{}r oˆ rx ut €|{}rnxrzul. Hr}zry~l r|r}‰ w o{|}{~€ { ~{{z{ rzuu €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu, zm ‹pr H{~{„z{v Ko}{|ˆ u o \rz}mx‰z{v Ko}{|r. U{loxrzur €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu, ~{}yu}{omo u‚~l zm {~z{or yr~zˆ‚ {}y €tqˆ, wmw yˆ ouqrxu, nˆx{ z{omƒurv wmw qxl Ur}rqzrv Ftuu, mw u qxl \rz}mx‰z{v Ko}{|ˆ. H |}uzƒu|r tqr~‰ o{ty{sz{ |}rq|{x{su‰ zrtmou~uy{r ~my{~{lrx‰z{r }mtouur, zm „{ y{px{ nˆ €wmtˆom‰ ~|{}mqu„r~w{r |{loxrzur ~‚{qzˆ‚ Šw~|r}uyrzmx‰zˆ‚ {}y €tqˆ, zr }mtouomo u‚~l o {~{nˆv u|, o Ko}{|r u o n{xrr }mzzrr o}ryl (€quxm ut Grxuzm). Tqzmw{ ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wml nxut{~‰ yrsq€ Šuyu qo€yl {qz{|{}lqw{oˆyu z{omƒulyu, o {n{u‚ ~x€„ml‚ ~{}yu}{omo uyu z{oˆv u|, |{to{xlr |}rq|{xmpm‰ zmxu„ur wmw{v-{ ~oltu yrsq€ zuyu. Smxu„ur mw{v sr z{omƒuu zm ‹pr H{~{„z{v Ko}{|ˆ q{|{xzlr ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{r rquz~o{ pr{p}mu„r~wuy. H ~my{y qrxr, o{~{„zml p}mzuƒm }m~|}{~}mzrzul €qux u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm» (Wror}zˆv Pmowmt) |}uyˆwmr w {nxm~u }m~|}{~}mzrzul |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu, m tm|mqzml (o{~{„zml G{xpm}ul, {w}r~z{~u ^€yrzm) — zrqmxrw{ {~{u { ƒrz}mx‰z{p{ U{q€zmo‰l, pqr mwsr nˆxu }m~|}{~}rzrzˆ ~‚{qzˆr €quxm. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, y{sz{ |{xmpm‰, „{ uqrl |}uyrzrzul €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu nˆxm zrw{v w€x‰€}z{v z{omƒurv, q{~m{„z{ nˆ~}{ }m~|}{~}mzuo rv~l zm {p}{yzˆ‚ |}{~}mz~om‚ { Fx‰| q{ N}mzm (u qmxrr zm o{~{w, ~y. zusr). U}u Š{y o wmsq{y ~x€„mr €tqm, |}uyrzlo ml sr~w{r ~w}r|xrzur €qux u |~mxuv, {}yu}{omxm~‰ zm yr~z{v {~z{or. Vmt€yrr~l, qxl }m~|}{~}mzrzul mw{p{ ut{n}rrzul o{o~r zr z€sz{ |}rq|{xmpm‰ |r}ryr†rzul wmwu‚-{ p}€|| zm~rxrzul, ry n{xrr o{rzzˆ‚ zmnrp{o. U}u zmxu„uu w€x‰€}zˆ‚ u {}p{oˆ‚ w{zmw{o, ~€†r~o{omo u‚ yrsq€ Šuyu }rpu{zmyu, {z{ y{px{ }m~|}{~}mzu‰~l q{~m{„z{ nˆ~}{ u nrt mwu‚ wmmwxuty{o. Tz{~urx‰z{ {p{, pqr |{loux{~‰ qmzz{r ut{n}rrzur o|r}oˆr, ~€qu‰ }€qz{ — Š{ ~ }mozˆy €~|r‚{y y{sr nˆ‰ u Ur}rqzll Ftul, u \rz}mx‰zml Ko}{|m. H}lq xu Š{ u| €tqˆ |{loux~l o ~r|l‚ — rp{ |}uyrzrzur zm ‹pr H{~{„z{v Ko}{|ˆ {~mx{~‰ w}mwuy Š|ut{q{y, |}u„ry {z |}uyrzlx~l tqr~‰ zm}lq€ ~ q}€puyu, }mquƒu{zzˆyu qxl Š{p{ }rpu{zm ouqmyu €tqˆ. U{loxrzur €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu qmr r†r {qz€ ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w€‹ |}uoltw€ qxl }mzzr~wu~w{v u |}rq~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. Pmw yˆ ouqrxu, Š{ u| €tqˆ |{loxlr~l zm o{~{wr Ur}rqzrv Ftuu zm }€nrsr IX–VIII oo. q{ z. Š. u u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzlr~l, oˆr~zll €quxm ~ zm|€~wzˆyu |~mxulyu, o |}rqrxm‚ |r}o{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. Š. H mx‰|uv~w{-q€zmv~w{y }rpu{zr €quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu |{loxl‹~l o }mywm‚ |r}u{qm Ha B3 u }m~|}{~}mzl‹~l |{tsr, „{ o mn~{x‹zˆ‚ qmu}{owm‚ qmr { sr w{zrƒ IX – |r}o€‹ |{x{ouz€ VIII o. q{ z. Š. bu qmˆ {|}rqrxl‹ u qmu}{ow€ €tqˆ u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm», u~|{x‰t€‹†rv { sr |}uzƒu| u ~x€sm†rv wmw nˆ ~olt€‹†uy torz{y yrsq€ qo€yl }rpu{zmyu. K~xu |}utzm‰ zmxu„ur ~oltu yrsq€ o~ryu }ryl loxrzulyu, m Š{, ouquy{, }€qz{ {}uƒm‰, { €tqm u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm» qmu}€r~l ry sr o}ryrzry — w{zƒ{y IX – |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v (m ~w{}rr zm„mx{y) VIII o. q{ z. Š. H ~o{‹ {„r}rq‰ Š{ ouq €tqˆ qmu}€r |mylzuwu Š|{‚u |r}r‚{qm { |}rq~wu~w{v u }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}r, w{{}ˆr zr y{p€ {z{~u~l w{ o}ryrzu |{tsr |r}o{v |{x{ouzˆ VIII o. q{ z. Š. U}rq|{x{srzur H. V. b}xu‚m { {y, „{ |{loxrzur o ~r|l‚ €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu loxlr~l ~ouqrrx‰~o{y |{‚{q{o o Ur}rqz‹‹ Ftu‹, {w€qm lw{nˆ u nˆxm tmuy~o{omzm uqrl sr~w{p{ ~w}r|xrzul €qux u |~mxuro, xu mr~l o~lwu‚ {~z{omzuv. Sm~rxrzur mx‰|uv~w{p{ }rpu{zm, w{zr„z{, o mwu‚ |{‚{qm‚ zr €„m~o{omx{, {qzmw{ tqr~‰ Š{ ouq €tqˆ |{loxlr~l |{„u {qz{o}ryrzz{ ~ Ur}rqzrv Fturv. U}{uo{}r„u |}rq|{x{srzur H. V. b}xu‚m u qmzzˆy ‚}{z{x{puu — wmw yˆ ouqrxu, €tqm u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm» zr y{sr qmu}{om‰~l |{tsr |r}o{v |{x{ouzˆ VIII o. q{ z. Š., m qxl Š{p{ o}ryrzu wmwur-xun{ ~orqrzul { |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{qm‚ ro}mtuv~wu‚ z{ymq{o {~€~o€‹. Wxrq€r r†r q{nmou‰, „{ {nxm~‰ }m~|}{~}mzrzul €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu zm o{~{wr zr {p}mzu„uomr~l N}mz{y. U{q{nzˆr €quxm {nzm}€srzˆ o ~{~mor y{pux‰zuw{o cszˆv 202 Xmpu~wrz u Yvpm}mw, }m~|{x{srzzˆ‚ o zut{o‰l‚ Wˆ}qm}‰u (. 95, 3, 4) 194. Tzu ~{}yu}{omxu~‰ mwsr zm {~z{or yr~z{p{ u|m ~}ryr„w{ouqzˆ‚ €qux, q{~m{„z{ „m~{ ~{rquzlo u‚~l tqr~‰ ~ |~mxulyu, uyro uyu ƒrz}mx‰z{r {or}~ur, o w{{}{r o~moxlxu~‰ w{zƒˆ €qux. Rmr}umxˆ Šu‚ zrw}{|{xrv {nzm}€suom‹ nxutw{r }{q~o{ ~ w€}pmz{y F}smz o X€or 195. ]{ wm~mr~l |}u„r}z{y{}~wu‚ ymr}umx{o, { |{ zrw{{}ˆy |}utzmwmy {zu ~nxusm‹~l ~ }mzzr~wu~wuyu |mylzuwmyu (nxmp{qm}l „ry€ |r}o{zm„mx‰z{ u qmu}{omxu~‰ }mzzr~wu~wuy o}ryrzry), m |{ q}€puy — ~ |}rq~wu~wuyu ymr}umxmyu „r}z{p{}{o~w{p{ u|m. Fn~{x‹zˆr qmˆ |}um}mx‰~wu‚ w€}pmz{o {|}rqrxl‹~l o {~z{oz{y zm {~z{omzuu ~{|{~moxrzul ~ |}u„r}z{y{}~wuyu |mylzuwmyu, qmˆ w{{}ˆ‚, wmw yˆ ouqrxu, mwsr zrl~zˆ. b|ut{qu„r~w{r u~|{x‰t{omzur tqr~‰ €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu y{sr nˆ‰ ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wuy }r|r}{y u qxl Šu‚ |mylzuw{o, {qzmw{ qxl zu‚ Š{ oˆo{q zr z{~u ~{x‰ {nltmrx‰z{p{ ‚m}mwr}m. Y„uˆoml ymx€‹ }m~|}{~}mzrzz{~‰ Š{p{ u|m €tqˆ o U}um}mx‰r, o}lq xu y{sz{ |}rq|{xmpm‰, „{ qmzzˆv |}uzƒu| ~w}r|xrzul €tqˆ u |~mxuro nˆx ut{n}rrz tqr~‰ — ~w{}rr {z o{tzuw |{q oxulzury ~{~rqrv. H mw{y ~x€„mr }€nrs IX–VIII oo. q{ z. Š. loxlr~l terminus post quem qxl |{p}rnrzuv, pqr mwur €quxm nˆxu zmvqrzˆ (Yvpm}mw, w€}pmz 26 u cszˆv Xmpu~wrz, w€}pmz 55). U{qor}sqrzury mw{v qmu}{owu loxlr~l mwsr ~‚{q~o{ w{x„mzzˆ‚ zmn{}{o zrw{{}ˆ‚ |{p}rnrzuv mpu~wrz~w{p{ u €vpm}mw~w{p{ y{pux‰zuw{o ~ |mylzuwmyu |r}r‚{qz{p{ |r}u{qm { |}rq~wu~w{v w }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}r (Kzqsm, Grx{p}mqrƒ, Fxrw~rro~wuv), m mwsr ~ w{x„mzzˆy zmn{}{y |r}o{p{ I€ym}{o~w{p{ w€}pmzm o ‹sz{y U}u€}mx‰r, uyr‹†uy €sr }mzzr~wu~wuv {nxuw 196. H|}{„ry, zrx‰tl u~wx‹„m‰ o qmzz{y ~x€„mr u ~my{~{lrx‰z{p{ o{tzuwz{orzul qmzz{p{ u|m €qux, q{~m{„z{ nxutw{p{ |}uyrzlo ry€~l tqr~‰ ~|{~{n€, |}u w{{}{y w{zƒˆ €qux |}{|€~wmxu~‰ „r}rt u}{wur ƒrz}mx‰zˆr {or}~ul |~mxuv. Jmu}{owm w€}pmzm F}smz {w{x{ ~r}rquzˆ VIII o. q{ z. Š. o zm~{l†rr o}ryl zmun{xrr }m~|}{~}mzrzm, u r~xu |}utzm‰ ‚{l nˆ „m~u„z€‹ ~uz‚}{zz{~‰ ~ zuy y{pux‰zuw{o cszˆv Xmpu~wrz u Ymvpm}mw, €wmtmzzml oˆ r qmm |{x€„mr |{qor}sqrzur. 2.2.4 YVFVXWPFd N VFSSKWPNZWPFd YMJF SF]FQF VII H. JT S. b. Ysr €|{yuzmo ml~l w{z~wml €tqm ut }r‰rv p}{nzuƒˆ Fxˆzr|r mwsr y{sr qm‰ {|{}€ qxl mn~{x‹z{v qmu}{owu }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ. Pmw €sr p{o{}ux{~‰, o Š{v p}{nzuƒr, {z{~l†rv~l w }€nrs€ VIII–VII oo. q{ z. Š., {nzm}€srz{ r~‰ }mtz{u|zˆ‚ zmn{}{o w{z~w{v €tqˆ. Tquz ut Šwtry|xl}{o €qux |}uzmqrsu }mquƒu{zz{y€ €}m}~w{y€ u|€ 197 u or~‰ym ~‚{qrz ~ ryu, w{{}ˆr zmq|u~mzˆ uyrzry Wm}q€}u (. 100, 1). T~mx‰zˆr {z{~l~l w u|my, o n{xrr }mzz‹‹ Š|{‚€ o Y}m}€ zrutor~zˆy. Jom Šwtry|xl}m „}rtoˆ„mvz{ nxutwu‚ yrsq€ ~{n{v €qux uyr‹ ƒrx‰z{xuˆr ~ zuyu |~mxuu, {w{z„mzul w{{}ˆ‚ €w}m rzˆ |}{{ymyu suo{zˆ‚: w{zrv ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ u nˆw{o ~ q}€p{v 198 (. 100, 4). U~mxuu, o {xu„ur { n{xrr }mzzu‚ €}m}~wu‚ Šwtry|xl}{o, u~|{x‰t€‹ qxl w}r|xrzul †r„zˆ‚ }ryzrv €tqˆ zr |rxu, m qom {or}~ul |{q|}ly{€p{x‰z{v {}yˆ, }m~|{x{srzzˆr o {qz{v |x{~w{~u ~ n{x‰ {v |rxrv qxl w}r|xrzul |{o{qm. R€zq €wu €qux utp{{oxrzˆ o ouqr |r}rw}€„rzzˆ‚ |}€‰ro. Yquxm Š{p{ u|m, ouquy{, loxl‹~l {qzuy ut ~ouqrrx‰~o oxulzul tmwmowmt~w{- 194 X{x~{o, Nuzm 1966, 159, }u~. 8, 5; Nuzm, dnx{z~wuv 197 Özgüç 1989, 411, pl. IV (Fzwm}m, R€trv Fzm{xuv~wu‚ 1997, 23, 56, }u~. 47, 9; Hu zro~wml 1973, 102, mn. VIII, 5; ƒuouxutmƒuv, Alt. 59-22-4; 99-95-64). 198 Özgüç 1961, 272, fig. 17; Azarpay 1968, pl. 22; Yıldırım 1987, XXVI, 8. W}. ]xrz{om 1984, 39 – 41. 195 I}ltz{o 1980, 61; Grjaznov 1984, 83– 85; ~}. P€t‰yuzm 1975, 287; dnx{z~wuv 1996, 51. 196 N~ympux{o 1988, 29 – 47. 485, Abb. 31; Özgüç 1989, 410, pl. I, II a – c (Fzwm}m, R€trv Fzm{xuv~wu‚ ƒuouxutmƒuv, Alt. 59-21-79 u Alt. 59-22-46, 99148-64). 203 Vu~. 98 Ur}rqzrmtum~wur €quxm ut ~my{~~w{p{ Ir}mv{zm. G}{ztm U{ Jantzen 1972, Taf. 61, B 95 u}mz~w{v €tqˆ zm €}m}~w€‹. Tzu u~|{x‰t€‹ }m~|}{~}mzrzzˆr o Mmwmowmt‰r u N}mzr |~mxuu ~ qo€yl {or}~ulyu, m zr |rxlyu, wmw n{xrr }mzzur €}m}~wur {n}mtƒˆ. Yw}m rzur {n{u‚ {w{z„mzuv |~mxuv p{x{owmyu suo{zˆ‚ mwsr ‚m}mwr}z{ qxl tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{v €tqˆ (~y. oˆ r) u zr o~}r„mr~l zm n{xrr }mzzu‚ €}m}~wu‚ Šwtry|xl}m‚. P Šuy €quxmy mwsr nxut{w Šwtry|xl} €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu, {nzm}€srzzˆv zm Wmy{~r (|r}rqzro{~{„zˆv uy|{}) 199. U~mxuu q€p{{n}mtzˆr, ~ {{pz€ˆyu zm}€s€ w{zƒmyu, wmw Š{ ‚m}mwr}z{ qxl €}m}~wu‚ €qux, u qo€yl |rxlyu qxl €tqr„zˆ‚ }ryzrv; ~ {nru‚ ~{}{z {zu tmor} m‹~l p{x{owmyu nm}mz{o (. 98; 99). Tn~{lrx‰~om zm‚{qwu (o tm|{xzrzuu wmzmxm ~my{~~w{p{ Ir}mv{zm) zr |{to{xl‹ {„z{ qmu}{om‰ Šu €quxm 200, {qzmw{ {n†ml qmu}{owm rpu|r~wu‚ u |r}rqzro{~{„zˆ‚ uy|{}{o zm Wmy{~r {|}rqrxlr~l wmw |{~xrqzll „ror}‰ VIII–VII oo. q{ z. Š. 201 U{ mzmx{puu ~ zm‚{qwmyu zm r}}u{}uu Y}m}€ y{sz{ |}rq|{xmpm‰, „{ }m~~ym}uomryˆr €quxm {z{~l~l ~w{}rr w zm„mx€ Š{p{ |r}u{qm. X{„z{r {|}rqrxrzur yr~m u‚ |}{uto{q~om tm}€qzurx‰z{, {qzmw{, €„uˆoml zm‚{qw€ €}m}~wu‚ n}{zt zm Wmy{~r, o {y „u~xr u w{x{w{x‰„uw{o ‚m}mwr}zˆ‚ qxl €}m}~w{v €tqˆ {}y 202, |}rq|{x{srzur {n €}m}~w{y |}{u~‚{sqrzuu Š{v zm‚{qwu wmsr~l or~‰ym or}{lzˆy. ]ror}ˆv Šwtry|xl} €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu ut Fxˆzr|r {xu„mr~l { }r‚ |}rqˆq€†u‚. N‚ y€zq €wu uyr‹ {}y€ |r}rw}€„rzzˆ‚ |}€‰ro; |~mxuu ~zmnsrzˆ qo€yl |rxlyu, }m~|{x{srzzˆyu o |x{~w{~u, |r}|rzquw€xl}z{v w{x‰ƒ€ qxl w}r|xrzul |{o{qm. Tzu ~r}szrouqzˆr, |}lyˆr, ~ {w{z„mzulyu €w}m rzˆyu ut{n}msrzury p{x{owu {}xm ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ u w{|ˆm — ~ q}€p{v (. 100, 2) 203. 199 Jantzen 1972, 64 – 65, Taf. 61, B 951. 200 Terminus ante quem — {w{x{ 570 p. q{ z. Š.: Donder 1980, xuwmƒuu zm {qz{v ut {{p}muv €quxm oˆpxlql |}mwu- 115. 201 Jantzen 1972, 88 – 89. 202 Jantzen 1972, 76 – 82, Taf. 77 – 80. W}. Muscarella 1978, 41, Srl~z{, uqr xu }r„‰ { qo€‚ }mtzˆ‚ Šwtry|xl}m‚, uxu {n „r~wu ƒrxˆyu, zm q}€p{v — ~ux‰z{ }mpyrzu}{omzzˆyu. {qz{y u {y sr q{ u |{~xr }r~mo}mƒuu (ƒrxˆv Šwtry|xl} |{ {{p}muu zr |}{uto{qu o|r„mxrzul }r~mo}u}{omzz{p{). pqr |}rq|{xmpmr~l wmowmt~w{r uxu u}mz~w{r |}{u~‚{sqrzur H rw~r zuwmwu‚ €wmtmzuv, |{to{xl‹†u‚ }mt}r u‰ Š{ zr- w{x{w{x‰„uw{o. 203 Özgüç 1969, 68, 106, pl. XXV, 2; Yıldırım 1987, 485, Abb. 32 q{€yrzur, zr u {nr {{p}muu ~„um‹~l {z{~l†uyu~l w ({|€nxuw{omzm xu ‰ p{x{owm {}xm zm or}‚zrv „m~u |~mxuv); tmzury, „{ {nm w{zƒm |~mxuro tmor} m‹~l ut{n}msrzury Özgüç 1989, 410 – 411, pl. II d, III (Fzwm}m, R€trv Fzm{xuv- p{x{o{w {}x{o ~wu‚ ƒuouxutmƒuv, Alt. 59-22-30; 99-57-64). H |{~xrqzrv |€n- 204 {qz{y€ Šwtry|xl}€. W}. Özgen 1984, 102, ~ { un{„zˆy €wm- Vu~. 99 Jrmx‰ r‚ sr €qux b{ |{~xrqzuv Šwtry|xl} €qux oˆtˆomr {~{nˆv uzr}r~. Pmw yˆ ouqrxu, t{{y{}zˆr |}{{yˆ o~}r„m‹~l zm tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~wu‚ |~mxul‚, z{ |}u Š{y {zu {nˆ„z{ tmor} m‹ {nm u‚ w{zƒm. U~mxuu sr ~ ut{n}msrzury p{x{owu {}xm zm or}‚zrv ~{}{zr u w{|ˆƒm zm zuszry |}rq~moxl‹~l ~{or}rzz{ „€sqˆyu Ur}rqzrv Ftuu. Tqzmw{ mw{v ~|{~{n {{}yxrzul |~mxuv u|u„rz qxl }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ, o {~{nrzz{~u qxl rr wrxr}yr~~w{p{ Šm|m. U~mxuu, €w}m rzzˆr p{x{ow{v p}u{nm}mzm uxu ‚u†z{v |uƒˆ ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ u w{|ˆƒry ~ q}€p{v, „}rtoˆ„mvz{ }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ o Š{v w€x‰€}r. Sm‚{qwu |{q{nzˆ‚ |~mxuv ut w{~u o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu q{~m{„z{ ‚{}{ { utor~zˆ (Pm}yu}Gx€}, ]mo€ r|r, [mtmzx€ III B, S€ -u Jsmz, Pm|xmz€) (. 27) u o~rpqm ~oltˆomxu~‰ ~ |{‚{qmyu wuyyr}uvƒro uxu ~wu{o. H ~my{y qrxr, mw{v ~|{~{n {{}yxrzul |~mxuv loxlr~l {qzuy ut {}upuzmx‰zˆ‚ Šxryrz{o }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ, |}u„ry w{~lzˆr |~mxuu (}r‚qˆ}„mˆr) ~ |{q{nzˆy {{}yxrzury utor~zˆ zm |mylzuwm‚ u smn{uz~w{p{, u wrxr}yr~~w{p{ Šm|m, m n}{zt{oˆr (}r‚|rrx‰„mˆr) }m~|}{~}mzl‹~l xu ‰ zm wrxr}yr~~w{y Šm|r 204. H |}rq~wu~wu‚ w€x‰€}m‚ mw{v ~|{~{n {{}yxrzul |~mxuv zrutor~rz. W|{~{n €w}m rzul |~mxuv p{x{ow{v {}xm ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ u w{|ˆ{y ~ q}€p{v ~xu w{y ~|rƒuu„rz, „{nˆ y{sz{ nˆx{ q€ym‰ { |}{~{y ~{o|mqrzuu. P}{yr „rˆ}r‚ €qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzˆyu |~mxulyu, o {y sr w{y|xrw~r nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ r†r qom €tqr„zˆ‚ zmn{}m, { w{{}ˆ‚ ~{‚}mzuxu~‰ xu ‰ |~mxuu, ~w}r|xlo ur~l ~ €quxmyu |}u |{y{†u }ryzrv. Ur}oˆv |~mxuv (~{‚}mzux~l xu ‰ {quz ut |m}ˆ) tmor} mr~l |}{{ymyu x{ mqu u nˆwm u |{ ~ux‹ u {}yr „}rtoˆ„mvz{ nxut{w |~mxuly qo€‚ |r}oˆ‚ €qux (. 100, 5) 205. J}€pur qom |m}zˆ‚ |~mxul uyr‹ tmpz€ˆv or}‚zuv w{zrƒ u w}€px{r tmor} rzur, zm w{{}{y ~ {nru‚ ~{}{z zmzr~rz }rx‰rzˆv w}€p (~uxut{omzml |}{{ym suo{z{p{ uxu |uƒˆ ?), mw „{ or}‚zrr {w{z„mzur |~mxul uyrr wm€ r„z{{n}mtz€‹ {}y€. Suszuv w{zrƒ tmor} mr~l zrn{x‰ uy }m~ u}rzury (~uxut{omz{r w{|ˆ{ ?) (. 100, 3) 206. H{ty{sz{, {}ym Šu‚ |~mxuv ~{ ~uxut{omzz{v |}{{y{v suo{z{p{ uxu |uƒˆ zm or}‚zry w{zƒr u ut{n}msrzury w{|ˆm zm zuszrv, mwsr o{~‚{qu w ~r|zˆy {n}mtƒmyu. Ntor~z{ u r†r zr~w{x‰w{ Šwtry|xl}{o mzmx{pu„zˆ‚ |~mxuv, {qzmw{ o~r {zu |}{u~‚{ql ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w u zr qmu}{omzˆ (. 101, 1, 5) 207. P zuy q{~m{„z{ nxutwu r†r |~mxuu, ‚}mzl†ur~l o Yzuor}~ur~w{y y€trr Zuxmqrx‰uu (. 101, 4). Tzu uyr‹ € sr {}y€ u r sr }u 204 Wo{qw€ ymr}umxm ~y. Ixxiz~‰wm 1961m, 45 –53; Rrqorq~wml 1992, 86 – 95. 205 Özgüç 1989, 411, pl. V (Fzwm}m, R€trv Fzm{xuv~wu‚ ƒuouxutmƒuv, Alt. 59-21-57; 99-164-64). 206 Özgüç 1989, 411– 412, pl. VI a. 207 Gropp 1981, 106, Taf. II b; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 147 –148, Nr. 60 – 61; Yıldırım 1987, 475, Abb. 17 –19; Seidl 1991, 83, Nr. 34. 205 1 2 0 206 3 3 4 5 Vu~. 100 P{z~wml €tqm ut p}{nzuƒˆ 3 Fxˆzr|r, X€}ƒul. G}{ztm U{ Özgüç 1989, pl. I–VI; Yıldırım 1987, 485, Abb. 31 207 |{q|}ly{€p{x‰zˆ‚ {or}~ul, {qzmw{ tmor} m‹~l zr «wm€ r„zˆy» {w{z„mzury, m ~uxut{omz{v p{x{ow{v }{pm{p{ suo{z{p{ 208. Srw{{}€‹ nxut{~‰ ~ Šuy |{~xrqzuy Šwtry|xl}{y {nzm}€suom‹ n}{zt{oˆr }r‚qˆ}„mˆr |~mxuu, ‚}mzl†ur~l o R€trr b y{xurz o Tw~{}qr (. 101, 7). N‚ {or}~ul zm‚{ql~l o zrn{x‰ u‚ }m~ u}rzul‚ }{yn{ouqz{v {}yˆ, or}‚zuv w{zrƒ {{pz€ u €w}m rz ~uxut{omzˆy ut{n}msrzury p{x{owu w{zl (?). P ~{smxrzu‹, {zu mwsr |}{u~‚{ql ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w, u zu yr~{ zm‚{qwu (pqr-{ o ~ror}{-tm|mqz{y N}mzr), zu qmu}{owm Šu‚ |~mxuv zrl~zˆ 209. ]}rtoˆ„mvz{ nxutwu uy |~mxuu, ‚}mzl†ur~l o R€trr Rr}{|{xurz: {zu uyr‹ |}mwu„r~wu uqrzu„z€‹ {}y€ ~ }ryl {or}~ulyu, }m~|{x{srzzˆyu o }{yn{ouqzˆ‚ }m~ u}rzul‚, ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ {{pz€ˆ u tmor} m‹~l ~uxut{omzˆyu ut{n}msrzulyu t{{y{}zˆ‚ p{x{o{w (. 101, 6). Rr~{ |}{u~‚{sqrzul u‚ (~ror}zˆv N}mz ?) u qmu}{owm mwsr, w ~{smxrzu‹, zrutor~zˆ 210. Smw{zrƒ, }ruv Šwtry|xl} mwu‚ |~mxuv, mwsr |}{u~‚{ql†uv, |{-ouquy{y€, ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w o u}mz~w{y Ftr}nmvqsmzr, ‚}mzu~l o Rmvzƒr; tqr~‰ sr zm‚{qu~l u |~mxuv uz{v {}yˆ ut N}mzm, mwsr €w}m rzzˆv p{x{ow{v suo{z{p{ (. 101, 2, 3) 211. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, o p}{nzuƒr Fxˆzr|r, {z{~l†rv~l w ~my{y€ zm„mx€ VII o. q{ z. Š. {nzm}€srz{ qor }mtz{ouqz{~u |~mxuv, €w}m rzzˆ‚ p{x{ow{v {}xm ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ u w{|ˆƒry ~ q}€p{v: o {qz{y ~x€„mr oˆ|{xzrzzˆr q{~m{„z{ }rmxu~u„z{ ut{n}msrzul zm‚{ql~l zm qo€‚|rrx‰„mˆ‚ |~mxul‚, sr~w{ ~w}r|xrzzˆ‚ ~ €quxmyu, o q}€p{y — ~ux‰z{ ~uxut{omzzˆr ut{n}msrzul €w}m m‹ {qrx‰z{ utp{{oxrzzˆr „rˆ}r‚qˆ}„mˆr |~mxuu (€zwƒu{zmx‰z{ qom ymxrz‰wu‚ ƒrz}mx‰zˆ‚ {or}~ul ~{{or~o€‹ {qz{y€ ƒrz}mx‰z{y€ }r‚qˆ}„mˆ‚ ~r|zˆ‚ |~mxuv). U{loxrzur mwu‚ |~mxuro loxlr~l, ~w{}rr o~rp{, {qzuy ut ~ouqrrx‰~o oxulzul ro}mtuv~wu‚ w{„rozuw{o zm €}m}~w€‹ €tq€, w{{}{r qxl n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu uw~u}€r~l u q}€puyu qmzzˆyu (zm‚{qwu |}rqyr{o €tqˆ ~wu~w{p{ u|m zm €}m}~wu‚ |{~rxrzul‚, |}rsqr o~rp{ zm Pm}yu}-Gx€}r, pqr {zu loz{ u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ yr~zˆyu surxlyu). G{xrr {p{, }r„‰ uqr, or}{lz{, { ~my{y }mzzry qmu}{omzz{y ~ouqrrx‰~or mw{p{ oxulzul — wmw €sr p{o{}ux{~‰, €tqr„zˆr zmn{}ˆ ut }r‰rv p}{nzuƒˆ Fxˆzr|r {z{~l~l w Š|{‚r F}pu u II, . r. w{ o}ryrzu zr |{tsr |r}oˆ‚ |lzmqƒmu xr VII o. q{ z. Š. Rˆ |{x€„mry, mwuy {n}mt{y, r†r {qz€ ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w€‹ |}uoltw€ qxl qmu}{owu }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ wrxr}yr~~w{p{ Šm|m — r~xu rr oxulzur {†€†mr~l o €}m}~w{v w{z~w{v €tqr €sr o zm„mxr VII o. q{ z. Š., tzm„u {zm ~x{suxm~‰ zr |{tsr Š{v qmˆ. bm zm‚{qwm loxlr~l r†r {qzuy |{qor}sqrzury {p{, „{ wuyyr}uvƒˆ ~ m}‚r{x{pu„r~w{v {„wu t}rzul |}uzmqxrsmxu w }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}r. H ~my{y qrxr, o ~{x‰ }mzzrr o}ryl €}m}ˆ ~{ ~wumyu r†r zr ~mxwuomxu~‰, m surxu tm|mqz{v |r}ur}uu Y}m}€ zr ~mxwuomxu~‰ ~ zuyu u p{}mtq{ q{x‰ r. U}u~€~our sr wuyyr}uvƒro o }mv{zm‚, nxutwu‚ w }mv{z€ Fxˆzr|r, uw~u}€r~l |u~‰yrzzˆyu u~{„zuwmyu €sr ~ zm„mxm 670-‚ pp. q{ z. Š. 212, m |r}oˆr ~{xwz{orzul €}m}{o ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu {z{~l~l w |{~xrqzuy qo€y qr~luxruly VIII o. q{ z. Š. T„rouqz{, o r„rzur VII o. q{ z. Š. oxulzur }mzzr~wu~w{v €tqˆ zm €}m}~w€‹ zm}m~mx{ o }rt€x‰mr |{~{lzzˆ‚ uzrz~uozˆ‚ w{zmw{o ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu, m tmry u ~wumyu. Wouqrrx‰~o{y Š{p{ loxlr~l, zm|}uyr}, zm‚{qwm |}u }m~w{|wm‚ Xrv rnmuzu }r‚ zmn{}{o w{z~w{v €tqˆ u|u„z{p{ }mzzr~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm, ut w{{}ˆ‚ |{ yrz‰ rv yr}r qom u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ tm†uzuwmyu w}r|{~u (~y. oˆ r) (. 12) 213. K†r {quz €tqr„zˆv zmn{} ~wu~w{p{ u|m {nzm}€srz |}u w{~lwr x{ mqu, |{pun rv o{ o}ryl €}ym w}r|{~u214. Huquy{, qom |r}oˆ‚ €tqr„zˆ‚ zmn{}m, u~|{x‰t{omo u‚~l €}m}~wuy pm}zut{z{y Xrv rnmuzu, q{xszˆ nˆ‰ qmu}{omzˆ |r}u{q{y ~€†r~o{omzul w}r|{~u. Sr~y{}l zm {, „{ o Xrv rnmuzu uyrr~l q{~m{„z{ yz{p{ |}rqyr{o, |r}rzr~rzzˆ‚ ~‹qm ut b}rn€zu 208 Özgen 1979, 125 –126, fig. 14; Özgen 1984, 103, 144, fig. 28; w{~lzˆr |~mxuu, „rˆ}r n}{zt{oˆr |}lswu o ouqr wx‹om u Yıldırım 1987, 476, Abb. 20. {qzm o ouqr nm}mnmz„uwm; |{yr†rzur 25: srxrtzˆr w{x‰„mˆr 209 Moorey 1971, 126, Nr. 131, pl. 23. 210 Muscarella 1988, 264 –265, Nr. 353. }u n}{zt{oˆ‚ wx‹o{ouqzˆ‚ |}{zutu u {qzm o ouqr p{x{oˆ €quxm, srxrtzˆr }r‚|rrx‰„mˆr |~mxuu ~ tmpz€ˆy w{zƒ{y, 211 Dietz 1995, 429 – 433, Abb. 3, Taf. 35, 2,3. 212 Ivantchik 1993, 57 – 61; Nomz„uw 1996, 60 – 64. 213 Uu{}{o~wuv 1950, 57, 92 – 93, }u~. 61, 62; Uu{}{o~wuv p}u{nm}mzm). 214 Uu{}{o~wuv 1950, 93; Uu{}{o~wuv 1954, 143, }u~. 2 1954, 143, }u~. 2 (|{yr†rzur 18: srxrtzˆr €quxm, |x{~wur {}yr wx‹om u }r‚x{|m~z{v ~om~uwu). 208 (srxrtzˆr €quxm, ~r}rn}lzˆv mxm}, |}lswu qxl }ryzrv o 2 3 1 4 5 6 7 Vu~. 101 G}{zt{oˆr |~mxuu ut p}mnurx‰~wu‚ }m~w{|{w. 1. U}mu~{}u„r~w{r p{~€qm}~orzz{r ~{n}mzur, R‹z‚rz; 2, 3. \rz}mx‰zˆv Vuy~w{-pr}ymz~wuv y€trv, Rmvzƒ; 4. Yzuor}~ur~wuv y€trv Zuxmqrx‰uu; 5. R€trv bxltˆpm; 6. R€trv Rr}{|{xurz, S‰‹-O{}w; 7. R€trv b y{xurz, Tw~{}q U{ Vanden Berghe, De Meyer 1983, Nr. 60 (1); Dietz 1995, 429 – 433, Abb. 3 (2, 3); Yıldırım 1987, 476, Abb. 17, 20 (5, 4); Muscarella 1988, Nr. 353 (6); Moorey 1971, 126, Nr. 131, pl. 23 (7) 209 u {z{~l†u‚~l r†r w VIII o. q{ z. Š., o}lq xu Šu qom €tqr„zˆ‚ zmn{}m {z{~l~l w Š{v p}€||r zm‚{q{w — {zu zr loxl‹~l }rxuwoulyu uxu ƒrzz{~lyu, wmw |}rqyrˆ, |}{u~‚{ql†ur ut b}rn€zu, u, or}{lz{, |}rqzmtzm„mxu~‰ qxl €uxum}z{p{ u~|{x‰t{omzul. N‚ y{sz{ {zr~u, ~xrq{omrx‰z{, w ~r}rquzr – }r‰rv „ror}u VII o. q{ z. Š. Hr}{lz{, o{}{v – }r‰rv „ror}‰‹ VII o. q{ z. Š. qmu}€‹~l u q}€pur |}rqyrˆ w{z~w{v €tqˆ «}mzzr~wu~w{p{» u|m, {nzm}€srzzˆr o }mtxu„zˆ‚ €}m}~wu‚ w}r|{~l‚ u ~ouqrrx‰~o€‹†ur { oxulzuu w{z~w{v €tqˆ wuyyr}uvƒro u ~wu{o zm €}m}~w€‹ (~y. oˆ r) 215. 2.2.5 GQd^PN PTSWPTO WGVYN NM STWF]KHWPTIT PYVIFSF Tqzuy ut m}p€yrz{o o |{x‰t€ {p{, „{ o |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{qm‚ wuyyr}uvƒro €„m~o{omxu z{~urxu w€x‰€}ˆ z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, ~„um‹~l n}{zt{oˆr |}lswu { w{z~w{v ~n}€u, zmvqrzzˆr o S{~m„ro~w{y w€}pmzr o qzr|}{o~w{v xr~{~r|u (. 102, 30 – 33). bu sr nxl‚u {qz{o}ryrzz{ u~|{x‰t€‹~l u qxl qmu}{owu ~{{or~o€‹†u‚ |mylzuw{o. I. X. P{o|mzrzw{, {|€nxuw{omo ml w{y|xrw~ S{~m„ro~w{p{ w€}pmzm, ~{|{~mouxm u‚ ~ ut{n}msrzulyu w{z~wu‚ €w}m rzuv zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚ o}ryrzu F €}nmzu|mxm u Wm}p{zm II 216, o|}{„ry, o{o~r zr qrxml ut Š{p{ ~{|{~moxrzul oˆo{qm { tmuy~o{omzuu nxl‚ zm Ur}rqzry H{~{wr. Tzm u~|{x‰t{omxm rp{ xu ‰ qxl qmu}{owu wmw ~my{p{ S{~m„ro~w{p{ w€}pmzm, mw u q}€pu‚ zm‚{q{w z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m. H ~{{or~ouu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚, I. X. P{o|mzrzw{ ~„umxm Šu |}rqyrˆ „m~‰‹ w{z~w{p{ zmp}€qzuwm o ouqr u}{w{p{ }ryzl ~ zm uˆyu nxl‚myu, w w{{}ˆy y{pxu |}uor uom‰~l €w}m rzul, zm|}uyr}, o ouqr wu~rv (. 103). H|{~xrq~ouu Š{ ~{|{~moxrzur |{x€„ux{ u}{w{r }m~|}{~}mzrzur, |}u„ry {nˆ„z{ u~|{x‰t{omx{~‰ o wm„r~or ~ouqrrx‰~om €„m~ul z{~urxrv z{o{„r}wm~~w{v w€x‰€}ˆ o zmnrpm‚ zm F~~u}u‹, {w€qm u nˆxu lw{nˆ tmuy~o{omzˆ Šu nxl‚u 217. 215 Xrv rnmuzu: Uu{}{o~wuv 1950, 95 – 96, }u~. 64; Uu{- XIX, |{yr†rzuv XXVIII u XXXIII ‹p{-tm|mqz{p{ qo{}ƒm }{o~wuv 1954, 142; Uu{}{o~wuv 1959, 242; ]mo€ r|r: Erzen P€‹zqsuwm: Paterson 1915, pl. 40 – 42, 46 – 47, 57 –58, 65 – 66. 1978, 56, Res. 41, Taf. 47 a, b; [mtmzx€ III B: ~y. Šw~w€}~. W}. P}{yr {p{, { sr ouq €w}m rzul w{z~w{v €tqˆ ut{n}msrz zm‚{qw€ }mpyrzm mzmx{pu„z{p{ |~mxul zm |{~rxrzuu S€ - u zm q}€pu‚ yz{p{„u~xrzzˆ‚ }rx‰rm‚ Š|{‚u Wm}p{zm II: u Jsmz o tm|mqz{y N}mzr: Curtis 1984, 47 – 48, fig. 15, Nr. 431. Botta, Flandin 1849, pl. 21, 39, 123–128, 131–136 (w{zu qmzzu- Tz |}{u~‚{qu ut «~wo{r}~w{p{ ~x{l», w{{}ˆv qmu}€r~l w{o), 56 –59bis, 65, 76, 77, 92, 100 (w{xr~zuƒˆ m~~u}uv~wu‚ 650 –575 pp. q{ z. Š. uxu zr~w{x‰w{ |{tsr: Curtis 1984, 22, VII o{uz{o u ƒm}l), 64, 67, 72, 73, 87, 99, 108, 109, 112, 143 (or}- (oorqrzur J. W}{zm‚m). N. S. Rrqorq~wml { un{„z{ qmu}€r ‚{oˆr x{ mqu m~~u}uvƒro), m mwsr Wuzm‚‚r}unm: Smith 1938, Š€ zm‚{qw€ 750 – 650 pp. q{ z. Š.: Rrqorq~wml 1992, 95. 216 P{o|mzrzw{ 1966, 177 –178, }u~. 2, 5 –10. W{|{~moxrz{ ~ pl. XXXIX, XLIV–XLVI; Russell 1991, fig. 33, 41, 81 (or}‚{oˆr }rx‰rmyu B.M. 118828 ut qo{}ƒm Wm}p{zm o J€}-^m}}€wuzr w{zu u w{xr~zuƒm m~~u}uvƒro). 217 Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 159, 205; Qr~w{o 1981, 95, 98 – 99; ([{}~mnmq), 713–707 pp. q{ z. Š. (o}ryl ~}{urx‰~om qo{}ƒm): U{p}rn{om, Vmro~wuv 1992, 184; Ww{}uv 1991, 24; Vmro~wuv Smith 1938, pl. XXXII c; Barnett, Forman 1959, pl. 43; Barnett, 1993, 81; b}xu‚ 1994, 83, 89. W}. Px{„w{, R€}tuz 1989, 68, pqr Lorenzini 1975, pl. 61, m mwsr ~ }rx‰rmyu ut |{yr†rzuv C |}rq|{xmpmr~l {n}mzˆv |€‰ tmuy~o{omzul, z{ ~myu nxl‚u u S ({‚{m zm x‰o{o) ~ror}z{p{ qo{}ƒm F €}nmzu|mxm o Su- ~„um‹~l ~ouqrrx‰~o{y €„m~ul z{o{„r}wm~~ƒro o |{‚{qm‚ zrouu B.M. 124859, 124882, 124886/7: Barnett, Forman 1959, wuyyr}uvƒro. Yor}sqrzur W. Q. J€qm}rom { {y, „{ o S{~m- pl. 59, 87, 95, 99; Barnett, Lorenzini 1975, pl. 92, 124; Barnett „ro~w{y w€}pmzr lw{nˆ nˆxu zmvqrzˆ «}rtzˆr utqrxul ut 1976, pl. V, LIII, LVII, LIX. W‹qm sr ~xrq€r q{nmou‰ €|}ls‰ w{~u, uyr‹†ur mzmx{puu zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ qo{}ƒ{oˆ‚ }rx‰r- w{zl ƒm}~w{v w{xr~zuƒˆ zm }rx‰rm‚ F m‚ Š|{‚u Wm}p{zm II u F €}nmzu|mxm {v sr €}nmzu|mxm» (J€qm}ro 1991, ~r}uu — ut |{yr†rzul C (B.M. 124866, 124853) u €|}ls‰ or}- 33) — {„rouqz{, }rt€x‰m zrq{}mt€yrzul. Smvqrzzˆr o |{- ‚{o{p{ w{zl m~~u}uv~w{p{ o{uzm u ƒm}~w{v w{xr~zuƒˆ zm p}rnrzuu S{~m„ro~w{p{ w€}pmzm w{~lzˆr nxl‚u |}uzmqxrsm }rx‰rm‚ ~ ut{n}msrzury wmy|mzuu |}{uo bxmym 653 p. q{ z. Š. (Louvre AO 19909) u ut |{yr†rzul V1/T1 (Or. Dr. V, {nˆ„z{y€ qxl z{o{„r}wm~~wu‚ |mylzuw{o u|€, u u‚ zuw{ 31): Barnett 1976, pl. VIII, XII, LXVII, LXIX, m mwsr ut qo{}m zr ut{n}msrzuv zu„rp{ |{q{nz{p{. 210 zuw{pqm zr ~}mozuomx ~ m~~u}uv~wuyu }rx‰rmyu, zm w{{}ˆ‚ 3 2 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 14 12 13 15 22 16 17 18 19 21 20 23 27 28 26 29 31 24 25 30 32 33 Vu~. 102 Nzorzm}‰ S{~m„ro~w{p{ w€}pmzm. 1–23, 30 – 33. G}{ztm; 24, 25. Lrxrt{; 26 –29. P{~‰ U{ Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 45 211 Vu~. 103 F~~u}uv~wuv }rx‰r ut qo{}ƒm Wm}p{zm II o J€}-^m}}€wuzr U{ Albenda 1986, pl. 34 Tqzmw{ r sr ~myˆr m~~u}uv~wur ut{n}msrzul (~ €wmtmzury zm }rx‰rˆ ut qo{}ƒm Wm}p{zm o [{}~mnmqr) V. Iu} ymz r†r o 30-r p{qˆ ~{|{~moux ~ nxl wmyu ut |{p}rnrzul 15 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B (. 81, 8, 9) 218. U}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzz{ r sr ut{n}msrzul zm }rx‰rm‚ Wuzm‚‚r}unm u F €}nmzu219 |mxm nˆxu ~{|{~moxrzˆ ~{ ~‚{qzˆyu nxl wmyu ut Q€}u~mzm u T}q{~m . H|{~xrq~ouu o wm„r~or mzmx{puv Š{y€ u|€ zm‚{q{w, ‚m}mwr}z{y€ qxl w€x‰€}ˆ Wumxw B (. z. «nmzqs{{n}mtzˆr» u ~‚{qzˆr ~ zuyu), nˆxu €wmtmzˆ zr {x‰w{ q}€pur }rx‰rˆ Š|{‚u Wm}p{zm II, Wuzm‚‚r}unm u F €}nmzu|mxm, z{ u ~rzzˆr }{~|u~u Š|{‚u Xupxm|mxm~m}m III (745 –727 pp. q{ z. Š.) u n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu ut Xux‰ Gm}~u|m (. 104), m ~myu nxl wu qmu}{omzˆ o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII o. q{ z. Š. 220 U{ |{o{q€ u~|{x‰t{omzul }{~|u~rv ut Xux‰ Gm}~u|m qxl qmu}{owu o}ryrzu |{loxrzul qmzz{v {}yˆ nxl rw ~xrq€r, {qzmw{, ~qrxm‰ zrw{{}ˆr {p{o{}wu. Jrx{ o {y, „{ Šu }{~|u~u ~{o~ry zr mw ‚{}{ { qmu}{omzˆ, wmw wmsr~l u~|{x‰t€‹†uy u‚ m}‚r{x{pmy. W}rqu }{~|u~rv qo{}ƒm Xux‰ Gm}~u|m r†r u‚ |r}oˆv |€nxuwm{} Z. X‹}{-Jmzsrz oˆqrxux qom }mtz{o}ryrzzˆ‚ ~uxl, |}u„ry . z. «|r}oˆv ~ux‰» {zr~ w Š|{‚r Xupxm|mxm~m}m III uxu zr~w{x‰w{ n{xrr }mzzry€ o}ryrzu, m «o{}{v ~ux‰» — w Š|{‚r F €}nmzu|mxm 221. W r‚ |{} Š{ }mtqrxrzur ~ zrw{{}ˆyu €{„zrzulyu ~mx{ {n†r|}uzlˆy, {qzmw{ qmu}{owu {n{u‚ «~uxrv» nˆxu |}rqyr{y ~|{}{o 222. Sm~ tqr~‰ q{xszm uzr218 Ghirshman 1939, 109, pl. LV, LVI. 219 Herzfeld 1941, 142, fig. 256. 220 Calmeyer 1964, 40 – 42, Taf. 48, 99; Calmeyer 1969, 105 – LIII; Parrot 1969, pl. 118, 345, 347. 221 Thureau-Dangin, Dunand 1936, 45 –74. 222 N~„r}|ˆom‹†€‹ u~{}u‹ u~~xrq{omzul ~y. Nunn 1988, 108; Boehmer 1965, 805 – 811; Moorey 1971, 136 –137, pl. 28, 108 –122. 151–152. V{~|u~u ~y. Thureau-Dangin, Dunand 1936, pl. XLIX, 212 Vu~. 104 Wrzzˆr }{~|u~u ut qo{}ƒm Xux‰ Gm}~u|m U{ Hüttel 1981a, Abb. 3, 4 }r~{om‰ |}rsqr o~rp{ qmm ~my{p{ }mzzrp{, |r}o{p{ ~uxl, ~}rqu }{~|u~rv w{{}{p{, zm‚{ql†u‚~l o |{yr†rzuu 24, ~{‚}mzux{~‰ ut{n}msrzur qo€‚ x{ mqrv ~ uzr}r~€‹†uy zm~ Šxryrz{y €|}lsu ({~mx‰zˆr |{q{nzˆr ut{n}msrzul, ~{‚}mzuo ur~l o |{yr†rzul‚ 22 u 27, |}uzmqxrsm «o{}{y€ ~ux‹»). Fo{}ˆ, u~|{x‰t{omo ur }{~|u~u ut Xux‰ Gm}~u|m qxl qmu}{owu nxl rw ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m, ~xrq{omxu tm qmu}{ow{v, |}rqx{srzz{v Z. X‹}{-Jmzsrz{y, {qzmw{ {zm qmxrw{ zr nr~~|{}zm. Nt |}rqxmpmo u‚~l o xur}m€}r qmu}{o{w }{~|u~rv «|r}o{p{ ~uxl» ~myml }mzzll nxutwm {v, „{ |}rqxmpmxm~‰ mo{}{y u‚ |r}o{v |€nxuwmƒuu — o}ryl €}mzm (oˆ~ ml |}uqo{}zml q{xsz{~‰ o F~~u}uu) ^my u-ux€, |}mourxl Xux‰ Gm}~u|m ({w. 780 –745 pp. q{ z. Š.) 223, m ~myml |{tqzll (~ w{{}{v, o|}{„ry, wmsr~l, zuw{ zr ~{pxm~rz) — Š|{‚m F~m}‚mqq{zm (681– 669 pp. q{ z. Š.) |}u {}uƒmzuu ~my{p{ ~€†r~o{omzul qo€‚ ~uxrv o }{~|u~u qo{}ƒm 224. Tnr w}mvzur qmu}{owu, {qzmw{, zr |{x€„uxu |}utzmzul ~}rqu ~|rƒumxu~{o. H zm~{l†rr o}ryl zmun{xrr m}p€yrzu}{omzz{v u }m~|}{~}mzrzz{v loxlr~l {„wm t}rzul, ~{pxm~z{ w{{}{v }{~|u~u «|r}o{p{ ~uxl» q{xszˆ qmu}{om‰~l { |}moxrzul Xupxm|mxm~m}m III q{ Wm}p{zm II, . r. o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII o. q{ z. Š., ~ |}utzmzury zro{ty{sz{~u €{„zrzul Š{v qmu}{owu 225. W€†r~orzzˆv m}p€yrz o |{x‰t€ ~€srzul qmu}{owu }{~|u~rv «|r}o{p{ ~uxl» q{ Š|{‚u |}moxrzul Wmxymzm~m}m V |}uorx R. Hrxr} — {z {xw€r {qz€ ut zu‚ wmw ut{n}msrzur {~mqˆ Xu}m Šuy ƒm}ry 226. Tqzmw{ Šm qmm zr {tzm„mr, „{ }{~|u~u Xux‰ Gm}~u|m uw~u}€‹ o}ryl |{loxrzul uzr}r~€‹†u‚ zm~ nxl rw o F~~u}uu — {zu qm‹ xu ‰ terminus ante quem Š{p{ ~{nˆul. H xur}m€}r €sr {yr„mx{~‰, „{ qxl Š|{‚u yrsq€ |}moxrzury F €}zmƒu}|mxm II (884 – 858 pp. q{ z. Š.) u Xupxm|mxm~m}m III (745 –727 pp. q{ z. Š.) zmy zrutor~z{ |}mwu„r~wu zu {qz{p{ m~~u}uv~w{p{ }rx‰rm uxu }{~|u~u 227. G}{zt{oˆr {nwxmqwu «nmxmom~wu‚ o{}{» Wmxymzm~m}m III (858 – 824 pp. q{ z. Š.), „m~‰ ut w{{}ˆ‚ utp{{oxrzm o 850, m „m~‰ {w{x{ 841/837 p. q{ z. Š. (}r„‰ uqr { qo€‚ }mtzˆ‚ o{}{m‚) 228, zr ~|m~m‹ |{x{srzul — ut{n}msrzul zm zu‚ ~xu w{y ~‚rymu„zˆ u zr |{to{xl‹ }mtxu„u‰ r‚ qrmxrv, w{{}ˆr y{sz{ ouqr‰ zm }rx‰rm‚ uxu ~rzzˆ‚ }{~|u~l‚. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, yˆ y{sry €or}sqm‰ xu ‰ {, „{ nxl wu ~{{or~o€‹†rv {}yˆ o{ xu o €|{}rnxrzur o 223 Moortgat 1967, 143–146; Nagel 1967, 50. 224 Madhloom 1970, 23–26, 120 –121. 227 Hrouda 1965, 14; Hüttel 1981a, 40 – 41. 228 Wäfler 1975, 247 –251, 299 – 301, ~ u~{„zuwmyu u xur}m- 225 Nunn 1988, 121. 226 Wäfler 1975, 108 –109. €}{v. 213 F~~u}uu yrsq€ o}ryrzry F €}zmƒu}|mxm II u Wmxymzm~m}m V uxu Wm}p{zm II (‚{l zm‚{quo ur~l zm zmp}€qz{y }ryzr x{ mqu €zwƒu{zmx‰z{ mzmx{pu„zˆr nxl‚u, z{ o {}yr w}€p{o uxu }{tr{w, utor~zˆ u zm }rx‰rm‚ F €}zmƒu}|mxm). Sm‚{qwm yz{p{„u~xrzzˆ‚ nxl rw Š{p{ u|m (~{‚}mzux{~‰ 66 Šwtry|xl}{o }mtxu„z{v {}yˆ) ~}rqu |}rqyr{o w{z~w{v €tqˆ o wmyr}r 26 w€}pmzm F}smz 229 |}uoxrwxm ozuymzur w {y€ {n~{lrx‰~o€, „{ |{q{nzˆr nxl wu o~}r„m‹~l zr {x‰w{ o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u N}mzr, z{ u, w}{yr ~my{p{ F}smzm, o |}rq~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ ~r|z{p{ |{l~m, o „m~z{~u o Lu}z{wxrro~w{y w€}pmzr №6 o Suszry U{o{xs‰r (21 nxl wm, n{x‰ uz~o{ w}€pxˆr uxu {omx‰zˆr, }u up€}zˆr) 230, o w€}pmzr W}usrzm y{puxm (Q€pmz~w{r J{zrƒw{v {nxm~u) (14 {omx‰zˆ‚ u }u «nmn{„w{ouqzˆr») 231, o |{p}rnrzuu 31 P{nmz~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm, m mwsr u o Mm|mqz{v Ko}{|r — o Rr}uprzr (^orvƒm}ul) u o Rrxxrzuzr (~ror}{-o{~{„zml Ir}ymzul) (. 105, 1– 11) 232. P}{yr {p{, zmn{} ut 35 mzmx{pu„zˆ‚ w{~lzˆ‚ nxl rw }mtzˆ‚ {}y, o {y „u~xr nmn{„w{ouqzˆ‚, {nzm}€srz o w€}pmzr № 7 € ~. P}m~zml qr}rozl o Mmo{xs‰r 233. Fzmx{pu„zˆr nxl wu nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ mwsr o w{z~w{y tm‚{}{zrzuu 93 y{pux‰zuwm U u I o Mmw€nmz‰r 234. Vr„‰ uqr, mwuy {n}mt{y, { u|r zm‚{q{w, }m~|}{~}mzrzz{y zm u}{„mv u‚ |}{~}mz~om‚, { ^orvƒm}uu zm tm|mqr q{ X€oˆ zm o{~{wr, owx‹„m‹†u‚ ro}mtuv~wur ~r|u, N}mz u Rr~{|{myu‹. Rr~{ o{tzuwz{orzul Š{p{ u|m nxl‚ zrl~z{, z{ [.-I. [‹rx‰ ~wx{zlr~l w yˆ~xu {n u‚ ~r|z{y |}{u~‚{sqrzuu 235. Hr~‰ym omszm zm‚{qwm zmn{}m mwu‚ nxl‚, utp{{oxrzzˆ‚ ut n}{ztˆ, oyr~r ~ q}€puyu |}rqyrmyu w{z~w{v ~n}€u o ~x{r uzmx‰z{p{ |{sm}m [mtmzx€ IV B (Lower Courtyard) (. 105, 12, 20, 21) 236. U{q{nzˆr nxl wu nˆxu {nzm}€srzˆ u o q}€pu‚ yr~m‚ Š{p{ ~x{l. Jmzzml zm‚{qwm |{to{xlr zr {x‰w{ }rw{z~}€u}{om‰ ~|{~{n }m~|{x{srzul nxl‚ qmzz{p{ u|m q}€p {z{~urx‰z{ q}€pm (zrw{{}ˆr ut zu‚, zmvqrzzˆr in situ, ~wu|rxu~‰ |}u {wu~xrzuu), z{ u qmu}{om‰ u‚. K~xu {n†r|}uzlml qmu}{owm }mt}€ rzul uzmx‰z{p{ |{~rxrzul [mtmzx€ IV or}zm (~}. zusr), {zu q{xszˆ {z{~u‰~l w ~my{y€ w{zƒ€ IX o. q{ z. Š. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, u~|{x‰t{omzur qmzz{p{ u|m nxl‚ o w{z~w{v ~n}€r tm~ouqrrx‰~o{omz{ zm ‹sz{y nr}rp€ {tr}m Y}yul, o €}m}~w{-ymzzrv~w{y }rpu{zr, €sr o w{zƒr IX o. q{ z. Š., . r. tzm„urx‰z{ }mz‰ r, „ry { y{sz{ nˆx{ nˆ |}rq|{x{su‰ zm {~z{omzuu m~~u}uv~wu‚ qo{}ƒ{oˆ‚ }rx‰r{o. Tqz{o}ryrzz{ ~ {{sqr~oxrzury ~umxw{o~wu‚ nxl‚ u nxl‚ ut w€}pmzm F}smz w {y€ sr u|€ mo{ymu„r~wu nˆxu {zr~rzˆ u nxl‚u ut S{~m„ro~w{p{ w€}pmzm — or}{lzrr o~rp{ |{{y€, „{ I. X. P{o|mzrzw{ ~{|{~moxlxm u‚ ~ ryu sr m~~u}uv~wuyu }rx‰rmyu, ~}mozrzur w{{}ˆ‚ ~ ~umxw{o~wuyu nxl‚myu nˆx{ €sr }mquƒu{zzˆy 237. Tqzmw{ r~xu ~}mozuom‰ nxl‚u u|m zmvqrzzˆ‚ o F}smzr (uxu ~umxw{o~wur) ~ z{~m„ro~wuyu zr|{~}rq~orzz{, m zr „r}rt m~~u}uv~wur }rx‰rˆ, { o}lq xu w{y€-zun€q‰ |}uqr o p{x{o€ {z{~u‰ u‚ w {qz{y€ u {y€ sr u|€ 238. Srqmoz{ F. c. Fxrw~rro, zrtmou~uy{ { ~{|{~moxrzuv nxl‚ ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m ~ m~~u}uv~wuyu }rx‰rmyu u ~ m}smz~wuyu zm‚{qwmyu, €~{yzux~l o w{}}rwz{~u ~}mozrzul z{~m„ro~wu‚ nxl rw ~ ut{n}msrzulyu zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚ 239. U}u Š{y {z {yrux, „{, ~€ql |{ ~{‚}mzuo uy~l |}u Šu‚ nxl wm‚ {n}ˆowmy }ryzrv, m mwsr u‚ {}yr, {zu zr y{pxu |{yr†m‰~l zm zmp}€qzˆ‚ }ryzl‚ ~n}€u u, ~xrq{omrx‰z{, zr loxl‹~l €zwƒu{zmx‰z{v mzmx{purv ut{n}msrzzˆy zm }rx‰rm‚ w{z~wuy zmn{}zˆy zmp}€qzuwmy. Nzr}r~z{, „{ F. c. Fxrw~rro ~{|{~moux ut{n}msrzul w{z~wu‚ zmp}€qzˆ‚ €w}m rzuv zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ 229 I}ltz{o 1980, 36, 55, }u~. 24, 2 –7; Grjaznov 1984, 50, 74, 236 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 63– 64, fig. 6, ~}. 70 –71, fig. 18, Abb. 24. 230 Wyu}z{o 1961, 69 –70, }u~. 13, 3–11; Wyu}z{o 1964, 29, 3; Muscarella 1988, 70 –71, fig. 106, 107, 109, 110; de Schauensee }u~. 2, 3n; Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 42 – 43, 158 –159, }u~. 14, 10 –13. 231 ^m|{omx{o 1971, 191–193; Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 49, 158 – wm„r~or zmn{}z{p{ €w}m rzul }ryzrv €tqˆ, m zr zmp}€qzuwm. 237 Kossack 1980, 123; Hüttel 1981a, 35, 39; Kossack 1989, 116. 159, }u~. 20, 4 –7. 232 Hüttel 1981a, 29 – 44. 238 W}. zm|}uyr} Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 158 –159, pqr {nm u|m 233 Q€wm {o 1984, 157 –161. 234 Hmx‰„mw, Rmy{z{o, Wmt{z{o 1996, 25, }u~. 1. Mqr~‰ sr ~}. ~wmtmz{, „{ {zu zr uyr‹ mzmx{puv. 239 Fxrw~rro 1992, 80 – 81; Fxrw~rro, Pm„mx{om, X{‚m~‰ro ~o{qw€ mzmx{pu„zˆ‚ zm‚{q{w o H{~{„z{v Ko}{|r. 235 Hüttel 1981a, 42 – 44. 1993, 79 – 80. W}. U{xuz 1994, 157 –158; J€qm}ro 1995, 29 – 30. 214 1989, 48, fig. 19. H [mtmzx€ Šu nxl wu u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ o nxl‚ {|u~mzˆ zm ~{~rqzu‚ ~}mzuƒm‚, |}u„ry { z{~m„ro~wu‚ 1 2 3 5 6 4 10 7 8 11 9 12 13 15 16 14 20 17 18 19 21 Vu~. 105 1–12. Gxl wu. 13–19. Mm~rswu. 20, 21. Vrw{z~}€wƒul w{z~w{v €tqˆ ut ~x{l }mt}€ rzul [mtmzx€ IV. 1– 6. P€}pmz F}smz, wmyr}m 26; 7. P€}pmz Lu}z{wxrro~wuv 6; 8. Rr}uprz, ^orvƒm}ul; 9. Rrxxrzuz, ~ror}{-o{~{„zml Ir}ymzul; 10. P{nmz~wuv y{pux‰zuw, |{p}rnrzur 31; 11. P€}pmz W}usrzm y{puxm, J{zrƒwml {nxm~‰; 12. [mtmzx€ IV; 13–15. P€}pmz F}smz, wmyr}m 1; 16. P€}pmz F}smz, wmyr}m 31; 17. P€}pmz Hˆ~{wml y{puxm, p}{nzuƒm 2; 18. P€}pmz Hˆ~{wml y{puxm, p}{nzuƒm 5; 19. P€}pmz € ~. Hm~ux‰rowm. 1–7, 10, 11. Pmnmzuv wxˆw; 8, 9, 19. P{~‰; 12. G}{ztm; 13–18. Pmyrz‰ U{ Hüttel 1981a, Abb. 1 (1–11); Muscarella 1988, Nr. 110 (12); Grjaznov 1984, Abb. 2– 4 (13 –16); Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 5, 6; 6, 11; 10, 3 (17 –19); de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, fig. 6 (20); de Schauensee 1989, fig. 19 (21) 215 }rx‰rm‚ mwsr ~ zm‚{qwmyu ut w€}pmzm F}smz, z{ zr ~ nxl‚myu ut wmyr}ˆ 26, wmw Š{ ~qrxmx q{ zrp{ [.-I. [‹rx‰, m ~ srx{n„mˆyu nxl‚myu ut ƒrz}mx‰z{v wmyr}ˆ 1 240. H ƒrz}mx‰z{v wmyr}r w€}pmzm F}smz {nzm}€srz{ |l‰ nxl rw Š{p{ u|m (|{~w{x‰w€ w{z~wur |{p}rnrzul tqr~‰ zm}€ rzˆ, |r}o{zm„mx‰z{ u‚ y{px{ nˆ‰ u n{x‰ r), „{ wmw n€q{ ~ouqrrx‰~o€r { o{ty{sz{~u |{q{nz{p{ u‚ u~{xw{omzul, ry n{xrr, „{ u‚ {}ym qrv~ourx‰z{ or~‰ym zm|{yuzmr ut{n}msrzzˆr zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚ nxl‚u (. 105, 13– 16). U}rqyrˆ mn~{x‹z{ mw{v sr {}yˆ o~}r„m‹~l u o |}u„r}z{y{}~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ |}rq~wu~w{v Š|{‚u (p}{nzuƒˆ 2 u 5 w€}pmzm Hˆ~{wml y{puxm o Mm|{}{s‰r 241, w€}pmz Hm~ux‰rowm o J{zrƒw{v {nxm~u242) (. 105, 17 – 19), {qzmw{ uyrzz{ Šu zm‚{qwu tm~moxl‹ €~{yzu‰~l o {qz{tzm„z{y u~{xw{omzuu mwu‚ |}rqyr{o wmw Šxryrz{o zmn{}zˆ‚ w{z~wu‚ zmp}€qzuw{o. H ~my{y qrxr, o Šu‚ |{p}rnrzul‚ {zu loz{ u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ wmw tm~rswu |{l~m (qom ~x€„ml) uxu w{x„mzm ({quz ~x€„mv) u zmvqrzˆ nrt o~lw{v ~oltu ~ |}rqyrmyu €tqˆ. Pmw tm~rswu, |}rsqr o~rp{ { p{}u{o, z{, o{ty{sz{, |}uyrzlo ur~l u qxl q}€pu‚ ƒrxrv, {xw€‹~l u yz{p{„u~xrzzˆr |{q{nzˆr zm‚{qwu o ~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ 243. Pmw nˆ { zu nˆx{, {yr„rzzˆr F. c. Fxrw~rroˆy }mtxu„ul yrsq€ Šxryrzmyu w{z~wu‚ zmn{}zˆ‚ €w}m rzuv u z{~m„ro~wuyu nxl‚myu q{~m{„zˆ, „{nˆ {wmtm‰~l { u‚ ~{|{~moxrzul ~ m~~u}uv~wuyu }rx‰rmyu u { uqru {n u‚ |r}rqzro{~{„z{y |}{u~‚{sqrzuu 244. P Š{y€ y{sz{ q{nmou‰ r†r, „{ nxl wu, ~x€suo ur „m~lyu zmn{}zˆ‚ zmp}€qzuw{o, r~r~orzz{, o~}r„m‹~l o w{y|xrw~m‚ o ouqr zmn{}{o, ~{~{l†u‚ ut q{~m{„z{ n{x‰ {p{ w{xu„r~om |}rqyr{o (66 o F}smzr, 21 o Lu}z{wxrro~w{y, 17 o w€}pmzr W}usrzm y{puxm, zr~w{x‰w{ qr~lw{o o [mtmzx€ IV, o ouqr zmn{}{o {zu |}rq~moxrzˆ u o N}mzr 245 ). S{~m„ro~wu‚ sr nxl‚ o~rp{ „rˆ}r 246, u {zu loz{ loxl‹~l |m}zˆyu |}uzmqxrsz{~lyu €tqˆ. Smtzm„rzur z{~m„ro~wu‚ nxl‚ ~mx{, zm y{v otpxlq, l~z{ |{~xr |€nxuwmƒuu w{y|xrw~m ut w€}pmzm € ~. Pouwu o U{}{~‰r (. 106), |{ ~{~mo€ zm‚{q{w u ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wu {„rz‰ nxutw{p{ z{~m„ro~w{y€ 247. H ~{~mor Š{p{ w{y|xrw~m {nzm}€srz{ r~‰ Šwtry|xl}{o qo€w{x‰„mˆ‚ n}{zt{oˆ‚ €qux ~ q{|{xzurx‰zˆyu torz‰lyu. J{|{xzurx‰zˆr torz‰l {qz{v |m}ˆ uyr‹ {}y€, „}rtoˆ„mvz{ nxutw€‹ {}yr z{~m„ro~wu‚ |}rqyr{o 248, ~ {v xu ‰ }mtzuƒrv, „{ srx{n„mˆr nxl‚u zm zu‚ uyr‹~l xu ‰ ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ, m ~ q}€p{v tmyrzrzˆ €w}m rzury o ouqr }{p{o (. 106, 65). U{~w{x‰w€ wouw{o~wur €quxm loxl‹~l nxusmv rv mzmx{purv z{~m„ro~wuy nxl‚my, y{sz{ |{xmpm‰, „{ Šu nxl‚u mwsr ~x€suxu q{|{xzurx‰zˆyu torz‰lyu €qux, ~w}r|xlo uyu~l ~ zuyu ~ |{y{†‰‹ }ryzl, m zr zmpx€‚{, wmw zm €quxm‚ ut w€}pmzm Pouwu. W q}€p{v ~{}{zˆ w zuy, wmw u w wouw{o~wuy, |}uw}r|xlx~l }ryrz‰ |{o{qm. T~mwu }ryzl zm z{~m„ro~wu‚ nxl‚m‚ o|{xzr ~{{or~o€‹ mw{v u‚ uzr}|}rmƒuu. H |{qor}sqrzur Š{p{ |}rq|{x{srzul ~xrq€r tmyru‰, „{ zm {qz{v |m}r €qux, zmv- 240 I}ltz{o 1980, 25, 55, }u~. 12, 2 – 4; Grjaznov 1984, 29, 74, oˆ~wmtˆomzuu zr |}rq~moxlr~l o{ty{szˆy: r~xu z{~m„ro- 81, Abb. 2 – 4. W}. ]xrz{om 1975, 70 –72; ]xrz{om 1997, 35 – 36. 241 Guqtuxl, dw{orzw{ 1974, 148 –158, }u~. 3; 5, 1; Xr}rz{s- ~wur nxl‚u zr {{sqr~oxl‹~l ~ ut{n}msrzzˆyu zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚ qrmxlyu €tqˆ, {zu, {„rouqz{, zr y{p€ wuz 1976, 28 – 32, }u~. 5, 6; 6, 11. 242 Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 37, }u~. 10, 3. 243 ]r}zrzw{ 1981, 38 – 42, }u~. 24 –25. „r}wm~~ƒro o |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{qm‚. ]umrx‰ {~mr~l o ~x€su‰ «m}‚r{x{pu„r~wuy |{qor}sqrzury» €„m~ul z{o{- 244 T„rz‰ ~}mzz€‹ |{tuƒu‹ |{ qmzz{v |}{nxryr tmzuymr zuv — o rw~r uxu o |}uyr„mzuu w zry€ — {}msmr {„w€ zrq{€yrzuu: wmw{r ut qo€‚ |}{uo{|{x{szˆ‚ oˆ~wmtˆom- W. H. Rm‚{}ˆ‚ (1994, 21, 23). H rw~r ~o{rv }mn{ˆ {z ~{p- t}rzul mo{}m? Wm}{r ~{|{~moxrzur z{~m„ro~wu‚ nxl‚ ~ m~- xm mr~l ~ |}rqx{srzzˆy I. X. P{o|mzrzw{ ~{|{~moxrzury ~u}uv~wuyu }rx‰rmyu |{o{}rz{, nrt €wmtmzul uzˆ‚ uzr}- z{~m„ro~wu‚ nxl‚ ~ m~~u}uv~wuyu }rx‰rmyu u zm Š{y {~z{omzuu ~„umr u‚ «m}‚r{x{pu„r~wuy |{qor}sqrzury €„m~ul |}rmƒuv, o z{orv rv }mn{r Dietz 1998, 36. 245 Herzfeld 1941, 142. wuyyr}uvƒro o |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{qm‚». Tqzmw{ tqr~‰ sr, 246 F. N. Xr}rz{swuz ~{ ~~ˆxw{v zm € sr |€nxuwmƒu‹ o |}uyr„mzuu w |}{ƒuu}{omzz{v }mtr, oˆ}msrz{ |}{uo{- I. X. P{o|mzrzw{ €wmtˆomr, „{ u‚ nˆx{ |l‰: Xr}rz{swuz |{x{sz{r yzrzur: mo{} {yr„mr €zwƒu{zmx‰z{r zr~{{ut{n}msrzzˆ‚ zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚, u {}uƒmr u‚ {{s- 1976, 79. 247 P{o|mzrzw{, I€|mx{ 1984, 39 –58. 248 P{o|mzrzw{, I€|mx{ 1984, 44 – 45, }u~. 5, 1; Dietz 1998, qr~oxrzur u uqr‹ { |r}rqzro{~{„z{y |}{u~‚{sqrzuu nxl‚. 44, Nr. 35, Taf. 5. or~our qrmxrv €tqˆ, zmvqrzzˆ‚ o S{~m„ro{ u Pouwm‚ u Tn‡rquzu‰ qor {„wu t}rzul o x{pu„r~wu zr|}{uo{}r„uo{y 216 5 1 2 3 12 13 14 4 6 16 15 7 17 8 9 19 18 10 11 20 21 22 31 23 24 25 27 26 28 30 29 32 33 34 35 37 36 39 38 40 42 41 46 43 44 45 0 9 47 Vu~. 106 Sm‚{qwu ut w€}pmzm € ~. Pouwu o U{}{~‰r (1– 47) 217 51 48 49 53 50 54 55 56 52 57 58 59 63 61 60 62 Vu~. 106 Sm‚{qwu ut w€}pmzm € ~. Pouwu o U{}{~‰r (48 – 64) 218 64 65 73 74 66 75 67 76 68 77 78 69 79 70 71 72 80 81 Vu~. 106 Sm‚{qwu ut w€}pmzm € ~. Pouwu o U{}{~‰r. 1– 35, 38, 39, 47 – 60, 65, 73–75, 77. G}{ztm; 36, 37, 40 – 46. Lrxrt{; 61. G}{ztm u qr}ro{; 62. G}{ztm, ~r}rn}{ u w{sm; 63, 64. Jr}ro{ u w{sm; 66 –70, 72, 76, 78, 79, 80. G}{ztm u w{sm; 71, 81. P{sm U{ P{o|mzrzw{, I€|mx{ 1984, }u~. 5, 6, 9 219 qrzzˆ‚ o S{~m„ro~w{y w€}pmzr, u~|{x‰t{omz uyrzz{ mw{v ~|{~{n ~{rquzrzul ~ {qzuy ut q{|{xzurx‰zˆ‚ torz‰ro (. 102, 7). J}€p{v o{ty{szˆv om}umz u~{xw{omzul z{~m„ro~wu‚ nxl‚ nˆx zrqmoz{ |}rqx{srz W. G. Hmx‰„mw{y 249. W{pxm~z{ rp{ yzrzu‹, {zu loxl‹~l qrmxlyu w{xr~zu„z{v €|}lsu, mzmx{pu„zˆyu w{x‰ƒmy ~ |{qor~wmyu (~y. oˆ r), ~ {v }mtzuƒrv, „{ n}{zt{o{r w{x‰ƒ{ tqr~‰ tmyrzrz{ zm w{smz{r. Nmw, |}u x‹n{v uzr}|}rmƒuu nxl‚u ut S{~m„ro~w{p{ w€}pmzm zr uyr‹ zu ymxrv rp{ {z{ rzul zu w m~~u}uv~wuy }rx‰rmy, zu w |r}rqzrmtum~w{v €tqr o{{n†r. Tzu zr y{p€ u~|{x‰t{om‰~l zr {x‰w{ wmw ~ouqrrx‰~o{ €„m~ul z{o{„r}wm~~ƒro o |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{qm‚, z{ qmsr u {}p{oˆ‚ w{zmw{o ~ Ur}rqzrv Fturv. Sr y{p€ {zu ~x€su‰ u o wm„r~or {|{}ˆ qxl mn~{x‹z{v ‚}{z{x{puu z{o{„r}wm~~wu‚ |mylzuw{o, |{~w{x‰w€ {{sqr~oxrzur Šu‚ nxl‚ ~ Šxryrzmyu ~n}€u, ut{n}msrzzˆyu zm m~~u}uv~wu‚ }rx‰rm‚ u utor~zˆyu |{ zm‚{qwmy o }lqr yr~, o {y „u~xr o [mtmzx€ IV, {wmtˆomr~l { un{„zˆy. 2.2.6 GYGKS\` NM PHNXPTHWPTIT PYVIFSF P}{yr z{~m„ro~wu‚ nxl‚, |}rqxmpmx{~‰ }m~~ym}uom‰ wmw ~ouqrrx‰~o{ €„m~ul z{~urxrv w€x‰€}ˆ S{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ wxmqm o |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{qm‚ u wmw q{wmtmrx‰~o{ u‚ uqrzu„z{~u ~ wuyyr}uvƒmyu mwsr n€nrzƒˆ, zmvqrzzˆr o €sr €|{yuzmo ry~l |{p}rnrzuu |{tqzrz{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ o}ryrzu — w€}pmzr € ~. Pouwu (. 106, 48 – 50 ). U}u Š{y {yr„mx{~‰, „{ nxutwur mzmx{puu Šuy n€nrzƒmy zm r}}u{}uu Wror}z{p{ U}u„r}z{y{}‰l zrutor~zˆ, tm{ {zu u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu, o {y „u~xr o ~ror}{-tm|mqz{y N}mzr, «zm |€l‚ wuyyr}uv~wu‚ |{‚{q{o» 250. W{~mo uzorzm}l wouw{o~w{p{ |{p}rnrzul o ƒrx{y q{~m{„z{ ‚m}mwr}rz qxl |r}r‚{qz{v Š|{‚u { z{o{„r}wm~~w{v w }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}r. Smvqrzzˆr tqr~‰ Šxryrzˆ w{z~w{v €tqˆ |}uzmqxrsm w wxm~~u„r~w{v z{o{„r}wm~~w{v €|}lsu — qo€w{x‰„mˆr €quxm u }r‚|rrx‰„mˆr |~mxuu ~ x{|m~‰‹; o w{x„mzz{y zmn{}r |}r{nxmqm‹ ~}rxˆ z{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ u|m. Tqzmw{ o zry |}u~€~o€‹ €sr u zmw{zr„zuwu }mzzrv }mtz{ouqz{~u smn{uz~w{p{ u|m, mzmx{pu„zˆr zmvqrzzˆy o w€}pmzr Kzqsm; zrw{{}ˆr q}€pur Šxryrzˆ |{p}rnmx‰z{p{ uzorzm}l (zm|}uyr}, wr}myuwm) mwsr ~nxusm‹ wouw{o~wuv w{y|xrw~ ~ }mzzr~wu~wuyu 251. Smvqrzzˆr o Pouwm‚ }u n€nrzƒm, ouquy{, u~|{x‰t{omo ur~l wmw €w}m rzul w{z~w{v €|}lsu, u o ~my{y qrxr zrutor~zˆ o q}€pu‚ z{o{„r}wm~~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚. Tzu uyr‹ ~r}u„r~w€‹ {}y€; ~rzwu ~zmnsrzˆ or}uwmx‰zˆyu |}{}rtlyu, }m~|{x{srzzˆyu o qom }lqm u }mtqrxrzzˆyu |{~r}rquzr ~|x{ zˆy p{}ut{zmx‰zˆy |{l~w{y; zm zuszrv „m~u uyr‹~l |}{}rtu }r€p{x‰z{v {}yˆ, {n}mt€‹†ur }ruv }lq. G€nrzƒˆ u w{x{w{x‰„uwu u o ~my{y qrxr u}{w{ u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ o |r}rqzro{~{„z{v w{z~w{v €|}lsu, o „m~z{~u {zu nˆxu }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ o Y}m}€, F~~u}uu, N}mzr u Mmwmowmt‰r. Tqzmw{ yrsq€ n€nrzƒmyu, u~|{x‰t{omo uyu~l o Šu‚ u q}€pu‚ }rpu{zm‚, uyr‹~l tzm„urx‰zˆr }mtxu„ul — „m~u„z{ ‚}{z{x{pu„r~wur, „m~u„z{ x{wmx‰zˆr, u ~{or} rzz{ zr|}mo{yr}z{ p{o{}u‰ { zu‚ wmw { p{y{przz{v ym~~r. W}mt€ ~xrq€r {yru‰, „{ wouw{o~wur n€nrzƒˆ zr uyr‹ zu„rp{ {n†rp{ ~ w{x{w{x‰„uwmyu, |}uyrzlo uyu~l o F~~u}uu u Y}m}€. H~r {zu {w}ˆˆr ~zut€ u uyr‹ uxu w{zu„r~w€‹ {}y€ }mtzˆ‚ |}{|{}ƒuv, uxu o{~‰yup}mzz€‹. Wrzwu |r}oˆ‚ {nˆ„z{ ~|x{ zˆr, „m~{ ~ {qzuy or}uwmx‰zˆy }mt}rt{y (‚{l uz{pqm o~}r„m‹~l u w{zu„r~wur w{x{w{x‰„uwu ~ |}{}rtlyu), o{}ˆ‚ — wmw |}moux{ uyr‹ |}ly{€p{x‰zˆr uxu womq}mzˆr {or}~ul, }m~|{x{srzzˆr zm p}mzl‚ o{~‰yu- 249 Hmx‰„mw 1997m, 42 – 43. 250 Ww{}uv 1991, 24. 220 251 P{o|mzrzw{, I€|mx{ 1984, 39 –58. p}mzzuwm o {quz uxu qom }lqm. Y}m}~wur w{x{w{x‰„uwu „m~{ {}zmyrzu}{omzˆ u uyr‹ zmq|u~u, nxmp{qm}l „ry€ €or}rzz{ qmu}€‹~l (utor~zˆ w{zu„r~wur w{x{w{x‰„uwu ~ zmq|u~lyu Wm}q€}u II u o{~‰yup}mzzˆr ~ zmq|u~lyu Rrz€m u F}pu u) (. 107) 252. Fzmx{pu„zˆr w{x{w{x‰„uwu, |{ w}mvzrv yr}r „m~‰ w{{}ˆ‚ uy|{}u}{omzm ut Y}m}€, nˆxu zmvqrzˆ u zm Wmy{~r, m mwsr o zrw{{}ˆ‚ q}€pu‚ yr~m‚ o I}rƒuu 253. U{q{nzˆr w{x{w{x‰„uwu utor~zˆ u tm |}rqrxmyu F~~u}uu u Y}m}€ — o Fzm{xuu (G{pmtwkv, ~x{v G‹‹wwmxr I) 254, Wu}uu (Muzqsu}xu) 255, Umxr~uzr (Qm‚u ) 256. H|{~xrq~ouu {zu }m~|}{~}mzl‹~l u o }mzzr~wu~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚. Tqzmw{ zm Šu‚ r}}u{}ul‚, owx‹„ml F~~u}u‹ u Y}m}€, zrutor~zˆ nxutwur mzmx{puu n€nrzƒmy ut Pou{w. Sr~w{x‰w{ nxusr w zuy n€nrzƒˆ ut N}mzm. Mqr~‰ nˆxu }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ ~r}u„r~wur uxu zr~w{x‰w{ oˆlz€ˆr n€nrzƒˆ (uz{pqm uy |}uqmzm {}ym |x{qm p}mzmm), {qzmw{ |}{}rtu zm u‚ ~rzwm‚ wmw |}moux{ }m~|{x{srzˆ o {quz }lq o{ o~‹ oˆ~{€ n€nrzƒm u uyr‹ ouq †rxrv. Sr~w{x‰w{ mwu‚ n€nrzƒ{o nˆx{ {nzm}€srz{, o „m~z{~u, o ~x{r [mtmzx€ IV 257, „{ €q{~{or}lr u‚ u~|{x‰t{omzur o IX o. q{ z. Š. (. 108, 1– 3). Ntor~zˆ u u‚ zm‚{qwu zm q}€pu‚ u}mz~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚, o „m~z{~u, o zrw}{|{xl‚ Rm}xuw (|{p}rnrzur 47, XXI E) 258, Wumxw B (|{p}rnrzul 15 u 56) 259 u q}€pu‚ 260. Srw{{}ˆr ut mwu‚ n€nrzƒ{o €w}m mxu~‰ t{{y{}zˆyu ut{n}msrzulyu (. 81, 3; 108, 4 – 6). Sm}lq€ ~ n€nrzƒmyu u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ mwsr u w{zu„r~wur w{x{w{x‰„uwu, ~‚{qzˆr ~ €}m}~wuyu u m~~u}uv~wuyu (~ |}{}rtlyu uxu nrt), {qzmw{ {zu o~}r„m‹~l tqr~‰ p{}mtq{ }rsr (. 81, 1) 261. W}rqu u}mz~wu‚ zm‚{q{w, {qzmw{, mwsr zrutor~z{ |{xzˆ‚ mzmx{puv n€nrzƒmy ut Pou{w. Sr~w{x‰w{ |}unxusm‹~l w zuy n€nrzƒˆ ut Xr|r Iulzm (|{p}rnrzur 105, „ror}ˆv ~x{v, zm„mx{ II ˆ~. q{ z. Š.)262, € w{{}ˆ‚ |}{}rtu }m~|{x{srzˆ o qom }lqm, z{ {zu nˆxu |}u~|{~{nxrzˆ qxl |{qor uomzul tm qom w{zƒm, uyrxu p{}mtq{ n{xrr oˆlz€€‹ {}y€ u o}lq xu u~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ o w{z~w{v €|}lsu (c}. . 108, 7, 8). Gxusmv ur mzmx{puu wouw{o~wuy n€nrzƒmy |}{u~‚{ql ut Mmwmowmt‰l. Xmw, |{q{nzˆr |{qor~wu o n{x‰ {y w{xu„r~or {nzm}€srzˆ ~}rqu ymr}umx{o F}uw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl. ]m~‰ |{qor~{w m}{{n}mtzml, zrw{{}ˆr — oˆlz€{v {}yˆ, o~r {zu €w}m rzˆ }r€p{x‰zˆyu uxu |{q}r€p{x‰zˆyu |}{}rtlyu, }m~|{x{srzzˆyu, wmw u zm wouw{o~wu‚ n€nrzƒm‚ o qom l}€~m; zrw{{}ˆr uyr‹ |}{}rtu u zm zuszrv „m~u. Tn}m†mr zm ~rnr ozuymzur {, „{ o~r |{qor~wu Š{p{ u|m |}{u~‚{ql ut |{p}rnrzuv o{}{v ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{v p}€||ˆ (|{p}rnrzul 93, 120, 169, 180, 196, 203, 245, 248, 297, 314, 317, 322, 327, 333, 346, 360, 361, 396, 398, 446, 466, 541, 549, 562, 571, 575, 576, 580, 608, 627, 637), w{{}ml, ouquy{, qmu}€r~l XII–XI oo. q{ z. Š. (. 109, 1– 11) 263. Huquy{, w {y€ sr o}ryrzu {z{~u~l |{p}rnrzur 9 Q{}u-nr}q~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm, pqr {nzm}€srz{ }u n€nrzƒm }mtzˆ‚ {}y 264. U{q{nzˆr n€nrz- 252 Thompson, Hutchinson 1931, 83, Taf. XXIII, 5 –7; Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 43, }u~. 35; Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №56, 58; zrw}{|{xl, €w}m rzm |}{}rtzˆy n€nrzƒ{y Š{p{ u|m). 260 Calmeyer 1969, 111; Moorey 1971, 137 –138, Nr. 154 –158, Calmeyer 1971, 427 – 430; Belli 1976 – 1977, 198 –208; Vanden pl. 28 –29; Bouzek 1971, 80 – 81, 96; Muscarella 1988, 274 –276, Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 149 – 153, Nr. 369 – 374. 261 Ghirshman 1939, 218, pl. XXV, 7; LVI (|{p}rnrzur 15); Cal- Nr. 62 –77; Özgen 1984, 109 – 111, Fig. 34 – 36; Seidl 1991, 80, Nr. 45, 56 – 61. 253 Möbius 1938, 156 –166; Jantzen 1972, 81– 84, Taf. 79 – 80; meyer 1969, 111–112; Moorey 1971, 137, Nr. 153, pl. 28; de Muscarella 1978, 61– 66, fig. 1–12. 254 Boehmer 1972, 70, Taf. X. Nr. 150. 262 Contenau, Ghirshman 1935, 35, pl. 30; ~}. Muscarella 1988, 255 Luschan, Andrae 1943, 106, 167, Taf. 48, a – c (tqr~‰ sr €wm- 273, Nr. 366 – 368. 263 [m„m}lz 1979, 15, 148, 161, 179, 184, 189, 192, 211, 213, tmzur zm zm‚{qw€ mzmx{pu„zˆ‚ Šwtry|xl}{o o F €}r). 256 Tufnell 1953, 395 – 396, pl. 54, 19; 58, 28 (ut w{zrw~m }uy- Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 72, fig. 19 d; Muscarella 1988, 91– 93, 238, 247, 248, 250, 253, 255, 261, 267, 283, 284, 309, 317, 349, ~w{p{ o}ryrzu). 257 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 71–72, fig. 19 a – c; Muscarella 354, 360, 365, 369, 370, 385, 396, 401, ~}. [m„m}lz 1963, 77 – 1988, 67 – 68, Nr. 96 –101; de Schauensee 1989, 45. 258 Negahban 1977, 57, Nr. 132. „{ „m~‰ |{qor~{w {z{~u~l w |r}o{v ‚}{z{x{pu„r~w{v 259 Ghirshman 1939, 218, pl. XXV, 5 – 6; LVI (x{ mq‰ o~mqzu- zul 360. 264 Jrorqslz 1981, 45, mn. XIII, 3–5. wm, ut{n}msrzz{p{ zm |r„mu ut |{p}rnrzul 15 ~umxw{o~w{p{ 78, mn. 5, 4 – 8; [m„m}lz 1975, 185, 214, }u~. 92 (~ €wmtmzury, p}€||r). T~{nrzz{ nxut{w wouw{o~wuy n€nrz„uw ut |{p}rnr- 221 1 3 2 4 Vu~. 107 Y}m}~wur n}{zt{oˆr w{x{w{x‰„uwu ut o{~{„z{v Fzm{xuu. 1. P{x{w{x‰„uw ~ zmq|u~‰‹ Rrz€m; 2. P{x{w{x‰„uw ~ zmq|u~‰‹ F}pu u I; 3, 4. P{x{w{x‰„uwu nrt zmq|u~rv U{ Özgen 1984, fig. 34 – 36 (1, 3, 4); Belli 1976 –1977, fig. 10 (2) 222 1 2 4 3 6 5 7 8 Vu~. 108 G}{zt{oˆr n€nrzƒˆ ut N}mzm. 1– 3. [mtmzx€ IV; 4 – 8. I}mnurx‰~wur }m~w{|wu U{ Muscarella 1988, Nr. 96, 98, 100, 370, 371, 374, 367, 368 223 1 4 3 2 5 6 7 8 9 12 17 10 13 18 14 19 11 16 15 20 21 Vu~. 109 G}{zt{oˆr n€nrzƒˆ. 1–11. R{pux‰zuw F}uw. 1. U{p}rnrzur 92; 2, 3. U{p}rnrzur 180; 4, 5. U{p}rnrzur 196; 6, 10. U{p}rnrzur 203; 7, 8. U{p}rnrzur 322; 9, 11. U{p}rnrzur 360; 12 –21. R{pux‰zuw Q{}u-nr}q. 12 –16. U{p}rnrzur 2; 17 –21. U{p}rnrzur 7 U{ [m„m}lz 1979, 148, 184, 189, 192, 250, 267 (1–11); Jrorqslz 1981, mn. VI, 3–5,8,9,11,12,14 –16 (12 –21) 224 2 3 4 1 6 5 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 16 13 14 15 17 Vu~. 110 G}{zt{oˆr n€nrzƒˆ. 1. Vmqmz‰l, Rmwrq{zul; 2. [m€‚uƒm, Rmwrq{zul; 3. b{~, Nmwm; 4. Quzq{~, V{q{~; 5. Yp}m, Hrzp}ul; 6. X}srz{, G{pryul; 7 –10. R{pux‰zuw Vrqwuz xmpr}‰; 11. G{x{z‰l-Wmorzm, |{p}rnrzur 296; 12, 16 –18. Ruzpr„m€}, p}€z{oˆv y{pux‰zuw u |r}oˆv w€}pmz; 13–15. G{x{z‰l-Wmorzm, |{p}rnrzur 94 U{ Bouzek 1974, fig. 18, 1,2,4,5 (1– 4); Chochorowski 1993, Abb. 6 B (5, 6); Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 77 (7 –10); Müller-Karpe 1959, Taf. 78, C 3 (11); 79, 7 – 9 (13 –15); F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, mn. XVIII, 5 –7,16 (12, 16 –18) 225 ƒˆ utor~zˆ o tmwmowmt~wu‚ |mylzuwm‚ u n{xrr }mzzrv Š|{‚u, zm|}uyr}, o Q„m rz~wu‚ w€}pmzm‚ 265 u o |{p}rnrzul‚ 2 u 7 y{pux‰zuwm Q{}u-nr}qm 266. Ntor~zˆ {zu u o n{xrr |{tqzu‚ |mylzuwm‚, {z{~l†u‚~l w X–IX oo. q{ z. Š. — o y{pux‰zuwr Vrqwuz xmpr}‰, |r}o{y Kxrzrzq{}~w{y w€}pmzr 267, o |{p}rnrzuu 1 Pm}yu}-nx€}~w{p{ (q{€}m}~w{p{) zrw}{|{xl 268, |{p}rnrzuu 7 bxm}~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm 269, |{p}rnrzul‚ 63 (1950 p.) u 102 Ruzpr„m€}~w{p{ p}€z{o{p{ y{pux‰zuwm u |r}o{y Ruzpr„m€}~w{y w€}pmzr 270, |{p}rnrzul‚ 47, 92 (Um}mqu~r~€zp) u 12 Pmxmwrz~w{p{ y{pux‰zuwm 271 u q}€pu‚ 272 (. 85, 16; 109, 12 – 21; 110, 7 – 10, 12, 16 – 18). Huquy{, o VIII o. q{ z. Š. |{q{nzˆr n€nrzƒˆ oˆ‚{ql ut €|{}rnxrzul, o{ty{sz{, |{q oxulzury €}m}~wu‚ {}y w{x{w{x‰„uw{o, w{{}ˆr u‚ oˆr~zl‹. H{ o~lw{y ~x€„mr, w{y|xrw~ˆ, qmu}€ryˆr €}m}~w{v Š|{‚{v, u‚ €sr zr ~{qr}sm. K†r {qzm p}€||m |}{}rtzˆ‚ n€nrzƒ{o uxu |{qor~{w mzmx{pu„z{v {}yˆ |}{u~‚{qu ut Ko}{|ˆ. Tzu utor~zˆ ~}rqu mw zmtˆomryˆ‚ «}mw{-wuyyr}uv~wu‚» n}{zt, o‚{ql†u‚ o ~{~mo wxmq{o |r}u{qm Ha B3 (Yp}m o Hrzp}uu, X}srz{ u Vmmvr o G{pryuu, ^m}rzp}mq o [{}omuu) (. 110, 5, 6) 273. bu n€nrz„uwu, u~|{x‰t{omo ur~l o {~z{oz{y o w{z~w{v €|}lsu, {qzmw{, qmx‰ r { wouw{o~wu‚, „ry tmwmowmt~wur {n}mtƒˆ — |}{}rtu zm u‚ ~rzwm‚ }m~|{x{srzˆ o {quz }lq u {nˆ„z{ †rxrouqzˆr, mw „{ {zu ~‚{su ~w{}rr ~ u}mz~wuyu n€nrzƒmyu. Mzm„urx‰z{ nxusr w wouw{o~wuy }u n€nrzƒm, {nzm}€srzzˆ‚ o |{p}rnrzuu 94 zrw}{|{xl G{x{z‰l-Wmorzm. U{p}rnrzur {z{~u~l w Šm|€ G{x{z‰l II, w{{}ˆv ~uz‚}{zutu}€r~l ~ |r}u{q{y Ha B3 u ~ €|{ylz€ˆyu oˆ r wxmqmyu 274. U{q{nzˆr n€nrz„uwu, z{ n{xrr oˆlz€{v {}yˆ {nzm}€srzˆ mwsr o |{p}rnrzuu 296 {p{ sr zrw}{|{xl, w{{}{r {z{~u~l w ~x{‹ G{x{z‰l I u ~uz‚}{zutu}€r~l ~ n{xrr }mzzuy |r}u{q{y Ha B2 275, m mwsr o q{p}r„r~w{y |{p}rnrzuu 21 zrw}{|{xl P€y |}uyr}z{ {p{ sr o}ryrzu (. 110, 11, 13 – 15) 276. U{tsr |{q{nzˆr |{qor~wu u n€nrz„uwu (o {y „u~xr ~ oˆ}rtmyu, }m~|{x{srzzˆyu o qom }lqm) }m~|}{~}mzl‹~l zm q{~m{„z{ u}{wu‚ r}}u{}ul‚ — o I}rƒuu, Rmwrq{zuu, tm|mqzˆ‚ Gmxwmzm‚, ^orvƒm}uu, o{~{„z{v Z}mzƒuu, Nmxuu u N~|mzuu (. 110, 1 – 4) 277. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, y{sz{ |{xmpm‰, „{ yr~{y |}{u~‚{sqrzul |{q{nzˆ‚ n€nrz„uw{o nˆx{ Mmwmowmt‰r, pqr {zu, o {y „u~xr Šwtry|xl}ˆ, or~‰ym ~‚{sur ~ wouw{o~wuyu, nˆxu }m~|}{~}mzrzˆ €sr zm„uzml ~ XIV–XIII oo. q{ z. Š. (Q„m rz~wur w€}pmzˆ). N~|{x‰t{omxu~‰ |{q{nzˆr n€nrzƒˆ u o N}mzr, {qzmw{ my {zu uyrxu wmw |}moux{ uzˆr {}yˆ. H |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. Š., or}{lz{, nxusr w rr zm„mx€, n€nrzƒˆ o Mmwmowmt‰r oˆ‚{ql ut €|{}rnxrzul u |{xz{~‰‹ oˆr~zl‹~l w{x{w{x‰„uwmyu }mtz{v {}yˆ, w{{}ˆr, o|}{„ry, nˆxu utor~zˆ tqr~‰ u }mz‰ r. H{ty{sz{, Šm ~yrzm {n‡l~zlr~l o{t}{~ uy €}m}~wuy oxulzury. H \rz}mx‰z{v Ko}{|r n€nrzƒˆ ~‚{qzˆ‚ {}y }m~|}{~}mzl‹~l, wmw yˆ ouqrxu, o |mylzuwm‚ |r}u{qm Ha B3, ~myˆr }mzzur Šwtry|xl}ˆ |{loxl‹~l r†r o |r}u{q Ha B2. N‚ |{loxrzur }€qz{ {n‡l~zu‰ uzm„r, wmw wmowmt~wuy oxulzury, u uyrzz{ Šm pu|{rtm loxlr~l o xur}m€}r opinio communis 278. U{~w{x‰w€ |r}r‚{q { |r}u{qm Ha B w |r}u{q€ Ha C zmqrsz{ qmu}€r~l {w{x{ ~r}rquzˆ VIII o. q{ z. Š. (~y. oˆ r), tmuy~o{omzur |}{}rtzˆ‚ n€nrzƒ{o }m~~ym}uomry{p{ u|m ut Mmwmowmt‰l o \rz}mx‰z€‹ Ko}{|€ zr y{px{ |}{ut{vu |{tsr Š{v qmˆ u qmu}€r~l, ~w{}rr o~rp{, r†r w{zƒ{y IX o. q{ z. Š. bu qmˆ {|}rqrxl‹~l, ~ {qz{v ~{}{zˆ, qmu}{ow{v |r}u{qm Ha B3, w{pqm |{q{nzˆr n€nrzƒˆ }m~|}{~}mzl‹~l o \rz}mx‰z{v Ko}{|r, m ~ q}€p{v — tmwmowmt~wuyu ymr}umxmyu, ~{pxm~z{ w{{}ˆy zr |{tsr |r}o{v |{x{ouzˆ VIII o. q{ z. Š. |{q{nzˆr 265 [m„m}lz 1963, 78. 266 Jrorqslz 1981, 25, 33, mn. VI, 3–19. 267 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 199, }u~. 77, 15 –18; K~mlz 1976, 116. 268 Rm}u}{~lz 1961, 59, }u~. 26o. 269 [mztmqlz 1979, mn. XXVIII. 270 Z{yrzw{ 1953, 67 – 80; F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 81, 162, 175 –177, mn. XVIII, 5 –7, 16. T~{nrzz{ nxutwu wouw{o~wuy ~r}u„r~wur n€nrzƒˆ ut |{p}rnrzul 63. 271 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 19, 8; 37, 7 – 8; 59, 10 –11; 75, 4. 272 W}. U{p}rn{om 1984, 107 –122. 226 273 Gallus, Horváth 1939, 19, pl. XVIII B, 8; Richlý 1894, 84, Taf. XII, 24; Šolle 1950, 102 –104, fig. 1, 12; Huz~wu 1955, 37, ~x. 25; Bouzek 1971, 84 – 87, 98 – 99; Chochorowski 1993, 87 – 88, Abb. 6 B. 274 Müller-Karpe 1959, 216, Abb. 57, 27, Taf. 79, 9. 275 Müller-Karpe 1959, Abb. 7, Taf. 78, 3. 276 Müller-Karpe 1959, 38 – 39, Taf. 22, 3. 277 Schüle 1969, 49 –50, 203–205, Karte 14; Bouzek 1971, 87 – 104; Bouzek 1974, 60 –75. 278 W}. Bouzek 1971, 94; Bouzek 1971a, 89 – 91; U{p}rn{om 1984, 120-121, ~ xur}m€}{v. |}rqyrˆ oˆ‚{ql tqr~‰ ut €|{}rnxrzul. Mmuy~o{omzur n€nrzƒ{o, |{ {n†ry€ yzrzu‹, |}{ut{ x{ „r}rt |}u„r}z{y{}~wur ~r|u, {qzmw{ o ~my{y Š{y }rpu{zr {zu, ouquy{, zr o{ xu o {nu‚{q u zr tmw}r|uxu~‰, o {xu„ur { \rz}mx‰z{v u Mm|mqz{v Ko}{|ˆ. Pouw{o~wml zm‚{qwm {~mr~l rquz~orzzˆy ~ouqrrx‰~o{y }{xu ~r|rv o |r}rqm„r |}rqyr{o Š{p{ u|m zm tm|mq u y{sr nˆ‰ {zr~rzm w |r}u{q€, w{pqm {zm {~€†r~oxlxm~‰ ({ yr‚mzutyr Š{v |r}rqm„u — nˆx{ xu Š{ |r}rqousrzur zm~rxrzul, {}p{oˆr w{zmwˆ, w€x‰€}zˆr oxulzul, y{qm u . q. — ~€qu‰ zro{ty{sz{). G€nrzƒˆ ut Pouw{o, ~xrq{omrx‰z{, qmu}€‹~l w{zƒ{y IX – ~r}rquz{v VIII o. q{ z. Š. Ntxu zr p{o{}u‰, „{ {zu zr y{p€ ~„um‰~l ~ouqrrx‰~o{y |r}rqzrmtum~wu‚ |{‚{q{o — wmw |{{y€, „{ qxl ~{x‰ }mzzrv Š|{‚u { mwu‚ |{‚{qm‚ zu„rp{ zr utor~z{, mw u |{{y€, „{ |{q{nzˆr n€nrzƒˆ, ‚m}mwr}zˆr qxl Mmwmowmt‰l, o F~~u}uu u Y}m}€ zr |}uyrzlxu~‰. U{~w{x‰w€ |{p}rnrzur € Pouw{o loxlr~l {qzuy ut l}wu‚ w{y|xrw~{o |{tqzrz{o{„r}wm~~w{p{ o}ryrzu, ~{qr}sm†u‚ o ~rnr €sr {qrx‰zˆr }mzzr~wu~wur Šxryrzˆ, Š{ oˆo{q omsrz qxl qmu}{owu |r}r‚{qm { z{o{„r}wm~~w{v w }mzzr~wu~w{v w€x‰€}r. JRGIG 2.3   «        »          2.3.1 _RLS` «VLWLKTLIUXYU^TUJU» YOVG TG QGIQGNL Qku |msop}pv‡|}mk uswwp{st|us€ zy€yoym m Vp{pox‰‰ Grs‰ s|zyv‡rymkvs|‡ }kuqp xk€yous ƒvpwym «k||s{st|uyny» }szk m wynsv‡xsuk€ Qylkx|uyt u~v‡}~{† [k|uk~ (Jkvsk}) (. 112, 1) 1 s Ip{€xjj W~}€k (Q~wl~v}k) 2 m Xpmp{xyt U|p}ss s Qvsx-j{ III lvsr Qs|vymyo|uk (zyn{plpxsj 186, {k|uyzus 1988 n. s {kr{~ƒpxxyp zyn{plpxsp 1987 n.) 3. Kmk zp{m†€ ƒvpwk z{ys|€yoj} sr n{kls}pv‡|us€ {k|uyzyu xk‚kvk mpuk s sxy{wksj y uywzvpu|k€ s€ zyn{plpxst y}|~}|}m~p}. Tkz{y}sm, uywzvpu|† om~€ zy|vpoxs€ ƒvpwym, y|ylpxxy z{ys|€yoj„pny sr {k|uyzyu 1988 n., srmp|}x† oy|}k}y‚xy zyvxy. U|ylkj pxxy|}‡ ˆ}s€ uywzvpu|ym, uku |z{kmpovsmy y}wp‚kvs km}y{† s€ z~lvsukst, |y|}ys} m }yw, ‚}y yxs muv‰‚k‰} }szs‚x†p z{powp}† xymy‚p{uk||uyny ylvsuk. Vyn{plpxsp 186 ({k|uyzus 1988 n.) |yop{qkvy om~uyv‡‚k}†p ~osvk | {svpxspw m msop om~€ {joym umko{k}suym, }{p€zp}pv‡‚k}†p |}p{qxpmsox†p srynx~}†p z|kvss s lvjƒus, ~u{kƒpxx†p |yvj{x†w rxkuyw. Q{ywp }yny, rop|‡ qp ylxk{~qpx† lswp}kvvs‚p|ust usxqkv | n{slymsox†w xkmp{ƒspw s z{jw†w zp{pu{p|}spw, swp‰„sw zyoz{jwy~nyv‡x†p m†|}~z†, qpvprx†p xkuyxp‚xsu uyz‡j s xyq, k }kuqp ukwpxx†t y|pvyu (. 61) 4. X~oj zy y{wp xktopxxyt m zyn{plpxss 186 uyx|uyt ~ro†, yxy |sx€{yxsrs{~p}|j | xk‚kvyw m}y{yt €{yxyvyns‚p|uyt n{~zz† xymy‚p{uk||uyt ~ro† zy |€pwp I. W. a{vs€k. Ulxk{~qpxx†p rop|‡ z|kvss z{sxkovpqk} u zp{p€yoxyw~ }sz~ y} z|kvst, m|}{p‚k‰„s€|j | ~osvkws zp{myt €{yxyvyns‚p|uyt n{~zz†, u uvk||s‚p|usw xymy‚p{uk||usw z|kvsjw m}y{yt n{~zz†. Wsvpxsp ~osv umko{k}sukws xp m|}{p‚kp}|j xk ~osvk€ zp{myt s €k{ku}p{xy ovj m}y{yt €{yxyvyns‚p|uyt n{~zz† 5. Kvj «uvk||s‚p|us€» xymy‚p{uk||us€ zkwj}xsuym €k{ku}p{xk s y{wk xktopxxyny rop|‡ lswp}kvvs‚p|uyny usxqkvk 6. ^}y uk|kp}|j {kr{~ƒpxxyny zyn{plpxsj 1987 n., }y pny sxmpx}k{‡, mp{yj}xy, srmp|}px xkw xp zyvxy|}‡‰. Q{ywp l{yxrymyny ƒvpwk, rop|‡ ylxk{~qpx† qpvprx†t xkuyxp‚xsu uyz‡j, lswp}kvvs‚p|ust wp‚ }yny qp }szk, ‚}y s m zyn{plpxss 186, s l{yxrymkj zpu}y{kv‡ (. 111) 7. Hvsry|}‡ wp‚pt, ƒvpwym s xkuyxp‚xsuym uyzst sr om~€ zyn{plpxst rk|}kmvjp} z{pozyvknk}‡ s€ |sx€{yxxy|}‡. Q }yw~ qp }sz~ z{sxkovpqs} {knwpx}s{ymkxx†t ƒvpw, z{ys|€yoj„st sr {k|uyzyu I. O. Kyvlpqpmk, z{ymyosmƒs€|j m 1887 n. xk uylkx|uyw wynsv‡xsup ^ws m Xpmp{xyt U|p}ss. Ux xpyz~lvsuymkx 1 Zmk{ymk 1900, 276 –277, {s|. 211; Xpwpxym 1955, 61– 62. 2 Hp{vsx, S~rpt z{po- s z{ks|}y{ss, Inv.-Nr. III d 4882: Nagel 1959 –1960, 144 –147; Nagel 1963, 13–14, Nr. 9, Taf. IV; Sulimirski 1970, 398, pl. L; Borchhardt 1972, 106 –107 (Nr. 24, 3 Hpvsx|ust 1990, 190 –195, {s|. 3, 1; K~ok{pm 1991, 52 –53, }kl. 17. 4 Hpvsx|ust 1990, 190 –195, {s|. 3, 1– 9. 5 a{vs€ 1994, 65. VI), Taf. 35, 1–2; Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 138; Özgen 1979, 29; 6 Yp{pxyqusx 1976, 112 –114, {s|. 69, 75, III; K~ok{pm 1991, Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 128, 41. 7 K~ok{pm 1991, 41, 44, }kl. 8, 15, 17. Nr. 16. 228 1a 2 3 1 0 4 15 5 Ws|. 111 Tk€yous sr {kr{~ƒpxxyny zyn{plpxsj wynsv‡xsuk Qvsx-j{ III, {k|uyzus 1987 n. 1. Mpvpry s l{yxrk; 2, 3. Mpvpry; 4, 5. H{yxrk Vy K~ok{pm 1991, }kl. 8, 15, 17 229 s €{kxs}|j m wy|uym|uyw O|}y{s‚p|uyw w~rpp 8. Q |yqkvpxs‰, uywzvpu|, sr uy}y{yny z{ys|€yos} okxx†t ƒvpw, sopx}sss{ymk}‡ xp ~okp}|j. _vpw l†v |uvpzkx sr xp|uyv‡us€ vs|}ym l{yxr†, z{s‚pw vs|}† {k|zyvknkvs|‡ m omk |vyj. Spqo~ |ylyt vs|}†, uku s m o{~ns€ |v~‚kj€, |u{pzvjvs|‡ l{yxrym†ws rkuvpzukws. Q }yt qp n{~zzp xk€yoyu yl†‚xy z{s‚s|vjp}|j s |€yox†t, xy zvy€y |y€{kxsmƒst|j ƒvpw, xktopxx†t u ‰n~ y} Qkmukr|uyny €{pl}k — m V{swy{|uyw m Gl€krss (. 112, 10 ) 9. Xy€{kxsvs|‡ y|}k}us vs|}ymyt l{yxr† s {knwpx} uyx~|ymsoxyt mp{€~ƒus | z{yƒs}†w l{yxrymyt }p|‡wyt ƒmyw. I|p qp zy {knwpx}kw wyqxy {puyx|}{~s{ymk}‡ uku y{w~ ƒvpwk, }ku s pny {krwp{† (m†|y}k 30 |w). H. G. Q~}sx |zpskv‡xy y}wp‚kp} |€yo|}my ˆ}yny ƒvpwk uku zy y{wp, }ku s |zy|yl~ srny}ymvpxsj, | ~zywjx~}†w ƒvpwyw sr wynsv‡xsuk [k|uk~. Kvj sx}p{z{p}kss uku |kwyny ƒvpwk, }ku s m|pt n{~zz† xk€yoyu, |~„p|}mpxxyp rxk‚pxsp swpp} uywzvpu|, m uy}y{yw yx xktopx. _vpw z{ys|€yos} sr zyn{plpxsj, {kr{~ƒpxxyny z{s zyvpm†€ {kly}k€. Q{ywp xpny, m |y|}km uywzvpu|k m€yosv p„p {jo l{yxrym†€ z{powp}ym, m }yw ‚s|vp omk }yzy{k (| nmyropyl{krx†w yl~€yw s k||swp}{s‚x†w vprmspw s | m†z~uv†w |swwp}{s‚x†w vprmspw s uvsxymsox†w yl~€yw). Ulk }szk }yzy{ym €k{ku}p{x† ovj Qylkx|uyt s Qyv€so|uyt u~v‡}~{, z{s‚pw xk m}y{yw sr xs€ swpp}|j sryl{kqpxsp rmp{j, y‚px‡ lvsruyp sryl{kqpxsjw xk uylkx|us€ }yzy{k€ (o{~nsp y{xkwpx}kv‡x†p wy}sm† xk }yzy{p y}|~}|}m~‰}) (. 112, 6). Q{ywp }yzy{ym, m zyn{plpxss ylxk{~qpx† l{yxrym†t usxqkv | y{xkwpx}s{ymkxxyt {~uyj}‡‰ (. 112, 3), uy}y{†t xk€yos} |plp lvsqktƒ~‰ kxkvyns‰ m zyn{plpxss 66 s lyvpp y}okvpxx†p — m zyn{plpxsj€ 16k s 249 Yvst|uyny wynsv‡xsuk 10, k }kuqp o~nyyl{krxkj sl~vk uylkx|uyny }szk | pvy‚x†w y{xkwpx}yw s {k|ƒs{pxx†w z{spwxsuyw (. 112, 9). [sl~vk swpp} wxyny‚s|vpxx†p kxkvynss m uylkx|us€ zkwj}xsuk€, m }yw ‚s|vp m Yvst|uyw wynsv‡xsup, s y}xy|s}|j uy m}y{yw~ }sz~ zy uvk||ssukss H. I. Yp€ymk 11, uy}y{†t yx ok}s{~p} uyxyw XI – zp{myt zyvymsxyt X m. oy x. ˆ. (ok}k, msoswy, rkxsqpxk). [sl~v† ˆ}yny qp }szk l†vs xktopx† s m }vst|us€ zyn{plpxsj€ 66 s 16k mwp|}p | ~zywjx~}†ws usxqkvkws. Q{ywp }yny, rop|‡ qp l†vk xktopxk wk||smxkj l{yxrymkj ƒptxkj n{smxk | rku{~‚pxx†ws uyxkws, lsuyxs‚p|usp |zs{kv‡x†p z{yxsrs (. 112, 2, 7, 8) s ukwpxx†t l{~|yu — m|p xk€yoj} lvsrusp |yy}mp}|}msj m zkwj}xsuk€ Qylkx|uyt u~v‡}~{† }yt qp ˆzy€s. I uywzvpu| m€yosvs }kuqp }{s l{yxrym†€ xkuyxp‚xsuk uyzst. Uoxy sr xs€, | ovsxxyt ~ruyt oy mp{€k {k|‚vpxpxxyt m}~vuyt s zy‚}s }{p~nyv‡x†w | z{jw†w y|xymkxspw zp{yw (. 112, 4), xk€yos} lvsrusp |yy}mp}|}msj m aƒp{|uyw wynsv‡xsup s o{~ns€ zkwj}xsuk€ Qyv€so|uyt u~v‡}~{†. Kmk o{~ns€ swp‰} lyvpp ƒs{yu~‰ {k|„pzvpxx~‰ m}~vu~ s lyvpp ~ruyp vs|}ymsoxyp zp{y s }kuqp oy|}k}y‚xy ‚k|}y m|}{p‚k‰}|j m zkwj}xsuk€ ˆ}yt u~v‡}~{† (. 112, 5). I|}{p‚k‰„pp|j m vs}p{k}~{p ~ukrkxsp, ‚}y m }y} qp uywzvpu| m€yosv }kuqp u{‰‚pu (y‚pmsoxy, y} yopqo†) | os|uymsox†ws |zs{kvjws, yƒsly‚xy — yx z{ys|€yos}, opt|}ms}pv‡xy, sr V{swy{|uyny, xy sr o{~nyny wp|}k s l†v xktopx mwp|}p | xpuy}y{†ws o{~nsws z{powp}kws xk o{~nyw ~‚k|}up s rxk‚s}pv‡xy {kx‡ƒp 12. Oxmpx}k{‡ rk€y{yxpxsj sr V{swy{|uyny oy|}k}y‚xy }szs‚px ovj m}y{yt €{yxyvyns‚p|uyt n{~zz† Yvst|uyny wynsv‡xsuk zy zp{syosrkss H. I. Yp€ymk, uy}y{kj ok}s{~p}|j sw XII–X mm. oy x. ˆ. a}y qp |€yo|}my y}wp‚kp} s J. Qy||ku, uy}y{†t |sx€{yxsrs{~p} uywzvpu| V{swy{|uyny | xk‚kvyw |mypt n{~zz† Tli C alt 13. I |s|}pwp €{yxyvynss I. O. Qyrpxuymyt uywzvpu| V{swy{|uyny, y‚pmsoxy, oyvqpx l†}‡ yz{popvpx uku z{swp{xy |sx€{yxx†t xk‚kv~ zp{syok Qylkx III 14 — {jo z{powp}ym ˆ}yny uywzvpu|k (sl~vk, y{xkwpx}ksj }yzy{k) xk€yos} lvsqktƒsp kxkvynss m xk‚kvp ˆ}yny zp{syok. Vyvyqpxsp uywzvpu|k sr V{swy{|uyny m |s|}pwp y}xy|s}pv‡xyt €{yxyvynss ~|}kxkmvsmkp}|j mzyvxp xkopqxy. Gl|yv‰}xkj ok}s{ymuk zp{p€yok y} II u III zp{syo~ Qylkx|uyt u~v‡}~{† (zy Qyrpxuymyt), z{swp{xy |yy}mp}|}m~‰„pny zp{p€yo~ y} ny{sryx}k Tli B u Tli C (zy Qy||ku~), y} uy}y{yt rkms|s} ok}k z{swy{|uyny uywzvpu|k, y|xymkxk xk |s|}pwp z{smjryu u px}{kv‡8 Oxm. № 25276, yz. № H 1746/631. Hvknyok{‰ G. Syƒsx- 10 Yp€ym 1977, 101–103, 107, {s|. 89, 1,6; Yp€ym 1980k, 15, 22, |uyny, |yyl„smƒpny wxp yl ˆ}yw z{powp}p s zyrmyvsmƒpny | 41, }kl. 34, 51, 106. 11 Yp€ym 1977, 142 –143. xsw yrxkuyws}‡|j. 9 X}{kqpm 1926, 106 –107 (non vidi); Q~}sx 1949, 139 –147, }kl. X, 9; Iy{yxym 1969, 24 –25, }kl. XLVI, 6; Iy{yxym 1980, 12 Q~}sx 1949, 147; Iy{yxym 1969, 24. 13 Kossack 1983, 111–114. 207, {s|. 1, 47; Kossack 1983, 111–114, Abb. 10, 9. 14 Qyrpxuymk 1990, 78 – 82; Qyrpxuymk 1996, 96 – 99. 230 1 2 6 7 8 3 4 5 9 10 Ws|. 112 1. _vpw sr wynsv‡xsuk [k|uk~ (Jkvsk}). 2 –10. Tk€yous sr zyn{plpxsj m V{swy{|uyw, Gl€krsj. H{yxrk Vy Zmk{ymk 1900, {s|. 211 (1); Q~}sx 1949, }kl. X (2 –10) 231 xypm{yzpt|usw s rkukmukr|usw uywzvpu|kw s }kuqp wyqp} |‚s}k}‡|j ~lpos}pv‡xy yly|xymkxxyt. Uxk yz{popvjp}|j z{swp{xy zp{myt zyvymsxyt – |p{posxyt X m. oy x. ˆ. _vpw sr V{swy{|uyny ok}s{~p}|j, |vpoymk}pv‡xy, z{swp{xy m}y{yt zyvymsxyt X – xk‚kvyw IX m. oy x. ˆ. V{povyqpxxkj b. T. Iy{yxym†w ok}s{ymuk uywzvpu|k sr V{swy{|uyny uyxyw VIII – zp{myt zyvymsxyt VII m. oy x. ˆ. z{po|}kmvjp}|j |vsƒuyw rkm†ƒpxxyt 15. Ip„s, xk uy}y{†p yx ||†vkp}|j m yly|xymkxsp |mypt ok}s{ymus (uyxs‚p|usp ms}†p z{yxsrs, sl~v†), xk€yoj} |plp lyvpp lvsrusp kxkvynss m lyvpp o{pmxs€ zkwj}xsuk€. Q }yt qp n{~zzp yl†‚xy y}xy|j} s ƒvpw sr zyn{plpxsj 13 wynsv‡xsuk Hpƒ}kƒpxs m Y{skvp}s (J{~rsj)16, uy}y{†t |y€{kxsv|j my {knwpx}s{ymkxxyw msop (. 78, 21). Uz~lvsuymkmƒst ƒvpw H. G. Q~}sx zp{m†w |yzy|}kmsv pny | ƒvpwkws sr [k|uk~ s sr V{swy{|uyny. Ux y}wp}sv, ‚}y ƒvpw sr Y{skvp}s y}vs‚kp}|j y} om~€ xkrmkxx†€ vsƒ‡ «z{s|~}|}mspw lyuym†€ y}{y|}uym, |v~qsmƒs€ xk~ƒxsukws». V{s ˆ}yw H. G. Q~}sx y}{skv |mjr‡ m|p€ }{p€ ƒvpwym | G||s{spt s |‚s}kv s€ {yosxyt ylvk|}‡ Qylkx|uyt u~v‡}~{†, zyvknkj, ‚}y k||s{st|usp ƒvpw† swpvs o{~n~‰ y{w~. V{kmok, |~osv yx yl k||s{st|us€ ƒvpwk€, ukqp}|j, zy posx|}mpxxyw~ ˆurpwzvj{~ sr {k|uyzyu Tsw{~ok, €{kxj„pw~|j m H{s}kx|uyw w~rpp 17. Izy|vpo|}mss, yoxkuy, H. H. Vsy}{ym|ust |yzy|}kmsv xkrmkxx†p xk€yous | ylxk{~qpxx†ws xk Yptƒplksxs ~{k{}|usws y|}{yuyxp‚x†ws ƒvpwkws, k ‚p{pr xs€ | k||s{st|usws 18. Vy|vp H. H. Vsy}{ym|uyny y}yqop|}mvpxsp ukmukr|us€ ƒvpwym | zp{poxpkrsk}|usws |}kvy yl„pz{sxj}†w s |ywxpxs‰ xp zyomp{nkvy|‡. Owp‰}|j, yoxkuy, |p{‡prx†p y|xymkxsj ~|ywxs}‡|j m uy{{pu}xy|}s y}xp|pxsj ƒvpwk sr Hpƒ}kƒpxs u k||s{y-~{k{}|uyw~ }sz~. I |kwyw opvp, uywzvpu| zyn{plpxsj 13, m uy}y{yw ylxk{~qpx okxx†t ƒvpw, ok s m|pny Hpƒ}kƒpx|uyny wynsv‡xsuk, m†nvjos} ny{kroy k{€ks‚xpp, ‚pw }y z{pozyvknkp} pny y}yqop|}mvpxsp | ˆ}sw }szyw (. 78). Hpƒ}kƒpx|ust wynsv‡xsu l†v y}xp|px H. G. Q~}sx†w u ˆzy€p zyroxpt l{yxr†, s m ˆ}yt ok}s{ymup m{jo vs wyqxy |ywxpmk}‡|j. Wjo ylxk{~qpxx†€ rop|‡ z{powp}ym swpp} lvsrusp kxkvynss m }kus€ ˆ}kvyxx†€ zkwj}xsuk€ ˆ}yny m{pwpxs, uku R‚kƒpx|usp u~{nkx†, G{}su|ust wynsv‡xsu (zp{mkj s m}y{kj €{yxyvyns‚p|usp n{~zz†) s G{‚kory{|usp u~{nkx†. I |y|}kmp zyn{plpxsj 13 l†vs ylxk{~qpx† oy|}k}y‚xy €k{ku}p{x†p z{powp}†, uy}y{†p xp zyrmyvj‰} |ywxpmk}‡|j m pny ok}s{ymup 19: zy |y|}km~ sxmpx}k{j yx oyvqpx l†}‡ |sx€{yxsrs{ymkx p|vs xp | R‚kƒpx|usws u~{nkxkws, }y my m|juyw |v~‚kp | G{‚kory{|usws. Ulxk{~qpxxkj rop|‡ l{yxrymkj l~vkmk n{~ƒpmsoxyt y{w† | zj}‡‰ m†|}~zkws xk€yos} |plp lvsqktƒsp kxkvynss, u{ywp zyn{plpxsj 20 }yny qp xpu{yzyvj, m o{pmxptƒs€ zyn{plpxsj€ xpu{yzyvj Xkw}km{y 20, m R‚kƒpx|us€ u~{nkxk€ 21 s m |sx€{yxxyw sw zyn{plpxss 109 wynsv‡xsuk G{}su, y}xy|j„pw|j u zp{myt €{yxyvyns‚p|uyt n{~zzp (mwp|}p | l{yxrym†w uvsxuyw lvsruyt xktopxxyw~ m zyn{plpxss 13 Hpƒ}kƒpxs y{w†) 22, €y}j zyoylx†p l~vkm† s|zyv‡rymkvs|‡ s zyrqp (Gvkmp{os) 23. [y{wk l{yxrymyny uvsxuk }kuqp oy|}k}y‚xy €k{ku}p{xk s swpp} {jo kxkvynst, xkz{swp{, m zyn{plpxsj€ zp{myt s m}y{yt n{~zz† G{}su|uyny wynsv‡xsuk s o{~ns€ |sx€{yxx†€ zkwj}xsuk€ 24. I lyvpp zyroxpp m{pwj zyoylx†p uvsxus m†€yoj} sr ~zy}{plvpxsj. Tk {kxx‰‰ ok}~ ~ukr†mkp} }kuqp xk€youk m ˆ}yw zyn{plpxss mp|‡wk |mypyl{krx†€ u{‰uym, lvsru~‰ kxkvyns‰ uy}y{†w z{po|}kmvj‰} u{‰us sr uvkok Qmpwy-Xk|s{p}s (. 64, 9), uy}y{†t |yop{qkv ~osvk | os|uymsox†ws z|kvsjws s, msoswy, ok}s{~p}|j xpxkwxyny zyrqp R‚kƒpx|us€ u~{nkxym (|w. m†ƒp). Xymp{ƒpxxy kxkvyns‚x†p u{‰us mwp|}p | om~€‚k|}x†ws l{yxrym†ws ~osvkws lpr z|kvst, l†vs ylxk{~qpx† m zyn{plpxss 117 wynsv‡xsuk Y{pvs, y}xy|j„pw|j u XIV–XIII mm. oy x. ˆ. (. 74, 6) 25. ^}y uk|kp}|j uyv‡‚k}†€ ~osv, uy}y{†p xktopx† m okxxyw zyn{plpxss mwp|}p | {ynym†ws z|kvsjws, }y oy|}k}y‚xy lvsrukj kxkvynsj sw swpp}|j m zyn{plpxss 79 wynsv‡xsuk G{}su, 15 Iy{yxym 1980, 207 –208. 16 Q~}sx 1941, 68, }kl. XL. 17 Hunger, Lamer 1912, 54, Abb. 169. 18 Vsy}{ym|ust 1955, 25 –26. 19 Q~}sx 1941, 68, 74, {s|. 72 l; 80, 5; 81; }kl. XL, XLVI, XLVII; Schaeffer 1948, fig. 279. 20 ^~lkxsƒmsvs 1957, }kl. XVII; Qkvkxokorp 1980, 84 – 85, {s|. 891– 892. 232 21 Sk{}s{y|jx 1964, 104, }kl. IX, 6; \k‚k}{jx 1975, 178. 22 \k‚k}{jx 1975, 181, {s|. 88; \k‚k}{jx 1979, 36, 156. 23 Sk{}s{y|jx 1964, 104; L|kjx 1966, 54; yoxkuy l~vkmk sr Xskvuk (Ghirshman 1939, pl. XXIX, 10) xp l{yxrymkj, k ukwpxxkj. 24 \k‚k}{jx 1975, 174 –175, 199; L|kjx 1966, 60 – 62. 25 Abramischwili 1995, 192, 321, Nr. 350, Abb. 199. Ws|. 113 X€pwk}s‚p|ust zvkx zyn{plpxsj m u~{nkxp 1 ~ |. G{‚kory{, {s|~xyu a. Wp|vp{k Vy Q~ƒxk{pmk 1957, {s|. 1 rkxswk‰„pny z{ywpq~}y‚xyp zyvyqpxsp wpqo~ zp{myt s m}y{yt €{yxyvyns‚p|usws n{~zzkws (. 65, 5) (|w. m†ƒp). Tkuyxp, s l{yxrym†p |p{z† s l~vkmus xk€yoj} |plp lvsrusp kxkvynss m zyn{plpxsj€ m}y{yt €{yxyvyns‚p|uyt n{~zz† G{}su|uyny xpu{yzyvj 26. Ykusw yl{kryw, zyn{plpxsp 13 Hpƒ}kƒpx|uyny wynsv‡xsuk wyqp} l†}‡ |sx€{yxsrs{ymkxy | xk‚kvyw m}y{yt €{yxyvyns‚p|uyt n{~zz† G{}suk s, msoswy, | G{‚kory{|usws u~{nkxkws s ok}s{ymkxy, mp{yj}xpp m|pny, XIII–XII mm. oy x. ˆ. 27 Q |yqkvpxs‰, swp‰„kj|j z~lvsuksj lpƒ}kƒpx|uyny ƒvpwk (k myrwyqxy s pny |y€{kxxy|}‡) xp zyrmyvjp} yz{popvpxxy |~os}‡ yly m|p€ op}kvj€ pny y{w† s |zy|ylp srny}ymvpxsj: xs y}yn{ksj, xs {s|~xyu ƒvpwk xp yz~lvsuymkx†. Owpp}|j vsƒ‡ zyvpmkj y}yn{ksj zyn{plpxsj, xk uy}y{yt, mz{y‚pw, ƒvpw msopx oy|}k}y‚xy €y{yƒy. a}k y}yn{ksj, yzs|kxsp H. G. Q~}sxk s }k ~mp{pxxy|}‡, | uy}y{yt yx y}yqop|}mvjp} lpƒ}kƒpx|ust ƒvpw |y ƒvpwkws sr [k|uk~ s V{swy{|uyny, zyrmyvjp}, yoxkuy, z{pozyvknk}‡, ‚}y |zy|yl srny}ymvpxsj s y{wk m|p€ }{p€ ƒvpwym l†vs m |kwyw opvp lvsrus: yxs l†vs |ynx~}† m msop uyx~|k sr vs|}ym l{yxr† s «|ƒs}†» xp|uyv‡usws rkuvpzukws. Xvpo~p} y}wp}s}‡ m |mjrs | ˆ}sw, ‚}y s|zyv‡rymkxsp l{yxrymyny ƒvpwk m lpƒ}kƒpx|uyw zyn{plpxss xp jmvjp}|j sryvs{ymkxx†w |{pos zkwj}xsuym ˆ}yny u~v‡}~{xyny u{~nk. I |sx€{yxxyw s u~v‡}~{xy lvsruyw zyn{plkv‡xyw uywzvpu|p zp{myny G{‚kory{|uyny u~{nkxk xk ‚p{pzk€ }{ys€ zy€y{yxpxx†€ |y€{kxsvs|‡ l{yxrym†p ƒvpw† 28. X~oj zy |€pwk}s‚p|uyw~ {s|~xu~ a. Wp|vp{k, yxs }kuqp swpvs uyxs‚p|u~‰ y|}{yuyxp‚x~‰ y{w~ (. 113) 29. Iysx†, sryl{kqpxx†p xk l{yxrym†€ wyopvj€ uyvp|xs sr lyvpp {kxxs€ R‚kƒpx|us€ u~{nkxym s sr zyn{plpxsj 7 Ry{s-lp{ok swp‰}, z{kmok, ƒvpw† o{~nyt y{w† — ƒsƒkus | n{plxpw 30. 26 \k‚k}{jx 1975, 207, 213. 27 X{. ok}s{ymu~ ˆ}yny zyn{plpxsj okqp {~lpqyw XIV– XIII mm. oy x. ˆ.: Gl{kwsƒmsvs 1961, 318; Vs€pvk~{s 1969, 28 Q~ƒxk{pmk 1957, 137. 29 Q~ƒxk{pmk 1957, 137, {s|. 1. 30 L|kjx 1966, 96 – 97, }kl. XVI, 7 –10; Kpmpoqjx 1981, 27 –28. 181; Qy}yms‚, Kkm~oym 1980, 48. 233 U|}{yuyxp‚x†t ƒvpw, |uvpzkxx†t sr vs|}ym l{yxr†, ylxk{~qpx s m p„p yoxyw rkukmukr|uyw zyn{plpxss, y}xy|j„pw|j u lyvpp zyroxpw~ m{pwpxs. Ux m€yosv m |y|}km sxmpx}k{j zyn{plpxsj 16 wynsv‡xsuk Y{pvs II, {k|uyzkxxyny xk }p{{s}y{ss Ylsvs|s (. 92, 19) 31. Vyn{plpxsp, zy m|pt msoswy|}s, y}xy|s}|j u {~lpq~ IX–VIII svs xk‚kv~ VIII m. oy x. ˆ. (|w. m†ƒp). Q |yqkvpxs‰, ˆ}y} ƒvpw zvy€y |y€{kxsv|j s pny y{wk xp my||}kxkmvsmkp}|j. Xvpo~p} |zpskv‡xy y}wp}s}‡ sopx}s‚xy|}‡ y{w, z{yzy{st s |zy|ylk srny}ymvpxsj xkrmkxx†€ ƒvpwym. Q |yqkvpxs‰, ovj ˆurpwzvj{ym sr zp{myny G{‚kory{|uyny u~{nkxk okxx†p z{ku}s‚p|us y}|~}|}m~‰}. I |v~‚kp | ƒvpwyw sr Hpƒ}kƒpx|uyny xpu{yzyvj xkw z{s€yos}|j zyvknk}‡|j xk ~ukrkxsp H. G. Q~}sxk, y}wp‚kmƒpny pny yoxy}szxy|}‡ | xk€youkws sr V{swy{|uyny s sr [k|uk~. _vpw sr Y{pvs |vsƒuyw zvy€y |y€{kxsv|j s pny }y‚x†p {krwp{† xp ~|}kxkmvsmk‰}|j. c|xy vsƒ‡, ‚}y yx l†v srny}ymvpx sr vs|}ymyt l{yxr† s swpv rky|}{pxx†t mp{€. Kvj y|}kv‡x†€ w† {k|zyvknkpw lyvpp uyxu{p}x†ws okxx†ws. O€ {krwp{† sopx}s‚x†: m†|y}k ylys€ ƒvpwym sr Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk s sr [k|uk~, k }kuqp sr V{swy{|uyny, 30 – 31 |w. I|p yxs rky|}{pxx†p, m mp{€xpt ‚k|}s swp‰} y{w~ zy‚}s z{kmsv‡xyny uyx~|k, m xsqxpt m†nx~}† zy y{wp nyvym†. I|p xkrmkxx†p ƒvpw† swp‰} m xsqxpt ‚k|}s y}mp{|}sj, mp{yj}xy, |v~qsmƒsp ovj z{su{pzvpxsj zyouvkous sr mytvyuk svs uyqs. _vpw sr zyn{plpxsj 186 Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk srny}ymvpx sr yoxyny vs|}k l{yxr† s |u{pzvpx zy ƒm~ rkuvpzukws, ƒvpw† sr zyn{plpxsj 1987 n. s sr [k|uk~ srny}ymvpx† }pw qp |zy|ylyw, xy xp sr yoxyny, k om~€ vs|}ym l{yxr†. Yku qp srny}ymvpx s ƒvpw sr V{swy{|uyny (sr yoxyny svs om~€ vs|}ym sr-rk pny {knwpx}s{ymkxxy|}s xpj|xy). _vpw sr Y{pvs }kuqp srny}ymvpx sr om~€ vs|}ym l{yxr†. Ulk ƒvpwk sr Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk s lpƒ}kƒpx|ust swp‰} xk„p‚xsus, m†u{ypxx†p sr }yny qp vs|}k l{yxr†. Z y|}kv‡x†€ xsqxjj ‚k|}‡ |y€{kxsvk|‡ xpzyvxy|}‡‰, ‚}y xp zyrmyvjp} |~os}‡ y xkvs‚ss svs y}|~}|}mss xk„p‚xsuym. Tk ƒvpwp sr zyn{plpxsj 1987 n. Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk |y€{kxsv|j z~kx|yxx†t y{xkwpx} m msop om~€ zyj|uym, ukqo†t sr uy}y{†€ yl{krymkx om~wj {jokws }y‚pu, s rsnrknk wpqo~ xsws. Tk xk„p‚xsuk€ swpp}|j }kuyt qp y{xkwpx} m msop yoxyny {jok }y‚pu. K{~nsp ƒvpw† n{~zz†, |~oj zy z~lvsuksjw, xp y{xkwpx}s{ymkx†. O}ku, m|p xkrmkxx†p ƒvpw† yoxy}szx†. Uosx sr xs€ ok}s{~p}|j z{swp{xy XII m. oy x. ˆ., m}y{yt — X–IX mm. oy x. ˆ. Hvsrust sw ƒvpw sr Y{pvs y}xy|s}|j u {~lpq~ IX–VIII mm. oy x. ˆ. a}s ok}†, ~‚s}†mkj myrwyqxy|}‡ oy|}k}y‚xy ovs}pv‡xyny |y€{kxpxsj }{kosss, uyxp‚xy, xp yz{popvj‰} ok}s{ymu~ uvsx-j{|us€ ƒvpwym, yoxkuy, |~oj zy s€ |€yo|}m~ | ƒvpwyw sr V{swy{|uyny, yxs m{jo vs xkwxyny zyrqp pny. Iy m|juyw |v~‚kp, ˆ}y} mso yly{yxs}pv‡xyny myy{~qpxsj xsuku xp wyqp} |‚s}k}‡|j xymkspt xk Qkmukrp, |mjrkxxyt | uswwp{st|usws svs |us|usws zy€yokws uyxk VIII–VII mm. oy x. ˆ. O€ zyjmvpxsp xk Xpmp{xyw Qkmukrp y}{kqkp} vsƒ‡ |mjrs wpqo~ V{poukmukr‡pw s Nkukmukr‡pw, srmp|}x†p s zy o{~nsw xk€youkw m k{pkvp Qylkx|uyt u~v‡}~{†, z{s‚pw |mjrs ny{kroy lyvpp {kxxsp, ‚pw ˆ}s zy€yo†. V{povknkmƒsp|j ovj uvsx-j{|us€ ƒvpwym ok}s{ymus z{po|}kmvj‰}|j u{ktxp |vkly yly|xymkxx†ws. Tp|wy}{j xk }y, ‚}y ƒvpw† sr Hpƒ}kƒpxs s sr V{swy{|uyny z{smyoj}|j uku lvsqktƒsp kxkvynss uvsx-j{|usw ƒvpwkw 32, |ymp{ƒpxxy snxy{s{~‰}|j uywzvpu|†, m uy}y{†€ yxs l†vs ylxk{~qpx†. I uk‚p|}mp posx|}mpxxyny y|xymkxsj ovj s€ ok}s{ymus z{smvpuk‰}|j sryl{kqpxsj |€yox†€ zy mxpƒxpt y{wp ƒvpwym xk k||s{st|us€ {pv‡pk€. G. H. Hpvsx|ust, k rk xsw X. R. K~ok{pm s X. I. Sk€y{}†€, uku s s€ z{poƒp|}mpxxsus (u{ywp H. G. Q~}sxk), xp |ywxpmk‰}|j m z{ys|€yqopxss ukmukr|us€ ƒvpwym sr G||s{ss svs Z{k{}~ s |‚s}k‰} s€ p|vs xp zp{poxpmy|}y‚x†ws swzy{}kws, }y zyo{kqkxsjws ˆ}sw swzy{}kw. Uxs y}xy|j} m|p ukmukr|usp xk€yous }kus€ ƒvpwym u {~lpq~ VIII–VII – |p{posxp VII m. oy x. ˆ. xk y|xymkxss s€ |yzy|}kmvpxsj | sryl{kqpxsjws xk k||s{st|us€ {pv‡pk€ ˆzy€s Xsxk€€p{slk s Gƒƒ~{lkxszkvk 33. I. W. a{vs€, z{swpxjj }y} qp wp}yo, ~o{pmxjp} s€ ok}~, y}xy|j uvsx-j{|usp s o{~nsp ƒvpw† ˆ}yny }szk uy m}y{yt zyvymsxp VIII m. oy x. ˆ., z{s‚pw lvsqktƒsp kxkvynss sw xk€yos} xk k||s{st|us€ {pv‡pk€ ˆzy€s Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III s Xk{nyxk II 34. Jvkmx†w y|xymk31 Abramischwili 1995a, Abb. 3, 1. 32 Hpvsx|ust 1990, 194; K~ok{pm 1991, 54. 33 Hpvsx|ust 1990, 194 –195; K~ok{pm 1991, 53; Gvpu|ppm 234 1992, 82 – 83; Sk€y{}†€ 1994, 17, 23; K~ok{pm 1995, 32. 34 a{vs€ 1994, 64 – 65. xspw ovj }kuyt ok}s{ymus jmvjp}|j xkvs‚sp ~ ƒvpwym sr Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk xk„p‚xsuym — xk pvsuyw |y€{kxsmƒpw|j ˆurpwzvj{p sr zyn{plpxsj 186 yxs m†u{ypx† sr }yny qp vs|}k l{yxr†, ‚}y s |kw ƒvpw, xk ˆurpwzvj{p sr {k|uyzyu 1987 n., msoswy, }yqp. I. W. a{vs€ |‚s}kp}, yzs{kj|‡ xk {kly}~ Y. Sˆov~wk 35, ‚}y ovj ˆzy€s Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III s Xk{nyxk II l†vy €k{ku}p{xy s|zyv‡rymkxsp ƒvpwym | pv‡xyu{ypxx†ws xk„p‚xsukws, }ynok uku m ˆzy€~ Xsxk€€p{slk yxs |wpxj‰}|j ƒvpwkws | z{suvpzkxx†ws xk„p‚xsukws. Iyrxsuk‰}, yoxkuy, |p{‡prx†p |ywxpxsj m myrwyqxy|}s s|zyv‡rymkxsj m uk‚p|}mp xkopqxyny €{yxyvyns‚p|uyny z{srxkuk k||s{st|us€ sryl{kqpxst |zy|ylk z{su{pzvpxsj xk„p‚xsuym u ƒvpw~. I |kwyw opvp, xk {pv‡pk€ ˆzy€s Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III ‚k|}y m|}{p‚k‰}|j sryl{kqpxsj mysxym m y|}{yuyxp‚x†€ ƒvpwk€ | «pv‡xyu{ypxx†ws» xk„p‚xsukws 36, xy srmp|}x† s sryl{kqpxsj ƒvpwym | y}opv‡xy srny}ymvpxx†ws xk„p‚xsukws 37. Tk {pv‡pk€ ˆzy€s Xk{nyxk m|}{p‚k‰}|j s|uv‰‚s}pv‡xy ƒvpw† | «pv‡xyu{ypxx†ws» xk„p‚xsukws38. Vyrqp, m ˆzy€~ Xsxk€€p{slk, z{pylvkok‰} sryl{kqpxsj ƒvpwym | y}opv‡xy srny}ymvpxx†ws xk„p‚xsukws, |u{pzvpxx†ws | ƒvpwyw ƒk{xs{kws 39, €y}j xp{pouy sryl{kqk‰}|j s «pv‡xyu{ypxx†p» ƒvpw† 40. Tk {pv‡pk€ ˆzy€s Gƒƒ~{lkxszkvk yzj}‡ z{po|}kmvpx† zy‚}s s|uv‰‚s}pv‡xy ƒvpw† | «pv‡xyu{ypxx†ws» xk„p‚xsukws, z{s‚pw }kuyt |zy|yl s€ srny}ymvpxsj z{swpxjp}|j uku m uyxs‚p|us€ ƒvpwk€, }ku s ƒvpwk€ sxyt y{w† 41. Oryl{kqpxsj ƒvpwym | y}opv‡xy srny}ymvpxx†ws xk„p‚35 Madhloom 1970, 38. Xvpo~p} y}wp}s}‡, ‚}y z{povyqpxxkj 93 (Russell 1991, 79); Gadd 1936, 176, 178, pl. 18, 20; Smith 1938, sw }szyvynsj sryl{kqpxx†€ xk k||s{st|us€ {pv‡pk€ ƒvp- pl. XXXVIII–XXXIX (Paterson 1915, pl. 96 – 97, 9 –12), XLI wym xp mzyvxp ~ok‚xk. I ‚k|}xy|}s, mp|‡wk |~l pu}smx†w (Paterson 1915, pl. 98, 30), XLII–XLIII (Russell 1991, 18), XLIV– jmvjp}|j {kropvpxsp xk ƒvpw† }szk G s B. Ky|}k}y‚xy |{km- XLVI (Gadd 1936, 165, pl. 15), XLVII (Paterson 1915, pl. 94 – 95), xs}‡, xkz{swp{, lvsrusp uku zy y{wp, }ku s zy |zy|yl~ LVI–LIX (Russell 1991, 121), LX–LXIV (Paterson 1915, 39,2; opuy{k ƒvpw† ˆzy€s Gƒƒ~{xks{zkvk (xkz{swp{, | {pv‡- Russell 1991, 17); Russell 1991, fig. 33, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 67, 73, pk B.M. 124544: Budge 1914, pl. XV, 1, s wxynsp o{~nsp) |y 81, 115 (uyxs‚p|usp); Paterson 1915, pl. 9, 14, 15, 17 –18 (Russell ƒvpwkws | {pv‡pym ˆzy€s Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III sr G{|vkx-}kƒ 1991, 69), 34 – 35 (Russell 1991, 50), 37 (Russell 1991, 32), 39,1 (Thureau-Dangin, Barrois, Dossin, Dunand 1931, pl. IX, XI), (Russell 1991, 83), 59, 68 –70 (Russell 1991, 109), 71–73 (Russell uy}y{†p y}vs‚k‰}|j vsƒ‡ |}pzpx‡‰ srynx~}y|}s zy uyx}~{~ 1991, 110 –111), 80 (Russell 1991, 37), 82, 91 (Russell 1991, 89), nyvym†, xy y}xp|px† sw u om~w {krx†w }szkw. I }y qp m{pwj 92 (Russell 1991, 88); Smith 1938, pl. XLII (Russell 1991, 18), LIX |sv‡xy uyx~|, (Russell 1991, 121), LX–LXIV (Paterson 1915, 39,2; Russell 1991, lpr srnslym) ƒvpw ˆzy€s Xsxk€€p{slk y}xp|px u }sz~ G. 36 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. XV–XVI (Bombay VAM 78), 17); Russell 1991, fig. 33, 38 (o{~nyt y{w†). 40 Paterson 1915, pl. 7 (Russell 1991, 127 –128), 13 (Russell XXXI–XXXII (Bombay 7), XXXIII–XXXIV (B.M. 118902), 1991, 78), 16 (Russell 1991, 116), 17 –18 (Russell 1991, 69), 19 – LIV–LV (Paris, De Clerque), LXV–LXVII (B.M. 118907), 20, 59, 60 – 61 (Russell 1991, 71), 71–73, 77 (Russell 1991, 110 – LXXIII (Zürich 1917), LXXIV (Berlin V.A. 984), LXXVII (xpsr- 111), 79,1, 80 (Russell 1991, 37), 81 (Russell 1991, 82), 83– 84 mp|}xy), XCII–XCIII (B.M. 118934 + 118931), |{. Smith 1938, (Russell 1991, 39), 91 (Russell 1991, 89); Smith 1938, pl. XXXVII pl. X, XVI, XVIII. 37 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LIX (Or. Dr. I, 9, y{snsxkv ~}{k- (Paterson 1915, pl. 96 – 97, 3); XLVII (Paterson 1915, pl. 94 – 95); ‚px), |{. sryl{kqpxsp ~{k{}|uyny mysxk m ƒvpwp sxyt y{w† (uyxs‚p|usp); Paterson 1915, pl. 7 (Russell 1991, 127 –128), 32 – | z{suvpzkxx†ws xk„p‚xsukws xk {pv‡pp B.M. 118905: 33 (Russell 1991, 54), 34 – 35 (Russell 1991, 50), 37 (Russell 1991, Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXIV–LXV; Smith 1938, pl. XVII 32), 38 (Russell 1991, 35), 68 –70 (Russell 1991, 109), 77 (Russell (y{snsxkv ~}{k‚px). 38 Botta, Flandin 1849, pl. 49, 61, 68 –70, 140, 141, 145, 147 1991, 110), 80 (Russell 1991, 37); Smith 1938, pl. LIX (Russell y}vs‚k‰„st|j zy y{wp (z{kmsv‡x†t LIX (Russell 1991, 121); Russell 1991, fig. 34, 40, 41, 67, 73, 74 (y|}{yuyxp‚x†p), 61, 68 – 68 bis, 70, 77, 89, 90, 141, 145, 147 1991, 121); Russell 1991, 67, 80, 115 (o{~nsp y{w†). 41 Barnett 1976, pl. XVI–XIX, XX–XXII, XXV, XXVIII, (sx†p y{w†). 39 Paterson 1915, pl. 9, 12, 13 (Russell 1991, 78), 14, 15, 16 (Russell 1991, 75), 43, 44 – 45, 46 – 47, 51–52 (Smith 1938, (Russell 1991, 116), 17 –18 (Russell 1991, 69), 19 –20, 37 (Russell pl. XLIX–LV), 53–54 (Russell 1991, 77), 55 –56, 57 –58, 62 – 64 1991, 32), 38 (Russell 1991, 35, |{. xsqp), 39,1 (Russell 1991, 83), (uyxs‚p|usp); Barnett 1976, pl. XVII, XIX, XXI, XXVIII, XXX, 59, 60 – 61 (Russell 1991, 71), 68 –70 (Russell 1991, 109), 71–73, XXXIII, XXXIV, LX–LXI, LXVI, LXVII, LXX, LXXI; Paterson 77 (Russell 1991, 110 –111), 74 –76 (Russell 1991, 62, 112 –113), 1915, pl. 40 – 42 (Russell 1991, 75), 43, 44 – 45, 46 – 47, 49 79,1, 79,2 (Russell 1991, 90), 80 (Russell 1991, 37), 81, 83– 84 (Russell 1991, 76), 51– 52 (Smith 1938, pl. XLIX–LV), 53–54 (Russell 1991, 39), 85, 91 (Russell 1991, 89), 92 (Russell 1991, 88), (Russell 1991, 77), 55 –56, 62 – 64 (o{~nsp y{w†). XXXII–XXXV, LX–LXI, LXVI–LXXI; Paterson 1915, pl. 40 – 42 235 xsukws m|}{p‚k‰}|j {pqp 42. Kq. Wk||pv m|vpo rk H. \{y~ok 43 okqp |uvyxpx |‚s}k}‡ ˆ}~ op}kv‡ €{yxyvyns‚p|usw z{srxkuyw: zy pny wxpxs‰ m ˆzy€~ Xsxk€€p{slk xk„p‚xsus srny}kmvsmkvs|‡ y}opv‡xy y} ƒvpwym, k m ˆzy€~ Gƒƒ~{lkxszkvk y}vsmkvs|‡ mwp|}p | xsws 44. Qku w† msopvs, xkvs‚x†t wk}p{skv xp zyrmyvjp} |opvk}‡ }kuyny m†myok, €y}j, opt|}ms}pv‡xy, m ˆzy€~ Gƒƒ~{lkxszkvk z{pylvkok‰} sryl{kqpxsj «pv‡xyu{ypxx†€ ƒvpwym», k m ˆzy€~ Xsxk€€p{slk — ƒvpwym | y}opv‡xy srny}ymvpxx†ws xk„p‚xsukws. Ty m v‰lyw |v~‚kp, p|vs |~os}‡ zy {pv‡pkw, ƒvpw | «pv‡xyu{ypxx†ws» xk„p‚xsukws xp yljrk}pv‡xy z{sxkovpqs} ˆzy€p Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k svs Xk{nyxk; yx wyqp} | }kusw qp ~|zp€yw ok}s{ymk}‡|j s lyvpp zyroxsw m{pwpxpw. Tkz{y}sm, ƒvpw† | y}opv‡xy srny}ymvpxx†ws xk„p‚xsukws m|}{p‚k‰}|j, €y}j s {pouy, s xk {pv‡pk€ ˆzy€s Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k. L„p mkqxpp }y, ‚}y k||s{st|usp {pv‡p† s myyl„p m{jo vs wyn~} swp}‡ ovj m†j|xpxsj okxxyt z{ylvpw† {pƒk‰„pp rxk‚pxsp. Uxs, y|ylpxxy uynok sop} {p‚‡ y wpvus€ sryl{kqpxsj€, xp m|pnok zp{pokmkvs yosxkuymy }y‚xy }kusp wpvusp op}kvs, uku |zy|yl u{pzvpxsj xk„p‚xsuym u ƒvpw~. Ykusp op}kvs wynvs zp{pokmk}‡|j | zywy„‡‰ u{k|us, uy}y{kj uku z{kmsvy xk {pv‡pk€ xp |y€{kxjp}|j. Q{ywp }yny, s|ukqpxsj m op}kvj€ wyn~} myrxsux~}‡ s z{s |ym{pwpxx†€ my|z{ysrmpopxsj€, y|ylpxxy p|vs sop} {p‚‡ y {pv‡pk€, y{snsxkv† uy}y{†€ z{yzkvs s uy}y{†p srmp|}x† vsƒ‡ zy {s|~xukw, |opvkxx†w my m{pwj {k|uyzyu (zy‚}s m|p {pv‡p† ˆzy€s Xk{nyxk) 45. Vyˆ}yw~ }p ƒvpw†, uy}y{†p m†nvjoj} uku pv‡xyvs}†p s vsƒpxx†p y{xkwpx}k xk oyƒpoƒs€ oy xk| {pv‡pk€, mym|p xp yljrk}pv‡xy l†vs }kuym†ws m opt|}ms}pv‡xy|}s. Tkz{swp{, ƒvpw† | n{plxjws xk sryl{kqpxsj€ ~{k{}ym | Hkvkmk}|us€ my{y} Xkvwkxk|k{k III (|w. xsqp), m†nvjoj} }ku, |vymxy yxs swp‰} pv‡xyvs}†p xk„p‚xsus (. 114). I opt|}ms}pv‡xy|}s, uku zyukrkvs {k|uyzus \krkxv~, xk„p‚xsus }kus€ ƒvpwym srny}ymvsmkvs|‡ y}opv‡xy (. 115, 3 – 4) 46. Xymp{ƒpxxy kxkvyns‚xkj uk{}sxk m†j|xjp}|j z{s yl{k„pxss u |y€{kxsmƒsw|j ˆurpwzvj{kw zp{poxpmy|}y‚x†€ uyxs‚p|us€ ƒvpwym. X{pos oymyv‡xy lyv‡ƒyny uyvs‚p|}mk }kus€ xk€yoyu, z{ys|€yoj„s€ sr Vp{poxpt Grss 47, xp} xs yoxyny | pv‡xyvs}†ws xk„p‚xsukws. Vyokmvj‰„pp lyv‡ƒsx|}my s€, yoxkuy, swpp} ~ xsqxpny u{kj y}mp{|}sj, |v~qsmƒsp ovj z{su{pzvpxsj y}opv‡xy srny}ymvpxx†€ xk„p‚xsuym. Q |yqkvpxs‰, xp srmp|}xy xk€yoyu y|}{yuyxp‚x†€ ƒvpwym, z{s uy}y{†€ |y€{kxsvs|‡ l† s xk„p‚xsus, yoxkuy |kws yxs m|}{p‚k‰}|j 48. Tpuy}y{†p ~{k{}|usp xk„p‚xsus xkozs|kx† swpxpw Oƒz~sxs 49, ‚}y |msop}pv‡|}m~p} yl s|zyv‡rymkxss m Z{k{}~ ƒvpwym | y}opv‡xy srny}ymvpxx†ws xk„p‚xsukws ~qp m zy|vpoxpt ‚p}mp{}s IX m. oy x. ˆ. (. 115, 1, 2). X~oj zy swp‰„sw|j xk€youkw uku |kws€ ƒvpwym, }ku s xk„p‚xsuym, wyqxy zyvknk}‡, ‚}y xk m|p€ zp{poxpmy|}y‚x†€ uyxs‚p|us€ ƒvpwk€, swpmƒs€ xk„p‚xsus, m opt|}ms}pv‡xy|}s yxs srny}kmvsmkvs|‡ y}opv‡xy. Tk sryl{kqpxsj€ mysxym (m }yw ‚s|vp xk k||s{st|us€ {pv‡pk€) |zy|yl z{su{pzvpxsj xk- 42 Barnett 1976, pl. XVII, XIX, XXI, XXXVI, LXXI m; Paterson 1915, pl. 46 – 47, 51–52 (Smith 1938, pl. XLIX–LV), 53–54 (Russell 1991, 19, 77), 57 –58, 62 – 64, 65 – 66 (uyxs‚p|usp); Barnett 1976, pl. VI, IX, XVII, XIX; Paterson 1915, pl. 51–52 (Smith 1938, pl. XLIX–LV) (ƒvpw† sxyt y{w†). 43 Hrouda 1965, 116. 44 Russell 1991, 121. 45 X{., xkz{swp{, {krxs~ m my|z{ysrmpopxss ƒvpwk k||s- Vyoylx†p z{swp{† xp posxs‚x†. 46 Muscarella 1988, 50, pl. 60, a – c; Muscarella 1989, 29, fig. 9 a – b. 47 Xw. |myous xk€yoyu, xs yoxk sr uy}y{†€ xp jmvjp}|j zyvxyt: Borchhardt 1972, 99 –109; Overlaet 1979, 55 –58; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 127 –133; Gröschel 1986, 73–76; Yıldırm 1988, 217 –228; Calmeyer 1991, {st|uyny mysxk xk {pv‡pp 11 zywp„pxsj X ‰ny-rkzkoxyny 123–133. 48 Barnett, Gökce 1953, 125, pl. XVIII, 1; Borchhardt 1972, 105, omy{k Xsxk€€p{slk m Tsxpmss: Paterson 1915, pl. 38 (zy 109, Nr. 24, IX, Taf. 29, 45 (Gv}†x}pzp); Belli 1983a, 354 – 355, J. Rˆtj{o~) — ƒvpw m†nvjos} uku pv‡xyu{ypxx†t s vsƒpx- Res. 8 (^km~ƒ}pzp); Muscarella 1973, 67, fig. 27, 1; 28 (Gn{kl- x†t y{xkwpx}k; Russell 1991, fig. 35 (y}yn{ksj Or. Dr. IV, 65 }pzp s \krkxv~); Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 144, Abb. 46 (n{kls}pv‡- m H{s}kx|uyw w~rpp, y{snsxkv ~}p{jx) — xk ƒvpwp msopx |usp {k|uyzus m my|}y‚xyt Gxk}yvss); Madhloom 1970, y{xkwpx}, xk„p‚xsu m†nvjos} uku srny}ymvpxx†t y}opv‡xy; svs |€yox~‰ {krxs~ xk ƒvpwk€ xpuy}y{†€ mysxym m |pxp pl. XIX, 6 (Tsw{~o); Gjerstad 1948, 132, fig. 20 (Qsz{) s o{. 49 Belli 1983a, 344 – 351, Res. 5 –7, Lev. III, 2; IV; Belli 1992, ƒ}~{wk Rk€sƒk: Paterson 1915, pl. 69 –71 (y}yn{ksj B.M. 45 – 48, Abb. 1, Taf. I, 2. 124906-7) s Russell 1991, fig. 110 (y}yn{ksj Or. Dr. I, 59). 236 Ws|. 114 Hs}mk k||s{stpm | ~{k{}kws. Oryl{kqpxsp xk l{yxrymyt ylsmup «Hkvkmk}|us€ my{y}» Vy King 1915, pl. XXXVIII „p‚xsuym sxynok zp{pokmkv|j, k sxynok xp}. I zy|vpoxpw |v~‚kp ƒvpw† xk sryl{kqpxsj€ m†nvjoj} uku srny}ymvpxx†p mwp|}p | xk„p‚xsukws. Vp{pok‚k svs xp zp{pok‚k ˆ}yt op}kvs, myrwyqxy, s wyqp} |v~qs}‡ y|xymkxspw ovj ok}s{ymus {pv‡pym, y}{kqkj €k{ku}p{x~‰ ovj }yt svs sxyt ˆzy€s svs wk|}p{k |uvyxxy|}‡ u sryl{kqpxs‰ wpvus€ op}kvpt, xy xsuku xp wyqp} s|zyv‡rymk}‡|j ovj ok}s{ymus {pkv‡x†€ ƒvpwym. Iy m|juyw |v~‚kp, sr m|p€ srmp|}x†€ ƒvpwym ˆ}yny msok pv‡xyu{ypxx†p xk„p‚xsus swp‰} vsƒ‡ ˆurpwzvj{†, z{ys|€yoj„sp | Qkmukrk (uvsxj{|usp s lpƒ}kƒpx|ust, xk o{~ns€, myrwyqxy, ˆ}k op}kv‡ z{y|}y xp |y€{kxsvk|‡). I v‰lyw |v~‚kp |zy|yl z{su{pzvpxsj xk„p‚xsuym u ƒvpw~ xp wyqp} l†}‡ €{yxyvyns‚p|usw z{srxkuyw. Xvpo~p} y}wp}s}‡ p„p, ‚}y m ˆzy€~ Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III s Xk{nyxk II m G||s{ss xk{jo~ |y ƒvpwkws | xk„p‚xsukws ƒs{yuy z{swpxjvs|‡ s ƒvpw† lpr xs€, z{s Xsxk€€p{slp, msoswy, m†ƒpoƒsp sr ~zy}{plvpxsj. Iy m|juyw |v~‚kp xk {pv‡pk€ ˆzy€s Xsxk€€p{slk yxs m|}{p‚k‰}|j u{ktxp {pouy 50, k z{s Gƒƒ~{lkxszkvp, ukqp}|j, xp m|}{p‚k‰}|j mym|p. ^}y uk|kp}|j m{pwpxs zyjmvpxsj y|}{yuyxp‚x†€ ƒvpwym | xk„p‚xsukws m G||s{ss, }y xk {pv‡pk€ s€ sryl{kqpxsj mzp{m†p m|}{p‚k‰}|j vsƒ‡ m ˆzy€~ Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III, k xk k||s{st|us€ {pv‡pk€ IX m. oy x. ˆ. sryl{kqk‰}|j vsƒ‡ y|}{yuyxp‚x†p ƒvpw† lpr xk„p‚xsuym. Isoswy, mzp{m†p z{swpxpxsp ƒvpwk | xk„p‚xsukws m k||s{st|uyt k{wss rk|msop}pv‡|}mymkxy sryl{kqpxspw |{kqpxsj xk l{yxrymyw uyx|uyw xkn{~oxsup k||s{st|uyt {kly}†, y}xy|j„pw|j uy m}y{yt zyvymsxp IX m. oy x. ˆ. (. 66) 51. Kkxxyp sryl{kqpxsp okp} terminus ante quem ovj zyjmvpxsj ˆ}yny xymƒp|}mk m G||s{ss. 50 Paterson 1915, 7 (Russell 1991, 127), 37 (Russell 1991, 32). 51 Seidl 1986, 229 –233, Abb. 2 – 3, Taf. 54; Born, Seidl 1995, 55 –72, Abb. 45 – 48, 51, 53. 237 Syqxy z{pozyvknk}‡, ‚}y yxy l†vy rksw|}mymkxy k||s{stkws ~ ~{k{}ym svs wkxxppm. I |kwyw opvp, ƒvpw† | xk„p‚xsukws, z{kmok, sxyny }szk (yu{~nv†p ƒsƒkus | n{plxpw) mzp{m†p m k||s{st|uyw s|u~||}mp zyjmvj‰}|j swpxxy xk sryl{kqpxsj€ ~{k{}|us€ mysxym, |y€{kxsmƒs€|j xk «Hkvkmk}|us€ my{y}k€» (850 svs 841/837 nn. oy x. ˆ.) (. 114) 52, }ynok uku |kws k||s{st† m ˆ}y m{pwj zyv‡rymkvs|‡ vsƒ‡ ƒvpwkws lpr xk„p‚xsuym. V{y}smxsus k||s{stpm xk ~zywjx~}yw xkn{~oxsup s|zyv‡r~‰} }kusp qp ƒvpw†, uku ~{k{}† | «Hkvkmk}|us€ my{y}». Ox}p{p|xy, ‚}y ˆ}s ƒvpw† lvsrus zy y{wp }pw, ‚}y sryl{kqpx† xk mysxk€ | wyopvs zymyrus sr R‚kƒpxk (|w. m†ƒp), y}xy|j„pt|j u ny{kroy lyvpp {kxxpw~ m{pwpxs. Qku ~qp ~zywsxkvy|‡, ƒvpw† lvsruyt y{w† | xk„p‚xsukws l†vs ylxk{~qpx† m ‚p}mp{}yw |vyp \krkxv~ (. 115, 3, 4). ^}y uk|kp}|j m{pwpxs zyjmvpxsj |kwyny y|}{yuyxp‚xyny uyxs‚p|uyny ƒvpwk m Sp|yzy}kwss, l†mƒpny rop|‡ xkslyvpp {k|z{y|}{kxpxxyt y{wyt m IX–VII mm. oy x. ˆ., }y ˆ}y} myz{y| xpj|px. _vpw† III }†|j‚pvp}sj, srmp|}x†p uku zy sryl{kqpxsjw, }ku s zy xk€youkw, z{pqop m|pny, m xpu{yzyvp Z{k, swpvs sx†p y{w† — ˆ}y l†vs ƒsƒkus, sxynok | xplyv‡ƒsw rky|}{pxspw, yl†‚xy rku{†mkmƒsp s rk}†vyu s swpmƒsp m†{pr ovj vsk. Oxynok yxs |xklqkvs|‡ xk„p‚xsukws. X€yox~‰ y{w~ swpvs s ƒvpw† Sk{s 53. Iyrwyqxy, ‚k|}‡ ˆ}s€ nyvymx†€ ~ly{ym srny}kmvsmkvk|‡ xp sr wp}kvvk, k sr uyqs svs }ukxs. Kvj lyvpp zyroxpny m{pwpxs, mzvy}‡ oy xymyk||s{st|uyt ˆzy€s, xkopqxkj sxy{wksj y y{wp wp}kvvs‚p|us€ ƒvpwym m Sp|yzy}kwss z{ku}s‚p|us y}|~}|}m~p}. Tk zp‚k}j€ |{poxpk||s{st|uyny m{pwpxs m|}{p‚k‰}|j sryl{kqpxsj nyvymx†€ ~ly{ym y|}{yuyxp‚xyt y{w†, yoxkuy sop} vs {p‚‡ y ƒvpwk€, svs nyvymx†€ ~ly{k€, xp swpmƒs€ yly{yxs}pv‡xyny rxk‚pxsj s srny}ymvpxx†€ xp sr wp}kvvk, |~os}‡ xp z{po|}kmvjp}|j myrwyqx†w. Isoswy, uyxs‚p|ust ƒvpw, |xklqpxx†t xk„p‚xsukws s m†|}~zyw, rku{†mk‰„sw rk}†vyu, k }kuqp opuy{k}smx†w n{plxpw, sryl{kqpx xk {pv‡pp XIV m. oy x. ˆ. sr Hynkruij 54. I xymyk||s{st|u~‰ ˆzy€~ y|}{yuyxp‚x†p ƒvpw† rksu|s{ymkx† ~qp xk |kw†€ {kxxs€ sryl{kqpxsj€ ˆ}yny zp{syok — xk nvkr~{ymkx†€ us{zs‚k€ ˆzy€s Y~u~v‡}s-Tsx~{}† II (891– 884 nn. oy x. ˆ.), xktopxx†€ m €{kwp Gƒƒ~{k m Gƒƒ~{p 55, k zyrqp xk {pv‡pk€ Gƒƒ~{xks{zkvk II (884 – 858 nn. oy x. ˆ.) 56 s Xkvwkxk|k{k III (858 – 824 nn. oy x. ˆ.) 57. a}y zyrmyvjp} z{pozyvknk}‡, ‚}y ƒvpw† ˆ}yt y{w† s|zyv‡rymkvs|‡ m Sp|yzy}kwss s {kx‡ƒp. Uoxkuy ukmukr|usp xk€yous m Y{skvp}s s m V{swy{|uyw jmvj‰}|j |kw†ws {kxxsws wk}p{skv‡x†ws, k xp suyxyn{ks‚p|usws, |msop}pv‡|}mkws s|zyv‡rymkxsj y|}{yuyxp‚x†€ uyxs‚p|us€ ƒvpwym m Vp{poxpt Grss. Q{ywp }yny, yxs |msop}pv‡|}m~‰} y }yw, ‚}y uyxs‚p|usp ƒvpw† | xk„p‚xsukws |}kvs z{swpxj}‡|j m Nkukmukr‡p {kx‡ƒp, ‚pw m G||s{ss, ovj uy}y{yt m zp{myt zyvymsxp IX m. oy x. ˆ. l†vs €k{ku}p{x† ƒvpw† ˆ}yt y{w† lpr xk„p‚xsuym 58. O}ku, m Nkukmukr‡p y|}{yuyxp‚x†p uyxs‚p|usp ƒvpw†, srny}ymvpxx†p sr l{yxrymyny vs|}k, «|ƒs}yny» rkuvpzukws, z{swpxjvs|‡, msoswy, xp zyrqp XII m. oy x. ˆ. (zyn{plpxsp 13 Hpƒ}kƒpx|uyny wynsv‡xsuk, myrwyqxy, zp{m†t G{‚kory{|ust u~{nkx), k rk}pw — m X–IX mm. oy x. ˆ. \{yxyvyns‚p|ust z{sy{s}p} zy u{ktxpt wp{p {kxxs€ xk€yoyu ukmukr|us€ ƒvpwym (Hpƒ}kƒpxs, G{‚kory{ s V{swy{|uyp) zp{po |kw†ws {kxxsws ~{k{}|usws s myyl„p zp{poxpkrsk}|usws xk€youkws (zy|vpoxjj ‚p}mp{}‡ IX m. oy x. ˆ.) rk|}kmvjp} | |ywxpxspw y}xp|}s|‡ u z{pozyvyqpxs‰ y rksw|}mymkxss ˆ}yt y{w† m Nkukmukr‡p sr Vp{poxpt Grss. U xprkms|swy|}s ukmukr|us€ ƒvpwym y} zp{poxpkrsk}|us€ |msop}pv‡|}~‰}, u{ywp }yny, |~„p|}mpxx†p {krvs‚sj m |zy|ylp s€ srny}ymvpxsj — m|p ukmukr|usp ƒvpw† |opvkx† sr vs|}ym l{yxr† s |u{pzvpx† rkuvpzukws, m|p zp{poxpkrsk}|usp l{yxrym†p ƒvpw† — vs}†p. L|vs zp{poxpkrsk}|usp ƒvpw† swp‰} xk„p‚xsus, yxs srny}ymvpx† y}opv‡xy, ~ ukmukr|us€ yxs m†u{ypx† sr }yny qp vs|}k, ‚}y s mp|‡ ƒvpw. Qkmukr|usp y|}{yuyxp‚x†p ƒvpw† z{sxkovpqk} u lyv‡ƒyt n{~zzp z{powp}ym |€yoxyt y{w†, {k|z{y|}{kxpxx†€ my m|pt Vp{poxpt Grss, yoxkuy |y|}kmvj‰} mx~}{s xpp 52 King 1915, pl. X, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XLII. 53 Yadin 1963, 49, 132 –133, 151; Borchhardt 1972, 94 – 96; 168, Taf. 123, 124. 56 Budge 1914, passim; Barnett, Falkner 1962, passim 57 King 1915, passim; Oates 1963, 17, pl. V, VII c. Calmeyer 1972 –1975, 313– 314. 54 Akurgal 1961, Taf. 134; Borchhardt 1972, 102 –103, Taf. 25, 1. 55 Andrae 1923, 13–14, Taf. 8, 9 a,e (sryl{kqpxsp xk Taf. 6 58 X{. Kossack 1994, 23, uy}y{†t |‚s}kp} ukmukr|usp ƒvpw† oyvqxy ok}s{ymk}‡|j xp ˆzy€yt Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k I, uku |‚s}kv zyvknkp}, ‚}y m{pwj s€ z{yxsuxympxsj xk Qkmukr xpsrmp|}xy srok}pv‡, k ˆzy€yt Xk{nyxk II, |w. xsqp); Nunn 1988, 167 – s wyqp} y}xy|s}‡|j p„p u IX m. oy x. ˆ. 238 wp|}x†ws my|z{ysrmpopxsjws k||s{st|us€ yl{krym, yoxkuy 1 2 3 4 Ws|. 115 1. Tk„p‚xsu ~{k{}|uyny ƒvpwk | xkozs|‡‰ Oƒz~sxs. 2. Wpuyx|}{~usj ƒvpwk | ˆ}sw xk„p‚xsuyw. 3, 4. _vpw† sr \krkxv~ IV. H{yxrk Vy Belli 1992, Abb. 1 (1, 2); Muscarella 1989a, 29, fig. 9 a– b (3, 4) 239 1 2 Ws|. 116 Z{k{}|usp ƒvpw† | xkozs|jws G{nsƒ}s I. 1. Synsv‡xsu Ip{€xjj W~}€k; 2. Qk{ws{-Hv~{. H{yxrk Vy Nagel 1959 –1960, Abb. 1 (1); Vsy}{ym|ust 1970, № 43 (2) ‚p}uy yz{popvjpw†t mk{skx}. I v‰lyw |v~‚kp xp} xsukus€ y|xymkxst nymy{s}‡ y rksw|}mymkxss ˆ}s€ ƒvpwym svs s€ y{w† m Vp{poxpt Grss m zp{syo uswwp{st|us€ s |us|us€ zy€yoym — yxs swp‰} m Nkukmukr‡p oy|}k}y‚xy okmxsp }{kosss s srmp|}x† rkoyvny oy ˆ}s€ zy€yoym. X{pos xktopxx†€ xk Qkmukrp ƒvpwym }. x. «k||s{st|uyny» }szk swpp}|j p„p yosx, |~„p|}mpxxy y}vs‚k‰„st|j y} {k||wy}{pxx†€, xy yl†‚xy muv‰‚kpw†t m }~ qp n{~zz~. Wp‚‡ sop} y ƒvpwp, xktopxxyw xk xpu{yzyvp Ip{€xjj W~}€k (. 116, 1). Tsu}y sr km}y{ym, |zpskv‡xy zs|kmƒs€ y okxxyt n{~zzp xk€yoyu, zy‚pw~-}y xp yl{k„kv oyvqxyny mxswkxsj xk }y mkqxptƒpp yl|}yj}pv‡|}my, ‚}y xk ˆ}yw ƒvpwp swpp}|j ~{k{}|ukj xkozs|‡, yoxyrxk‚xy yz{popvj‰„kj pny ok}~ s wp|}y z{ysrmyo|}mk: mArgi-iš-ti-i ú-ri-iš-hi, «|uvko G{nsƒ}s» 59. _vpw l†v, |vpoymk}pv‡xy, srny}ymvpx m Z{k{}~ m ˆzy€~ z{kmvpxsj k{j G{nsƒ}s I (yuyvy 786 – 764 nn. oy x. ˆ.). V{kmok, I. O. Qyrpxuymk ok}s{ymkvk pny 789 – 766 nn. oy x. ˆ. (}. p. m{pwpxpw z{kmvpxsj G{nsƒ}s), yoxkuy ||†vkvk|‡ z{s ˆ}yw zy‚pw~-}y }yv‡uy xk sryl{kqpxsj zyoylx†€ ƒvpwym xk k||s{st|us€ {pv‡pk€ «z{swp{xy y} 888 n. oy x. ˆ. 60 s zyrqp» 61, ‚pw z{smpvk m xpoy~wpxsp, xkz{swp{, X. R. K~ok{pmk 62. Nop|‡ qp yxk ok}s{~p} ƒvpw sr wynsv‡xsuk [k|uk~ (|w. m†ƒp) 883– 824 nn. oy x. ˆ. Nk ˆ}sws s{kws |u{†mk‰}|j, y‚pmsoxy, ok}† z{kmvpxsj Gƒƒ~{xks{zkvk II s Xkvwkxk|k{k III, s y|xymkxspw ovj ok}s{ymus jmvj‰}|j, |vpoymk}pv‡xy, m|p }p qp {pv‡p†. Tpzyxj}xy, z{kmok, zy‚pw~ I. O. Qyrpxuymk m†ls{kp} swpxxy ˆ}s€ om~€ k{pt — sryl{kqpxsj kxkvyns‚x†€ ƒvpwym srmp|}x† m G||s{ss s {kx‡ƒp, s wxyny zyrqp. _vpw sr Ip{€xpt W~}€s z{sxkovpqs} ƒs{yuy {k|z{y|}{kxpxxyw~ m Z{k{}~ }sz~. Jvkmx†w pny z{srxkuyw jmvjp}|j |zy|yl y{xkwpx}kss — {pv‡px†p zyj|us moyv‡ xsqxpny u{kj s rsnrknyyl{kr59 Nagel 1959 –1960, 144 –147. 60 Kk}k xpyl j|xswk, myrwyqxy, {p‚‡ sop} yl yzp‚k}up mwp|}y «883 n. oy x. ˆ.», z{swp{xyny xk‚kvk z{kmvpxsj Gƒƒ~{xk- 240 s{zkvk II. 61 Qyrpxuymk 1990, 72, 81– 82; Qyrpxuymk 1996, 90, 99. 62 K~ok{pm 1991, 53. x†t y{xkwpx}kv‡x†t wy}sm xk vylxyt ‚k|}s ƒvpwk63. I|p ƒvpw† ˆ}yny }szk |€yox† zy z{yzy{sjw (|{poxjj m†|y}k 30 – 31 |w, y}uvyxpxsj m ylp |}y{yx† xprxk‚s}pv‡x†) s |y|}kmvj‰} oy|}k}y‚xy yoxy{yox~‰ m €{yxyvyns‚p|uyw y}xyƒpxss n{~zz~. Kvj pp ok}s{ymus y|ylyp rxk‚pxsp swp‰} ˆurpwzvj{†, swp‰„sp xkozs|s ~{k{}|us€ k{pt, k{|pxkvkw uy}y{†€ yxs z{sxkovpqkvs, }pw lyvpp, ‚}y zyokmvj‰„pp lyv‡ƒsx|}my ~{k{}|us€ l{yxrym†€ sropvst z{ys|€yos} sr n{kls}pv‡|us€ {k|uyzyu s wp|}y s yl|}yj}pv‡|}mk s€ xk€yous uku z{kmsvy xpsrmp|}x†. O|uv‰‚pxspw jmvj‰}|j xk€yous, |opvkxx†p z{s z{kmsv‡x†€ {k|uyzuk€ Qk{ws{-Hv~{k — rop|‡ ylxk{~qpxy yosxxkok}‡ l{yxrym†€ ƒvpwym ˆ}yny }szk 64, xy yz~lvsuymkx† vsƒ‡ omk, z{s‚pw xk xsqxpt ‚k|}s m}y{yny swpp}|j xkozs|‡: «Hyn~ \kvos, ny|zyosx~, ˆ}y} ƒvpw G{nsƒ}s, |†x Spx~k, zyok{sv» (. 116, 2) 65. X€yox†t ƒvpw (m†|y}k 31,5 |w) | xkozs|‡‰ Spx~k l†v ylxk{~qpx |{pos o{~ns€ l{yxrym†€ mp„pt m 1977 n. myrvp ~{k{}|uyt u{pzy|}s H~{wknp‚s} xk mp{€xpw Lm{k}p (22 uw ‰qxpp ny{yok Y~xoqpvs) 66. Q{ywp ˆ}yny, m }yt qp u{pzy|}s l†vy ylxk{~qpxy p„p omk {knwpx}s{ymkx†€ l{yxrym†€ ƒvpwk }yny qp }szk 67. U|}kv‡x†p z{ys|€yoj} sr n{kls}pv‡|us€ {k|uyzyu xk }p{{s}y{ss my|}y‚xyt Y~{ss s |pmp{y-rkzkoxyny O{kxk s €{kxj}|j m {krvs‚x†€ w~rpj€ Lm{yz†. I xk|}yj„pp m{pwj srmp|}xy ‚p}†{p ƒvpwk ˆ}yny }szk | swpxpw k{j Oƒz~sxs (yu. 825 – 810 nn. oy x. ˆ.) (H{s}kx|ust w~rpt 135061 68, Hkopx|ust rpwpv‡x†t w~rpt, Qk{v|{~ˆ 69, omk ˆurpwzvj{k m ]px}{kv‡xyw Wsw|uy-np{wkx|uyw w~rpp, Sktx 70), ƒp|}‡ | swpxpw Spx~k (yu. 810 – 785 nn. oy x. ˆ.) (H~{wknp‚s} (|w. m†ƒp), Hkopx|ust rpwpv‡x†t w~rpt, Qk{v|{~ˆ 71, Jy|~ok{|}mpxxyp z{ks|}y{s‚p|uyp |yl{kxsp, S‰x€px, sxm. №1985, 521 72, }{s ˆurpwzvj{k m ]px}{kv‡xyw Wsw|uy-np{wkx|uyw w~rpp, Sktx 73) s omk | swpxpw G{nsƒ}s I (yu. 785 –760 nn. oy x. ˆ.) (Ip{€xjj W~}€k, Qk{ws{-Hv~{, |w. m†ƒp) 74. Q{ywp }yny, yosx ƒvpw (Xyl{kxsp Gu|pvj J~}wkxk m Hp{vsxp, AG 339) 63 Xw. |myou~ wxpxst zy zymyo~ }yvuymkxsj ˆ}yny y{xkwpx- fig. 12; Özgen 1979, 28; Overlaet 1979, 51, n. 1; Vanden Berghe, }kv‡xyny wy}smk (k}{sl~} Yptƒpl† (wyvxsj svs uyz‡p), |}svsrymkxyp sryl{kqpxsp {ynym, |}svsrymkxyp sryl{kqpxsp De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 128, Nr. 17. 69 I†|y}k 30,5, oskwp}{ 19,5 –21,5: Maaß 1987, 71–74, 92, op{pmk qsrxs, |}svsrymkxyp sryl{kqpxsp «u{†vk}yny |yvxk» Nr. 3, Taf. 1, 2, |vpmk |xsr~; Rehm 1997, 211, U 20, Abb. 384. s o{.): Özgen 1979, 68; Maaß 1987, 72 –73; Rehm 1997, 209. 64 Vsy}{ym|ust 1959k, 178; Piotrovskii 1967, 45, |{. van Loon Tkozs|‡ xk ƒvpwp z{y‚s}kxk Z. Nktov‡; a. Wpw, y}wp‚kj 1966, 119; Özgen 1979, 28 –29, 68 – 69.z 65 Vp{m†t xktopx m zywp„pxss 24 m 1948 n.: Vsy}{ym|ust xkvs‚sp y|}k}uym xkozs|s, |‚s}kp} s€ xp‚s}kpw†ws. 70 Jahresbericht 1984, 649, Abb. 39. 71 I†|y}k 30,2, oskwp}{ 19–20 |w: Maaß 1987, 71–74, 92, Nr. 4, 1950, 59, {s|. 38; Vsy}{ym|ust 1959, {s|. 26; Barnett, Watson Taf. 1, 2, |vpmk |xsr~; Rehm 1997, 211, U 21, Abb. 385. Z. Nktov‡ 1952 ({pp{k} z~lvsukss Vsy}{ym|ust 1950), 143, fig. 21; Borchhardt 1972, 107, Nr. 24, V, 2; m}y{yt, z{ku}s‚p|us sopx- ‚s}kp} xk ƒvpwp swj Spx~k, a. Wpw — swj Oƒz~sxs. 72 V{ys|€yos} sr lyv‡ƒyny uywzvpu|k l{yxrym†€ sropvst, }s‚x†t {~}€sx|uyw~ (m†|y}k 30,5 |w, sopx}s‚xkj y{xkwpx}k- ‚k|}‡ sr uy}y{†€ xkozs|kxk swpxpw Spx~k, m†|y}k 33,3 |w sj) — m 1953 n. m zywp„pxss 37: Vsy}{ym|ust 1955, 25 –26, (myrwyqxy, z{yzy{ss s|ukqpx† m €yop {p|}km{kss): Gropp {s|. 16. Tkozs|‡: ZQT 148k. X{. Vsy}{ym|ust 1959k, 178 1981, 95 –123; Kellner 1987, 20 –21, Taf. 22; Kellner 1991, 11– (xpj|xy, }y} qp ˆ}y ƒvpw, svs sxyt ˆurpwzvj{); Vsy}{ym|ust wy}{j xk wxyny‚s|vpxx†p my|z{ysrmpopxsj yoxs€ s }p€ qp 15; Wartke 1993, Abb. 27. 73 Jahresbericht 1984, 649, Abb. 39. 74 X{. Belli 1993, 65, nop nymy{s}|j, ‚}y srmp|}xy ‚p}†{p yl pu}ym (z{s‚pw ‚k|}y | {krx†ws ~ukrkxsjws xk €k{ku}p{ ƒvpwk | swpxpw Oƒz~sxs (}{s m Sktxp, yosx m H{s}kx- swp‰„s€|j xk xs€ xkozs|pt, wp|}y €{kxpxsj s }. o., ‚}y |uyw w~rpp) s ƒp|}‡ | swpxpw Spx~k (}{s m Sktxp, omk zy{yosvy ‚~oyms„x~‰ z~}kxs~ m vs}p{k}~{p), lyv‡ƒkj ‚k|}‡ m Qk{v|{~ˆ, yosx m S‰x€pxp). Xynvk|xy ˆ}yt sxy{wkss, xktopxx†€ m Yptƒplksxs ƒvpwym (m|pny s€ l†vy, ukqp}|j, yosx sr ƒvpwym sr Qk{v|{~ˆ xkozs|kx swpxpw xp Oƒz~sxs, omkok}‡) }ku s y|}kvk|‡ xpyz~lvsuymkxxyt. Uz~lvsuymkxx†p k Spx~k, uku s m}y{yt, k m Sktxp swpp}|j xp zj}‡, k ƒp|}‡ 1970, № 43 (msoswy, }y} qp ƒvpw zy|vp {p|}km{kss). Tp|- qp ˆurpwzvj{† ‚k|}y my|z{ysrmyoj}|j lpr ~ukrkxsj {krwp{ym, xkozs|kxx†€ ƒvpwym, z{s‚pw }y}, sxy{wkspt y uy}y{yw j ‚}y |sv‡xy ~wpx‡ƒkp} sxy{wk}smxy|}‡ wk}p{skvk. 66 Belli 1993, 61– 67, Abb. 3, Taf. 13, 4 (S~rpt avjr†nk, Inv.- xp {k|zyvknk‰, xkozs|kx swpxpw Oƒz~sxs. Xvpoymk}pv‡xy, xkozs|kxx†€ ƒvpwym | swpxpw Spx~k srmp|}xy xp ƒp|}‡ (zy Nr. 85. TMKC. 1-72). 67 Yıldırım 1988, 217 –218, Res. 1–2, Şek. 1–2 (S~rpt avj- wypt sxy{wkss), k |pw‡, ‚}y, mz{y‚pw, xp wpxjp} |~„p|}- r†nk, Inv.-Nr. 85.1.72; 85.1.78). 68 I†|y}k 29,5 |w: Barnett, Curtis 1973, 133; Frankel 1979, 20, |ynvk|xy uy}y{yt omk ƒvpwk sr Sktxk xkozs|kx† swpxpw mpxxy yl„~‰ uk{}sx~. X{., yoxkuy, Rehm 1997, 210, Anm. 251, Oƒz~sxs s }{s Spx~k. 241 xy|s} |{kr~ omp xkozs|s — Spx~k s G{nsƒ}s 75. U|}kv‡x†p srmp|}x†p ƒvpw† ˆ}yny }szk xkozs|pt xp swp‰} 76. Ts yoxyny ˆurpwzvj{k zyoylxyny ƒvpwk | xkozs|‡‰ lyvpp zyroxpny k{j xpsrmp|}xy; xp} s sx†€ ~ukrkxst xk myrwyqxy|}‡ lyvpp zyroxpt ok}s{ymus ƒvpwym ˆ}yny }szk. Kk}s{ymuk s€, }kusw yl{kryw, xkz{kƒsmkp}|j — yxs y}xy|j}|j u zy|vpoxpt ‚p}mp{}s IX – zp{myt zyvymsxp VIII m. oy x. ˆ. O|zyv‡rymkvs|‡ vs }kusp ƒvpw† s {kx‡ƒp, oy ˆzy€s Oƒz~sxs, y|}kp}|j xpj|x†w. Iy m|juyw |v~‚kp, |{pos sryl{kqpxst ~{k{}ym xk «Hkvkmk}|us€ my{y}k€» Xkvwkx|k{k III (|w. m†ƒp), xk uy}y{†€ y}{kqpx† m y|xymxyw |yl†}sj k||s{st|us€ zy€yoym 859 s 856 nn. oy x. ˆ. (|kws my{y}k l†vs srny}ymvpx† yuyvy 841/837 n. oy x. ˆ., ‚k|}‡ {pv‡pym z{sxkovpqs} u lyvpp {kxxsw my{y}kw, srny}ymvpxx†w m 850 n. oy x. ˆ.) 77, xp} xs yoxyny, xk uy}y{yw ~{k{}|ust mysx l†v l† ylvk‚px m y|}{yuyxp‚x†t ƒvpw. I|p yxs xy|j} zyv~|p{s‚p|usp ~u{kƒpxx†p n{plxpw ƒsƒkus | xk„p‚xsukws 78. _vpw† {k||wy}{pxxyny }szk €k{ku}p{x†, |~oj zy swp‰„sw|j okxx†w, swpxxy ovj Z{k{}~ s rk z{popvkws pny }p{{s}y{ss (u{ywp Ip{€xpt W~}€s) xp m|}{p‚k‰}|j. I ˆzy€~ G{nsƒ}s I ƒvpw† ˆ}yny }szk m Z{k{}~ m†€yoj} sr ~zy}{plvpxsj s m†}p|xj‰}|j o{~nsw }szyw. Kvj ƒvpwym xymyt {krxymsoxy|}s €k{ku}p{xk y{xkwpx}ksj yoxyt svs xp|uyv‡usws rknslk‰„sws|j s |y|}kmvj‰„sws zyv~yu{~qxy|}‡ rwppmsox†ws mkvsukws, rkmp{ƒk‰„sws|j sryl{kqpxsjws nyvymyu qsmy}x†€. ^k|}y }kusp ƒvpw† ~u{kƒpx† sryl{kqpxsjws {krvs‚x†€ |px — y€y}†, |{kqpxst svs u~v‡}ym†ws. Q ˆ}yw~ }sz~ y}xy|j}|j rxkwpxs}†p zk{kox†p ƒvpw† sr Yptƒplksxs (m|pny s€ xktopxy opmj}‡ 79) | zy|mj}s}pv‡x†ws xkozs|jws G{nsƒ}s I (yu. 785 –760 nn. oy x. ˆ., yosx ˆurpwzvj{) s Xk{o~{s II (yu. 760 –730 nn. oy x. ˆ., }{s ˆurpwzvj{k) (. 117, 1) 80. Wjo ƒvpwym ˆ}yny }szk lpr xkozs|pt, z{ys|€yoj„s€ sr n{kls}pv‡|us€ {k|uyzyu xk }p{{s}y{ss Z{k{}~, €{kxj}|j m {krvs‚x†€ w~rpj€ Y~{ss, Lm{yz† s Gwp{sus (. 117, 2; 118, 1) 81. _vpw† | y{xkwpx}yw m msop rwppmsox†€ mkvsuym l†vs {k|z{y|}{kxpx† xk m|pw Vp{poxpw Iy|}yup, yoxkuy mx~}{s ˆ}yt n{~zz† wyqxy m†opvs}‡ {jo vyukv‡x†€ mk{skx}ym. Vy-msoswyw~, z{ys|€yqopxsp ˆ}yny msok y{xkwpx}kss |mjrkxy | G||s{spt — rknx~}†p mkvsus m|}{p‚k‰}|j xk sryl{kqpxsj€ ƒvpwym k||s{st|us€ mysxym ~qp xk‚sxkj | ˆzy€s Y~u~v‡}s-Tsx~{}† II (891– 884 nn. oy x. ˆ.) 82. Xkw†p {kxxsp ok}s{ymkxx†p ƒvpw† ˆ}yny }szk (}{s ˆurpwzvj{k) y}xy|j}|j u uyx~ IX m. oy x. ˆ. s z{ys|€yoj} sr |vyj {kr{~ƒpxsj \krkxv~ IV (. 118, 2, 3) 83. Q{ywp \krkxv~ s Z{k{}~, ok}s{ymkxx†p ˆurpwzvj{† srmp|}x† vsƒ‡ m Nsxoqs{vs 84 (mp{yj}xy, uyxp 75 Born, Seidl 1995, 91, Abb. 94, 95, Taf. I, XII. 76 Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 80 Vsy}{ym|ust 1950, 63– 67, {s|. 40, 40 k – m, }kl. 12; Vsy}- 127, Nr. 14 (alxp}p{, Rp G{u, x†xp m S~rpp _k€k~rpxk, {ym|ust 1955, 18, 26; Vsy}{ym|ust 1962, 70, {s|. 41, 79, m†|y}k 27, oskwp}{ 20,5 –21,6 |w); Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 140, }kl. XVI–XIX; Piotrovskii 1967, 46. a}s ƒvpw† ‚k|}y my|z{y- {ym|ust 1952, 38 – 39, 49 –50, {s|. ~ |. 40, }kl. 11–15; Vsy}- Taf. 14; Özgen 1979, 29; Overlaet 1979, 51, n. 1; Vanden Berghe, srmyoj}|j | yƒslukws s z~}kxspt: |w. Özgen 1979, 70 –72; De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 127, Nr. 15 (V{ks- Gröschel 1986, 75. |}y{s‚p|uyp |yl{kxsp, S‰x€px, 1971/1767, m†|y}k 28,5, osk- 81 Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 139; Taşyürek 1974, 177 –181; Özgen wp}{ 19,2 –22,8 |w); Calmeyer 1991, 125, 129, Nr. 13; Wartke 1993, Taf. 82, | xpmp{x†w ~ukrkxspw wp|}k €{kxpxsj (T‡‰- 1979, 29 – 30, 73–74; Kellner 1982, 207 –209, pl. II–IX; Özgen 1983, 114, fig. 11–12; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Py{u, Ariadne Galleries, Inc, m†|y}k 31, wku|swkv‡x†t osk- Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 131, Nr. 21; Eichler 1984, 19, 65, Taf. 8; wp}{ 21,7 |w); Calmeyer 1991, 125, 131, Nr. 15 (S~rpt srj„x†€ 9, 1; Gröschel 1986, 75 –76; Calmeyer 1986, 79 – 86, Taf. 15 –20; Maaß 1987, 71, Taf. 1, 2 Mitte; Yıldırım 1988, 218 –219, Res. 3, 5, Şek. 3, 5; Calmeyer 1991, Nr. 9, 14, fig. 8; Rehm 1997, 211– s|u~||}m, Hy|}yx, 1981.25, m†|y}k 29,5, oskwp}{ 19,5 |w); Rehm 1997, 209 –211, U 19, Abb. 383 (Hkopx|ust rpwpv‡x†t w~rpt, Qk{v|{~ˆ, 84/69, m†|y}k 30,3, oskwp}{ 21–22,5 |w). X{. Kellner 1982, 206, Taf. I; Belli 1993, 65; Born, Seidl 1995, 91, 214, U 22, Abb. XXIV, XXV, Fig. 7, Abb. 386. 82 Andrae 1923, pl. 9 e. Abb. 94, 95, 90 – 92, Taf. I, IX, X. 77 Wäfler 1975, 247 –251, 299 – 301, | s|}y‚xsukws s vs}p{k- 83 Dyson 1961, 536, fig. 14 (non vidi); Calmeyer 1969, 90; }~{yt. 78 Iyrwyqx†p sryl{krs}pv‡x†p kxkvynss ˆ}sw ƒvpwkw |w. 1979, 55 –56, |{. 51, n. 1 (|‚s}kp}, ‚}y {p‚‡ sop} y om~€ {krx†€ Wäfler 1975, 254 –255. Tk€yous ƒvpwym ˆ}yny }szk xk \krkxv~ fig. 11. 84 Luschan, Andrae 1943, 75 –76, 162 – 163, Abb. 84 – 85, |w. m†ƒp. X{. ƒvpw lvsruyt y{w† sr s{kx|uyny Grp{lktoqkxk m Rptopx|uyw w~rpp: Vanden Boorn 1984, 88, Afb. 125. 79 Vsy}{ym|ust 1959k, 178. 242 Borchhardt 1972, 107, Nr. 24, IV, 2; Azarpay 1968, pl. 9; Overlaet ƒvpwk€); Winter 1980, 24, fig. 60 – 61; Muscarella 1989, 26, Taf. 40 a. 1 2 Ws|. 117 Z{k{}|usp ƒvpw†. 1. Qk{ws{-Hv~{; 2. Iy|}y‚xkj Gxk}yvsj, Hkopx|ust Npwpv‡x†t w~rpt, Qk{v|{~ˆ. H{yxrk Vy Vsy}{ym|ust 1970, № 44 (1); Calmeyer 1991, Nr. 9 (2) VIII m. oy x. ˆ.) s xk Qsz{p («Qsz{y-k{€ks‚p|ust zp{syo I», msoswy m}y{kj zyvymsxk VII m. oy x. ˆ.) (. 118, 4; 119, 1) 85. U‚pmsoxy, ƒvpw† ˆ}yny }szk l†vs rksw|}mymkx† ~{k{}kws ~ k||s{stpm svs wkxxppm m z{kmvpxsp G{nsƒ}s, s swpxxy }ynok m†}p|xsvs {k|z{y|}{kxpxx†p {kxpp, m }p‚pxsp zy u{ktxpt wp{p zyv~mpuk, ƒvpw† | ~u{kƒpxspw m msop «wyvxss». V{s ˆ}yw srwpxsvk|‡ xp }yv‡uy s€ y{xkwpx}ksj, xy s z{yzy{ss — z{s |y€{kxpxss yl„pt y{w†, ~{k{}|usp ƒvpw† ˆ}yny }szk lyvpp z{srpws|}†p (m†|y}k 27 –28 |w), ‚pw ƒvpw† | «wyvxspt». a}y, u|}k}s, y}vs‚kp} s€ y} s{kx|us€ (oy 34 |w) s y|ylpxxy |pmp{y|s{st|us€ (oy 37,5 |w) yl{krym, uy}y{†p swp‰} ny{kroy lyvpp m†}jx~}†p y‚p{}kxsj. Kkv‡xptƒpp {krms}sp ~{k{}|us€ y|}{yuyxp‚x†€ ƒvpwym svv‰|}{s{~p}|j l{yxrym†w {knwpx}s{ymkxx†w ƒvpwyw, €{kxj„sw|j m S~rpp Vpx|sv‡mkx|uyny ~xsmp{|s}p}k (UM 67-39-21, m†|y}k 27,6, oskwp}{ 22 |w |ynvk|xy {puyx|}{~uss) 86. Tk vylxyt ‚k|}s ƒvpwk sryl{kqpxy lyqp|}my m lvkny|vymvj‰„pt zyrp, k | om~€ |}y{yx y} xpny — |swwp}{s‚x†p {sr†, sryl{kqk‰„sp uyvpxyz{puvpxpxx†€ u{†vk}†€ npxspm zp{po {yrp}ukws s mp{pxs~ v‡mym. Tk y|xymkxss |yzy|}kmvpxsj | sryl{kqpxsjws v‡mym xk „s}k€ W~|† III sr Yyz{kuukvp ƒvpw ok}s{~p}|j m}y{yt zyvymsxyt VII m. oy x. ˆ. 87 [y{wk ˆ}yny ƒvpwk xp|uyv‡uy y}vs‚kp}|j y} xkrmkxx†€ m†ƒp — yxk z{slvsqkp}|j u zyv~|p{p | uyxs‚p|usw y|}{spw. a}y posx|}mpxx†t ~{k{}|ust y{xkwpx}s{ymkxx†t ƒvpw, y}xy|j„st|j u |}yv‡ zyroxpt ok}p (xs yoxyny o{~nyny ˆurpwzvj{k, ok}s{ymkxxyny | lyv‡ƒpt svs wpx‡ƒpt ~mp{pxxy|}‡‰ ˆzy€yt zy|vp z{kmvpxsj Xk{o~{s II xpsrmp|}xy). Iyrwyqxy, ˆ}y |mjrkxy | }pw, ‚}y m zy|vpoxpt }{p}s VIII m. oy x. ˆ. ny{kroy lyv‡ƒpp {k|z{y|}{kxpxsp zyv~‚k‰} qpvprx†p ƒvpw†, zy|}pzpxxy m†}p|xj‰„sp l{yxrym†p, k qpvpry |y€{kxjp}|j rxk‚s}pv‡xy €~qp l{yxr†. a}y y}‚k|}s zyo}mp{qokp}|j }pw, ‚}y xkw srmp|}xy Kk}s{ymuk ƒvpwk VI m. oy x. ˆ. (Borchhardt 1972, 99, Nr. 22, A, 86 Özgen 1979, 30 – 37, fig. 1– 3. 87 Barnett 1950, 13– 15, pl. IX–X; Akurgal 1968, 61– 62, II; Buhl 1974, 105; Overlaet 1979, 55) xs xk ‚pw xp y|xymkxk. Taf. XXXVIII; Azarpay 1968, 66 – 68, pl. 56 –58. 85 Karageorghis 1966, 319 – 322; Karageorghis 1967a, 202 –245. 243 1 2 3 Ws|. 118 H{yxrym†p ƒvpw†. 1. Iy|}y‚xkj Gxk}yvsj, Jy|~ok{|}mpxxyp z{ks|}y{s‚p|uyp |yl{kxsp, S‰x€px; 2, 3. \krkxv~ IV; 4. Vkvp-Vky|, Qsz{ Vy Vanden Berghe, De Meyer etc. 1983, Nr. 21 (1); Winter 1980, fig. 60, 61 (2, 3); Karageorghis 1967a, fig. 20 (4) 244 4 1 2 3 4 Ws|. 119 _vpw†. 1. Nsxoqs{vs; 2 – 4. Iy|}y‚xkj Gxk}yvsj. 1, 2. H{yxrk; 3, 4. Mpvpry Vy Calmeyer 1969, Abb. 93 (1); Calmeyer 1991, 133, Nr. 19, 20 (2, 3); Wartke 1991, 330, Nr. 4 (4) 245 xp|uyv‡uy qpvprx†€ ~{k{}|us€ ƒvpwym lvsruyt y{w† 88. V{kmok, srmp|}x† s l{yxrym†p ˆurpwzvj{† }kus€ ƒvpwym (. 119, 2 – 4) 89. Syqxy zyvknk}‡, ‚}y m VII m. oy x. ˆ. m Z{k{}~ m y|xymxyw s|zyv‡rymkvs|‡ ƒvpw† swpxxy ˆ}yt y{w†. Q |yqkvpxs‰, ~{k{}|ust ƒvpw zp{myt }{p}s VIII m. oy x. ˆ. sr wynsv‡xsuk Ip{€xjj W~}€k z{ys|€yos} sr n{kls}pv‡|us€ {k|uyzyu xk‚kvk mpuk s pny uywzvpu| zyˆ}yw~ xpsrmp|}px, ‚}y m rxk‚s}pv‡xyt |}pzpxs ylp|pxsmkp} ˆ}~ xk€you~. Losx|}mpxxyp, y ‚pw yxk |msop}pv‡|}m~p} — ‚}y y|}{yuyxp‚x†p ƒvpw† zp{poxpkrsk}|uyny (m ‚k|}xy|}s ~{k{}|uyny) z{ysrmyo|}mk opt|}ms}pv‡xy zyzkokvs xk Xpmp{x†t Qkmukr. Tpj|xy, yoxkuy, xs ukusw z~}pw, xs uynok ˆ}y z{ys|€yosvy. Wp‚‡ wyqp} so}s uku y ws{x†€ }y{nym†€ uyx}ku}k€, }ku s y mypxxyt oyl†‚p. I zp{myw |v~‚kp wyqxy z{pozyvknk}‡, ‚}y ƒvpw zyzkv xk Xpmp{x†t Qkmukr xpxkwxyny zyrqp pny srny}ymvpxsj, my m}y{yw ˆ}y} z{ywpq~}yu wyn l†}‡ s mp|‡wk rxk‚s}pv‡x†w. Qku srmp|}xy, z{powp}† myy{~qpxsj, m }yw ‚s|vp oy|}k}y‚xy o{pmxsp, oyvny €{kxsvs|‡ xk |uvkok€ ~{k{}|us€ u{pzy|}pt m msop {pvsumst. Yku, m u{pzy|}s VII m. oy x. ˆ. Yptƒplksxs l†vs ylxk{~qpx† xp }yv‡uy |ymp{ƒpxxy kxkvyns‚x†p ƒvpw† | xkozs|jws G{nsƒ}s I, xy s p„p lyvpp {kxxsp z{powp}†, m }yw ‚s|vp | xkozs|jws Spx~k. Ykusp z{powp}† mzyvxp wynvs zyzk|}‡ m {~us ~‚k|}xsuym zp{poxpkrsk}|us€ zy€yoym z{s {kr{~ƒpxss ~{k{}|us€ u{pzy|}pt. Uoxkuy ˆ}y z{pozyvyqpxsp — vsƒ‡ yoxk sr wxyns€ myrwyqxy|}pt, s yxy xp wyqp} |v~qs}‡ y|xymkxspw xsukus€ okv‡xptƒs€ zy|}{ypxst. I v‰lyw |v~‚kp ƒvpw sr Ip{€xpt W~}€s xs‚pny xp okp} ovj ok}s{ymus y|}kv‡x†€ ukmukr|us€ ƒvpwym. Ux |~„p|}mpxxy y}vs‚kp}|j y} xs€ z{pqop m|pny zy |zy|yl~ srny}ymvpxsj. Qku s m|p y|}kv‡x†p zp{poxpkrsk}|usp ƒvpw† s m y}vs‚sp y} ukmukr|us€ yx vs}yt, k xp |uvpzkx sr vs|}k l{yxr† 90. Qku s zp{poxpkrsk}|usp ƒvpw† s m y}vs‚sp y} ukmukr|us€ yx, msoswy, swpv y}opv‡xy srny}ymvpxx†p xk„p‚xsus — xk lyuymyt zymp{€xy|}s |y€{kxsvs|‡ y}mp{|}sj, |v~qsmƒsp ovj s€ u{pzvpxsj. X~„p|}mpxx†p {krvs‚sj uk|k‰}|j s y{xkwpx}kss. Qkmukr|usp ƒvpw†, u{ywp z{ys|€yoj„pny sr zyn{plpxsj 1987 n. Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk xp y{xkwpx}s{ymkx†, k z~kx|yxx†t y{xkwpx} zy|vpoxpny xp swpp} kxkvynst |{pos zp{poxpkrsk}|us€ ƒvpwym s |uy{pp m|pny my|€yos} u wp|}xyt }{kosss. _vpw sr Ip{€xpt W~}€s ~u{kƒpx }{pwj {pv‡px†ws zyvy|kws moyv‡ xsqxpt ‚k|}s ƒvpwk s €y{yƒy srmp|}x†w zy ~{k{}|usw ƒvpwkw y{xkwpx}kv‡x†w wy}smyw m msop |}svsrymkxxyny sryl{kqpxsj {ynym svs wyvxss xk rku{†mk‰„pt vyl ‚k|}s. Xvpo~p} m|p qp y}wp}s}‡, ‚}y zy y{wp s z{yzy{sjw sr ~{k{}|us€ ƒvpwym u ukmukr|usw lvsqp |}ys} |kw†t {kxxst }sz y|}{yuyxp‚x†€ ƒvpwym, u uy}y{yw~ z{sxkovpqs} s ˆurpwzvj{ sr Ip{€xpt W~}€s (|{poxjj m†|y}k — 30 – 31 |w). Ykusp ƒvpw† l†vs {k|z{y|}{kxpx† m Z{k{}~ oy zp{myt }{p}s VIII m. oy x. ˆ., s m ˆzy€~ G{nsƒ}s I m†}p|xj‰}|j lyvpp z{srpws|}†ws }szkws. cmvjp}|j vs ˆ}y |€yo|}my z{yzy{st |ymzkopxspw, svs rop|‡ wyqxy nymy{s}‡ y xpuyt yl„xy|}s }{kosst, |ukrk}‡ }{~oxy. I v‰lyw |v~‚kp uvsx-j{|usp, uku s o{~nsp |€yox†p | xsws, ukmukr|usp ƒvpw† xp wyn~} l†}‡ |mjrkx† | rk|msop}pv‡|}mymkxx†ws zs|‡wpxx†ws s|}y‚xsukws zy€yokws uswwp{stpm (s }pw lyvpp |usym), xk‚kvy uy}y{†€ xp} y|xymkxst ok}s{ymk}‡ rxk‚s}pv‡xy {kxpp 714 n. oy x. ˆ. I|p yxs y}xy|j}|j u ny{kroy lyvpp {kxxpw~ m{pwpxs. Tk€yous uyxs‚p|us€ ƒvpwym m uvsxj{|us€ uywzvpu|k€, yoxkuy, wyn~} l†}‡ s|zyv‡rymkx† ovj ok}s{ymus zkwj}xsuym xymy‚p{uk||uyny }szk. O€ |€yo|}my |y ƒvpwyw sr V{swy{|uyny, y}xy|j„sw|j z{swp{xy u X–IX mm. oy x. ˆ. wynvy l† ~ukr†mk}‡ xk lvsry|}‡ uvsxj{|us€ uywzvpu|ym u ˆ}yt ok}p. Uoxkuy xpv‡rj s|uv‰‚k}‡ s lyvpp zyrox‰‰ ok}~ — lpƒ}kƒpx|ukj 88 Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 137, 137a; Kellner 1979, 152, 156, wpx}† p„p 3– 4 ˆurpwzvj{ym qpvprx†€ ~{k{}|us€ ƒvpwym, Anm. 6, Abb. B, 1; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, |uvpzkxx†€ sr om~€ zyvymsx, m S‰x€px|uyw V{ks|}y{s‚p- Tanret 1983, 133, Nr. 25 –26; Calmeyer 1991, 133, Nr. 19; Wartke |uyw |yl{kxss s yosx }kuyt qp ƒvpw m w~rpp Gokx† m Y~{- 1991, 330, Nr. 4; Kellner 1993, 325 – 331, Taf. 61, 3 a – 4 b, ss, ||†vus |w. m†ƒp. Vyoylx†w qp |zy|ylyw |u{pzvpx† Abb. 1, 4. C{., mp{yj}xy, k||s{st|ust y|}{yuyxp‚x†t ƒvpw, omp zyvymsx† k||s{st|uyny lswp}kvvs‚p|uyny (l{yxrk s zyvymsxk uy}y{yny srny}ymvpxk sr l{yxr†, k zyvymsxk — sr qpvpry) ƒvpwk, €{kxj„pny|j m |yl{kxss Gu|pvj J~}wkxk qpvprk: Born, Seidl 1995, 50, Abb. 103–106, Taf. VI, VII. 89 Overlaet 1979, 61– 63, pl. IV; Calmeyer 1991, 133, Nr. 20. 90 I Vp{poxpt Grss zyoylx†t |zy|yl srny}ymvpxsj srmp|}px (Hp{vsx): Born, Seidl 1995, 134 –149. U }p€xyvynss srny}ym- vsƒ‡ ovj xpuy}y{†€ qpvprx†€ ƒvpwym. X{. omk pv†€ s {kn- 246 vpxsj ~{k{}|us€ s k||s{st|us€ l{yxrym†€ ƒvpwym, |w. zyo{ylxy Born, Seidl 1995, 107 –134. xk€youk zyukr†mkp}, ‚}y zyoylx†p ƒvpw† srny}kmvsmkvs|‡ xk Qkmukrp ovs}pv‡xyp m{pwj, s ˆ}k }{kossj wynvk |y€{kxj}‡|j s zy|vp X m. oy x. ˆ. I|p qp xk€yous ƒvpwym ˆ}yny }szk mwp|}p | z{powp}kws {kxxpxymy‚p{uk||uyny ylvsuk ~ukr†mk‰} |uy{pp xk s€ {kxx‰‰ ok}s{ymu~, myrwyqxy p„p m z{popvk€ X m. oy x. ˆ. 2.3.2 HWUTNUI`L VLQYUWGRO Nop|‡ qp |vpo~p} {k||wy}{p}‡ s l{yxrym†p zpu}y{kvs, ylxk{~qpxx†p m {jop zkwj}xsuym | ylps€ |}y{yx Qkmukr|uyny €{pl}k. I |pmp{yukmukr|us€ uywzvpu|k€ yxs ylxk{~qpx† mwp|}p | z{powp}kws xymy‚p{uk||uyny }szk — m uvkop ~ ny{† Hpƒ}k~ (| ~osvkws, z|kvsjws s om~€vyzk|}x†ws xkuyxp‚xsukws |}{pv xymy‚p{uk||uyny }szk) (. 120 ) 91, zyn{plpxss 1 X~v}kxny{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk (| ~osvkws, z|kvsjws, lswp}kvvs‚p|usw usxqkvyw s xkuyxp‚xsukws |}{pv xymy‚p{uk||uyny }szk) (. 121) 92, ~qp ~zywsxkmƒpw|j {kr{~ƒpxxyw zyn{plpxss Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk mwp|}p | uyxs‚p|usw ƒvpwyw s lswp}kvvs‚p|usw usxqkvyw (. 111). Q{ywp }yny, kxkvyns‚xkj zpu}y{kv‡ l†vk ylxk{~qpxk s m zyn{plpxss 14 }yny qp Qvsx-j{|uyny xpu{yzyvj mwp|}p | ~osvkws xymy‚p{uk||uyny }szk s xpyl†‚x†ws }{p€zp}pv‡‚k}†ws z|kvsjws, rkmp{ƒk‰„sws|j sryl{kqpxsjws nyvymyu uyxpt (. 122) 93. Kmk kxkvyns‚x†€ xkn{~oxsuk l†vs ylxk{~qpx† m Gl€krss: m uywzvpu|k€ zyn{plpxst sr aƒp{s (€yvw Ip{p„knsxk) 94 s sr |pvk Gx~€mk G{wjx|ukj (. 123; 124) 95. Ulk uywzvpu|k ylxk{~qsmk‰} rxk‚s}pv‡x~‰ lvsry|}‡ wpqo~ |ylyt s, y‚pmsoxy, |sx€{yxx† — u{ywp zpu}y{kvpt, s€ yl posxj‰} xktopxx†p m ylys€ zyn{plpxsj€ l{yxrym†p }yzy{†, z{sxkovpqk„sp u yoxyw~ s }yw~ qp «uyv€so|uyw~» }sz~ (omk }yzy{k sr Gx~€m† y{xkwpx}s{ymkx†, }{p}st lpr y{xkwpx}k), uvsxus, xkuyxp‚xsus uyzst, lvj€s | nmyropmsox†ws xkmp{ƒsjws (m ˆƒp{|uyw zyn{plpxss xkmp{ƒsj rkmp{ƒk‰}|j ryywy{x†ws nyvymukws), l{k|vp}†, {knwpx}† zyj|ym. Zqp {k||wy}{pxx†t uywzvpu| sr V{swy{|uyny, m uy}y{yw l†v ylxk{~qpx l{yxrym†t ƒvpw, }kuqp ylxk{~qsmkp} {yo|}my | xsws (. 112). I uywzvpu|k€ Gx~€m† s V{swy{|uyny xktopx {jo yoxy}szx†€ mp„pt — }yzy{, xkuyxp‚xsus uyzst, n{smxk s z{yxsrs. Hyvpp k{€ks‚x†ws ˆvpwpx}kws m uywzvpu|p V{swy{|uyny jmvjp}|j l{yxrym†t pv‡xyvs}yt usxqkv s sl~vk. Syqxy zyvknk}‡, ‚}y m|p uywzvpu|† lvsrus o{~n o{~n~ zy ok}p, €y}j zyn{plpxsp sr V{swy{|uyny wyqp} l†}‡ xp|uyv‡uy |}k{ƒp. Tk€yous m ˆ}s€ uywzvpu|k€ l{yxrym†€ zpu}y{kvpt s y|}{yuyxp‚x†€ ƒvpwym yl posxj‰} s€ | ~qp xkrmkxx†ws |pmp{yukmukr|usws (uvko ~ ny{† Hpƒ}k~, zyn{plpxsp 1 X~v}kxny{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk, zyn{plpxsj 14, 186 s {kr{~ƒpxxyp zyn{plpxsp 1987 n. Qvsx-j{|uyny xpu{yzyvj), uy}y{†p, m |my‰ y‚p{po‡, lyvpp svs wpxpp |sx€{yxx† wpqo~ |ylyt. Tk ˆ}y ~ukr†mk‰} xk€yous m xs€ yoxy}szx†€ ~rop‚x†€ z{sxkopqxy|}pt s z{powp}ym myy{~qpxsj xymy‚p{uk||uyny ylvsuk. Ulp n{~zz† — kl€kr|us€ s |pmp{yukmukr|us€ zkwj}xsuym — lvknyok{j xk€youkw m xs€ yoxy}szx†€ ƒvpwym s zpu}y{kvpt wyn~} l†}‡ y}xp|px† u lvsruyt ˆzy€p. Sk}p{skv kl€kr|us€ uywzvpu|ym zyrmyvjp} oy|}y}y‚xy ~mp{pxxy yz{popvs}‡ s€ wp|}y m |~„p|}m~‰„s€ |s|}pwk€ y}xy|s}pv‡xyt €{yxyvynss. 91 Op||px 1954, 124 –127. Hyvpp }y‚x~‰ {puyx|}{~us‰ zyn{plpxst 1–2 aƒp{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk, ~ukr†mkj, ‚}y yxk {knwpx}s{ymkxxyt zpu}y{kvs, ~‚s}†mk‰„~‰ yosx sr pp z{ys|€yos} sr «{kr{~ƒpxx†€ zyn{plpxst xk }p{{s}y{ss {knwpx}ym, xpsrmp|}x†t G. G. Op||px~, |w. Sk€y{}†€, ^p{- wynsv‡xsuk». Uoxkuy |ynvk|xy ~ukrkxs‰ H. G. Q~}sxk xpxuy 1995, 21–22, {s|. 1, 5. 92 Isxyn{koym 1972, {s|. 9; a{vs€ 1994, }kl. 18. 93 K~ok{pm 1991, }kl. 13, 16, 22. mk‰}|j | }pws, ‚}y z{ys|€yoj} sr zyn{plpxsj, }ku ‚}y m{jo vs 94 Q~}sx 1949, 155 –178, }kl. XV–XVIII; Iy{yxym 1980, 201–203, {s|. 1, 27 – 37. I lyvpp {kxxpt {kly}p (Iy{yxym 1969, zyoyl{kxx†p xk zymp{€xy|}s {knwpx}† zpu}y{kvs |uvko†wyqxy |ywxpmk}‡|j m z{sxkovpqxy|}s zpu}y{kvs ˆ}yw~ uywzvpu|~: Q~}sx 1949, 164. 95 Kywkx|ust 1979, 23– 36. 27 –28) b. T. Iy{yxym xp z{s‚s|vjp} zpu}y{kv‡ u uywzvpu|~ 247 1 2 4 0 10 3 5 6 7 8 9 Ws|. 120 Qvko ~ ny{† Hpƒ}k~ ~ Vj}sny{|uk. 1–7. H{yxrk; 8, 9. Mpvpry Vy Yp{pxyqusx 1976, {s|. 90 (1, 2, 4 – 9); Sk€y{}†€, ^p{xpxuy 1995, {s|. 1, 5 (3) 248 2 3 1 0 4 6 8 9 10 11 7 12 6 13 5 14 Ws|. 121 Tk€yous sr zyn{plpxsj 1 X~v}kxny{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk. 2. Jvsxk; 4, 6. Qkwpx‡; 5. H{yxrk s qpvpry; y|}kv‡xyp l{yxrk Vy a{vs€ 1994, }kl. 18; Qyrpxuymk 1995, }kl. XXIV, 6 (1) 249 1 5 6 3 2 4 9 8 7 10 13 14 Ws|. 122 Oxmpx}k{‡ zyn{plpxsj 14 wynsv‡xsuk Qvsx-j{ III. 1. Qkwpx‡; 6. Mpvpry; 7. H{yxrk s ryvy}y; 14. Jvsxk; y|}kv‡xyp l{yxrk Vy K~ok{pm 1991, }kl. 13, 16, 22 250 11 12 15 7 8 2 9 3 1 4 5 6 10 14 12 11 13 Ws|. 123 Tk€yous sr zyn{plpxsj xk €yvwp Ip{p„knsxk m aƒp{s, Gl€krsj. H{yxrk. 11. Wpuyx|}{~usj {knwpx}s{ymkxxyt zpu}y{kvs (13) Vy Q~}sx 1949, }kl. XV–XVIII, {s|. 31 251 3 1 2 6 5 7 4 8 252 9 11 13 10 12 16 14 15 20 17 18 0 6 19 21 Ws|. 124 Tk€yous sr zyn{plpxsj m |. Gx~€mk, Gl€krsj. H{yxrk Vy Kywkx|ust 1979, {s|. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13 253 4 2 3 1 5 6 0 Ws|. 125 Tk€yous sr zyn{plpxsj 11 Hpƒ}kƒpx|uyny wynsv‡xsuk, Y{skvp}s. 1–5. H{yxrk; 6. Jvsxk Vy Q~}sx 1941, {s|. 69 –72k, 82, }kl. XLIX 254 6 I |y|}kmp m|p€ }{p€ uywzvpu|ym (V{swy{|uyp, aƒp{s s Gx~€mk) ylxk{~qpx† }yzy{† | zyv~u{~nv†w vprmspw s uvsxymsox†w yl~€yw, }szs‚x†p ovj Qyv€so|uyt u~v‡}~{† s €y{yƒy srmp|}x†p s xk zkwj}xsuk€ Qylkx|uyt u~v‡}~{†. a}k y{wk }yzy{ym |~„p|}m~p} oy|}k}y‚xy oyvny — z{swp{xy | |p{posx† II }†|. oy x. ˆ. oy {kxxp|us|uyt ˆzy€s (zyn{plpxsp 68 Yvst|uyny wynsv‡xsuk, nop }kuyt }yzy{ ylxk{~qpx | kusxkuyw s ˆvpwpx}kws ~ro† {kxxp|us|uyny }szk) 96, yoxkuy y{xkwpx}ksj }yzy{ym sr V{swy{|uyny s sr Gx~€m†, zyqkv~t, zyrmyvjp} ok}s{ymk}‡ s€ }y‚xpp. Yyzy{ sr V{swy{|uyny swpp} xk vprmss sryl{kqpxsp €s„xsuk, y|}kv‡xkj pny zymp{€xy|}‡, ukqp}|j, xp y{xkwpx}s{ymkxk. Uosx sr }yzy{ym sr Gx~€m† swpp} |€yox†p sryl{kqpxsj xp }yv‡uy xk vprmss, xy s xk yl~€p, s myrvp y}mp{|}sj ovj {~‚us. Tk m}y{yw }yzy{p swpp}|j sryl{kqpxsp «uyx‡uk». Jyvym† m|p€ qsmy}x†€ yl{k„px† mzp{po, ‚}y, msoswy, jmvjp}|j €{yxyvyns‚p|usw z{srxkuyw: m lyvpp zyroxpp m{pwj yxs m†}p|xj‰}|j sryl{kqpxsjws €s„xsuym | nyvymkws, zymp{x~}†ws xkrko. Vp{p€yo u }kusw sryl{kqpxsjw €k{ku}p{sr~p} rkmp{ƒpxsp ˆ}kzk III A s xk‚kvy ˆ}kzk III B Qylkx|uyt u~v‡}~{† zy €{yxyvynss I. O. Qyrpxuymyt 97, svs zp{p€yo y} |}k{ƒpny zp{syok Tli C u wvkoƒpw~ m |s|}pwp J. Qy||kuk 98. \{yxyvyns‚p|usw u{s}p{spw wyn~} |v~qs}‡ }kuqp zyj|x†p z{jqus, ~u{kƒpxx†p nyvymukws qsmy}x†€, uy}y{†p ylxk{~qpx† m uywzvpu|k€ aƒp{s s Gx~€m†. Ykusp z{jqus oy|}k}y‚xy €y{yƒy srmp|}x† m zkwj}xsuk€ Qyv€so|uyt u~v‡}~{†, m ‚k|}xy|}s yxs m€yosvs m |y|}km xp|uyv‡us€ zyn{plpxst wynsv‡xsuym Q~vkx~{€mk s Q{k|x†t Skju, zyn{plpxst m Gkn|}k, xk Hkwly{|uyt zyvjxp, m Ip{€xpt aƒp{s, m J~ok~}p, m yoxyw sr oyv‡wpxym Q‰{-Kp{p s o{. 99 I|p ˆ}s uywzvpu|† oy|}k}y‚xy lvsrus wpqo~ |ylyt s | xkrmkxx†ws m†ƒp uywzvpu|kws aƒp{s s Gx~€m† zy |y|}km~ sxmpx}k{j (yoxy}szx†p l{k|vp}†, lvjƒus | nmyropmsox†ws xkmp{ƒsjws, l{yxrym†p l~|sx†, usxqkv†, uyz‡j, }yzy{† s o{.). Kvj €{yxyvynss ˆ}s€ zkwj}xsuym |~„p|}mpxxyp rxk‚pxsp swpp}, zyqkv~t, }y, ‚}y m xs€ zy‚}s zyvxy|}‡‰ y}|~}|}m~‰} qpvprx†p sropvsj, uku s m uywzvpu|k€ aƒp{s s Gx~€m† — vsƒ‡ m xpuy}y{†€ swp‰}|j y}opv‡x†p z{powp}† sr qpvprk (Q~vkx~{€mk, {k|uyzus 1968 — zsxp}, Hkwly{|ukj zyvjxk — |}p{qpx‡, J~ok~}k — }yzy{). Nk z{popvkws Gl€krss | ˆ}yt n{~zzyt zkwj}xsuym, msoswy, wyqp} l†}‡ |sx€{yxsrs{ymkxy zyn{plpxsp 11 wynsv‡xsuk ~ Hpƒ}kƒpxs m Y{skvp}s 100 (. 125) s 190 Yvst|uyny wynsv‡xsuk 101, nop ylxk{~qpx† zyoylx†p zyj|x†p z{jqus; srmp|}x† }kusp xk€yous s m Qylkx|uyw wynsv‡xsup 102. I |s|}pwp y}xy|s}pv‡xyt €{yxyvynss J. Qy||kuk ˆ}s uywzvpu|† wyn~} l†}‡ |sx€{yxsrs{ymkx† | n{~zzyt Tli C 103. Xkw J. Qy||ku y}xy|s} s€ u wvkoƒpt ‚k|}s ˆ}yt n{~zz†, yoxkuy }kuyp s€ zyvyqpxsp mx~}{s n{~zz†, xk wyt mrnvjo, xp mzyvxp yly|xymkxy. Z‚s}†mkj lvsry|}‡ uywzvpu|ym aƒp{s s Gx~€m† | uywzvpu|yw V{swy{|uyny, uy}y{†t z{sxkovpqs} u xk‚kv~ n{~zz† Tli C, k }kuqp zyvxyp y}|~}|}msp m ˆ}s€ uywzvpu|k€ s {jop lvsrus€ sw qpvprk, s€ wyqxy l†vy l† ok}s{ymk}‡ p„p |}k{ƒpt ‚k|}‡‰ ˆ}yt n{~zz†, myrwyqxy pp uyxyw. a}yt ok}s{ymup xp z{y}smy{p‚k} s o{~nsp mp„s sr ˆ}s€ uywzvpu|ym: yoxy}szx†p l{yxrym†p usxqkv‡x†p uvsxus (aƒp{s s Gx~€mk), xkuyxp‚xsus uyzst, m }yw ‚s|vp | ovsxxyt ~ruyt oy mp{€k {k|‚vpxpxxyt m}~vuyt s zy‚}s }{p~nyv‡x†w | z{jw†w y|xymkxspw zp{yw (V{swy{|uyp, aƒp{s, Gx~€mk), n{smx† |y |zs{kv‡x†ws yuyx‚kxsjws (V{swy{|uyp, Gx~€mk), lsuyxs‚p|usp |zs{kv‡x†p z{yxsrs (V{swy{|uyp, Gx~€mk) s o{. 96 Yp€ym 1980, 222 –223, {s|. 2. 97 Qyrpxuymk 1990, 81; Qyrpxuymk 1996, 97. 98 Kossack 1983, 115. U {krms}ss opuy{k uyv€soy-uylkx|us€ om~€ }yzy{ym, z{ys|€yoj„s€ sr yoxyny uywzvpu|k, u om~w {krx†w €{yxyvyns‚p|usw n{~zzkw, uku ˆ}y z{ysryƒvy | }yzy- }yzy{ym |w. Xukuym 1997, 70 – 86. Yyzy{† sr V{swy{|uyny s {kws sr Gx~€m† m |€pwp G. b. Xukuymk. 99 Iy{yxym 1969, 18 –22, 29 – 30, }kl. XXXIX, 27 –29; Iy{y- Gx~€m† y}xy|j}|j km}y{yw u |kwyt {kxxpt n{~zzp y{xkwpx- xym, Iyrx‰u 1975, 270 –273, {s|. 2; Iy{yxym 1980, 200 –207, }s{ymkx†€ kl€kr|us€ }yzy{ym (m}y{yt €{yxyvyns‚p|ust zp- {s|. 1, 1–17,20 –26,38 – 46,60 – 83. 100 Q~}sx 1941, 67 –75, {s|. 69 –72k; 80, 2; 82; 84, 1– 3; {syo): Ykw qp, 76. I }y qp m{pwj yosx sr }yzy{ym Gx~€m† y}xy|s}|j sw ~qp u }{p}‡pw~ zp{syo~ (}kw qp, 79). V{povyqpxxkj km}y{yw vsxsj {krms}sj y{xkwpx}kss z{po|}kmvjp}|j wxp srvsƒxp |€pwk}s‚xyt s xp ~‚s}†mk‰„pt okxx†€ k{€pyvyns‚p|us€ uywzvpu|ym, sr uy}y{†€ z{ys|€yoj} kxkvs- }kl. XLI; XLVIII, 2,6,7; XLIX; LI, 2. 101 Yp€ym 1980k, 33– 34, }kl. 86. 102 Zmk{ymk 1900, 41, }kl. XXVI, 1; XXXVII, 3. 103 Kossack 1983, 115, 134 –135. rs{~pw†p }yzy{†. Yku, m{jo vs wyqxy yoyl{s}‡ y}xp|pxsp 255 ^}y uk|kp}|j kl|yv‰}xyt €{yxyvynss, }y y|xymkxst ovj pp ~|}kxymvpxsj swpp}|j wkvy. Q{ywp yl„s€ |yyl{kqpxst y {k|z{y|}{kxpxss qpvprk, msoswy, }kusw zyukrk}pvpw wyqp} jmvj}‡|j y}|~}|}msp m zkwj}xsuk€ ˆ}yt n{~zz† xp|ywxpxx†€ z{srxkuym ~{k{}|uyny mvsjxsj, uy}y{†p zyjmvj‰}|j m n{~zzp Tli D (z{pqop m|pny, xk€yous ~{k{}|us€ zyj|ym m zyn{plpxsj€ 40b s 215b Yvst|uyny wynsv‡xsuk). Vy|uyv‡u~ }kuyp mvsjxsp ~qp mzyvxp y„~}swy xk‚sxkj | zp{myt }{p}s VIII m. oy x. ˆ., wyqxy z{pozyvknk}‡, ‚}y uywzvpu|† aƒp{s s Gx~€m† ok}s{~‰}|j {kx‡ƒp, }. p. xp zyrqp IX m. oy x. ˆ. I. T. Iy{yxym ok}s{ymkv zkwj}xsus ˆ}yt n{~zz† VIII svs VIII – zp{myt zyvymsxyt VII m. oy x. ˆ. 104 U|xymkxsj ovj }kuyt ok}s{ymus xp~lpos}pv‡x† — xkz{swp{, uywzvpu|† wynsv‡xsuk Skvkuv‰, xk uy}y{†t yx ||†vkp}|j m ˆ}yt |mjrs, swp‰} lyvpp zyroxst ylvsu s u }yw~ qp ok}s{~‰}|j xp VII m. oy x. ˆ., k VIII– VII mm. oy x. ˆ. (nvkmxyp y|xymkxsp ok}s{ymus — {knwpx}† zyj|ym). Uz{popvpxx†w y|xymkxspw ovj ok}s{ymus wyqp} l†}‡ uywzvpu| zyn{plpxsj 1 xpu{yzyvj Ty{-G{pƒk, m uy}y{yw ylxk{~qpx† omp l{yxrym†p sl~v† uylkx|uyny }szk (. 69)105. X~oj zy y{wp ˆ}s€ sl~v (|sv‡xy mro~}kj o~quk, omp ƒktl† s sn~{us z}s† xk xpt, y‚px‡ ƒs{yust z{spwxsu), zyn{plpxsp Ty{-G{pƒk lyvpp zyroxpp, ‚pw uywzvpu|† V{swy{|uyny, aƒp{s s Gx~€m† s lyv‡ƒsx|}my o{~ns€ zp{p‚s|vpxx†€ m†ƒp uywzvpu|ym. a}y zyn{plpxsp oy|}k}y‚xy xkopqxy ok}s{~p}|j zy ylxk{~qpxx†w m xpw {knwpx}kw l{yxrymyny zyj|k, y}xy|j„pny|j u {kxxpt n{~zzp (yuyvy 770 –740 nn. oy x. ˆ.)106. Ykusw yl{kryw, uywzvpu|† V{swy{|uyny, aƒp{s s Gx~€m†, y}xy|j„sp|j u lvsrusw ok}kw (uywzvpu| V{swy{|uyny, msoswy, |kw†t |}k{ƒst), m{jo vs wyn~} l†}‡ ok}s{ymkx† zyrqp IX m. oy x. ˆ. a}k ok}k, m |my‰ y‚p{po‡, yz{popvjp} s ok}s{ymu~ |pmp{yukmukr|us€ uywzvpu|ym, |yop{qk„s€ yoxy}szx†p | kl€kr|usws ƒvpw† s zpu}y{kvs. Uxk wyqp} |v~qs}‡ s p„p yoxyt yzy{yt ovj kl|yv‰}xyt ok}s{ymus zkwj}xsuym xymy‚p{uk||uyny }szk. I v‰lyw |v~‚kp l{yxrym†p zpu}y{kvs xsuku xp |mjrkx† | Vp{poxsw Iy|}yuyw s jmvj‰}|j ‚s|}y ukmukr|usw z{ysrmpopxspw, m€yoj„sw m ‚s|vy wxyny‚s|vpxx†€ y{w sxmpx}k{j, yl posxj‰„s€ uywzvpu|† Qylkx|uyt s Qyv€so|uyt u~v‡}~{. Xvpo~p} y}wp}s}‡ m |mjrs | ˆ}sw, ‚}y xk€yous {knwpx}ym vs|}ymyt l{yxr† myyl„p oy|}k}y‚xy ‚k|}y y}wp‚k‰}|j m zyn{plpxsj€ Qyv€so|uyt u~v‡}~{†. ^k|}‡ sr xs€, myrwyqxy, }kuqp z{sxkovpqkvk ƒvpwkw svs zpu}y{kvjw, svs sx†w z{powp}kw, srny}ymvpxx†w m |€yoxyt }p€xsup. a}y xklv‰opxsp zyo}mp{qokp} z{pozyvyqpxsp y wp|}xyw z{ys|€yqopxss }p€xsus, s|zyv‡rymkxxyt z{s srny}ymvpxss ƒvpwym s o{~ns€ z{powp}ym sr vs|}ymyt l{yxr†. ^}y qp uk|kp}|j ukmukr|us€ zpu}y{kvpt, }y S. T. Vyn{plymk ~qp ~ukr†mkvk xk s€ |mypyl{krsp s xk y}vs‚sj y} zpu}y{kvpt sr R~{s|}kxk s Z{k{}~ 107. I |kwyw opvp, lvsrusp kxkvynss ukmukr|usw zpu}y{kvjw y}|~}|}m~‰} m Vp{poxpt Grss s xp} xsukus€ y|xymkxst nymy{s}‡ yl s€ rksw|}mymkxss xk Qkmukr. Ip{yj}xy, yƒsly‚xy s s€ }yvuymkxsp uku uyx|us€ xkn{~oxsuym, «sopj» uy}y{†€ l†vk rksw|}mymkxk sr Vp{poxpt Grss 108. Qkmukr|usp zpu}y{kvs swp‰} |ymp{ƒpxxy sx~‰ y{w~ s {krwp{†, ‚pw zp{poxpkrsk}|usp uyx|usp xkn{~oxsus 109 — yxs zy‚}s m omk {krk ~qp s, m y}vs‚sp y} zy|vpoxs€, m†}jx~}† zy mp{}sukvs. Zu{pzs}‡ s€ xk n{~os vyƒkos oy|}k}y‚xy |vyqxy, yoxkuy yxs mzyvxp zyo€yoj} ovj }yny, ‚}yl† l†}‡ ~u{pzvpxx†ws xk yopqop ‚pvympuk, rku{†mkj pny n{~o‡ s qsmy}. Q{ywp }yny, |vpo~p} y}wp}s}‡, ‚}y m {jop uywzvpu|ym, nop ylxk{~qpx† zpu}y{kvs, y}|~}|}mymkvs ˆvpwpx}† uyx|uyt ~z{jqs ({kr{~ƒpxxyp zyn{plpxsp 1987 n. (z{kmok, pny uywzvpu|, y‚pmsoxy, srmp|}px xkw vsƒ‡ ‚k|}s‚xy) Qvsxj{|uyny wynsv‡xsuk, uywzvpu|† aƒp{s s Gx~€m†), ‚}y opvkp} |ywxs}pv‡x†w }yvuymkxsp xkn{~oxsuk uku z{powp}k uyx|uyny ~ly{k. 104 Iy{yxym 1980, 200 –208. 105 Sk{}s{y|jx 1964, 242 –251, }kl. XXIV, XXVI–XXVII; de Schauensee 1989, 46 – 47, fig. 26 –29; Seidl 1991, 80, 85 – 87, Barnett 1963, 194 –198; Muscarella 1965, 236, Nr. 25a; Salvatori 230 –232, U 38 – 40, Abb. XXXI, 412, 413 (m ˆ}s€ qp {kly}k€ 1976, 87; Öǧün 1979, 180, Abb. 3. 106 Kellner 1991, 3, 19, 48, Nr. 119. wxyny‚s|vpxx†p sryl{krs}pv‡x†p zk{kvvpvs). Iyz{pus wxp- 107 Vyn{plymk 1984, 103–107. 108 Jy{pvsu 1993, 147; a{vs€ 1994, 86 – 87; Sk€y{}†€, ^p{- xsus, muv‰‚kj s z{ys|€yoj„sp sr \krkxv~, mp|‡wk okvpus y} xpxuy 1994, 155; Sk€y{}†€, ^p{xpxuy 1995, 21–28. 109 Winter 1980, 3– 6; de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 72; Seidl {kly}k€ uyx|us€ xkn{~oxsuym z{ys|€yos} sr Z{k{}~, nop yxs, 1986, 229 –233; Maaß 1987, 87 – 90; Muscarella 1988, 66 – 67; srmp|}x†. 256 Nr. 42 – 44, |{. Nr. 71–72; Born, Seidl 1995, 55 – 81; Rehm 1997, xs‰ X. I. Sk€y{}†€ s L. I. ^p{xpxuy (1995, 25), ˆ}s xkn{~oukmukr|us€. Hyv‡ƒkj ‚k|}‡ yz~lvsuymkxx†€ m xkrmkxx†€ myz{pus X. I. Sk€y{}†€ s L. I. ^p{xpxuy (1995, 26), €y{yƒy 2.3.3 ^L_ZP^GY`L VGT]OWO Tk{jo~ | y|}{yuyxp‚x†ws ƒvpwkws, m uk‚p|}mp |msop}pv‡|}mk uyx}ku}ym z{po|us|uyny xk|pvpxsj V{s‚p{xywy{‡j | Vp{poxpt Grspt s|zyv‡rymkvs|‡ }kuqp xk€yous {knwpx}ym ‚pƒ~t‚k}†€ zkxs{pt u |pmp{~ y} Qkmukrk 110. Wk|z{y|}{kxpxsp ‚pƒ~t‚k}†€ zkxs{pt, l†|}{y |}kmƒs€ }szs‚x†ws ovj |us|uyny oy|zp€k, |vpo~p}, msoswy, |mjr†mk}‡ | |ymp{ƒpx|}mymkxspw |}{pvuymyny y{~qsj s, m zp{m~‰ y‚p{po‡, | mmpopxspw xym†€, }. x. |us|us€, y{w xkuyxp‚xsuym |}{pv, {pruy zym†ƒkmƒs€ s€ ~lytx~‰ |sv~111. Xvpo~p} y}wp}s}‡ m |mjrs | ˆ}sw, ‚}y ‚pƒ~t‚k}†p zkxs{s, m }yw ‚s|vp sr qpvprx†€ zvk|}sxyu, s|zyv‡rymkvs|‡ uswwp{stkws s |uskws ~qp m ˆzy€~ s€ zp{poxpkrsk}|us€ zy€yoym. a}y yl|}yj}pv‡|}my rk|msop}pv‡|}mymkxy xk€youyt wxyny‚s|vpxx†€ qpvprx†€ zkxs{x†€ zvk|}sxyu m {krn{klvpxxyw uswwp{st|uyw (zy k{€pyvyns‚p|uyt }p{wsxyvynss, {kxxp|us|uyw upvp{wp||uyny ˆ}kzk) zyn{plpxss zp{myt zyvymsx† VII m. oy x. ˆ. xk ku{yzyvp Ty{ƒ~x}pzp m my|}y‚xyt Gxk}yvss (|w. m†ƒp). Tpokmxy l†vs |opvkx† xk€yous, |msop}pv‡|}m~‰„sp y }yw, ‚}y {kz{y|}{kxpxsp ˆ}s€ zkxs{pt xk‚kvy|‡ m V{poukmukr‡p p„p m oy|us|uyp m{pwj — zvk|}sxus zkxs{pt sr{pouk m|}{p‚k‰}|j xk zkwj}xsuk€ ˆ}yt ˆzy€s: m zyn{plpxsj€ 4 wynsv‡xsuk «Oxo~|}{sj-1» 112 s ~ Qklkx-ny{† m yu{p|}xy|}j€ Qs|vymyo|uk 113, m u~{nkxp Zkƒ€s}~ (. 126; 127; 16) 114. Nop|‡ qp |vpo~p} y}wp}s}‡ s |v~‚ks s|zyv‡rymkxsj zvk|}sxyu y} zkxs{j xp zy xkrxk‚pxs‰, m uk‚p|}mp xkƒsmx†€ lvjƒpu, |v~qsmƒs€ ovj ~u{kƒpxsj qpx|uyt yopqo† svs nyvymxyny ~ly{k 115. Vyjmvpxsp ‚pƒ~t‚k}†€ zkxs{pt m oy|us|u~‰ ˆzy€~ xp oyvqxy ~osmvj}‡: |}{pv† xymy‚p{uk||uyny }szk zy |mysw lkvvs|}s‚p|usw |myt|}mkw xprxk‚s}pv‡xy ~|}~zkvs |us|usw, s s€ zyjmvpxsp }{plymkvy s |yy}mp}|}m~‰„pt rk„s}†. O|zyv‡rymkxsp l{yxrym†€ s qpvprx†€ zvk|}sx‚k}†€ zkxs{pt m |kwyw opvp l†vy €k{ku}p{xy ovj zp{poxpmy|}y‚x†€ k{wst xk‚sxkj | oy|}k}y‚xy {kxxpny m{pwpxs. I Lnsz}p, xkz{swp{, l{yxrym†p ‚pƒ~t‚k}†p zkxs{s z{swpxjvs|‡ zy wpx‡ƒpt wp{p | XV m. oy x. ˆ., z{s‚pw srmp|}x† zkxs{x†p zvk|}sxus | xkozs|jws Wkw|p|k II s III, k nsu|y|kw zyoylx†p zkxs{s l†vs srmp|}x† s p„p {kx‡ƒp 116. Vvk|}sxus }kus€ zkxs{pt ylxk{~qpx† z{s {k|uyzuk€ wxyns€ zp{poxpmy|}y‚x†€ zkwj}xsuym, xkz{swp{ Nsxoqs{vs (|vyt {kr{~ƒpxsj m uyxp VIII m. oy x. ˆ. 117), Rk€sƒk (m y|xymxyw }{p}st |vyt, }. p. ˆzy€k Xsxk€€p{slk, xy s lyvpp {kxxsp |vys, muv‰‚kj zj}†t, |~„p|}mymkmƒst oy m}y{yt zyvymsx† X m. oy x. ˆ.) 118, Tsw{~ok (VIII–VII mm. oy x. ˆ.) 119. _s{yuy s|zyv‡rymkvs|‡ zyoylx†p zkxs{s s m Z{k{}~ s, msoswy, Skxxp. Yku, m ‚p}mp{}yw |vyp \krkxv~ ({kr{~ƒpxy m uyxp IX m. oy x. ˆ.) l†vy xktopxy lyv‡ƒyp uyvs‚p|}my l{yxrym†€ s qpvprx†€ ‚pƒ~pu zkxs{pt z{jwy~nyv‡xyt s rku{~nvpxxyt y{w† 120. V{s {k|uyzuk€ Yptƒplksxs l†v ylxk{~qpx €y{yƒy |y€{kxsmƒst|j ‚pƒ~t‚k}†t zkxs{‡ ˆzy€s G{nsƒ}s I (yuyvy 786 –764 nn. oy x. ˆ.), ok}k uy}y{yny rk|msop}pv‡|}mymkxk |y€{kxsmƒpt|j xk xpw xkozs|‡‰ 121. Mpvprx†p zkxs{x†p zvk|}sxus ylxk{~qpx† s m yoxyw sr zywp„pxst G{nsƒ}s€sxsvs 122 (. 128). 110 a{vs€ 1994, 84; Sk€y{}†€ 1994, 30. 111 ^p{xpxuy 1968, 124, 156. 112 Isxyn{koym 1972, 128, {s|. 18, 10; Isxyn{koym, W~xs‚, 57, 16 –17 (zyn{plpxsp 1002, 810 –710 nn. oy x. ˆ.: Ibid., 229 – Ss€ktvym 1976, 47, {s|. 5, 21; Isxyn{koym, K~ok{pm, W~xs‚ Mpvprx†p zvk|}sxus: Tufnell 1953, pl. 56, 11–12 (zyn{plpxsp 1980, 194, {s|. 7; Qyrpxuymk 1995, 95 – 96, }kl. XXIV, 1,2. 113 Gkxk|‡pm, Qyrpxuymk 1981, 175 –176, {s|. 9, 1; Qyrpx- 224, 860 – 820 oy x. ˆ.: Ibid., 215 –217). X{. Ussishkin 1982, 55, uymk 1995, 95 – 96, }kl. XXIV, 3. 114 a{vs€ 1994, 28, }kl. 5, 45. 115 J{sxpms‚ 1951, 132, {s|. 10, 1; Qyrpxuymk 1986, 135, 152 – qpvprxkj, zj}†t |vyt). 119 Stronach 1958, pl. XXXIV, 1–10; Muscarella 1988, 317 – 320. 120 Muscarella 1988, 54, Nr. 62 – 63. 153, {s|. 5, 3; 12, 1; Qyrpxuymk 1995, 95 – 96, }kl. XXIV, 4,5. 116 Aharoni 1975, 387; Jy{pvsu 1993, 102 –105, 116 –118. 117 Luschan, Andrae 1943, 79, Abb. 89. 121 Vsy}{ym|ust 1955, 30 – 36. 122 Sk{}s{y|jx 1974, 112. 118 H{yxrym†p zvk|}sxus: Tufnell 1953, 386 – 387, pl. 39, 7 – 9; 236); pl. 58, 4 –5 (| up{kwsuyt 1500 –1200 nn. oy x. ˆ.), 6 –14. fig. 48; Aharoni 1975, 76, pl. 37, 3–5 (omp l{yxrym†€, yoxk 257 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ws|. 126 Tk€yous sr zyn{plpxsj ~ Qklkx-ny{† lvsr Qs|vymyo|uk. H{yxrk Vy Gkxk|‡pm, Qyrpxuymk 1981, {s|. 9; Qyrpxuymk 1995, }kl. II, 8,9; }kl. XXIV, 3; XXV, 1 258 2 3 4 1 0 5 1m 7 8 9 6 10 11 12 Ws|. 127 Tk€yous sr zyn{plpxsj 4 wynsv‡xsuk «Oxo~|}{sj-1». 2 – 4, 6, 7, 10 –12. H{yxrk; 5, 9. Mpvpry; 8. Qkwpx‡ Vy Isxyn{koym, K~ok{pm, W~xs‚ 1980, {s|. 7 259 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ws|. 128 Vkxs{x†p zvk|}sxus. 1, 2. Gv}†x}pzp, Y~{sj; 3. \krkxv~ IV; 4. Qk{ws{-Hv~{; 5 –7. Hynkruit. 1, 4 –7. H{yxrk; 2, 3. Mpvpry Vy Barnett, Gökce 1953, fig. 6 (1, 2); Muscarella 1988, Nr. 63 (3); Vsy}{ym|ust 1959, {s|. 28 (4); Boehmer 1972, Nr. 805, 806, 808 (5 –7) 260 Uoxkuy, uku s y|}{yuyxp‚x†p ƒvpw†, ‚pƒ~t‚k}†p zkxs{s xp l†vs ovj Nkukmukr‡j xymkspt VII svs okqp VIII m. oy x. ˆ. Uuyvy |p{posx† II }†|. oy x. ˆ. ok}s{~‰}|j 23 zvk|}sx† l{yxrymyny xkly{xyny zkxs{j sr {ktyxk Ty{-Hkjrp}k m G{wpxss. Uxs xk€yoj} lvsrusp kxkvynss m zkxs{x†€ zvk|}sxuk€ ˆ}yt ˆzy€s sr Spnsooy, Wk| _kw{†, T~rs s ^ynk Nkwlsvk 123. Nxk‚s}pv‡xyp uyvs‚p|}my }kus€ zvk|}sxyu ylxk{~qpxy m rkukmukr|us€ uywzvpu|k€ XIV–XIII mm. oy x. ˆ., m ‚k|}xy|}s m {jop zyn{plpxst ˆ}yt ˆzy€s wynsv‡xsuk Tk|konywk{s (|pvy Jko{pusvs J~{oqkkx|uyny {ktyxk J{~rss), zyn{plpxsj€ ~ Sknk{ys, zp{myw u~{nkxp ]s}pvs-ny{pls 124. Ky|}k}y‚xy {pousp xk€yous ‚pƒ~pu zvk|}sx‚k}†€ zkxs{pt xk Xpmp{xyw Qkmukrp xp} xsukus€ y|xymkxst {k||wk}{smk}‡ uku |msop}pv‡|}my mypxx†€ xklpnym xk zp{poxpkrsk}|usp ny|~ok{|}mk — yxs mzyvxp wynvs zyzk|}‡ |‰ok m {pr~v‡}k}p }y{nym†€ svs sx†€ uyx}ku}ym | Nkukmukr‡pw 125. Ykusp zvk|}sxus zyzkokvs y} rkukmukr|us€ |y|popt xp }yv‡uy m V{poukmukr‡p, xy s ny{kroy okv‡ƒp (|{., xkz{swp{, xk€yous zkxs{x†€ zvk|}sxyu m Sy{umkƒsx|uyw wynsv‡xsup Gxkx‡sx|uyt u~v‡}~{†) 126. 2.3.4 QURLXTO]` TG XLILWTUS QGIQGNL Q{ywp xkrmkxx†€ uk}pny{st xk€yoyu, yoxsw sr k{n~wpx}ym m zyv‡r~ ~‚k|}sj xy|s}pvpt u~v‡}~{† xymy‚p{uk||uyny }szk m zp{poxpkrsk}|us€ zy€yok€ I. W. a{vs€ |‚s}kp} «swzy{} sopt» sr Vp{poxpt Grss. Ikqxptƒsw |msop}pv‡|}myw }kuyny «swzy{}k sopt» yx |‚s}kp} «xk‚kvy wk||ymyny z{ysrmyo|}mk ~z{jqs uyvp|xs», uy}y{yp yl j|xjp} «rxkuyw|}myw | myt|uyw G||s{ss s Z{k{}~, myrnvkmvjpw†w z{pomyos}pvjws-uyvp|xs‚sws» 127. Uoxkuy rop|‡ m {k||~qopxss I. W. a{vs€k rkwp}xy jmxyp z{y}smy{p‚sp — | yoxyt |}y{yx† yx |‚s}kp} zyjmvpxsp uyvp|xs m zkwj}xsuk€ xymy‚p{uk||uyny }szk u~v‡}~{xyt xymkspt, yl j|xjpwyt uyx}ku}kws | G||s{spt s Z{k{}~, | o{~nyt — }yvu~p} }p qp uyvp|xs† uku rxku z{p|}sqk «|y|vymsj s{kx|uyt uy‚pmyt k{s|}yu{k}ss, |yzy|}kmswyt | «uyvp|xs‚sws» Gmp|}†» 128, z{s‚pw ovj {puyx|}{~uss s€ ylvsuk s|zyv‡r~p} yzs|kxsp uyvp|xs† Ss}{† m kmp|}st|uyw Ss€{-jƒ}p. Ykusw yl{kryw, s|zyv‡rymkxsp uyvp|xs uku rxkuk z{p|}sqk s z{sxkovpqxy|}s u m†|ƒpw~ |y|vyms‰ |‚s}kp}|j yoxym{pwpxxy my|€yoj„sw u s{kx|uyt o{pmxy|}s 129 s, |vpoymk}pv‡xy, }{kos- 123 Sk{}s{y|jx 1964, 85, z{sw. 1; Esayan 1990, 98 – 99, xymy‚p{uk||usp zkwj}xsus, |yop{qk„sp lyv‡ƒyp uyvs‚p|}my Abb. 10, 1 124 Vs€pvk~{s 1979, 100, }kl. XX, 9 –10; XXIII, 1–2; XXVII; uyvp|xs, xp zyrqp uyxk VIII m. oy x. ˆ. Tp|wy}{j xk }ku~‰ XXXII; Vs€pvk~{s, Spxklop 1982, 149, }kl. VIII, f; XII, 128; ok}s{ymu~, yxk m|p qp |‚s}kp} myrwyqx†w yl j|xj}‡ {k|- XV, 203; L, 848; Esayan 1990, 99. X{. Jy{pvsu 1993, 96, 105 – z{y|}{kxpxsp }kus€ zyn{plpxst xk‚kvyw zp{poxpkrsk}|us€ 106, 122. 125 X{. Qyrpxuymk 1995, 96. 126 Nl{~pmk 1952, 310, {s|. 56k. a}s zvk|}sxus m€yoj} m zy€yoym. Nop|‡ swpp}|j z{y}smy{p‚sp: zp{myp srmp|}xyp oy|}k}y‚xy ylƒs{x~‰ uk}pny{s‰ ukmukr|us€ z{powp}ym z{po|us|uyt s {kxxp|us|uyt ˆzy€, m|}{p‚k‰„s€|j m wynsv‡- uyx|us€ ~rop‚pu, uy}y{†p mp{yj}xy, z{swpxjvs|‡ ovj ~z{jqs |}yvuxympxsp uswwp{stpm | Z{k{}~ ok}s{~p}|j vsƒ‡ 714 n. oy x. ˆ., s xp} y|xymkxst z{pozyvknk}‡ |~„p|}mpxxy lyvpp {kxxpp xk‚kvy zy€yoym |}pzx†€ xywkoym m Vp{pox‰‰ Grs‰. 128 a{vs€ 1994, 49 –50. xsuk€ Gxkx‡sx|uyt u~v‡}~{† (lswp}kvvs‚p|usp usxqkv†, 129 Iz{y‚pw, m yoxyw wp|}p I. W. a{vs€ (1994, 120), y‚pmso- kusxkus, }yzy{† s sl~v† uylkx|uyny }szk, qpx|usp ~u{k- xy, |}{pws}|j |nvkos}‡ ˆ}y z{y}smy{p‚sp, yoxkuy z{smyos} ƒpxsj, srny}ymvpxx†p sr zvk|}sx ~{k{}|us€ s ukmukr|us€ ˆ}y xp u y}ukr~ y} z{pozyvyqpxsj y rksw|}mymkxss uyvp|xs l{yxrym†€ zyj|ym, ˆvpwpx}† uyx|uyt ~ro† s o{.). Xw. y xs€ xy|s}pvjws Tymy‚p{uk||uyt u~v‡}~{†, k u ~}mp{qopxs‰, ‚}y ^vpxymk 1988, 3–11, | vs}p{k}~{yt. Iyrwyqxy, ‚}y s xk€yous s{kx|uyp «|y|vymsp mysxym-uyvp|xs‚s€» yy{wsvy|‡ vsƒ‡ lswp}kvvs‚p|us€ uvpmym m ˆ}yw {ktyxp (|w. m†ƒp) |mjrkx† my m{pwj zp{poxpkrsk}|us€ zy€yoym (!). Tpmyrwyqxy|}‡ }kuyny | zyjmvpxspw rop|‡ ˆ}s€ ˆvpwpx}ym. 127 a{vs€ 1994, 86, 97. Hvsru~‰ }y‚u~ r{pxsj m†|ukr†mkp} z{pozyvyqpxsj y‚pmsoxk ovj m|juyny, wkvy-wkv‡|us rxkuywyny | sxoys{kx|usws s s{kx|usws wk}p{skvkws. }kuqp Z. R. Ks} (Dietz 1998, 184). Uxk ok}s{~p} zyroxsp 261 syxx†w ovj xymy‚p{uk||pm, uy}y{†€ km}y{ |‚s}kp} s{kxkws. a}y z{y}smy{p‚sp m opt|}ms}pv‡xy|}s vpnuy {kr{pƒkp}|j. O{kx|usw uy‚pmxsukw VIII m. oy x. ˆ. |ymp{ƒpxxy xs u ‚pw~ l†vy rksw|}mymk}‡ uyvp|xs† svs zymyrus ~ k||s{stpm svs ~{k{}ym, zy|uyv‡u~ yxs z{pu{k|xy s€ rxkvs s ƒs{yuy s|zyv‡rymkvs | mp|‡wk {kxxpny m{pwpxs. Tk€yous |kws€ zymyryu, k }kuqp s€ wyopvpt, uku srmp|}xy, ƒs{yuy {k|z{y|}{kxpx† m |}pzx†€ zyn{plpxsj€ jwxyt s uk}kuywlxyt u~v‡}~{ 130, uy}y{†p | zyvx†w y|xymkxspw lyv‡ƒsx|}myw s||vpoymk}pvpt |‚s}k‰}|j z{sxkovpqkmƒsws sxoys{kx|usw xk{yokw. Nop|‡ qp |vpo~p} xkrmk}‡ j{usp xk€yous vpnus€ lypm†€ uyvp|xs | uyvp|kws, swpmƒsws zy op|j}‡ |zs, m {jop zyn{plpxst wynsv‡xsuk m}y{yt ‚p}mp{}s – |p{posx† II }†|. oy x. ˆ. xk {pup Xsx}kƒ}k m ‰qxyw Nk~{kv‡p131. L|vs xk€yous uyvp|xs m |}pzx†€ zyn{plpxsj€ m}y{yt zyvymsx† II – xk‚kvk I }†|. oy x. ˆ. xpsrmp|}x†, }y ˆ}y, uyxp‚xy, mym|p xp yrxk‚kp}, ‚}y uyvp|xs† m†ƒvs sr ~zy}{plvpxsj — s€ s|zyv‡rymkxsp oy|}k}y‚xy xkopqxy |msop}pv‡|}m~p}|j sryl{kqpxsjws ˆ}yny m{pwpxs 132. Q|}k}s, €y{yƒy srmp|}x† xk€yous |kws€ uyvp|xs s s€ wyopvpt s ~ ‰qx†€ |y|popt |}pzxjuym, m zyn{plpxsj€ Nkukmukr‡j, m }yw ‚s|vp s m}y{yt zyvymsx† II }†|. oy x. ˆ. (xkz{swp{, m u~{nkxk€ ~ |. R‚kƒpx xk |pmp{y-rkzkoxyw zylp{pq‡p yr. Xpmkx, |w. m†ƒp) 133. Tp} |ywxpxsj, ‚}y s{kx|uyp |y|vymsp mysxym, |yy}mp}|}m~‰„pp sxost|usw uƒk}{sjw, mzvy}‡ oy zyvxyny zp{p€yok u xk|}yj„pw~ m|koxs‚p|}m~ s okqp zyrqp, y|}kmkvy|‡, my m|juyw |v~‚kp }py{p}s‚p|us s sopyvyns‚p|us, |y|vymspw uyvp|xs‚s€, z{s‚pw zp{pqs}us zyoylx†€ z{po|}kmvpxst |y€{kxjvs|‡ s m |us|uyp m{pwj 134. Ykusw yl{kryw, xk€youk uyvp|xs† m u~{nkxp Zkƒ€s}~ xsuysw yl{kryw xp wyqp} {k||wk}{smk}‡|j uku |msop}pv‡|}my k||s{st|uyny svs myyl„p zp{poxpmy|}y‚xyny mvsjxsj; xkz{y}sm, s|zyv‡rymkxsp uyvp|xs† uku |swmyvk z{sxkovpqxy|}s u mysx|uyw~ |y|vyms‰ jmvjp}|j }{kossyxxyt ovj |}pzx†€ uy‚pmxsuym ‚p{}yt, my|€yoj„pt u sxoys{kx|uyt o{pmxy|}s. Q ˆ}yw~ |vpo~p} oylkms}‡, ‚}y zyn{plpxsp m u~{nkxp Zkƒ€s}~ jmvjp}|j oy |s€ zy{ posx|}mpxxyt xk€youyt y|}k}uym uyvp|xs† (u|}k}s, mp|‡wk xpm†{krs}pv‡x†€ — {p‚‡ sop} vsƒ‡ y om~€ ~rus€ jwk€ | y|}k}ukws op{pmk m zyv~ zyn{plkv‡xyt ukwp{†, uy}y{†p }{ku}~‰}|j km}y{yw {k|uyzyu uku |vpo† om~€ muyzkxx†€ uyvp|) xk zkwj}xsuk€ xymy‚p{uk||uyny u{~nk. I|p y|}kv‡x†p zp{p‚s|vpxx†p I. W. a{vs€yw «zyn{plpxsj uyvp|xs‚s€» |yop{qk} vsƒ‡ y|}k}us uyx|uyt ~z{jqs, }yvu~pw†p sw uku uyvp|xs‚x†p zy kxkvynss | uywzvpu|yw Zkƒ€s}~. Uoxkuy s z{powp}† uyx|uyt ~z{jqs, xktopxx†p m zkwj}xsuk€ zyroxpny l{yxrymyny mpuk m }y‚xy|}s }kuqp wyn~} yukrk}‡|j z{poxkrxk‚pxx†ws ovj uyvp|xs‚xyt ~z{jqus, ‚}y ~qp z{pozyvknkvy|‡ m vs}p{k}~{p 135. I |kwyw opvp, oy xk€yous y|}k}uym uyvp|xs† m u~{nkxp Zkƒ€s}~ xsuyw~ xp z{s€yosvy m nyvym~ nymy{s}‡ y «wk||ymyw z{ysrmyo|}mp ~z{jqs uyvp|xs» m xymy‚p{uk||uyp m{pwj — |yy}mp}|}m~‰„sp xk€yous yl†‚xy |‚s}kvs|‡ ~royt mp{€ym†€ uyxpt. 130 Q~r‡wsxk 1974, 68 – 87; Häusler 1981, 581– 647; Häusler €y{yƒy srmp|}xy. Hyns Wsnmpo† yzs|†mk‰}|j uku uyvp|xs- 1984, 629 – 682; ^p{poxs‚pxuy, V~|}ymkvym 1991, 206 –216; ‚sp: Falk 1994, 91–101. Jywp{ym|usp np{ys }kuqp y|}k‰}|j Häusler 1994, 217 –257. uyvp|xs‚sws, €y}j m nywp{ym|u~‰ ˆzy€~ uyvp|xs† ~qp m{jo 131 Jpxsxn 1977, 59, {s|. 3; Jpxsxn, Nokxyms‚, Jpxsxn 1992, vs swpvs opt|}ms}pv‡xy lypmyp rxk‚pxsp. I nywp{ym|uyw 125 –219 (zyn{plpxsj 4, 5, 12, 16, 19, 28, 30). 132 ^p{poxs‚pxuy 1976, 135 –150, |{. Sorokin 1990, 97 –147. 133 Sxkukxjx 1960, 139 –152; L|kjx 1966, 130 –143; Piggott ˆzy|p swpp}|j m|pny omk xp|ywxpxx†€ ~zywsxkxsj m|koxsuym, 1968, 285 –286. 134 Vyoylx†w qp yl{kryw, xkz{swp{, m Wsnmpop, m }yw ‚s|vp |}†, nop wyqp} zyo{kr~wpmk}‡|j mp{€ymyt uyx‡). 135 Xws{xym 1961, 46 –72; Spvpx}‡pm 1967, 38 – 44; Q~r‡wsxk m pp zyroxs€ ‚k|}j€, m|koxsus myyl„p ~zywsxk‰}|j u{ktxp 1974, 82. {pouy, €y}j m|koxs‚p|}my m ˆzy€~ pp |y|}kmvpxsj l†vy ~qp ok s }y ˆ}s ~zywsxkxsj uy|mpxx†p (m |{kmxpxsj€): Il. XV, 674; Od. V, 371, |w. Wiesner 1968, 110 –114 (rop|‡ qp o{~nsp uyx}pu- ]OVOXUV 2.4       IV Idvltrfnd uorc tdktw|iqlc Zdkdqow IV cfocivuc rhqrm lk rsrtqy hdv f ltdqunrm dtyirorgll. Sqd eod rstihioiqd dfvrtdpl tdunrsrn sruioiqlc ndn nrqiz IX f. hr q. . l ufckdqd u kdfrifdqlip wtdtvdpl hdqqrgr tiglrqd, nrvrtri, ntrpi str{igr, hdvltwivuc wtdtvunrm qdhslu€‚ lk Ododvgdyd rnror 805 g. hr q. . 1 Idqqdc hdvltrfnd hrogri ftipc eod re}istlqcvrm, rhqdnr qihdfqr M. R. Qihfihundc fundkdod strvlf qii tch frktdjiqlm, u{lvdc, {vr sruioiqli Zdkdqow IV uw}iuvfrfdor l f VIII f. hr q. . l eor tdktw|iqr f yrhi sryrhd Vdtgrqd II f 714 g. hr q. . 2 Ioc vrgr, {vre hrndkdv€ uw}iuvfrfdqli Zdkdqow IV l f VIII f. hr q. . M. R. Qihfihunrm eor qireyrhlpr qdmvl f igr uorcy vdnli stihpiv, nrvrti eol qilkfiuvq f IX f. hr q. . l hdvltrfnd nrvrty rgtdql{lfdivuc VIII f. (hrfro€qr ero€|ri nrol{iuvfr qdyrhrn lpiiv eroii |ltrnw‚ hdvw — IX–VIII ff. hr q. .). Etgwpiqvdzlc M. R. Qihfihunrm uvtrlvuc f sitfw‚ r{itih€ qd dqdolki nrqunrm wstcjl — ndn stihpivrf, qisrutihuvfiqqr reqdtwjiqqy stl tdunrsndy Zdkdqow, vdn l lkretdjiqqy qd tikqy soduvlqndy uorqrfrm nruvl, qdmhiqqy f IV uori vrgr sruioiqlc. Hodfqm pivrh, stlpiqcipm hoc hdvltrfnl urrvfivuvfw‚}ly oipiqvrf wstcjl, uruvrlv f ly ursruvdfoiqll u duultlmunlpl tio€ixdpl, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc hiolv qd hfi gtwss — «tio€ix IX f. hr q. .» l «tio€ix VIII f. hr q. .» Vrrvfivuvfiqqr, iuol rqd qi qdyrhlv dqdorgll ndnrpw-vr stihpivw lk Zdkdqow IV qd «tio€ixdy IX f. hr q. .», d qdyrhlv ol|€ qd «tio€ixdy VIII f. hr q. .», vr u{lvdiv, {vr vrv stihpiv fyrhlv f wsrvtieoiqli vro€nr f VIII f. hr q. . l uflhivio€uvfwiv r qireyrhlpruvl strholv€ uw}iuvfrfdqli Zdkdqow IV hr VIII f. hr q. . Wdnrm pivrh fkfdiv uit€ikqi frktdjiqlc. Ttijhi fuigr, rq qi w{lvfdiv uvroivq‚‚ odnwqw f duultlmunrp lnrqrgtdxl{iunrp pdvitldoi, r nrvrtrm grfrtloru€ f|i. Wr, {vr M. R. Qihfihundc qdkfdiv «tio€ixdpl IX f. hr q. .» — vr tio€ix E||wtqdzltsdod II l etrqkrfi renodhnl Fdodfdvunly frtrv Vdopdqdudtd III, nrvrti eol lkgrvrfoiq qi srkji 841/837, d {duvl{qr i}i f 850 g. hr q. . (up. f|i). Wdnlp retdkrp, qdhr grfrtlv€ re lkretdjiqlcy qi IX f. hr q. ., d 70 – 40-y grhrf IX f. hr q. . \vr ndudivuc «tio€ixrf VIII f. hr q. .», vr udpi tdqqli lk qly rvqrucvuc n sryi Wlgodvsdodudtd III (745 –727 gg. hr q. .), vdn {vr khiu€ uoihwiv grfrtlv€ f ow{|ip uow{di r tio€ixdy fvrtrm srorflq VIII f. hr q. . (vr ji fitqr l hoc uviqqy trusluim «sitfrgr uvloc» Wlo€-Fdtulsd). Gvrtp uw}iuvfiqqp qihruvdvnrp pivrhd M. R. Qihfihunrm cfocivuc dfvrpdvl{iunlm sitiqru ffrhrf, uhiodqqy qd ruqrfdqll duultlmunly tio€ixrf, lkretdjd‚}ly duultlmunly fudhqlnrf l nroiuql{ly, qd wtdtvrf l pdqqiif. Ttl vrp qi w{lvfdivuc vrv xdnv, {vr stlpiqcipdc vlpl qdtrhdpl nrqundc uetwc prgod rvol{dv€uc rv duultlmunrm. Wdnrm dfvrpdvl{iunlm sitiqru vip eroii whlflvioiq, {vr udpd M. R. Qihfihundc tdkhiociv pqiqli, urgoduqr nrvrtrpw tch ufckdqqy u nrqifrhuvfrp qrf|iuvf eo kdlpuvfrfdq duultlmzdpl w wtdtvrf (r{iflhqr, stl vrp lpi‚vuc f flhw stijhi fuigr 1 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 1–27, u stihhw}im olvitdvwtrm. 2 Medvedskaya 1988, 1–15; Medvedskaya 1991, 149 –161. 263 nrqifrh{iunli tdmrq Xtdtvw, nrvrti rslufdiv Vdtgrq II f ufrim tioczll r fru€prp sryrhi l n {luow nrvrty stlqdhoijdod l reoduv€ Zdkdqow) l, uoihrfdvio€qr, srcflouc w sruoihqly tdq€|i, {ip prg ev€ lkretdjiq qd duultlmunly tio€ixdy. Rdnrqiz, sruoihqii (l sr kqd{lpruvl) frktdjiqli uruvrlv f vrp, {vr lnrqrgtdxl{iunli pdvitldo, qiuprvtc qd uvtipoiqli duultlmunly unwo€svrtrf n vr{qruvl l hivdolkdzll, fui ji hd‚v nrufiqqi uflhivio€uvfd, nrvrti qi prgwv kdpiqlv€ retd}iqlc n tido€qr urytdqlf|lpuc fi}dp. Wdnlp retdkrp, rvpi{dc, {vr qindc tidolc rvuwvuvfwiv qd «tio€ixdy IX f.», qr stluwvuvfwiv qd «tio€ixdy VIII f.», M. R. Qihfihundc lpiiv stdfr hiodv€ ffrh ol|€ r vrp, {vr f Euultll (qr qi f Xtdtvw lol Qdqqi) rqd fr|od f wsrvtieoiqli pijhw 40-pl grhdpl IX f. hr q. . l 40-pl grhdpl VIII f. hr q. ., qr qlndn qi r vrp, {vr ii uoihwiv hdvltrfdv€ VIII, d qi IX f. hr q. . Xji srvrpw srow{iqqi qd ruqrfdqll duultlmunly tio€ixrf tikwo€vdv qi srkfroc‚v sitihdvltrfdv€ {ivfitvm uorm Zdkdqow. ]vl dstlrtqi urpqiqlc f nrttinvqruvl stlpiqciprgr M. R. Qihfihunrm pivrhd qdyrhcv sroqri srhvfitjhiqli, iuol retdvlv€uc n nrqntivqp tikwo€vdvdp. Ttlfihw ol|€ qiunro€nr qdleroii ctnly stlpitrf. Gdjqp dtgwpiqvrp hoc sitihdvltrfnl uorc Zdkdqow IV M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv qdyrhnw khiu€ vtdsizliflhqrgr nrqunrgr qdqruqlnd. Trufcvlf dqdolkw vrgr stihpivd qipdow‚ {duv€ ufrim sitfrm uvdv€l, l i}i tdk usizldo€qr srh{itnqwf igr kqd{iqli fr fvrtrm uvdv€i, rqd stlyrhlv n ffrhw, ruqrfdqqrpw stijhi fuigr qd duultlmunly lkretdjiqlcy, {vr vdnli qdqruqlnl fyrhcv f wsrvtieoiqli qi tdq€|i sruoihqim vtivl VIII f. hr q. . l tdustruvtdqc‚vuc f VII f. hr q. . 3 ]vrv ffrh r|ler{iq l f sroqrm piti hiprquvtltwiv qistlipoipruv€ lketdqqrgr M.R. Qihfihunrm pivrhd. Iimuvflvio€qr, lkretdjiqli nrqunrgr qdqruqlnd l ntisc}igr igr tipqc qd duultlmunly tio€ixdy fsitfi srcfocivuc f sryw Wlgodvsdodudtd III. Rr qdp lkfiuvqr hfd qdqruqlnd, stl{ip lpiqqr vtdsizliflhqrm xrtp, u qdhslucpl wtdtvunrgr zdtc M|swlql (825 – 810 gg. hr q. .) (. 129) 4, {vr qdhijqr whruvrfitciv ly lusro€krfdqli f wtdtvunrm wstcjl f sruoihqim {ivfitvl IX f. hr q. . ]vrv xdnv reiuziqlfdiv l fui ruvdo€qi ufckdqqi u lusro€krfdqlip qdqruqlnrf f nrqunrm uetwi sruvtriqlc M. R. Qihfihunrm, rvqruc}liuc n tdkflvl‚ eoljqifruvr{qrm ndfdoitll f VIII f. hr q. . Itwglp wndkdqlip qd VIII f. hr q. . M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv stlntisocf|liuc n wkhi nrornro€{lnl, f ero€|rp nrol{iuvfi qdmhiqqi f uori Zdkdqow IV 5. Mkretdjiqli vdnly nrornro€{lnrf fsitfi srcfocivuc qd duultlmunly «tio€ixdy VIII f.», v. i. stl Wlgodvsdodudti. Shqdnr l khiu€ ulvwdzlc vd ji, {vr l u qdqruqlndpl — lkfiuvqr hfd nrornro€{lnd, qdhsludqqy lpiqip wtdtvunrgr zdtc Qiqwd, uqd M|swlql (rhlq qilkfiuvqrgr strluyrjhiqlc, ytdqlvuc f pwkii ]|proliq f Snuxrthi, lqf. №1974.357, htwgrm lk Ilkglqndoi frkoi Tdvqrud f fruvr{qrm Eqdvroll, ytdqlvuc f pwkii Gdqd) (. 107, 1) 6, {vr whruvrfitciv lusro€krfdqli hdqqrgr oipiqvd nrqunrm wkh f Xtdtvw qi srkji tweijd IX–VIII ff. hr q. . l rstrfitgdiv l vrv dtgwpiqv M. R. Qihfihunrm. ]vl hfd stlpitd hruvdvr{qr weihlvio€qr uflhivio€uvfw‚v r |dvnruvl l qireckdvio€qruvl l ruvdo€qy uhiodqqy qd ruqrfdqll duultlmunly tio€ixrf ffrhrf, qdstlpit, r «edqhjrflhqy» l rntwgoy eoc|ndy, lusro€krfdf|lyuc f qdmhiqqrm qd Zdkdqow uetwi, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv qireyrhlpp hdvltrfdv€ qi tdqii fvrtrm srorflq VIII f. hr q. ., ruqrffdcu€ qd truslucy lk Wlo€ Fdtulsd 7, lol r nluvcy, tdkpi}iqli nrvrty qd wkhi nrqc, d qi qdgtwhqlni, vdnji re~cfocivuc ydtdnvitqp vro€nr hoc VIII f. hr q. . 8 3 Medvedskaya 1988, 2 – 8; Medvedskaya 1991, 153. 4 Özgen 1984, 95 – 96, fig. 12 –13 (qd fvrtrp qdhslu€ xtdgpiqvltrfdqd, qr fruuvdqdfolfdivuc hruvdvr{qr qdhijqr); Lev. VII, 25; Muscarella 1978, 64 – 65, fig. 8 – 9; Özgen 1984, 109 –110, fig. 34; Muscarella 1988, 427; Dyson, Muscarella 1989, Seidl 1991, 79 – 80; Merhav 1991, 98 – 99, Nr. 66, fig. 13, 2. Vt. 17; Seidl 1991, 80, Nr. 59. 7 Medvedskaya 1988, 2. i}i rhlq qdqruqln vrgr vlsd, qdyrhc}lmuc f pwkii Odtou- 8 Medvedskaya 1991, 154. Mkretdjiqli nrqim u nluvcpl, tw l fyrhc}lm f nrpsoinu etrqkrfy stihpivrf wkh, qdh- tdusrorjiqqpl qd wkhi, urytdqlf|iiuc qd godkwtrfdqy sludqqy lpiqdpl M|swlql l igr uqd l urstdflvioc Qi- nltsl{dy lk ytdpd E||wtd f E||wti, nrvrti hdvltrfdolu€ qwd: Maaß 1987, 84, Taf. 1, 1; 10; Rehm 1997, 227 –228, U 33, sryrm Wlgodvsdodudtd I (1112 –1074 gg. hr q. .) (Andrae 1923, Taf. XXVIII. 5 Medvedskaya 1988, 9 –10. 6 Moorey 1975, pl. XIV; Belli 1976 –1977, 201–202, Res. 9, 11–12, Taf. 6; Haller, Andrae 1955, 56 –57), flhlpr, rvqrulvuc 264 n sryi Vdtgrqd II l lkretdjdiv rhlq lk slkrhrf igr kqdpiqlvrm fru€prm ndpsdqll (714 g. hr q. .). Rd nltsl{dy urytd- Ulu. 129 Ftrqkrfm nrqunlm qdqruqln u qdhslu€‚ M|swlql Tr Merhav 1991, 98 – 99, Nr. 66, fig. 13, 2 265 Wr ji ndudivuc l hivdoim wuvtrmuvfd nroiuqlz, lkretdjiqqy qd tikqy soduvlqndy lk Zdkdqow. O vrpw ji qinrvrti {itv, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv ydtdnvitqpl luno‚{lvio€qr hoc VIII f. hr q. ., f himuvflvio€qruvl fuvti{d‚vuc l qd lkretdjiqlcy nroiuqlz sryl E||wtqdzltsdod (qdstlpit, rvuwvuvfli }lvd) 9. Rdnrqiz, M. R. Qihfihundc qi w{lvfdiv l rsweolnrfdqqi qihdfqr lkretdjiqlc nroiuqlz l fudhqlnrf qd etrqkrfy stihpivdy (nrqundc sinvrtdo€ l fihitnr, r{iflhqr, duultlmunrgr strlkfrhuvfd), nrvrti hdvltw‚vuc fvrtrm srorflqrm IX f. hr q. . (. 48; 66) 10. Rd vly lkretdjiqlcy lpi‚vuc qinrvrti oipiqv, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc ufckfdiv luno‚{lvio€qr u VIII f. hr q. . Wdn, qdstlpit, qd sinvrtdol lkretdjiq nroiuql{qi l fityrfi nrql, w nrvrty nluvl (lol nrornro€{lnl) tdkpi}iq qd wkhi, d qi qd qdgtwhqlndy 11, d or|dhl, lkretdjiqqi qd fihitni, lpi‚v qrurfi tipql, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc ufckfdiv u stlpiqiqlip qdqruqlnrf 12. Ouvdvl, vl oipiqv lkfiuvq l qd eroii tdqqly lkretdjiqlcy 13. Riunro€nr rureqcnrp uvrlv i}i rhlq dtgwpiqv M. R. Qihfihunrm, ruqrffd‚}lmuc qd duultlmunly tio€ixdy ol|€ rv{duvl, d f ruqrfqrp qd re}ly stihuvdfoiqlcy r tdkflvll sitihqidkldvunrgr fudhql{iuvfd. Sstihioiqqp srndkdvioip f sro€kw hdvltrfnl VIII f. hr q. . M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv lkretdjiqli qd soduvlqndy lk Zdkdqow fudhqlnrf eik stdf{ly, lusro€krfdqli nrvrty eor ydtdnvitqr hoc eoljqifruvr{qrgr fudhql{iuvfd IX f. hr q. . 14 G udprp hioi, f sryw E||wtqdzltsdod II kduflhivio€uvfrfdqr stlpiqiqli duultlmzdpl f dvdni nrqqy ow{qlnrf, nrvrti lusro€kw‚v stdf{ly, wstdfoc‚}ly hfwpc und{w}lpl tchrp nrqcpl l fufrerjhd‚}ly vip udpp rei twnl uvtiond 15 (. 131, 1). Wrv ji usrure dvdnl lkretdjiq l qd etrqkrfy renodhndy «Fdodfdvunly frtrv» Vdopdqdudtd 16, stl{ip qd vly lkretdjiqlcy flhqr, {vr fuvwsd‚}lm f sdti u ow{qlnrp l wstdfoc‚}lm reilpl or|dh€pl fudhqln frrtwjiq nrs€ip, d lqrghd vdnji lpiiv qiero€|rm }lv, nrvrtp stlntfiv uiec l ufrigr qdsdtqlnd (. 114; 131, 2). Tdtdpl dvdnw‚v l fudhqlnl qd wsrplqdf|ipuc etrqkrfrp fihitni lk Wigitdqunrgr {duvqrgr uretdqlc, rvqruc}ipuc, flhlpr, nr fvrtrm srorflqi IX f. qlodu€, ntrpi lkretdjiqlc, xtdgpiqvltrfdqqdc qdhslu€, f XXXV, LXIX. Ttl vrp uoihwiv kdpivlv€, {vr stlpiqiqli nrvrtrm tdkol{d‚vuc hfd vrsrqlpd: kurNi-kip-pa l kurÚ-pa-a. uetwl u qrurfpl tipqcpl frfui qi reckdvio€qr rkqd{div Rd ruqrfdqll vly vrsrqlprf prjqr wuvdqrflv€, {vr ti{€ lhiv r sitiyrhi {itik grt, rsludqqrp f 15 –16 uvtrndy lusro€krfdqli qdqruqlnrf. 14 Medvedskaya 1988, 10; Medvedskaya 1991, 154 –155; ut. slu€pd Vdtgrqd n E||wtw: Weidner 1926, 2 – 3; Mayer 1980, Littauer, Crouwel 1979, 135. Trhreqi fudhqlnl, dvdnw‚}li 21–22; Nunn 1988, 181–182. Etgwpiqv, stlfihiqqi f sdtdpl (ἅμιπποι) lkfiuvq l f htifqim Htizll. Shlq lk qly, sro€kw hdvltrfnl vrgr sdpcvqlnd sryrm Wlgodvsdodudtd III, qduoihqln nroiuql{qrgr ermzd, eo vcjior frrtwjiq, d htw- d qi Vdtgrqd II (Fridman 1969, 172 –175) qiweihlvio€q. 9 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 17 – 18. Ouvdvl, lkretdjiqli grm, qduoihqln frkql{igr, stdflo hfwpc lhw}lpl tchrp «oolsurflhqrgr stihpivd» pijhw nrtrenrm nroiuqlz l ctprp, nrvrtri, sr pqiql‚ M. R. Qihfihunrm, lu{ikdiv f V, 371. 15 Uio€ix B.M. 124544 lk hfrtzd E||wtqdzltsdod f Rlp- sryw Wlgodvsdodudtd III, fuvti{divuc l qd tio€ixdy vrgr twhi: Budge 1914, pl. XV, 1, ut. uyrhqri lkretdjiqli qd ftipiql: Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. IX, LXVIII–LXIX, LXXI. 10 Seidl 1985, 45 – 48, Taf. 23–27; Seidl 1986, 229 –236, soduvlqni lk uorqrfrm nruvl IX f. hr q. .: Yadin 1963, 384 Taf. 53–55; Born, Seidl 1995, 55 –72. 11 Seidl 1986, Abb. 1– 3, Taf. 53–55; Born, Seidl 1995, Abb. 46 – U. Hlt|pdqrp: Ghirshman 1964a, 101, 409, Abb. 134, u urpql- 53. 12 Seidl 1985, Abb. 1, Taf. 24 –27. Vt. vdnli ji tipql f wkhi ii VII f. hr q. . (eik reruqrfdqlc), rhqdnr vd hdvd cfqr kdf- nrqcpl: Anecd. Gr. I, 205, s.v.; Suda, s.v.; Eustath. ad Hom. Od. (lk nrooinzll ]. ]tlnurqd). Wd ji soduvlqnd rsweolnrfdqd vio€qp wndkdqlip qd strluyrjhiqli lk Llfli. Sq hdvltwiv |iqd. Rd soduvlqni lkretdjiq eikertrhm ow{qln (ifqwy), nrqim qd soduvlqndy uorqrfrm nruvl IX f. hr q. . lk Rlptw- urstrfrjhdipm ertrhdvp stdf{lp. Sed reod{iq f rhlqd- hd: Mallowan, Davies 1970, 28 – 30, Nr. 62, 65, 67, pl. XVIII–XX. 13 Vt., qdstlpit, lkretdjiqli qrurfy tipqim uetwl nrqc nrfi ruvtrnrqi{qi |oip. Mkretdjiqli nrqqrgr ow{qlnd f «uziqi vtlwpxd» qd soduvlqni lk uorqrfrm nruvl XIII f. }imuc, fitrcvqr, n sryi E||wtqdzltsdod II: Mallowan, hr q. ., strluyrhc}im lk Qiglhhr (Tdoiuvlqd) l qrurfy Davies 1970, 2, 27, Nr. 58, pl. XVI; Barnett 1975, 231–232, tipqim l nluvl, qdyrhc}imuc qd uetwi, qd soduvlqni XIII– XII ff. hr q. . lk ]qnrpl (Olst) (. 130 ): Decamps de fig. 232 (Supplementary Catalogue of L. G. Davies). 16 King 1915, pl. VII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVIII, XLIX, LIII, Mertzenfeld 1954, 15 –16, 18, 88, 116 –117, Nr. 342, 788, pl. XIV, LXXII. 266 lpiivuc l qd soduvlqni uorqrfrm nruvl lk Rlptwhd, rvqruc- 1 2 Ulu. 130 Toduvlqnl lk uorqrfrm nruvl. 1. Qiglhhr, Tdoiuvlqd; 2. ]qnrpl, Olst Tr Decamps de Mertzenfeld 1954, Nr. 342, 788, pl. XXXV, LXIX 267 1 2 Ulu. 131 1. Euultlmunlm tio€ix B.M. 124544 lk hfrtzd E||wtqdzltsdod II f Rlptwhi. 2. Euultlmundc nrqqlzd. Mkretdjiqli qd etrqkrfrm relfni «Fdodfdvunly frtrv» Tr Budge 1914, pl. XV, 1 (1); King 1915, pl. LXXII (2) 268 1 2 Ulu. 132 Euultlmunli tio€ix lk hfrtzd Wlgodvsdodudtd III f Rlptwhi. 1. Tolvd B.M. 118907; 2. Tolvd B.M. 118905 Tr Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXVII, LXV 269 hr q. . (. 48) 17. Rd{lqdc u sryl Wlgodvsdodudtd qd tio€ixdy lkretdjd‚vuc duultlmunli fudhqlnl, wstdfoc‚}li f er‚ ureuvfiqqpl or|dh€pl, qr stl vrp rql fuighd sro€kw‚vuc vro€nr nrs€ip, yrvc lqrghd frrtwjiq l ownrp ur uvtiodpl (c, tdkwpiivuc, qi w{lvfd‚ lkretdjiqlc frlqrf qd sitiyrhi lol grvrfc}lyuc n er‚: vdnly lkretdjiqlm rhlqr{qy fudhqlnrf hruvdvr{qr pqrgr) (. 132). Ttl vrp retd}div qd uiec fqlpdqli vr, {vr vl nrqqi nrsim}lnl re{qr dvdnw‚v sdtdpl: fitrcvqr, f uow{di qireyrhlpruvl uvtio€e lk ownd rhlq lk fudhqlnrf sdt etdo qd uiec wstdfoiqli reilpl or|dh€pl, fufrerjhdc twnl fvrtrgr 18. G sryw Vlqdyyitled srcfoc‚vuc lkretdjiqlc rhlqr{qy fudhqlnrf, uvtioc‚}ly u nrqc qd undnw (nrqqi nrsim}lnl stl vrp re{qr wji qi frrtwjiq owndpl l dvdnw‚v qi sdtdpl, d srrhlqr{ni) 19. S{iflhqr, ol|€ f vr ftipc duultlmunli ow{qlnl f pduurfrp srtchni (rvhio€qi lkretdjiqlc nrqqy ow{qlnrf qd si{dvcy fuvti{d‚vuc l tdq€|i, ut. f|i) rufdlfd‚v lunwuuvfr uvtio€e u or|dhl qd undnw eik wuowg stdf{igr. V vlp ufckdqd, frkprjqr, l usizldolkdzlc duultlmunrm nrqqlz. Ttl Wlgodvsdodudti III l Vdtgrqi II fudhqlnl frrtwjdolu€ l nrs€cpl, l owndpl l dvdnrfdol sdtdpl (uwhc sr tio€ixdp, rql qi hiololu€ qd frlqd l stdf{igr — ly frrtwjiqli l uqdtcjiqli rhlqdnrfr), {vre f uow{di qireyrhlpruvl fkcv€ qd uiec wstdfoiqli reilpl or|dh€pl l srkfrolv€ qdsdtqlnw uvtiocv€ lk ownd. Ttiuoihwc eigw}igr ftdgd rql prgol himuvfrfdv€ srrhlqr{ni, srunro€nw sro€krfdolu€ stl vrp nrs€cpl. Wisit€ ji nrqqi nrsim}lnl, nrvrti eol vtdhlzlrqqp flhrp nrqqlz, sitiuvd‚v frrtwjdv€uc ownrp. Rdstrvlf, ow{qlnl, nrvrti, flhlpr, qdw{lolu€ uvtiocv€ u or|dhl udpruvrcvio€qr, eroii qi frrtwjd‚vuc nrs€ip. Trcfoiqli vrgr qrf|iuvfd f stdnvlni sitihqifruvr{qrm ndfdoitll, fitrcvqr, re~cuqcivuc folcqlip nrqqruvtionrfrm vdnvlnl nlppitlmzif l unlxrf. Rdol{li «nlppitlmunrgr srond» f uruvdfi duultlmunrm dtpll kduflhivio€uvfrfdqr vinuvrp SAA 6, 204, hdvltrfdqqp 679 g. hr q. ., stl{ip, frkprjqr, vrv vitplq rerkqd{div qi «sron, uruvrc}lm lk nlppitlmzif», d «sron, frrtwjiqqm sr-nlppitlmunl» (v. i., flhlpr, nrqqy ow{qlnrf). Mpc igr qd{do€qlnd, fr fucnrp uow{di, re{qri duultlmunri20. U. Idmurq l S. Qdundtiood, frktdjdc M. R. Qihfihunrm, wvfitjhd‚v, {vr l f IX f. hr q. . prgol lusro€krfdv€uc fudhqlnl eik stdf{ly, uuodcu€ stl vrp qd rhlq lk tio€ixrf E||wtqdzltsdod II, qd ultlmunli lkretdjiqlc nrqzd IX f. hr q. . l wtdtvunli qd{dod VIII f. hr q. . 21 Gui vl wndkdqlc M. R. Qihfihundc rvfrhlv22. Sqd ustdfiholfr rvpi{div, {vr qd tio€ixi E||wtqdzltsdod II lkretdjiq fudhqlnl, lusro€kw‚}li stdf{ly (ut. f|i). ]vrv tio€ix, uoihrfdvio€qr, qi lpiiv rvqr|iqlc n reuwjhdiprm vipi. Wtwhqr srqcv€, rhqdnr, sr{ipw M. R. Qihfihundc rvfrhlv l ruvdo€qi stlpit U. Idmurqd l S. Qdundtioo: rqd reruqrffdiv vr vip, {vr qd wsrpcqwvy lpl lkretdjiqlcy, sr ii pqiql‚, stihuvdfoiq qi ow{qlnl, d nrsim}lnl, d nrqqi nrsim}lnl utdjdolu€ f rhlqr{nw l tdq€|i. X {lvdvioc urkhdivuc fsi{dvoiqli, {vr f Zdkdqow IV qdmhiqr lkretdjiqli nrqqrgr ow{qlnd, rhqdnr vr qi vdn: qd ihlquvfiqqrp eroii lol piqii yrtr|r urytdqlf|ipuc lkretdjiqll fudhqlnd 17 Seidl 1985, 46, Abb. 1, Taf. 23–27. 18 Vp. tio€ix sryl Wlgodvsdoudtd III lk Rlptwhd: Barnett, f rhqrp uow{di rql dvdnw‚v sdtrm (ow{qln l nrsim}ln), f Falkner 1962, pl. XIII–XIV (Smith 1938, pl. XIX, B.M. 118878), hoc sryl E||wtedqlsdod: Barnett 1976, pl. XXXIII (B.M. LXIV–LXV (B.M. 118905), LXVI–LXVII (Smith 1938, pl. XVIII, 124925-6), LI (B.M. 124876 E||wtedqlsdo qd ryrvi); Paterson ruvdo€qy — sr rhlqr{ni. Mkfiuvq vdnli lkretdjiqlc l B.M. 118907) (nrqqi nrsim}lnl eik ownrf sdtdpl stiuoi- 1915, pl. 62 – 64; ut. eroii {duvi lkretdjiqlc duultlmunly hw‚v eigw}igr ftdgd), sryl Vdtgrqd II lk Zrtudedhd: Botta, frlqrf, uvtioc‚}ly ur uvrc}igr nrqc: Paterson 1915, Flandin 1849, pl. 64, 87, 88, 98 (sdtd dvdnw‚}ly fudhqlnrf); pl. 19 –20 (sryd Vlqdyyitled); Barnett 1976, pl. XVI (B.M. 66, 67, 99 (rhlqr{qi fudhqlnl stiuoihw‚v eigw}igr l wji 124929), XXXIV (Louvre AO 19921 + Or. Dr. VII 32), LXVII (Or. tdkgtrpoiqqrgr ftdgd); ut. vdnji pl. 73, ghi lkretdjiq duul- Dr. V, 31), LXIX (Louvre AO 19909); Paterson 1915, pl. 40 – 41 tlmunlm fudhqln f sroqrp frrtwjiqll, wstdfoc‚}lm hfwpc (Russell 1991, 150 –151, Fig. 75), 44 – 45 (sryd E||wtedql- or|dh€pl. Tr{vl fui nrqqi nrsim}lnl sryl Vdtgrqd frr- sdod). 20 Ivantchik 1993, 63, 253–254; Mfdq{ln 1996, 65 – 66, 259 – twjiq l owndpl. 19 Paterson 1915, pl. 17 –18 (Russell 1991, fig. 69), 19 –20 (rtlglqdo wvitcq): duultlmunli fudhqlnl (nrsim}lnl eik ownrf, ow{qlnl eik nrslm) dvdnw‚v ftdgd f grtdy l qd eitigw tinl; 270 260. 21 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 18. 22 Medvedskaya 1991, 154 –155. 1 2 Ulu. 133 Oruvcqi soduvlqnl lk Zdkdqow IV Tr Muscarella 1980, Nr. 33, 34 271 stihuvdfoiq lpiqqr nrsim}ln (. 133, 1) 23. Tdtdooiol lk Vifitqrm Vltll 24 l lk Xtdtvw 25, vdnlp retdkrp, fsroqi stdfrpitq. Otrpi vrgr, tdk udpd M. R. Qihfihundc stlkqdiv, {vr nrqqm nrsim}ln prg utdjdv€uc f rhlqr{nw, eik stdf{igr, l f IX f. hr q. ., vr frre}i qisrqcvqr, kd{ip khiu€ stlfoindivuc vr lkretdjiqli l ndn rqr prjiv uowjlv€ hoc hrndkdvio€uvfd srkhqim hdvltrfnl Zdkdqow. Rikdflulpr rv vrgr uoihwiv rvpivlv€, {vr udpr sr uiei lkretdjiqli fudhqlnd, qi lusro€kw‚}igr stdf{igr (hdji l ow{qlnd, d vip eroii nrsim}lnd), qi prjiv uowjlv€ ruqrfdqlip hoc igr hdvltrfnl VIII f. hr q. . — lkretdjiqlc qi vro€nr fudhqlnrf, qr l nrqqy ow{qlnrf, f vrp {luoi sro€kw‚}lyuc vdnlp lkr}tiqqp stliprp, ndn «sdtxcqunlm fuvtio», fuvti{d‚vuc f Titihqim Ekll, yrvc l tihnr, l tdq€|i (ut. f|i). Rdunro€nr pqi lkfiuvqr, udpri tdqqii lkretdjiqli uvtioc‚}igr u nrqc qd undnw ow{qlnd (stl{ip eik fucnrgr stdf{igr) hdvltwivuc i}i fvrtrm srorflqrm XV f. hr q. . Ui{€ lhiv r iglsivunrp tio€ixi lk Wwtlqd, qd nrvrtrp lkretdjiqd erglqc Euvdtvd qd nrqi, uvtioc‚}dc lk ownd f weigd‚}igr qwelmzd (. 134, 3) 26. Setdk Euvdtv, erglql, viuqr ufckdqqrm u nrqip l rhqrftipiqqr {duvr lkretdjd‚}imuc u ownrp l uvtiodpl, eo kdlpuvfrfdq f Jglsiv lk Vltll f XVI f. hr q. . Otrpi qdkfdqqrgr, f Jglsvi lpiivuc hruvdvr{qr ero€|ri nrol{iuvfr lkretdjiqlm Euvdtv-fudhqlz (qd{lqdc u XVIII hlqduvll l srkji), stl{ip sr ntdmqim piti i}i f hfwy uow{dcy rqd frrtwjiqd ownrp 27. Glhlpr, f sitlrh Rrfrgr zdtuvfd f uruvdfi iglsivunrm dtpll, qdtchw u nroiuql{lpl, wji uw}iuvfrfdol srhtdkhioiqlc fudhqlnrf, utihl nrvrty eol l ow{qlnl 28. G ufckl u vlp prjqr wsrpcqwv€, qdstlpit, lkretdjiqli frrtwjiqqrgr ownrp fudhqlnd, srfitqwf|igruc qdkdh l rvswuvlf|igr srfrh qd tio€ixi lk Eew-Vlpeiod sryl Udpuiud II (1290 –1223 gg. hr q. .) u lkretdjiqlip elvf stl Odhi|i (1286 g.) (. 134, 4) 29. Gudhql{iuvfr eor hruvdvr{qr yrtr|r lkfiuvqr f Titihqim Ekll l kqd{lvio€qr tdq€|i. Se vrp uflhivio€uvfwiv, f {duvqruvl, slu€pr Fdyhlolpd, wstdfoc‚}igr hfrtzd Qdtl, zdt‚ Llptlolpw (1775/74 –1761/60 gg. hr q. .) 30, urhitjd}ii kdpi{dvio€qm sduudj. G vrp sduudji Fdyhlolp qdsrplqdiv zdt‚, {vr rq cfocivuc zdtip qi vro€nr ydqimzif, qr vdnji l dnndhzif, d srvrpw hoc urytdqiqlc ufrigr zdtunrgr hruvrlquvfd ipw qi uoihwiv ikhlv€ fityrp qd or|dhl, d vro€nr f nroiuqlzi lol qd pwoi. Zdqimz, srownr{ifri qduioiqli uvisim Vifitqrm Qiursrvdpll l Vltll, stlqdhoijdor n vrm udprm kdsdhqruiplvunrm nwo€vwtqrm l cknrfrm utihi, lk nrvrtrm qiunro€nr srkji iglsvcqi kdlpuvfrfdol retdk Euvdtv, fudhqlz l ow{qlz. Zdqimzdp, r{iflhqr, wji f qd{doi XVIII f. hr q. . eor yrtr|r kqdnrpr fudhql{iuvfr, l ly qi whlflor e srcfoiqli zdtc fityrp; rhqdnr dnndhz, nrvrti stlfnol flhiv€ ufrigr zdtc f nroiuqlzi lol qd pwoi, r{iflhqr eol e vlp |rnltrfdq. Tlu€pr 23 Muscarella 1980, Nr. 33. Vt. Nr. 38 l xtdgpiqv, vronwipi undnw ntodvy niqvdftrf qd hivdocy nrqunrm uetwl, fyrhc- ndn frkprjqi lkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf: Nr. 34 – 47, 171. 24 Svpi{w, nuvdvl, {vr M. R. Qihfihundc qdstduqr rvtl- }ly f qdert nrqzd IX – qd{dod VIII ff. hr q. .: Maaß 1987, zdiv, {vr qd tio€ixdy lk Llqhjltol lkretdjiq ow{qlnl 1997, 229 –230, U 37, Abb. XXX. 26 Leclant 1960, 23–28, pl. I A. (. 134, 1, 2). Mk vtiy lkretdjiqlm fudhqlnrf qd tio€ixdy 84 – 87, Taf. 1, 1; 9, 1; Merhav 1991, 100 –101, Nr. 75 –77; Rehm Llqhjltol f hfwy uow{dcy ti{€ lhiv lpiqqr r qly: Luschan 27 Trhtreqw‚ ufrhnw lkretdklvio€qrgr pdvitldod l igr ur- 1902, 205 –206, Abb. 96, Taf. XXXIV c; XXXV (fudhqln, lpi‚- sruvdfoiqli u hdqqpl slu€piqqy luvr{qlnrf up. Leclant }lm qd srcui pi{, hitjlv f rhqrm twni own, d f htwgrm rvtwe- 1960, 1– 67. Vt. lkretdjiqli fudhqlnd, hitjd}igr f twni oiqqw‚ grorfw; srfrh, urrvfivuvfiqqr, rvsw}iq); 226 –227, qicuqm stihpiv, qd iglsivunrm uinlti lk Ftlvdqunrgr pwkic Abb. 129 –130, Taf. XLIV (fudhqln u nro{dqrp kd soi{dpl l (B.M. 36766): Hall 1931, 3–5, pl. I. H. Zroo hdvltwiv uinltw ntwgop }lvrp), ut. 206, Taf. XXXIV d. Rd tio€ixdy lk Wio€- sitfrm srorflqrm XVIII hlqduvll (rnror 1580 –1450 gg. hr Zdodxd, vdnji rvqruc}lyuc n IX f. hr q. ., lkretdjiq nrq- q. .), rhqdnr K. Pinodq u{lvdiv, {vr rstihioiqqi wndkdqlc qi nrsim}lnl: Oppenheim 1955, 19, 47 – 48, Taf. 25, 26 25 Otrpi lkretdjiqlm fudhqlnrf qd |oipi u qdhslu€‚ qd ii hdvltrfnw rvuwvuvfw‚v l vtdnvwiv igr ndn lkretdjiqli qd htifqim|im gtwssi hdvltwipy wtdtvunly etrqkrfy src- Euvdtv: Leclant 1960, 35 – 37. 28 Schulman 1957, 263–271. 29 Yadin 1963, 220. urf (sitfdc vtiv€ VIII f. hr q. .): Kellner 1991, 18 – 19 30 Kupper 1953, Nr. 76: 19 –25; Kupper 1954, 109. Etgl|vl I lk Odtplt-Fowtd, fudhqlnl lkretdjd‚vuc vdnji (. 46). Vt. lkretdjiqlc uvtioc‚}ly lk ownd qd sroqrp 272 1 2 4 3 5 Ulu. 134 Mkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf. 1, 2. Uio€ix lk Llqhjltol; 3. Jglsivunlm tio€ix lk Wwtlqd; 4. Uio€ix Udpuiud II lk Eew-Vlpeiod; 5. Vtihqiduultlmundc si{dv€ sryl Vdopdqdudtd I Tr Luschan 1902, Taf. XXIV, XLIV (1, 2); Leclant 1960, pl. I A (3); Crouwel 1981, pl. 111 (4); Matthews 1990, Nr. 356 (5) 273 uflhivio€uvfwiv vdnji l r vrp, {vr Llptlolpw eod qi {wjhd puo€ srcfocv€uc sweol{qr fityrp qd or|dhl, r{iflhqr, qd ydqimunlm pdqit 31. ]vr qi whlflvio€qr — ydqimz lgtdol r{iq€ ero€|w‚ tro€ f jlkql Qdtl, uruvdfocc kqd{lvio€qw‚ {duv€ qduioiqlc hitjdf Llptlolpd l sruvdfocc udpi ntwsqi nrqvlqgiqv f igr dtpl‚; n vrpw ji l udpd hlqduvlc eod ydqimunrgr strluyrjhiqlc 32. Ttdfhd, f udprm Qiursrvdpll lkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf hr qd{dod I vu. hr q. . fuvti{d‚vuc tihnr 33. Gstr{ip, vr qi whlflvio€qr — ndn srndkfdiv wsrpcqwvm sduudj lk slu€pd Llptlolpw, f nwo€vwtqrm vtdhlzll ruihoy kipoihio€zif Qiursrvdpll lpiqqr nroiuqlzd u{lvdodu€ stiuvljqp usrurerp sitihfljiqlc, rhqdnr wji f XVIII f. hr q. . hoc ly nr{ify uruihim fudhql{iuvfr eor ql{wv€ qi piqii qrtpdo€qp l sr{viqqp. Mkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf yrtr|r lkfiuvq l f plniqunrm Htizll. Wittdnrvrfi uvdvwvnl fudhqlnrf tdustruvtdqiq khiu€ |ltrnr l srfuipiuvqr f sitlrh LH IIIA – C (XIV–XII ff. hr q. .) 34. Otrpi vrgr, lpi‚vuc lkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf l f plniqunrm fdkrslul, f vrp {luoi qd ntdviti sitlrhd LH IIIA 2 –B (fvrtdc srorflqd XIV–XIII ff. hr q. .) l eroii srkhqly uruwhdy 35. G ufckl u streoiprm srcfoiqlc fudhqlnrf, qi qwjhd‚}lyuc f srpr}l stdf{igr, M. R. Qihfihundc sl|iv l r usizldo€qrp qdwkhqrp stlusrureoiqll, srkfroc‚}ip rufrerhlv€ twnl fudhqlnd. Shqr lk lkretdjiqlm qd soduvlqni lk Zdkdqow 36 rqd vronwiv ndn lkretdjiqli vdnrgr stlusrureoiqlc (. 133, 2). Shqdnr vdnri vronrfdqli uwgwer glsrvivl{qr — ql{vr qi pi|div u{lvdv€ igr lkretdjiqlip eweiqzd (ndn wji grfrtloru€, qd Zdkdqow qdmhiqr kqd{lvio€qri ly nrol{iuvfr) lol hinrtdvlfqrm nluvl (qdyrhnd vrji lkfiuvqd qd Zdkdqow 37). Gr fucnrp uow{di, vdnri vronrfdqli uol|nrp uoderi ruqrfdqli hoc hdo€qim|ly kdno‚{iqlm. Shqdnr hdji iuol urgodulv€uc u qlp, rqr piqciv qipqrgr. G udprp hioi, M. R. Qihfihundc hdvltwiv igr srcfoiqli, ndn l htwgly oipiqvrf nrqunrm wkh u Zdkdqow, qd ruqrfdqll ursruvdfoiqlc u duultlmunlpl tio€ixdpl — igr lkretdjiqlc, ndn rqd u{lvdiv, lpi‚vuc qd{lqdc u sryl Wlgodvsdodudtd III 38. S qistlpiqlpruvl vrgr pivrhd hoc hdvltrfnl {ivfitvrgr uorc Zdkdqow wji grfrtloru€ hruvdvr{qr. Ldpi{w srswvqr, {vr stihorjiqqri M. R. Qihfihunrm vronrfdqli lkretdjiqlc nluvl qd tio€ixi Wlgodvsdoudtd III, qd nrvrtm rqd f hdqqrp uow{di uuodivuc (. 132, 2), eroii {ip urpqlvio€qr. Rd tio€ixi yrtr|r flhqr, {vr ti{€ fsroqi prjiv lhvl l re re{qrm hinrtdvlfqrm nluvl. Sqd tdkpi}divuc qd uetwi nrqim hfwy duultlmunly nrqqy nrsim}lnrf, dvdnw‚}ly srsdtqr eik ownrf lol }lvrf, d srvrpw ftch ol lpif|ly qireyrhlpruv€ rvswundv€ srfrh. ]vr uvdqrflvuc cuqp stl utdfqiqll u dqdorgl{qp, qr ow{|i urytdqlf|lpuc lkretdjiqlip qd tio€ixi B.M. 118907 (. 132, 1) 39. G vrp, {vr ti{€ lhiv lpiqqr r hinrtdvlfqrm nluvl, rnrq{dvio€qr weijhdiv lkretdjiqli f vr{qruvl vdnly ji wntd|iqlm qd uetwi nroiuql{qy or|dhim qd htwgly tio€ixdy Wlgodvsdodudtd III, stl{ip khiu€ yrtr|r flhqr, {vr srfrh qi stryrhlv {itik qly 31 Vt. Kupper 1957, 35 – 37, ut. khiu€ ji hruvdvr{qr pqrgr{luoiqqi wsrplqdqlc or|dhim f vinuvdy Qdtl. K.-U. O‚ssit srodgdiv, {vr ydqimz kdlpuvfrfdol or|dh€ w ywttlvrf. 32 Kupper 1957, 1– 46; Kupper 1989, 387 – 389; Anbar 1991, passim, rure. 181–191. 33 Vt. lkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf qd or|dhcy, lpi‚}ly grorf 34 Crouwel 1981, 45, pl. 42, 44. 35 Crouwel 1981, 45 –53, pl. 70, 79, 80, ut. Wiesner 1968, 114 – 124. 36 Muscarella 1980, Nr. 34, ut. Nr. 30. 37 Winter 1980, 4, fig. 3–5, 12. ]vd regrtiodc nluv€ reqdtwjiqd tchrp u nrqunlpl qdgtwhqlndpl l fsroqi prgod stlfi- gtlxrqrf, qd utihqiduultlmunrm si{dvl, flhlpr, sryl Vdo- |lfdv€uc n rhqrpw lk qly. Otrpi vrgr, khiu€ ji reqdtwjiq pdqdudtd I (1273–1244 gg. hr q. .): Parker 1977, 263, Nr. 23, ywji urytdqlf|liuc ruvdvnl htwgly nluvim. Wip qi piqii, vw pl. XXVIII; Matthews 1990, 100, Nr. 356 (. 134, 5). N. Glkqit qdyrhnw M. R. Qihfihundc vdnji u{lvdiv ytrqrorgl{iunlp (Wiesner 1973, 21, Abb. 15) wsrplqdiv «si{dv€ X f. hr q. . u srndkdvioip, sr{ipw-vr srodgdc, {vr rqd reckdvio€qr hrojqd lkretdjiqlip nrqqrgr frlqd» u ownrp lk qintrsroc Vldon B. eod stlfi|lfdv€uc qi n qdgtwhqlnw, d n wkhi l hredfocc Ui{€ lhiv, r{iflhqr, r soryrm strtlurfni si{dvl lk srgtiei- (qistdflo€qr), {vr eod qdmhiqd ol|€ rhqd, d qi qiunro€nr qlc 15: Ghirshman 1939, 63, pl. XXX, 5; LVI, XCVI, S. 810. nluvim. 38 Medvedskaya 1988, 10, ur uuonrm qd ihlquvfiqqm tio€ix Mkretdjiqqm qd vrm si{dvl fudhqln frrtwjiq qi ownrp, d nlqjdorp lol pi{rp (. 81, 2); hdvltrfnd srgtieiqlc X f. hr q. . cfqr kdqljiqd — ti{€ hrojqd lhvl r VIII, udpri tdqqii — nrqzi IX f. hr q. . 274 B.M. 118905 (Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXV). 39 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXVII. Ulu. 135 Euultlmunlm tio€ix lk hfrtzd Wlgodvsdodudtd III f Rlptwhi. Or. Dr. III. Central XXIII Tr Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. XLIII (. 135) 40. Wi ji wntd|iqlc lpi‚vuc l stdnvl{iunl qd fuiy lkretdjiqlcy nroiuql{qy l fityrfy or|dhim sryl Vdtgrqd II 41. Ttlusrureoiqli, r nrvrtrp sl|iv M. R. Qihfihundc, vdnlp retdkrp, unrtii fuigr frre}i eor qilkfiuvqr duultlmzdp — fr fucnrp uow{di ql qd rhqrp tio€ixi rqr qi stihuvdfoiqr. Uch frktdjiqlm M. R. Qihfihunrm strvlf vtdhlzlrqqrm hdvltrfnl uorc Zdkdqow IV lpiiv qi dtyirorgl{iunlm, d luvrtl{iunlm ydtdnvit: rql ufrhcvuc n vrpw, {vr r}wvlpi khiu€ ufckl u Vifitqrm Vltlim re~cuqc‚vuc wtdtvunlp nrqvtroip qdh qim, ndn l qdh Zdkdqow, {vr lpior piuvr f VIII f. hr q. . Ttl vrp rqd usizldo€qr srh{itnlfdiv, {vr duultlmunly fi}im qd Zdkdqow r{iq€ pdor l srvrpw ftch ol Euultlc prgod uowjlv€ srutihqlnrp hoc igr ufckim u Vltlim 42. U. Idmurq l S. Qdundtiood, qdstrvlf, u{lvd‚v, {vr ufckl pijhw hfwpc tdmrqdpl ruw}iuvfocolu€ {itik Euultl‚, rvpi{dc rhqrftipiqqr, {vr qiurpqiqqr wtdtvunli fi}l qd Zdkdqow IV frre}i rvuwvuvfw‚v, l, uoihrfdvio€qr, Xtdtvw srhyrhlv qd tro€ srutihqlnd i}i piq€|i, {ip Euultlc 43. Sed vronrfdqlc f stlqzlsi tdfqr frkprjq: nrqvdnv pijhw Vifitqrm Vltlim l ltdqunlp Owthluvdqrp, r{iflhqr, uw}iuvfrfdol l f IX, l f VIII f. hr q. ., qr f IX f. hr q. . ruw}iuvfocolu€ {itik Euultl‚, d f VIII — {itik Xtdtvw. Gert rhqrm lk vly frkprjqruvim kdflulv stijhi fuigr rv hdvltrfnl Zdkdqow IV, d uoihrfdvio€qr qi prjiv rstihiocv€ ii. Id l lk re}ly pivrhl{iunly urretdjiqlm cuqr, {vr luvrtl{iundc lqvitstivdzlc qi hrojqd stihrstihiocv€ dtyirorgl{iunly hdvltrfrn. 40 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. XV–XVI, XLIII–XLIV, LXX– LXXI. 41 Botta, Flandin 1849, passim. 42 Medvedskaya 1988, 10 –12; Medvedskaya 1991, 155 –157. 43 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 18 –22. 275 Gdjqp cfocivuc l dtgwpiqv U. Idmurqd l S. Qdundtioo, ndud‚}lmuc reolnd uoihw‚}igr, vtiv€igr, uorc Zdkdqow, rvhioiqqrgr rv stihhw}igr sitlrhrp qicuqrm strhrojlvio€qruvl, nrghd sdpcvqln qi eo kduioiq. U. Idmurq l S. Qdundtiood rvpi{d‚v eolkruv€ Zdkdqow III ndn sr dtylvinvwti, vdn l sr uruvdfw qdyrhrn, u wtdtvunlpl ntisruvcpl, l u{lvd‚v igr rhqlp lk rsrtqy swqnvrf Xtdtvw (qi reckdvio€qr u wtdtvunlp qduioiqlip), nrvrtm prg l sitijlv€ duultlmunlm sryrh 714 g. hr q. . 44 M. R. Qihfihundc rvtlzdiv vdnw‚ vtdnvrfnw Zdkdqow III l u{lvdiv igr pdqqimunrm ntisruv€‚, sruvtriqqrm sruoi wyrhd wtdtvrf lk tiglrqd. Ttl vrp rqd uuodivuc qd rvqrulvio€qr qiero€|ri nrol{iuvfr wtdtvunly qdyrhrn f uori Zdkdqow III, d uyrhuvfr u wtdtvunlpl ntisruvcpl re~cuqciv wtdtvunlp nwo€vwtqp folcqlip qd pdqqiif. Shqdnr khiu€ f tduuwjhiqll M. R. Qihfihunrm urhitjlvuc fqwvtiqqii strvlfrti{li. G udprp hioi, qiunro€nr tdq€|i rqd svdodu€ re~cuqlv€ sroqri rvuwvuvfli qiurpqiqqr wtdtvunly fi}im f uori Zdkdqow IV l rvol{li igr dtylvinvwt rv wtdtvunrm (qdstlpit, rvuwvuvfli rertrqlvio€qrm uviq) vip, {vr ti{€ hrojqd lhvl r sruioiqll srnrtiqqrgr qduioiqlc, pdqqiif, nwo€vwtd nrvrty ulo€qr rvol{dodu€ rv nwo€vwt «grusrh», wtdtvrf, uvtrlf|ly uiei ntisruvl f viy ji piuvdy. Wtwhqr stihuvdflv€, {vr f Xtdtvw grusrhuvfrfdo vdnrm uvtrglm dsdtvilh, {vr pdqqimunri qduioiqli Zdkdqow, rnror uvd oiv strjlf|ii srh wtdtvunlp grusrhuvfrp l ern r ern u wtdtvdpl, qi kdlpuvfrfdor rv qly qlndnly fi}im lol uvtrlvio€qy qdfnrf. Rr urfuip qisrqcvqr f vrp uow{di, sr{ipw uoih qiurpqiqqrgr wtdtvunrgr folcqlc, fno‚{dc l fi}l wtdtvunrgr strlkfrhuvfd, srcfoc‚vuc khiu€ ol|€ sruoi vrgr, ndn grusrhuvfr wtdtvrf nrq{loru€ l rql qdfuighd w|ol lk tiglrqd. Ri iuviuvfiqqii ol u{lvdv€, ndn vr hiodol dfvrt tdunrsrn Zdkdqow, {vr rvuwvuvfli wtdtvunly pdvitldorf f {ivfitvrp uori re~cuqcivuc vip, {vr rq rvqrulvuc n hrwtdtvunrpw ftipiql, d ly stluwvuvfli f vtiv€ip — vip, {vr rq stlqdhoijlv ntisruvl wtdtvunrm sryl? Jhlquvfiqqp ureuvfiqqr dtyirorgl{iunlp dtgwpiqvrp sitihdvltrfnl Zdkdqow IV, qi rsltd‚}lpuc qd duultlmunli tio€ix lol re}iluvrtl{iunli urretdjiqlc, cfocivuc qdyrhnd khiu€ rhqrnro€{dvy jioikqy whlo, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv qifrkprjqp hdvltrfdv€ IX f. hr q. . l rvqrulv nr fvrtrm srorflqi VIII f. hr q. . Jhlquvfiqqp ruqrfdqlip hoc vrgr cfocivuc pqiqli r vrp, {vr vdnli whlod eol kdlpuvfrfdq f Mtdq lk [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrs, ghi rql srcfoc‚vuc f nrqzi gdo€|vdvunrgr sitlrhd B l tdustruvtdqc‚vuc fr ftipc uoihw‚}igr sitlrhd C 45. Terminus post quem hoc vrgr kdlpuvfrfdqlc rstihiocivuc ndn uitihlqd VIII f. hr q. . Shqdnr udpr stihuvdfoiqli r vrp, {vr rhqrnro€{dvi jioikqi whlod eol kdlpuvfrfdq f Mtdq l Ldndfndk€i lk [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrs — ol|€ glsrvikd, n vrpw ji frfui qi eiuusrtqdc. Hodfqp ii ruqrfdqlip cfocivuc stihsrorjiqli r ytrqrorgl{iunrp stlrtlvivi iftrsimunly nkipsoctrf. Juol ji stlrtlviv rndjivuc w ltdqunly whlo, ql{vr qi srpi|div u vdnlp ji wusiyrp fhflqwv€ glsrvikw re retdvqrp qdstdfoiqll kdlpuvfrfdqlc — lk Mtdqd f Jftrsw. Rdolzr, vdnlp retdkrp, kdpnqwvm ntwg f tduuwjhiqll: whlod f Mtdqi, f vrp {luoi qd Zdkdqow, eroii srkhqli, {ip iftrsimunli, srvrpw, {vr kdlpuvfrfdq f Jftrsi, d kdlpuvfrfdq rql f Jftrsi srvrpw, {vr eroii srkhqli, {ip iftrsimunli. Otrpi vrgr, l udpd lhic r kdlpuvfrfdqll vly whlo lk [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrs f Mtdq lol qdrertrv fkfdiv urpqiqlc. Lhiu€ qio€kc luno‚{dv€, qdstlpit, l frkprjqruvl qikdflulprgr xrtpltrfdqlc vrgr vlsd whlo f Jftrsi l f Titihqim Ekll 46, vip eroii, {vr rssrqiqv M. R. Qihfihunrm, rvfitgd‚}li lhi‚ kdlpuvfrfdqlc ly lk Jftrs, ustdfiholfr rvpivlol tch tdkol{lm pijhw iftrsimunlpl l ltdqunlpl tdkqrflhqruvcpl srhreqy whlo l ufckdqqy u qlpl sudolm47. G ufri ftipc, dqdolkltwc uruvdf lqfiqvdtc ltdqunrgr qintrsroc Vldon B, M. R. Qihfihundc rvpivlod qdol{li f qip hfwy tdkqy vlsrf wkh, stihuvdfoc‚}ly hfi vtdhlzll ly tdkflvlc — whlod u qdswunqpl qitdk~ipqpl sudolcpl l u rvhio€qpl sudolcpl, urihlqcf|lpluc u whlodpl srutihuvfrp tipqim (up. re vrp f|i) 48. Xhlod u qdswunqpl sudolcpl rqd u{lvdod vtdhlzlrqqpl hoc 44 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 20 –21. 45 Medvedskaya 1988, 2; Medvedskaya 1991, 149 –152. 46 J}i E. E. Miuuiq rvpi{do, {vr «hfw{oiqqi whlod u rhqr- frkqlnqrfiqli nrvrtrm eor frkprjqr qikdflulpr fr pqr- nro€{dvpl nrqzdpl cfoc‚vuc qdleroii struvrm xrtprm, 48 Qihfihundc 1983, 59 –79. 276 gly tdmrqdy»: Miuuiq 1953, 71–72. 47 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 16. Titihqim Ekll l Ldndfndk€c l strvlfrsruvdfocod lp whlod u rvhio€qpl sudolcpl, nrvrti u{lvdod qrfdzlim. Xji f vrm tdervi M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv trhlqrm vdnrm nrquvtwnzll whlo [iqvtdo€qw‚ Jftrsw l srodgdiv, {vr rqd eod kdlpuvfrfdqd lk dtidod Hdo€|vdvvunrm nwo€vwt qd Vifitqm Odfndk l hdoii f Ldndfndk€i l Mtdq rnror uitihlq VIII f. hr q. . Glhlpr, f hdqqrp uow{di (ndn l srkji, f tdervdy r Zdkdqow) rqd uoihrfdod vtdhlzll, fruyrhc}im n E. E. Miuuiqw, nrvrtm f ufrim tdervi 1953 g. kdpi{do, {vr f Ldndfndk€i qiv qlndnly dqdorglm whlodp u nro€{dvpl rnrq{dqlcpl, reqdtwjiqqp qd Vifitqrp Odfndki, l srodgdo, {vr hoc qly «uw}iuvfiqqi ufckl wuvdqdfolfd‚vuc vro€nr u Ldsdhrp, u reoduv€‚ Ldndtsdv€c l Trhwqdf€c» 49. V viy srt, rhqdnr, ndn p flhiol, uvdor lkfiuvqr kqd{lvio€qri nrol{iuvfr qdyrhrn vdnly whlo f Ldndfndk€i, stl{ip rvqruc}lyuc n eroii tdqqipw ftipiql, {ip srhreqi qdyrhnl l qd Vifitqrp Odfndki, l f Ttlhwqdf€i, vdn {vr frkqlndiv qireyrhlpruv€ sitiuprvtiv€ ffrh E. E. Miuuiqd. Gitrcvqr, lpiqqr stihsrorjiqli r kdlpuvfrfdqll rhqrnro€{dvy whlo lk [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrs srewhlor M. R. Qihfihunw‚ f hdo€qim|ip srsvdv€uc sitihdvltrfdv€ Zdkdqow IV, ghi vdnli whlod (etrqkrfi l jioikqi) u rvhio€qr lkgrvrfoiqqpl vtiyht{dvpl sudolcpl qdmhiq f hruvdvr{qr ero€|rp nrol{iuvfi. Ifwuruvdfqi etrqkrfi whlod u nro€{dvpl nrqzdpl (pwqh|vwnl godhnli lol usoiviqqi lk stwv€if) srcfoc‚vuc f [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrsi, uwhc sr fuipw, f nrqzi sitlrhd Ha B2 (flhlpr, fvrtdc srorflqd IX f. hr q. .) 50. Grkprjqr, vrv vls uxrtpltrfdouc qd ruqrfi tdustruvtdqiqqy khiu€ i}i f nrqzi etrqkrfrgr find rhqr{duvqy whlo u nro€zifpl rnrq{dqlcpl 51. Ricuqr, qd ndnli hdqqi rsltdivuc M. R. Qihfihundc, wvfitjhdc, {vr vdnli whlod «|ltrnr lusro€krfdolu€ f vi{iqli fuigr sitlrhd Ha B» 52: lk w{viqqy f ufrhni Fonwlood 13 nkipsoctrf vrgr vlsd ol|€ rhlq (u D-retdkqpl rnrq{dqlcpl) hdvltwivuc lp sitlrhrp Ha B 2/3 (nodh lk Zduodw-Uigio€uetwqqd), ruvdo€qi ji rvqrucvuc n Ha B3 lol Ha B3 / Ha C1 53 ]vl grtlkrqv Hdo€|vdvvunrm nwo€vwt ulqytrqlkltw‚vuc wji u sitlrhrp eiktdkhio€qrgr grusrhuvfd f Vifitqrp Ttl{itqrprt€i l f Ttihndfndk€i wkh noduul{iunrgr qrfr{itnduunrgr vlsd, vrghd ndn rhqrnro€{dvi whlod qd Vifitqrp Odfndki fuvti{d‚vuc fpiuvi ur uvtipi{nrflhqpl l hfwnro€{dvpl f vi{iqli stih|iuvfw‚}igr sitlrhd. ]vrv sitlrh (sitfdc ytrqrorgl{iundc gtwssd sr ]tolyw) iuv€ uit€ikqi ruqrfdqlc ulqytrqlkltrfdv€ sr ntdmqim piti {duvl{qr u sitlrhrp Ha B1 (up. f|i). Mvdn, stihsrorjiqli r kdlpuvfrfdqll rhqrnro€{dvy whlo f Mtdq {itik Vifitqm Odfndk lk [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrs qifrkprjqr wji srvrpw, {vr qd Vifitqrp Odfndki rql sr rvqrulvio€qrm ytrqrorgll sdpcvqlnrf vly tiglrqrf hdvltw‚vuc qiunro€nr tdq€|i, {ip f [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrsi. G nrqzi sitlrhd Ha B f [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrsi srcfoc‚vuc l jioikqi whlod vrgr ji vlsd, nrvrti tdustruvtdqc‚vuc f vi{iqli sitlrhd Ha C. Titiyrh rv sitlrhd Ha B3 n sitlrhw Ha C re{qr hdvltwivuc rnror uitihlq – vtiv€im {ivfitvl VIII f. hr q. . (up. f|i). G kdndfndkunrltdqunrp tiglrqi dqdorgl{qm vls whlo tdkflfdouc, flhlpr, qikdflulpr — etrqkrfi nkipsoct lkfiuvq stlpitqr u XII f. hr q. . (srgtieiqli 79 Etvlnunrgr qintrsroc), jioikqi — u nrqzd IX f. hr q. . (Zdkdqow IV). Gr fucnrp uow{di, wji sr ytrqrorgl{iunlp urretdjiqlcp qi prjiv ev€ l ti{l r kdlpuvfrfdqll rhqrnro€{dvy whlo lk [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrs f Ldndfndk€i l Mtdq. Ioc streoip tdustruvtdqiqlc hfwuruvdfqy nro€{dvy whlo rureri kqd{iqli lpiiv nrpsoinu srgtieiqlc XXVII dxlqunrm dgrt, ghi reqdtwjiqr hfd nkipsoctd jioikqy nro€{dvy whlo u flvpl uvitjqcpl. Eqdolk pdvitldod vrgr srgtieiqlc, stijhi fuigr nitdplnl, srndkfdiv, {vr rqr rvqrulvuc n sryi sitiyrhd rv strvrgirpivtl{iunrgr n tdqqigirpivtl{iunrpw sitlrhw 54, v. i., sr re}istlqcvp hdvdp, f stihiody sitfrm {ivfitvl IX f. hr q. . G whlody lk Exlq stihodgdoru€ flhiv€ kdlpuvfrfdqli lk reoduvl tdustruvtdqiqlc Hdo€|vdvvunrm nwo€vwt 55. Shqdnr khiu€ frkqlndiv ytrqrorgl{iundc streoipd — iuol uoihrfdv€ re}istlqcvrm ytrqrorgll ndn Hdo€|vdvvunrm nwo€vwt, vdn l girpivtl{iunrgr sitlrhd, vr rndjivuc, {vr whlod lk Exlq sr piq€|im piti qd fin, d vr l ero€|i, 49 Miuuiq 1953, 74. 50 Balkwill 1973, 433– 437, 443– 447; Hüttel 1981, 179 –180. 51 Balkwill 1973, 427 – 431; Hüttel 1981, 180 –181. 53 Balkwill 1973, 433– 437. 54 Blegen 1952, 279 –294. 52 Medvedkaya 1991, 149, n. 3. Medvedskaya, 1991, 151. 55 Foltiny 1961, 283–285, 295 –296; Qihfihundc 1983, 66 – 67; 277 uvdt|i udpy tdqqly srhreqy jioikqy whlo lk [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrs (ndn, fstr{ip, l lk Zdkdqow) l ulqytrqq etrqkrfp retdkzdp lk vrgr tiglrqd, lol hdji uvdt|i ly. Lqd{lvio€qri rprorjiqli srgtieiqlc XXVII dxlqunrm dgrt, d kqd{lv l qd{dod girpivtl{iunrgr sitlrhd, ftch ol frkprjqr 56. Trvrpw uoihwiv lol stihsrorjlv€ qikdflulpri l eroii tdqqii tdkflvli vrgr vlsd jioikqrm wkh f Htizll, lol whtifqlv€ qd{dor sitlrhd Ha C f [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrsi. Suqrfdqlm hoc whtifqiqlc qd{dod sitlrhd Ha C eroii, {ip qd fin, r{iflhqr, qi lpiivuc. Ttl vrp uoihwiv kdpivlv€, {vr uyrhuvfr pijhw whlodpl lk Exlq l gdo€|vdvvunlpl qi vdn wj r{iflhqr, l tch dfvrtrf srodgdiv, {vr p lpiip khiu€ hior u tdkflvlip plniqunrm vtdhlzll, d qi u kdlpuvfrfdqlip lk [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrs 57. Ttlpiqiqli vdnly whlo f Htizll f girpivtl{iunw‚ sryw uflhivio€uvfwivuc vdnji qdyrhnrm dqdorgl{qrgr jioikqrgr nkipsoctd f Ododsrhl, f uori vrgr ftipiql 58. G o‚erp uow{di ti|iqli streoip strluyrjhiqlc whlo lk Exlq ftch ol prjiv srfolcv€ qd uhiodqqm qdpl ffrh r udpruvrcvio€qrp tdkflvll hfw{duvqy rhqrnro€{dvy whlo u rvhio€qpl sudolcpl f [iqvtdo€qrm Jftrsi l f kdndfndkunr-ltdqunrp tiglrqi. Suvdo€qi dtgwpiqv, stlfihiqqi M. R. Qihfihunrm f sro€kw sitihdvltrfnl {ivfitvrgr uorc Zdkdqow, wji tduuprvtiq. Shqdnr l sruoihqlm dtgwpiqv, ufckdqqm u tdkflvlip rhqrnro€{dvy whlo, vdnji rvsdhdiv. Itwgri ji urretdjiqli M. R. Qihfihunrm — r vrp, {vr qdyrhnd ero€|rgr nrol{iuvfd jioikqrm wkh l frre}i jioikqy stihpivrf qifrkprjqd qd sdpcvqlni IX f. hr q. . — l frfui vtwhqr stlqcv€ fr fqlpdqli. Sqd luyrhlv khiu€ lk re}ly urretdjiqlm r ftipiql tdustruvtdqiqlc jioikd, d qi lk nrqntivqrgr pdvitldod, nrvrtm f himuvflvio€qruvl vro€nr l prjiv hdvltrfdv€ sitiyrh n |ltrnrpw rufriql‚ jioikd. O vrpw ji hdji vl re}li stihuvdfoiqlc qi f ii sro€kw: E. E. Qdtvltrucq, qdstlpit, rvqrulv «sitlrh |ltrnrgr rufriqlc jioikd» f Etpiqll n hrwtdtvunrpw ftipiql, v. i. n IX f. hr q. . 59 Lqd{lvio€qri nrol{iuvfr jioikqy lkhiolm f Qlqgi{dwtunly nwtgdqdy IX f. hr q. . wji qi tdk rvpi{doru€. Qrjqr hredflv€ l vr, {vr f wji wsrplqdf|ipuc kdyrtrqiqll XXVII dxlqunrm dgrt, nrvrtri stl o‚ey hdvltrfndy rvqrulvuc n IX f. hr q. ., ntrpi jioikqy whlo, reqdtwjiq l htwgli jioikqi stihpiv, f vrp {luoi pi{ l vrsrt. Otrpi vrgr, qi uoihwiv kdefdv€, {vr ero€|dc {duv€ reqdtwjiqqy qd Zdkdqow IV nrqunly wertrf strluyrhlv lk uorc igr tdktw|iqlc, d srvrpw hrojqd hdvltrfdv€uc qi IX f. hr q. ., d udpp nrqzrp IX f. — ftipiqip, nrghd hruvdvr{qr |ltrnri tdustruvtdqiqli jioikd ftch ol prjiv fkfdv€ urpqiqlc. Voihwiv w{lvfdv€ i}i, {vr lpiqqr tdmrq Zdkdqow, ndn vr cfuvfwiv lk slu€pd Vdtgrqd II n E||wtw u rsludqlip ndpsdqll 714 g. hr q. ., eo ruqrfqp nrqifrh{iunlp tdmrqrp fuigr tiglrqd. Riwhlflvio€qr srvrpw, {vr tdkol{qi ufckdqqi u nrqifrhuvfrp qrf|iuvfd hrojq eol srcfocv€uc khiu€ tdq€|i, {ip, qdstlpit, f Euultll l Xtdtvw. Shqlp lk vdnly qrf|iuvf l eor lusro€krfdqli jioikqy whlo ({duvr f ur{ivdqll u etrqkrfpl lol trgrfpl sudolcpl): etrqkd rnluocivuc hruvdvr{qr euvtr l lusro€krfdqli etrqkrfy whlo, f rvol{li rv jioikqy, {tifdvr rsduqruv€‚ rvtdflv€ nrqc strhwnvdpl rnluoiqlc. Wdnlp retdkrp, fhflqwvi M. R. Qihfihunrm dtgwpiqv sitihdvltrfnl Zdkdqow IV qi fhitjlfd‚v ntlvlnl. Ztrqrorgl{iundc uluvipd dfvrtrf tdunrsrn Zdkdqow, nrvrtdc rsltdivuc qd urfrnwsqruv€ dtyirorgl{iunly hdvltrfrn l hdvltrfrn, srow{iqqy u srpr}€‚ tdhlrwgoitrhqrgr pivrhd, ruvdivuc qisrnroieoiqqrm. My luvrtl{iundc lqvitstivdzlc vdnji ruvdivuc f uloi — Zdkdqow IV, unrtii fuigr, himuvflvio€qr, eor tdktw|iqr wtdtvdpl. Wr{qdc hdvd vrgr tdktw|iqlc qdp, nrqi{qr, qilkfiuvqd — rqr qireckdvio€qr urfsdor u uruvdfoiqlip qdhslul lk Ododvgdyd, rhqdnr ftch ol eor rvhioiqr rv qigr kqd{lvio€qp strpijwvnrp ftipiql. Trvrpw stihuvdfocivuc, {vr tdktw|iqli sruioiqlc Zdkdqow IV prjiv wfitiqqr hdvltrfdv€uc udpp nrqzrp IX f. hr q. . l reqdtwjiqqi f vrp uori qdyrhnl prgwv sr-stijqipw rvqrulv€uc n IX f. hr q. . Rdert wkh, strluyrhc}lm lk {ivfitvrgr uorc Zdkdqow eo, uoihrfdvio€qr, ydtdnvitiq hoc Qdqq tweijd IX–VIII ff. hr q. . 56 V. Yrovlql (Foltiny 1961, 296) hoc vrgr, {vre kdsroqlv€ vw ytrqrorgl{iunw‚ odnwqw, stihodgdiv hdvltrfdv€ dxlqunri srgtieiqli fvrtrm srorflqrm IX f. hr q. . 57 Müller-Karpe 1962, 66 – 67, Abb. 28, 7; Donder 1980, 65. 278 58 Donder 1980, 65 – 66, Taf. 12, 112 A. 59 Qdtvltrucq 1964, 193–231. Se lusro€krfdqll jioikd qd Zdkdqow up. usizldo€qr Pigott 1989, 67 –79. Svhio€qrm streoiprm cfocivuc qdyrhnd tchrp u Zdkdqow srgtieiqlc, f nrvrtrp eor srpi}iqr {ivti nrqc. Trgtieiqli eor tduntvr f 1947 g., rhqdnr vdn l qi rsweolnrfdqr sroqruv€‚. U. Hlt|pdq rsweolnrfdo igr sodq l qinrvrtw‚ ndud‚}w‚uc srgtieiqlc lqxrtpdzl‚ 60, hdvltrfdo igr qi srkji uitihlq VIII f. hr q. . l ufckdo u strqlnqrfiqlip unlxrf qd vw vittlvrtl‚. Mpi‚}lyuc hdqqy, rhqdnr, urfit|iqqr qihruvdvr{qr ql hoc hdvltrfnl srgtieiqlc, ql hoc vdnrm igr lqvitstivdzll. Vtihl lqfiqvdtc srgtieiqlc, hr uly srt qirsweolnrfdqqrgr, rq wsrplqdiv etrqkrfi whlod «u hfwy{duvqpl sitintw{iqqpl pwqh|vwndpl, lpi‚}lpl f piuvi stlntisoiqlc sudolm l srfrhd sorunli nro€zd f xrtpi uvtipcq», f nd{iuvfi dqdorgll nrvrtp stlfrhlv whlod lk Oioitpiuunly nwtgdqrf. Otrpi vrgr, wsrplqd‚vuc ndedq€l nonl, uowjlf|li f nd{iuvfi nrqunly wntd|iqlm (flhlpr, ti{€ lhiv r strqlkcy lkfiuvqrgr ndn f Vnlxll, vdn l htwgly piuvdy, f {duvqruvl srfuipiuvqr qd Gruvrni f dyipiqlhunw‚ sryw, vlsd), etrqkrfdc eocyd u lkretdjiqlip grorf roiqc, vronwipdc ndn sinvrtdo€, qdnrqi{qlnl uvtio odftroluvqrm xrtp (lpiqqr vd qdyrhnd, sr uorfdp U. Hlt|pdqd, srkfrociv hdvltrfdv€ srgtieiqli qi srkji uitihlq VIII f. hr q. .). Juol f srgtieiqll himuvflvio€qr urhitjdolu€ uvtipi{nrflhqi etrqkrfi whlod nioitpiuunrgr vlsd, vr igr himuvflvio€qr prjqr eor e rvqiuvl n tdqqiunlxunrm nwo€vwti. G nrttinvqruvl rsludqlc l ursruvdfoiqlc u nioitpiuunlpl whlodpl, rhqdnr, prjqr wurpqlv€uc — f {duvqruvl srvrpw, {vr ihlquvfiqqi whlod, strloo‚uvtltrfdqqi f kdpivni ltdqunly dtyirorgrf, qi urrvfivuvfw‚v vrpw rsludql‚ 61. Gstr{ip, qicuqr, strluyrhcv ol whlod, tluwqrn nrvrty stlfrhlvuc, lk srgtieiqlc lol qiv. Risrqcvqr, ndnrm nrqntivqr vls uvtio lpiiv f flhw U. Hlt|pdq, grfrtc r «odftroluvqy» qdnrqi{qlndy — iuol ti{€ lhiv r hfwyorsduvqy uvtiody «nioitpiuunrgr» vlsd, vr rql prgol e srkfrolv€ vr{qii hdvltrfdv€ srgtieiqli fqwvtl tdqqiunlxunrm nwo€vwt l stl{luolv€ igr n nioitpiuunrpw vdsw. Shqdnr qiv qlndnrm wfitiqqruvl, {vr U. Hlt|pdq lpio f flhw lpiqqr vrv vls qdnrqi{qlnrf, l strvlf vdnrgr stihsrorjiqlc grfrtlv vrv xdnv, {vr rq hdvltwiv ly «qi srkji uitihlq VIII f. hr q. .», rvqruc rhqrftipiqqr Oioitpiuunli nwtgdq n sitfrm {ivfitvl VI f. hr q. . Wrv xdnv, {vr srgtieiqqm f hdqqrp kdyrtrqiqll qdyrhlvuc f unrt{iqqrp srorjiqll qi stiscvuvfwiv igr frkprjqrpw rvqiuiql‚ n tdqqiunlxunrm nwo€vwti — f srgtieiqlcy vrgr sitlrhd fuvti{d‚vuc qi vro€nr fvcqwvi, qr l unrt{iqqi nruvcnl, rureiqqr qd Vifitqrp Odfndki 62. Udkwpiivuc, xdnv qdol{lc f srgtieiqll nrqunly kdyrtrqiqlm udp sr uiei qlndn qi prjiv uowjlv€ dtgwpiqvrp f sro€kw igr unlxunrm lol nlppitlmunrm stlqdhoijqruvl. Orqunli srgtieiqlc lkfiuvq fr fvrtrm srorflqi II l f qd{doi I vu. hr q. . ndn f Mtdqi l Ldndfndk€i, vdn l, qdstlpit, f Eqdvroll 63. G udprp stihsrorjiqll r vrp, {vr f tdmrqi Zdkdqow qdmhiqr srgtieiqli qrulvioc tdqqiunlxunrm nwo€vwt, qiv ql{igr qifitrcvqrgr. Ttluwvuvfli nlppitlmzif khiu€ kdxlnultrfdqr slu€piqqpl vinuvdpl u 714 g. hr q. ., d unlxrf — u 670-y gg. hr q. . 64 Otrpi vrgr, qd udprp Zdkdqow, f uori III B, nrvrtm hdvltwivuc, r{iflhqr, sitfrm srorflqrm VII f. hr q. . 65, reqdtwjiq vlsl{qi hoc tdqqiunlxunrm nwo€vwt nioitpiuunrgr vdsd nruvcqi sudoll u grorfnrm gtlxredtdqd (up. f|i) (. 27, 1, 2) 66, {vr cfocivuc pdvitldo€qp uflhivio€uvfrp stluwvuvflc f tiglrqi qrulvioim tdqqiunlxunrm nwo€vwt nioitpiuunrgr vdsd l nrqvdnvrf u qlpl pdq- 60 Ghirshman 1964a, 24 –29, 99, Abb. 131. Otdvndc lqxrtpdzlc: Rad, Hakemi 1950 (qd situlhunrp ckni, non vidi), ii sitifrh stlfihiq: Dyson 1965, 208 –209. 61 Dyson 1965, 209. 62 Qwtklq 1984, 53–54; Qdyrtvy 1991, 38 – 39. 63 Vfrhnw pdvitldod hoc Mtdqd l Ldndfndk€c up. Trgtierfd 1977, 114 –137. Vt. Young 1968, 160 (sroqm nruvcn or|dhl f 90 – 97. 65 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 20 –21. 66 G sweolndzll rhqrgr lk vly sudolm urhitjdoru€ igr r|ler{qri rvqiuiqli n uor‚ Zdkdqow IV: Dyson 1964, 372, fig. 3, kdvip: Dyson 1965, 211; Young 1967, 33 (r{iflhqr, lpiqqr vd qdyrhnd lpiivuc f flhw, nrghd ti{€ lhiv r «one or two specifically Scythian elements in Hasanlu IV»); Moorey 1971, 109; srgtieiqll vtiv€im {ivfitvl II vu. hr q. .); Muscarella 1974, Moorey 1971a, 121 (urrvfivuvfiqqr, srhreqi sudoll u grorf- 78 –79. Vt. rstihioiqqi hdqqi slu€piqqy luvr{qlnrf ndpl gtlxredtdqrf hdvltw‚vuc IX f. hr q. .). S|lend lustd- r qdol{ll tdkflvrgr nrqifrhuvfd l fudhql{iuvfd f Mtdqi l foiqd: Muscarella 1974, 79, n. 16, rhqdnr lqrghd srfvrtcodu€ l Ldndfndk€i f IX–VIII ff. hr q. .: Htdqvrfunlm 1970, 276 –279; f eroii srkhqly tdervdy, up., qdstlpit Yamauchi 1982, 71; Trgtierfd 1977, 137 –140. 64 Ivantchik 1993, 47 –51, 85 – 94; Mfdq{ln 1996, 50 –55, Yamauchi 1983, 92. 279 qimunrgr qduioiqlc Zdkdqow, d vdnji l i}i rhqlp uflhivio€uvfrp hdvltrfnl nioitpiuunrgr vdsd tdqqiunlxunrm nwo€vwt sitfrm srorflqrm VII f. hr q. . Gstr{ip, srunro€nw srgtieiqli lk Zdkdqow qi rsweolnrfdqr, fui tduuwjhiqlc r qip ruvd‚vuc uwgwer gdhdvio€qpl l rqr qi prjiv ev€ hdvltrfdqr lol rvqiuiqr n rstihioiqqrm nwo€vwti 67. Vrrvfivuvfiqqr, vr srgtieiqli qi prjiv uowjlv€ ruqrfrm l ndnly e vr ql eor ffrhrf. 67 Vp. re vrp srgtieiqll i}i: Muscarella 1975, 211–212 (qi qlpdiv hdvltrfnw U. Hlt|pdqd ftipiqip qi srkji uitihlq hdvltwivuc lk-kd soryrm sweolndzll); Muscarella 1988, 219 – VIII f. hr q. ., qr ufckfdiv igr qi ur unlxdpl, d u gtwssrm 220 (qi tdq€|i qd{dod VII f. hr q. ., sr qdyrhni f srgtieiqll qduioiqlc (ltdqz ?), strqln|im f Mtdq lk Rljqigr ndedq€ly nonrf, uowjlf|ly {duv€‚ wkh, khiu€ ji ustdfih- Trfroj€c {itik Odfndk f nrqzi II – qd{doi I vu. hr q. . l olfr rvpi{divuc qireruqrfdqqruv€ wvfitjhiqlm r stluwvuv- ruvdflf|im vdnji Qlqgi{dwtunli l Oltrfdedhunli nwtgdq), fll unlxrf f Mtdqi i}i f IX f. hr q. .); Moorey 1982, 97 ut. Trgtierfd 1984, 46; Owtr{nlq 1982, 43– 47 (qivr{qri (tduupdvtlfdiv hdqqri srgtieiqli, qdtchw ur unlxunlpl oi- lkorjiqli vr{nl ktiqlc U. Hlt|pdqd — ipw stlslufdivuc piqvdpl «nodhd lk Llfli», «unlxunlpl» hivdocpl wkh lk hdvltrfnd srgtieiqlc 750 – 600 gg. hr q. ., stl{ip whlod, Zdkdqow III l qinrvrtpl htwglpl hdqqpl ndn uflhivio€uv- nrvrti vrv utdfqlfdo u nioitpiuunlpl, stiftd}d‚vuc f fr unlxunrgr stluwvuvflc f ltdqunrp Owthluvdqi fr fvrtrm «strvrnioitpiuunli»; dfvrt stlurihlqcivuc n vrm «suifhr- srorflqi VII f. hr q. .); Trgtierfd 1977, 81, 134 –135 (stl- glt|pdqrfunrm» hdvltrfni, l u{lvdiv srgtieiqli unlxunlp).   9WMKWMH Q[WL, UWOVW SWVZ[I[QYWKI[e, `[W QZ[WYQ`NZSQN SQUUNYQR_d (Gimirrāia, Κιμμέριοι) JdTQ VWZQ[NTHUQ [WR IY^NWTWLQ`NZSWR S\Te[\Yd, SW[WYIH QUNV\N[ZH YIVVNZSQ]ZSWR. 9NYNMVNIPQI[ZSQN ZSQ]d (Iškuzāia ), W`NKQMVW, XYQVIMTNOITQ [WR ON IY^NWTWLQ`NZSWR S\Te[\YN. 5\Te[\YI SQUUNYQR_NK 70 – 40-^ LWMWK VII K. 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D4D, '4DA: 39. 46:7,1.=645 8:/47G946 40. ?-,9=645 8:/47G946 41. #7+; 42. #,DA4>? 43. 171<81= 44. ,56:; 45. $,<= 46. !>,.<:;:7G 47. 716=11.=645 48. <,=9:1 39,8+ 49. 491<,7G9F1 .:0F 50. +>4/:<=6, 1<6,7G, 1D>,? 51. 4=7:.:0=6, ,-,9-/:<,, !?7>,9/:<,, 90?=><4+, 749-+< 52. 1<8:9>:.=645 <,3E130 53. ,8199:8:=>=6:1 54. ?901719 284 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. ,<>,9 ?8-?7>,, 1<A9++ ?>A, ,74,>, $,=6,? :-,9 '84 ?01<81=, !>1;9:5 "74 ?6 ?7,9?<A., 9?A., <,=9F5 8,+6 )D1<4 <48:<=6:1 ?0,?>, !?<8?D4 ,57,D4 =,94 &4>174-/:<1-4 ,=,0/:8,<4 17,,94 1<467011-4 (,<174) ,<,7F9 1<1=4 .18:-!,=4<1>4 BA1>,, !,8>,.<:, ,-,/<1-4 "<174 ("-474=4) 1D>,D194, &49B6,<:, ",6474=, 81. !,0,A7: 82. :<4--1<0 83. 4<:.,6,9, 48,B, ,6,<D19 84. ,C,/,9 85. 1AC4=-&4A1 86. 1949,6,9 87. ,<94-1A 88. <>46 89. (,84<,8 90. </4D>4A49474 (<8,.4<) 91. )7,< 92. <1.,9, )<1-?94 (<49-1<0), :<-<1D, "15D1-,494 (,<84<-7?<) 93. :<-,+31> (,8:) 94. 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"?D;,, ,9 ',.?D>1;1 39,.?<>1;1 43/496,71 ,+7401<1 ?D ?<8,/1C4>, "?902174 7>F9>1;1 :<D?9>1;1 ,7,>G+, 8,8:/7? %?H6 #941 84<71< 8,=G+ ,D,> %?H6 74D,< :/,36*5 ,8,9-,71 %?H6 :<04:9 :<:0 40,=, (Cité de Midas) 384> !,<0F !84<9, 7,3:819F )@1= 174+ !,8:= (1<,5:9) 471> ",<= 49024<74 ,= (,8<, !,7,849, )96:84 8,>:9> ,71-,@:= 1/400: !,8,<4+ 1<?=,748, ,A4D ,<A184D, 1.1 %?H6 "47G ,<=4; <=7,9->,D "17G-%,7,@ ,<4 DD?< 48<?0 (,7GA?) 491.4+ (?H90246) ?<-(,<<?649 (%:<=,-,0) ?34 %,3,97? ,7,>/,A, 49A,->1;1 /<,-->1;1 4.41, ,;7,9>? ,<-,-?0 '1D81A-,A4 :049->1;1 ?D-4 2,9 ,-,-2,9 "1;1 4+9 ,<746 35 36 15 16 18 4 5 7 3 6 9 8 11 17 19 20 13 12 10 22 34 33 21 14 24 28 23 29 30 31 32 25 26 27 37 40 41 39 46 42 43 45 38 44 47 48 49 50 51 54 1 2 68 55 52 53 56 63 64 65 67 66 58 69 57 61 62 70 60 59 72 71 75 73 74 76 77 80 81 95 87 82 84 83 96 98 97 85 86 94 99 100 88 91 103 101 89 93 106 90 102 92 104 105 112 78 79 121 129 120 122 126 123 125 117 124 127 116 113 128 131 132 133 134 135 114 118 138 137 107 110 111 119 136 108 109 115 130 148 149 154 156 166 146 153 152 151 147 139 140 142141 157 158 159 155 163 162 150 160 161 164 165 143 144 145 285 ! "# " ! 2. , $ , !%  33. 4<9:6711.=645 34. <,=9,+ 01<1.9+ 60. ?01<81=, !>1;9:5 107. ,=>,8 156. %,3,97? 157. ,7,>/,A, 49A,->1;1 158. /<,-->1;1 159. 4.41, ,;7,9>? 160. ,<-,-?0 161. '1D81A-,A4 162. :049->1;1 286 163. 164. 165. 166. 167. 168. 169. 170. 171. 172. 173. ?D-4 2,9 ,-,-2,9 "1;1 4+9 ,<746 ':/, ,8-47 !4,76 )8,8 4 ":8,02,9 1<=1;:7G "?<19/ "1;1 !,6,<-C,/, ",/4=619 174. 175. 176. 177. 178. 179. 180. 181. 182. 183. 184. #5/,<,6 :.,+ 17:/:<6, !?7,6, <19-?</ ?8,<:.: !49>,D>, ,7G.1<349 421 ,D,0,< ,3F<F6 49?=49=6 <2,9 175 33 34 176 177 178 183 60 181 174 107 173 172 158 156 159 157 166 162 180 163 169 161 171 160 165 164 179 167 168 170 182 184 287  # :aeq`dge P., ;`ur`dge J., >b`kh L., >f`o`phdge H. 1958: D hqrnphh ledmn-apnmgnbni ler`kkspchh b =psghh (Lahkhqh). :ap`lhxbhkh J. F. 1961: D bnopnqs na nqbnemhh fekeg` m` repphrnphh <nqrnwmni =psghh. — <=F= 22-;. :jhxeb D. :., :jhxeb` :. D. 1978: Ipnakel{ upnmnknchh p`mmecn }r`o` q`jqjni jsk|rsp{. — <: :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh D`g`uqr`m` (:kl`-:r`). :kejqeeb :. T. 1992: Kjhtqj`_ upnmhj`. Kjht{ b VII–V bb. dn m. }.: hqrnphjn-`puenknchweqjhi nwepj (K`mjr-Ierepaspc). :kejqeeb :. T., D`w`knb` G. D., Lnur`q|eb K. J. 1993: Dhllephiv{: }rmnjsk|rspm`_ ophm`dkefmnqr| (K`mjrIerepaspc). :mthlnb G. <. 1961: Ipnrnlenrqjhi lnchk|mhj q. Ghjnk`ebqjncn. — <: Kanpmhj l`reph`knb on `puenknchh :d{ceh. II (F`ijno). :mthlnb G. <. 1971: Kknfemhe lenrqjni jsk|rsp{ h qb_gh ee qn qreom{lh jsk|rsp`lh Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_. — <: Ipnakel{ qjhtqjni `puenknchh = FB: 177 (Fnqjb`). :mthlnb G. <. 1975: Gnb{e o`l_rmhjh dpebmelenrqjni jsk|rsp{ (lnchk|mhj usr. Dsa`mqjncn). — <: Kjhtqjhi lhp (Dheb). :o`jhdge :., Ghjnk`hxbhkh <., Fekhr`sph D., Khu`pskhdge :., K`dp`dge <., h dp. 1982: Fvuerqj`_ `puenknchweqj`_ }jqoedhvh_ 1979 cnd`. — <: Fvuer`. Jegsk|r`r{ `puenknchweqjhu hqqkednb`mhi. L. VI (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl _g{je. :pex_m =. ?. 1983: J`qjnojh ank|xhu R`lhp`lqjhu jspc`mnb. — <: :H 1981 (Fnqjb`). :qk`mnb =. F., <`hdnb J. F., Bnme =. B. 1959: >pebmhi Fhmcew`sp (;`js). :t`m`q|eb =. ?., Dngemjnb` <. B. 1981: H mehgbeqrm{u oncpea`k|m{u jnlokejq`u opedqjhtqjncn oephnd` hg njpeqrmnqrei Dhqknbndqj`. — K:, № 2. ;`pjnb` E. E. 1983: Bgnap`femh_ qbepmsbxhuq_ uhymhjnb m` gnknr{u ok`qrhm`u hg F`i}lhp`. — :K=S 24. ;`rw`eb <. F. 1985: >pebmnqrh opedqjhtqjncn h qjhtqjncn oephndnb. — <: :puenknchweqjhe hqqkednb`mh_ m` mnbnqrpnij`u D`a`pdhmn-;`kj`phh b 1972 – 1979 cc. II (G`k|whj). ;ekhmqjhi :. <. 1990: D bnopnqs n bpelemh on_bkemh_ xkelnb `qqhphiqjncn rho` m` D`bj`ge. — K:, № 4. ;hdghk_ <. B., Ujnbemjn S. <. 1974: Dhllephiqjhe oncpeaemh_ <{qnjni lnchk{. — K:, № 1. ;naphmqjni :. :. 1902: Hrwer n p`qjnoj`u b Qepj`qqjnl h Qhchphmqjnl segde Dhebqjni cspaepmhh b 1901 cnds. —B:D 4. ;njhi G. F., =npask =. I., Hrpnyemjn <. <. 1991: Dhllephiqjhe g`unpnmemh_ m` Dhpnbncp`dyhme. — K:, № 1. ;njhi G. F., Hk|unbqjhi <. K. 1994: J`mmeqjhtqjhi jspc`m m` dmeopnbqjnl Ip`bnaepef|e. — J:, № 2. <`k|w`j K. ;. 1994: D bnopnqs n d`rhpnbje jnlokejq` hg Qepmncnpnbqjncn jspc`m`. — J:, № 2. <`k|w`j K. ;. 1997: Ipedqjhtqj`_ sgd` <nqrnwmni ?bpno{: sgdewm{e jnlokejr{ q rpeuoerek|w`r{lh oq`kh_lh (jk`qqhthj`vh_ h upnmnknch_). — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh (Fnqjb`). <`k|w`j K. ;. 1997`: Ipedqjhtqjhe jnkeqmhv{ h «mnbnwepj`qqjhe jk`d{» (mejnrnp{e dnonkmemh_ j opnakele). — <: I`l_rmhjh opedqjhtqjncn h qjhtqjncn bpelemh m` ~ce <nqrnwmni ?bpno{ = F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh Jnqqhh 1 (Fnqjb`). <`k|w`j K. ;., F`lnmrnb <. B., K`gnmnb :. :. 1996: J`mmhe o`l_rmhjh wepmncnpnbqjncn }r`o` b <nqrnwmni 288 ?bpnoe: opnhqunfdemhe h upnmnknch_. — <: Bqrnphjn-`puenknchweqjhi `k|l`m`u 2 (:pl`bhp, Fnqjb`). <`k|w`j K. ;., Spkhu <. J. 1993: ?ye p`g n jnlokejq`u rho` Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. — <: <rnp`_ Dsa`mqj`_ `puenknchweqj`_ jnmtepemvh_. Leghq{ dnjk`dnb (Dp`qmnd`p). <`pemnb :. <. 1992: D opnakele jhr`iqjn-j`bj`gqjhu jnmr`jrnb (m` l`reph`ke apnmgnb{u xkelnb). — <: Kebepm`_ ?bp`gh_ nr dpebmnqrh dn qpedmebejnb|_. Leghq{ jnmtepemvhh j 90-kerh~ qn dm_ pnfdemh_ F. I. =p_gmnb` (K`mjrIerepaspc). <hmncp`dnb <. ;. 1972: Pemrp`k|m{i h Kebepn-<nqrnwm{i D`bj`g b qjhtqjne bpel_ (VII–IV bb. dn m. }.) (Fnqjb`). <hmncp`dnb <. ;., >sd`peb K. E., Jsmhw :. I. 1980: Dhllephiqjn-j`bj`gqjhe qb_gh. — <: Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb). <hmncp`dnb <. ;., Jsmhw :. I., Fhu`iknb G. G. 1976: Gnbne n jna`mqjni jsk|rspe Pemrp`k|mncn Ipedj`bj`g|_. — <: :puenkncn-}rmncp`thweqjhi qanpmhj 4 (=pngm{i). <hmqjh A. 1955: «Lp`wjn-jhlephjqjh» m`k`g :d`xebvh s Kphjels. — J`d <njbnY`mqjhu lsgej` 4. <hxmebqj`_ H. :. 1973: Dsk|rsp` q`jqjhu okelem mhgnb|eb K{pd`p|h b VII–V bb. dn m. }. on l`reph`k`l Mic`p`j` = Lpsd{ Onpeglqjni `puenkncn-}rmncp`thweqjni }jqoedhvhh 8 (Fnqjb`). <npnmnb T. G. 1969: :puenknchweqj`_ j`pr` :au`ghh (Ksuslh). <npnmnb T. G. 1980: H upnmnknchweqjhu qb_g_u jhllephiqjn-qjhtqjni h jnkuhdqjni jsk|rsp. — <: Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb). <npnmnb T. G., <ngm~j :. K. 1975: Gnb{e `puenknchweqjhe m`undjh b =sd`srqjnl p`inme :au`gqjni :KKJ. — K:, № 2. <_g|lhrhm` F. B. 1963: J`mmhe o`l_rmhjh qjhtqjncn gbephmncn qrhk_. — K:, № 2. =`k`mhm` E. D. 1983: J`mmeqjhtqjhe sgdewm{e m`anp{. — :K=S 24. =`k`mhm` E. D. 1991: Dnmr`jr{ qjhtnb q akhfmebnqrnwm{l lhpnl (on l`reph`k`l Dekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb). — :K=S 31. =`k`mhm` E. D. 1995: J`mmeqjhtqjhe qrpekjnb{e m`anp{ hg Dekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb. — :K=S 32. =`k`mhm` E. D. 1997: Dekepleqqjhe jspc`m{. «P`pqjhe» oncpeaemh_ p`mmeqjhtqjni }onuh = Kreom{e m`pnd{ ?bp`ghh I (Fnqjb`). =`k`mhm` E. D., :kejqeeb :. T. 1990: Gnb{e l`reph`k{ j hqrnphh A`jsa`m|_ b p`mmeqjhtqjne bpel_. — :K=S 30. =emmhmc <. N. 1977: Fnchk|mhj Khmr`xr` h opnakel` p`mmhu hp`mqjhu okelem. — K:, № 4. =emmhmc <. N., Ad`mnbhw =. ;., =emmhmc <. <. 1992: Khmr`xr` = :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh `phiqjhu okelem Mp`kn-D`g`uqr`mqjhu qreoei 1 (Qek_ahmqj). =npekhj F. <. 1987: J`mmee qjsk|orspmne hgnap`femhe qjhtqjncn bnhm`. — <: Dhllephiv{ h qjht{. Leghq{ dnjk`dnb <qeqn~gmncn qelhm`p`, onqb_yemmncn o`l_rh :. B. Lepemnfjhm`. L. I (Dhpnbncp`d). =npekhj F. <. 1993: Hpsfhe dpebmecn <nqrnj` (Fnqjb`). =npixmii I. :. 1978: ;pnmgnbi bsdhk` g q. Lepelvi. — :puenknci_ 27. =npndvnb <. :. 1928: D bnopnqs n jhllephiqjni jsk|rspe = LK: J:GBHG 3. =p`mrnbqjhi S. :. 1970: J`mm__ hqrnph_ hp`mqjhu okelem Iepedmei :ghh (Fnqjb`). =p`mrnbqjhi S. :. 1994: H upnmnknchh opea{b`mh_ jhllephiveb h qjhtnb b Iepedmei :ghh. — J:, № 3. =phmebhw D. S. 1951: Gnb{e d`mm{e on `puenknchh D`a`pd{. — <: F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` = FB: 23 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d). =p_gmnb F. I. 1980: :pf`m. P`pqjhi jspc`m p`mmeqjhtqjncn bpelemh (Eemhmcp`d). >`md`l`eb F. :. 1977: Gnb{e d`mm{e b`bhknmqjhu dnjslemrnb VI–V bb. dn m. }. n q`j`u. — <>B, № 1. >`mhek_m H. :. 1973: D upnmnknchh mejnrnp{u jspc`mnb :gepa`idf`m`. — <: F`reph`k|m`_ jsk|rsp` :gepa`idf`m` 7. >ebedf_m K. =. 1981: Enph-aepd. I. Jegsk|r`r{ p`qjnonj 1969 – 1973 cc. (?peb`m). >f`o`phdge H. F. 1953: ;pnmgnb{e rnonp{ g`o`dmni =psghh (D bnopnqs n bedsyhu rho`u npsdhi ongdmeapnmgnbni jsk|rsp{). — K: 18. >nl`mqjhi U. <. 1979: Gnb{i jnlokejq Dnkuhdqjni jsk|rsp{ b :au`ghh. — L=S 20. 289 >sanbqj`_ H. J. 1989: >sd`peb K. E. 1991: D hmrepoper`vhh jnlokejqnb rho` Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. — K:, № 1. Bg hqrnphh qb_gei m`qekemh_ D`bj`g` q jhllephiqjn-qjhtqjhl lhpnl (=pngm{i). >sd`peb K. E. 1995: D opnakele bg`hlndeiqrbh_ okelem Kebepmncn D`bj`g` q p`mmhlh jnwebmhj`lh b opedqjhtqjs~ }onus (:pl`bhp). >sd`peb K. E., F`unpr{u K. <. 1981: D rnkjnb`mh~ hjnmncp`thh mejnrnp{u `mrhwm{u hgnap`femhi jhllephiveb. — <: :mrhwm{e cnqsd`pqrb` h b`pb`pqjhi lhp (Hpdfnmhjhdge). >|_jnmnb B. F. 1951: Inqkedmhe cnd{ sp`prqjncn cnqsd`pqrb` on `qqhpn-b`bhknmqjhl hqrnwmhj`l. — <>B, № 2. >|_jnmnb B. F. 1951`: :qqhpn-b`bhknmqjhe hqrnwmhjh on hqrnphh Mp`prs. — <>B, № 2. >|_jnmnb B. F. 1956: Bqrnph_ Fhdhh (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d). >|_jnmnb B. F. 1994: Dhllephiv{ h qjht{ m` >pebmel <nqrnje. — J:, № 1. ?cnpnb G. F. 1955: Fnchk|mhj qjhtqjncn bpelemh akhg c. Fhmep`k|m{e bnd{. — DKB: 58. ?q`_m K. :. 1966: Hpsfhe h bnemmne dekn dpebmei :plemhh (?peb`m). ?q`_m K. :. 1976: >pebm__ jsk|rsp` okelem Kebepn-bnqrnwmni :plemhh (?peb`m). ?q`_m K. :., Incpeanb` F. G. 1985: Kjhtqjhe o`l_rmhjh A`j`bj`g|_ (Fnqjb`). A`dmeopnbqjhi T. :. 1962: >pebmegelkedek|weqj`_ jsk|rsp` Nepc`m{ = FB: 118 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d). Aapseb` :. <. 1952: Bqrnph_ m`qekemh_ Iphj`l|_ b :m`m|hmqjs~ }onus = FB: 30 (Fnqjb`). Aseb <. T. 1993: Bgswemhe f`anrhmqjhu cp`bhpnbnj h opnakel` p`gbhrh_ gbephmncn qrhk_ b ebpnoeiqjni Kjhthh m` psaefe VII–VI bb. dn J. Op. — Ierepaspcqjhi `puenknchweqjhi beqrmhj 6. Bb`mwhj :. B. 1996: Dhllephiv{. >pebmebnqrnwm{e vhbhkhg`vhh h qreom{e jnwebmhjh b VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. (Fnqjb`). Bb`mwhj :. B., b oew`rh: G`j`msme jnknmhg`vhh. Kebepmne Iphwepmnlnp|e h qreom{e jnwebmhjh VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. b `mrhwmni rp`dhvhh (Fnqjb`). Beqqem :. :. 1941: :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh D`a`pdhmn-;`kj`phh. — <: F`reph`k{ on `puenknchh D`a`pdhmn-;`kj`phh = FB: 3 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d). Beqqem :. :. 1953: D bnopnqs n o`l_rmhj`u VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. m` ~ce ?bpnoeiqjni w`qrh KKKJ (Gnbnwepj`qqjhi jk`d 1939 c.). — K: 18. Beqqem :. :. 1954: Gejnrnp{e o`l_rmhjh VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge. — <: <nopnq{ qjhtn-q`pl`rqjni `puenknchh (Fnqjb`). Beqqem :. :. 1965: Bg hqrnphweqjncn opnxkncn Fhk|qjn-D`p`a`uqjni qreoh. — <: Lpsd{ :gepa`idf`mqjni `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh. L. II (1956 – 1960) = FB: 125. Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1968: Kjht{ >meopnbqjncn keqnqreomncn Eebnaepef|_ (Dheb). Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1971: Hap`g jnx`w|ecn uhymhj` b p`mmeqjhtqjnl hqjsqqrbe. — K:, № 2. Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1973: Hrmnqhrek|m`_ upnmnknch_ p`mmeqjhtqjhu jspc`mnb a`qqeim` pejh L_qlhm. — K:, № 3. Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1975: J`mmeqjhtqjhe jspc`m{ a`qqeim` pejh L_qlhm (Dheb). Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1982: Bgnap`femh_ qjhtnb bpelemh oepedme`gh`rqjhu onundnb. — <: >pebmnqrh qreomni Kjhthh (Dheb). Bk|hmqj`_ <. :., Fngnkebqjhi ;. G., Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1980: Dspc`m{ VI b. dn m. }. s qek` F`rsqnb`. — <: Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb). Bk|hmqj`_ <. :., Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1987: Kjhth_ VII–V bb. dn m. }. (Dheb). Bql`chknb J. <. 1988: Incpeaemhe ;nk|xncn =sl`pnbqjncn jspc`m` b Tfmnl Iphsp`k|e h opnakel` opnhqunfdemh_ qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. — :K=S 29. Brhm` F. :., Uaknmqjhi E. L. 1997: K`jh Ghfmei K{pd`p|h (on l`reph`k`l lnchk|mhj` Tfm{i L`chqjem) (Fnqjb`). Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1951: Dspc`m Kr`px` Fnchk` — o`l’_rj` `pu`VwmnV KjitiV. — :puenknci_ 5. Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1961: Kjitq|ji qnjhph. — :puenknci_ 12. Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1961`: Kjitq|j` bsgd` VI qr. dn m. e. (g` l`repi`k`li Inqskk_). — :puenknci_ 13. Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1973: ;pnmgnbi m`jnmewmhjh qrpik r`j gb`mncn f`anrhmq|jncn i mnbnwepj`q|jncn rhoib. — :puenknci_ 12. D`k`md`dge :. G. 1980: K`lr`bpn. :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh dn`mrhwmni }onuh. — <: Fvuer`. 290 Jegsk|r`r{ `puenknchweqjhu hqqkednb`mhi 4 (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl _g{je. D`r`knc 1993: D`r`knc qksw`im{u m`undnj hg `puenknchweqjhu qnap`mhi >nmevjni nak`qrh = :puenknchweqjhi `k|l`m`u 1 (>nmevj). Delemveh L. 1986: Ipedqjhtqj`_ }onu` b bnqrnwmni <emcphh. — <: :puenknch_ <emcphh. Dnmev II r{q. dn m. }. – I r{q. dn m. }. (Fnqjb`). Dhqek| <. :. 1994: Geqjnk|jn g`lew`mhi na nap`ge jnx`w|ecn uhymhj` b p`mmel qjhtqjnl hqjsqqrbe. — <: Skhrm{e jspc`m{ qreoei ?bp`ghh b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjs~ }onus (K`mjr-Ierepaspc). Dknwjn <. B., Fspghm <. T. 1987 H bg`hlndeiqrbhh leqrm{u h ophbmeqemm{u }kelemrnb qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. — <: Kjht{ Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ (Dheb). Dknwjn <. B., Fspghm <. T. 1989: H upnmnknchh dpebmnqrei wepmncnpnbqjn-mnbnwepj`qqjncn rho`. — <: Ipnakel{ `puenknchh Indmeopnb|_ (>meopnoerpnbqj). Dknwjn, <. I., Kjnphi 1993: Dspc`m № 15 aik_ Kreakeb` s Inpnqqi. — :puenknci_, № 2. Dnb`keb` B. N., <nkjnani K. K., Dnqremjn <. B., R`knasdnb <. G. 1978: :puenknchweqjhe hqqkednb`mh_ b gnme qrpnhrek|qrb` npnqhrek|mni qhqrel{ swung` «K`l`pqjhi» (>meopnoerpnbqjncn qek|qjnung_iqrbemmncn hmqrhrsr`). — <: Dspc`mm{e dpebmnqrh qreomncn Indmeopnb|_ (III–I r{q. dn m. }.) (>meopnoerpnbqj). Dnb`keb` B. N., <nkjnani K. K., F`phm` A. I., Dnqremjn <. B., Inovnb <. :., Jnl`xjn <. :. 1978: J`qjnojh jspc`mnb b a`qqeime K`l`p{. — <: :H 1977 (Fnqjb`). Dnb`keb` B. N., Fsuno`d K. ?. 1982: Kjhtqjne oncpeaemhe jnmv` VI–V bb. dn m. }. s q. :kejq`mdpnbj`. — <: >pebmnqrh qreomni Kjhthh (Dheb). Dnbo`memjn =. L. 1962: Incpeaemhe VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. b a`qqeime p. <npqjk`. — DKB:M 12. Dnbo`memjn =. L. 1966: Gnq`wibq|jhi jspc`m VIII–VII qr. dn m. e. — :puenknci_ 20. Dnbo`memjn =. L., =so`kn G. >. 1984: Incpeaemhe bnhm` s q. Dbhrjh b Inpnq|e. — <: <nnpsfemhe qjhtnb h q`pl`rnb (Dheb). Dngemjnb` <. B. 1975: Kb_gh qebepmncn D`bj`g` q j`po`rn-dsm`iqjhl lhpnl (mejnrnp{e `puenknchweqjhe o`p`kkekh). — <: Kjhtqjhi lhp (Dheb). Dngemjnb` <. B. 1986: Iqed`uqjhi lnchk|mhj Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{ (on p`qjnoj`l 1976 – 1977 cc.). — <: Gnbne b `puenknchh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` (Fnqjb`). Dngemjnb` <. B. 1990: Opnmnknch_ Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{: dnqrhfemh_, no{r srnwmemh_, mepexemm{e opnakel{. — K:, № 3. Dngemjnb` <. B. 1995: Hpsfhe, bnhmqjne h jnmqjne qm`p_femhe okelem Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{ (qhqrel`rhg`vh_ h upnmnknch_). A`o`dm{i b`ph`mr = K:B, < 2 –5, b{o. 4 (Fnqjb`). Dngemjnb` <. B. 1996: Dsk|rspmn-hqrnphweqjhe opnveqq{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge b }onus ongdmei apnmg{ h b p`mmel fekegmnl beje (Mgknb{e opnakel{ opnhqunfdemh_ h p`gbhrh_ Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{) (Fnqjb`). Dnlhqq`pnb K. :. 1988: Dnlokejq bnnpsfemh_ dpebmecn Dhr`_. Sonu` ongdmei apnmg{ (Gnbnqhahpqj). Dnpem_jn <. :., Esj|_xjn K. B. 1982: Gnb{e l`reph`k{ p`mmeqjhtqjncn bpelemh m` kebnaepef|e Ghfmecn >nm`. — K:, № 3. Dnphdge >. E. 1965: D hqrnphh jnkuqjni jsk|rsp{ (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl _g{je. Dnqhjnb <. :. 1992: Leumhj` hgcnrnbkemh_ usdnfeqrbemm{u apnmgnb{u opedlernb jnmqjncn qm`p_femh_ qjhtqjni }onuh. — <: >nmevjhi `puenknchweqjhi qanpmhj 2. Dnrnbhw <. =., >`bsdnb H. F. 1980: H oephndhg`vhh h upnmnknchh o`l_rmhjnb ongdmei apnmg{ – p`mmecn fekeg` m` qebepn-bnqrnwmnl D`bj`ge. — K:, № 4. Dpsomnb ?. B. 1951: F`reph`k{ on `puenknchh Kebepmni Hqerhh dnjna`mqjncn oephnd` (no{r oephndhg`vhh o`l_rmhjnb }onuh }menkhr` h apnmg{). — <: F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` = FB: 23 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d). Dpsomnb ?. B. 1960: >pebm__ hqrnph_ Kebepmncn D`bj`g` (Fnqjb`). Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1974: Dnkeqm{i rp`mqonpr h opnakel` }rmhweqjni h qnvh`k|mni hqrnphh dpebmecn m`qekemh_ ~fmnpsqqjhu qreoei. — <>B, № 4. Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1975: Jev.: <hxmebqj`_ H. :. Dsk|rsp` q`jqjhu okelem mhgnb|eb K{pd`p|h b 291 VII–V bb. dn m. }. (Fnqjb` 1973). — K:, № 2. ?ye p`g n dhqjnbhdm{u oq`kh_u ebp`ghiqjhu qreoei. — DKB: 161. Fer`kkspch_ <nkcn-D`l|_ b p`mmel fekegmnl beje. Fed| h apnmg` (Fnqjb`). Dspnwjhm =. G. 1982: O`g`mks h qjht{. — IA 17. Dspnwjhm =. G. 1990: Anknrni qnqsd hg F`pkhj`. — K:, № 2. Dspnwjhm =. G. 1993: Kbepmsbxhiq_ b jnk|vn uhymhj h «ker_yhi» nkem|. — <: :mrhwm`_ vhbhkhg`vh_ h b`pb`pqjhi lhp. II (Gnbnwepj`qqj). Dspnwjhm =. G. 1993`: :puenknchweqjhi onhqj `phiveb m` >pebmel <nqrnje: «v`pqjhi» lnchk|mhj F`pkhj b Kebepmnl Bp`me (bnopnq{ upnmnknchh, jsk|rspncemeg` h }rmhweqjni `rphasvhh). — Ierepaspcqjhi `puenknchweqjhi beqrmhj 7. Dspnwjhm =. G. 1994: Opnmnknch_ oepedme`gh`rqjhu onundnb qjhtnb on ohq|lemm{l h `puenknchweqjhl d`mm{l. — J:, № 1. Dspnwjhm =. G., Ksaanrhm :. <. 1993: ;neb{e wej`m{ (jkebv{) q cnknbjni uhymni orhv{ lefds anijnl h brskjni b `gh`rqjni h ebpnoeiqjni w`qr_u qjhtqjncn lhp` (j opnakele opnhqunfdemh_ h p`qopnqrp`memh_). — <: :mrhwm`_ vhbhkhg`vh_ h b`pb`pqjhi lhp. II (Gnbnwepj`qqj). Dstrhm ;. :. 1941: :puenknchweqjhe p`qjnojh b Lph`kerh. I. Ho{r oephndhg`vhh o`l_rmhjnb (Lahkhqh). Dstrhm ;. :. 1949: F`reph`k{ j `puenknchh Dnkuhd{. I (Lahkhqh). Dsxm`peb` D. O. 1957: Gejnrnp{e o`l_rmhjh }onuh ongdmei apnmg{ b G`cnpmnl D`p`a`ue. — K: 27. Dsxm`peb` D. O. 1959: :puenknchweqjhe p`anr{ 1954 c. b njpeqrmnqr_u qek` Ondf`k{. — <: Lpsd{ :gepa`idf`mqjni (Hpem-j`khmqjni) `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh. L. I = FB: 67 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d). Eeqjnb :. F. 1964: >pebmeixhe pncnb{e oq`khh hg Lp`urelhpnb`. — K:, № 1. Eeqjnb :. F. 1972: Gnb{e qnjpnbhy` jspc`mnb Mjp`hm{ (Eemhmcp`d). Eeqjnb :. F. 1981: Dspc`m{: m`undjh, opnakel{ (Eemhmcp`d). Eeqjnb :. F. 1984: H upnmnknchweqjnl qnnrmnxemhh o`l_rmhjnb m`w`k` fekegmncn bej` m` ~ce ebpnoeiqjni w`qrh KKKJ. — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh b qjhtnq`pl`rqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`). Enfjhm F. G., Ierpemjn <. =. 1981: Mgdewm{i m`anp hg Dp`qmnd`pqjncn jp`_. — DKB: 167. Enlr`rhdge =. :. 1955: :puenknchweqjhe p`qjnojh b dpebmecpsghmqjni qrnkhve Fvuer` (Lahkhqh). Esj`xnb :. <. 1984: Gnb{i o`l_rmhj VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. b A`bnkf|e. — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`). F`pq`dnknb E. K. 1988: >emdpnupnmnknch_ ank|xhu jspc`mnb K`_mn-:kr`_ I r{q. dn m. }. — :K=S 29. F`pq`dnknb E. K., A`iveb` =. B., Eeaedeb` E. F. 1994: Dnppek_vh_ demdpnupnmnknchweqjhu h p`dhnsckepndm{u nopedekemhi dk_ ank|xhu jspc`mnb K`_mn-:kr`_. — <: Skhrm{e jspc`m{ qreoei ?bp`ghh b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjs~ }onus (K`mjr-Ierepaspc). F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1954: H dpebmel onqekemhh h lnchk|mhje akhg Eemhm`j`m`. — DKB: 55. F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1961: =npnd Leixea`hmh. In p`qjnoj`l 1947 – 1958 cc. (?peb`m). F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1964: :plemh_ b }onus apnmg{ h p`mmecn fekeg` (?peb`m). F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1967: J`qjnojh :pchxrhuhmhkh. — K:, № 4. F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1974: :pchxrhuhmhkh (?peb`m). F`prhpnq_m :. :., Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1958: Mp`prqjhi jnksla`phi Gnp-:pex`. — Bgbeqrh_ :G :pl. KKJ 10, m` `pl_mqjnl _g{je. F`unprhu K. <. 1992: I`l’_rjh rhos Gnbnwepj`q|jncn qj`pas (g` l`repi`k`lh Iibmiwmncn D`bj`gs). — :puenknci_, № 1. F`unpr{u K. <. 1991: Kjht{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge (Dheb). F`unpr{u K. <. 1994: Dhllephiv{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge (Dheb). F`unpr{u K. <. 1994`: Ha sgdewm{u ophm`dkefmnqr_u ~c` <nqrnwmni ?bpno{ opedqjhtqjncn bpelemh. — <: Leghq{ dnjk`dnb lefdsm`pndmni jnmtepemvhh «Ipnakel{ qjhtn-q`pl`rqjni `puenknchh Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_», onqb_yemmni 95-kerh~ qn dm_ pnfdemh_ ;. G. =p`jnb`. II (A`onpnf|e). Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1980: Dsg|lhm{u K. <. 1983: 292 F`unpr{u K. <. 1996: Jev.: Chochorowski J. Ekspansja kimmeryjska na tereny Europy Środkowej (Kraków 1993). — J:, № 1. F`unpr{u K. <., Qepmemjn ?. <. 1994: Jev.: >sd`peb K. E. Bg hqrnphh qb_gei m`qekemh_ D`bj`g` q jhllephiqjnqjhtqjhl lhpnl (=pngm{i 1991). — :puenknci_, № 1. H j`bj`gqjhu «oejrnp`k_u» VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. — J:, № 2. Gejnrnp{e bnopnq{ upnmnknchh apnmgnb{u m`jnmewmhjnb qrpek Kpedmei :ghh h D`g`uqr`m`. — K:, № 3. Dnmqjhi sanp hg lnchk|mhj` Kh`kj B. — IA 18. Iephndhg`vh_ qjhtqjni `pu`hjh h dpebmhi <nqrnj. — J:, № 3. A`jk~wemhe on dhqjsqqhh. — J:, № 1. Gejnrnp{e der`kh jnmqjni sop_fh jhllephiqjncn bpelemh (:jq`iqjhi jk`d). — DKB: 112. <nnpsfemhe qjhtnb = K:B > 1– 4 (Fnqjb`). ;sqhm` q jkhmnohq|~ hg Ondf`khmqjncn lnchk|mhj`. — Bgbeqrh_ Hayeqrb` naqkednb`mh_ h hgswemh_ :gepa`idf`m` 2. D bnopnqs na `qqhphiqjni asqhme hg Ondf`khmqjncn lnchk|mhj`. — Bgbeqrh_ Hayeqrb` naqkednb`mh_ h hgswemh_ :gepa`idf`m` 3. Dp`rjhe qbedemh_ n p`anr`u `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh b G`cnpm{i D`p`a`u h G`uhweb`mqjhi jp`i, qm`p_femmni b 1926 c. Hayeqrbnl hgswemh_ :gepa`idf`m`. — K=:BFD 1. H d`rhpnbje h upnmnknchweqjhu }r`o`u mejnrnp{u o`l_rmhjnb :gepa`idf`m` }onuh ongdmei apnmg{ h p`mmecn fekeg`. — F`reph`k|m`_ jsk|rsp` :gepa`idf`m` 4. G`undjh opedlernb apnmgnbncn bej` b qekemhh Lnknpq (b A`mcegspe) :pl_mqjni KKJ. — DKBBFD 54. >pebmhe onbngjh hg jspc`mnb apnmgnbncn bej` m` onaepef|e ng. Keb`m. — K:, № 2. Ew`xemqjhe jspc`m{ (p`qjnojh 1956 c.). — DKB: 85. Incpea`k|m{i nap_d qjhtnb b VII–V bb. dn m. }. — <: >pebmnqrh qreomni Kjhthh (Dheb). Kjhtqj`_ `pu`hj` Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ (Dheb). Ipnhqunfdemhe qjhtnb: nqmnbm{e }r`o{ tnplhpnb`mh_ qjhtqjncn }rmnq` (Dheb). J`mmeqjhtqjhe oncpea`k|m{e qnnpsfemh_ on =epndnrs h `puenknchweqjhl d`mm{l. — K:, № 4. Ondf`khmqjhi jspc`m № 11. — Bgbeqrh_ nayeqrb` naqkednb`mh_ h hgswemh_ :gepa`idf`m` 2. H q~fer`u m` asrepnk_u `jhm`jnb `uelemhdqjncn bpelemh. — <>B, № 3. <nqopnhgbedemhe bhd` fhbnrmncn b qjhtqjnl gbephmnl qrhke. — DKB: 186. Ug{j gbephm{u nap`gnb. Hwepjh hqjsqqrb` ?bp`ghiqjhu qreoei qjhtqjni }onuh (Fnqjb`). Bgnap`femhe anchmh Bxr`p hg jspc`m` b Kr`bpnonk|e. — DKB: 162. Kjhtqj`_ jsk|rsp` m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge. — :K=S 23. Kjht{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge. — <: :puenknch_ KKKJ. Kreoh ebpnoeiqjni w`qrh KKKJ b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`). D bnopnqs n upnmnknchh p`mmeqjhtqjhu jspc`mnb Pemrp`k|mncn Ipedj`bj`g|_. — <: Ipnakel{ qjhtn-q`pl`rqjni `puenknchh (Fnqjb`). Dp`qmngm`lemqjhe jspc`m{ (Fnqjb`). >n onunfdemm_ lhmep`k|mni qhpnbimi o`l_rmhjib III – I rhq. dn m. e. g a`qeims piwjh Bmcskev|. — :puenknci_ 22. D`plhp-;ksp. L. I (?peb`m). D`plhp-;ksp. L. II (?peb`m). Kjht{ h dpebmhi <nqrnj. — K: 19. F`unpr{u K. <., Qepmemjn ?. <. 1995: Fedbedqj`_ B. G. 1972: Fedbedqj`_ B. G. 1983: Fedbedqj`_ B. G. 1992: Fedbedqj`_ B. G. 1994: Fekemr|eb :. G. 1967: Fek~jnb` :. B. 1964: Fey`mhmnb B. B. 1926: Fey`mhmnb B. B. 1926`: Fey`mhmnb B. B. 1926b: Fhmjebhw-Fsqr`t`eb` G. <. 1962: Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1954: Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1960: Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1961: Fspghm <. T. 1982: Fspghm <. T. 1984: Fspghm <. T. 1990: Hk|unbqjhi <. K. 1978: I`qqej L. K., E`r{mhm ;. :. 1926: Iepebndwhjnb` ?. <. 1983: Iepebndwhjnb` ?. <. 1986: Iepebndwhjnb` ?. <. 1994: Ierpemjn <. =. 1980: Ierpemjn <. =. 1983: Ierpemjn <. =. 1989: Ierpemjn <. =. 1990: Ierpemjn <. =., b oew`rh: Ierpsm| <. N. 1969: Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1950: Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1952: Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1954: 293 Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1955: Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1959: Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1959`: Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1962: Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1963: Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1970: Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1989: Ihvuek`sph D. G. 1969: D`plhp-;ksp. L. III (?peb`m). <`mqjne v`pqrbn (Fnqjb`). =npnd anc` Leixea{ (D`plhp-;ksp). — K:, № 2. Bqjsqqrbn Mp`prs VIII–VI bb. dn m. }. (Eemhmcp`d). Ipedhqknbhe. — <: MI>. D`plhp-;ksp (Eemhmcp`d). Kjht{ h Mp`prs. — <>B, № 4. Enj`khg`vh_ `puenknchweqjhu jsk|rsp m` repphrnphh <nqrnwmni =psghh. — <: Lpsd{ D`uerqjni `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh 1 (Lahkhqh). Ihvuek`sph D. G. 1979: <nqrnwm`_ =psgh_ b jnmve apnmgnbncn bej` = Lpsd{ D`uerqjni `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh 3 (Lahkhqh). Ihvuek`sph D. G., Fem`ade K. G. 1982: :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh q. =`dpejhkh (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl _g{je. Incpeanb` F. G. 1977: Bp`m h A`j`bj`g|e b p`mmel fekegmnl beje (Fnqjb`). Incpeanb` F. G. 1984: A`j`bj`g|e h ecn qb_gh q Iepedmei :ghei b qjhtqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`). Incpeanb` F. G. 1993: H ophmvho`u d`rhpnbjh qjhtqjni `pu`hjh. — J:, № 2. Incpeanb` F. G., J`ebqjhi >. K. 1992: J`mmhe qjht{ h dpebmhi <nqrnj. D hqrnphh qr`mnbkemh_ qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ (Fnqjb`). Indnaed <. :. 1994: D bnopnqs n ahler`kkhweqjhu wej`m`u. — <: >pebmeixhe naymnqrh gelkedek|veb h qjnrnbndnb Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ V r{q. dn m. }. – V b. m. }. F`reph`k{ lefdsm`pndmni `puenknchweqjni jnmtepemvhh (Lhp`qonk|). Inkhdnbhw T. ;. 1994: H lnrhbe qbepmsbxecnq_ uhymhj` b qjhtqjnl «gbephmnl qrhke». — J:, № 4. Inkhm K. <. 1994: <nopnq{ upnmnknchh wepmncnpnbqjhu h mnbnwepj`qqjhu dpebmnqrei. — <: Leghq{ dnjk`dnb lefdsm`pndmni jnmtepemvhh «Ipnakel{ qjhtnq`pl`rqjni `puenknchh Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_», onqb_yemmni 95kerh~ qn dm_ pnfdemh_ ;. G. =p`jnb`. II (A`onpnf|e). Inkhm K. <. 1994`: H upnmnknchh jhllephiqjhu dpebmnqrei. — <: >pebmeixhe naymnqrh gelkedek|veb h qjnrnbndnb Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ V r{q. dn m. }. – V b. m. }. F`reph`k{ lefdsm`pndmni `puenknchweqjni jnmtepemvhh (Lhp`qonk|). Inkim K. <. 1987: Opnmnknci_ p`mmeqjitq|jhu o`l’_rnj. — :puenknci_ 59. Inonb J. 1932: Fnchkmhre cpnanbe oph q. ?mdfe. — B;:G 6 (1930 – 1931). Ip_uhm :. >., ;eqedhm <. B. 1998: Dnmqj`_ sgd` oephnd` qpedmei apnmg{ b bnqrnwmnebpnoeiqjni keqnqreoh h qreoh. — J:, № 3. I|_mjnb :. <., L`p`a`mnb <. :. 1997: Fnchk|mhj opnrnlenrqjncn bpelemh D`g`gnbn 3 h dpsche m`undjh hg w`xh Dp`qmnd`pqjncn bndnup`mhkhy`. — <: I`l_rmhjh opedqjhtqjncn h qjhtqjncn bpelemh m` ~ce <nqrnwmni ?bpno{ = F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh Jnqqhh 1 (Fnqjb`). J`ebqjhi >. K. 1993: H knchje onqrpnemh_ p`mmeqjhtqjni upnmnknchh. — J:, № 2. Jsdemjn K. B. 1960: Dsk|rsp` m`qekemh_ Pemrp`k|mncn :kr`_ b qjhtqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d). K`lnjb`qnb >. U. 1908: Fnchk{ psqqjni gelkh (Fnqjb`). Kelemnb E. I. 1955: Rkel{ hg Kebepmni Hqerhh. — DKBBFD 57. Kj`jnb :. T. 1997: D bnopnqs na }bnk~vhh dejnp` jna`mn-jnkuhdqjhu apnmgnb{u rnonpnb. — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh (Fnqjb`). Kjnphi K. :. 1981: Kjitq|ji dnbci lewi. — :puenknci_ 36. Kjnphi K. :. 1991: >n ohr`mm_ opn «jsk|rspms m`kefmiqr|» qr`pnfhrmnqrei rhos Gnbnwepj`q|jncn qj`pas 1939 p. — :puenknci_, № 3. Klhpmnb D. N. 1961: H dpebmhu bq`dmhj`u Inbnkfqjn-sp`k|qjhu qreoei. — K:, № 1. Klhpmnb D. N. 1964: K`bpnl`r{ (Fnqjb`). Klhpmnb D. N., Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1977: Ipnhqunfdemhe hmdnhp`mveb b qbere mnbeixhu `puenknchweqjhu nrjp{rhi (Fnqjb`). Klhpmnb D. N., Ierpemjn <. =. 1963: K`bpnl`r{ Inbnkf|_ h ~fmncn Iphsp`k|_ = K:B > 1– 9 (Fnqjb`). Klhpmnb` =. B. 1985: Hqmnb{ upnmnknchh opedqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhjnb ~cn-g`o`d` KKKJ. — K:, № 4. 294 Knpnjhm K. K. 1972: Knpnjhm K. K. 1978: Kbepmsbxhiq_ gbep| hg Ahbhe. — K=S 34. Hrp`femhe lhpnbnggpemh_ p`mmhu jnwebmhjnb :ghh b o`l_rmhj`u l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{. — <: Dsk|rsp` <nqrnj`. >pebmnqr| h p`mmee qpedmebejnb|e (Eemhmcp`d). Kohv{m :. :. 1902: :puenknchweqjhe p`qjnojh S. Jeqkep` b ?khg`beronk|qjni csaepmhh b 1901 c. — B:D 16. Krp`feb <. B. 1926: ;pnmgnb`_ jsk|rsp` b :au`ghh. — Bgbeqrh_ :au`gqjncn m`swmncn nayeqrb` 4. Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1965: Hqmnb{ upnmnknchh opedqjhtqjncn oephnd`. — K:, № 1. Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1971: >`r` Fhmcew`spqjhu sdhk. — K:, № 4. Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1973: D hqrnphh hgswemh_ opedqjhtqjncn oephnd`. — <: Kjhtqjhe dpebmnqrh (Dheb). Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1975: Qepmncnpnbqj`_ h mnbnwepj`qqj`_ qrsoemh jhllephiqjni jsk|rsp{. — <: Gnbeixhe nrjp{rh_ qnberqjhu `puenkncnb (reghq{ dnjk`dnb jnmtepemvhh). Q`qr| 2 (Dheb). Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1976: Dhllephiv{ (Dheb). Leunb ;. <. 1977: Pemrp`k|m{i D`bj`g b XVI–X bb. dn m. }. (Fnqjb`). Leunb ;. <. 1980: Kjht{ h l`reph`k|m`_ jsk|rsp` vemrp`k|mncn D`bj`g` b VII–VI bb. dn m. }. (on l`reph`k`l Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`). — <: Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb). Leunb ;. <. 1980`: Lkhiqjhi lnchk|mhj (jnlokejq{ XVI–X bb. dn m. }.) (Lahkhqh). Lhp`v_m =. :. 1978: Mp`prqjhi :pl`bhp (on d`mm{l `puenknchweqjhu p`qjnonj). — <: Dsk|rsp` <nqrnj`. >pebmnqr| h p`mmee qpedmebejnb|e (Eemhmcp`d). Lhremjn =. L. 1954: A`j`bj`gqjhe sdhk`, m`idemm{e m` Inkr`byhme. — DKB:M 3. Lnb :. :. 1989: Ipnrnlenrqjhi lnchk|mhj Qhxun akhg `sk` L`siu`ak| b Leswefqjnl p`inme. — <: Fenr{ — opedjh `d{cnb (F`ijno). Lnkqrnb K. I., Brhm` F. :. 1966: K`jh mhgnb|eb K{p-d`p|h (on l`reph`k`l L`chqjem`). — K:, № 2. Lnur`q|eb K. J. 1993: D upnmnknchh h }rmhweqjni `rphasvhh o`l_rmhjnb qjhtqjncn rho` m` ;khfmel <nqrnje h b F`kni :ghh. — J:, № 2. Mb`pnb` I. K. 1900: Fnchk|mhjh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` = F`reph`k{ on `puenknchh D`bj`g` 8 (Fnqjb`). N`pj`x S. 1992: F. B. Jnqrnbveb h qjhtqjne hqjsqqrbn. — <>B, № 3. Nkhrrmep G. >. 1939: Khpn-uerrqjhe o`l_rmhjh Splhr`f`. — <: Lpsd{ Hrdek` <nqrnj` =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Splhr`f` 1 (Eemhmcp`d). Nnlemjn <. I. 1953: =psmrnbne oncpeaemhe № 63. — F`reph`k|m`_ jsk|rsp` :gepa`idf`m` 3. O`khknb >. :. 1971: :puenknchweqjhe m`undjh «qjhtqjncn» nakhj` h bnopnq n «qjhtqjnl v`pqrbe» m` repphrnphh :gepa`idf`m`. — <: Ipnakel{ qjhtqjni `puenknchh = FB: 177 (Fnqjb`). O`mg`d_m ?. 1979: Sk`p->`p`mh (?peb`m). O`w`rp_m L. K. 1963: F`reph`k|m`_ jsk|rsp` dpebmecn :prhj` (?peb`m). O`w`rp_m L. K. 1975: >pebm__ jsk|rsp` Rhp`j` III–I r{q. dn m. }. (?peb`m). O`w`rp_m L. K. 1979: :prhjqjhi mejpnonk|. D`r`knc (?peb`m). Onunpnbqjh U. 1994: Kjhtqjhe m`aech m` repphrnphh Kpedmei ?bpno{. — J:, № 3. Onunpnbqjh U. 1994`: Opnmnknch_ jhllephiqjhu o`l_rmhjnb b Kpedmei ?bpnoe. — <: >pebmeixhe naymnqrh gelkedek|veb h qjnrnbndnb Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ V r{q. dn m. }.– V b. m. }. F`reph`k{ lefdsm`pndmni `puenknchweqjni jnmtepemvhh (Lhp`qonk|). Qefhm` ?. N. 1984: Bgnap`femhe qbepmsbxecnq_ b jnk|vn uhymhj` b hqjsqqrbe mhfmecn Inbnkf|_ h ~fmncn Iphsp`k|_ b qjhtqjs~ }onus. — :K=S 25. Qepedmhwemjn G. G. 1976: Dnkeqmhv{ ?bp`ghh }onuh ongdmei apnmg{. — <: Smenkhr h apnmgnb{i bej Mjp`hm{. Bqqkednb`mh_ h l`reph`k{ (Dheb). Qepedmhwemjn G. G., Isqrnb`knb K. @. 1991: ;neb{e jnkeqmhv{ h jnkeqmhwhe b nayeqrbe j`r`jnlamni jsk|rsp{ (on l`reph`k`l p`qjnonj b mhfmel Indmeqrpnb|e). — K:, № 4. Qepmemjn ?. <. 1968: Kjhtqjhi dnqoeu (Dheb). Qepmemjn ?. <. 1980: >pebmeixhe qjhtqjhe o`p`dm{e lewh (Fek|csmnb h Dekepleq). — <: Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb). 295 Qepmemjn ?. <. 1981: Qkemnb` G. E. 1967: Qkemnb` G. E. 1975: Qkemnb` G. E. 1981: Qkemnb` G. E. 1984: Qkemnb` G. E. 1988: Qkemnb` G. E. 1993: Qkemnb` G. E. 1997: Qsa`mhxbhkh L. G. 1957: R`onb`knb L. :. 1971: Rjspjn :. B. 1969: Spkhu <. J. 1990: Spkhu <. J. 1990`: Spkhu <. J. 1991: Spkhu <. J. 1994: Spkhu <. J. 1994`: Spkhu <. J. 1994b: Spkhu <. J. 1997: Uaknmqjhi E. L. 1991: Uaknmqjhi E. L. 1996: Abramischwili R. und M. 1995: Abramischwili R. 1995a: Abu es-Soof B. 1963: Aharoni Y. 1975: Akurgal E. 1961: Akurgal E. 1967: Akurgal E. 1968: Akurgal E. 1983: Albenda P. 1986: 296 Kjhtqjhe kswmhjh (Dheb). Ipnhqunfdemhe h p`mm__ hqrnph_ okelem L`c`pqjni jsk|rsp{ (Fnqjb`). H qb_g_u qebepn-g`o`dmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ h mhfmecn >sm`_ q <nqrnjnl b jhllephiqjs~ }onus. — <: Studia Thracica 1. Np`jn-qjhtqjhe jsk|rspm{e qb_gh (Knth_). Kb_gh jsk|rsp A`o`dmni Khahph q jsk|rsp`lh Iphsp`k|_ h qpedmecn Inbnkf|_ b jnmve }onuh apnmg{ h b m`w`ke fekegmncn bej`. — <: Ipnakel{ g`o`dmnqhahpqjni `puenknchh. Sonu` fekeg` (Gnbnqhahpqj). Hkemm{e j`lmh j`j hqrnphweqjhi hqrnwmhj (m` ophlepe nkemm{u j`lmei Kebepmncn D`bj`g`) (Gnbnqhahpqj). H jsk|rspmni ophm`dkefmnqrh Kr`pxecn :ul{knbqjncn lnchk|mhj`, mnbnlnpdnbqjhu qrek`u h «nrdekhbxhuq_ qjht`u». — DKB: 194. H qreoemh qundqrb` jnlonmemrnb l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ b opedek`u «qjhtqjncn lhp`». — Ierepaspcqjhi `puenknchweqjhi beqrmhj 7. Pemrp`k|m`_ :gh_ h qjht{. I. >`r` jspc`m` :pf`m h ecn leqrn b qhqrele jsk|rsp qjhtqjncn lhp` (Fnqjb`). >pebmeixhe `puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh Fvuer` (Lahkhqh). Incpeaemhe opedqjhtqjncn bpelemh b jspc`me Krphfem` lnchk`. — <: :puenknchweqjhe hqqkednb`mh_ m` Mjp`hme b 1968 c. (Dheb). Ha hgnap`femhh qbepmsbxecnq_ b jnk|vn uhymhj` b hqjsqqrbe keqnqreomni Kjhthh. — K:, № 1. Dspc`m M`xuhrs h opnakel` hmrepoper`vhh mejnrnp{u jnlokejqnb rho` Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. — <: XVI Dpsomnbqjhe wremh_ on `puenknchh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` (Kr`bpnonk|). D opnakele opnhqunfdemh_ orhvecnknb{u qjhoerpnb opedqjhtqjncn bpelemh. — K:, № 1. ;pnmgnb{e sgdewm{e m`anp{ h opnakel` upnmnknchh opedqjhtqjncn h p`mmeqjhtqjncn bpelemh A`jsa`m|_. — <: >pebmnqrh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` h Iphwepmnlnp|_ (Fnqjb`). M hqrnjnb p`mmeqjhtqjncn jnlokejq` (Fnqjb`). < g`yhrs rp`dhvhh n ophwepmnlnpqjnl opnhqunfdemhh jhllephiveb. — <>B, № 3. Ha hmrepoper`vhh mejnrnp{u jnlokejqnb rho` Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. — J:, № 2. 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Dnm| 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Jhq. 3 D`lep` brnpncn oncpeaemh_ m` Gnpxsmreoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Jhq. 4 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ m` Gnpxsmreoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Jhq. 5 J`mmeqjhtqjhe g`qrefjh cnphrnb. 1. Kr`px`_ lnchk`; 2. ;eknckhmj`; 3. Ipsqq{; 4. @spnbj` 447; 5, 16. @spnbj` 432; 6, 19, 20. @spnbj` 406; 7. Lph ;p`r`; 8. Hqm_ch; 9, 10. >`p|ebj`; 11. Iepea{jnbv{; 12. Dniqsch; 13–15. Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 17. Esjh; 18. Dnl`pnbqjhi lnchk|mhj; 21. Sxj`jnm 4; 22. A`keq|e. Dnqr| . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Jhq. 6 :qqhphiqjhi pek|et hg dbnpv` K`pcnm` II b >sp-R`ppsjhme (onleyemhe 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Jhq. 7 ;pnmgnb{e opedler{ hg oncpeaemh_ F`kncn jspc`m` (:gepa`idf`m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Jhq. 8 @ekegm{e m`jnmewmhjh jnohi. 1. Lnop`jj`ke; 2. Opr`mnv; 3. G`bsp; 4. Qnp`r`m; 5, 6. >hkhf`m; 7. Kr`px`_ lnchk`; 8. Dekepleq; 9, 10. Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 11. F`jeebj` 491 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Jhq. 9 Jhq. 10 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ Β 10a, β 6 >hmu`-reoe II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Dnqr_m{e }kelemr{ jnmqjni sgd{ (opnmhgh h m`jnmewmhjh oq`khi) hg Dekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb 1 h 2 <eqeknbqjncn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Jhq. 11 Bmbemr`p| ~fmncn oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 1 s usr. Dp`qmne Am`l_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 Jhq. 12 Mgdewm{e m`anp{ h m`jnmewmhjh qrpek qjhtqjncn rho` q D`plhp-;ksp`. 1 – 6. Dnmqj`_ sgdewj` hg onleyemh_ 25; 7 – 10. Mgdewj` jnm_, onchaxecn oph xrsple jpeonqrh; 11 – 18. Dnmqj`_ sgdewj` hg onleyemh_ 18; 19. G`jnmewmhjh qrpek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Jhq. 13 ;pnmgnb`_ opnmhg| hg lsge_ Ferpnonkhrem, G|~ Cnpj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Jhq. 14 Bgdekh_ «qjhtqjncn» rho` hg D`plhp-;ksp` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Jhq. 15 ;pnmgnb{e jnk|v` q lstrni. 1, 2. «Ixhxqjhi jk`d» 1988 c.; 3. Osrnp :kejqeebqjhi; 4. Eeplnmrnbqjhi p`gzegd; 5. Fnchk|mhj Ixhx; 6. «:jq`iqjhi jk`d»; 7. Dbhrjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Jhq. 16 Bmbemr`p| jspc`m` M`xuhrs b :d{cee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Jhq. 17 Jejnmqrpsjvh_ jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ K`k`lhm` (Dhop). 1. =pnamhv` 79, B; 2. =pnamhv` 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Jhq. 18 Dnk|v` nr _pl` jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ K`k`lhm` (Dhop) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Jhq. 19 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Blhpkep` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Jhq. 20 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Eeplnmrnbqjncn p`gzegd` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Jhq. 21 G`undjh hg lnchk|mhj` K`lr`bpn (=psgh_). 1 – 11. Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 106; 12 – 30. Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Jhq. 22 ;neb{e jkebv{. 1. Fhmsqhmqj; 2. Ksk`j s Hpemaspc`; 3. :m`m|hmn; 4. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn, Fsgei Ferpnonkhrem, G|~-Cnpj; 5. Iepj`k|qjhi lnchk|mhj s I_rhcnpqj`; 6. Fnchk|mhj =smdekem; 7. Fnchk|mhj Mic`p`j, jspc`m 84; 8. Incpeaemhe s Blhpkep`; 9. J`inm Fsx`; 10. Fnchk|mhj K`j`p-w`c` 6, jspc`m 23; 11. Hpeunbn Esc`mqjni nak.; 12. :m`rnkh_, :puenknchweqjhi lsgei Kr`lask` . . . . . 46 – 47 Jhq. 23 G`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds L`xnbni h E_dhjnl akhg :l`q|h . . . . . . . . . . 50 –54 Jhq. 24 ;pnmgnb{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek q pek|etm{lh lerj`lh b bhde «qked` orhw|ei k`o{». 1 – 3. =sl`pnbn; 4. Gnb`_ ;ekncnpj`, jspc`m 2, oncpeaemhe 38; 5 – 7. J`gcp`akemmne oncpeaemhe lefds L`xnbni h E_dhjnl; 8. ;nc`gj^i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 312 Jhq. 25 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 2 s q. @`anrhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Jhq. 26 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 16 lnchk|mhj` G`pr`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Jhq. 27 Dnqr_m{e oq`khh «qjhtqjncn» rho`. 1, 2. O`g`mks III; 3. D`ok`mrs; 4 – 5. Q`bsxreoe; 6. Gsx-h >f`m . . . . . . 65 Jhq. 28 ;pnmgnb{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg ;nc`gj^_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Jhq. 29 Lpeuoerek|w`r{i fekegm{i oq`khi hg ;nc`gj^_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Jhq. 30 ;pnmgnb{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek. 1 – 4. Gsx-h >f`m; 5. F`x`r Os~j; 6. D`_k{depe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Jhq. 31 Dnqr_m`_ ok`qrhmj` hg K`pd q hgnap`femhel qbepmsbxecnq_ uhymhj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Jhq. 32 Dnqr_m{e ok`qrhmjh hg K`pd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Jhq. 33 Bgnap`femh_ qbepmsbxecnq_ gbep_ b jnwebmhweqjnl gbephmnl qrhke. 1. ;srepnk| hg q. Jsj, Tfm`_ Hqerh_; 2. ;srepnk| hg oncpeaemh_ 164 Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`; 3. ;k_u` hg jspc`m` 482 s q. ;`qnbj`; 4. ;srepnk| hg jspc`m` 21 mejpnonk_ G`pr`m; 5. ;srepnk| hg oncpeaemh_ 216 Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`; 6. ;srepnk| hg jspc`m` 2 s >`p|ebjh; 7. ;srepnk| hg oncpeaemh_ 258 Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`; 8. ;srepnk| hg N`qj`s, Hqerh_; 9. ;srepnk| hg jspc`m` s usr. Kreomni akhg =sdepleq`; 10. ;k_u` hg jspc`m` 499 s q. ;`qnbj`; 11. ;k_xj` hg jspc`m` 33 lnchk|mhj` Mic`p`j; 12. ;k_xj` hg jspc`m` 27 lnchk|mhj` Mic`p`j; 13. >er`k| ak_uh b bhde o`mrep{ hg Dekepleqqjncn jspc`m` 1 Rsk|v`; 14. ;k_u` hg jspc`m` :pf`m, Lsb`; 15. Jswj` gepj`k` hg p`inm` Dp`qmnd`pqjncn bndnup`mhkhy`; 16. ;k_u` hg Ahbhe, hp`mqjhi Dspdhqr`m; 17. ;k_u` hg Khahpqjni jnkkejvhh Ierp` I; 18. Jswj` gepj`k` hg Dekepleqqjncn jspc`m` 2 <eqeknbqjncn; 19. ;srepnk| hg jnkkejvhh ;`pa|e-F~kkep b @emebe, leqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 –79 Jhq. 34 1 – 3. Dnqr_m{e opnmhgh q hgnap`femhel qbepmsbxecnq_ uhymhj` hg Dekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb. 4 – 9. ;pnmgnb{e opnmhgh. 1. Dspc`m 2, p`qjnojh G. B. <eqeknbqjncn; 2, 3. Dspc`m 24, p`qjnojh E. D. =`k`mhmni; 4, 5. K`pd{; 6 – 9. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn; 6. Q`qrmne qnap`mhe, =epl`mh_; 7. Fsgei hg_ym{u hqjsqqrb b ;nqrnme; 8, 9. Fsgei Ferpnonkhrem, G|~-Cnpj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 Jhq. 35 1 – 7. Bgnap`femh_ cnknb{ uhymni orhv{ b jnwebmhweqjnl gbephmnl qrhke. 8 – 15. «Dk~bnbhdm{e» h «jncrebhdm{e» opnmhgh. 1. G`jnmewmhj mnfem hg oncpeaemhe 8 jspc`m` 7 s q. Gnbn`kejq`mdpnbj`; 2. Ipnmhg| hg jspc`m` 9 s usr. Inonbj`; 3. >er`k| sgd{ hg jspc`m` 2 s q. >`p|ebj`; 4. G`jnmewmhj mnfem hg jspc`m` 6 lnchk|mhj` G`pr`m; 5. ;k_xj` hg jspc`m` 2 s q. <nkjnbv{ (p`qjnojh 1897); 6. G`jnmewmhj mnfem hg oncpeaemh_ 246 Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`; 7. G`jnmewmhj mnfem hg oncpeaemh_ 2 jspc`m` Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 8. Dspc`m 466 s q. :jq~rhmv{; 9. Dspc`m 478 s q. <nkjnbv{; 10. Dspc`m 38 s q. =sk_i cnpnd; 11. Incpeaemhe 1 jspc`m` A`u`peijnb` lnchk`; 12. Incpeaemhe 2 jspc`m` Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 13. D`lemmnlnqrqjhi lnchk|mhj; 14, 15. Iepqeonk| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Jhq. 36 Bgnap`femh_ jnmei `uelemhdqjni }onuh. 1, 2. Iepqeonk|, pek|et{ `o`d`m{; 3. J`qohqm`_ w`x` hg F`x`r Os~j` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Jhq. 37 ;pnmgnb{e ok`qrhmjh q hgnap`femh_lh cnpm{u jngknb h j`a`mnb. 1, 2. K`pd{; 3. Bglhr; 4. Lpn`d` (?), ;phr`mqjhi lsgei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 Jhq. 38 ;pnmgnb{e ok`qrhm{ h opnmhgh q hgnap`femh_lh cnpm{u jngknb. 1. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn, P~phuqjne w`qrmne qnap`mhe; 2. Lspvh_, w`qrmne qnap`mhe, KR:; 3. Khph_, Esbp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Jhq. 39 Bgnap`femh_ cnpm{u jngknb h j`a`mnb. 1, 2. Ipnmhgh hg F`kni :ghh (?), ;phr`mqjhi lsgei; 3. Ipnmhg| hg =ek{, Tfm`_ Khvhkh_; 4. Ik`qrhm` hg ;nc`gj^_; 5. Ipedler hg ;nc`gj^_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Jhq. 40 Ipnmhgh q hgnap`femh_lh cnpm{u jngknb h j`a`mnb. 1. Lspvh_, Fsgei hg_ym{u hqjsqqrb b ;nqrnme; 2. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn, Fsgei hg_ym{u hqjsqqrb b ;nqrnme; 3, 4. Steqqjhi :prelhqhi . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Jhq. 41 Ik`qrhm{ hg qknmnbni jnqrh q hgnap`femh_lh cnpmncn jngk` h a`p`m`. Steqqjhi :prelhqhi . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Jhq. 42 ;k_xjh q hgnap`femh_lh j`a`mnb h cnpmncn jngk`. 1. Bp`m; 2. Dspc`m s q. :pu`mcek|qj`_ qknand`; 3. Dspc`m 6 s q. :kejq`mdpnbj`; 4. «Ahbhe» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Jhq. 43 G`undjh hg }teqqjncn :prelhqh_. 1. Anknr`_ ondbeqj` b bhde cnknb{ a{j`, sbemw`mmni cnknbni k|b`; 2. ;pnmgnb`_ ondbeqj`-asaemev; 3. Kr`rs}rj` anchmh hg qknmnbni jnqrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Jhq. 44 Jek|et{ :xxspm`vhpo`k` II hg Ghlpsd`. 1. Jek|et B.M. 124559 (onleyemhe B, okhr` 27); 2. Jejnmqrpsjvh_ pek|etnb onleyemh_ B dbnpv` :xxspm`vhpo`k` II b Ghlpsde; 3. Jek|et m` okhre 28 hg rncn fe onleyemh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Jhq. 45 Bgnap`femh_ jnmm{u kswmhjnb m` `qqhphiqjhu oew`r_u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 313 Jhq. 46 Bgnap`femh_ jnmm{u kswmhjnb m` sp`prqjhu apnmgnb{u on_q`u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Jhq. 47 J`gcpnl `p`anb `qqhphiv`lh. Jek|et{ Kebepmncn dbnpv` :xxspa`mho`k` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Jhq. 48 ;`r`k|m`_ qvem` m` apnmgnbnl `qqhphiqjnl bedepje . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 –107 Jhq. 49 Bgnap`femhe m` jk`gnlemqjnl q`pjnt`ce hg ;phr`mqjncn lsge_ (B.M. 96.6-15.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 Jhq. 50 >er`k| hgnap`femh_ m` jk`gnlemqjnl q`pjnt`ce hg ;phr`mqjncn lsge_ (B.M. 96.6-15.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Jhq. 51 >er`kh hgnap`femhi m` jk`gnlemqjhu q`pjnt`c`u. 1. Bglhp, Basmahane 3493; 2. I`phf, Esbp, CA 1024 . . . . 110 Jhq. 52 «Srpsqqj`_» `ltnp` hg lsge_ <`rhj`m` (№231) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 Jhq. 53 :rrhweqjhi dhmnq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Jhq. 54 >er`k| rncn fe dhmnq` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Jhq. 55 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 15 s q. Kreakebn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 –117 Jhq. 56 1 – 5. Dk`d apnmgnb{u beyei hg Ksplsxh, =psgh_. 6 – 11. ;pnmgnb{e opedler{ hg oncpeaemh_ 39 Dsa`mqjncn lnchk|mhj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 Jhq. 57 ;hler`kkhweqjhe jhmf`k{. 1 – 12. Kebepm{i D`bj`g; 13 – 16. I`l_rmhjh «tp`jnjhllephiqjncn» jpsc` hg Pemrp`k|mni ?bpno{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Jhq. 58 1 – 27. Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s q. ;sremjh. 28 – 32. G`jnmewmhjh jnohi. 28. Dk`d :depmn, Khvhkh_; 29 – 31. Dk`d Dnlknd, <emcph_; 32. Gejpnonk| Dsl, Br`kh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 Jhq. 59 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 35 lnchk|mhj` N`pq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Jhq. 60 Dk`d s dep. Ip~d|, <emcph_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Jhq. 61 1 – 14. Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 186 lnchk|mhj` Dkhm-_p III s Dhqknbndqj`. 15, 16. G`undjh hg p`gpsxemmncn jspc`m` s q. J`dhnmnbj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 Jhq. 62 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 34 lnchk|mhj` m` repphrnphh Dhqknbndqjni leaek|mni t`aphjh . . . . . . . . . . . 134 –135 Jhq. 63 Mdhk` h oq`khh. 1. >hqjnbhdm{i oq`khi hg Fhjem; 2. >hqjnbhdm{i oq`khi hg lnchk|mhj` Khmr`xr`; 3 – 5. Mdhk` q dhqjnbhdm{lh oq`kh_lh hg Ew`xemqjhu jspc`mnb; 6. Mdhk` q op_lnscnk|m{lh oq`kh_lh hg Fhjem; 7. Iq`khi hg Nhb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Jhq. 64 ;pnmgnb{e opedler{ hg jk`d` b Dbeln-K`qhperh, =psgh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 Jhq. 65 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 79 lnchk|mhj` :prhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 Jhq. 66 ;pnmgnb`_ jnmqj`_ oejrnp`k| `qqhphiqjni p`anr{ q a`r`k|mni qvemni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 –145 Jhq. 67 ;pnmgnb{e sdhk` q m`osqjm{lh oq`kh_lh. 1 – 4. Gejpnonk| K`k`lhm` (Dhop); 5. :qru`dgnpqjhi lnchk|mhj, :plemh_; 6. Iq`khi hg oncpeaemh_ 46 lnchk|mhj` L`j-Dhkhq`, Lph`kerh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Jhq. 68 ;pnmgnb{e sdhk` q m`osqjm{lh oq`kh_lh. 1. Fnchk|mhj >hl`v s Dhpnb`j`m`; 2. Incpeaemhe 9 mejpnonk_ D`k`jemr s Dhpnb`a`d`; 3. Incpeaemhe 49 mejpnonk_ D`k`jemr s Dhpnb`a`d`; 4. Dspc`m 1 s :pw`dgnp`; 5. Dk`d hg Lnk`, =psgh_; 6. =pnamhv` 50 (XXI L) mejpnonk_ F`pkhj, Bp`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 Jhq. 69 G`undjh b oncpeaemhh 1 mejpnonk_ Gnp-:pex (Speasmh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 –149 Jhq. 70 G`undjh b oncpeaemhh 2 mejpnonk_ Gnp-:pex (Speasmh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 Jhq. 71 ;pnmgnb{e thcspjh nkemei hg cpnamhv{ 50 (XXI L) mejpnonk_ F`pkhj, Bp`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Jhq. 72 ;pnmgnb`_ thcspj` nkem_ hg Lnknpqqjncn jspc`m`, :plemh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 Jhq. 73 G`undjh hg Fhmcew`spqjhu jspc`mnb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Jhq. 74 ;pnmgnb{e sdhk`. 1. Fnchk|mhj s q. Phmvj`pn, Lph`kerh; 2. O`g`mks IV; 3. Incpeaemhe 74 mejpnonk_ Kh`kj B; 4, 5. Bp`m, rnwmne leqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn; 6. Incpeaemhe 117 lnchk|mhj` Lpekh b Lahkhqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Jhq. 75 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 433 lnchk|mhj` :prhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Jhq. 76 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 218 lnchk|mhj` :prhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Jhq. 77 ;pnmgnb{e sdhk`. 1, 2. Incpeaemhe 112 mejpnonk_ D`k`jemr s Dhpnb`a`d`; 3. Incpeaemhe 10 mejpnonk_ L`j-Dhkhq`; 4. Gejpnonk| K`d`ukn b p`inme Lahkhqh; 5. Inqekemhe s Eemhm`j`m`; 6. Incpeaemhe 67 mejpnonk_ L`j-Dhkhq` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 314 Jhq. 78 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 13 mejpnonk_ ;exr`xemh, Lph`kerh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 –165 Jhq. 79 Dk`d apnmgnb{u hgdekhi hg E`ik`xh, Dnkuhd` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 Jhq. 80 Dnmqj`_ sgd` hg O`g`mks IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Jhq. 81 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 15 mejpnonk_ Kh`kj B Jhq. 82 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 3 mejpnonk_ Leoe =h_m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Jhq. 83 Bmbemr`p| jspc`m` 23 lnchk|mhj` K`j`p-w`c` 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173–175 Jhq. 84 G`undjh hg jspc`m` 524 s q. @`anrhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Jhq. 85 1 – 8. G`undjh hg jspc`m` s usr. :kejqeebqjhi akhg Kr`bpnonk_. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 9 – 17. G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 47 mejpnonk_ D`k`jemr s Dhpnb`a`d` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 Jhq. 86 ;pnmgnb{e sdhk` oepqhdqjncn rho`. 1. Iepqeonk|; 2. :thm{, qkni oepqhdqjncn p`gcpnl`; 3, 4. >ebe Os~j; 5, 6. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn, Dhebqjhi hqrnphweqjhi lsgei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181 Jhq. 87 Mp`prqj`_ jnmqj`_ sgd`. 1, 3, 4. Mdhk` q m`dohq|~ v`p_ Fems`; 2, 5. Mdhk` q m`dohq|~ v`p_ K`pdsph II; 6 – 12. Mgd` aeg m`dohqei. 1, 2. D`plhp-;ksp; 3, 8, 9. Fsgei =`gh`mreo`; 4. Fsgei <`m`; 5. :gm`bspreoe; 6, 7. Fsgei Sk_g{c`; 10, 11. Fsgei :d`m{; 12. Nhk`dek|thiqjhi lsgei Jhq. 88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 1 – 3. Ipedler{ jnmqjni sgd{ hg p`gpsxemmncn oncpeaemh_ s q. F`j`pxem, :plemh_. 4 – 16. G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ m` g`o`dmni njp`hme Dhpnb`j`m`, p`qjnojh 1961 c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 Jhq. 89 G`undjh hg «brnpncn jnlokejq`» qb_rhkhy` Fek``mh, bnqrnwm`_ =psgh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 –187 Jhq. 90 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 19 lnchk|mhj` G`a`cpeah akhg Fvuer{, =psgh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189 Jhq. 91 Dk`d apnmgnb{u hgdekhi hg Feuwhq-Phue, =psgh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191 Jhq. 92 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 16 lnchk|mhj` Lpekh II b Lahkhqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 –193 Jhq. 93 Mdhk`. 1. ;ekhm (Jsl{mh_); 2, 3. =p`mqnm (Rbeiv`ph_); 4. Dnpqeker (Rbeiv`ph_); 5. Fephcem (Rbeiv`ph_); 6. P~phu-:k|oemje (Rbeiv`ph_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Jhq. 94 Mdhk`. 1. :pmn`k|dh (Kebepm`_ Br`kh_); 2. Mcp` (<emcph_); 3. N~cnd (<emcph_); 4. <epumejna`mqjhi lnchk|mhj; 5, 6. Bp`m, leqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Jhq. 95 ;pnmgnb{e sdhk` q feqrjnqjpeokemm{lh oq`kh_lh. 1. Kekn Lepelv{; 2. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn, Dhpnbncp`dqjhi lsgei; 3. Dspc`m 26 lnchk|mhj` Mic`p`j; 4. Dspc`m 55 lnchk|mhj` Tfm{i L`chqjem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Jhq. 96 1 – 13. G`undjh hg jspc`m` 2 s q. ?mdf` (;nkc`ph_). 14 – 18. G`undjh hg jspc`m` 376 s q. Dnmqr`mrhmnbj` . . . 200 Jhq. 97 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ m` bngb{xemmnqrh Qhxun b :d{cee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Jhq. 98 Iepedme`gh`rqjhe sdhk` hg q`lnqqjncn =ep`inm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Jhq. 99 >er`k| reu fe sdhk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Jhq. 100 Dnmqj`_ sgd` hg cpnamhv{ 3 :kr{mreoe, Lspvh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 –207 Jhq. 101 ;pnmgnb{e oq`khh hg cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnonj. 1. Ip`hqrnphweqjne cnqsd`pqrbemmneqnap`mhe, F~muem; 2, 3. Pemrp`k|m{i Jhlqjn-cepl`mqjhi lsgei, F`imv; 4. Mmhbepqhrerqjhi lsgei Nhk`dek|thh; 5. Fsgei Sk_g{c`; 6. Fsgei Ferpnonkhrem, G|~-Cnpj; 7. Fsgei Sxlnkhem, Hjqtnpd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 Jhq. 102 Bmbemr`p| Gnq`webqjncn jspc`m` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Jhq. 103 :qqhphiqjhi pek|et hg dbnpv` K`pcnm` II b >sp-R`ppsjhme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 Jhq. 104 Kremm{e pnqohqh hg dbnpv` Lhk| ;`pqho` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 Jhq. 105 1 – 12. ;k_xjh. 13 – 19. A`qrefjh. 20, 21. Jejnmqrpsjvh_ jnmqjni sgd{ hg qkn_ p`gpsxemh_ O`g`mks IV. 1 – 6. Dspc`m :pf`m, j`lep` 26; 7. Dspc`m @hpmnjkeebqjhi 6; 8. Fephcem, Rbeiv`ph_; 9. Fekkemrhm, qebepn-bnqrnwm`_ =epl`mh_; 10. Dna`mqjhi lnchk|mhj, oncpeaemhe 31; 11. Dspc`m Krphfem` lnchk`, >nmevj`_ nak`qr|; 12. O`g`mks IV; 13 – 15. Dspc`m :pf`m, j`lep` 1; 16. Dspc`m :pf`m, j`lep` 31; 17. Dspc`m <{qnj`_ lnchk`, cpnamhv` 2; 18. Dspc`m <{qnj`_ lnchk`, cpnamhv` 5; 19. Dspc`m s q. <`qhk|ebj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Jhq. 106 G`undjh hg jspc`m` s q. Dbhrjh b Inpnq|e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 –219 315 Jhq. 107 Mp`prqjhe apnmgnb{e jnknjnk|whjh hg bnqrnwmni :m`rnkhh. 1. Dnknjnk|whj q m`dohq|~ Fems`; 2. Dnknjnk|whj q m`dohq|~ :pchxrh I; 3, 4. Dnknjnk|whjh aeg m`dohqei . . . . . . . . . . . 222 Jhq. 108 ;pnmgnb{e asaemv{ hg Bp`m`. 1 – 3. O`g`mks IV; 4 – 8. =p`ahrek|qjhe p`qjnojh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 Jhq. 109 ;pnmgnb{e asaemv{. 1 – 11. Fnchk|mhj :prhj. 1. Incpeaemhe 92; 2, 3. Incpeaemhe 180; 4, 5. Incpeaemhe 196; 6, 10. Incpeaemhe 203; 7, 8. Incpeaemhe 322; 9, 11. Incpeaemhe 360; 12 – 21. Fnchk|mhj Enph-aepd. 12 – 16. Incpeaemhe 2; 17 – 21. Incpeaemhe 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Jhq. 110 ;pnmgnb{e asaemv{. 1. J`d`m|_, F`jednmh_; 2. O`suhv`, F`jednmh_; 3. Srnq, Br`j`; 4. Ehmdnq, Jndnq; 5. Mcp`, <emcph_; 6. Lpfremn, ;ncelh_; 7 –10. Fnchk|mhj Jedjhm k`cep|; 11. ;nknm|_-K`bem`, oncpeaemhe 296; 12, 16 –18. Fhmcew`sp, cpsmrnb{i lnchk|mhj h oepb{i jspc`m; 13–15. ;nknm|_-K`bem`, oncpeaemhe 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Jhq. 111 G`undjh hg p`gpsxemmncn oncpeaemh_ lnchk|mhj` Dkhm-_p III, p`qjnojh 1987 c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Jhq. 112 1. Rkel hg lnchk|mhj` N`qj`s (=`kh`r). 2 – 10. G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ b Iphlnpqjnl, :au`gh_ . . . . . . . . 231 Jhq. 113 Kuel`rhweqjhi ok`m oncpeaemh_ b jspc`me 1 s q. :pw`dgnp, phqsmnj S. Jeqkep` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Jhq. 114 ;hrb` `qqhphiveb q sp`pr`lh. Bgnap`femhe m` apnmgnbni nahbje «;`k`b`rqjhu bnpnr» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Jhq. 115 1. G`yewmhj sp`prqjncn xkel` q m`dohq|~ Bxoshmh. 2. Jejnmqrpsjvh_ xkel` q }rhl m`yewmhjnl. 3, 4. Rkel{ hg O`g`mks IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Jhq. 116 Mp`prqjhe xkel{ q m`dohq_lh :pchxrh I. 1. Fnchk|mhj <epum__ Jsru`; 2. D`plhp-;ksp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Jhq. 117 Mp`prqjhe xkel{. 1. D`plhp-;ksp; 2. <nqrnwm`_ :m`rnkh_, ;`demqjhi Aelek|m{i lsgei, D`pkqps} . . . . . . 243 Jhq. 118 ;pnmgnb{e xkel{. 1. <nqrnwm`_ :m`rnkh_, =nqsd`pqrbemmne op`hqrnphweqjne qnap`mhe, F~muem; 2, 3. O`g`mks IV; 4. I`ke-I`tnq, Dhop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244 Jhq. 119 Rkel{. 1. Ahmdfhpkh; 2 – 4. <nqrnwm`_ :m`rnkh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Jhq. 120 Dk`d s cnp{ ;exr`s s I_rhcnpqj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 Jhq. 121 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 1 Kskr`mcnpqjncn lnchk|mhj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249 Jhq. 122 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 14 lnchk|mhj` Dkhm-_p III . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 Jhq. 123 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ m` unkle <epey`chm` b Sxeph, :au`gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Jhq. 124 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ b q. :msub`, :au`gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 –253 Jhq. 125 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 11 ;exr`xemqjncn lnchk|mhj`, Lph`kerh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 Jhq. 126 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ s D`a`m-cnp{ akhg Dhqknbndqj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258 Jhq. 127 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 4 lnchk|mhj` «Bmdsqrph_-1» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259 Jhq. 128 I`mvhpm{e ok`qrhmjh. 1, 2. :kr{mreoe, Lspvh_; 3. O`g`mks IV; 4. D`plhp-;ksp; 5 – 7. ;nc`gj^i . . . . . . . . . 260 Jhq. 129 ;pnmgnb{i jnmqjhi m`mnqmhj q m`dohq|~ Bxoshmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Jhq. 130 Ik`qrhmjh hg qknmnbni jnqrh. 1. Fechddn, I`keqrhm`; 2. Smjnlh, Dhop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 Jhq. 131 1. :qqhphiqjhi pek|et B.M. 124544 hg dbnpv` :xxspm`vhpo`k` II b Ghlpsde. 2. :qqhphiqj`_ jnmmhv`. Bgnap`femhe m` apnmgnbni nahbje «;`k`b`rqjhu bnpnr» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268 Jhq. 132 :qqhphiqjhe pek|et{ hg dbnpv` Lhck`ro`k`q`p` III b Ghlpsde. 1. Ikhr` B.M. 118907; 2. Ikhr` B.M. 118905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Jhq. 133 Dnqr_m{e ok`qrhmjh hg O`g`mks IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271 Jhq. 134 Bgnap`femh_ bq`dmhjnb. 1, 2. Jek|et{ hg Ahmdfhpkh; 3. ?choerqjhi pek|et hg Lsphm`; 4. Jek|et J`lqeq` II hg :as-Khlaek`; 5. Kpedme`qqhphiqj`_ oew`r| }onuh K`kl`m`q`p` I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Jhq. 135 :qqhphiqjhi pek|et hg dbnpv` Lhck`ro`k`q`p` III b Ghlpsde. Or. Dr. III. Central XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 D`pr` `puenknchweqjhu o`l_rmhjnb 1. <nqrnwm`_ ?bpno` h Iepedm__ :gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 –285 D`pr` `puenknchweqjhu o`l_rmhjnb 2. Bp`m, Tfm{i Mp`k, Pemrp`k|m`_ :gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 –287 ") &($  :ap`lhxbhkh, J. 190 :d`dmhp`ph I 154, 155 :d`dmhp`ph II 155 :d`dmhp`ph III 155 :jspc`k, S. 97 :kejq`mdp F`jednmqjhi 180 :kejqeeb, :. T. 49, 61, 214, 216 :kh`rr 18, 20, 57, 72, 76, 84, 94, 281 :l`mdph, I. 94 :mthlnb, G. <. 122 :pchxrh I 60, 158, 182, 184, 221, 222, 240 –243, 246, 257, 272 :pchxrh II 102, 190, 208 :pdhq 73 :prelhd` Steqqj`_ 72, 73, 90, 96, 97 :puhknu 73 :q`pu`ddnm 16, 17, 18, 19, 56, 213 :qr`pr` 105, 272 :rvhmcep, <. 90 :thm` 71 :uelemhd{ 16, 60, 105 :xxsp 100, 238, 264, 278 :xxspa`mho`k 16, 17, 57, 60, 100, 102, 143, 210, 212, 235 –237, 270, 282 :xxspm`vhpo`k II 98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 142, 143, 213, 214, 234, 235, 238, 240, 263, 266, 268, 270 ;`llep, :. 72, 96, 97 ;`pa|e-F~kkep 79, 80 ;`udhkhl 272 ;ekhmqjhi, :. ;. 234 ;epph, ;. 81 ;^lep, J. 70, 168 ;njunphq 123, 124 ;nsgej, U. 120 ;pemr|eq, ;. 76 ;}kjshkk, K. 277 <`idmep, ?. 154 <`k|da`sl, >f. 81 <`k|w`j, K. ;. 128, 220 <eaep, H. 100 <eqeknbqjhi, G. B. 31, 34, 48, 49, 57, 68, 77, 79, 82, 115, 118 <etkep, F. 98, 100, 213 <hgmep, C. 274 <npnmnb, T. G. 232, 247, 256 =`k`mhm`, E. D. =epndnr =eqhuhi =hc =hpxl`m, J. =nd`p, :. =npekhj, F. <. =p`mrnbqjhi, S. :. =p_gmnb, F. I. =srl`m, :. >`iqnm, J. >`phi I >hrv, M. E. >nkaefeb, <. B. >sd`peb, K. E. >|_jnmnb, B. F. A`idk|, M. Ahlphkhl Aseb, <. T. Bepelh_ Beqqem, :. :. Bxoshmh Bxr`p C{kd{p{l, J. D`kkhl`u D`kkhm D`kkhqtem D`k|leiep, I. Dekk|mep, O.-C. Dhaek` Dhqek|, <. :. Dknwjn, <. B. Dnbo`memjn, =. L. Dngemjnb`, <. B. Dnqhjnb, <. :. Dnqq`j, =. 188, 230, 255 Dpeg Dpnk|, K. Dspnwjhm, =. G. Dstrhm, ;. :. Dsxm`peb`, D. O. D~ooep, @.-J. Eejk`m, @. Ehcd`lhq 82 16, 56, 73, 114 73 73 212, 266, 279, 280 172 118 60, 98, 102 172 241, 246 270, 275, 276 16 261 228 210, 234, 240 15, 18, 60, 155 241 272, 274 62 59, 60 120, 128, 247, 276, 277 184, 236, 239, 241, 242, 264, 265 282 182 72 73 73 168 102 84 76 118, 122, 132 125, 210, 214, 216 130, 230, 240, 255 119 18, 21, 24, 35, 48, 49, 124, 125, 154, 69, 72, 90 60 56, 119, 119, 154 230, 232 –234, 247 154 274 272 70 –73 317 Ehqhl`u 71 E}i_pd, =. 236 F`g`p`jh 81 F`prhpnq_m, :. :. 143, 153, 154, 158, 160, 184, 278 F`qj`pekk`, H. 152, 153, 270, 275, 276 F`unpr{u, K. <. 118, 119, 216, 234, 256, 282 Fedbedqj`_, B. G. 17, 27, 35, 57, 60, 62, 137, 155, 162, 170, 180, 210, 263, 264, 266, 270, 272, 274 –278 Fekemr|eb, :. G. 35, 36 Fems` 60, 143, 182 –184, 188, 221, 222, 241, 242, 246, 264 Fhmmq, S. 105 Fhrp` 261 Fnxhmqjhi, :. 230 Fspghm, <. T. 122, 132 Fsph, I. 180 F}dksl, L. 235 G`ano`k`q`p 59 G`bsundnmnqnp 58 Gek|qnm 172 Hlsp`, K. 67 H~m, ;. 152 I`pjep, ;. 100 Ierp I 79 Ihnrpnbqjhi, ;. ;. 232 Ikhmhi 72 Iksr`pu 102 Incpeanb`, F. G. 60, 97, 143, 153, 155, 256 Indnaed, <. :. 49 Inrp`v, C. 180, 194 J`ebqjhi, >. K. 60 J`lqeq II 257, 272, 273 J`lqeq III 257 J`qq`l, H. 59 J`qqek, >f. 236 Jel, S. 241 Jeledf, S. 73 Jeqkep, S. 233 Jnqrnbveb, F. B. 100, 105 Jsq` I 60, 62 Jsq` II 59, 60, 67, 282 Jsq` III, q{m Sphlem{ 60, 243 K`kl`m`q`p I 273, 274 K`kl`m`q`p III 213, 236, 238, 240, 242, 263, 266 K`kl`m`q`p V 213, 214 K`pcnm II 26, 27, 71, 100, 143, 210, 212 –214, 234 –238, 263, 264, 266, 270, 275, 278 K`pdsph II 60, 170, 182 –184, 190, 203, 221, 242, 243 K`pdsph III 59, 60 K`pdsph, q{m K`pdsph 60 Khm`uuepha Kj`jnb, :. T. Kjnp{i, K. :. Klhpmnb`, =. B. Knpnjhm, K. K. Krp`anm Krpnm`u, >. Kskhlhpqjh, L. Leixea` Lelmhvjhi Lepemnfjhm, :. B. 154, 162, 190, 216 Lesxo` Leunb, ;. <. Lhck`ro`k`q`p I Lhck`ro`k`q`p III 266, 269, 270, 274, Lsjsk|rh-Ghmspr` II L~pn->`mfem, N. Mm`k, <. Nk`md`m, S. Nnkrhmh, K. Nnpsch O`kdh O`mtl`mm, >f. O`sorl`mm, O. O`w`rp_m, L. K. Obnijn, <. <. Oepvtek|d, S. Onc`pr, >. Onkk, =. Onunpnbqjh, U. Opnsd`, ;. O~rrek|, O.-=. Q`khxj`m, F. Qepmemjn, ?. <. Qfns, A`o`dmne R`l`x R`lxh-hks Rettep, >f. Rrsjh, J. Rsk|v, >. =. Sphjqnm, S. Sphlem` Spkhu, <. J. 36, 120, 194, 196, 198, 202, m Dug-dam-me-i Sand/ta m Sa-an-dak-KUR-ru m Te-uš-pa-a Λύγδαμις 102, 210, 212, 234 –237, 257, 270 255 118 124 74 70 153, 210 98 241 194 17, 120, 122 –125, 128, 130, 56 230 238, 264 143, 212, 213, 234 –237, 263, 264, 275 142, 238, 242 212, 213 42 26 278 182 241 69, 73 21, 23, 24, 27, 34, 42, 67, 81 142, 160 62 34, 81, 100 90 272 136 153, 236 194, 214, 216 42 256 76, 118 17, 18, 19, 56 213 73 94 34, 48, 77, 79, 118 266 60 128, 130, 132, 134, 137, 176, 178, 228, 234, 235, 261, 262, 277 15 15 15 15 15 ") *"&!$   #&!$    $&!$ "1 :`cqr`, oncpeaemhe 255 :au`gh_ 56, 230, 231, 251, 253, 255 :as-Khlaek 272, 273 :cp`a-reoe (158) 236 :d`m`, c. 172, 182, 183, 246 :d`xebv{ 125 :depmn, jk`d 125, 127 :d{ce_ 36, 39, 62, 94, 178, 198, 201 :gepa`idf`m 28, 283 208, 242 – hp`mqjhi :gh_ 20, 56 – F`k`_, qp. :m`rnkh_ 14, 15, 18, 21, 49, 55 –58, 69, 71, 81, 84, 86, 89, 94, 96, 97, 114, 118, 136, 176, 281, 282 – Iepedm__, qp. <nqrnj, Iepedmhi 12,13, 14, 16, 18, 20, 36, 48, 49, 57, 58, 62, 67, 84, 96, 98, 100, 118, 120, 137, 138, 142, 143, 180, 194, 196, 202, 205, 214, 220, 228, 236, 238, 240, 246, 256, 257, 261, 272, 276, 277, 281, 282, 283 115, 118, 172, 176 – Kpedm__ 49, 122 – Pemrp`k|m`_ :gm`bspreoe (112) 182, 183 :jj`dv{ 272 :jq`i, jk`d (31) 35, 38 :jq~rhmv{, q., jspc`m{ (17) 68, 83, 84, 119 :k`bepdh 151, 232 :kejq`mdpnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (23) 93, 94 :kejqeebqjhi, usr., jspc`m (47) 34, 35, 38, 176, 179, 203 :khx`p (124) 69, 70, 172 :kr`i 76, 94 :kr{mreoe (117) 190, 203, 204, 207, 208, 236, 260, 282 :k|ohiqjhi pechnm 194, 202 :k|ohiqjn-dsm`iqjhi pechnm 202 :k|o{ 202 :l`gnmjh 97 :l`q|_ (122) 42, 49, 50 –54, 68, 281 :l`rnmr (Dhop) (141) 143 :lephj` 242 :lk`x 119 :m`m|hmn, lnchk|mhj (35) 47, 48 :m`m|hmqj`_ jsk|rsp` 49, 261 :m`rnkh_, qp. :gh_, F`k`_ 14, 18, 21, 42, 56, 67, 69, 115, 120, 221, 279, 281 172, 222, 236, 243 –245, 257, 264 – bnqrnwm`_ 68 – vemrp`k|m`_ :mj`p`, c. 67, 84, 172, 203, 205 :msub` :pl_mqj`_, q., lnchk|mhj (64)247, 253, 255, 255, 256 :mrp`vhrnbqjhi p-m 48 :p`a{ 102, 104 :pchxrhuhmhkh (90) 61, 62, 257 :pf`m, jspc`m (184) 76, 79, 80, 122, 176, 178, 203, 214, 214 –216, 316 :plemh_ 27, 142, 146, 151, 152, 184, 185, 261, 278 :pmn`k|dh 194, 197 :pqk`m-r`x (148) 235 :prhj, lnchk|mhj (88)138, 141, 142, 154, 158 –161, 176, 221, 224, 232, 233, 277 :pu`mcek|qj`_ qknand`, q., jspc`m (27) 93, 94 :pw`dgnp, q., jspc`m{ (102)147, 151, 153, 154, 158, 160, 178, 232 –234, 238 :qqhphiv{ 14, 16, 17, 18, 56, 57, 71, 98, 100, 102, 104, 105, 210, 237, 238, 243, 262, 263, 266, 275 :qqhph_ 17, 19, 20, 57, 70, 71, 100, 115, 142, 143, 154, 210, 213, 214, 220, 221, 227, 232, 234, 237, 238, 240, 242, 261, 264, 275, 278 :qru`dgnp, lnchk|mhj (103) 143, 146, 153, 154 :thm{ 143, 180, 181, 277 :xr`p`jqjhi p`inm 142 :xxsp (151) 70, 100, 221, 238, 264 :_mhq D`ke (108) 67 ;`a`->f`m (164) 170 ;`kj`m{, g`o`dm{e 96, 226 ;`kksj`_ 26 ;`lanpqj`_ onk_m`, lnchk|mhj 255 ;`qnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (16) 79, 80 ;`qr`l (107) 27, 59, 60, 62, 67 ;`rhmerhd` 71 ;`x`d`p, ;`x`d`pqjhi jspc`m (181) 94 ;ekhm 194, 195, 202 ;eknckhmj` 26 ;ekncp`dev, jspc`m (2) 119, 123, 203 1 < sj`g`rek| me bjk~wem{ onbqeleqrmn bqrpew`~yheq_ b p`anre m`gb`mh_: jhllephiv{, qjht{, Gnbnwepj`qqjhi jk`d, Gnbnwepj`qqj`_ jsk|rsp`, Qepmncnpnbqj`_ jsk|rsp`, p`mmeqjhtqj`_ jsk|rsp`, jekepleqqjhi }r`o (t`g`), f`anrhmqjhi }r`o (t`g`). < qjnaj`u sj`g`m{ mnlep` m` j`pr`u. 319 ;ephjkdeeah (75) 142 ;epkhm, c. 76, 172, 228, 241, 246 ;exr`s, cnp`, jk`d (50) 247, 248 ;exr`xemh, lnchk|mhj (80) 26, 160, 165, 176, 232 –234, 238, 254, 255 ;hfe (180) 176 ;nc`gj^i (125) 49, 55, 66 – 68, 70, 89, 90, 96, 172, 221, 238, 260, 281, 282 ;ncelh_ 96, 225, 226 ;nkc`ph_ 198, 200, 202 ;nknm|_-K`bem`, lnchk|mhj 225, 226 ;nqrnm, c. 81, 82, 91, 242 ;sjqemrk`qkn, jk`d 130 ;spl`cewhr (116) 241 ;sremjh, q., jspc`m (20) 35, 123, 125, 127, 283 ;|emmqjne ng. 194 <`bhknm, qp. Gnbnb`bhknmqjne v`pqrbn 19 <`bhknm_me, qp. Gnbnb`bhknmqjne v`pqrbn 20, 58, 70 <`dem` 194 <`m, ng. 21, 48, 67 <`m, c. (110) 67, 183, 264 <`m D`ke 67 <`p-D`asd, lnchk|mhj (160) 170 <`qhk|ebj`, q., jspc`m (28) 215, 216 <`rhj`m 105, 111 <emcph_ 96, 127, 131, 194, 197, 225, 226 <epumejna`mqjhi lnchk|mhj (58) 196, 197 <epum__ Jsru`, lnchk|mhj (56) 196, 228, 240 –242, 246 <hg`mrhiv{ 20 <hthmh_ 57 <n, j`mrnm 194 <nkjnbv{, q., jspc`m{ (15) 81, 83, 84, 119 <nqrnj, Iepedmhi, qp. :gh_, Iepedm__ 58, 210, 242, 256 <{qnj`_ lnchk`, jspc`m (25) 134, 215, 216 =`b`, jsk|rsp` 130 =`dpejhkh, q. 261 =`g` 138, 142 =`gh`mreo, c. 183, 184 =`kh`r, q. (57) 228, 231 =`k|xr`rrqj`_ jsk|rsp` 123, 124, 277 =`k|xr`rrqjhi lnchk|mhj 124 =`lhp, «qrp`m`» 56, 62 =egep 100, 142 =ek` 86, 89, 90 =epl`mh_ 82 214, 215 – qebepn-bnqrnwm`_ =hjqnq{ 257 =ndhm-reoe (162) 168 =npdhnm (127) 24, 69 =nph, c. 26, 138 69 =npnd Fhd`q` (Cité de Midas) (128) =p`mqnm, onqekemhe 194, 195 =pejh 14, 16, 72, 97, 113, 119 =pevh_ 58, 97, 125, 138, 142, 221, 226, 266, 274, 278 =psgh_ 45, 120, 121, 138, 140, 142, 147, 188, 189, 191, 232, 261 154, 187 – bnqrnwm`_ 151 – vemrp`k|m`_ 320 =sd`sr` (68) 255 =sdepleq, c. (60) 77, 79 =sk_i cnpnd, q., jspc`m{ (11) 34, 83, 84 =sl`pnbn, q., jspc`m{ (177) 55, 203 =smdekem, q. (54) 47, 49, 56 =smm{ 20 =spdf``mqjhi p`inm 261 >`k|bepghm (179) 172 >`p|ebj`, q. jspc`m{ (8) 24, 26, 77, 79, 81, 83 >bhm 154 >ebe Os~j (146) 97, 180, 181 >hgchmj`ke (113) 264 >hkhf`m (95) 27, 29 >hl`v (83) 147, 151 >hmu`-reoe (157) 30, 34, 168 >meopnoerpnbqj`_ nak. 94, 132 >napsdf` 125 >nmevj 48 >nmevj`_ nak. 214 –216 >pegdem, c. 134 >sp-R`ppsjhm, qp. Onpq`a`d (154) 26, 27, 210, 212 ?bpno` 137, 180, 194, 202, 226, 241, 242, 276 12, 128, 176, 196, 202, 214 – <nqrnwm`_ 214, 227 – A`o`dm`_ – Pemrp`k|m`_ 13, 96, 123, 125, 126, 134, 136, 196, 202, 226, 227, 276 –278, 283 96 – Tfm`_ ?btp`r, p. 21, 241 ?choer 60, 71, 105, 257, 272 ?chor_me 272 ?kememdnpt (99) 226 ?mdf`, q., jspc`m (1) 123, 125, 198, 200, 203, 220, 283 ?peb`m (92) 182 @`anrhm, q., jspc`m{ (13) 34, 62. 63, 176, 177, 178, 198 @emeb`, c. 79, 80 @hpmnjkeebqjhi, usr., jspc`m (33) 214 –216 @spnbj`, dep., jspc`m{ (10) 24, 26, 27, 34 A`bnkf|e 214 A`cpnq 98 A`j`bj`g|e 24, 26, 27, 42, 56, 114, 115, 120, 137, 138, 143, 151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 160, 162, 170, 176, 178, 180, 184, 190, 194, 196, 204, 220, 221, 226, 227, 234, 238, 240, 261, 262, 276, 277, 279, 282, 283 151 – g`o`dmne 56, 188 – vemrp`k|mne A`j`po`r|e 277 A`jsa`m|e 128, 214 A`keq|e 26 A`onpnf|e 216 A`sp`k|e, ~fmne 138, 262 A`u`peijnb` lnchk`, jspc`m (9) 34, 83, 84 Aemd`m-h Kskeil`m 70 Ahbhe, «jk`d» (159) 67, 76, 79, 80, 93, 94, 266, 280 Ahmdfhpkh (138) 221, 242, 245, 257, 272, 273 Bglhr, c. (129) 86, 87 Bglhp, c. 110 Bepsq`khl (145) 58 Bl`lncks Os~j (119) 67 Blhpkep (121) 42 – 43, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 57, 68, 118, 172, 281 Bmdsqrph_, q., lnchk|mhj (51) 257, 259 Bnmh_ 71, 94 Bp`jkhnm 102 Bp`m 24, 34, 58, 67, 80, 93, 94, 102, 114, 119, 137, 138, 147, 151–155, 157, 158, 170, 172, 176, 178, 182, 188, 194, 197, 202, 204, 208, 214, 216, 220, 221, 223, 226, 276, 277, 279, 280, 283 68, 210 – g`o`dm{i 27, 196, 208 – qebepm{i 208, 220, 241 – qebepn-g`o`dm{i Bp`mv{ 98, 262, 280 98 – g`o`dm{e 98 – qebepm{e Bqhm 113 Bqo`mh_ 226 Br`j`, n. 225 Br`kh_ 124, 125, 127, 226 96, 194, 197 – Kebepm`_ D`a`m-cnp` (51) 257, 258 D`a`pdhmn-;`kj`ph_ 21, 84 D`bj`g 13, 18, 49, 56, 118, 143, 152, 153, 178, 196, 228, 234, 237, 238, 240, 247, 256, 257, 280, 283 – Kebepm{i, qp. Ipedj`bj`g|e 24, 26, 35, 55, 115, 118, 126, 134, 180, 194, 196, 202, 228, 234, 240, 246, 247, 257, 261, 277, 279, 282, 283 55 – qebepn-bnqrnwm{i 152, 196 – Pemrp`k|m{i D`bj`gqjhi upeaer 56, 178, 180, 196, 230, 247, 283 D`dex 272 D`g`uqr`m 115 76 – bnqrnwm{i 138 – qebepm{i D`k`jemr, lnchk|mhj (97) 26, 27, 147, 151, 160, 163, 176, 178, 179, 226, 283 D`k`ondh 278 D`k`rc`u (157) 263, 278 D`l`m-D`ke Os~j (126) 67, 84 D`lemmnlnqrqjne, q., lnchk|mhj (53) 83, 84 D`ok`mrs (159) 65, 205 D`oo`dnjh_, bnqrnwm`_ 138 D`p`a`uqjhe jspc`m{ 153 D`p`ask`c (105) 26 D`pekh, dep. (75) 26 D`pkqps}, c. 241–243, 264 D`plhp-;ksp, qp. Leixea`hmh (92) 27, 33– 35, 37, 59, 60, 61, 70, 84, 120, 154, 183, 205, 208, 226, 240, 241, 243, 260, 272 D`po`rn-dsm`iqjhi pechnm 132 D`po`rqjhi pechnm 194 D`pqqj`_ nak`qr| 188 D`puelhx (146) 70, 71, 97, 105 D`qohiqjne lnpe 119 D`w`c`m, jspc`m, lnchk|mhj (84) 151, 170 D`_k{depe (114) 67, 68, 69, 153, 282 Dbeln-K`qhperh, jk`d (77) 138, 140, 160, 232 Dbhrjh, q., jspc`m (4) 35, 38, 123, 125, 216 –220, 227, 283 Dekepleqqj`_ qr`m., mejpnonk|, jspc`m{ (43) 27, 29, 31, 34, 48, 49, 57, 61, 62, 68, 76, 77, 79, 82, 96, 115, 118, 279, 282 Dheb, c. 181, 194 Dhkhjh_ 57, 70 Dhop 26, 36, 40, 41, 142, 146, 194, 236, 243, 244, 266, 267 Dhpnb`a`d, c., jspc`m{ (98) 147, 153, 163, 178, 280 Dhpnb`j`m, c. (83) 147, 151, 184, 185, 188, 190 Dhpnbncp`d, c. 118, 198, 199 Dhqknbndqj, c. (51) 133–135, 228, 257, 258 Dhr`i 76, 118 118, 282, 283 – qebepm{i Dk`gnlem{ (132) 105, 108 –110 Dkhm-_p, q., lnchk|mhj (51) 132, 133, 228, 229, 234, 235, 246, 247, 250, 256, 283 Dna`m, lnchk|mhj (58) 214, 215 Dna`mqj`_ jsk|rsp` 152, 196, 228, 230, 232, 234, 255, 256, 283 Dniqsch 26 Dnkuhd` 160, 166 Dnkuhdqj`_ jsk|rsp` 230, 255, 256, 283 Dnl`pnbqjhi lnchk|mhj 26 Dnlknd, jk`d 125, 127 Dnmqr`mrhmnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (6) 84, 198, 200, 283 Dnpqeker 194, 195 Dnqrpnlqj`_, qr`m. 160 Dp`qm`_ depebm_, q., jspc`m{ (34) 214 Dp`qmnd`p, c. (37) 196, 198 Dp`qmnd`pqjne bndnup`mhkhye 79, 80, 198 Dp`qmne gm`l_, usr., jspc`m{ (48) 24, 32, 34, 55, 282 Dp`qm{i l`_j, lnchk|mhj (65) 255 Dphr 102 Dp{l 55, 77 Dq`mqjne syek|e (71) 120 Dsa`mqjhi lnchk|mhj (40) 121, 122 Dsk`mspub`, lnchk|mhj (63) 255 Dslaskr`, q., lnchk|mhj (56) 196, 228 Dsl{ 124, 125, 127, 226 Dspdhqr`m, 105 79, 94, 275, 280 – hp`mqjhi 98 – vemrp`k|m{i Dsvebnknbj`, q., jspc`m{ (21) 118 Ds~mdfhj, qp. Ghmebh_ (153) 102, 210, 282 D~p->epe 255 E`ik`xh, jk`d (70) 160, 166 E`uhx (145) 221, 236, 257 Eeidem, c. 242 Eemhm`j`m, c., onqekemhe, mejpnonk| (86) 160, 162, 163 Eeplnmrnbqjhi p`gzegd, oncpeaemhe (52) 35, 38, 42, 44 Ehdhiv{ 58, 72, 84 Ehdh_ 18, 57, 71, 84, 94 Ehmdnq 225 Ehw, dep. 21 Enmdnm 100 Enph-aepd, lnchk|mhj (82) 138, 154, 221, 224, 226, 233 Esam{, q., jspc`m 194 Esc`mqj`_ nak. 47, 48 Esc`mqjne, q. 214 321 Esjh 26 Esphqr`m 17, 170, 188, 212, 256 Ew`xem, q., lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (94) 138, 139, 142, 154, 226, 232, 233, 238, 262 E_dhj 49, 50 –55 F`c`pnh, q. 261 F`ijno, c. (44) 77, 196 F`imv, c. 208, 209, 241 F`j`pxem, q., oncpeaemhe (83) 184, 185, 188, 190 F`jednmh_ 96, 225, 226 F`jeebj`, q., jspc`m{ 29 F`k`jk~, lnchk|mhj 256 F`k`r|_ (119) 21, 67 F`k`_ Phla`kj` (26) 134 F`k{i jspc`m (106) 26, 28, 42, 170, 172, 190 F`mm` 17, 18, 58, 115, 184, 257, 264, 278 F`mmeh 19, 238, 243, 263, 276 F`p`k{m >epeqh (76) 154 F`pd{ 102 F`ph (150) 238, 272, 274 F`pkhj, lnchk|mhj (166) 147, 151–154, 221 F`x`r Os~j (123) 68, 69, 85 Fechddn (143) 261, 266, 267 Fedbhm 178 Fek``mh, qb_rhkhye (74) 187, 188, 190 Fekhd 56, 57 Fekh_ (134) 71, 72 Fekkemrhm 214, 215 Fek|csmnb (Ehrni), jspc`m (14) 48 Felthq 105 Fephcem 194, 195, 214, 215 Feqnonr`lh_ 16, 58, 214, 238, 274 18, 19, 272 – Kebepm`_ 19 – Tfm`_ Feuwhq-Phue, jk`d (85) 188, 191 Fhdhiv{ 19, 70, 71 Fhdh_ 17, 18, 58, 60 Fhd_me 98 Fhjem{ 138, 139, 142 Fhker (136) 71, 142 Fhk|qjn-D`p`a`uqj`_ qreo| 26, 42, 170, 172, 190 Fhmcew`sp, c., jspc`m{, cpsmrnb{i lnchk|mhj (100) 2 6 , 42, 154, 155, 156, 158, 162, 168, 170, 172, 176, 178, 190, 225, 226, 278,280, 283 Fhmep`k|m{e bnd{, c. (49) 49 Fhmsqhmqj, c. (183) 47, 48 Fhmsqhmqj`_ jnrknbhm` 48, 281 Fnkd`bh_ 124 Fnmcnkh_ 76 Fnpjb`xhmqjhi lnchk|mhj (36) 261 Fp`lnpmne lnpe 86 Fsx (115) 47, 48, 49, 57, 118 Fsxjh 56 Fvem, q., lnchk|mhj 151 Fvuer`, c. (78) 188, 189 F~muem, c. 209, 241, 242, 244, 246 G`a`cpeah, lnchk|mhj (78) 188, 189 G`bsp (96) 27, 29 322 G`d|g`mj, jk`d 130 G`pr`m, q., lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (55) 21, 64, 62, 77, 81, 83, 282 G`q`dcnl`ph, lnchk|mhj (73) 261 Geip`a 105 Geiqqe, p. 134 Gex`rek|qjne ng. 194 Ghcngerh, jk`d 188 Ghjnk`ebqjhi lnchk|mhj (39) 122 Ghlpsd, qp. D`k|us (152) 98, 99, 100, 232, 236, 257, 266, 268 –270, 275 Ghmebh_, qp. Ds~mdfhj (153) 210, 236 Gnb`_ ;ekncnpj` (175) 55 Gnbn`kejq`mdpnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (22) 81, 82 Gnbnb`bhknmqjne v`pqrbn, qp. <`bhknm, b`bhknmv{ 20 Gnb{ ;`mnbhv{ 125 Gnp-:pex (92) 143, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 158, 256 Gnp-;`_ger (93) 261 Gnpxsmreoe (118) 21, 22 –27, 34, 35, 36, 42, 55, 56, 57, 59, 68, 170, 172, 257, 282 Gnq`webn (7) 119, 123, 210 –212, 214, 216, 220 Gsahiv{ 272 Gsgh (155) 261 Gsx-h >f`m (163) 65, 68, 69, 205, 210 G|~-Cnpj, c. 34, 35, 47, 81, 82, 182, 209, 242 Hdep, p. 134 Hjqtnpd, c. 208, 209, 264 Hpdnq 212 Hpemaspc, c. (176) 47, 48 Hpeunbn, q. (30) 47, 48 Hpunlem 138 Hqerhm{ 56 Hqerh_ 79 228 – Kebepm`_ 77, 79 – Tfm`_ Hqm_ch 26 Hx`j`m 154 I`ke-I`tnq (Dhop) (142) 143, 244 I`keqrhm` 58, 67, 71, 221, 266, 267 I`mhnmhi 71 I`phf, c. 110 I`pmh-=eu (87) 138 I`rmnq, c. 21, 264 Iepea{jnbv{ 26 Iepj`k|, lnchk|mhj (50) 47, 49 Iepqeonk| (170) 58, 83– 85, 119, 180, 181 Iepq{ 72, 84, 97, 98, 113 Inbnkf|e 48, 118, 281 214, 280 – Ghfmee Indsm`b|e, qp. Iphdsm`b|e 138, 277 202 – vemrp`k|mne Inkr`bqj`_ nak. 125, 194 Inonbj`, usr., jspc`m{ (18) 34, 81, 83 Inpnq|e 115 –219 Ipedj`bj`g|e, qp. Kebepm{i D`bj`g 56, 114, 115, 118, 123, 178, 196, 198, 234, 257, 261, 277 55, 282 – vemrp`k|mne Ipenap`femqjne 35 Iph`p`k|e 48, 49, 160, 172, 203, 281 49 – ~fmne Iphdsm`b|e, qp. Indsm`b|e 277 Iphem` 71 Iphjsa`m|e 55, 122 Iphlnpqjne, q. (67) 230 –234, 238, 246, 247, 255, 256 Iphsp`k|e 49 48, 49, 203 – ~fmne Iphwepmnlnp|e 20, 114, 119, 120, 122, 123, 137, 180, 257 – Kebepmne 16, 94, 114, 115, 118, 119, 125, 196, 220, 277 Ipsqq{ 26 Ip~d|, dep., jk`d 130 –132, 283 It`rrem 194 Ixhx, jk`d, lnchk|mhj (38) 35, 38, 214 I_rhcnpqj, c. (50) 47, 49, 56, 248 J`d`m|_ 225 J`dhnmnbj`, q. (24) 132, 133 J`glemm{i, jspc`m 160 J`q R`lp` (139) 138, 261 J`r`ie 226 Jedjhm k`cep|, lnchk|mhj (95) 225, 226 Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`, jspc`m (9) 24, 26, 27, 29, 34, 81, 83 Jndnq, n. 225 Jsj, q. (62) 77, 79, 80 Jsl{mh_ 194, 195 K`bpnl`r{ 97 K`d`ukn, lnchk|mhj (81) 160, 163 K`j`p-w`c`, lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (172)47, 49, 118, 172 –175 K`jh 16, 18, 19, 20, 97, 105, 113 K`k`lhm (Dhop) (140) 26, 36, 40, 41, 143, 146 K`l`ph_ (144) 70, 71 K`lnq, n. (135) 71, 96, 168, 204, 221 K`lqsm, c. 97 K`lr`bpn, lnchk|mhj (78) 42, 45, 62, 154, 196, 232 K`pd{ (130) 69, 73–77, 80 – 82, 84, 86, 87, 90, 94, 96, 282 K`u`pm`-Knknmwem{, cpsoo` o`l_rmhjnb 124 Keb`m, ng. 262 Kelhpew|e, bnqrnwmne 176 Kh`kj, lnchk|mhj (168) 132, 137, 155, 157, 158, 168 – 170, 172, 178, 180, 190, 212, 214, 221, 232, 274, 276 Khahp| 48, 80, 81 48, 115, 118 – ~fm`_ Khmr`xr`, lnchk|mhj (178) 138, 139, 262 Khoo`p 16 Khphiv{ 98 Khph_ 58, 86, 88, 105, 221, 272, 275 272, 275 – Kebepm`_ Khvhkh_ 125, 127 86, 89 – Tfm`_ Kk`b_me 20 Kknb`jh_, g`o`dm`_ 135 Kknbemh_ 124 Klhpm` (131) 58, 72 Klnkemhve-Fnk|ohp 135 Knkndj`, jspc`m{ (17) 68 Knrhm 125 Kr`bpnonk|, c. (46) 179 Kr`bpnonk|e 176 Kr`lask 48, 49 Kr`px`_ lnchk`, jspc`m (17) 24, 26, 27, 29, 34, 48, 68, 119 Kreakebn, q., jspc`m{ (5) 115, 117, 281, 282 Kreomni, usr. (60) 77 Krphfem` lnchk`, jspc`m (29) 214 –216 Ksk`j (176) 47 Kskr`m-cnp`, lnchk|mhj (51) 247, 249 Ksplsxh, jk`d (69) 120, 121, 162 KR: 88 K{pd`p|_, p. 203 L`a`k 56, 70 L`c`pqj`_ jsk|rsp` 48 L`chqjem, Tfm{i (173) 118, 176, 199, 203 L`j-Dhkhq`, lnchk|mhj (80) 146, 155, 162, 163, 188 L`k{x 154 L`pq (137) 70 L`xnb` 49, 50 –55 Lahkhqh, c. (79) 138, 157, 160, 163, 188, 193, 234 Lecep`m, c. 266 Leixea`hmh, qp. D`plhp-;ksp (92) 59, 60, 61, 62, 115, 154, 158, 170, 172, 182, 184, 208, 210, 232, 241, 242, 246, 257 Lek|-:l`pm` 138, 142 Lek|-O`k`t (149) 272 Lelhp-cnp`, jspc`m 77 Lemerhmj`, q., jspc`m{ (12) 34, 176, 176, 178 Leoe =h_m (165) 168, 171, 221 Lepelv{, q. (3) 198, 199 Lhk| ;`pqho (147) 212, 213, 263, 264 Lhp 213 Lhphmt 138 Lhpnk|, Tfm{i 194 Lkh, lnchk|mhj (61)42, 42, 77, 80, 81, 83, 152, 196, 230, 255, 255, 256 Lnk`, jk`d 147, 151 Lnknpq, jspc`m (104) 151, 152 Lnl`df`m, dep. (169) 119 Lnop`jj`ke (109) 27, 29, 243 Lp`mqhk|b`mh_ 194 Lp`urelhpnbn 138 Lpekh, lnchk|mhj (79) 157, 160, 188, 190, 193, 232, 234, 338 Lpfremn 225, 226 Lph`kerh 26, 146, 154, 155, 157, 160, 165, 188, 232, 238, 254, 255 Lph ;p`r`, jspc`m{ 26 Lpn`d` 86, 87, 96 Lsb` 76, 79, 122, 203, 214 Lsmdfekh, c. (116) 241 Lspemc Leoe (171) 194 Lsphm, c. 272, 273 Lspvh_ 48, 67, 80, 88, 86, 90, 91, 172, 182, 207, 242, 246, 260 241 – bnqrnwm`_ Lsxo` (110) 67 323 M`xuhrs, jspc`m (42) 35, 36, 39, 123, 128, 178, 257, 262, 283 Mcp` 194, 197, 225, 226 Mic`p`j, lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (174) 47, 48, 76, 79, 80, 118, 160, 172, 176, 199, 203 Mk_o, jspc`m{ (41) 94 Mmhe (120) 97 Mp 113, 238 Mp`prs 17, 18, 21, 24, 56, 59, 60, 67, 115, 138, 152, 153, 155, 182, 184, 190, 194, 196, 203, 204, 208, 220, 221, 226, 234, 236, 240, 242, 246, 256, 257, 261, 264, 272, 275, 276, 278, 282 Mp`pr{ 14, 19, 57, 59, 61, 62, 84, 102, 138, 153, 172, 208, 236 –238, 242, 243, 262, 263, 276, 278 Mplh_, ng. 214 18 – ophsplhiqjhi p`inm N`pq, lnchk|mhj (45) 129, 130 N`qj`s, lnchk|mhj (57) 77, 80, 196, 228, 230 –234, 240 Nepc`mqj`_ nak. 172 Nhb{ 138, 139, 142 Nhk`dek|th_, c. 172, 183, 205, 209 Np`mvh_, bnqrnwm`_ 226 Nphchiv{ 57 Nphch_ 57 N~cnd 194, 197 O`g`mks (156) 65, 67, 98, 152, 155, 157, 158, 162, 167, 168, 170, 172, 176, 182, 190, 194, 205, 210, 214 –216, 220, 221, 223, 236, 238, 239, 242, 244, 256 257, 260, 263, 264, 266, 270 –272, 274 –280, 283 O`idsanqqnplemh, jk`d 130 O`l`d`m 34 O`meiv{ 272, 274 O`mk`p, jspc`m (99) 154, 154 O`qk`s-Jecek|qapsmm, jk`d 277 O`suhv` 225 Oepqnmqj`_ nak. 94 Ohk`jjs 70 Ondf`k{, c., jspc`m{, lnchk|mhj (101) 26, 151, 153, 154, 155, 158, 160, 178, 190 Onpb`rh_ 96, 226 Onpq`a`d, qp. >sp-R`ppsjhm (154) 210, 212, 270 Opr`mnv, lnchk|mhj (95) 27, 29 Osasxjh_ 18 Osasxm` 56 Ospphr{ 274 Phmvj`pn, q., lnchk|mhj (80) 155, 157 Phrekh-cnpeah, q., jspc`m{ (72) 261 P~phu, c. 88 P~phu-:koemje 194, 195 Q`bsxreoe (111) 65, 67, 205, 210, 236 Qepmnkeqqj`_ jsk|rsp` 124 Qexleu-F`uh, lnchk|mhj (161) 170, 188 Qhxun, jspc`m (38) 62, 123, 196, 198, 201, 283 Qlh, q., lnchk|mhj (59) 228 Qnc` A`lahk (167) 142, 261 Qnp`r`m 27, 29 Qsqrqj`_ jsk|rsp` 172 R`lhp`l, jspc`m (89) 142 R`pemcp`d 226 R`pjhxk` 138 R`rr-}k|-:p`a, p. 26 R`ttu`sgem, c. 242 Rbeiv`ph_ 194, 195, 214 –216 Ronk`, q. (8) 77, 81 Rsaph_ 57 Rslem, c. 202 Scehd` 84 Sk`l 210 Sk`p, lnchk|mhj (91) 226 Sk_g{c, c. 172, 183, 209, 241 Sl`l, dep. (169) 119 Smjnlh (Dhop) (140) 266, 267 Speasmh, qp. :phm-;epd (92)62, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 158, 208, 210 Srnq 225 Steq (133) 72, 84, 86, 90 – 92, 94 – 97 Swlh`dghm 143 Sxeph, q., lnchk|mhj (66) 230, 247, 251, 255, 255, 256 255 – <epum__ Sxj`jnm 26 Tj`p{ :mg`t D`ke 67 Allemands Benacci Berlin Bologna Bombay Brandebourgeois Csákberény Este Franzosen Gyula Hasanlu Ispánlak Kisköszeg Lyoner Nagyenyed kur Ni-kip-pa Paris Sakā Somlyóhegy Somlyóvásárhely Stillfried Székesfehérvár Tarquinia Ugra kur Ú-pa-a Vácszentlászló Vetropácz Zürich 18 124 235 124 235 18 125 124 18 125 279 125 125 18 125 266 235 16 125 125 125 125 123, 124 125 266 125 125 235