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DEUTSCHES ARCHÄOLOGISCHES INSTITUT
EURASIEN-ABTEILUNG
INSTITUT FÜR ALLGEMEINE GESCHICHTE DER RUSSISCHEN AKADEMIE DER WISSENSCHAFTEN
ZENTRUM FÜR VERGLEICHENDE ERFORSCHUNG DER ALTEN ZIVILISATIONEN
STEPPENVÖLKER EURASIENS
Herausgegeben von
Askold Ivantchik und Hermann Parzinger
INTERNATIONALES BERATUNGSGREMIUM
Vorsitzende: G. Bongard-Levin (Moskau), H. Kyrieleis (Berlin)
A. Askarov (Tashkent), K. Bajpakov (Alma-Ata)
V. Bočkarev (Sankt-Petersburg), H.-P. Francfort (Paris), Gh. Gnoli (Rom),
B. Hänsel (Berlin), Th. Höllmann (München), K. Jettmar (Heidelberg), G. Kossack (München),
C. Lamberg-Karlovsky (Cambridge, Mass.), B. Litvinskij (Moskau),
V. Molodin (Novosibirsk), M. Moškova (Moskau),
R. Munčaev (Moskau), M. Piotrovskij (Sankt-Petersburg),
D. Raevskij (Moskau), P. Toločko (Kiew)
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STEPPENVÖLKER EURASIENS
Band II
Askold I. Ivantchik
KIMMERIER UND SKYTHEN
Kulturhistorische und chronologische Probleme der Archäologie
der osteuropäischen Steppen und Kaukasiens
in vor- und frühskythischer Zeit
Moskau 2001
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6YLVTaL TGWUKa *IWGNOO, II
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Askold I. IVANTCHIK, Kimmerier und Skythen. Kulturhistorische
und chronologische Probleme der Archäologie der osteuropäischen Steppen
und Kaukasiens in vor- und frühskythischer Zeit. Moskau 2001
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Eurasien-Abteilung des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, 2001
4GRLUJWG[, 2001
ISBN 5-89526-008-X (5ZXXQUL ONKGTOL)
ISBN 5-89526-009-8 (2LSL]QUL ONKGTOL)
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73E;CA5=; D?8@N BC87D=;GD=A< =F>OEFCN C3@@8D=;GD=A< 5 DE8B2H 5ADEAJ@A< 5CABN ADE38ED2 7;D=FDD;A@@A<, BC;J8? C3:4CAD ?@8@;< :78DO 7ADE3EAJ@A 58>;= — AE D8C87;@N VIII 7A @3J3>3 VI 5. 7A @. P.
A 5EACA< J3DE; C34AEN 2 BNE3QDO DA4C3EO E8 73@@N8, =AEACN< BA:5A>2QE BC;52:3EO @3;4A>88 BA:7@;8 B3?2E@;=; BC87D=;GD=A< =F>OEFCN ; @3;4A>88 C3@@;8 B3?2E@;=; C3@@8D=;GD=A< =F>OEFCN =
DFL8DE5FQL;? D;DE8?3? 34DA>QE@A< HCA@A>A6;;, BC8978 5D86A HCA@A>A6;; B8C87@85ADEAJ@A<, 3 E3=98
; I8@EC3>O@A85CAB8<D=A<. ?8@@A E3=32 BCAI87FC3 BC87DE35>28ED2 ?@8 @3;4A>88 BA7HA72L8< 7>2
FDE3@A5>8@;2 73EN B8C8HA73 AE BC87D=;GD=A< = C3@@8D=;GD=A< =F>OEFC8 5 5ADEAJ@A85CAB8<D=;H
DE8B2H. !3=A@8I, 8L8 A7;@ 3DB8=E BCA4>8?N ADE38ED2 5 BA>8 ?A86A 5@;?3@;2 5 A48;H J3DE2H C34AEN:
=F>OEFC@N8 D52:; @3D8>8@;2 DE8B8< =A@I3 BC87D=;GD=A6A ; C3@@8D=;GD=A6A B8C;A73 D ;H DAD872?;,
BC8978 5D86A D @3D8>8@;8? 35=3:3, #8C87@8< :;; ; *8@EC3>O@A< 5CABN.
N8HIQ 1
Ahq_\gbdb _\jZabckdbo kl_i_c \i_j\u_ ihY\eYxlkY \ ihe_ aj_gbY ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ \h
\lhjhc iheh\bg_ VIII \. ^h g. w. F_j\u_ ^hklh\_jgh gZf ba\_klgu_ kh[ulbY bklhjbb wlbo dhq_\gbdh\ — bo ihoh^u \ F_j_^gxx b CZemx 8abx, ]^_ hgb \klmibeb \ g_ihkj_^kl\_gguc dhglZdl k
gZjh^Zfb, h[eZ^Z\rbfb ibkvf_gghklvx (mjZjlZfb, ZkkbjbcpZfb, ]j_dZfb b ^j.), [eZ]h^ZjY q_fm, kh[kl\_ggh, b klZeb gZf ba\_klgu. Fhoh^u _\jZabckdbo dhq_\gbdh\ \ F_j_^gxx 8abx gZqZebkv g_ iha`_
714 ]. ^h g. w., dh]^Z hgb \i_j\u_ mihfbgZxlkY \ Zkkbjbckdbo l_dklZo, b ijh^he`Zebkv, \b^bfh, \
l_q_gb_ \k_]h VII \. ^h g. w. <hklZlhqgh fgh]hqbke_ggu_ ibkvf_ggu_ bklhqgbdb iha\heYxl \ h[sbo
q_jlZo j_dhgkljmbjh\Zlv bklhjbx wlbo ihoh^h\ 1. : lh `_ \j_fY hgb hklZ\beb b fZl_jbZevgu_ ke_^u,
\u^_e_gb_ b b^_glbnbdZpbY dhlhjuo ij_^klZ\eY_l hkh[uc bgl_j_k ^eY bkke_^h\ZgbY jZaebqguo klhjhg bklhjbb _\jZabckdbo ghfZ^h\. IZd, ZgZeba wlbo ^Zgguo g_h[oh^bf ^eY bamq_gbY ijh[e_fu bo \aZbfhhlghr_gbc k gZjh^Zfb F_j_^g_c b CZehc 8abb, \dexqZY fZehZabckdbo ]j_dh\, dhlhjZY ^he`gZ
j_rZlvkY gZ hkgh\_ bkihevah\ZgbY \k_]h dhfie_dkZ ^hklmiguo bklhqgbdh\ — dZd ibkvf_gguo, lZd
b Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo. Fjhbkoh^Ysb_ ba CZehc 8abb Zjo_heh]bq_kdb_ ^Zggu_ qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`gu b ^eY
\uYkg_gbY dmevlmjgh]h b wlgbq_kdh]h h[ebdZ kZfbo dhq_\gbdh\, \ lhf qbke_ khhlghr_gbY f_`^m
^\mfY hkgh\gufb bo ]jmiiZfb, mihfYgmlufb \ ibkvf_gguo l_dklZo — dbff_jbcpZfb b kdbnZfb.
E^gbf ba Zki_dlh\ wlhc ijh[e_fu Y\eY_lkY b^_glbnbdZpbY Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmju j_Zevguo bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\ — ijh[e_fZ, fgh]h ^bkdmlbjh\Z\rZYkY \ gZmd_, gh g_ ihemqb\rZY ^h kbo ihj
ijb_fe_fh]h ^eY \k_o j_r_gbY. <jm]hc qZklvx lhc `_ ijh[e_fu Y\eY_lkY b \hijhk h dmevlmj_ jZggbo
kdbnh\, ij_`^_ \k_]h h ^Zlbjh\d_ __ \hagbdgh\_gbY b oZjZdl_j_ jZggbo wlZih\ jZa\blbY.
1 Ivantchik 1993; ?\Zgqbd 1996.
14
;B8:8 1.1
« »
F_j\ZY ijh[e_fZ, dhlhjZY \klZ_l i_j_^ gZfb, dh]^Z fu iulZ_fkY \uY\blv Zjo_heh]bq_kdb_ ke_^u
ij_[u\ZgbY _\jZabckdbo ghfZ^h\ \ CZehc 8abb — wlh \hijhk h lhf, d_f k Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc lhqdb
aj_gbY [ueb dbff_jbcpu, l. _. ijh[e_fZ dbff_jbckdhc Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmju. ?^_glbnbdZpbY
Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmju dbff_jbcp_\ b mklZgh\e_gb_ __ khhlghr_gbY k dmevlmjhc kdbnh\ fh`_l
^Zlv ^hihegbl_evgu_ k\b^_l_evkl\Z b ih ijh[e_f_ bo Yaudh\hc b wlgbq_kdhc ijbgZ^e_`ghklb. RlZ
ijh[e_fZ ^he`gZ [ueZ [u, dhg_qgh, j_rZlvkY \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v gZ hkgh\Zgbb ebg]\bklbq_kdbo ^Zgguo. IZdb_ ^Zggu_, h^gZdh, kebrdhf kdm^gu b ^\mkfuke_ggu. DZebqguc ebg]\bklbq_kdbc fZl_jbZe,
k\YaZgguc k dbff_jbcpZfb, h]jZgbqb\Z_lkY bo kZfhgZa\Zgb_f * Gimĕ/ir 1, Z lZd`_ lj_fY khojZgb\rbfbkY \ ZddZ^kdbo bklhqgbdZo bf_gZfb dbff_jbckdbo pZj_c. HZfhgZa\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ g_ bf__l
m^h\e_l\hjbl_evghc wlbfheh]bb b g_ fh`_l [ulv bkihevah\Zgh ^eY \uYkg_gbY wlgbq_kdhc ijbgZ^e_`ghklb wlh]h gZjh^Z. Ijb bf_gb dbff_jbckdbo pZj_c lZd`_ ^Zxl g_ \iheg_ Ykgmx bgnhjfZpbx.
F_j\h_ ba gbo, mTe-uš-pa-a, \hafh`gh, Y\eY_lkY bjZgkdbf ih ijhbkoh`^_gbx, h^gZdh ij_^eZ]Z\rb_kY
_]h wlbfheh]bb g_gZ^_`gu b bf_xl l_ beb bgu_ nhjfZevgu_ g_^hklZldb, ijbq_f b bgh_, g_bjZgkdh_
(gZijbf_j, omjjblkdh_), ijhbkoh`^_gb_ ^Zggh]h bf_gb lZd`_ g_ bkdexq_gh 2. ?fY \lhjh]h dbff_jbckdh]h pZjY, mDug-dam-me-i / Λύγδαμις, kdhj__ \k_]h bf__l fZehZabckdh_ ijhbkoh`^_gb_, Z _]h bjZgkdb_ wlbfheh]bb g_ m[_^bl_evgu 3. DZdhg_p, lj_lv_ bfY, mSa-an-dak-KUR-ru, bf__l \ i_j\hc qZklb bfY
dbebdbckdh]h [h`_kl\Z Sand/ta. ?gl_jij_lZpbY \lhjhc qZklb bf_gb aZ\bkbl hl ijhql_gbY ij_^ihke_^g_]h agZdZ — a^_kv jZ\gh \hafh`gh dZd ql_gb_ -kur-, lZd b -šad-. : i_j\hf kemqZ_ bfY dbff_jbckdh]h pZjY hdZau\Z_lkY em\bckdbf ih ijhbkoh`^_gbx. :h \lhjhf we_f_gl -kšatru fh`_l [ulv bklhedh\Zg dZd i_j_^ZqZ bjZgkdh]h xšaθra b lh]^Z bfY hdZ`_lkY dhfihablguf ZgZlhebckdh-bjZgkdbf 4.
Fhke_^gb_ ^\Z bf_gb, \b^bfh, hljZ`Zxl l_kgu_ iheblbq_kdb_ b, \hafh`gh, ^bgZklbq_kdb_ dhglZdlu
f_`^m em\bckdbf, b ki_pbZevgh dbebdbckdbf, gZk_e_gb_f 8gZlhebb b dbff_jbcpZfb. IZdbf h[jZahf, gb h^gh ba lj_o ba\_klguo dbff_jbckdbo bf_g g_ bf__l g_khfg_gghc bjZgkdhc wlbfheh]bb, Z
^\Z ihqlb gZ\_jgYdZ k\YaZgu k 8gZlheb_c.
1 8gZeba khojZgb\rbokY nbdkZpbc gZa\ZgbY dbff_jbcp_\ b
gu_, ij_`^_ \k_]h debghibkgu_, bklhqgbdb k\b^_l_evkl\mxl
j_dhgkljmdpbx _]h i_j\hgZqZevghc nhjfu, Z lZd`_ jZa[hj
h lhf, qlh dbff_jbcpu b kdbnu [ueb ^\mfY jZagufb, ohlY
jZaguo wlbfheh]bc wlh]h gZa\ZgbY, kf. Ivantchik 1993, 127 –
gh]h ?. C. <vYdhgh\uf ij_^iheh`_gbY h lhf, qlh gZa\Zgb_
b [ebadbfb ih dmevlmj_ wlghkZfb.
2 Ivantchik 1993, 61– 62; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 64 – 65.
3 Ivantchik 1993, 115 –118; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 122 –124.
«dbff_jbcpu» [ueh g_ gZklhYsbf wlghgbfhf, Z h[hagZq_-
4 Ivantchik 1993, 120 –124; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 127 –131.
154; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 132 –159. >^_kv `_ kf. djblbdm \ukdZaZg-
gb_f kdbnkdbo fh[bevguo hljY^h\. DZ fhc \a]eY^ ibkvf_g-
15
1.1.1 H:?<=I=BQHI:8 F?HQC=DDPL I=AHIE: E C8I=G?8BQDE@ AJBQIJG=
A?CC=G?@M=:
Hdm^gu_ kh[kl\_ggh ebg]\bklbq_kdb_ fZl_jbZeu, dZd fu \b^_eb, g_ ^Zxl gbq_]h hij_^_e_ggh]h
^eY j_r_gbY ijh[e_fu dbff_jbckdh]h wlghkZ b YaudZ. : gZr_f jZkihjY`_gbb, ke_^h\Zl_evgh, hklZxlkY ebrv dhk\_ggu_ ^Zggu_. NZklv ba gbo kh^_j`blkY \ ZddZ^kdbo debghibkguo bklhqgbdZo 5, mihfbgZxsbo «dbff_jbckdb_» emdb b klj_eu b g_db_ «dbff_jbckdb_» j_fgb, ih-\b^bfhfm, [u\rb_
^_lZeYfb dhgkdhc mijY`b. 9hevrZY qZklv wlbo l_dklh\ ^Zlbjm_lkY Zo_f_gb^kdhc wihohc, h^gZdh g_dhlhju_ ba gbo hlghkYlkY b d gh\h\Z\behgkdhc wiho_, ojhgheh]bq_kdb [ebadhc ^_Yl_evghklb bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\ \ F_j_^g_c 8abb. : gZr_f jZkihjY`_gbb bf__lkY, djhf_ lh]h, bg\_glZjguc
kibkhd gh\hZkkbjbckdhc wihob, \_jhYlg__ \k_]h, \j_f_gb ijZ\e_gbY 8kZjoZ^^hgZ beb 8rrmj[ZgbiZeZ, \ dhlhjhf mihfbgZ_lkY «dbff_jbckdZY h[m\v» (ADD 1039 = SAA 7, 120, II, 7 – 8). Ajhf_ lh]h,
qj_a\uqZcgh \Z`gh, qlh \ iha^g_\Z\behgkdbo l_dklZo gZa\Zgb_ «dbff_jbcpu» bkihevam_lkY ^eY
h[hagZq_gbY kdbnh\ b kZdh\. G_qv b^_l g_ lhevdh h ^_eh\uo ^hdmf_glZo, gh b h pZjkdbo gZ^ibkYo
8o_f_gb^h\, khklZ\eY\rbokY iZjZee_evgh gZ i_jkb^kdhf b \Z\behgkdhf, Z lZd`_ b ^jm]bo (weZfkdhf,
ZjZf_ckdhf) YaudZo. : wlbo gZ^ibkYo ^j_\g_i_jkb^kdhfm gZa\Zgbx Sakā, h[hagZqZ\r_fm, km^Y ih dhgl_dklm, g_ lhevdh kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, gh b k_\_jhijbq_jghfhjkdbo kdbnh\, j_]meYjgh khhl\_lkl\m_l ZddZ^kdh_ Gimirrāia 6.
:k_ wlh k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h dmevlmjghc [ebahklb dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\, ij_^klZ\eY\rbo, hq_\b^gh, h^bg b lhl `_, gh\uc ^eY F_j_^g_c 8abb, dmevlmjguc b \h_gguc lbi. H\YaZggu_ k wlbf lbihf
dmevlmju gh\u_ ijh]j_kkb\gu_ nhjfu \hhjm`_gbY, ij_`^_ \k_]h emd b klj_eu, gZa\Zggu_ ]j_dZfb
\ihke_^kl\bb «kdbnkdbfb», Z lZd`_, \b^bfh, b gh\uc \b^ dhgkdhc mijY`b (^\Z hkgh\guo we_f_glZ
«kdbnkdhc ljbZ^u»), \i_j\u_, hq_\b^gh, klZeb ba\_klgu gZjh^Zf C_khihlZfbb bf_ggh hl dbff_jbcp_\. Ihevdh wlbf h[klhYl_evkl\hf fh`gh h[tYkgblv aZdj_ie_gb_ aZ gbfb gZa\ZgbY «dbff_jbckdbo», Z
lZd`_ b lh, qlh gh\u_ klZgh\b\rb_kY ba\_klgufb `bl_eYf C_khihlZfbb gZjh^u lh]h `_ dmevlmjghohaYckl\_ggh]h lbiZ (kdbnu \ rbjhdhf kfuke_ keh\Z, kj_^g_ZabZlkdb_ kZdb) hlh`^_kl\eYebkv bfb k
dbff_jbcpZfb. ?lZd, ^Zggu_ ZddZ^kdbo ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ iha\heYxl aZdexqblv, qlh j_Zevgu_
dbff_jbcpu, k dhlhjufb ZkkbjbcpZf ijboh^behkv klZedb\ZlvkY \ dhgp_ VIII–VII \\. ^h g. w., [ueb \
dmevlmjghf hlghr_gbb [ebadb iha^g_crbf kdbnZf.
1.1.2 I=GC?D «A?CC=G?@HA8T AJBQIJG8» ? FGE9B=C8 ?<=DI?K?A8M??
8GL=EBE;?N=HAE@ AJBQIJGP ?HIEG?N=HA?L A?CC=G?@M=:
<Zgguc \u\h^ ih^\h^bl gZk d \hijhkm h dbff_jbckdhc Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmj_. I_jfbg «dbff_jbckdZY dmevlmjZ» rbjhdh jZkijhkljZg_g \ Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_. Eg [ue \\_^_g m`_ kZfufb
i_j\ufb bkke_^h\Zl_eYfb ij_^kdbnkdbo dmevlmj H_\_jgh]h Fjbq_jghfhjvY 7 \ dZq_kl\_ bo gZbf_gh\ZgbY. IZdh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ ^Zggh]h l_jfbgZ hkgh\u\Z_lkY gZ g_h]jZgbq_gghf ^h\_jbb jZkkdZam
;_jh^hlZ h[ ba]gZgbb kdbnZfb dbff_jbcp_\ ba H_\_jgh]h Fjbq_jghfhjvY b ihke_^mxs_f aZk_e_gbb
bo kljZgu. <hklh\_jghklv wlh]h jZkkdZaZ g_ ih^\_j]ZeZkv gb khfg_gbx, gb ZgZebam, b \hijhk h kh-
5 I_dklu kf. <Zg^ZfZ_\ 1977, 30 – 39; Dandamayev 1979,
95–109; Dandamayev 1992, 159 –162.
jbY I).
7 HZfhd\Zkh\ 1908, 41 ke; Ebert 1921, 386 ff; Tallgren 1926;
6 =^bgkl\_gguc ZddZ^kdbc l_dkl, \ dhlhjhf g_khfg_ggh
;hjh^ph\ 1928.
mihfbgZ_lkY l_jfbg Saka — CT 55, 93: 9 (HbiiZj, wihoZ <Z-
16
hl\_lkl\bb Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo ^Zgguo k\b^_l_evkl\Zf ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ h dbff_jbcpZo ih kms_kl\m ^Z`_ g_ klZ\bekY 8. : lh `_ \j_fY kZfh ihgYlb_ «dbff_jbcpu» ijbgZ^e_`bl kn_j_ ibkvf_gguo
l_dklh\ b ^he`gh, \g_ \kYdh]h khfg_gbY, jZkkfZljb\ZlvkY ij_`^_ \k_]h bf_ggh gZ bo hkgh\_. Hhhlg_k_gb_ l_jfbgZ «dbff_jbcpu», h[hagZqZxs_]h j_Zevguc gZjh^, bklhjbY dhlhjh]h hljZ`_gZ ibkvf_ggufb bklhqgbdZfb, k ^Zggufb Zjo_heh]bb m`_ ih qbklh f_lh^bq_kdbf khh[jZ`_gbYf \hafh`gh
ebrv ihke_ ^_lZevgh]h bamq_gbY ibkvf_gguo l_dklh\. GZamf__lkY, lZdh]h jh^Z bkke_^h\Zgb_ g_ \oh^bl
\ aZ^Zqb Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo jZ[hl, lZd qlh g_m^b\bl_evgh, qlh ijbf_gY_fuc \ Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc ebl_jZlmj_ l_jfbg «dbff_jbckdZY dmevlmjZ» klZe ebrv mkeh\guf ljZ^bpbhgguf gZbf_gh\Zgb_f ij_^kdbnkdbo dmevlmj. : lh `_ \j_fY g_\_jgh_ ihgbfZgb_ mkeh\gh]h l_jfbgZ «dbff_jbckdZY dmevlmjZ»
dZd ihgYlbY, h[hagZqZxs_]h Zjo_heh]bq_kdmx dmevlmjm j_Zevguo bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\, ijb\_eh d [_kieh^guf b [_kkfuke_gguf ^bkdmkkbYf h[ hlh`^_kl\e_gbb lhc beb bghc dhgdj_lghc ij_^kdbnkdhc dmevlmju k bklhjbq_kdbfb dbff_jbcpZfb 9. : gZklhYs__ \j_fY gZb[he__ jZkijhkljZg_gZ
lhqdZ aj_gbY 8. ?. I_j_gh`dbgZ k jZaebqgufb fh^bnbdZpbYfb, kh]eZkgh dhlhjhc dbff_jbcpZf ijbgZ^e_`Zeb ij_^kdbnkdb_ iZfYlgbdb q_jgh]hjh\kdh]h lbiZ b lbiZ Dh\hq_jdZkkdh]h deZ^Z 10. : ihke_^g__ \j_fY [ueb knhjfmebjh\Zgu k_jv_agu_ \hajZ`_gbY ijhlb\ ljZ^bpbhggh]h mihlj_[e_gbY \ ebl_jZlmj_ ^Z`_ l_jfbgZ «kdbnkdZY dmevlmjZ» b hlf_q_gu Z[_jjZpbb, d dhlhjuf ih^h[gh_ mihlj_[e_gb_
ijb\h^bl 11. : _s_ [hevr_c f_j_ ^Zggu_ \hajZ`_gbY hlghkYlkY d dbff_jbcpZf, ihkdhevdm lZd gZau\Z_fZY «dbff_jbckdZY» dmevlmjZ bf__l agZqbl_evgh f_gvr_ ijZ\ gZ lh gZa\Zgb_, dhlhjh_ hgZ ghkbl.
AZd dZ`_lkY, f_lh^bq_kdb \_jguf Y\eY_lkY kh\_jr_ggh bghc ih^oh^ d ijh[e_f_ b^_glbnbdZpbb
Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmju j_Zevguo dbff_jbcp_\. F_j\uf wlZihf lZdh]h bkke_^h\ZgbY ^he`gh [ulv
ih^jh[gh_ bamq_gb_ ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ b \u^_e_gb_ gZ _]h hkgh\_ jZchgh\ g_khfg_gghc ehdZebaZpbb bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\. ?amq_gb_ Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo ^Zgguo, ijhbkoh^Ysbo ba wlbo jZchgh\, b ^he`gh ^Zlv hl\_l gZ \hijhk h[ bo Zjo_heh]bq_kdhc dmevlmj_. Fjb bkke_^h\Zgbb ibkvf_gguo
k\b^_l_evkl\ h dbff_jbcpZo ijbhjbl_l ijbgZ^e_`bl ZddZ^kdbf l_dklZf, h[eZ^Zxsbf \ukhdhc kl_i_gvx ^hklh\_jghklb b khklZ\e_gguf h^gh\j_f_ggh k dhglZdlZfb Zkkbjbcp_\ b dbff_jbcp_\. Rlh g_
hagZqZ_l, h^gZdh, qlh ^Zggu_ Zglbqguo bklhqgbdh\ ^he`gu b]ghjbjh\ZlvkY. Egb lj_[mxl ki_pbZevgh]h ZgZebaZ k p_evx \uY\e_gbY bklhjbq_kdhc bgnhjfZpbb b __ hl^_e_gbY hl iha^gbo mq_guo ihkljh_gbc b fbnheh]baZpbb, h^gZdh aZqZklmx wlb bklhqgbdb kihkh[gu hk\_lblv l_ kh[ulbY dbff_jbckdhc
bklhjbb, dhlhju_ g_ ihiZeb \ ihe_ aj_gbY debghibkguo l_dklh\. Fh^jh[gh_ bkke_^h\Zgb_ ZddZ^kdbo
l_dklh\, ^Zxsbo bgnhjfZpbx h dbff_jbcpZo, ijh\_^_gh fghx \ ^jm]hf f_kl_ 12. IZf `_, Z lZd`_ \
^jm]bo jZ[hlZo 13 Y h[km`^Ze b k\YaZggu_ k ijh[e_fhc deZkkbq_kdb_ l_dklu, qlh iha\heY_l i_j_clb d
khihklZ\e_gbx wlbo ^Zgguo k Zjo_heh]bq_kdbfb fZl_jbZeZfb.
Fhkdhevdm gZ hkgh\Zgbb ibkvf_gguo bklhqgbdh\ gZfb mklZgh\e_gZ dmevlmjgZY [ebahklv dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\, dhlhjZY ^he`gZ [ueZ hljZablvkY b \ Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo ^Zgguo, ba jZkkfhlj_gbY
ke_^m_l bkdexqblv l_ jZchgu, ]^_ dbff_jbcpu b kdbnu (Iškuzāia ZddZ^kdbo l_dklh\) gZoh^bebkv
\f_kl_. IZdbfb jZchgZfb [ueb \hklhqgu_ ]jZgbpu 8kkbjbb, jZchgu Cb^bb b CZggu, ]^_ aZijhku
pZj_c 8kZjoZ^^hgZ b 8rrmj[ZgbiZeZ d [h]m OZfZrm nbdkbjmxl kh\f_klgh_ ij_[u\Zgb_ kdbnh\ b
dbff_jbcp_\.
?. D. C_^\_^kdZY, jZa^_eYxsZY fg_gb_ h dmevlmjghc [ebahklb dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\ \iehlv ^h
g_jZaebqbfhklb bo Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo dmevlmj, iheZ]Z_l, qlh iZfYlgbdb, gZc^_ggu_ gZ l_jjblhjbb
JjZjlm, \ Cb^bb b \hklhqghf BmjbklZg_, ke_^m_l hlghkblv d dbff_jbcpZf, Z ijhbkoh^Ysb_ ba ijb-
8 Fheh`_gb_ a^_kv baf_gbehkv ebrv \ kZfh_ ihke_^g__ \j_-
r_]h, bkihevamxlkY ljZ^bpbhggu_ l_jfbgu «jZgg_kdbnkdZY
fY, kf. 8e_dk__\ 1992; C_^\_^kdZY 1992; 8e_dk__\, AZqZeh\Z,
dmevlmjZ», «kdbnkdbc a\_jbguc klbev» b ih^. Eq_\b^gh,
IholZkv_\ 1993.
9 ?klhjbx \hijhkZ kf. Sulimirski 1960, 45 – 65; I_j_gh`dbg
b^_glbqgu ihgYlbYf «Zjo_heh]bq_kdbY dmevlmjZ / a\_jbguc
1973, 7 –19; 8e_dk__\ 1992, 70 –77.
10 I_j_gh`dbg 1976.
klbev j_Zevgh]h wlghkZ kdbnh\».
12 Ivantchik 1993; ?\Zgqbd 1996.
11 Fh]j_[h\Z, GZ_\kdbc 1992, 51–52. D_kfhljY gZ kijZ\_^-
13 Hf. hkh[_ggh ?\Zgqbd / Ivantchik, \ i_qZlb.
h^gZdh, qlh wlb qbklh Zjo_heh]bq_kdb_ l_jfbgu \h\k_ g_
eb\hklv wlbo aZf_qZgbc, \ ^Zgghc jZ[hl_, aZ g_bf_gb_f emq-
17
mjfbckdh]h jZchgZ (CZggZ) — kdbnZf 14. IZdh_ jZa^_e_gb_ ^hklZlhqgh kljZggh — \_^v ibkvf_ggu_
bklhqgbdb nbdkbjmxl Zdlb\gmx ^_Yl_evghklv \ CZgg_ g_ lhevdh kdbnh\, gh b dbff_jbcp_\ (SAA 4,
24; SAA 10, 111). : lh `_ \j_fY gZ l_jjblhjbb Cb^bb aZnbdkbjh\ZgZ ^_Yl_evghklv dZd dbff_jbcp_\,
lZd b kdbnh\ (SAA 4, 35, 36, 39, 40, 65, 66, 71). Nlh dZkZ_lkY iZfYlgbdh\ gZ l_jjblhjbb JjZjlm, hkh[_ggh gZ k_\_j_ b \hklhd_ kljZgu, lh a^_kv lZd`_ fh`gh ij_^iheZ]Zlv gZebqb_ h[hbo gZjh^h\, ijbr_^rbo \ F_j_^gxx 8abx q_j_a AZ\dZa. :h \kYdhf kemqZ_ h ijbkmlkl\bb kdbnh\ gZ l_jjblhjbb Lm[mrdbb gZf ba\_klgh (SAA 4, 23). GZchgu CZggu b Cb^bb, Z lZd`_ b \hklhqghc qZklb JjZjlm, ^he`gu
[ulv ihwlhfm bkdexq_gu ba jZkkfhlj_gbY b h[t_dlhf gZr_]h \gbfZgbY ^he`gu klZlv bf_ggh jZchgu
8gZlhebb, ]^_ ij_[u\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ aZnbdkbjh\Zgh ZddZ^kdbfb l_dklZfb, Z kdbnu ibkvf_gguf
bklhqgbdZf g_ba\_klgu ih f_gvr_c f_j_ \ l_q_gb_ i_j\uo lj_o q_l\_jl_c VII \. ^h g. w. 15 Fj_[u\Zgb_
kdbnh\ \ CZehc 8abb g_ nbdkbjm_lkY debghibkgufb l_dklZfb, Z Zglbqgu_ Z\lhju agZxl h g_f ebrv
^eY [he__ iha^g_c wihob (k\_^_gbY h ij_[u\Zgbb kdbnkdh]h hljY^Z \ Bb^bb ijb 8ebZll_).
Fj_`^_, q_f i_j_clb d ZgZebam dhq_\gbq_kdbo iZfYlgbdh\ F_j_^g_c 8abb, ke_^m_l k^_eZlv _s_
h^gh aZf_qZgb_. <eY lh]h, qlh[u bf_lv \hafh`ghklv \u^_eblv Zjo_heh]bq_kdb_ iZfYlgbdb bklhjbq_kdbo dbff_jbcp_\ b hl^_eblv bo hl iZfYlgbdh\ bklhjbq_kdbo kdbnh\, gZ^h [ulv m\_j_gguf, qlh gb
h^bg ba wlbo ^\mo l_jfbgh\ g_ ihdju\Z_l ^jm]hc b g_ mihlj_[eY_lkY \ debghibkguo l_dklZo VII \.
^h g. w. kh[bjZl_evgh (dZd gZa\Zgb_ kdbnh\ \ Zglbqghc ebl_jZlmj_ beb l_o `_ dbff_jbcp_\ \ iha^g_\Z\behgkdbo l_dklZo). Fh^h[gh_ ij_^iheh`_gb_ \ukdZau\Zehkv ?. C. <vYdhgh\uf 16, ih fg_gbx
dhlhjh]h \ l_dklZo, khklZ\e_gguo \Z\behgkdbfb (gh g_ Zkkbjbckdbfb) ibkpZfb, gZa\Zgb_ Gimirrāia
fh]eh h[hagZqZlv b j_Zevguo kdbnh\, mihlj_[eYYkv jZkrbjbl_evgh, dZd \ l_dklZo gh\h\Z\behgkdhc b
Zo_f_gb^kdhc wihob, ]^_ hgh h[hagZqZeh b kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, b ijbq_jghfhjkdbo kdbnh\. Fjb
wlhf hg iheZ]Ze, qlh Zkkbjbckdb_ ibkpu, \ hlebqb_ hl \Z\behgkdbo, ihke_^h\Zl_evgh jZaebqZeb
kdbnh\ b dbff_jbcp_\, ihkdhevdm ijhbkoh^beb ba H_\_jghc C_khihlZfbb b [ueb emqr_ agZdhfu
k wlbfb dhq_\gbdZfb. GY^ \hajZ`_gbc ijhlb\ wlhc ]bihl_au Y m`_ ijb\h^be 17. Fh^q_jdgm, h^gZdh,
_s_ jZa, qlh ZddZ^kdb_ bklhqgbdb dhgpZ VIII–VII \\. ^h g. w. ihke_^h\Zl_evgh jZaebqZxl ^\_ ]jmiiu
ghfZ^h\, gZau\Z\rbo k_[Y «dbff_jbcpu» b «kdbnu». Ih, qlh \ h[hbo kemqZYo j_qv b^_l h kZfhgZa\ZgbYo, m^hklh\_jY_lkY nbdkZpb_c h[hbo keh\ \ ^hklZlhqgh [ebadhc nhjf_ \ ^\mo kZfhklhYl_evguo
ljZ^bpbYo, ]j_q_kdhc b ZddZ^kdhc (Κιμμέριοι / Gimir(r)āia b ih^., Σκύθαι / I/Aškuzāia, k ijhl_lbq_kdbf ]eZkguf, ^h[Z\e_gguf \h ba[_`Zgb_ aZij_s_ggh]h \ ZddZ^kdhf ^\mkh]eZkgh]h gZqZeZ keh\Z); aZbfkl\h\Zgb_ wlbo wlghgbfh\ ba h^ghc ljZ^bpbb \ ^jm]mx bkdexq_gh.
HZfh ihY\e_gb_ \ ZddZ^kdbo l_dklZo gZa\ZgbY Iškuzāia k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h lhf, qlh l_jfbg
Gimirrāia \ VII \. ^h g. w. _s_ g_ klZe kh[bjZl_evguf h[hagZq_gb_f gZjh^h\ kdbnh-kZdkdh]h dmevlmjgh]h h[ebdZ, dZd wlh ijhbahreh iha`_, \ \Z\behgkdbo l_dklZo Zo_f_gb^kdhc wihob. <_ckl\bl_evgh,
]jmiiZ lh]h `_ \h_ggh-dmevlmjgh]h h[ebdZ, qlh b dbff_jbcpu, klZ\rb_ ba\_klgufb ZkkbjbcpZf
jZgvr_, [ueZ gZa\ZgZ g_ bo bf_g_f (dZd lh [ueh [u k^_eZgh gZ 150 e_l iha`_, dh]^Z gZa\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ klZeh kh[bjZl_evguf), Z kZfhh[hagZq_gb_f wlbo \hbgh\. Jihlj_[e_gb_ l_jfbgh\ Gimirrāia
b Iškuzāia gZ jZ\guo ijZ\Zo \ h^gbo b l_o `_ l_dklZo (\ «ZggZeZo» 8kZjoZ^^hgZ, \ aZijhkZo d hjZdmem
OZfZrZ, kf. hkh[_ggh aZijhk SAA 4, 24, ]^_ hgb klhYl jY^hf) k\b^_l_evkl\m_l h[ bo ijbgZ^e_`ghklb
d h^ghfm mjh\gx wlgbq_kdhc ghf_gdeZlmju. =keb ij_^iheh`blv, qlh gZa\Zgb_ «dbff_jbcpu» m`_ \
wlh \j_fY [ueh kh[bjZl_evguf, lZdh_ bkihevah\Zgb_ ^\mo l_jfbgh\ [ueh [u klhev `_ g_\hafh`guf,
dZd khq_lZgb_ «les Allemands et les Brandebourgeois» \h njZgpmakdhf beb «die Franzosen und die Lyoner»
\ g_f_pdhf. DZjY^m k wlbfb ^\mfY dhgdj_lgufb h[hagZq_gbYfb \iheg_ hij_^_e_gguo ]jmii \hbgkl\_gguo \kZ^gbdh\, ZddZ^kdb_ l_dklu VII \. ^h g. w. bkihevah\Zeb, ^_ckl\bl_evgh, b kh[bjZl_evgu_ l_j14 C_^\_^kdZY 1992.
15 Rlh h[klhYl_evkl\h g_^hhp_gb\Z_l ;. AhkkZd (Kossack
gb_ d ^Zgguf debghibkguo l_dklh\ ijb\h^bl _]h d i_kkbfb-
1994, 32). Eg g_ jZa^_eY_l jZaebqgu_ j_]bhgu F_j_^g_c
q_kdbo ke_^h\ ij_[u\ZgbY ^\mo ]jmii dhq_\gbdh\ \ F_j_^g_c
8abb, \ dhlhjuo ibkvf_ggu_ bklhqgbdb nbdkbjmxl ijbkml-
8abb.
16 <vYdhgh\ 1956, 265; Diakonoff 1981, 118 –119.
17 Ivantchik 1993, 79, 86 – 94; ?\Zgqbd 1996, 83, 90 – 97.
kl\b_ dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\. Rlh hlghr_gb_ d F_j_^g_c
8abb dZd d g_jZa^_ebfhfm _^bgkl\m b g_^hklZlhqgh_ \gbfZ-
18
klbq_kdhfm \u\h^m h g_\hafh`ghklb jZaebq_gbY Zjo_heh]b-
fbgu, lZdb_ dZd ummān manda b zēr halqāti . Egb ihdju\Zeb g_ lhevdh dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\, gh b
^jm]bo \jZ`^_[guo 8kkbjbb \Zj\Zjh\, gZijbf_j fb^bcp_\.
He_^m_l mqblu\Zlv, djhf_ lh]h, b oZjZdl_j ZddZ^kdbo l_dklh\: wlh g_ mq_gu_ khqbg_gbY bklhjbdhwlgh]jZnbq_kdh]h oZjZdl_jZ, dZd ]j_q_kdZY ijhaZ, Z \ hkgh\ghf l_dklu \iheg_ ijZ]fZlbq_kdh]h kh^_j`ZgbY (^hg_k_gbY jZa\_^db, Z^fbgbkljZlb\gZY i_j_ibkdZ, aZijhku d ]Z^Zl_eYf ih dhgdj_lguf \h_gguf b iheblbq_kdbf ijh[e_fZf b ih^.). Egb hibku\Zxl ZdlmZevgu_ kh[ulbY b bo jhev khklhbl g_
\ bgl_jij_lZpbb b j_dhgkljmdpbb wlbo kh[ulbc, Z \ fZdkbfZevgh lhqghc i_j_^Zq_ bgnhjfZpbb. IZd,
gZijbf_j, Z\lhju aZijhkh\ d hjZdmem OZfZrZ, \ dhlhjuo khojZgbebkv fgh]hqbke_ggu_ mihfbgZgbY
dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\, klj_fbebkv ij_^_evgh ^_lZevgh b g_^\mkfuke_ggh knhjfmebjh\Zlv \hijhku,
i_j_qbkeYY ijb wlhf \k_ \hafh`gu_ m]jhau, dhlhjuo klj_fbebkv ba[_`Zlv (kj., gZijbf_j, ^ebggu_ b
f_ehqgu_ i_j_qbke_gbY \k_o \hafh`guo ebp, fh]msbo ij_^klZ\eYlv hiZkghklv ^eY pZjY, \ aZijhkZo,
ihk\Ys_gguo _]h [eZ]hihemqbx, gZijbf_j SAA 4, 139). Jqblu\ZY wlm `Zgjh\mx hkh[_gghklv aZijhkh\ d hjZdmem, ljm^gh ij_^iheZ]Zlv, qlh bo khklZ\bl_eb ^himkdZeb g_lhqghklv \ gZbf_gh\Zgbb ihl_gpbZevguo ijhlb\gbdh\ 8kkbjbb, h[hagZqZY j_Zevguo kdbnh\ gZa\Zgb_f dbff_jbcp_\, ^Z`_ _keb b
kh]eZkblvkY \ ijbgpbi_ k \hafh`ghklvx jZkrbjbl_evgh]h mihlj_[e_gbY wlh]h wlghgbfZ \ klhev jZgg__ \j_fY. AZd gb ljZdlh\Zlv gZa\Zggu_ l_dklu, gb m dh]h g_ \uau\Z_l khfg_gbY, qlh h[_ ]jmiiu, dZd
kdbnu, lZd b dbff_jbcpu, [ueb Zdlb\gufb ^_ckl\mxsbfb ebpZfb \ iheblbq_kdhc `bagb wihob
8kZjoZ^^hgZ. Jihlj_[e_gb_ h^gh]h l_jfbgZ \f_klh ^jm]h]h kha^Z\Zeh [u ^\mkfuke_gghklv, b djZcg_
khfgbl_evgh, qlh Z\lhju aZijhkh\ d hjZdmem fh]eb __ ^himklblv, ih^\_j]ZYkv jbkdm ihemqblv hl [h`_kl\Z ^\mkfuke_gguc beb g_lhqguc hl\_l. Ajhf_ lh]h, dZd m`_ mdZau\Zehkv, kms_kl\m_l ih djZcg_c
f_j_ h^bg aZijhk d hjZdmem, \ dhlhjhf gZa\ZgbY dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\ khojZgbebkv jY^hf (\ g_dhlhjuo ^jm]bo l_dklZo gZa\Zgb_ h^gh]h ba wlbo gZjh^h\ jY^hf k ^jm]bf \hkklZgZ\eb\Z_lkY k ^hklZlhqgh
[hevrhc m\_j_gghklvx). :Z`gh ijb wlhf, qlh bf_gZ dbff_jbcp_\ b kdbnh\ \dexq_gu a^_kv \ kibkhd
\hafh`guo ijhlb\gbdh\, ijbq_f \ wlhf kibkd_ hgb klhYl g_ jY^hf: «[m^v lh dbff_jbcpu, [beb mjZjlu], beb fZgg_b, beb kdbnu, [beb ...]pu, beb ex[hc \jZ]». IZdhc ihjY^hd i_j_qbke_gbY kh\_jr_ggh
bkdexqZ_l \hafh`ghklv lh]h, qlh «kdbnu» ^eY Z\lhjZ aZijhkZ Y\eYebkv ebrv ih^]jmiihc «dbff_jbcp_\»: \ lZdhf kemqZ_ g_\hafh`gh h[tYkgblv, ihq_fm bo mihfbgZgbY jZa^_e_gu mihfbgZgbYfb fZgg__\
b [mjZjlh\] (\hkklZgh\e_gb_ gZ^_`gh), ohlY gb l_, gb ^jm]b_ g_ fh]eb, hq_\b^gh, h[hagZqZlvkY kh[bjZl_evguf gZa\Zgb_f «dbff_jbcpu». DZ fhc \a]eY^ hq_\b^gh, qlh \k_ mihfYgmlu_ \ wlhf kibkd_
gZa\ZgbY ijbgZ^e_`Zl d h^ghfm mjh\gx wlgbq_kdhc ghf_gdeZlmju b gb h^gh ba gbo g_ ihdju\Z_l
^jm]h_. D_l gbdZdbo hkgh\Zgbc ij_^iheZ]Zlv bgh_ keh\hmihlj_[e_gb_ \ ^jm]bo l_dklZo [ebadhc ^Zlu,
hlghkYsbokY d lhfm `_ `Zgjm b khklZ\e_gguo l_f `_ djm]hf ebp.
GZamf__lkY, jZkrbjbl_evgh_ mihlj_[e_gb_ gZa\ZgbY dbff_jbcp_\, \ i_j\mx hq_j_^v ^eY h[hagZq_gbY kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, gZ^_`gh aZk\b^_l_evkl\h\Zgh qZklvx ZddZ^kdbo l_dklh\. E^gZdh wlb
l_dklu g_ lhevdh ^ZlbjmxlkY ]hjZa^h [he__ iha^gbf \j_f_g_f (hgb hlghkYlkY d gh\h\Z\behgkdhc b
Zo_f_gb^kdhc wihoZf), gh b ijbgZ^e_`Zl bghc ibkph\hc ljZ^bpbb. ?o Z\lhju ijbgZ^e_`Zeb d \Z\behgkdbf dZgp_eYjbYf, \ hlebqb_ hl Z\lhjh\ aZijhkh\ d hjZdmem [h]Z OZfZrZ, ibk_f pZjkdh]h Zjob\Z
b [hevrbgkl\Z ^jm]bo hlghkYsbokY d ijh[e_f_ l_dklh\, dhlhju_ [ueb k\YaZgu ij_`^_ \k_]h k ^\hjhf
Zkkbjbckdbo pZj_c (ohlY qZklv ba gbo b ihevah\ZeZkv gh\h\Z\behgkdbf ibkvfhf). IjZ^bpbb dZgp_eYjbc H_\_jghc b S`ghc C_khihlZfbb jZaebqZebkv b jZgvr_, h^gZdh wlZ jZagbpZ klZeZ, hq_\b^gh, _s_
j_aq_ k aZ\h_\Zgb_f :Z\behghf g_aZ\bkbfhklb b ij_\jZs_gb_f \ ]eZ\gh]h khi_jgbdZ 8kkbjbb, \kdhj_
ijb\_^r_]h __ d ]b[_eb. Fhke_ iZ^_gbY 8kkbjbb \Z\behgkdb_ ibkpu klZeb _^bgkl\_ggufb ghkbl_eYfb ljZ^bpbc ZddZ^hYauqguo dZgp_eYjbc, b bf_ggh bo ljZ^bpbb, Z g_ ljZ^bpbb Zkkbjbckdbo dZgp_eYjbc H_\_jghc C_khihlZfbb, gZke_^h\Zeb Zo_f_gb^kdb_ ibkpu. ?a-aZ hlkmlkl\bY ^Zgguo g_\hafh`gh mklZgh\blv, dh]^Z gZa\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ klZeh mihlj_[eYlvkY jZkrbjbl_evgh ^eY h[hagZq_gbY
kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, gh \_kvfZ \_jhYlgh, qlh lZdh_ _]h agZq_gb_ [ueh oZjZdl_jgh ebrv ^eY \Z\behgkdhc, gh g_ Zkkbjbckdhc ibkph\hc ljZ^bpbb. :b^bfh, hgh \hagbdeh \ lhc kj_^_, \ dhlhjhc jZaebqb_ f_`^m ^\mfY wlgbq_kdbfb ]jmiiZfb [ueh g_kms_kl\_ggh b ]^_ \Z`g__ [ueh bo koh^kl\h. :
8kkbjbb VII \. ^h g. w. kblmZpbY [ueZ kh\_jr_ggh bghc — kdbnu b dbff_jbcpu [ueb g_ lhevdh
Zdlb\gufb mqZklgbdZfb iheblbq_kdbo kh[ulbc, gh b ehdZebah\Zebkv, ih djZcg_c f_j_ hlqZklb, gZ
19
jZaebqguo l_jjblhjbYo b, ih \k_c \b^bfhklb, g_j_^dh aZgbfZeb jZagu_ ihabpbb ih hlghr_gbx d g_c
(_klv hkgh\ZgbY iheZ]Zlv, qlh kdbnu h^gh \j_fY [ueb khxagbdZfb 8kkbjbb, lh]^Z dZd dbff_jbcpu,
ih-\b^bfhfm, \k_]^Z hklZ\Zebkv __ \jZ]Zfb). DZijhlb\, ^eY \Z\behgYg, hkh[_ggh gZqbgZY k dhgpZ
VII \. ^h g. w., jZaebqb_ f_`^m dbff_jbcpZfb, kdbnZfb b kZdZfb [ueh g_kms_kl\_gguf, ihkdhevdm gb
l_, gb ^jm]b_, gb lj_lvb g_ ij_^klZ\eYeb ^eY gbo hiZkghklb, ^Z b \hh[s_ g_ b]jZeb kdhevdh-gb[m^v
kms_kl\_gghc jheb \ bo `bagb. He_^m_l hlf_lblv, qlh dbff_jbcpu \ wlh \j_fY _s_ g_ hdhgqZl_evgh
bkq_aeb ba iheY aj_gbY i_j_^g_ZabZlkdbo gZjh^h\ (bo «ba]gZgb_ ba 8abb» ijbibku\Z_lkY eb^bckdhfm
pZjx 8ebZllm), ohlY b g_ b]jZeb lhc jheb, qlh ij_`^_. E^gZdh i_j_g_k_gb_ bf_gb dbff_jbcp_\ gZ
jh^kl\_gguo bf ih dmevlmjghfm lbim kZdh\ fh]eh ijhbahclb b iha`_: dbff_jbcpu g_ h[YaZl_evgh
^he`gu [ueb hklZ\ZlvkY \ wlh \j_fY `b\hc j_Zevghklvx — ^hklZlhqgh [ueh khojZg_gbY \hkihfbgZgbc h gbo. Fh^h[gu_ kemqZb ^he]h]h kms_kl\h\ZgbY wlghgbfZ ihke_ bkq_agh\_gbY _]h j_Zevgh]h
ghkbl_eY ohjhrh ba\_klgu. IZd, \baZglbcpu gZau\Zeb kdbnZfb ]mggh\, keZ\Yg b g_dhlhju_ ^jm]b_
gZjh^u kimklY fgh]b_ klhe_lbY ihke_ bkq_agh\_gbY j_Zevguo kdbnh\ ba kl_i_c Fjbq_jghfhjvY. ?lZd,
fg_ dZ`_lkY gZb[he__ \_jhYlguf, qlh gZa\Zgb_ dbff_jbcp_\ klZeh mihlj_[eYlvkY jZkrbjbl_evgh, \
i_j\mx hq_j_^v ^eY h[hagZq_gbY kj_^g_ZabZlkdbo kZdh\, ibkpZfb Dh\h\Z\behgkdh]h pZjkl\Z \ kZfhf
dhgp_ VII beb VI \. ^h g. w. ;h\hjblv h ih^h[ghf mihlj_[e_gbb wlghgbfZ \ [he__ jZgg__ \j_fY, b hkh[_ggh \ Zkkbjbckdbo dZgp_eYjbYo, g_l hkgh\Zgbc. : ex[hf kemqZ_ g_dhjj_dlgh [ueh [u i_j_ghkblv
\u\h^u, k^_eZggu_ gZ hkgh\Zgbb ZgZebaZ keh\hmihlj_[e_gbY l_dklh\ gh\h\Z\behgkdhc ibkph\hc ljZ^bpbb, gZ l_dklu, ij_^klZ\eYxsb_ kh\_jr_ggh bgmx gh\hZkkbjbckdmx ljZ^bpbx.
:k_ wlh iha\heY_l kqblZlv, qlh, dh]^Z ZddZ^kdb_ bklhqgbdb VII \. ^h g. w. ]h\hjYl h dbff_jbcpZo
beb kdbnZo, hgb bf_xl \ \b^m ]jmiim dhq_\gbdh\, dhlhjZY ^_ckl\bl_evgh gZau\ZeZ k_[Y khhl\_lkl\mxsbf l_jfbghf. Fhkdhevdm kdbnu b dbff_jbcpu \ wlbo bklhqgbdZo jZa]jZgbq_gu l_jjblhjbZevgh,
\hagbdZ_l \hafh`ghklv jZa]jZgbq_gbY Zjo_heh]bq_kdbo iZfYlgbdh\, hklZ\e_gguo dbff_jbcpZfb b
kdbnZfb. Ahg_qgh, fh`gh [ueh [u ij_^iheh`blv, qlh djhf_ wlbo ^\mo ]jmii _\jZabckdbo dhq_\gbdh\
\ F_j_^g_c 8abb ijbkmlkl\h\Zeb b ^jm]b_, g_ gZau\Z\rb_ k_[Y gb kdbnZfb, gb dbff_jbcpZfb. IZdh_
ij_^iheh`_gb_, h^gZdh, kh\_jr_ggh mfhajbl_evgh b ij_^klZ\eY_lkY baebrgbf. :h \kYdhf kemqZ_,
ba\_klgu_ d gZklhYs_fm \j_f_gb ^hklZlhqgh fgh]hqbke_ggu_ bklhqgbdb mihfbgZxl lhevdh wlb ^\_
]jmiiu, b lhevdh h gbo b fh`gh \k_jv_a ]h\hjblv ijb ZgZeba_ gZoh^hd «kdbnkdh]h lbiZ» \ ^Zgghf
j_]bhg_.
@H=?= 1.2
1.2.1 GKTB?JETBNGEB LK@MB>BJEY J= JKMUPJOBLB
Jejnrnpne bpel_ m`g`d a{kn nosakhjnb`mn wer{pe wpegb{w`imn b`fm{u h b{p`ghrek|m{u jnlokejq`, opnhqund_yhu q repphrnphh =m`rnkhh. ?qe nmh _bk_~rq_ nqr`rj`lh jnwebmhweqjhu g`unpnmemhi. Ab` hg mhu nam`psfem{ m` `jpnonke Jnpxsmreoe, meond`kejs nr I`k`r|h b bepumel rewemhh
Bbtp`r` 1. Lepbne opedqr`bk_er qnani meonrpebnfemmne jnmqjne g`unpnmemhe. G`lep`, b jnrnpni nmn
qnbepxemn, hleer p`glep{ 3,50 × 2,20 l h b{qnrs njnkn 3 l. Be qrem{ rnkyhmni 0,50 – 0,60 l qknfem{
hg j`lm_ bqsus~, ` onk qnqrnhr hg oknrmn srp`lanb`mmncn qkn_ ckhm{, kef`yecn onbepu c`kewmncn
qkn_. J` cksahme njnkn 70 ql nr bepumecn jp`_ j`lep{ kef`kh qjeker{ dbsu fepeavnb h dbsu qna`j,
eye ophlepmn m` 20 – 30 ql cksafe — qjeker jna{k{. Chbnrm{e, nwebhdmn, a{kh sahr{ m` leqre
oncpeaemh_ — upeaer jna{k{ oepepsakem q onlny|~ nam`psfemmni gdeq| fe qejhp{, ` ndhm hg fepeavnb a{k sahr sd`pnl jno|_ qn qrnpnm{ kno`rjh wepeg cpsd| 2 ("). 1; 2). Lncpeaemhe oepejp{rn
qrpnemhel, jnrnpne d`rhpserq_ on m`und_yeiq_ b mel jep`lhje VII b. dn m. }. @. Gnqq`j onk`c`er, wrn
p`gpsxemhe onqekemh_, j jnrnpnls ophm`dkefhr d`mmne gd`mhe, qb_g`mn q chaek|~ Pp`prs bn brnpni
onknbhme VII b. dn m. }. h d`rhpser oncpeaemhe oepbni onknbhmni hkh qepedhmni }rncn qrnkerh_ 3. N`l
bk`dekev oncpeaemm{u jnmei, nwebhdmn, b d`mmni j`lepe onunpnmem me a{k, b qb_gh q wel bnglnfm{
dbe hmrepoper`vhh d`mmncn qnnpsfemh_. Nnck`qmn ndmni hg mhu pew| lnfer hdrh n jemnr`te. =m`knchh r`jhl oncpeaemh_l m` p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u dnqr`rnwmn unpnxn hgbeqrm{. O`j, m`ophlep,
b onkmnqr|~ p`qjno`mmnl p`mmeqjhtqjnl lnchk|mhje J`pr`m b G`a`pdhmn->`kj`phh nam`psfemn
4 jemnr`t`, qndepf`bxhu dnqr`rnwmn anc`r{i oncpea`k|m{i hmbemr`p| h g`unpnmemh_ jnmei (b ndmnl
hg mhu nam`psfem qjeker ndmncn jnm_, b dpscnl rpeu) 4. Wrn opedonknfemhe lnfer naz_qmhr| h m`khwhe
b jnlokejqe opedlernb bnnpsfemh_, mesleqrm{u b jnmqjnl oncpeaemhh, qnopnbnfd`bxel nqmnbmne
g`unpnmemhe, ` r`jfe h rn, wrn qjeker{ jnmei onleyem{ me m` onks oncpea`k|mni j`lep{, ` gm`whrek|mn b{xe. Nnck`qmn dpscni hmrepoper`vhh, jnrnps~ opedk`c`er `brnp p`qjnonj R. R`sorl`mm,
d`mmne qnnpsfemhe qb_g`mn q dpschl, m`und_yhlq_ m` p`qqrn_mhh 22 l j ~cn-~cn-bnqrnjs nr oepbncn.
Nb_g| dbsu qnnpsfemhi sqr`m`bkhb`erq_ b oepbs~ nweped| m` nqmnb`mhh qundmni nphemr`vhh hu qrpnhrek|m{u nqr`rjnb.
1 Hauptmann 1983, 251–270; qp. Hauptmann 1972, 105 – 107;
Öǧün 1978, 66; Öǧün 1978a, 648. Gnmqjhe g`unpnmemh_ me
Hauptmann 1976, 72 –73; qp. Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 96 – 99, phq. 3.
2 Np. eye qnnayemhe n oncpeaemhh rpeu jnmei b nrdek|mnl
u`p`jrepm{ dk_ sp`prqjhu oncpeaemhi, unr_ b mhu w`qrn m`un-
qjhu g`unpnmemhi bngke depebmh Hhw j qebeps nr ngep` ?`m
d_r jnmqjs~ sop_f|.
3 Kossack 1987, 63, qp. Hauptmann 1983, 269, Anm. 112.
4 >`rw`eb 1985, 38 – 44, O`a. 44 – 46; 49; 51–53; I`unpr{u
(bngke L`rmnq`). G qnf`kemh~, mhj`jhu qbedemhi n oncpe-
1991, 40; =kejqeeb 1992, 50.
qnnpsfemhh (bhdhln, aeg weknbeweqjncn qjeker`) qpedh sp`pr-
a`k|mnl hmbemr`pe hkh u`p`jrepe qnnpsfemh_ me ophbndhrq_:
21
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Mhq. 1 Lk`m oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe. Gnmh 1 h 2
Ln Hauptmann 1983, Abb. 2
?rnpne qnnpsfemhe opedqr`bk_er qnani jb`dp`rms~ j`leps p`glepnl ophlepmn 6 × 7 l h scksakemms~ ophlepmn m` 6 l ("). 3). Km` a{k` onqrpnem` m` j`lemmnl tsmd`lemre qn qrem`lh xhphmni
nr 1,40 dn 2,50 l h njpsck{lh sck`lh. Nrem{ q`lni j`lep{ qknfem{ hg q{pvnb{u jhpohwei, ophwel
m` spnbme ophlepmn 60 – 80 ql nr tsmd`lemr` b q{pvnbni qreme thjqhpserq_ qkni, qnqrn_yhi hg
wepeojnb ohtnq`, bhdhln, sjpeok_~yhi jnmqrpsjvh~. Lncpea`k|m`_ j`lep` oepejp{b`k` ankee p`mm~~ cksanjs~ _ls, bnglnfmn, ophlem_bxs~q_ b jsk|rnb{u vek_u. Nsd_ on bqels, }r` _l` a{k` hqonk|gnb`m` dk_ qnnpsfemh_ nohq`mmni oncpea`k|mni onqrpnijh. Lph }rnl ee bepum__ w`qr| a{k` p`qxhpem` h b mei onqrpnem` scksakemm`_ oncpea`k|m`_ j`lep`. ? g`onkmemhh bepumei w`qrh _l{ opnqkefhb`~rq_ rph qkn_ j`l{x`, nwebhdmn, qb_g`mm{u q oncpea`k|m{l qnnpsfemhel. Jhfmhi qkni
ophl{j`er j j`lemmnls tsmd`lemrs, brnpni p`qonknfem m` 0,50 – 0,80 l b{xe h rperhi m` 2,60 l
b{xe brnpncn. Je_qmn, onkmnqr|~ kh j`lep` a{k` onleyem` b _ls hkh scksakem` khx| w`qrhwmn.
?epum__ w`qr| qnnpsfemh_ me thjqhpserq_ — bnglnfmn nm` a{k` p`gpsxem` ongdmeixhlh onqrpnij`lh (_l` h m`und_y`_q_ b mei j`lep` oepejp{r{ jsk|rspm{lh qkn_lh). Ln-bhdhlnls, b j`lepe
m`undhknq| g`unpnmemhe, onkmnqr|~ p`gcp`akemmne eye b dpebmnqrh. ?msrph nam`psfem{ nqr`rjh
weknbeweqjncn qjeker` h lmncnwhqkemm{e ok`qrhmjh fekegmncn wexsiw`rncn o`mvhp_, ` r`jfe tp`clemr{ fekegm{u rnonp` h mnf`. ?me j`lep{ m`undhkhq| wexsijh rncn fe o`mvhp_ h apnmgnb{i rpeu-
22
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1m
Mhq. 2 Lk`m oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe. Gnm| 3
Ln Hauptmann 1983, Abb. 3
kno`qrmni m`jnmewmhj qrpek{ q anjnb{l xhonl qjhtqjncn rho` 5. Ln lmemh~ R. R`sorl`mm`, }r`
j`lep` a{k` opedm`gm`wem` dk_ g`unpnmemh_ bk`dek|v` knx`dei, oncpeaemm{u nrdek|mn. A`mmne opedonknfemhe, ndm`jn, me aeqqonpmn. Rnr_ b qjhtqjhu oncpeaemh_u qnopnbnfd`~yhe jnmqjhe g`unpnmemh_ h a{b`~r sd`kem{ nr jnqr_j` hu bk`dek|v` (w`qrn nmh kef`r, m`ophlep, s bund` b oncpea`k|ms~
j`leps, unr_ w`qrn h bmsrph q`lni j`lep{), nmh bqe fe m`und_rq_ b p`lj`u ndmncn oncpea`k|mncn
qnnpsfemh_, jspc`m`. M`qqrn_mhe fe lefds dbsl_ g`unpnmemh_lh m` Jnpxsmreoe, j`j opedqr`bk_erq_,
qkhxjnl bekhjn dk_ rncn, wrna{ hu lnfmn a{kn nrmnqhr| j edhmnls jnlokejqs. ? rn fe bpel_ na`
qnnpsfemh_, on-bhdhlnls, deiqrbhrek|mn, a{kh onqrpnem{ b nwem| akhgjne bpel_, eqkh me ndmnbpelemmn. J`khwhe b nanhu opedlernb qjhtqjncn nakhj` (bn brnpnl qksw`e pew| hder khx| n edhmqrbemmnl m`jnmewmhje qrpek{, m`idemmnl bngke oncpea`k|mni j`lep{) sqhkhb`er d`mmne opedonknfemhe.
Ln}rnls lnfmn dsl`r|, wrn pew| hder me n edhmnl jnlokejqe, ` n dbsu g`unpnmemh_u akhgjncn bpelemh, ndmn hg jnrnp{u a{kn jemnr`tnl.
Kam`psfemm{i oph jnmqjhu g`unpnmemh_u hmbemr`p| bjk~w`k apnmgnb{e opedler{ jnmqjni sop_fh: jnk|w`r{e sdhk` q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh, o`knwjs-g`qrefjs, jnk|vn q ondbhfmni lstrni (s qjeker`
5 Hauptmann 1976, 73, Taf. 47, 6.
23
Mhq. 3 G`lep` brnpncn oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe
Ln Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 54, 2
oepbncn fepeav`), qrpelewjnbhdm{e sdhk` h dbe opnmhgh, sjp`xemm{e cnknbj`lh cphtna`p`mnb
(s qjeker` jna{k{). Gpnle rncn, gdeq| fe m`idem{ fekegm{e opedler{ bnnpsfemh_: rnonp, db` dkhmm{u m`jnmewmhj` jno|_, db` hgncmsr{u mnf` ("). 4). Ononp h ndmn hg jnohi, j`j sfe sonlhm`knq|,
a{kh hqonk|gnb`m{ dk_ sahiqrb` oncpeaemm{u jnmei.
T`qr| hmbemr`p_ d`mmncn oncpeaemh_ m`undhr akhgjhe `m`knchh b sp`prqjhu h g`j`bj`gqjhu l`reph`k`u. Wrn j`q`erq_ opefde bqecn u`p`jrepm{u jnk|w`r{u sdhk q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh, p`qopnqrp`memm{u b D`j`bj`g|e, Ep`me, ` g`rel h Pp`prs m`whm`_ q IX b. dn m. }. h b rewemhe VIII–VII bb. dn m. }.
(ql. mhfe). J`idemm`_ bleqre q }rhlh sdhk`lh o`knwj`-g`qrefj`, on lmemh~ R. R`sorl`mm`, m`undhr
dnqr`rnwmn akhgjhe `m`knchh b qjhtqjhu jnlokejq`u. Km sj`g{b`er `m`knchwm{e m`undjh b jspc`m`u
Nr`px`_ lnchk` 6, Cspnbj` 406, 432 h 447 7, A`p|ebj` 8, Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk` 1 h 2 9 ("). 5). Nkedser,
ndm`jn, g`lerhr|, wrn sj`g`mm{e opedler{ me bonkme qnnrberqrbs~r m`undje hg Jnpxsmreoe. Lpefde
bqecn, bqe nmh qdek`m{ hg jnqrh, ` me hg apnmg{, h gm`whrek|mn nrkhw`~rq_ on tnple. Bye b`fmee,
onf`ksi, wrn nmh hle~r hmne tsmjvhnm`k|mne m`gm`wemhe: bqe sj`g`mm{e R. R`sorl`mmnl opedler{
qksfhkh me }kelemr`lh jnmqjni qapsh, ` g`qrefj`lh jnkw`mnb, qnbleqrmn q nqr`rj`lh jnrnp{u nmh
h m`idem{ b oncpeaemh_u 10. Os fe tsmjvh~ b{onkm_kh h j`lemm{e g`qrefjh qundmni tnpl{, jnrnp{e
nam`psfem{ b p_de oncpeaemhi Nebepmncn G`bj`g` (~fm`_ lnchk` jspc`m` 1 h jspc`m 9 s usrnp` Gp`qmne gm`l_) 11. Lndnam{e g`qrefjh hg apnmg{ hkh j`lm_ hgbeqrm{ h b Ep`me 12. =m`knchwm{e g`qrefjh
6 Ikkimq|j` 1951, 201, r`a. II, 1; Ikkimq|j` 1968, r`a. 2, 1.
7 Ek|hmqj`_ 1975, r`a. 8, 7; 12, 4,14.
8 Ek|hmqj`_ 1975, r`a. 34, 16 –17.
9 Ek|hmqj`_, Ingnkebqjhi, Oepemnfjhm 1980, 36, phq. 6, 38;
g`qrefj` hg Nr`pxni lnchk{ hgcnrnbkem` hg apnmg{. Nl.
qbndjs ondnam{u g`qrefej nr cnphrnb: Tepmemjn 1981, 36 – 42,
144 –145, phq. 22 –25.
11 Lerpemjn 1983, 46, phq. 61– 63.
12 Ghirshman 1939, 59, pl. XXIX, 6,7; Herzfeld 1941, 142,
14, 10,20.
10 Ikkimq|j` 1951, 201, r`a. II, 1; Ek|hmqj`_ 1968, 25; Ek|hm-
fig. 258; Kossack 1989, 119. Np. r`jfe m`undjs o`p{ `m`knchw-
qj`_ 1975, 23, 25, 26, r`a. 8, 7; 12, 4,14; Ek|hmqj`_, Ingn-
m{u g`qrefej hg j`lm_ b qkne m`w`k` VII b. dn m. }. @npdhnm`:
kebqjhi, Oepemnfjhm 1980, 36, 43– 44, phq. 6, 38; 14, 10,20.
Anderson 1980, 336, Nr. 151, fig. 21.
@. Gnqq`j (Kossack 1987, Abb. 27, 33) nxhanwmn sj`g{b`er, wrn
24
5
1
2
6
3
4
7
8a
8b
9
10
Mhq. 4 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ m` Jnpxsmreoe. 1– 4, 10. Cekegn; 5 – 9. >pnmg`
Ln Hauptmann 1983, Abb. 4
25
1
2
4
3
5
7
6
8
9
10
11
13
12
14
16
15
17
18
20
19
21
22
Mhq. 5 M`mmeqjhtqjhe g`qrefjh cnphrnb.
1. Nr`px`_ lnchk`; 2. >eknckhmj`; 3. Lpsqq{; 4. Cspnbj` 447; 5, 16. Cspnbj` 432; 6, 19, 20. Cspnbj` 406;
7. Oph >p`r`; 8. Kqm_ch; 9, 10. A`p|ebj`; 11. Lepea{jnbv{; 12. Gniqsch; 13–15. Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 17. Hsjh;
18. Gnl`pnbqjhi lnchk|mhj; 21. Wxj`jnm 4; 22. D`keq|e. Gnqr|
Ln Tepmemjn 1981, phq. 24
hqonk|gnb`khq| h dk_ jpeokemh_ lew` m` on_qe. Egnap`femh_ r`jhu opedlernb hgbeqrm{ m` `qqhphiqjhu pek|et`u N`pcnm` II (bqe hgnap`femm{e oepqnm`fh p`gnpsfem{, on}rnls g`qrefj` h bhdm`) 13
("). 6). Gpnle rncn, r`jni opedler hg qknmnbni jnqrh m`idem bleqre q lewnl b cpnamhve 3 q`k`lhmqjncn mejpnonk_ m` Ghope (bhdhln, jnmev VII b. dn m. }.) 14. Ln-bhdhlnls, gm`whrek|mn akhfe o`knwjeg`qrefje hg Jnpxsmreoe apnmgnb{e g`qrefjh q opnpeg|~, jnrnp{e a{kh nam`psfem{ bleqre q sdhk`lh
rncn fe rho` (jnk|w`r{e q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh) b I`knl jspc`me b Ihk|qjn-G`p`a`uqjni qreoh 15
("). 7, 1, 5) h b Ihmcew`spqjhu jspc`m`u 16 ("). 73, 2, 3, 5, 6). Nkedser ondwepjmsr|, wrn o`knwjhg`qrefjh q opnpeg|~, hqonk|gsel{e j`j }kelemr{ qapsh, nqnaemmn xhpnjn p`qopnqrp`mem{ hlemmn b
o`l_rmhj`u D`j`bj`g|_, cde nmh bqrpew`~rq_ bleqre q jnmqjni sgdni q XIII b. dn m. }. 17 Gpnle rncn, b
mejnrnp{u p`mmeqjhtqjhu jspc`m`u Nebepmncn G`bj`g` ondnam{e apnmgnb{e g`qrefjh-o`knwjh r`jfe
hmncd` hqonk|gnb`khq| b jnmqjni sgde (nmh nam`psfem{ bleqre qn qrpelewjnbhdm{lh sdhk`lh) 18, wrn,
13 Botta, Flandin 1849, pl. 106; 107; 123 –133; 136. Egd`mm{e
14 Karageorghis 1967, 38, Nr. 96, pl. XLV; LXXIX.
gdeq| pek|et{ hg dbnpv` N`pcnm` b Asp-U`ppsjhme bnqopn-
15 Eeqqem 1965, 27.
16 =qk`mnb, ?`hdnb, Enme 1959, r`a. XXXIX, 2; XL, 1,5;
hgbnd_rq_ r`jfe b hgd`mhh Albenda 1986. ? nqmnbe }rncn hgW. Qk`md`m`, b mejnrnp{u qksw`_u hle~yhe megm`whrek|m{e
Kossack 1983, Abb. 20, 7.
17 Kossack 1989, 119 –121, qn qq{kjni m` oncpeaemhe XIII b.
p`qunfdemh_ q b{onkmemm{lh on mhl cp`b~p`lh, bnqopn-
dn m. }. s G`pekh akhg @nph h ankee ongdmhe o`l_rmhjh (>ex-
d`mh_ kef`r nam`psfemm{e `brnpnl nphchm`k{ phqsmjnb
hgbedemm{lh b hgd`mhh 1849 c. Ddeq| fe nosakhjnb`m{ tnrn-
r`xemh b Oph`kerh, G`k`jemr, G`p`ask`j, >`kksj`_, Rndf`-
cp`thh melmnchu svekebxhu pek|etnb Asp-U`ppsjhm`
(nqr`k|m{e srnmskh b U`rr-}k|-=p`a oph rp`mqonprhpnbje
k{). Np. mhfe.
18 Lerpemjn 1983, 46, phq. 47; Tepmemjn 1981, 42, phq. 25, 8,9;
b 1855 c.).
Lerpemjn 1990, 68; I`unpr{u 1991, 53.
26
Mhq. 6 =qqhphiqjhi pek|et hg dbnpv` N`pcnm` II b Asp-U`ppsjhme (onleyemhe 6)
Ln Albenda 1986, pl. 68 – 69
bnglnfmn, naz_qm_erq_ g`j`bj`gqjhl bkh_mhel. O`jhl nap`gnl, hqonk|gnb`mhe apnmgnbni o`knwjhg`qrefjh b sgde jnm_ hg Jnpxsmreoe _bk_erq_ qjnpee g`j`bj`gqjni weprni, unr_ nmn hgbeqrmn h b p`mmeqjhtqjni qpede.
J`idemm{e gdeq| fe m`jnmewmhjh jnohi R. R`sorl`mm r`jfe qwhr`k qjhtqjhlh, sj`g{b`_ b
j`weqrbe akhf`ixei `m`knchh m`undjh b Gekepleqqjnl jspc`me 19. Lpedqr`bk_erq_, ndm`jn, wrn sj`g`mm{e E. J. Iedbedqjni sp`prqjhe jno|_ hg Onop`jj`ke ("). 8, 1) h lnchk|mhj` Rpr`mnv` b =plemhh (nxhanwmn sj`g`m G`plhp->ksp j`j leqrn m`undjh jnohi) 20 ("). 8, 2) on opnonpvh_l h tnple
pnlahweqjncn oep` gm`whrek|mn akhfe j m`undj`l m` Jnpxsmreoe. Kdm`jn sonl_msr{i e~ m`jnmewmhj jno|_ hg >`qr`l` 21 qkhxjnl l`k on p`gleps h hleer qkhxjnl jnpnrjs~ brskjs. =m`knchwm{e
fekegm{e jno|_ q ankee hkh lemee _pjn b{p`femm{lh sck`lh oph oepeunde nr oep` jn brskje unpnxn
hgbeqrm{, jpnle Rpr`mnv`, h b dpschu o`l_rmhj`u m` repphrnphh =plemhh, nrmnq_yhuq_ j VII b.
dn m. }. (J`bsp, Tnp`r`m, Ahkhf`m h dp.) 22 ("). 8, 3– 6). Egbeqrm{ nmh b D`j`bj`g|e h qebepmnl Ep`me
h b ankee p`mmee bpel_ 23. >khgjh on tnple m`jnmewmhj`l jnohi hg Jnpxsmreoe r`jfe m`jnmewmhjh
hg G`k`jemr` (L`p`dhqteqrsmc, oncpeaemhe 3), ndm`jn nmh lem|xe on p`gleps 24. M`mmeqjhtqjhe
jno|_, bjk~w`_ jekepleqqjhe (lnfmn sj`g`r| eye jno|_ hg jspc`mnb Nr`px`_ lnchk`, Cspnbj` 406,
Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk` 1 h 2 h dp.) ("). 8, 7 – 11), hle~r ankee ok`bm{e nwepr`mh_ oep` h ankee xhpnjs~
19 Hauptmann 1983, 263 qn qq{kjni: Iek~jnb` 1964, 37 qk,
105, 224, r`a. 12, 8,9.
20 Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 99, qp. Wartke 1990, 123 –125, Abb. 31,
fe dpsche `m`knchh.
21 Kroll 1988, 58, Abb. 2, 6, Taf. 37, 2.
22 Bq`_m 1966, 18, r`ak. I, 7,8; Bq`_m 1976, r`ak. 116, 1–7.
23 Lncpeanb` 1977, 74 –77.
Taf. XXXVIII, b,c; I`prhpnq_m 1964, 270, phq. 105, 1,2, gdeq|
24 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 54, Taf. 5, 10,11.
r`a. 12, 14 (nrdek 1, rho 2). Np. @`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, 102 –
27
2
1
3
4
5
6
Mhq. 7 >pnmgnb{e opedler{ hg oncpeaemh_ I`kncn jspc`m` (=gepa`idf`m).
1. Pdhk` h oq`khh; 2. Q`k`p; 3. Gnknjnk|whj; 4. J`jnmewmhj qrpek{; 5. D`qrefj`; 6. Gnmqjhi m`knamhj
Ln Eeqqem 1965, phq. 10 –12
28
0
1
6
3
2
4
5
0
0
7
8
9
6
0
9
6
6
10
11
Mhq. 8 Cekegm{e m`jnmewmhjh jnohi.
1. Onop`jj`ke; 2. Rpr`mnv; 3. J`bsp; 4. Tnp`r`m; 5, 6. Ahkhf`m;
7. Nr`px`_ lnchk`; 8. Gekepleq; 9, 10. Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 11. I`jeebj` 491
Ln Wartke 1993, Taf. 24 (1); I`prhpnq_m 1964, 272, phq. 105, 2 (2); Bq`_m 1976, phq. 116, 1,2,4,6 (3– 6);
Iek~jnb` 1964, r`a. 12, 8,10 (7, 11); @`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, O`a. 12, 9 (8); Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 247 (9, 10)
29
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21
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19
Mhq. 9 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ B 10a, β 6 Ahmu`-reoe II
Ln Muscarella 1974, fig. 36
30
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4
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30
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32
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36
Mhq. 10 Gnqr_m{e }kelemr{ jnmqjni sgd{ (opnmhgh h m`jnmewmhjh oq`khi) hg Gekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb 1 h 2 ?eqeknbqjncn
Ln Kossack 1987, Abb. 18, 20, 21
31
1
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7
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37
Mhq. 11 Embemr`p| ~fmncn oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 1 s usr. Gp`qmne Dm`l_.
1– 11, 16, 20, 25, 26, 29, 32, 33. >pnmg`; 12, 13, 17, 22, 30. Gnqr|; 14, 15. G`lem|; 18, 19. Nepeapn;
21. M`jnbhm` j`sph; 23, 24, 27, 28. Dnknrn; 31. Gnqr| h gnknrn; 34. Cekegn; 35 – 38. @khm`
Ln Lerpemjn 1983, 47; Lerpemjn b oew`rh
32
38
2
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5
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13
1
7
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19
Mhq. 12 Pgdewm{e m`anp{ h m`jnmewmhjh qrpek qjhtqjncn rho` hg G`plhp->ksp`.
1– 6. Gnmqj`_ sgdewj` hg onleyemh_ 25; 7 –10. Pgdewj` jnm_, onchaxecn oph xrsple jpeonqrh; 11–18. Gnmqj`_ sgdewj`
hg onleyemh_ 18; 19. J`jnmewmhjh qrpek. 1, 2, 16. Cekegn; 3– 9, 11–14, 17, 19. >pnmg`; 10. Nepeapn; 15, 18. Gnqr|
Ln Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 37
33
brskjs. Ln}rnls opedqr`bk_erq_, wrn jno|_, j`j h sdhk` q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh, dnkfm{ a{r| nrmeqem{
j sp`prqjni hkh g`j`bj`gqjni w`qrh hmbemr`p_ oncpeaemh_. J`und_yhiq_ b lnchke rnonp r`jfe m`undhr akhf`ixhe `m`knchh b g`j`bj`gqjn-hp`mqjhu, ` me qjhtqjhu, l`reph`k`u, b w`qrmnqrh, b ndmnl hg
oncpeaemhi m` Ahmu`-reoe II, jnrnpne, bepn_rmn, d`rhpserq_ IX b. dn m. }. (oncpeaemhe B 10a, β 6) 25
("). 9, 8). ? }rnl oncpeaemhh, jpnle qejhp{, nam`psfemn r`jfe jno|e akhgjncn jno|_l hg Jnpxsmreoe rho`, ` r`jfe opedler{ jnmqjni sgd{ h meonkm{i p`qwkememm{i qjeker knx`dh ("). 9, 2, 21).
Egncmsr{e mnfh r`jfe u`p`jrepm{ hlemmn dk_ sp`prqjhu h g`j`bj`gqjhu o`l_rmhjnb h me m`und_r
qeae akhgjhu `m`knchi b p`lj`u p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ 26.
Oel me lemee b hmbemr`pe hle~rq_ h beq|l` u`p`jrepm{e opedler{, ophm`dkef`yhe qjhtqjnls
jpscs beyei. Wrn opefde bqecn apnmgnb{e qrpelewjnbhdm{e sdhk` h apnmgnb{e opnmhgh, b{onkmemm{e
b gbephmnl qrhke. Lpnmhgh hle~r tnpls cphtna`p`m` q jpsck{l ck`gnl, nap`lk_~yhl ecn qmhgs
pncnl, hle~yhl m` qeae teqrnmw`r{i npm`lemr, h sunl, p`qonknfemm{l bngke ck`g`. ?qe der`kh ry`rek|mn opnp`anr`m{.
>pnmgnb{e sdhk` rncn fe rho`, wrn m` Jnpxsmreoe, na{wm{ m` p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u: nmh
nam`psfem{ b jspc`m`u s usrnp` =kejqeebqjhi, b Gekepleqqjhu jspc`m`u, p`qjno`mm{u ?eqeknbqjhl h
Usk|vel, ` r`jfe b C`anrhmqjhu 2 h 524, Oemerhmj` 183, Nr`px`_ lnchk`, Meo_unb`r`_ lnchk` 1 h 2,
@sk_i cnpnd 38 h lmnchu dpschu.
>pnmgnb{e opnmhgh b bhde cnknb cphtna`p`mnb me hle~r qrnk| akhgjhu `m`knchi. Eu ophm`dkefmnqr| p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rspe me b{g{b`er, ndm`jn, mh l`keixhu qnlmemhi. Egnap`femh_ cphtna`p`m`, onley`bxheq_, j`j op`bhkn, m` opedler`u jnmqjni sgd{ (opnmhg_u hkh njnmw`mh_u oq`kheb),
_bk_~rq_ ndmhl hg q`l{u _pjhu ophgm`jnb p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Lph }rnl nmh u`p`jrepm{ hlemmn dk_ bnqrnwmnebpnoeiqjhu qreoei h keqnqreoei, me p`qopnqrp`m__q| m` bnqrnj d`kee repphrnphh
q`bpnl`rqjni jsk|rsp{ 27. Lnf`ksi, m`hankee akhgjh j opnmhg_l hg Jnpxsmreoe opnmhgh h m`jnmewmhjh oq`kheb, opnhqund_yhe hg Gekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb 1 h 2, p`qjno`mm{u ?eqeknbqjhl ("). 10 ) 28.
Kmh akhgjh me rnk|jn on tnple, mn h on nrdek|m{l der`k_l, b w`qrmnqrh, on sjp`xemh~ pnc` teqrnmw`r{l npm`lemrnl. Lp`bd`, m` jekepleqqjhu bey`u r`jni npm`lemr sjp`x`er bepum~~ w`qr| pnc`
cphtna`p`m`, ` me m`undhrq_ ond ecn ck`gnl, j`j m` opnmhg_u hg Jnpxsmreoe. J`hankee qsyeqrbemm{l
p`gkhwhel lefds }rhlh bey`lh _bk_erq_ hu l`reph`k — jekepleqqjhe beyh hgcnrnbkem{ hg jnqrh,
rncd` j`j opnmhgh hg Jnpxsmreoe apnmgnb{e. Gnqr_m`_ opnmhg| b bhde cnknb{ cphtna`p`m` nam`psfem` r`jfe b jspc`me 1 s usrnp` Gp`qmne Dm`l_ (~fmne oncpeaemhe), jnrnp{i, bhdhln, nrmnqhrq_
j jekepleqqjnls oephnds ("). 11, 22) 29. >pnmgnb{e opnmhgh b bhde cphtna`p`mnb hgbeqrm{ m` ankee
ongdmhu o`l_rmhj`u (Cspnbj` 407 30, @sk_i cnpnd 38 31, D`u`peijnb` lnchk` 1 32, Lnonbj` 9 h 10 33),
ndm`jn hu tnpl` cnp`gdn quel`rhwmee. Lndnam`_ quel`rhwm`_ apnmgnb`_ opnmhg| a{k` m`idem` h m`
G`plhp->kspe 34 ("). 12, 6). Gpnle rncn, ondnam`_ quel`rhwm`_ apnmgnb`_ opnmhg| up`mhrq_ b lsgee
Ierpnonkhrem b J|~-Fnpje ("). 13) 35. Onwmne leqrn ee m`undjh mehgbeqrmn — nm` a{k` ophnaperem`
W. Repvtek|dnl b R`l`d`me b Ep`me. N opnmhg_lh hg Jnpxsmreoe lnfmn qnonqr`bhr| r`jfe opnhqun-
25 Muscarella 1974, 64 – 67, fig. 36; Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 99
m`undjh m` G`plhp->kspe (Hauptmann 1983, 264) cnp`gdn
(q nxhanwm{l sj`g`mhel m` ophm`dkefmnqr| oncpeaemh_
d`k|xe nr opnmhgei hg Jnpxsmreoe on tnple h npm`lem-
qkn~ Ahmu` III).
26 Lhnrpnbqjhi 1950, 37, phq. 17; Kroll 1988, 156, Abb. 1, 1;
r`vhh. G rnls fe nmh hgcnrnbkem{ hg jnqrh, ` me apnmg{.
29 Lerpemjn 1983, phq. 20.
Wartke 1990, 103 –109, Abb. 24; I`prhpnq_m 1964, 270,
30 Ek|hmqj`_ 1975, 24, r`a. X, 10,11.
31 Ek|hmqj`_ 1975, 14, r`a. II, 30,31.
32 Ek|hmqj`_, Ingnkebqjhi, Oepemnfjhm 1980, 61, phq. 36,
phq. 105, 3–5; I`prhpnq_m 1967, 232, phq. 6; Aebedf_m 1981,
62, r`ak. XXIII, 3,5; qp. Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 97 – 99.
27 Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 88 – 90; Lncpeanb`, M`ebqjhi 1992, 128 –
135, q bngbedemhel d`mmncn lnrhb` j ksphqr`mqjhl apnmg`l.
28 @`k`mhm` 1983, r`a. 8, 1,2,5,6,22,23; 9, 8; Galanina 1985,
Taf. 8, 1,2,5,6,22,23; 9, 8; Kossack 1987, Abb. 18, 15,23,24,37;
@`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, 124 –129, r`a. 21, 174 –177,183,184;
22, 239. Pj`g{b`el{e R. R`sorl`mmnl b j`weqrbe `m`knchi
34
1,2.
33 Ek|hmqj`_ 1968, 59 – 60, r`a. LII, 1,11.
34 Lhnrpnbqjhi 1952, 37.
35 Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 503. Np. Herzfeld 1941, 271,
fig. 374.
Mhq. 13 >pnmgnb`_ opnmhg| hg lsge_ Ierpnonkhrem, J|~-Fnpj
Ln Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 503
d_ys~ hg G`plhp->ksp` pncnbs~ cnknbjs cphtna`p`m` q jk~bnl, sjp`xemm{l teqrnmw`r{l npm`lemrnl ("). 14, 11) 36. J`p_ds q sdhk`lh qn qrpelewjnbhdm{lh njnmw`mh_lh, apnmgnb{e opnmhgh b bhde
cnknbnj cphtna`p`mnb hg Jnpxsmreoe _bk_~rq_ m`hankee _pjhl ophgm`jnl, ongbnk_~yhl `rphasrhpnb`r| }rnr jnlokejq mnqhrek~ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Nsd_ on bqels, d`mm{i }kelemr l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ p`mmhu jnwebmhjnb, b nrkhwhe nr p_d` dpschu, me a{k g`hlqrbnb`m oepedme`gh`rqjhlh
m`pnd`lh h lnfer qwhr`r|q_ m`defm{l dh`cmnqrhps~yhl ophgm`jnl hlemmn p`mmeqjhtqjni `puenknchweqjni jsk|rsp{. >nkee rncn, b p`lj`u q`lni }rni jsk|rsp{ nm r`jfe ncp`mhwem upnmnknchweqjh — ondnam{e opedler{ mehgbeqrm{ m` o`l_rmhj`u q`lncn p`mmecn, f`anrhmqjncn, }r`o` h bund_r b
sonrpeakemhe khx| m` jekepleqqjnl }r`oe. Kmh hqonk|gnb`khq| h b qkeds~yhi oephnd p`gbhrh_
p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ (rperhi }r`o on quele @. Gnqq`j` – E. J. Iedbedqjni), ` g`rel b{xkh hg
sonrpeakemh_. Lph }rnl dk_ onqkedmecn oephnd` u`p`jrepm{ qhk|mn quel`rhghpnb`mm{e, w`qrn hgcnrnbkemm{e hg apnmg{, cnknbjh cphtna`p`mnb, rncd` j`j `m`knchh der`khg`vhh cnknbnj hg Jnpxsmreoe
h hu npm`lemrs opnhqund_r hlemmn hg jekepleqqjncn }r`o` (unr_ nqr`k|m{e ondnam{e opedler{ qdek`m{ hg jnqrh). O`jhl nap`gnl, «qjhtqj`_» w`qr| jnlokejq` beyei jnmqjncn oncpeaemh_ hg Jnpxsmreoe lnfer a{r| nrmeqem` hlemmn j jekepleqqjnls oephnds p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{.
Gpnle oepewhqkemm{u m`undnj b oncpeaemhh hg Jnpxsmreoe nam`psfem eye ndhm opedler jnmqjni sop_fh — apnmgnbne jnk|vn q naknl`mni ondbhfmni lstrni. A`mm{i }kelemr hmbemr`p_ —
edhmqrbemm{i b oncpeaemhh, jnrnp{i lnfer a{r| qb_g`m q opedqjhtqjni jsk|rspni rho` Jnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. Aeiqrbhrek|mn, ondnam{e jnk|v` bqrpew`~rq_ b jnlokejq`u }rncn rho`, b rnl whqke h
b reu, jnrnp{e bjk~w`~r }kelemr{ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Kqnaemmn p`qopnqrp`mem{ ondnam{e
m`undjh m` Nebepmnl G`bj`ge. O`j, nmh nam`psfem{ b oncpeaemh_u s Heplnmrnbqjncn p`gzegd` h
s usrnp` =kejqeebqjhi 37 (na` jnlokejq` hle~r b qbnel qnqr`be p`mmeqjhtqjhe beyh), b Lxhxqjnl
jk`de 38 (q dbsjnk|w`r{lh sdhk`lh), b jspc`me P`xuhrs 39 h dpschu. ?qrpew`~rq_ nmh r`jfe h b ongdmemnbnwepj`qqjhu o`l_rmhj`u m` repphrnphh Heqnqreoh (>sremjh h Gbhrjh) 40 h ophwepmnlnpqjhu
qreoei (Lpenap`femqjne, =jq`i) 41 ("). 15; 16, 26 – 27). Bye b 60-e cnd{ =. J. Iekemr|eb opedonknfhk,
wrn ondnam{e jnk|v` qksfhkh dk_ qjpeokemh_ jnmqjni sop_fh q _plnl jnkeqmhv{. Lph }rnl, m`
nqmnb`mhh u`p`jrep` hgmnq` jnkev, nam`psfemm{u bleqre q dpschlh opedler`lh jnmqjni sop_fh b
qnqr`be =jq`iqjncn jk`d`, nm opedonknfhk, wrn ondnam{e opedler{ g`jpeok_khq| m` _ple b beprh36 Lhnrpnbqjhi 1950, 96, phq. 64. @. Gnqq`j (Kossack 1987,
Abb. 25, 4) nxhanwmn sj`g{b`er, wrn nm` qdek`m` hg apnmg{.
37 Eeqqem 1954, 117 –123; Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987,
20 –23.
38 Wpkhu 1991, phq. 5.
39 Wpkhu 1990, 60; Wpkhu 1994, 27, 32 – 33, r`a. 5, 26 –27.
40 Gnbo`memjn 1962, 67, phq. 2, 1,2; Gnbo`memjn, @so`kn
1984, 45, phq. 6, 12.
41 Nbndjs m`undnj ql. Wpkhu 1994, 32 – 33, 46 – 47; ?`k|w`j
1997`, 40 –56.
35
j`k|mnl onknfemhh jnk|vnl jbepus 42. J` }rs hmrepoper`vh~ me nap`y`knq| dnkfmncn bmhl`mh_ dn
reu onp, onj` ?. M. Wpkhu me nam`psfhk db` ondnam{u jnk|v` oph p`qjnoj`u jspc`m` P`xuhrs b =d{cee, cde nmh a{kh m`idem{ bleqre q werbepjni knx`dei h nqr`rj`lh jnkeqmhv{. J` nqmnb`mhh }rni
m`undjh ?. M. Wpkhu bepmskq_ j opedonknfemh~ =. J. Iekemr|eb` h, m` lni bgck_d, qnbepxemmn qop`bedkhbn jnmqr`rhpnb`k, wrn ondnam{e apnmgnb{e jnk|v` qksfhkh w`qr|~ jnkeqmhwmni sop_fh, ` me
qapsh bepunb{u jnmei 43. Lph }rnl nm, ndm`jn, jnkeakerq_ b nopedekemhh tsmjvhnm`k|mncn m`gm`wemh_ }rhu jnkev. Mex`~yhl `pcslemrnl b onk|gs hqrnkjnb`mh_ ondnam{u jnkev j`j der`kei jnkeqmhwmni sop_fh bnnaye (?. M. Wpkhu) h hu hqonk|gnb`mh_ dk_ qjpeokemh_ qapsh q _plnl b w`qrmnqrh
(=. J. Iekemr|eb) _bk_~rq_, j qnf`kemh~, me hqonk|gnb`mm{e sonl_msr{lh `brnp`lh m`undjh opejp`qmn qnup`mhbxhuq_ jnkeqmhv q g`op_femm{lh b mhu knx`d|lh b mejpnonke N`k`lhm` (Ghop).
>nc`reixhe oncpeaemh_ q jnkeqmhv`lh m` q`k`lhmqjnl mejpnonke d`rhps~rq_ lefds onqkedmei werbepr|~ VIII h jnmvnl VII bb. dn m. }. 44 Npedh ler`kkhweqjhu der`kei jnkeqmhv, m`idemm{u bleqre q
unpnxn qnup`mhbxhlhq_ b p_de qksw`eb depeb_mm{lh der`k_lh, nam`psfemn ank|xne jnkhweqrbn jnkev (j`j apnmgnb{u, r`j h fekegm{u). Eu m`undjh bleqre q nqr`rj`lh _pl` jnkeqmhv{ qbhderek|qrbs~r n rnl, wrn nmh jpeohkhq| j }rnls _pls, ophwel g`jpeok_khq| m` mel beprhj`k|mn, j`j h opedonk`c`k =. J. Iekemr|eb. Lph }rnl jnk|v` _pl` hgbeqrm{ b meqjnk|jhu p`gmnbhdmnqr_u. Jejnrnp{e hg
mhu feqrjn g`jpeok_khq| b beprhj`k|mnl onknfemhh, ndm`jn b ank|xhmqrbe qksw`eb jnk|v` hle~r
lstrs, g`bepx`~ys~q_ xr{pel, jnrnp{i sjpeok_kq_ b depeb_mmnl _ple. Gnk|vn, r`jhl nap`gnl, g`jpeok_knq| qbnandmn. ? mejnrnp{u qksw`_u jnk|vn hleer lstrs aeg xr{p_, jnrnp`_, b qbn~ nweped|,
qjpeok_k`q| q g`jpeok_bxhlq_ m` _ple xr{pel hkh cbngdel — r`jhe jnk|v` m`hankee akhgjh ophwepmnlnpqjhl 45 ("). 17; 18).
Nkedser, ndm`jn, nrlerhr|, wrn b meonrpebnfemmnl oncpeaemhh hg Jnpxsmreoe mer mhj`jhu qbhderek|qrb m`khwh_ jnkeqmhv{ hkh rncn, wrn oncpeaemm{e gdeq| jnmh opedm`gm`w`khq| dk_ g`op_fjh b
mee, ` me dk_ bepunbni egd{. Gpnle rncn, lstr` m` }rnl jnk|ve naknl`m` h b jnlokejqe nmn opedqr`bkemn khx| b edhmqrbemmnl }jgelok_pe, rncd` j`j b jnlokejq`u, cde r`jhe jnk|v` hqonk|gnb`khq| dk_
jnkeqmhwmni sop_fh, nmh bqecd` bqrpew`~rq_ b o`pe 46. Infmn opedonknfhr| on}rnls, wrn b oncpeaemhh hg Jnpxsmreoe d`mmne jnk|vn hqonk|gnb`knq| me on oepbnm`w`k|mnls m`gm`wemh~, ophwel
r`jnls hqonk|gnb`mh~ me lex`kn nrqsrqrbhe m` mel nrknl`mmni ophbeqjh. Wrn opedonknfemhe naz_qmhkn a{ h ecn ankee `pu`hwm{i nakhj on qp`bmemh~ q nqr`k|m{lh }kelemr`lh jnlokejq`. J`qjnk|jn
hgbeqrmn, oncpeaemhe m` Jnpxsmreoe _bk_erq_ edhmqrbemm{l jnlokejqnl, cde ondnamne jnk|vn bqrpewemn bleqre q opedler`lh jekepleqqjncn }r`o` p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. ?opnwel, m`undjh jnkeqmhv
m` Ghope onj`g{b`~r, wrn ondnam{e jnk|v` hqonk|gnb`khq| b sop_fh jnkeqmhv me rnk|jn b ebp`ghiqjhu qreo_u, mn h b Lepedmei =ghh (op`bd`, onj` b dpschu p`inm`u nmh me hdemrhthvhpnb`m{ j`j
der`kh jnkeqmhv), ophwel hgbeqrm{ nmh gdeq| h b opedek`u VII b. dn m. }. Infmn opedonk`c`r| on}rnls,
wrn jnk|vn hg Jnpxsmreoe ophm`dkefhr me qreomni, ` leqrmni w`qrh hmbemr`p_ oncpeaemh_. Qnpl`
sjpeokemmni m` lstre der`kh, jnrnp`_ lnck` a{ srnwmhr| opnhqunfdemhe d`mmncn opedler`, mehgbeqrm`, onqjnk|js nm` me qnup`mhk`q|. O`jhl nap`gnl, bnbqe me na_g`rek|mn qb_g{b`r| }rnr opedler q
jsk|rspni rho` Jnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`, h sf bn bq_jnl qksw`e ecn m`undj` b jnlokejqe oepbni onknbhm{ VII b. dn m. }. mhj`j me lnfer d`rhpnb`r| o`l_rmhjh }rncn rho` rel fe bpelemel, j`j qwhr`er
?. M. Wpkhu 47. Aeiqrbhrek|mn, m` Jnpxsmreoe jnk|vn nam`psfemn b qnqr`be jnlokejq`, bjk~w`~yecn
u`p`jrepm{e opedler{ ankee ongdmecn, jekepleqqjncn, nakhj`, h beq| jnlokejq dnkfem d`rhpnb`r|q_
on qbnhl m`hankee ongdmhl qnqr`bk_~yhl.
42 Iekemr|eb 1967, 42 – 44.
43 Wpkhu 1990, 59 – 60; Wpkhu 1994, 38 – 41.
44 Lsakhj`vh~ ql. Dikaios 1963, 126 –210 (cpnamhv` 1);
sjpeokem{ m` jp`_u g`cmsr{u jbepus jnmvnb _pl` h wepeg mhu,
Karageorghis 1967 (cpnamhv{ 2, 3, 47, 50); Karageorghis 1973,
4 –121 (cpnamhv` 79). Np. Karageorghis 1975, 32 –154.
ghis 1967, 82 – 84, 87, Nr. 66 – 69, 98 –102, pl. LXXXV; CXLIII.
45 O`jhe jnk|v` hqonk|gnb`m{, m`ophlep, b jnkeqmhve B
hg cpnamhv{ 79, g`op_c`bxeiq_ werbepjni jnmei. Kmh a{kh
36
nwebhdmn, opnundhk onbnd ophqr_fm{u jnmei: Karageorghis
1973, 30, Nr. 220 / 8A, pl. LXXIX; CCLIV, fig. 10. Np. Karageor46 Wpkhu 1994, 41.
47 Wpkhu 1994, 91.
11
10
3
13
12
4
5
14
1
8
6
9
2
7
0
9
15
16
Mhq. 14 Egdekh_ «qjhtqjncn» rho` hg G`plhp->ksp`.
1– 6, 10, 11, 13. Gnqr|; 7 – 9, 12, 14. >pnmg`; 15, 16. Cekegn
Ln Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 35
37
1
2
3
4
6
5
7
Mhq. 15 >pnmgnb{e jnk|v` q lstrni.
1, 2. «Lxhxqjhi jk`d» 1988 c.; 3. Rsrnp =kejqeebqjhi;
4. Heplnmrnbqjhi p`gzegd; 5. Inchk|mhj Lxhx; 6. «=jq`iqjhi jk`d»; 7. Gbhrjh
Ln ?`k|w`j 1997a, phq. 1, 7,8 (1, 2), phq. 2, 2,3 (5, 6); Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 21, 23 (3, 4);
Gnbo`memjn, @so`kn 1984, Mhq. 6, 12 (7)
38
2
9
4
1
3
11
8
10
6
5
7
12
13
14
16
21
15
19
18
20
17
22
23
26
24
25
27
31
30
28
29
35
32
36
34
0
6
33
Mhq. 16 Embemr`p| jspc`m` P`xuhrs b =d{cee. 36. Cekegn, nqr`k|mne apnmg`
Ln Wpkhu 1994, phq. 5
39
0
1m
1
2
0
Mhq. 17 Mejnmqrpsjvh_ jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ N`k`lhm` (Ghop). 1. @pnamhv` 79, B; 2. @pnamhv` 2
Ln Karageorghis 1967, pl. CXV (1); Karageorghis 1973, fig. 10 (2)
40
1m
3
1
2
6
5
4
7
8
9
Mhq. 18 Gnk|v` nr _pl` jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ N`k`lhm` (Ghop).
1– 8. Gnkeqmhv` hg cpnamhv{ 47; 9. Gnkeqmhv` B hg cpnamhv{ 79
Ln Karageorghis 1967, pl. CXLII–CXLIII (1– 8); Karageorghis 1973, pl. CCLIV (9)
41
@nbnp_ n qnwer`mhh b oncpeaemh_u hg Jnpxsmreoe qjhtqjhu beyei q g`j`bj`gqjhlh (hkh sp`prqjhlh), qkedser sonl_msr| n ondnamni fe j`prhme b p`mmhu jnwebmhweqjhu o`l_rmhj`u, nam`psfemm{u m` repphrnphh D`j`bj`g|_. ? j`weqrbe ophlep` lnfmn ophbeqrh I`k{i jspc`m b Ihk|qjnG`p`a`uqjni qreoh 48, mejnrnp{e oncpeaemh_ cpsmrnbncn lnchk|mhj` Ihmcew`sp` 49, Okhiqjncn lnchk|mhj` 50 h lmnche dpsche 51. Gnlokejqs hg Jnpxsmreoe, onf`ksi, m`hankee akhgnj jnlokejq I`kncn
jspc`m`, cde r`jfe m`idem{ apnmgnb{e sdhk` q bhr{lh qrepfm_lh, o`knwj`-g`qrefj` q opnpeg|~ h
rpeukno`qrmni m`jnmemewmhj qrpek{ «qjhtqjncn» rho` ("). 7, 1, 4, 5).
1.2.2 GKTB?JETBNGEB LK@MB>BJEY P EIEMHBM= E =I=NVE
Apscni _pjhi jnwebmhweqjhi jnlokejq, opnhqund_yhi hg =m`rnkhh — oncpeaemhe, nam`psfemmne
b 1971 c. b pegsk|r`re cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnonj s dep. Elhpkep akhg =l`q|h — bjk~w`er rnk|jn opedler{ «qjhtqjncn» nakhj` 52. Ddeq| r`jfe, j`j h m` Jnpxsmreoe, a{k` nam`psfem` jb`dp`rm`_ oncpea`k|m`_ j`lep` (p`glep{ njnkn 2,80 × 2,80 l), qrem{ jnrnpni opedqr`bk_~r qnani mepecsk_pms~
j`lemms~ jk`djs aeg p`qrbnp`. G`lep` a{k` ophlepmn m` 1,20 l scksakem` b qj`k|ms~ gm`whrek|mn
b{berphbxs~q_ onpnds. Be onk qnqrnhr hg oknrmn srp`lanb`mmni ckhm{. ?msrph j`lep{ oph ee dnqkednb`mhh a{kh m`idem{ qhk|mn p`gpsxemm{e cp`ahrek|qjhlh p`qjnoj`lh nqr`rjh qjekernb weknbej`
h on lem|xei lepe ndmni knx`dh. ? d`mmnl jnlokejqe nam`psfem dkhmm{i fekegm{i 53 lew (dkhm`
78,8 ql) q qepdvebhdm{l oepejpeqrhel h apsqjnbhdm{l m`bepxhel, jkhmnj jnrnpncn qncmsr ononk`l,
ahler`kkhweqjhi jkebev (fekegm{i jkhmnj h apnmgnb`_ brskj`), soknyemm{i apnmgnb{i phtkem{i
brnj (bhdhln, ophm`dkef`yhi pswje rncn fe jkebv`), apnmgnb{e qrpelewjnbhdm{e sdhk` h qel| apnmgnb{u dbsukno`qrm{u m`jnmewmhjnb qrpek (wer{pe khqrnbhdm{u, b rnl whqke ndhm q anjnb{l xhonl,
db` ok`bmnpnlahweqjhu h ndhm pnlahweqjhi, bqe rph q anjnb{lh xho`lh) ("). 19). Gpnle rncn, b
oncpeaemhh a{k m`idem r`jfe gnknrni ap`qker, jnrnp{i bqjnpe onqke cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnonj a{k
opnd`m mehgbeqrmnls khvs h nj`g`kq_ mednqrsoem dk_ hqqkednb`rekei, ` r`jfe eye 21 m`jnmewmhj
qrpek, r`jfe opnd`mm{i w`qrmnls khvs (w`qnbyhjs Isuhrrhms T`khxj`ms hg =l`q|h) h onrnls menosakhjnb`mm{i.
J`idemm{e b Elhpkepe apnmgnb{e sdhk` ophm`dkef`r j rnls fe unpnxn hgbeqrmnls m` p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u rhos, wrn h sdhk` hg Jnpxsmreoe (ql. b{xe). Je lemee u`p`jrepem h rhohwm{i
dk_ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ lew q qepdvebhdm{l oepejpeqrhel, apsqjnbhdm{l m`bepxhel h dkhmm{l jkhmjnl 54. Lndnam{e lewh w`qrn bqrpew`~rq_ b p`mmeqjhtqjhu jnlokejq`u. ?epn_rmn, ndhm hg
q`l{u p`mmhu }jgelok_pnb nam`psfem b oncpeaemhh s Heplnmrnbqjncn p`gzegd` (m`bepxhe lew` me
qnup`mhknq|) ("). 20, 1) 55. ? }rnl jnlokejqe qn qjhtqjhl lewnl qnwer`~rq_ opedqjhtqjhe beyh rho` Jnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d` ("). 20 ). Eg dpschu p`mmhu jnlokejqnb lnfmn m`gb`r| oncpeaemhe 27 hg
lnchk|mhj` N`lr`bpn 56 ("). 21, 13), oncpeaemh_ 68, 85, 93, 94, 106, 128, 129, 164, 216 Okhiqjncn
lnchk|mhj` (w`qr| hg m`idemm{u gdeq| lewei hleer dnqr`rnwmn dkhmm{i jkhmnj, dpsche _bk_~rq_
48 Eeqqem 1965, 22 – 30.
49 R`khknb 1971, 185 –187.
50 Oeunb 1980, 219 –257.
51 Nbndjs g`j`bj`gqjhu o`l_rmhjnb, qnedhm_~yhu b qeae
53 Nnck`qmn sj`g`mh~ R. R`sorl`mm` ( Hauptmann 1983, 268)
psjn_r| lew` qdek`m` hg apnmg{, ndm`jn ?. Pm`k b qbnel nohq`mhh (Ünal 1983, 66) }rncn me ondrbepfd`er, nrlew`_ khx|
}kelemr{ p`mmeqjhtqjni h leqrm{u jsk|rsp ql. Bq`_m, Lnc-
m`khwhe m` psjn_rh nqr`rjnb depeb`.
54 Njnphi 1981, 19 –25; =kejqeeb 1992, 85; @npekhj 1993,
peanb` 1985, 21– 37.
52 Ünal 1983, 65 – 81; Hauptmann 1983, 268 –269; Kossack
32 – 33, r`a. XV, 12 –15; XVI, 1,2.
55 Eeqqem 1954, 122 –123; Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987,
1987, 67, Abb. 26; qp. @npekhj 1987, 51–53; =kejqeeb 1992,
21–22.
56 Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 28 –29.
85 – 86; Iedbedqj`_ 1992, 95 – 96, phq. 2.
42
4
5
6
7
8
3
10
9
11
2
0
4
1
Mhq. 19 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Elhpkep`. 1. Cekegn; 2. Cekegn h apnmg`; 3–11. >pnmg`
Ln Kossack 1987, Abb. 26
43
2
4
3
5
11
1
6
9
8
7
Mhq. 20 Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Heplnmrnbqjncn p`gzegd`.
1, 11. Cekegn; 2 –10. >pnmg`
Ln Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 21
44
10
5
1
4
7
2
6
9
8
3
12
10
14
15
16
17
18
11
19
20
21
13
0
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
6
30
Mhq. 21 J`undjh hg lnchk|mhj` N`lr`bpn (@psgh_).
1–11. Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 106; 12 – 30. Embemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 27. 1– 6, 9 –11. Gnqr|; 7, 8, 14 – 30. >pnmg`; 12, 13. Cekegn
Ln Ek|hmqj`_, Oepemnfjhm 1987, 29
45
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
46
7
8
9
10
11
12
Mhq. 22 >neb{e jkebv{.
1. Ihmsqhmqj; 2. Nsk`j s Kpemaspc`; 3. =m`m|hmn; 4. Ieqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn, Isgei Ierpnonkhrem, J|~-Fnpj;
5. Lepj`k|qjhi lnchk|mhj s L_rhcnpqj`; 6. Inchk|mhj @smdekem; 7. Inchk|mhj Pic`p`j, jspc`m 84; 8. Lncpeaemhe s Elhpkep`;
9. M`inm Isx`; 10. Inchk|mhj N`j`p-w`c` 6, jspc`m 23; 11. Kpeunbn Hsc`mqjni nak.; 12. =m`rnkh_, =puenknchweqjhi lsgei
Nr`lask`. 1. >pnmg`; 4. Nepeapn h fekegn, nqr`k|m{e apnmg` h fekegn
Ln Lhnrpnbqjhi 1989, phq. 7 (1, 3, 9); Nlhpmnb 1964, phq. 77, 16 (2); Q`pj`x 1992, phq. 2 – 3 (4); Gngemjnb` 1995, r`a. XX, 4 (5);
?hmncp`dnb 1972, phq. 30, 12 (6); ?hxmebqj`_ 1973, r`a. XX, 1,2 (7); Kossack 1987, Abb. 26, 2 (8);
Yaknmqjhi 1991, phq. 10, 14 (10); G`r`knc 1993, phq. 53 (11); Müller-Karpe 1995, Res. 1 (12)
47
jnpnrjhlh jhmf`k`lh) 57, gm`lemhr{e lewh hg Iek|csmnb` h Gekepleq` (oepb{i jspc`m Usk|v`) 58, hg
Nr`pxni lnchk{ 59 h dp. O`jhl nap`gnl, apnmgnb`_ sgd` h dkhmm{i fekegm{i lew hg Elhpkep` hle~r
akhgjhe `m`knchh b opedek`u bqecn p`mmeqjhtqjncn oephnd`, ndm`jn me ongbnk_~r rnwmee nopedekhr|
ecn onknfemhe bmsrph }rncn jpsc` o`l_rmhjnb. Lnf`ksi, r`jhe b{bnd{ lnfmn qdek`r| m` nqmnb`mhh
qnup`mhbxhuq_ b oncpeaemhh m`jnmewmhjnb qrpek. Eg qelh nosakhjnb`mm{u m`jnmewmhjnb (eye db`dv`r| ndhm m`jnmewmhj menosakhjnb`m h nqr`erq_ mednqrsom{l) khx| ndhm ophm`dkefhr q`lnls p`mmels, r`j m`g{b`elnls f`anrhmqjnls, rhos pnlanbhdm{u apnmgnb{u dbsukno`qrm{u m`jnmewmhjnb.
?qe nqr`k|m{e nrmnq_rq_ j ankee ongdmels rhos khqrnbhdm{u hkh ok`bmnpnlahweqjhu dbsukno`qrm{u
m`jnmewmhjnb r`j m`g{b`elncn jekepleqqjncn rho`. Ka{wmn qwhr`erq_, wrn b{reqmemhe dbsukno`qrm{u
pnlahweqjhu m`jnmewmhjnb f`anrhmqjncn rho` khqrnbhdm{lh h ok`bmnpnlahweqjhlh ophundhrq_ m`
jekepleqqjs~ }onus h b q`lhu Gekepleqqjhu jspc`m`u f`anrhmqjhe m`jnmewmhjh sfe nrqsrqrbs~r 60.
? rn fe bpel_ b Gekepleqqjhu jspc`m`u ophqsrqrbs~r h on_bk_~yheq_ meqjnk|jn ongdmee rpeukno`qrm{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek, jnrnp{e b jnlokejqe Elhpkep` nrqsrqrbs~r. Jeqlnrp_ m` rn, wrn jnkhweqrbn
nosakhjnb`mm{u qrpek hg Elhpkep` megm`whrek|mn, nmh bqe fe ongbnk_~r qdek`r| mejnrnp{e b{bnd{.
Lpenak`d`mhe khqrnbhdm{u m`jnmewmhjnb ongbnk_er onleqrhr| d`mm{i jnlokejq b jekepleqqjhi
oephnd. ? rn fe bpel_ m`khwhe b mel ndmni qrpek{ f`anrhmqjncn rho` h onkmne nrqsrqrbhe rpeukno`qrm{u m`jnmewmhjnb ongbnk_er nrmnqhr| Elhpkep j p`mmels }r`os jekepleqqjncn oephnd`, bhdhln,
meqjnk|jn p`m|xe Gekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb ?eqeknbqjncn.
?eq|l` qbnenap`gmni der`k|~ hlhpkepqjncn jnlokejq` _bk_erq_ nam`psfemm{i b mel ahler`kkhweqjhi jkebev. Km hleer fekegm{i jkhmnj h apnmgnbs~, nb`k|ms~ b p`gpege h p`qxhp_~ys~q_
jmhgs brskjs q nrbepqrhel dk_ cbngd_ b mhfmei w`qrh. ? bepumei w`qrh brskjh, ond jkhmjnl, hleerq_
oerk_, ntnplkemm`_ b bhde cnknbjh uhymni orhv{ q g`cmsr{l jk~bnl. ?rnpni qundm{i jkebev nam`psfem meqjnk|jn bnqrnwmee, b p`inme Isx` (j g`o`ds nr ngep` ?`m) ("). 22, 9) 61. Bye ndhm ahler`kkhweqjhi jkebev bleqre q apnmgnb{l phtkem{l brnjnl nr ecn pswjh, wpegb{w`imn akhgjhi hlhpkepqjnls, up`mhrq_ b Nr`lask|qjnl `puenknchweqjnl lsgee ("). 22, 12) 62. Km, nwebhdmn, opnhqundhr
hg cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnonj m` repphrnphh Ospvhh, mn n leqre h naqrn_rek|qrb`u ecn m`undjh mhwecn
mehgbeqrmn. Lndnam{e ahler`kkhweqjhe jkebv{ mena{wm{ dk_ o`l_rmhjnb p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ 63. Tsfd{ nmh h dk_ Lepedmei =ghh, ndm`jn hu m`undjh hgbeqrm{ b Lph`p`k|e (Pic`p`j, jspc`m 84),
~fmnl Lphsp`k|e h Lnbnkf|e (=m`m|hmn, Kpemaspc), Nhahph (Ihmsqhmqj h dpsche) ("). 22, 1 – 3,
7) 64. Gkebv{ q }rhu repphrnphi, j`j h jkebv{ hg Elhpkep`, Isx` h Nr`lask`, hle~r `m`knchwmn
ntnplkemms~ p`qxhp_~ys~q_ jmhgs brskjs q nrbepqrhel dk_ cbngd_ h oerkei bngke jkhmj`, ntnplkemmni na{wmn b bhde cnknbjh uhymni orhv{, h qundms~ tnpls jkhmj` 65. Ln-bhdhlnls, d`mm{i bhd
57 Oeunb 1980, 219 –257.
58 Tepmemjn 1980, 7 – 30; @`k`mhm` / Galanina 1997, 92 –101,
reoep| Müller-Karpe 1995, 233–238, Leh. 14, C.
63 Np. Ikkimq|j` 1961, 34 – 36; Iek~jnb` 1964, 68. Bdhmqrbem-
222 –223, r`a. 7 – 9.
59 Ek|hmqj`_ 1968, 24, r`a. I, 1.
60 Ikkimq|j` 1973, 13–26; Lnkim 1987, 21–22, qp. Lerpemjn
m{i jkebev }rncn rho`, opnhqund_yhi hg ophwepmnlnpqjhu
qreoei — med`bmn nosakhjnb`mm`_ qksw`im`_ m`undj` hg p`inm` j bnqrnjs nr Anmevj` (q. Kpeunbn, =mrp`vhrnbqjhi p`inm
1990, 62 –74; =kejqeeb 1992, 85 – 86. Ln onqkedmhl srnwmem-
Hsc`mqjni nak`qrh): G`r`knc 1993, 45 – 46, phq. 53; Lndnaed
m{l d`mm{l qpedh rpeu qephi jekepleqqjhu m`jnmewmhjnb
1994, 181–185 ("). 22, 11). Nkedser nrlerhr|, wrn h }r`
(70 –75 qjhoebxhuq_ b db` jnlj` m`jnmewmhj` hg jspc`m` 2
m`undj` opnhqundhr q bnqrnwmni oephtephh qnaqrbemmn
?eqeknbqjncn, 145 }jgelok_pnb hg p`qjnonj Usk|v` h 76 }jgelok_pnb hg p`qjnonj jspc`m` 24 b 1980 c., nrnfdeqrbk_elncn
qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{, me qkhxjnl sd`kemmni nr Lnbnkf|_.
64 Hauptmann 1983, 269; Kossack 1983, 181, Karte 3; Lhnrpnb-
q jspc`mnl 3 hkh 4 Usk|v`) bqe fe hleerq_ edhmqrbemm{i
qjhi 1989, 9, phq. 7; =kejqeeb 1992, 86; Gspnwjhm, Nsaanrhm
m`jnmewmhj f`anrhmqjncn rho`, wrn, ndm`jn, qsyeqrbemmn me
1993, 59 – 64, phq. 1, qp. Q`pj`x 1992, 170, phq. 2 – 3.
65 Dapseb` 1952, 104 –107, r`a. XXII; Nlhpmnb, Lerpemjn
lem_er j`prhms: @`k`mhm` 1995, 40 – 46, phq. 3; @`k`mhm` /
Galanina 1997, 104 –115, phq. 27.
61 Lhnrpnbqjhi 1989, phq. 7, 8.
1963, 29, r`a. 14, 34; ?hxmebqj`_ 1973, 97 – 98, r`a. XX, 1–2;
XXVII, 7; Tkemnb` 1981, 4 –7, phq. 1–2; Gsg|lhm{u 1983,
62 Inv. Nr. 7736, ophnaperem b 1968 c. Nepdewmn ak`cnd`p~
140 –142, r`a. LVI (apnmgnb{e h ahler`kkhweqjhe }jgelo-
@. Gnqq`j`, opednqr`bhbxecn b lne p`qonp_femhe phqsmnj
k_p{); Lhnrpnbqjhi 1989, phq. 7.
}rncn b rn bpel_ menosakhjnb`mmncn jkebv`. Lsakhj`vh~ ql.
48
npsfh_ on_bhkq_ b p`inme O`c`pqjni jsk|rsp{ (Ihmsqhmqj`_ jnrknbhm` h ophkec`~yhe p`inm{ ~fmni Nhahph), cde xhpnjn p`qopnqrp`mem{ apnmgnb{e opnrnrho{ ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb p`qql`rphb`elncn rho`. ?onqkedqrbhh nmh p`qopnqrp`mhkhq| m` g`o`d, b rnl whqke b p`inm =m`m|hmqjni jsk|rsp{, ` r`jfe b ~fmne Lphsp`k|e, Lph`p`k|e h d`kee m` G`bj`g h b Lepedm~~ =gh~ 66. ?qe rph nam`psfemm{u b I`kni =ghh jkebv` (hg Elhpkep`, Isx` h Nr`lask|qjncn lsge_) rnwmn qnnrberqrbs~r
nohq`mm{l, bjk~w`_ h r`js~ u`p`jrepms~ der`k|, j`j oerk_ b bhde cnknbjh uhymni orhv{ s nqmnb`mh_ jkhmj`. Jeqjnk|jn nrkhw`erq_ nr mhu oknun qnup`mhbxhiq_ jkebev hg jspc`m` 23 lnchk|mhj`
N`j`p-w`c` 6 b ~fmnl Lph`p`k|e — nm hleer oerk~ b mhfmei w`qrh apnmgnbni brskjh ("). 22, 10 ) 67.
Ab` (` me rph, j`j hmncd` sj`g{b`erq_ b khrep`rspe) ondnam{u ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebv` opnhqundhr
q G`bj`g` — hg Lepj`k|qjncn lnchk|mhj` b njpeqrmnqr_u L_rhcnpqj` 68 h hg @smdekem` 69 ("). 22, 5, 6).
Lnqjnk|js d`mm{i bhd npsfh_ m` qnaqrbemmn qjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u mehgbeqrem, mn g`rn nam`psfem b
reu p`inm`u, cde ohq|lemm{e hqrnwmhjh thjqhps~r opea{b`mhe jhllephiveb, lnfmn opedonknfhr|,
wrn b d`mmnl qksw`e l{ hleel dekn q }kelemrnl l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ hlemmn hqrnphweqjhu jhllephiveb. ? r`jnl qksw`e hqonk|gnb`mhe ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb a{kn a{ ndmhl hg melmnchu
hgbeqrm{u }kelemrnb, ongbnk_~yhu b{dekhr| l`reph`k|ms~ jsk|rsps jhllephiveb hg qnqr`b` nayei
«p`mmeqjhtqjni» jsk|rsp{. ?opnwel, m`khwm{i l`reph`k qkhxjnl ncp`mhwem h me ongbnk_er qdek`r|
njnmw`rek|m{e b{bnd{. Infmn r`jfe opedonknfhr|, wrn m`undjh ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb nrp`f`~r
osr| opndbhfemh_ jhllephiveb (hkh ndmncn hg }kelemrnb, bundhbxhu b qnqr`b jhllephiqjhu cpsoo)
hg Semrp`k|mni =ghh hkh ~fmncn Lphsp`k|_ wepeg G`bj`g b Lepedm~~ =gh~, ndm`jn ondnam{i b{bnd m` nqmnbe khx| ndmni j`recnphh m`undnj nqr`erq_ bqe fe me ankee wel chonregni.
Gpnle oncpea`k|mncn jnlokejq` s Elhpkep` ophlepmn b rnl fe p`inme (dnkhm` lefds O`xnb` h
H_dhjnl j qebeps nr =l`q|h, rnwmne leqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn) r`jfe oph cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnoj`u
a{kn nam`psfemn eye ndmn g`unpnmemhe jnwebmhj`, ndm`jn nmn onkmnqr|~ p`gcp`akemn. Bdhmqrbemmne, wrn nqr`knq| nr oncpea`k|mncn hmbemr`p_ — m`anp hg 250 m`jnmewmhjnb qrpek ("). 23);
na nqr`k|m{u m`undj`u hmtnpl`vh_ nrqsrqrbser 70. Wrnr m`anp, ndm`jn, me nqr`bk_er qnlmemh_ mh b
jsk|rspmni ophm`dkefmnqrh, mh b d`rhpnbje oncpeaemh_. ?qe opnhqund_yhe hg mecn m`jnmewmhjh, g`
hqjk~wemhel o_rh oskebhdm{u, dbsukno`qrm{e apnmgnb{e. Lnd`bk_~yee hu ank|xhmqrbn khqrnbhdm{e h ok`bmnpnlahweqjhe, unr_ hleerq_ h meqjnk|jn pnlahweqjhu m`jnmewmhjnb «f`anrhmqjncn»
rho`. ? rn fe bpel_ qnbepxemmn nrqsrqrbs~r rpeukno`qrm{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek. Wrn qbhderek|qrbser
n rnl, wrn d`mmne oncpeaemhe, bepn_rmn, ndmnbpelemmn oncpeaemh~ s Elhpkep` h dnkfmn r`jfe
nrmnqhr|q_ j m`w`k|mnls oephnds jekepleqqjncn }r`o` p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{, bhdhln, meqjnk|jn
p`m|xe Gekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb ?eqeknbqjncn. Anonkmhrek|m{l `pcslemrnl dk_ d`rhpnbjh }rncn
jnkw`mmncn m`anp` _bk_~rq_ beq|l` u`p`jrepm{e pek|etm{e lerjh b bhde «qked` orhw|ei k`o{» m`
meqjnk|jhu m`jnmewmhj`u ("). 24, 5 – 7) 71. Lndnam{e lerjh hgbeqrm{ m` m`jnmewmhj`u qjhtqjncn
rho` hg >nc`gj^_ ("). 24, 8) 72, d`rhpnb`mm{u brnpni werbepr|~ – qepedhmni VII b. dn m. }. (ql. mhfe),
h hg p`mmhu o`l_rmhjnb qjhtqjncn nakhj` b Lphsp`k|e, m` wrn nap`rhk bmhl`mhe =. X. =kejqeeb
("). 24, 1– 4) 73. H~ano{rmn, wrn `m`knchh }rnls nphchm`k|mnls qonqnas npm`lemr`vhh m`jnmewmhjnb
opnhqund_r hg rncn q`lncn p`inm`, cde a{kh p`qopnqrp`mem{ ahler`kkhweqjhe jkebv{ rho` m`idemm{u b Elhpkepe h Isxe. Wrn naqrn_rek|qrbn lnfer qksfhr| eye ndmhl sj`g`mhel m` knj`khg`vh~
hqrnphweqjhu jhllephiveb dn hu ophund` m` G`bj`g h b Lepedm~~ =gh~.
66 Nbndjs l`reph`k` h nanqmnb`mhe vemrp` opnhqunfdemh_
1983, 181 (q sj`g`mhel m` m`undjh b Ihmep`k|m{u bnd`u h
jkebvnb ql. Gspnwjhm, Nsaanrhm 1993, 59 – 64. Lpnrhb: Tke-
L_rhcnpqje).
69 ?hmncp`dnb 1972, 125, 346, phq. 30, 12; Gngemjnb` 1995, 75,
mnb` 1997, 15.
67 Yaknmqjhi 1991, 81, phq. 10, 14; Yaknmqjhi 1996, 43,
me n apnmgnbni brskje jkebv`, ` n jek|re.
68 Bcnpnb 1955, 60, phq. 20, 3; Gpsomnb 1960, 205, r`a. XXXVI,
r`a. XX, 5.
70 Ünal 1983, 70 –78, Abb. 3–7.
71 Ünal 1983, Abb. 7, 247,249,250.
72 Boehmer 1972, Taf. XXXI, 902.
4 (mernwm{i phqsmnj); Iek~jnb` 1964, 68, r`a. 21, 4; Gngem-
73 Nlhpmnb 1964, phq. 8, 1; Eql`chknb 1988, phq. 6, 36,40,54;
jnb` 1995, 75, r`a. XX, 4. @. Gnqq`j nxhanwmn bjk~w`er }rnr
=kejqeeb 1992, 86.
phq. 19, 16. Ln lmemh~ ?. =. Lndnaed` (1994, 182), pew| hder
jkebev db`fd{ b qbn~ qbndjs m`undnj }rncn rho`: Kossack
49
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2
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24
48
49
Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (1–50)
50
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Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (51– 99)
51
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Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (100 –150)
52
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Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (151–205)
53
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Mhq. 23 J`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl akhg =l`q|h (206 –250)
Ln Ünal 1983, Abb. 3 – 7
54
3
4
2
8
1
5
6
7
Mhq. 24 >pnmgnb{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek q pek|etm{lh lerj`lh b bhde «qked` orhw|ei k`o{».
1– 3. @sl`pnbn; 4. Jnb`_ >ekncnpj`, jspc`m 2, oncpeaemhe 38;
5 –7. M`gcp`akemmne oncpeaemhe lefds O`xnbni h H_dhjnl; 8. >nc`gj^i
Ln Eql`chknb 1988, phq. 6, 36,40,54 (1– 3); Nlhpmnb 1964, phq. 8, 1 (4); Ünal, 1983, Abb. 7, 247,249,250 (5 – 7);
Boehmer, 1972, Taf. XXXI, 902 (8)
1.2.3 =MRBKHK@ETBNG=Y GPHVOPM= ENOKMETBNGER GEIIBMEFSB?
E BB NKKOJKUBJEB N «M=JJBNGEQNGKF» GPHVOPMKF
D`bepx`_ p`ganp jnwebmhweqjhu oncpeaemhi b I`kni =ghh, qkedser nqr`mnbhr|q_ m` hu oncpea`k|mnl nap_de. ?n bqeu rpeu qksw`_u, jncd` sd`erq_ ngm`jnlhr|q_ q oncpea`k|m{lh qnnpsfemh_lh (db` b
Jnpxsmreoe h ndmn b Elhpkepe, n oncpea`k|mnl nap_de werbeprncn qbedemhi mer), b{_qm_erq_, wrn
pew| hder n j`lemm{u scksakemm{u b gelk~ qjkeo`u (b dbsu qksw`_u), hkh n q{pvnbnl qnnpsfemhh m`
j`lemmnl tsmd`lemre (bnglnfmn, nmn a{kn me onkmnqr|~ nosyemn b _ls, ` khx| scksakemn). Lndnam{e oncpea`k|m{e qnnpsfemh_ b veknl meu`p`jrepm{ dk_ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Ak_ p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhjnb j`j qreoh, r`j h keqnqreoh, u`p`jrepm{ oncpeaemh_ b cpsmrnb{u _l`u, w`qrn q depeb_mm{lh jnmqrpsjvh_lh, hkh b depeb_mm{u qjkeo`u 74. G`lemm{e cpnamhv{ g`thjqhpnb`m{ b nqmnbmnl m` repphrnphh Gp{l`, mn gdeq|, j`j op`bhkn, pew| hder n j`lemm{u _yhj`u 75, meqnonqr`bhl{u
q j`lemm{lh qjkeo`lh Jnpxsmreoe h Elhpkep`. Bdhmqrbemm`_ cpsoo` p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhjnb,
b jnrnpni m`und_rq_ akhgjhe `m`knchh l`kn`ghiqjhl qnnpsfemh_l — }rn oncpeaemh_ vemrp`k|mncn
Lpedj`bj`g|_, cde a{kh p`qopnqrp`mem{ j`lemm{e qjkeo{ jb`dp`rmni hkh ondjb`dp`rmni tnpl{. G`j
op`bhkn, nmh qnnpsf`khq| m` spnbme dpebmecn cnphgnmr`, ndm`jn hgbeqrm{ qksw`h, jncd` j`lemm{i
qjkeo a{k scksakem b gelk~ (Gp`qmne gm`l_ 4) hkh bnbqe qnnpsfem b _le (Gp`qmne gm`l_ 2). G`j h b
oncpea`k|mnl qnnpsfemhh hg Jnpxsmreoe, oph ntnplkemhh b{jhd` hqonk|gnb`kq_ j`l{x 76. Lphlew`rek|mn oph }rnl, wrn gnm` ophlememh_ j`lemm{u qjkeonb b p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhj`u Nebepmncn
G`bj`g` beq|l` ncp`mhwem` knj`k|mn. Kmh qnqpednrnwem{ b vemrp`k|mnl Lpedj`bj`g|e, rncd` j`j m`
qebepn-bnqrnwmnl G`bj`ge h b Lphjsa`m|e ndmnbpelemmn hqonk|gnb`khq| depeb_mm{e qnnpsfemh_ hkh
oncpeaemh_ b cpsmrnb{u _l`u. D` opedek`lh vemrp`k|mnj`bj`gqjncn pechnm` hgbeqrem edhmqrbemm{i
j`lemm{i qjkeo.
74 Kk|unbqjhi 1978, 83– 97; Ispghm 1984, 48 – 63.
75 Ispghm 1982, 51; Ispghm 1984, 52.
76 Lerpemjn 1983, 44 – 45; Lerpemjn 1989, 217 –218; I`unpr{u 1991, 19 –25.
55
J` nqmnb`mhh d`mm{u hg I`kni =ghh lnfmn opedonknfhr|, wrn oncpeaemh_ b j`lemm{u qjkeo`u,
m`p_ds q hqonk|gnb`mhel ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb q hgnap`femhel orhw|ei cnknbjh ond jkhmjnl,
_bk_~rq_ eye ndmni knj`k|mni nqnaemmnqr|~ `puenknchweqjni jsk|rsp{ jhllephiveb, b{dek_~yei
ee qpedh dpschu o`l_rmhjnb p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. Lphlew`rek|mn, wrn m` bqei repphrnphh p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ g`qbhderek|qrbnb`m{ rnk|jn rph m`undjh ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb hmrepeqs~yecn
m`q rho`, h dbe hg mhu opnhqund_r j`j p`g hg rncn p`inm`, cde a{kh p`qopnqrp`mem{ j`lemm{e qjkeo{:
ndhm a{k m`idem s L_rhcnpqj`, dpscni meqjnk|jn ~fmee, s qek` @smdekem. ?qe }rn ongbnk_er opedonknfhr|, wrn nrlewemm{e dbe wepr{ l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ (hqonk|gnb`mhe ahler`kkhweqjhu jkebvnb,
sjp`xemm{u oerkei b bhde orhw|ei cnknbjh, h ophlememhe b oncpea`k|mnl nap_de j`lemm{u hkh
j`lemmn-q{pvnb{u qjkeonb) nrkhw`kh hqrnphweqjhu jhllephiveb nr dpschu mnqhrekei «p`mmeqjhtqjni» jsk|rsp{. J`khwhe ndmnbpelemmn nanhu }rhu ophgm`jnb b knj`k|mn ncp`mhwemmni cpsooe
p`mmeqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhjnb vemrp`k|mncn Lpedj`bj`g|_ ongbnk_er opedonknfhrek|mn `rphasrhpnb`r|
jhllephiv`l me rnk|jn nam`psfemm{e b I`kni =ghh g`unpnmemh_, mn h }rs cpsoos o`l_rmhjnb hkh
ee w`qr|.
Lpedonknfemhe n ophm`dkefmnqrh «p`mmeqjhtqjhu» o`l_rmhjnb vemrp`k|mncn Lpedj`bj`g|_
(hkh hu w`qrh) hlemmn hqrnphweqjhl jhllephiv`l m`undhr ondrbepfdemhe h b ohq|lemm{u hqrnwmhj`u. «Nrp`m` @`lhp», rn eqr| nak`qr|, g`m_r`_ jhllephiv`lh bn bpel_ hu jnmtkhjr` q Pp`prs b 714 c.
dn m. }., knj`khgnb`k`q| hlemmn b ~fmni w`qrh vemrp`k|mncn D`j`bj`g|_ 77. ?`fmn nrlerhr| b qb_gh q
}rhl, wrn hlemmn b vemrp`k|mni w`qrh G`bj`g` hleerq_ p_d sdnam{u opnundnb, b pegsk|r`re wecn nm
oepeqr`er a{r| rni eqreqrbemmni opecp`dni, p`gdek_~yei Lpedj`bj`g|e h D`j`bj`g|e, j`jni _bk_erq_
b dpschu leqr`u. Jed`pnl h b ankee ongdmee bpel_ hlemmn gdeq| G`bj`g me a{k cp`mhvei p`qqekemh_
}rmnqnb — dnqr`rnwmn sonl_msr| nqerhm, fhbsyhu on nae qrnpnm{ G`bj`gqjncn upear`. Emrepeqmn b
qb_gh qn qj`g`mm{l, wrn g`j`bj`gqjhe o`l_rmhjh, hle~yhe }kelemr{ qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{, h m`undjh
beyei qjhtqjncn rho` qnqpednrnwem{ j`j p`g b vemrp`k|mnl D`j`bj`g|e, nqr`b`_q| ankee pedjhlh
b ecn bnqrnwmni h g`o`dmni w`qr_u (g` hqjk~wemhel =au`ghh) 78. O`jhl nap`gnl, knj`khg`vh_ «qrp`m{
@`lhp» jkhmnohqm{u rejqrnb b vemrp`k|mnl D`j`bj`g|e jnqbemmn ondrbepfd`er qdek`mmne m` nqmnbe
`puenknchweqjhu d`mm{u opedonknfemhe n ophm`dkefmnqrh «p`mmeqjhtqjhu» o`l_rmhjnb vemrp`k|mncn Lpedj`bj`g|_ jhllephiv`l. M`gsleerq_, megm`whrek|mne jnkhweqrbn hgbeqrm{u meqnlmemmn
nrmnq_yhuq_ j jhllephiv`l o`l_rmhjnb =m`rnkhh d`er qkhxjnl l`kn l`reph`k`, wrna{ qwhr`r| }rn
opedonknfemhe dnj`g`mm{l, ndm`jn d`mm`_ chonreg`, j`ferq_, m`hkswxhl nap`gnl naz_qm_er hle~yheq_ p`gmnu`p`jrepm{e d`mm{e.
M`qqlnrpemm{e jnlokejq{ ophbnd_r j ndmngm`wmnls b{bnds n u`p`jrepe jhllephiqjni `puenknchweqjni jsk|rsp{. ? rnl, wrn l`kn`ghiqjhe jnlokejq{ ophm`dkef`r hlemmn jhllephiv`l, Gimirrāia
`jj`dqjhu rejqrnb, ` me qjht`l, Iškuzāia reu fe rejqrnb, mer mhj`jhu qnlmemhi. Lphqsrqrbhe qjhtnb
m` d`mm{u repphrnph_u, bn bq_jnl qksw`e b opedek`u oepb{u rpeu werbeprei VII b. dn m. }., hqrnwmhj`lh
me thjqhpserq_ 79. J`opnrhb, de_rek|mnqr| jhllephiveb b p`inm`u, akhgjhu j Elhpkeps h Jnpxsmreoe, dnqr`rnwmn ondpnamn nohq{b`erq_ `jj`dqjhlh rejqr`lh m`whm`_ q 670-u cc. dn m. }. Nnck`qmn
«`mm`k`l» =q`pu`ddnm`, b 679/8 c. dn m. }. jhllephiv{, bngck`bk_el{e v`pel Oesxoni, a{kh p`gcpnlkem{ `qqhphiv`lh b r`a`k|qjni nak`qrh Rsasxm`, bhdhln, j ~cn-g`o`ds nr Jnpxsmreoe. M_d g`opnqnb j np`jsks anc` U`l`x` qnnay`er na `jrhbmni de_rek|mnqrh jhllephiveb b 678 – 675 cc. dn m. }.
b Iekhde, p`inme, meonqpedqrbemmn ophkec`~yel j Jnpxsmreoe. Kjnkn rncn fe bpelemh d`rhpserq_
h g`opnq j np`jsks SAA 4, 1, jnrnp{i sonlhm`er n qnbleqrm{u deiqrbh_u jhllephiveb h lsxjnb, r. e.
77 Ivantchik 1993, 26 –28; Eb`mwhj 1996, 28 – 34.
78 Bq`_m, Lncpeanb` 1985, 20. Nbndjs r`jhu o`l_rmhjnb ql.
femhel brnpni onknbhmni VII b. dn m. }. =brnp hcmnphpser
O`l fe, 21– 37.
79 Nnbepxemmn aegnqmnb`rek|m{ ono{rjh @. J. Gspnwjhm`
qksw`eb medbsql{qkemmn sj`g{b`~r m` oepbs~ onknbhms VII b.
`puenknchweqjhe d`r{ `m`rnkhiqjhu m`undnj, jnrnp{e b p_de
dn m. }. Gpnle rncn, h q`lh p`qqsfdemh_ `brnp` n «qjhtqjnl
(1994, 119 – 120) ophohq`r| `m`rnkhiqjhe jnwebmhweqjhe
bk`d{weqrbe» nqmnb`m{ m` mejphrhweqjnl dnbephh p`qqj`gs
o`l_rmhjh me jhllephiv`l, ` qjht`l }onuh hu «bk`d{weqrb`
@epndnr`, jnrnpne b m`qrn_yee bpel_ b{ck_dhr m`qrn_yhl
m`d =ghei» h d`rhpnb`r| hu b qnnrberqrbhh q }rhl opedonkn-
`m`upnmhglnl (qp. n «qjhtqjnl bk`d{weqrbe» Ivantchik, 1999).
56
tphchiveb, bhdhln, b p`inme med`kejn nr Elhpkep`. Lphqsrqrbhe jhllephiveb bn Qphchh h qnqedmei
q mei ?hthmhh bonkme dnqrnbepmn thjqhpserq_ h dnqr`rnwmn lmncnwhqkemm{lh `mrhwm{lh hqrnwmhj`lh, on lem|xei lepe w`qrhwmn bnqund_yhlh j leqrmni sqrmni rp`dhvhh (Strabo I, 34,21; Eustath.
Ad Od. XI, 14; Steph. Byz. s. v. Συασσός; Arr. Bith.: FGrHist 156, F76, qp. F 60; Schol. Apoll. Rhod. I, 1126,
qp. II, 140a, 723, 780/83a; Heracl. Pont. Fr. 129 Wehrli). Jeqjnk|jn ankee ongdmhl bpelemel, wel qnnayemh_ n deiqrbh_u jhllephiveb b Iekhde, d`rhpserq_ g`opnq SAA 4, 18, jnrnp{i qnnay`er n bnglnfmnqrh qnbleqrm{u deiqrbhi jhllephiveb h sp`prnb opnrhb `qqhphiveb b Usaphh, p`inme, p`qonknfemmnl j bnqrnjs nr Jnpxsmreoe. Gqr`rh, Isx, cde a{k m`idem ahler`kkhweqjhi jkebev, opedonknfhrek|mn nopedek_el{i j`j jhllephiqjhi, p`qonk`c`erq_ b rni fe nak`qrh. =qqhphiqjhe hqrnwmhjh }onuh op`bkemh_ =xxspa`mho`k` r`jfe qnnay`~r na `jrhbm{u deiqrbh_u jhllephiveb b I`kni
=ghh — nr Hhdhh m` g`o`de dn Ghkhjhh h g`o`dm{u cp`mhv =qqhphh m` bnqrnje 80.
Er`j, jnwebmhweqjhe oncpeaemh_ b Elhpkepe h Jnpxsmreoe lncsr a{r| hdemrhthvhpnb`m{ j`j
jhllephiqjhe. ? onkmnl qnnrberqrbhh q jnqbemm{lh d`mm{lh `jj`dqjhu rejqrnb jhllephiv{ ophm`dkef`r j rni fe `puenknchweqjni jsk|rspe, wrn h p`mmhe qjht{, bnglnfmn q megm`whrek|m{lh
knj`k|m{lh nqnaemmnqr_lh. Gsk|rsp` l`kn`ghiqjhu jhllephiveb lnfer a{r| rnwmee nopedekem` j`j
jekepleqqjhi }r`o «p`mmeqjhtqjni» jsk|rsp{. ?hdhln, ee hgbeqrm{e o`l_rmhjh mem`lmncn ankee
p`mmhe, wel Gekepleqqjhe jspc`m{ ?eqeknbqjncn. Lhq|lemm{e h `puenknchweqjhe hqrnwmhjh ongbnk_~r d`rhpnb`r| }rs jsk|rsps bpelemel lefds m`w`knl 70-u h m`w`knl 30-u cndnb VII b. dn m. }. Je
hqjk~wemn h mejnrnpne p`qxhpemhe d`rhpnbnj b nae qrnpnm{. O`j, bnglnfmn nlnknfemhe bepumei
cp`mhv{ d`rhpnbjh (mn me dk_ jnlokejqnb hg Jnpxsmreoe, nrmnqhl{u on sqknbh_l m`undjh j oepbni
onknbhme VII b. dn m. }.), onqjnk|js nrqsrqrbhe sonlhm`mhi jhllephiveb b `jj`dqjhu rejqr`u onqke
639 c. dn m. }. lnfer naz_qm_r|q_ me hqwegmnbemhel q`lncn m`pnd` q hqrnphweqjni qvem{, ` aedmnqr|~
h nrp{bnwmnqr|~ q`lhu hqrnwmhjnb }rncn oephnd`. >nkee rncn, `mrhwmni rp`dhvhh hgbeqrmn n opea{b`mhh jhllephiveb b I`kni =ghh eye b oephnd op`bkemh_ khdhiqjncn v`p_ =kh`rr`, jnrnpnls ophohq{b`erq_ hu njnmw`rek|mne hgcm`mhe (Herod. I, 16; Polyaen. VII, 2, 1). Yqmn, ndm`jn, wrn dn reu onp,
onj` b I`kni =ghh me asdsr m`idem{ opedler{ opedjekepleqqjncn, f`anrhmqjncn, }r`o` p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ (r`jhe m`undjh h bnnaye nrqsrqrbs~r b Lepedmei =ghh), m`w`kn jekepleqqjncn }r`o`
lnfmn d`rhpnb`r| bpelemel me ongfe m`w`k` 670-u cc. dn m. }., ` qjnpee bqecn h p`m|xe (qp. mhfe) 81.
80 =m`khg m`gb`mm{u rejqrnb ql. Ivantchik 1993, 57 –76, 95 –
81 Np. upnmnknch~ p`mmeqjhtqjni jsk|rsp{, opedknfemms~
125; Eb`mwhj 1996, 77 –79, 100 –131.
E. J. Iedbedqjni (1992, 86 –107).
JRGIG 1.3
« »
Tmtomzzyu |mylzuwmyu u~r}|omr~l ~|u~{w w{rozur~wu w{y|xrw~{o zm zr~{yzrzz{
wuyyr}uv~w{v r}}u{}uu. U~mxzr |mylzuwu mw{p{ }{qm uxu |}{u~{ql ut }mv{z{o, pqr |u~yrzzr u~{zuwu uw~u} {qz{o}ryrzz{r |}rnomzur wuyyr}uvro u ~wu{o (r}}u{}uu Smzz u Suquu), uxu loxl~l ut{xu}{omzzyu zm{qwmyu ozr w{y|xrw~{o. cu zm{qwu |{qor}sqm
~qrxmzzv zm {~z{or utrzul |{p}rnmxz w{y|xrw~{o oo{q { |}uzmqxrsz{~u u~{}ur~wu
wuyyr}uvro ~ m}r{x{pur~w{v {wu t}rzul «}mzzr~wu~w{v» wx}r, m {zrr rr wrxr}yr~~w{y
m|, m mwsr qmu}{ow {v wx}. I ymx{mtuv~wu |mylzuwm, o {y u~xr o r p{}{qm, w{{}r nxu, ~{pxm~z{ |u~yrzzy u~{zuwmy, }mt} rz wuyyr}uvmyu, {nzm}srz{ tzmurxz{r
w{xur~o{ |}rqyr{o ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm.
Tmun{xrr yz{p{u~xrzz{v wmrp{}urv |{q{nz zm{q{w, loxl~l, |{smxv, zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx.
Tmw{zrzuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m wmw o Smx{v Gtuu, mw u o q}pu }mv{zm (J}ruu, Xu}uu u
Vmxr~uzr, Sr~{|{myuu, O}mzr u q}.) {nzm}srz xu zr zm o~r u~~xrq{omzz |{~rxrzul 1.
Uqzmw{ u zm{qwu |}mwur~wu zurp{ zr qm qxl zm u rxrv, |{~w{xw «~wu~wur» ~}rx nxu
q{~m{z{ n~}{ |}uzl zm o{{}srzur zm}{qmyu Vr}rqzrp{ I{~{wm u u~|{xt{omxu~ |{o~ryr~z{, mw { u zm{qwm o {y uxu uz{y yr~r zr y{sr ~xsu ~ouqrrx~o{y }rmxz{p{ |}rnomzul my ~wu{o uxu wuyyr}uvro 2. I ~oltu ~ uy m}mwr}zm, zm|}uyr}, ~umul, }m~w}ml |}u
}m~w{|wm Xyu}z. I{ o}ryl {~mq p{}{qm xuquvmyu {w{x{ 600 p. q{ z. . rp{ tmuzuwu |{xt{omxu~ ~}rxmyu ~ qox{|m~zyu zmw{zrzuwmyu «~wu~w{p{» {nxuwm, m~{ ~ n{w{oy u|{y, m
zm|mqmo ur xuquv — }rx{|m~zyu, «~wu~wuyu» sr, zmw{zrzuwmyu 3. S{sz{ |{ylz mwsr
zm{qw zr~w{xwu ~l (|{u o~r }rx{|m~zr) zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m o Vr}~r|{xr 4. X }rmxzyu z{ymqmyu, |{smxv, y{p n ~{|{~moxrz xu ~myr }mzzur {n}mt mwu
~}rx ut Smx{v Gtuu, qmu}ryr o{}{v ror} – ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. . Tr~y{}l zm {, {
wuyyr}uv, ouquy{, zm{quxu~ my u |{tsr, |}uzr~rzzr uyu zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{»
u|m o { o}ryl sr q{~m{z{ u}{w{ u~|{xt{omxu~ u q}puyu zm}{qmyu.
1 Xo{qw zm{q{w ~y. Sulimirski 1954, 282 – 318; Boehmer 1972,
q{ z. ., u~|{xtr~l wmw ~ouqrrx~o{ {p{, { «~wu~wur
111–115; ~}. mwsr Cleuziou 1977, 187 –199; Muscarella 1988,
zmryzuwu» ~xsuxu o o{v~wr Tmo{q{z{~{}m u qmsr nxu
107 –108; Ökse 1994, 24 – 32.
2 V{|wu u~|{xt{om mwur zm{qwu wmw |}lyr ~ouqr-
rp{ momzpm}q{y. Ymw{r {xw{omzur zm{q{w u ~}rx, wmw u
rx~om |}rnomzul ~wu{o uxu wuyyr}uvro o {y uxu
uwu: ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m o w{zr VII – zmmxr VI o.
uz{y yr~r uz{pqm o~}rm~l q{ ~u |{}, ~}. zm|}uyr}
q{ z. . nxu }m~|}{~}mzrz o Vr}rqzrv Gtuu |{o~ryr~z{
Yamauchi 1982, 97– 99; Yamauchi 1983, 94– 95. I {v }mn{r
zm{qwm zr~w{xwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m o Or}~mxuyr, o
u u~|{xt{omxu~, w{zrz{, u z{o{omoux{z~wuyu xzuwmyu.
3 Nicholls 1958/1959, 128–134.
w{zrw~r, ~oltmzz{y ~ rp{ {~mq{v omoux{zlzmyu o 586 p.
4 Schmidt 1957, 99, Tab. IX, 76.
58
q}pur |{q{nzr |{~}{rzul, zr oqr}suomr zuwmw{v w}u-
1.3.1 «XQO[XQOL» TG\UKQO ON QGWSOW-HRZWG O KWZJO\ ZWGWYXQO\
VGSeYTOQUI
X{~r~o{omzur o w{y|xrw~r T{} zr|r «}mzzr~wu~wu» orrv ~ }m}~wuyu ~ouqrrx~or
{ q{~m{z{ uzrz~uoz{y wx}z{y otmuy{qrv~ouu wuyyr}uvro, |}uzmqxrsmo u m}r{x{pur~wu }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}r, ~ u ~{~rqlyu }m}myu, { |}uorx{ w tmuy~o{omzu uyu zrw{{}
xryrz{o }m}~w{v ymr}umxz{v wx}. Urouqz{, tmuy~o{omzur x{ u o {n}mz{y zm|}moxrzuu, l}wuy ~ouqrrx~o{y rp{ ~xsm zm{qwu zm Qm}yu}-Hx}r.
Q}r|{~ Yrv rnmuzu (Qm}yu}-Hx}) nxm |{~}{rzm }m}~wuy m}ry W~{v II |}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzz{ ~ zm{qlrv~l szrr w}r|{~ Hm~my. Unr {zu nxu }mt} rz |}unxuturxz{ o {qz{
o}ryl u n{xrr zr o{~~mzmoxuomxu~. K{xp{r o}ryl punrx Qm}yu}-Hx}m qmu}{omxu zmmx{y VI o.
q{ z. . Jxmozy {~z{omzury mw{v qmu}{owu nx{ |}rq|{x{srzur { {y, { m w}r|{~ |{punxm
{qz{o}ryrzz{ ~ }m}~wuy p{~qm}~o{y. V{~xrqzrr ~{nur qmu}{omx{~ o |r}o {r}rq zm {~z{omzuu |{yuzmzul zmtomzul Z}m} o omoux{z~w{v }{zuwr Tmn{|mxm~m}m |{q 609/8 p. q{ z. .5 u o |}{}{r~om Or}ryuu (51, 27 –28) 594 p. q{ z. . V}rq|{xmpmx{~, { Z}m} zr y{px{ n zu{srz{
}mzrr u qm 6. Kmzzml qmu}{owm nxm |{qor}sqrzm }rw{z~}wurv |}moxrzul zr~w{xwu m}rv
yrsq |{~xrqzuy utor~zy }m}~wuy m}ry Xm}q}u III, |{ylzy o m~~u}uv~wu «mzzmxm»
}rqmwuu G (uxuzq} Wm~~mym), ouquy{, ~{~moxrzz o 643/2 p. q{ z. ., u |}rq|{xmpmry{v qm{v
|mqrzul Z}m}. Yrtu~ { ~r~o{omzuu u q{|{xzurxz m}rv, zr tm~ouqrrx~o{omzz zu o
{qz{v {uumxz{v zmq|u~u, {n{~z{oomx~l |{yuzmzury }lqm u|uz qxl }m}~w{p{ m}~orp{ q{ym uyrz, loz{ zr |}uzmqxrsmo u utor~zy m}ly, o zmq|u~l zm |rml u |}rqyrm.
X{o{w|z{r |}moxrzur u q{|{xzurxz }m}~wu m}rv q{xsz{ nx{ tm|{xzu zr yrzrr ry
|luqr~luxrzuv |}{yrs{w, {qrxluv |{~xrqzrr q{~{or}z{r |{yuzmzur }m}~w{p{ m}l {
|}rq|{xmpmry{v qm zu{srzul }m}~w{p{ m}~om7. Kmu}{owm |mqrzul }m}~w{p{ m}~om u }mt} rzul Yrv rnmuzu zmmx{y VI o. q{ z. . q{xp{r o}ryl nxm {nr|}uzl{v. I ~o{ {r}rq, {zm
nxm pxmoz{v {|{}{v qxl {|}rqrxrzul }{z{x{puu }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}, |{~w{xw qmomxm xu
zr rquz~orzz mn~{xz qm }mzzr~wu~wu orrv, |{to{xll |}uoltm qmu}{ow ~wu~w{v
m}r{x{pur~w{v wx} w nxuszro{~{z{v }{z{x{puu. V{ ~r~o, uyrzz{ zm qmu}{owm ~wu~wu orrv ut Qm}yu}-Hx}m u ~}{uxu~ o |r}o {r}rq }{z{x{pul wmw ~my{v }mzzr~wu~w{v
wx}, mw u rr |{loxrzul o |}ur}z{y{}~wu ~r|l.
I |{~xrqzrr o}ryl, {qzmw{, z{or qmzzr tm~mouxu ~r}rtz{ ~{yzu~l o |}mouxz{~u }mquu{zz{v qm punrxu Yrv rnmuzu u Z}m} o rx{y. Wm~w{|wu }m}~w{v w}r|{~u Hm~my, |}{o{quo ur~l zryrw{v w~|rquurv, |{to{xuxu ~mz{ou o}ryl rr }mt} rzul. Nqr~ nx {nzm}srz
~wxmq |}{q{o{x~orzz |}u|m~{o, ~}rqu w{{} zm{qux{~ {w{x{ 1200 nxx, ~{qr}smo u uyrzm
}m}~w{p{ m}l W~ II u zr~w{xwu |}uzro 8. Xwxmq ~p{}rx o y{yrz punrxu w}r|{~u. cm zm{qwm
|{to{xlr {z{~u punrx Hm~mym w{ o}ryrzu |}moxrzul W~ II u qmu}{om rr ~my{r |{tqzrr ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. . Uqzmw{ rr omszrr q}p{v oo{q. Qmw sr wmtomx{~, n{x ml m~ {nzm}srzz o Hm~myr nxx loxl~l m}~wuyu |rmlyu W~ II ~ m}mwr}zyu uyrzz{ m}~wuyu
m}unmyu. Tm}lq ~ zuyu o {y sr ~wxmqr {nzm}srz, {rouqz{, {qz{o}ryrzzr uy |rmu
zr~w{xwu |}uzmqxrsmo u w m}~w{y q{y |}uzro, tmzuymo u q{~m{z{ o~{wur |{~ o p{~qm}~orzz{v mqyuzu~}muu. ^m~ |}uzro y{sr n uqrzuuu}{omzm ~ ryu |r}~{zmsmyu,
w{{} |}rqxmpmx{~ ~um «q{|{xzurxzyu» }m}~wuyu m}lyu 9. Ymwuy {n}mt{y, |{ w}mvzrv
yr}r m~ r xrz{o }m}~w{p{ |}molrp{ q{ym, w{{}r }mzrr ~umxu~ m}lyu, o qrv~ourxz{~u nxu {xw{ |}uzmyu u |{ n{x rv m~u ~{o}ryrzzuwmyu, m zr ~xrq{omxu q}p tm q}p{y.
5 Grayson 1975, 96, Chr. 3: 72; Chr. 4: 3.
6 Klw{z{o 1951, 32 – 34; Vu{}{o~wuv 1959, 116.
7 ZVK, 29.
145–154.
9 Kroll 1984, 151–170, {~{n. 161–164, ~}. Srqorq~wml 1992,
100 –101.
8 Vnxuwmu |rmrv ~y. Seidl 1979, 137–149; Seidl 1988,
59
I }rtxmr {|mqmr pxmozv m}pyrz o |{xt |}{qxrzul ~r~o{omzul }m}~w{p{ m}~om. Ot
|}rq|{xmpmry |{tqzu m}rv q{~{or}z{ tm~ouqrrx~o{omz{ xu |}moxrzur W~ III, ~zm
c}uyrz, |{ylz{p{ o wmr~or m}l, zm|}uyr}, o zmq|u~l ZQT 287, 292, 293, 295, 296 u 458m. V{
|}rq|{x{srzu X. Q}{xl uyrzz{ {z, m zr W~m II, o}ryl |}moxrzul w{{}{p{, mwuy {n}mt{y, ~{w}mmr~l, |{ylz o zmq|u~l G
}nmzu|mxm {w{x{ 655/654 p. q{ z. .10, {qzmw{ o mw{v }mw{owr
zrxtl n or}rzzy. U~mxzr |}rq|{xmpmryr |{tqzur }m}~wur m}u, ~w{}rr o~rp{, zuw{pqm zr
|}mouxu, m nxu xu |}uzmyu.
^{ wm~mr~l Xm}q}u, ~zm Xm}q}u, |{ylz{p{ ~ m}~wuy ux{y o zmq|u~u zm {nx{ywm
n}{zt{o{p{ um ut Qm}yu}-Hx}m (ZQT 459), { zr {~z{omzuv qmu}{om rp{ |}moxrzur o{}{v
|{x{ouz{v VII o. q{ z. . Xql |{ zuwmxz{~u zmq|u~u {p{ m}l, {z |}moux or~ym zrq{xp{, |}ury zu{ zr yr mr {z{~u rp{ rr w VIII o. q{ z. . Lp{ |}moxrzur y{sz{ |{yr~u, zm|}uyr},
yrsq Xm}q}u II u W~{v I, |}u{q w{{}{p{ w oxm~u, wmw utor~z{, nx ~oltmz ~ zrw{v ~y{v u nr~|{}lqwmyu. Tru~wxrz{, { W~m I nx t}|m{}{y. V}rqx{srzzml qmu}{owm |}moxrzul Xm}q}u,
~zm Xm}q}u |{qor}sqmr~l ry, { o~r {nzm}srzz{r zm Yrv rnmuzu |m}mqz{r {}sur {z{~u~l,
~ql |{ zmq|u~ly zm zry, w{ o}ryrzu m}rv VIII o. q{ z. . — Srzm, G}pu u I, Xm}q}u II u
W~ I. U}sul, |}uzmqxrsmo rp{ n{xrr |{tqzuy m}ly, tqr~ zr {nzm}srz{. `u Xm}q}u, ~zm
Xm}q}u |}uzmqxrsu w {v sr p}||r zm{q{w u, {rouqz{, q{xsrz qmu}{om~l ry sr o}ryrzry.
Lquz~orzzy {~z{omzury }mquu{zz{v qm punrxu Z}m} {~mr~l, mwuy {n}mt{y, |{yuzmzur {v ~}mz o omoux{z~wu }{zuwm u |}{}{r~om Or}ryuu. Uqzmw{ X. Q}{x, m o~xrq tm zuy
O. T. Srqorq~wml, nrqurxz{ |{wmtmxu, { zmtomzur Z}m} o u u~{zuwm u~|{xtr~l xu
wmw pr{p}mur~w{r |{zlur, m zr |{xuur~wuv r}yuz, {n{tzmmuv zrtmou~uy{r p{~qm}~o{, wmw
{z{ u~|{xt{omx{~ u |{tsr, o mwwmq~wu or}~ul m}~wu zmq|u~rv Gryrzuq{o11. Q}{yr {p{, ~{{or~oml }mtm o wzupr Or}ryuu y{sr n xu xur}m}zy {|{~{y, {}msmuy }rmxz
~umu |r}o{v |{x{ouz VII o. q{ z. . u w{ o}ryrzu Or}ryuu no uy sr mzm}{zuty{y12.
Qm}yu}-Hx} u Hm~my, m mwsr }lq q}pu }m}~wu w}r|{~rv o {y }rpu{zr, o{quxu o rquz
{n{}{zurxz ~u~ry, o{tqoupz W~{v II qxl {n{}{z o{~{z }nrsrv Z}m}. Iuquy{, {zu
|{punxu mwsr |}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzz{ 13. Wm~w{|wu Hm~mym |{to{xl qmu}{om }mt} rzur u
w}r|{~rv |}moxrzury W~ II, . r. {p{ sr m}l, w{{}v u |{~}{ux14. Xw{}rr o~rp{, { ~{nur
|}u{qu~l zm 650-r pp., . r. w}r|{~u Hm~my u, o{ty{sz{, Yrv rnmuzu ~r~o{omxu zr n{xrr qomqmu xr. Kmsr r~xu |}rq|{xmpm, { Qm}yu}-Hx} |{pun |{tsr Hm~mym15, qom ~{nul zr y{pxu n
10 Kroll 1984, 163.
11 Kroll 1984, 166–167; Srqorq~wml 1992, 100 –102. Q {v
{wr t}rzul |}u~{rquzux~l o |{~xrqzrr o}ryl O. S. Klw{-
12 Zawadzki 1988, 151–152. c{ |}rq|{x{srzur, o|}{ry,
zr{nltmrxz{; ~}. m}pyrz |}{uo zrp{ Klw{z{o 1994, 115.
13 Kroll 1976, 175; ~}. Srqorq~wml 1992, 100 –103.
z{o (1994, 115), w{{}v |{xmpmr, { Z}m} o |}{}{r~or
14 Tm{qwu zm Qm}yu}-Hx}r |u~ry ~ |rmlyu Xm}q}u,
Or}ryuu {n{tzmmr sr |{quzrzz Suquu r}}u{}u
~zm W~ (ZVK 1, 2 = ZQT 333, 455), w{{}v, ouquy{,
(om~~mxz{r m}~o{). V}u {y {z {yrmr, { |{}rnxrz-
uqrzurz m} Xm}q}u III, zr y{p qmu}{om punrx w}r-
zv o qmzz{y ~xmr r}yuz ממלָכ ָה
ֳ zr {nltmrxz{ wmtomr
|{~u, |{~w{xw nxu ~{~moxrz, ouquy{, w{pqm {z rr nx
uyrzz{ zm m}~o{, z{ y{sr {n{tzmm o~lw{r p{~qm}~-
m}roury.
15 K. X. Wmro~wuv (1993, 82 – 83) u S. T. V{p}rn{om (1993,
orzz{r {n}mt{omzur, zm|}uyr} z{y Lpu|m (Is. 19, 2). Wr,
mwuy {n}mt{y, y{sr uqu xu { zrw{v mqyuzu~}muoz{v
87 – 88) {~muom }mquu{zz qmu}{ow punrxu Qm}yu}-
rquzur o ~{~mor Suquu, {zv ~m~ w{{}{v rw~ Or}r-
Hx}m, zr |}uo{ql zuwmwu z{o m}pyrz{o o rr |{xt u zr
yuu {|}rqrxu zr |{to{xlr. X}. mwsr Srqorq~wml 1994,
tmyrml {p{, { r m}pyrz, zm w{{} {zm ~}{uxm~ o
132. Hxutw {w t}rzul o~wmtomr u c. G. J}mz{o~wuv
~o{r o}ryl, n{xrr zr qrv~ourxz. Uzu {p}mzuuom~l |{
(1994, 45), w{{}v ry zr yrzrr |{qqr}suomr tqr~ }mqu-
~r~o xu |}rq|{x{srzulyu { {y, { p{}{q y{p ~r-
u{zz{r yzrzur { qmu}{owr punrxu Z}m}. Uqzmw{, r~xu
~o{om u |{~xr {nrv punrxu Z}m}. I {qz{v ut ~o{u
Or}ryuu Z}m} {n{tzmmr wmw-{ r}}u{}u o ~{~mor
zrqmozu }mn{ O. S. Klw{z{o (1994, 114 –115) mwsr |{xm-
Suquu, { { rw~ zr y{sr u~|{xt{om~l qxl |{tqzrv
pmr, { Qm}yu}-Hx} |r}rsux Hm~my u m}~o{omzur W~
qmu}{owu punrxu Z}m}, |{~w{xw {}msmr ~umu sr
II, {qzmw{ ~{pxm~rz |}u {y, { Yrv rnmuzu, wmw u Hm~my,
|{~xr {p{ ~{nul.
~r~o{omx{ o rrzur sutzu {qz{p{ |{w{xrzul.
60
}mtqrxrz tzmurxzy |}{yrsw{y o}ryrzu. X~xwu zm |}u~~our o ~x{l Qm}yu}-Hx}m orrv,
u|uz qxl |mylzuw{o VII–VI oo. q{ z. . 16, zurp{ zr q{wmtom, |{~w{xw mn~{xzr qmu}{owu u |mylzuw{o ~}{uxu~ o tzmurxz{v ~r|rzu zm qmu}{owm Qm}yu}-Hx}m. Tmxu{, mwuy
{n}mt{y, tmywzv w}p.
Qmw sr p{o{}ux{~, zm{qwu mw zmtomry ~wu~wu orrv zm Qm}yu}-Hx}r ~ouqrrx~o
{n {|}rqrxrzz{y oxulzuu ymr}umxz{v wx} w{rozuw{o, ~w{}rr o~rp{ wuyyr}uvro, zm }m}~w{r zm~rxrzur, o{ o~lw{y ~xmr zm zm~rxrzur }m}~w{v |r}ur}uu. G}r{x{pur~wuv w{zrw~
~ouqrrx~or { {y, { pm}zut{z Yrv rnmuzu u~|{xt{omx zrw{{}r «}mzzr~wu~wur» (wuyyr}uv~wur) |}rqyr uxu |}rqyr, u w{|u}ur, {l o}lq xu o {y ~xmr y{sr uqu }r {
~wu~w{y (wuyyr}uv~w{y) pm}zut{zr, wmw |{xmpmr G. d. Gxrw~rro 17. Ymw, o wxmq{o Yrv rnmuzu
{nzm}srz n}{zt{or zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m, |}uzlr }m}myu zm o{{}srzur zm}lq
~ u }mquu{zzyu srxrtzyu r}rzw{oyu zmw{zrzuwmyu (. 12, 19) 18. Q}{yr ~}rx, o umqrxu
zmvqrz sr |{yuzmo uv~l qxuzzv mwuzmw }mzzr~wu~w{p{ u|m (qxuzm 88 ~y) u zr~w{xw{ }mpyrz{o yrrv u wuzsmx{o ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm, m mwsr w{~lz{v zmw{zrzuw z{srz o ouqr ~or}zorp{~l suo{z{p{ (. 14, 4, 15, 16) 19. U~{nrzz{ uzr}r~z{, { zm Qm}yu}-Hx}r {nzm}srz zr
{xw{ p{{or |}rqyr o tor}uz{y ~uxr, z{ u ~xrq u |}{uto{q~om. I mw zmtomry{v «w{yzmr
|}uo}mzuwm» zmvqrz tmp{{owu ut {xrzrp{ }{pm, ~qrxmzzml ut w{~u }w{l z{sm u o}rtmzzml ut
w{~u p{x{owm p}u{nm}mzm 20. I q}pu yr~m {nzm}srz{ rr |l w{~lz p{x{o{w {}xm, nm}mzm u
p}u{nm}mzm, {qzm ut w{{} zm{quxm~ o{txr }m~|uxrzz tmp{{o{w (. 14, 5, 6, 10, 11, 13) 21.
Q}{yr {p{, zm{qwm qo tqrz zmn{}{o «~wu~w{p{» u|m o wxmq{o w}r|{~u (|{yrrzul № 18
u 25) ~ouqrrx~or, ouquy{, { {y, { }m} y{pxu tmuy~o{om w{rozuw{o zr {xw{ ~}rx,
z{ u w{z~w |}ls (. 12, 1– 6, 11– 18) 22.
I~r { |{wmtomr, { zm~rxrzur |r}ur}uvz{v }m}~w{v w}r|{~u Yrv rnmuzu zr {xw{
u~|{xt{omx{ |}rqyr o wuyyr}uv~w{-~wu~w{y ~uxr, z{ u tmzuymx{~ u utp{{oxrzury. c{, o
~o{ {r}rq, tm~moxlr ~ {~{}{sz{~ |{q{qu w ut{xu}{omzzy u ~qrxmzzy ozr w{y|xrw~{o
zm{qwmy ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m uxu |}rqyr{o tor}uz{p{ ~uxl. Uzu y{p ~ouqrrx~o{om zr
{xw{ { |}rnomzuu ~wu{o uxu wuyyr}uvro o {y uxu uz{y yr~r, z{ u |}{~{ {}msm oxulzur
~wu~w{v (wuyyr}uv~w{v) ymr}umxz{v wx}. Q~mu, }m~w{|wu {p{ sr Qm}yu}-Hx}m p{o{}l
{ {y, { ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m |}uyrzlxu~ zr {xw{ tmuzuwmyu w}r|{~u, z{ u }y{omo uy
rr |}{uozuw{y. Q}{yr {p{, ut }m~w{|{w Qm}yu}-Hx}m |}{u~{qu rr {quz tqrzv zmn{} ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm, w{{}v, o{ty{sz{, |}uzmqxrsmx {qz{v ut x{ mqrv zm|mqmo u (. 12, 7 – 10 ) 23. I{{}srzur u tqm «~wu~w{p{» u|m y{pxu, ~xrq{omrxz{, o { o}ryl |}uyrzl~l }mtxuzyu, o {y
u~xr |}{uo{n{}~ouyu, zm}{qmyu.
X}rqu |}{u zm{q{w ~wu~w{p{ u|m zm Qm}yu}-Hx}r nxu {nzm}srz w{~lzr |xm~uz,
w}m rzzr w{zrz}ur~wuyu w}pmyu u o}rtzyu }rp{xzuwmyu u {wmzuomur~l ut{n}msrzury w{|m, m mwsr utqrxul ~ ut{n}msrzury r}rxro{p{ ~{xl}z{p{ tzmwm (. 14, 1, 2) 24. Gzmx{puu {}zmyrz o ouqr w{zrz}ur~wu w}p{o utor~z wmw o |}rq~wu~w{v, mw u o zmmxr }mzzr-
16 V{p}rn{om 1993, 88.
17 Gxrw~rro 1992, 40.
18 Vu{}{o~wuv 1950, 93, }u~. 63; Vu{}{o~wuv 1959, 241.
I|}{ry, zm G}pu uuzuxu, zm|}uyr}, }m}, or}{lz{,
|{xt{omxu~ xu ~o{uyu }mquu{zzyu ~}rxmyu, m zm{qwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m (qo- u }rx{|m~z) ~oltom~l ~ o}mpmyu, }mt} uo uyu w}r|{~: Sm}u}{~lz
1974, 171–173, }u~. 108. X}., {qzmw{, tqr~ sr zm{qw w{z~w{p{ tqrz{p{ zmn{}m «~wu~w{p{» u|m, ouquy{, |}uyrzlorp{~l surxlyu p{}{qm, u ym}u qxl |}{uto{q~om utqrxuv o tor}uz{y ~uxr ~ ut{n}mturxzy y{uo{y, nxutwuy
uyrry~l zm wrxr}yr~~w{v ~rwu}r: Yu}mlz 1978, 106 –
114; L~mlz, V{p}rn{om 1985, 27.
19 Vu{}{o~wuv 1959m, 177.
20 Vu{}{o~wuv 1950, 95 – 96.
21 Vu{}{o~wuv 1954, 142; Vu{}{o~wuv 1959, 242.
22 Vu{}{o~wuv 1950, 92 – 93, }u~. 61, 62; Vu{}{o~wuv 1954,
142 –143; Vu{}{o~wuv 1959, 242 –243.
23 Vu{}{o~wuv 1950, 93; Vu{}{o~wuv 1954, 142 – 143,
}u~. 2.
24 Vu{}{o~wuv 1955, 17 –18, 43– 46, }u~. 9; Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 34 – 35.
61
~wu~w{v wx}, m o ouqr o}rtmzz }rp{xzuw{o — o |mylzuwm smn{uz~w{p{ |r}u{qm. Ymw{v
{}zmyrz tm~ouqrrx~o{omz, zm|}uyr}, zm w{~lz |~mxul ut Mmn{uz~w{p{ w}pmzm № 2
(. 25, 7, 8) 25 u ut |{p}rnrzul 106 y{puxzuwm Xmymo}{ (. 21, 2, 3) 26. Tm {~z{omzuu u mzmx{puv O. T. Srqorq~wml {zr~xm u uyrzz{ w {y, ~my{y }mzzry, |r}u{q }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}.
V{~w{xw u w{~lzr |xm~uz nxu {nzm}srz oyr~r ~ m}~wuy |m}mqzy {}sury
VIII o. q{ z. ., w{{}{r nx{ |r}rzr~rz{ zm Yrv rnmuzu |}u rp{ |{~}{vwr ut ~{~rqzrv w}r|{~u c}rnzu, {zm |}rq|{x{suxm, { |xm~uz |r}o{zmmxz{ |{|mxu zm c}rnzu {w{x{ 714 p. q{ z. ., w{pqm
wuyyr}uv o|r}or |{loxl~l o |{xr t}rzul mwwmq~wu u~{zuw{o 27. c{ |}rq|{x{srzur o|{xzr
o{ty{sz{: o ~oltu ~ uy ~xrqr zm|{yzu, { {|u~mzz{r o m~~u}uv~wu |u~ym ~{xwz{orzur
}m}{o ~ wuyyr}uvmyu o{ o}ryl zrqmz{p{ |{{qm W~ I o «~}mz wuyyr}uvro» (Gamir) |}{ut{ x{ o nxutw{y }mv{zr. Xmym «~}mzm Jmyu}», w{{}ml, or}{lz{, {l n zm w}mw{r o}ryl ~mxm
wuyyr}uv~w{v nmt{v, x{wmxutr~l |{nxut{~u { w}r|{~rv c}rnzu u Yrv rnmuzu, w ~ror} {
zu 28. Xxrqr, {qzmw{, tmyru, { |{q{nzr w{~lzr |xm~uz, w}m rzzr o}rtzyu }rp{xzuwmyu u tmor} mur~l ut{n}msrzury w{z~w{p{ w{|m ({rouqz{, |~mxuu) o~}rm~l u zm |mylzuwm wrxr}yr~~w{p{ m|m. Uzu {nzm}srz o w{y|xrw~r w}pmzm 16 y{puxzuwm Tm}mz 29 oyr~r
~ tr}wmx{y ~ }w{v zm {n{}{r, u|uzy qxl wrxr}yr~~w{p{ m|m, u n}{zt{oyu }rx{|m~zyu
u qox{|m~zyu zmw{zrzuwmyu ~}rx «wrxr}yr~~w{p{» u|m (. 26, 1– 9, 25, 28 – 30 ). Ymwuy {n}mt{y, u zmvqrzzr zm Yrv rnmuzu |xm~uz o|{xzr y{p qmu}{om~l, wmw u {~mxzr |}rqyr
~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm o Vr}rqzrv Gtuu, wrxr}yr~~wuy |r}u{q{y.
Q}{yr Yrv rnmuzu u G}pu uuzuxu, zm{qwu |}rqyr{o «~wu~w{p{» {nxuwm utor~z u zm
q}pu }m}~wu |mylzuwm. Kxl qmu}{owu «wrxr}yr~~w{p{» m|m }mzzr~wu~w{v wx} {~{n{r
tzmrzur uyr zm{qwu n}{zt{o qox{|m~z ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m, ~qrxmzzr |}u }m~w{|wm
}m}~w{v w}r|{~u Hm~my. Lr }mt} rzur, wmw wmtmz{ o r, zmqrsz{ qmu}r~l ~r}rquz{v VII o.
q{ z. . I~r {nzm}srzzr tqr~ zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx {v }mtz{ouqz{~u |}uzmqxrsm «wrxr}yr~~w{y»
u| xu~{ouqz zmw{zrzuw{o. ^m~ u, {nzm}srzzml o }m}~w{y ~x{r 30, nxmp{qm}l w{zrw~
25 Iltyuuzm 1963, 158 –170, }u~. 2 –5; Oxuz~wml 1975, 19,
|}u{qu~l {or}pm { |}ly{r wmtmzur, |}rq|{xmpml tqr~
mn. VI, 10,11; Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 234, 239; Kossack
{ unw uxu zrn}rsz{~ mo{}m, qxl rp{, zm y{v otpxlq, zr
1987, Abb. 10, 14,15. I. d. Nro (1993, 38 –52) |}rq|}uzlx
q{~m{z {~z{omzuv. I{}{v rp{ m}pyrz (Nro 1993, 40):
|{|w |r}rqmu}{om w{y|xrw~ o{}{p{ Mmn{uz~w{p{
{~~our q}pu w{y|xrw~{o, o w{{} n |{q{nzr quxm
w}pmzm u {zr~u rp{ w |{r n{xrr |{tqzrv, ry Qrxr}yr~-
o}rmxu~ oyr~r, |}{~{ zror}rz. «T{o{r}wm~~wur» u }mz-
~wur w}pmz. Jxmozy {~z{omzury qxl }mzzrv qmu}{owu
zr~wu~wur quxm {nzm}srz ~{oyr~z{ o }mty{y w}pm-
{p{ w{y|xrw~m loxlr~l zm{qwm o zry qux ~{ ~}ryrw{-
zr o ^u { (Gqprl): Y{o 1989, }u~. 3– 6, ~}. mwsr V{xuz
ouqzyu {w{zmzulyu ~wu~w{p{ u|m ~{oyr~z{ ~ quxmyu
1994m, 147. K}pur |}uorqrzzr I. d. Nroy ~{{n}msrzul,
~ qow{xmyu {w{zmzulyu z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, {
wm~mur~l uw{z{p}muu ut{n}msrzuv zm }{p{o |~mxul,
u |{to{xlr {zr~u qmzzv w{y|xrw~ w |{r |r}r{qm {
zr wms~l yzr q{~m{z{ or~wuyu qxl {p{, {n {or}p-
T{o{r}wm~~w{v w }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}r. I. d. Nro |{q-
z |}lyr wmtmzul }m~w{|uwm, wm~mur~l ~{~mom w{y-
or}pmr ~{yzrzu w{y|xrw~z{~ zm{qwu, ~~xml~ zm zro-
|xrw~m o{}{p{ Mmn{uz~w{p{ w}pmzm. Szr wmsr~l |{{y,
~{w{r wmr~o{ q{wyrzmuu }m~w{|uwm w}pmzm I. I. \o{v-
{ { w}pmz y{sz{ |{-|}rszry {z{~u w u~x |}rq-
w{ u zm {, { o |r}o{v |nxuwmuu {~~o }u~zwu
wrxr}yr~~wu u |{xmpm, { {z qrv~ourxz{ ~{qr}smx qu-
qux, zmvqrzz, ~{pxm~z{ rp{ ~{{nrzu, o{ o{}{y w}pm-
xm z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m.
26 Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 28 –29, }u~. 3; ~}. Oxuz-
zr. V{{y I. d. Nro ~umr zrq{~{or}zy mw zm{qwu
o |{p}rnrzuu qux ~ qow{xmyu {w{zmzulyu. Lp{ m}pyrzmul
zr
wmsr~l
yzr
q{~m{z{
nrqurxz{v.
I. I. \o{vw{, o ~my{y qrxr, zr |}uo{qu }u~zwm qux o ~o{rv |nxuwmuu, {qzmw{ {z zr {xw{ ~{{nmr {n u zm{qwr,
~wml 1973, 12.
27 Srqorq~wml 1992, 105, |}uy. 20.
28 Gzmxut u~{zuw{o ~y. Ivantchik 1993, 19 –55; Oomzuw
yu, }u~zwu w{{} nxu |{yrrz o {y sr utqmzuu, ~~-
1996, 21–58.
29 Hmmro 1985, 36 – 37, mnx. 41, 28 – 30.
30 Kroll 1979, 166, Abb. 16, 30 – 31, Taf. 51, 1; Kroll 1988, 157,
xml~ |}u {y zm ut{n}msrzur qux zr {xw{ ~{ ~}ryrw{-
Abb. 2, 3– 4.
z{ u p{o{}u, { {zu nxu ~{qz |{ ouq ~ q}puyu quxm-
ouqzyu, z{ u qow{xmyu {w{zmzulyu. I. d. Nro
62
1
2
3
5
6
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
Wu~. 25 Ozorzm} |{p}rnrzul w}pmzm 2 ~. Mmn{uz. 1, 2, 5 –12 W{p; 3, 4 H}{ztm
V{ Iltyuuzm 1963, }u~. 1–5
63
11
1
2
3
4
6
5
7
8
9
10
16
15
14
19
18
17
0
6
23
12
0
24
13
20
15
21
22
0
6
29
27
26
30
28
0
4
25
Wu~. 26 Ozorzm} |{p}rnrzul w}pmzm 16 y{puxzuwm Tm}mz.
1–10, 18, 19, 25, 26. H}{ztm; 11, 16. N{x{{; 12, 14, 17, 20 –24, 27. Mrxrt{; 13. Mrxrt{ u t{x{{; 15. Wmw{ouzm wm}u; 28 – 30. Q{~
V{ Hmmro 1985, mn. 41
64
2
1
3
6
4
5
Wu~. 27 Q{~lzr |~mxuu «~wu~w{p{» u|m.
1, 2. \mtmzx III; 3. Qm|xmz; 4 –5. ^mo r|r; 6. T -u Ksmz
V{ Hauptmann 1983, Abb. 5, 12 – 16 (1–5); Curtis 1984, fig. 16, Nr. 431 (6)
65
2
1
5
12
11
16
22
34
7
6
10
28
3
8
13
18
14
24
19
25
15
20
27
26
29
30
31
32
33
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
46
47
48
49
Wu~. 28 H}{zt{or zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx ut H{pmtwkl
V{ Boehmer 1972, Taf. XXX, XXXI
66
9
21
17
23
4
44
50
45
zm{qwu or}rzz{ qmu}r~l |{{v |}moxrzul W~ II ({w{x{ 680 – 650 pp. q{ z. .), w{pqm ~r~o{omxm m w}r|{~. V}uyrzlxu~ xu u zmw{zrzuwu pm}zut{z{y w}r|{~u uxu rr }mt} urxlyu, u
wry nxu u |{~xrqzur, {~mr~l zrl~zy, {qzmw{ u~|{xt{omzur «wrxr}yr~~wu» ~}rx o |r}o{v
|{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. . |{xmr rr {qz{ |{qor}sqrzur. U~mxzr zm{qwu ~}rx {p{ u|m zm
Hm~myr |}{u~{ql ut ~yr mzz ~x{ro u y{p {z{~u~l wmw w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. ., mw
u n{xrr |{tqzry o}ryrzu 31.
Q}{yr {p{, ~xrqr |{ylz zm{qw }rx{|m~z{p{ zmw{zrzuwm ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m
|}u }m~w{|wm }m}~w{v w}r|{~u Qmlxqr}r, }m~|{x{srzz{v w tm|mq { {t. Imz (. 30, 6). Nqr~
{ zmw{zrzuw nx {nzm}srz o }my{o{y w{y|xrw~r 32. Go{} }m~w{|{w ~wx{zrz qmu}{om }mt}rzur w}r|{~u zmmx{y VII o. q{ z. . Uqzmw{, qmsr r~xu {zm nxm }mt} rzm u |{tsr, }qz{ |}rq|{xmpm, { w}r|{~ |r}rsuxm ~r}rquz ~{xrul. cm zm{qwm, mwuy {n}mt{y, loxlr~l rr {qzuy
~ouqrrx~o{y u~|{xt{omzul }rx{|m~z ~}rx «~wu~w{p{ u|m» o |r}o{v |{x{ouzr, m o{ty{sz{
u zmmxr VII o. q{ z. .
Ixulzur wuyyr}uv~w{v (m}r{x{pur~wu }mzzr~wu~w{v) ymr}umxz{v wx} zm o{rzz{r qrx{
Z}m} zr {p}mzuuomx{~ xu |r}ur}urv, {l, o{ty{sz{, u nx{ my ~uxzrr. Ymw, o }m}~w{y
p{}{qr ^mo r|r, }m~|{x{srzz{y o rz}mxz }mv{zm Z}m} zr|{qmxrw { ~{xu Y |,
{nzm}srz{ qom w{~lz |~mxul ~ {w{zmzulyu o ouqr p{x{o{w p}u{nm}mz{o (. 27, 4, 5) 33, q{~m{z{ u|uz qxl wrxr}yr~~w{p{ m|m }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}, m mwsr qo- u }rx{|m~zr
zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m 34. V}u }m~w{|wm q}pu }m}~wu w}r|{~rv, w{{}r |}{o{quxu~ o |{~xrqzrr o}ryl zm r}}u{}uu Y}uu, }rpxl}z{ o~}rm~l {qrxzr zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx
«~wu~w{p{» u|m, tmm~ o w{zrw~r VII o. q{ z. .35 U~{nrzz{ uzr}r~zm zm{qwm 75 mwu zmw{zrzuw{o, tm~}lo u o sz{v ~rzr w}r|{~u Glzu~ Qmxr, }m~|{x{srzz{v zr|{qmxrw { }m}~w{v
~{xu 36. cu zmw{zrzuwu ozr o~lw{p{ ~{yzrzul |}uzmqxrsmxu ~}rxmy o}mp{o, }y{omo u w}r|{~ u mwuy {n}mt{y ~uz}{zz rr punrxu o ~r}rquzr — o{}{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. .
Tm{qwu ~wu~wu orrv o O}mzr, owxml \mtmzx (. 27, 1, 2) u mw zmtomryv «wxmq ut
Nuour», |}uzmqxrsm {y sr w}p, { u }m~~y{}rzzr |}rqyr, {nzm}srzzr zm «wuyyr}uv~wu» r}}u{}ul o Vr}rqzrv Gtuu. Uqzmw{ |{~w{xw |u~yrzzr u~{zuwu uw~u} tqr~
{qz{o}ryrzz{r |}rnomzur u wuyyr}uvro, u ~wu{o, { ol~zu, wmw{y ut qo zm}{q{o |}uzmqxrsm u |mylzuwu, zr |}rq~moxlr~l o{ty{szy.
1.3.2 «XQO[XQOL» TG\UKQO VII I. KU T. c. I GTGYUROO O VGRLXYOTL
X}rqu mzm{xuv~wu zm{q{w «~wu~wu» |}rqyr{o {~{n{r tzmrzur uyr 50 zmw{zrzuw{o
~}rx {p{ u|m, {nzm}srzz o H{pmtwkr (. 28). Y}u ut zu }rx{|m~zr, {w{x{ qr~lu qox{|m~zr }{ynur~wur «smn{uz~w{p{» u|m, m n{x uz~o{ xu~{ouqzr 37. c{ ~{{z{ rzur |{u
31 Kroll 1979, 154, 158, 162, 164, Abb. 3, 1–2; 10, 8; 15, 1; 16,
u~xrzzr zm{qwu zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m u
30 – 32, Taf. 51, 2 – 4; Kroll 1988, 160, Abb. 3, 3– 4.
32 Burney 1966, 79, fig. 21, 10.
wxo{ouqz{v tqrz{v |}{zutu o ~x{l IIa u IIb }upuv-
33 Erzen 1978, 56, Abb. 41, Taf. 47 a,b; Kossack 1987, Abb. 10,
Gzwm}. Q ~{smxrzu, { ~x{v uyrr q{~m{z{
2,3.
34 Erzen 1978, 53, Abb. 38.
35 Xy. zm|}uyr} Oymy{px \w (}mv{z Smxmu): Uzunoǧlu
qm. Xy. rsrp{qzr {r { }m~w{|wm X. Uy} o Kazı
Sonuçları Toplantısı 10–16, 1988–1994. Hxmp{qm} \. \m|-
1988, 72, Abb. 4; dwm} Gztm Qmxr ({w}r~z{~u Imzm):
Belli, Yalçin 1993, 57, Zeichn. 6 b, Abb. 1, 2; Imz Qmxr: Tarhan,
Sevin 1990, 438, Abb. 22, 8; Tarhan 1993, 282, ~}. mwsr yz{p{-
37 Boehmer 1972, 109 –111, Taf. XXX; XXXI.
~w{v w}r|{~u Qmymz-Qmxr \w, zm{qlrv~l o 100 wy {
u}{w
ymzzm, wmtmo rp{ yzr zm u |nxuwmuu.
36 Çilingiroǧlu 1990, 203.
67
{z{ ~{{or~or ~{{z{ rzu {}y o zmn{}m ~}rx ut Oyu}xr}m u ut {w}r~z{~rv Gym~u. Jxmoz{r {xuur ~{~{u o |{loxrzuu, |}moqm, o zrtzmurxz{y w{xur~or, }rx{|m~z ~}rx.
c{ y{sr ~ouqrrx~o{om { zr~w{xw{ n{x rv q}roz{~u wmtmzz |{p}rnmxz w{y|xrw~{o |{ ~}mozrzu ~ zm{qwmyu o H{pmtwkr. Xxrqr zm|{yzu o ~oltu ~ uy, { }rx{|m~z{v zmw{zrzuw ~}rx nx {nzm}srz mwsr o }mtp}mnxrzz{y tm{}{zrzuu
o wmyrzz{-~}{o{y ~wxr|r zm mw}{|{xr T{} zr|r, m mwsr o
w}r|{~u Qmlxqr}r, {z{~lu~l w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. .
(. 30, 6). I ~oltu ~ qmu}{ow{v o}ryrzu |{loxrzul }rx{|m~z zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m ~xrqr |{ylz rr
zm{qw r}r |{q{nz zmw{zrzuw{o o «yuquv~w{y ~x{r» |{~rxrzul T -u Ksmz o tm|mqz{y O}mzr, w{{}v {z{~u~l w{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr VIII – |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. . (. 30, 1– 4) 38.
I~r u qmzzr wmtom, mwuy {n}mt{y, zm |{loxrzur zmw{zrzuw{o {p{ u|m sr o |}rqrxm |r}o{v |{x{ouz VII o. q{ z. .
H{x uz~o{ zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m nxu zmvqrz zm H{pmtwkr o ~x{r I u xu {qrxzr wtry|xl} o ~x{r II
u zmmxr ~x{l I. cu ~x{u qmu}~l o{}{v ror} – ~r}rquz{v
VII o. q{ z. . 39, { |{xz{~ ~{{or~or ~ouqrrx~omy |u~yrzz u~{zuw{o {n mwuoz{~u wuyyr}uvro o {y }rpu{zr
o qmzz |{. S{sz{ |{xmpm, { zmtomzzr zm{qwu loxl~l
m}r{x{pur~wuyu ~xrqmyu qrlrxz{~u wuyyr}uvro — zrtmou~uy{ { {p{, |}uzmqxrsmxu xu ~zmnsrzzr uyu ~}rx ~myuy wuyyr}uvmy ({ zmun{xrr or}{lz{), uxu nxu yr~zyu |{q}msmzulyu. c{, o ~o{ {r}rq, |{qor}sqmr rtu~ { {y, { wuyyr}uv ~ m}r{x{pur~w{v {wu t}rzul {z{~uxu~ w }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}r wrxr}yr~~w{p{ |r}u{qm.
I {y sr |r}o{y ~x{r H{pmtwkl nx zmvqrz mwsr srxrtzv
}r
|r
rxmv |~mxuv (. 29) 40. V{q{nzr |~mxuu u}{w{ }m~Wu~. 29 Y}r|rrxmv srxrtzv
|~mxuv ut H{pmtwkl
|}{~}mzrz o }mzzr~wu~wu |mylzuwm: {zu zmvqrz, zm|}uyr}, o Qrxr}yr~~wu w}pmzm Ir~rx{o~w{p{ 1 u 2 41, o w}pmzm
V{ Boehmer 1972, Taf. LVIII, 1695
Xm} ml y{puxm 42, X{x{qwm 1 u 2 43, Gw~uz 6 (1886 p.) 44 u yz{pu q}pu. Kmu}{owm srxrtz{p{ |~mxul ut H{pmtwkl o{}{v ror} – ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. . |{to{xlr ~oltom rp{, wmw u zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx ut {p{ sr ~x{l, ~ wuyyr}uvmyu.
Lr {qzm {}{ { qmu}{omzzml zm{qwm }mzzrp{ «~wu~w{p{» zmw{zrzuwm ~}rx (qox{|m~z{v }{yn{ouqzv) nxm ~qrxmzm o }rry }upuv~w{y ~x{r (uzmxzml mtm) Sm m \wm o rz}mxz{v Gzm{xuu (. 30, 5) 45. V{ ~x{ouly zm{qwu zmw{zrzuw qmu}r~l zmmx{y, ~my{r |{tqzrr |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VII o. q{ z. . Tmvqrzzv tqr~ zmw{zrzuw ~}rx, mwuy {n}mt{y, mwsr y{sr n ~{{zr~rz ~ wuyyr}uvmyu.
38 Curtis 1984, 22, 27 –28, fig. 6, Nr. 259 –262.
39 Boehmer 1972, 111.
40 Boehmer 1972, 162, Taf. LVIII, Nr. 1695.
41 Jmxmzuzm 1983, mn. 5, 5,7; 6, 6,7; 7, 1,8,9,10; 9, 21,22,35,36
42 Oxuz~wml 1968, mn. IV, 1.
43 Oxuz~wml 1968, mn. XII, 5,20.
44 Oxuz~wml 1968, mn. XVIII, 13.
45 Özgüç 1982, 137, pl. 62, 10. I{}{v {nzm}srzzv tqr~
u q}. = Galanina 1985, Taf. 5, 5,7; 6, 6,7; 7, 1,8,9,10; 9, 21,22,35,
zmw{zrzuw «~wu~w{p{» u|m zmvqrz o{ o{}{y }upuv~w{y
36 u q}.; Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, 120 –121, Taf. 17, 86; 18,
~x{r u qmu}r~l o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VII – ~r}rquz{v V oo.
113; 19, 127,141,142; 20, 160,243; 22, 274,278; 23, 284; 24,
q{ z. .
401,414; 25, 338,346,372 u q}.
68
2
1
3
4
5
6
Wu~. 30 H}{zt{or zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx.
1– 4. T -u Ksmz; 5. Sm m \w; 6. Qmlxqr}r
V{ Curtis 1984, fig. 6, Nr. 259 –262 (1– 4); Özgüç 1982, pl. 62, 10 (5); Burney 1966, 79, fig. 21, 10 (6)
Qmw sr wmtomx{~, ~ }rmxzyu z{ymqmyu y{p ~oltom~l xu ~myr }mzzur zm{qwu o
Gzm{xuu zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m, w{{}r qmu}~l zr |{tsr ~r}rquz VII o. q{ z. .
Q ~{smxrzu, {zu qmu}{omz ~{x {z{ w}mvzr }rqw{. I n{x uz~or ~xmro zr qmr~l {z{
{|}rqrxu u o}ryl u qxl zmw{zrzuw{o m~{ |}uzuymr~l ~yym}zml qmm VII–V oo. q{ z. . I {y
{z{ rzuu or~ym m}mwr}z{ o~wmtomzur mo{}m }m~w{|{w o Xm}qm Ks. \mzymzzm 46: «Tmun{xrr
or}{lz{, { {zu (zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx) loxl~l ~ouqrrx~o{y |r}~uq~w{v mmwu o{ o}ryl |{~xrqzrp{ ~{|}{uoxrzul Q}rtm o 547 p. q{ z. ., {qzmw{ zr u~wxrz zu wuyyr}uv~wur }y o VII o.
q{ z. ., zu u{zuv~w{r zm|mqrzur o 499 p. q{ z. .» Tm q}pu ymx{mtuv~wu |{~rxrzul wm}uzm mzmx{puzml, {l r uxu uzr uw~u}ryr zm zu ~x{u }mt} rzul m~{ ~ n{x uy uxu yrz uy {~z{omzury |}u|u~om wuyyr}uv~w{y o{}srzu.
Ymw, ~x{v |{sm}um J{}qu{zm ~oltomr~l ~ o{}srzury wuyyr}uvro 47 zm {y {~z{omzuu, { o
|r}rw}omry rp{ ~x{r, |}rq r~o{omo ry mryrzuq~wuy zm|xm~{omzuly, nxu {nzm}srz }mpyrz wr}myuwu |r}o{v |{x{ouz – ~r}rquz VII o. q{ z. . Uqzmw{ zm{qwu «~wu~wu» ~}rx tqr~
uxu |x{{ ~}muuu}{omz, uxu {z{~l~l w |r}~uq~w{v |{r 48. Qmwu-xun{ zr~{yzrzz ymr}umxz ~xrq{o |}rnomzul wuyyr}uvro o J{}qu{zr zr {nzm}srz{ 49. Oqrzuuwmul sr ~x{l |{sm}um ~ zm r~oury wuyyr}uvro ~}{u~l u~wxurxz{ zm ~{{n}msrzul u~{}uw{-}{z{x{pur~w{p{ m}mwr}m. Uqzmw{ r~xu utyrzu~l qmu}{owm {p{ ~x{l, { qmzz{r }mt} rzur n{xrr zr ~y{sr
|}u|u~om~l zm r~ou wuyyr}uvro u rp{ |}uqr~l ~oltom ~ wmwuy-{ q}puy ~{nury 50.
Hrt~x{oz{ { un{zm |{|wm ~oltm ~ wuyyr}uvmyu zm{qwu qox{|m~z oxm zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx o «J{}{qr Suqm~m» (Cité de Midas) 51. cu zmw{zrzuwu |}{u~{ql ut ~x{l V–IV oo.
q{ z. . («notre ville») 52 u, ~xrq{omrxz{, qmu}~l zm qom orwm |{tsr, ry |}rnomzur wuyyr}uvro
o Smx{v Gtuu.
X wuyyr}uv~wuy o{}srzury ~oltomxu~ u zm{qwu «~wu~wu» ~}rx o{ }upuv~wu ~x{l Gxum}m. Qmw {yrmxu mo{} }m~w{|{w, mwur zmw{zrzuwu |{loxl~l o IV ~x{r Gxu m}m u o n{x {y
u~xr o~}rm~l o V ~x{r 53. Uqzmw{ m uz{}ymul ymx{ { qmr — |r}o{zmmxz{ IV ~x{v qmu}{omx~l o}ryrzry {w{x{ 1400 –1200 pp. q{ z. . (r~wuv |r}u{q), m o V ~x{v owxmxu~ o~r wx-
46 Hanfmann 1961, 36.
47 X}. Edwards 1959, 263–264; Young 1960, 243; McClellan
1975, 114 –115; DeVries 1990, 388 – 389; Voigt 1994, 272 –273.
48 Young 1953, 164 –165, fig. 10, ~ qmu}{ow{v w{y|xrw~m ~p{}ro rp{ tqmzul, o w{{}{y zmvqrz zmw{zrzuwu, ~r}rquz{v
VI o. q{ z. .
49 X}. Young 1964, 55 –56.
50 X}. {n~sqrzur qmu}{owu {p{ ~x{l u o{ty{sz{~u rp{
q}rozrzul Voigt, Young 1999, 201, 202, n. 4.
51 Sm{} 1994, 30.
52 Haspels 1951, 3–5 (qmu}{owm), 97, pl. 42, a,b.
53 Schmidt 1932, 264 –265, fig. 348; Schmidt, Krogman 1933, 66,
fig. 89; von der Osten 1937, 287, 441, fig. 496 (|r}ov }lq, o{}{v }lq ~|}mom); von der Osten 1937, 110, fig. 107.
69
}zr {~mwu { |mqrzul r~w{p{ m}~om q{ xxuzutym 54. I|{~xrq~ouu, {qzmw{, u qmu}{owu
nxu |r}r~y{}rz: ol~zux{~, { IV ~x{v {z{~u~l w «|{~r~w{y u }upuv~w{y» |r}u{q,
m V ~x{v nx ~x{oz{ zmtomz «~x{v o{}{v |{x{ouz I ~. q{ z. .», |}ury o zrp{ nxu owxrz
wx}zr zm|xm~{omzul zmuzml |}uyr}z{ ~ VII o. q{ z. . q{ xxuzutym owxurxz{ 55. Qmw
ouquy, { {zrzur qmr zryz{p{. J}mzum yrsq qoyl ~x{lyu nxm |{yrrzm o |}rqrxm VII o.
q{ z. . u ~oltmzm ~ zm r~oury wuyyr}uvro, zm {~z{omzuu rp{ rr {zr~xu w zmmx orwm. Uqzmw{ |{
~r~o {zm {~mxm~ zr{|}rqrxrzz{v, |{~w{xw }mtp}mzurzur u qmu}{owm ~x{ro o tzmurxz{v
~r|rzu {|u}mxu~ zr zm ~{n~orzz{ m}r{x{pur~wur qmzzr, m zm uzr}|}rmuu u~{}ur~w{p{
m}mwr}m. Xxrqr uom u { {n~{lrx~o{, { zryz{p{u~xrzzr zm{qwu «~wu~wu» ~}rx
o IV ~x{r, qmu}ry{y XII–VII oo. q{ z. ., y{pxu |{|m~ qm u o }rtxmr zm} rzuv, zr tmuw~u}{omzz mo{}myu }m~w{|{w, yr{q w{{} nxu qmxrwu { ~{or} rz~om. Omw, zm{qwu ~}rx
~wu~w{p{ u|m o Gxu m}r zr qm |}mwur~wu zuwmw{v uz{}ymuu |{ wuyyr}uv~w{v |}{nxryr.
Trxtl u~wxm {p{, { ~myr }mzzur wtry|xl} zmw{zrzuw{o u ~}rx ~oltmz ~ qrlrxz{~ wuyyr}uvro, {qzmw{ {qrxu u zmw{zrzuwu { n{xrr |{tqzu, |}uyrzlo u~l zr
o~ryu m}yulyu {p{ |r}u{qm, zr |}rq~moxlr~l o{ty{szy.
Tu zr x r ~umul o wuxuwuv~w{y p{}{qr Ym}~r, o {w}r~z{~l w{{}{p{ mwuozml qrlrxz{~ wuyyr}uvro mwsr zmqrsz{ uw~u}r~l |u~yrzzyu u~{zuwmyu. X{pxm~z{ qmzzy
mwwmq~wu rw~{o, wuyyr}uv qrv~o{omxu o {y }mv{zr, m~{ o ~{tr ~ yr~zyu m}~omyu
\uxmww u Ymnmx, |{ yrz rv yr}r ~ 70- q{ zmmxm 30- pp. VII o. q{ z. ., w{pqm |{yuzmzul { zu
o{{nr u~rtm ut wxuz{|u~z rw~{o. Xwqzr qmzzr wuyyr}uv~w{v {z{ym~uwu mwsr, o{ty{sz{, ~ouqrrx~o {n {~{n ~oltl wuyyr}uvro ~ Quxuwurv 56. Gzuzml }mquul mwsr tzmxm
{ wuyyr}uv~w{y |}rnomzuu o Quxuwuu — uyrzz{ o u yr~m X}mn{z ~|}morqxuo{ x{wmxutr
punrx wuyyr}uv~w{p{ m}l Rupqmyu~m (I, 3,21). V{{y nx{ n x{puz{ {suqm {w}ul ymr}umxz ~xrq{o |}rnomzul wuyyr}uvro o qmzz{y }mv{zr. Krv~ourxz{, o Ym}~r {nzm}srz zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m. O }m~|}rqrxrzur |{ ~x{ly ~xrqrr: «}mzzrr srxrt{» ({w{x{
1100 – 850 pp. q{ z. .) — 2, «~}rqzrr srxrt{» ({w{x{ 870 – 700 pp. q{ z. .) — 5, «m~~u}uv~wuv |r}u{q»
({w{x{ 700 – 600 pp. q{ z. .) — 7, «m}mur~wuv |r}u{q» ({w{x{ 600 – 520 pp. q{ z. .) — 10, xxuzu~ur~wuv |r}u{q (~x{v III – zmmxm II o. q{ z. .) — 2, zr ~}muuu}{omz{ — 2 57. Urouqz{, zm{qwu
«~wu~wu» ~}rx o qo zuszu ~x{l {nl~zl~l u zm} rzulyu, o }rtxmr rp{ |}{u~{qux{
|r}ryrrzur n{xrr |{tqzu ymr}umx{o o }mzzur zm|xm~{omzul. ^{ wm~mr~l zm{q{w zmw{zrzuw{o
o «m~~u}uv~w{y» ~x{r VII o. q{ z. ., { m~ ut zu y{sr o |}uzu|r n ~{{zr~rzm ~ wuyyr}uvmyu. Uqzmw{ zr zuwmw{v or}rzz{~u o {y, { }r zr uqr { }rtxmm yrmzur~w{p{ zm} rzul wx}z ~x{ro, wmw { uyrx{ yr~{ ~ n{xrr zuszuyu zm|xm~{omzulyu. Q}{yr {p{, ~xu w{y
u}{wml qmu}{owm ~x{l (or~ VII o. q{ z. .) tm}qzlr m}unu {|}rqrxrzz{y zm}{q r zmw{zrzuw{o, w{{}r zr nxu |r}ryrrz, m utzmmxz{ |}uzmqxrsmxu ~x{. Wr tqr~ y{sr uqu zr
{xw{ { wuyyr}uvm, z{ u { xn{y q}p{y zm}{qr, m~o{omo ry o n}z ~{nul w{zm VII o.
q{ z. ., ~oltmzz ~ |mqrzury G~~u}uu (zm|}uyr}, { yuquvm uxu omoux{zlzm). Q}{yr {p{, n{xrr
ry or}{lz{, { ~my{ zm~rxrzur Quxuwuu, q{xp{ w{zmwu}{omo rr ~ wuyyr}uvmyu u ~{~{lo rr
~ zuyu o ~{tzur~wu {z{ rzul, tmuy~o{omx{ wuyyr}uv~w{r o{{}srzur, wmw { ~qrxmxu q}pur
|r}rqzro{~{zr zm}{q. Smr}umx Ym}~m, mwuy {n}mt{y, mwsr zr qm zuwmw{v zr~{yzrzz{v
uz{}ymuu.
Xxrqr rr |{ylz zm{qwu «~wu~wu» zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx o Xmym}uu, w{{} W. Hkyr}
owxux o u~x{ r zryz{pu |zw{o, pqr ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm ~ or}rzz{~ qmu}~l
}, Qm}ryu 59).
VII o. q{ z. . 58 (q}pur |zw: H{pmtwkv, Qm}yu}-Hx}, Nrzqmz-u Xxrvymz, G
54 Schmidt 1932, 25 –27; Schmidt, Krogman 1933, 1.
55 von der Osten 1937, 448 ff.
58 Boehmer 1972, 114.
59 Tm{qwu zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx o G
56 Ivantchik 1993, 114 –124; Oomzuw 1996, 122 –131.
57 Goldman 1950, 389, fig. 264, 2; Goldman 1963, 14, 371– 374,
mwsr wmw o }lqr q}pu m~~u}uv~wu p{}{q{o, ~ql |{ o~ry,
loxl~l ~ouqrrx~omyu o{vz, |}uorq rv w punrxu G~~u-
pl. 174.
}uu. Xwu o {v o{vzr, ouquy{, zr m~o{omxu, m pxmozy
70
}r u Qm}ryu r,
Nqr~ {zu {nzm}srz o {~z{oz{y o |}rqrxm o{~y{p{ ~x{l, m mwsr o xxuzu~ur~wu ~x{l, wqm
|{|mxu o }rtxmr zm} rzuv n{xrr q}rozu zm|xm~{omzuv. Q}{yr {p{, qom zmw{zrzuwm (qox{|m~z{v xu~{ouqzv u }rx{|m~z{v, {nm ~ u|{y) {nzm}srz o |{-ouquy{y zr zm} rzz
zm|xm~{omzul ~rqy{p{ ~x{l (№13 u 14), m rr {quz |{|mx o { ~x{v o }rtxmr zm} rzul 60.
Kmu}{owm qo zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m ut Xmym}uu o}ryrzry VII ~x{l, ~ql |{ o~ry,
q{~m{z{ zmqrszm. Xmy VII ~x{v ~oltomr~l ~ qrlrxz{~ z{o{p{ zm~rxrzul Xmym}uu, |{~rxrzz{p{ my m~~u}uv~wuy m}ry Xm}p{z{y II {w{x{ 720 p. q{ z. . 61 |{~xr qr|{}muu ro}rv~w{p{ zm~rxrzul p{}{qm. Lp{ }{z{x{pur~wml p}mzum ~{ ~xrquy, VIII ~x{ry, w{{}v qmu}r~l VII–VI oo.
q{ z. ., zr {|}rqrxrzm. e~z{ xu , { VII ~x{v zr q{{qu q{ w{zm VII o. q{ z. ., |{~w{xw wr}myuwm {p{ o}ryrzu, o~}rmml~l o o{~y{y ~x{r, o ~rqy{y {~~or 62. Omw, qom zmtomzz
zmw{zrzuwm ~}rx y{p n qmu}{omz |{ ~x{ouly u zm{qwu w{z{y VIII – {w{x{ }rrv ror}u VII o. q{ z. . Xoltom u zm|}ly ~ wuyyr}uvmyu, |{-ouquy{y, zro{ty{sz{, |{~w{xw
|u~yrzzr u~{zuwu zr ~{qr}sm zuwmwu ~ouqrrx~o { |}{zuwz{orzuu {p{ zm}{qm ~{x qmxrw{
zm p. L~r~orzz{, wmtmx{~ n, ~oltm u zm{qwu ~{ ~wumyu, w{{}r, ~{pxm~z{ ~{{nrzuly
mzuz mo{}{o, ~{or} uxu |{{q o Vmxr~uz o|x{ q{ p}mzu Lpu|m. V{{q ~wu{o, {qzmw{,
}qz{ {z{ qmu}{om, |{~w{xw qmzzr mzuz{v }{z{p}muu |{ {y |{o{q w}mvzr zrzmqrsz u ~nuouo, m |m}mxxrxzr u~{zuwu qxl rr |}{or}wu {~~o 63. Y}qz{, {qzmw{, ~rnr
|}rq~mou, {n { |{{q y{p |}{ut{vu o { o}ryl, w{pqm G~~u}ul rr ~r~o{omxm u y{pxm
w{z}{xu}{om ~o{ r}}u{}u. Tmun{xrr or}{lz{ |{{y, { zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx ut Xmym}uu
qmu}~l o}ryrzry }mz r |{loxrzul ~wu{o o Vmxr~uzr. S{sz{ |}rq|{xmpm, { {zu loxl~l
{qzuy ut }mzzu ~ouqrrx~o }m~|}{~}mzrzul ~}rx ~wu~w{p{ u|m o |r}rqzrmtum~w{y }rpu{zr u
u u~|{xt{omzul nxuszro{~{zyu m}yulyu. I mw{y ~xmr }mzzur zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx ut Xmym}uu zr uyr |}ly{p{ {z{ rzul zu w wuyyr}uvmy, zu w ~wumy, m q{xsz nxu u~|{xt{om~l
~myuyu ~mym}uv~wuyu surxlyu.
1.3.3 GW\LURUJO^LXQOL XRLKa VU\UKUI QU^LITOQUI
I OUTOO O ROKOO
Vr}rvqry w p{}{qmy Ruquu u O{zuu, m~ ut w{{} nxm }mt} rzm wuyyr}uvmyu 64. I
Suxrr q{ ~u |{} zr qmr~l ~ q{~m{z{v or}rzz{~ |}{~xrqu m}r{x{pur~wur {~mwu wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym. U{sqr~oxrzur |{sm}m q{ym pr{yr}ur~w{v |{u, }m~|{x{srzz{p{ w o{~{w
{ }mym Guz, w{{}v |}{ut{ rx, ouquy{, o zmmxr VII o. q{ z. ., ~ wuyyr}uv~wuy zm r~oury 65
u~{ y{t}urxz{ u zr {~z{omz{ zu zm wmwu }rmxz qmzz.
Wm~w{|wu o Srxuu, zr|{qmxrw { Vmzu{zul zm tm|mqz{y |{nr}rsr Smx{v Gtuu, mwsr zr qmxu
o {y {z{ rzuu o|{xzr {|}rqrxrzz }rtxm{o. Otor~z{r |u~y{ Ru~uymm w p}msqmzmy Xmy{~m
(283/2 p. q{ z. .) |{ |{o{q lsn Xmy{~m u V}urz { |}mor oxmqrzul yr~rw{y Hmuzruqm 66 ~ouqrrx~or { {y, { wuyyr}uv o{ pxmor ~ Rupqmyu~{y tmomuxu r}}u{}u u oxmqrxu r
|}{uozuw{y m~~u}uvro nxu yuquv, o{{}srzzr xwmyu u ~}rxmyu «~wu~w{p{» u|m. Xy. |{q}{nz{: Zawadzki
1988. Kmu}{ow zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx ut Qm}ryu m 604 p.
61 Tadmor 1958, 33– 40; ~}. Becking 1992.
62 Kenyon 1957, 97 – 98.
63 X}. Ivantchik, 1999, 497 –520.
q{ z. . ~y. sr Woolley 1921, 125, pl. 22 b. Nqr~ sr zmvqrzm
64 Gzmxut |u~yrzz u~{zuw{o ~y. Ivantchik 1993, 95 –
{}ym qxl {xuowu |{q{nz ~}rx, {, {rouqz{, ~ouqr-
126; Oomzuw 1996, 100 –131.
65 Hommel 1959/1960, 39.
rx~or {n u |}{uto{q~or zm yr~r: Woolley 1921,
130 –131, pl. 23 b.
60 Kenyon 1957a, 452 – 453, fig. 110, 3–11,13,14.
66 Welles 1966, 46 –51, Nr. 7.
71
zr~w{xw{ (}u ?) xr, |}ury zm~rxlo ur {nxm~ p}rwu nrsmxu zm {~}{om. V{{y mo{} }m~w{|{w m}unu}{omxu qom zmvqrzz tqr~ n}{zt{o zmw{zrzuwm «~wu~w{p{» u|m (qox{|m~z{v u
}rx{|m~z{v) 67 wuyyr}uvmy. Unzm}srzzr zmw{zrzuwu tm~}lxu o ~rzm mw}{|{xl (Qmxrr|r),
wqm {zu y{pxu |{|m~ |}u }mt} rzuu p{}{qm. I mw{v uzr}|}rmuu zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx zr
zurp{ zro{ty{sz{p{, {qzmw{ ~xrqr {yru, { w}r|{~ Srxuu nxm o{~~mz{oxrzm |{~xr wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym u |}{q{xsmxm rr q{xp{ {~mom~l o rz}r }mtz{{n}mtz o{{}srzz w{zxuw{o wmw o VII o. q{ z. ., mw u |{tsr 68. V{{y zmtomzzr ~}rx, ~my{~{lrxzr {~z{omzul qxl
qmu}{owu w{{} {~~o, y{pxu |}uzmqxrsm u xn{y q}p{y o}mp, zm|}uyr}, xuquvmy.
Gzuzr u~{zuwu ~{{nm, { wuyyr}uv o{ pxmor ~ Rupqmyu~{y ~{spxu uxu |mxu~
~sr }my G}ryuq o cr~r (Callim. Ad Dian. (III), 251 – 258; Hesych. s. v. Λύγδαμις). U~z{ooml~
zm {y ~{{nrzuu, mo{} |r}o }m~w{|{w }mym G}ryuq cr~~w{v |{xmpmx, { wuyyr}uv
zu{suxu {nzm}srzzv uy ~myv }mzzuv «}my G» u ~oltomx ~ wuyyr}uv~wuy }mtp}{y{y tmuw~u}{omzzv o{ o}ryl }m~w{|{w p{}rxv ~x{v 69. X{yzrzul o |}mouxz{~u {v uzr}|}rmuu o~wmtomxu~ qmoz{ 70, m }rtxm zrqmozu }m~w{|{w G}ryu~ul tm~mouxu {w{zmrxz{ { zrr {wmtm~l. V}rsqr o~rp{, n{xrr |{tqzur u~~xrq{omzul zr {nzm}suxu zuwmwu ~xrq{o }mt} rzul m}mur~w{p{ }mym o{vz{v uxu |{sm}{y, xun{ q}pu ~ouqrrx~o wuyyr}uv~w{p{ o{}srzul71. H{xrr {p{, z{or }m~w{|wu tm~mouxu |r}r~y{}r u u~{}u }mtouul ~oluxum. X{pxm~z{ uy qmzzy,
}mzzuv }my G}ryuq (w{{}y nx zr «}my G», {wmtmo uv~l |{~}{vw{v |{u Q}rtm) o ouqr |r}u|r}m, nx |{~}{rz o{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. . Uz |{pun o }rtxmr wmm~}{ur~w{p{ zmo{qzrzul o VII o. q{ z. ., o~w{}r nx o{~~mz{oxrz u |{qor}p~l tzmurxz{v |r}r~}{vwr xu |{~xr 600 p. q{ z. . 72, . r. wuyyr}uv~w{r zm r~our zm zry zuwmw zr {}mtux{~. V{q ~r}r{nm{y }mym
G}ryuq w}rt{o{v |{~}{vwu qrv~ourxz{ |}{~xrsrz {qrxrzzv { zrp{ |}{~x{vw{v |r~wm ~x{v
pxl u |r|xm, ~yr mzz ~ tryxrv. V{ yzrzu mo{}m }m~w{|{w G. Hmyyr}m, zrl~z{, {qzmw{, uqr xu
}r { ~x{r }mt} rzul, uxu { zm~|mzz{y |{q zqmyrz w}rt{om }mym |}u rp{ ~}{urx~or w}r|xlry ~x{r, { w{{}{y |{yuzmr Vxuzuv (Plin. N. h. 36, 25), uxu qmsr |}{~{ {n {~mwm sr}o{|}uz{ rzuv, zr |{yrrzz |}{uo {nwz{orzul o n{}{~, wmw { sr nx{ {yrrz{ |}u }m~w{|wm mxm}l G}ryuq 73. H{xrr {p{, qmsr r~xu {xw{om |{ylzv ~x{v wmw ~ouqrrx~o{ |{sm}m,
zrl~z{ ~ wmwuy o{}srzury rp{ ~oltom — wuyyr}uv~wuy, uxu ~ zm|mqrzury xuquv~w{p{ m}l Gxumm, ouquy{, o w{zr VII o. q{ z. .74 I ~oltu ~ uy ~xrqr {yru, { |}u }m~w{|wm }m~|{x{srzz{v zr|{qmxrw Xyu}z zr {nzm}srz{ zuwmwu ymr}umxz ~xrq{o wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym, {l
~x{u, ~oltmzzr ~ }mt} rzury p{}{qm xuquvmyu |}u Gxumr u |r}~myu o 545 p. q{ z. ., uw~u}~l q{~m{z{ {rxuo{. Unzm}srzzr o Xyu}zr zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m zmvqrz
o ~x{l 610 –545 pp. q{ z. . u, {rouqz{, {z{~l~l uyrzz{ w uy qoy ~{nuly75. Xouqrrx~om mzuz mo{}{o {n zu{srzuu wuyyr}uvmyu }mym G}ryuq cr~~w{v {~m~l, mwuy {n}mt{y,
nrt m}r{x{pur~wu |{qor}sqrzuv. Tm {y {~z{omzuu zrxtl, {qzmw{, {wmtom uy o q{or}uu, |{~w{xw ~xrq wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym y{pxu |}u |{~xrqu |r}r~}{vwm u~rtz. I|}{ry,
~{u tmyru o ~oltu ~ uy, { ut ~{{nrzul Qmxxuymm zrl~z{, qmx{~ xu Rupqmyu~ {~r~ou ~o{v zrr~uov tmy~rx (ut w{zrw~m y{sz{ |{zl, { zr qmx{~). V}ly{ zm zu{srzur
67 Kleiner, Hommel, Müller-Wiener 1967, 135 –138.
68 Kleiner, Hommel, Müller-Wiener 1967, 95 – 96.
69 Hogarth 1908, 239, 245.
x{p{ ~x{l |}uyr}z{ 650/40 pp. q{ z. . o o{~{z{v m~u }m-
70 O~{}u o{|}{~m ~y. Atzinger 1970, 1654 –1657; Bammer
n ~oltmz{ ~ wuyyr}uv~wuy o{}srzury.
72 Bammer 1988b, 1– 31; Bammer 1990, 137 –160; Bammer 1991,
1983/4, 92 – 94; Bammer, Muss 1996, 33– 38.
71 Bammer 1983/4, 94; Bammer 1984, 74; Bammer 1988, 213;
y{o{p{ qo{}m. L~xu { qrv~ourxz{ ~xrq |{sm}um ({
zsqmr~l o q{|{xzurxz{y |{qor}sqrzuu), { {z{ y{sr
xuwmuu (Bammer, Muss 1996, 32) G. Hmyyr} |{qor}sqmr
63– 83; Bammer 1993, 137 –161; Bammer, Muss 1996, 33– 38.
73 Bammer 1978, 517 –521; Bammer 1973/1974, 57 –58.
74 Vetters 1989, 88.
{~~our wmwu-xun{ ~xrq{o |{sm}m VII o. q{ z. . o rz-
75 Nicholls 1958/59, 128 – 134; Akurgal 1983, 54, 72 –76,
}mxz{v m~u ~oluxum, {qzmw{ |{yuzmr zmxuur p{}r-
Taf. N, 3.
Bammer 1991, 75, ~}. Brein 1978, 722 –723. I |{~xrqzrv |n-
72
}mym G}ryuq Rupqmyu~{y wmtomr xu Jr~uuv, mo{} |{tqzuv, z{ {|u}muv~l zm xxuzu~ur~wur u~{zuwu.
Tr~w{xw{ {xuzml ~umul uw~u}r~l |}u }m~w{|wm Xm}q. Tr~y{}l zm {, { tqr~ nx{
zmvqrz{ q{~m{z{ n{x {r w{xur~o{ zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m 76, u zm{qwu, wmw
sr wmtomx{~, |x{{ ~}muuu}{omz u u ~olt ~ ry uxu uzy u~{}ur~wuy ~{nury {~mr~l zrl~z{v. I { sr o}ryl ~x{v }mt} rzul Xm}q wuyyr}uvmyu uw~u}r~l u uqrzuuu}r~l
q{~m{z{ or}rzz{. Wr uqr { q{~m{z{ rw{ o}msrzz{y ~x{r |{sm}um, loxlry~l m~
}rrp{ xuquv~w{p{ ~x{l u {~{nrzz{ l}w{ |}{~xrsrzz{y o ~rw{}r «K{y n}{zt». V{sm} nx otomz,
{rouqz{, ozrtm|zy zm|mqrzury, u |}u }m~w{|wm {nzm}srz {~mzwu |{ yrz rv yr}r |lzmqmu
uzquouqy{o, |{pun u o }rtxmr {p{ zm|mqrzul. I { sr o}ryl }mt} rzur Xm}q zr otomx{
~w{xw{-zunq tmyrz{p{ w}utu~m p{}{qm, {z nx n~}{ o{~~mz{oxrz u, ~{pxm~z{ qmzzy }m~w{|{w,
|}{q{xsmx |}{orm. V{sm}ur o }rry xuquv~w{y ~x{r qmu}r~l |{ zm{qwmy o |r}rw}omry rp{ |xm~r {w{x{ ~r}rquz VII o. q{ z. .77 I~r u qmzzr {}{ { ~{pxm~~l ~{ ~ouqrrx~omyu |u~yrzz rw~{o { }mt} rzuu Xm}q wuyyr}uvmyu, mw { uqrzuuwmul ~x{l |{sm}um
o }rry xuquv~w{y ~x{r Xm}q ~ wuyyr}uv~wuy zm r~oury |}rq~moxlr~l q{~m{z{ {}{ { {n{~z{omzz{v.
Gzmxut |u~yrzz u~{zuw{o { otluu Xm}q wuyyr}uvmyu |{wmtomr, { o }rmxz{~u {
~{nur uyrx{ yr~{ xu rquz{sq u, ouquy{, ~oltmz{ ~ punrx Jupm { }w wuyyr}uvro
o 644 p. q{ z. .78 X{{nrzul mzuz{v }mquuu { qo{vz{y otluu Xm}q o{~{ql w q{~m{z{ |{tqzuy rzy w{z~}wuly u }{z{x{pur~wuy owxmqwmy xxuzu~ur~w{v |{u, |}uzmqxrsmuy
|}rsqr o~rp{ Qmxxu~rz. Jxmoz{v tmqmrv u owxmq{w nx{ ~mz{oxrzur }{z{x{puu sutzu }lqm
mzuz |{{o, o |r}o {r}rq Qmxxuzm u G}ux{m. Jr}{q{, ~{{nmuv { }mt} rzuu Xm}q
wuyyr}uvmyu, ~umx, { { ~{nur uyrx{ yr~{ xu {qzmsq u {z{~ux rp{ w |}moxrzu
zm~xrqzuwm Jupm, m}l G}qu~m. cm qmu}{owm mwsr loxlr~l }rtxm{y ~x{sz }{z{x{pur~wu
wmxwxluv u {nl~zlr~l u~{ql ut |}uzl{v Jr}{q{{y {nrv ~ry }{z{x{puu o{~{z m}~wu quzm~uv, tzmurxz{ tmo rz{v |{ ~}mozrzu ~ }rmxz{~. Xqrxmzzv o }rtxmr mzmxutm
|u~yrzz rw~{o oo{q { {y, { Xm}q nxu otl wuyyr}uvmyu xu rquz{sq, wmw wmsr~l,
zm{qu |{qor}sqrzur o ymr}umxm }m~w{|{w {p{ p{}{qm. Go{} u }m~w{|{w {yrm, { uyu
nx tmuw~u}{omz xu {quz ~x{v }mt} rzul o }mywm VII o. q{ z. . — zuwmwu |}utzmw{o o{}{p{
otlul p{}{qm m}r{x{pur~wu zr uw~u}r~l 79.
K{~{or}z{~ ~ouqrrx~om Jr}{q{m (I, 15) { {y, { wuyyr}uv tmomuxu Xm}q tm u~wxrzury mw}{|{xl, o}lq xu y{sr n |}{or}rzm qmzzyu m}r{x{puu. V}u }m~w{|wm zm mw}{|{xr
Xm}q zr {nzm}srz{ zuwmwu ~ouqrrx~o wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym, {qzmw{ u ~myu ~x{u VII o. q{ z. .
my o}msrz {rz |x{{ u |}mwur~wu zr ~{}mzuxu~ 80. c{ {n~{lrx~o{ tm~moxlr o{tqr}sm~l { }r urxz{p{ ~sqrzul { q{~{or}z{~u ~{{nrzul Jr}{q{m, {l ut {nu ~{{n}msrzuv
{z{ o|{xzr |}moq{|{q{nz{.
76 Waldbaum 1983, 32 – 35, pl. 3.
77 Hanfmann 1964, 14; Mitten 1966, 44; Hanfmann 1967, 32 –
238, n. 5. I {y ~xmr ~x{v }mt} rzul, }mtyrr~l, zr
33; Hanfmann 1972, 185, 228 –229, fig. 139; Hanfmann, Mierse,
wmwuy-{ uzy o}msr~wuy zmnrp{y. Xxrqr, {qzmw{, tmyr-
Foss u. a. 1983, 28, 41, 63, 68, 235 n. 10, 238 n. 5. I |{~xrqzrr
u, { o {y sr ~x{r nxm {nzm}srzm u n{xrr |{tqzll
o}ryl, {qzmw{, nxm |}rq|}uzlm |r}rqmu}{owm }rrp{ xu-
wr}myuwm, o m~z{~u }mpyrz ~}rqzr|}{{w{}uz~wu
y{sr n ~oltmz ~ wuyyr}uvmyu u q{xsrz {nl~zl~l
quv~w{p{ ~x{l o ~rw{}r «K{y n}{zt» u {z{~lrp{~l w zry
~{~q{o 690 – 650 pp. q{ z. ., m o zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |r}rw}om-
|{sm}um. Ks. _rr}, {~z{ooml~ zm }mpyrzm qo
ry rp{ ~x{r — |{tqzr|}{{w{}uz~wur }mpyrz 650 –
w{}uz~wu ~{~q{o, {nzm}srzz o {y ~x{r, w{{}r {zm
630 pp. q{ z. .: Schaeffer 1997, 23, 25, 26, 27, 28, Nr. Cor 12, 13,
qmu}r 750 –720 pp. q{ z. . (Q{}uz~wuv |{tqzrpr{yr}ur-
21, 22, 27, 29, 31, 32 u . q.
78 Oomzuw / Ivantchik, o |rmu. X}. Ivantchik 1993, 105 –114;
~wuv, LG), ~umr zr{n{quyy {zr~u or~ ~x{v w{ o{}{v
|{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. .: Schaeffer 1997, 5 –7, 17 –20, ~}. { sr
yzrzur c. Wryrqsm: Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 29 u
o{t}msrzul Ks. \mzymzzm: Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983,
Oomzuw 1996, 110 –121.
79 Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 28.
80 Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 43.
73
1.3.4 QOSSLWOPXQGe HZYLWURb ON XGWK
Tr~y{}l zm {, { ~x{v wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym o Xm}qm o}msrz q{~m{z{ l}w{ u o}lq xu
y{sz{ ~{yzu~l o rp{ u~{}ur~w{v uqrzuuwmuu, o zry |{u {~~o zm{qwu, w{{}r
y{pxu n m}mwr}ut{om ymr}umxz wx} }y{omo u Xm}q wuyyr}uvro.
V{-ouquy{y, rquz~orzzy |}rqyr{y ut }m~w{|{w Xm}q, w{{}v y{sr n ~{ tzmurxz{v
q{xrv or}rzz{~u m}unu}{omz wuyyr}uvmy, loxlr~l w{~lzml |xm~uzwm o ouqr ~or}zo rp{~l
w{x{y suo{z{p{ (. 31; 32). Ot{n}msrzur ~uxz{ ~uxut{omz{, z{ }r uqr, {rouqz{, { w{ mry uzuwr 81. Tm rp{ p{x{or oqrxrz n{x {v w}pxv pxmt, {norqrzzv {n{qw{y, u |{qw{o{{n}mtz{r {. Uw}ml |m~ ut{n}msrzm o ouqr |{x{omxm, p}mzu w{{}{p{ {n{tzmrz qo{vz{v
xuzurv. Srsq qoyl xuzulyu zm{qu~l zm~rwm. Gzmx{puzr qor xuzuu ~ zm~rwmyu yrsq zuyu
}m~|{x{srz zm p{x{or tor}l ({ pxmtm q{ m) u zm rp{ suo{r. I{ty{sz{, { ~uxut{omz{r ut{n}msrzur r}~u. Tm rxr suo{z{p{ ~rymuz{ zmyrrzm x{|mwm u |{wmtmz{ nrq}{, xm| tmor} m~l
~|u}mxrouqzy uxu w{xroy {w{zmzury. K{~m{z{ qxuzzv o{~ suo{z{p{, |}uywmuv w
rp{ |m~u, tmor} mr~l mwuy sr {w{zmzury. cm |xm~uzwm, ~w{}rr o~rp{ ~xsuo ml zmw{zrzuw{y
z{srz mwuzmwm, {nzm}srzm o ~x{r, zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |r}rw}omry ~x{v wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym,
~}rqu }m~|u~z{v wr}myuwu, qmu}ry{v {w{x{ ~r}rquz VII o. q{ z. . 82
Wu~. 31 Q{~lzml |xm~uzwm ut Xm}q ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}zo rp{~l uzuwm
V{ Mitten 1966, fig. 5
81 Y}mw{owm tor}l mo{}myu }m~w{|{w wmw p}u{zm o}lq xu
82 Detweiler, Hanfmann, Mitten 1967, 151, fig. 3; Hanfmann,
{n{~z{omzm — zuwmwu ~xrq{o {}xuz{v p{x{o zm |xm~uzwr
Swift 1966, 10 –14, fig. 9; Mellink 1966, 13–15, pl. 41, 13; Hanf-
zr ouqz{. V}rq|{x{srzur { {y, { tqr~ uqr }r { rxrz-
mann, Detweiler 1966, 92, fig. 2; Mitten 1966, 45, fig. 5; Schefold
wr, wmw u m}unul |}rqyrm mryrzuq~w{y uxu yuq{-|r}-
1967, Abb. 342 a ({}{ ml {{p}mul); Hanfmann 1972,
~uq~w{y u~w~~o (Buchholz 1980/81, 66, Anm. 78), {~z{omz{
fig. 124; Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 68; ~}. X{}{wuz
zm x{sz{y |}rq~moxrzuu { |}{u~{sqrzuu y{uom ~or}zo-
1978, 186 –187. Nqr~ ~{qr}su~l zror}z{r wmtmzur zm zrwur
rp{~l tor}l o w{rozur~w{y tor}uz{y ~uxr { nr}{xrv
«yuquv~wur {}p{or u }ryr~xrzzr |{~}{vwu», lw{n ~{{-
mryrzuq~wu mwuzmw{o (~y. zusr) u |}{uo{}ru wmw nxut-
}srzzr o Xm}qm o VII o. q{ z. . I qrv~ourxz{~u o }mv-
wuy mzmx{puly ut ~wu{-~unu}~w{p{ yu}m, mw u qmu}{owr
{zr, { w{{}{y uqr }r, }m~w} {~mwu xuquv~w{p{
~x{l, o w{{}{y {nzm}srz qmzzv |}rqyr. X. X. X{}{wuz
}zwm. X}. mwsr: Ghirshman 1979, 23, fig. 1 (zr{zml |}{}u-
(1978, 186 –187) ~umr, { tqr~ ut{n}msrzm ~{nmwm. c{
~{owm).
{xw{omzur zr wmsr~l {n{~z{omzzy.
74
Wu~. 32 Q{~lzr |xm~uzwu ut Xm}q
V{ Greenewalt, Cahill u. a. 1990, fig. 34
I {y sr ~rw{}r, {nzm}srz{ rr }u w{~lz w}px |xm~uz, }mwry wmw {n}mt tor}uz{p{ ~uxl (. 32) 83. Uqzm ut zu |}rq~moxlr ~{n{v, {rouqz{, mwsr zmw{zrzuw z{srz 84. Q
~{smxrzu, m |xm~uzwm {rz |x{{ ~{}mzuxm~ — {zm nxm }m~w{x{m, u ut{n}msrzur ~or}zo rp{~l tor}l zm ~{}mzuo ry~l }mpyrzr y{sr n o{~~mz{oxrz{ xu |{ mzmx{puu ~ {|u~mzzy
o r |}rqyr{y. Tm zry, wmsr~l, }mtxumr~l tmqzll xm|m tor}l ~ m}mwr}zy ~|u}mxrouqzy uxu
w{xrouqzy {w{zmzury, x{|mwm u zmmx{ |r}rqzrv xm|. V{ wmtmzu mo{}m |nxuwmuu, qmzzml
|xm~uzwm zmvqrzm o ~x{r w{zm VII – zmmxm VI o. q{ z. . Ot {p{ sr ~x{l |}{u~{qu rr {qzm tzmurxz{ yrz ml |{ }mtyr} w{~lzml |xm~uzwm, w{{} rr |nxuwm{} uzr}|}ru}r wmw |p{ou 85. Xsr zmzr~rzz{p{ zm zrr ut{n}msrzul qmr~l }m~|{tzm u uqrzuuu}{om xu ~ n{xuy }q{y u nrt or}rzz{~u o or}z{~u uzr}|}rmuu, mw { w |}rqyrmy w{rozur~w{p{ ~uxl
rr y{sz{ {zr~u xu ~ zmlsw{v. Tm zrv y{sz{ }m~|{tzm ut{n}msrzur p{x{o |u. Iqrxlr~l w}|zv pxmt, ut{n}msrzzv o ouqr }r w{zrz}ur~wu {w}sz{~rv (o|{xzr {nzv qxl
~wu~w{p{ u~w~~om |}ury) u, o{ty{sz{, wxo, tmw}rzv ~|u}mx. Nzmrzur rr {qz{p{ y{uom,
zm{qlrp{~l |{q wxo{y, {qzmw{, zrl~z{, { ~mou |{q ~{yzrzur o~ uzr}|}rmu. Q}{yr {p{,
~xrqr tmyru, { }m~|{x{srzur ut{n}msrzul o rz}r |xm~uz zr }mquu{zz{ qxl ~wu~w{p{
u~w~~om, qm u o{{nr o~r ut{n}msrzur y{sr n o{~|}uzl{ |}{~{ wmw pr{yr}ur~wuv {}zmyrz.
I{}ml w}pxml |xm~uzwm, zr~w{xw{ n{x rp{ }mtyr}m, nxm {nzm}srzm o {y sr ~rw{}r, z{ o
~yr mz{y ~x{r 86. Lr utqmrx {xw{omx ut{n}msrzur wmw qor |}{uo{|{~moxrzz p{x{owu uz
83 Greenewalt 1973, 33– 34, fig. 11 ({{p}mul |x{{p{ wmr-
xuw{omzz nr}{xrv, wmw |{xmpmr mo{}, m ~ rp{ |}u~w{}n-
~om); Greenewalt, Cahill, Dedeoǧlu, Herrmann 1990, 166 –167,
zy zrtzmzury ~{{or~orv zmz{v xur}m} (qmxr-
fig. 34 – 37.
84 X}mzzy opxlqu or}sqrzur |nxuwm{}m {p{ |}rq-
w{ zr {xw{ }~~w{ltz{v). V}uyr}, qmxrw{ zr u~r}|-
yrm (Greenewalt, Cahill, Dedeoǧlu, Herrmann 1990, 173, n. 50)
{ {y, { ut{n}msrzul ~or}zo rp{~l tor}l o w{rozur~w{y
zusr.
85 Greenewalt, Cahill, Dedeoǧlu, Herrmann 1990, 173, n. 49,
u~w~~or zr o~}rm~l zm nr}{xl. c{ o~wmtomzur,
fig. 34.
w{zrz{, ~oltmz{ zr ~ ymxy u~x{y {nzm}srzz u {|n-
86 Greenewalt 1973, 33– 34, fig. 11.
omur o~rp{ yz{p{u~xrzz{p{ ~|u~wm mwu nr}{xrv, ~y.
75
|u. Krv~ourxz{, zm |xm~uzwr zm{qu~l ut{n}msrzur qo ~uyyr}uz{ }m~|{x{srzz w}px
«pxmt», }mw{omzz o }mquu{zz{v qxl tor}uz{p{ ~uxl ymzr}r wmw w}s{w, {norqrzzv {n{qw{y.
Srsq zuyu zm{qu~l ~|u}mx, w{{}ml y{sr n u~{xw{omzm wmw wxo {qz{v uxu {nru |u.
Q}{yr {p{, qom pxmtm ~{rquzrz qo{vz{v |}ly{v xuzurv.
Ot r}r {|u~mzz |}rqyr{o ~ wuyyr}uvmyu n{xrr uxu yrzrr or}rzz{ nxmp{qm}l ~x{ouly
rp{ zm{qwu y{sr n ~oltmz |r}ov, zmun{xrr o}mturxzv. L~xu or}zm qmu}{owm ~x{l, o w{{}{y {nzm}srzm m |xm~uzm (o ry zr {~z{omzuv ~{yzrom~l), { {zm {z{~u~l |}uyr}z{ w ~r}rquzr VII o. q{ z. ., { r~ wmw }mt w {y o}ryrzu, w{pqm wuyyr}uv otlxu Xm}q o 644 p. q{ z. .
U~mxzr }u |}rqyrm zmvqrz uxu o n{xrr |{tqzry (w{zr VII – zmmx{ VI o. q{ z. .), uxu o zrqmu}{omzz{y w{zrw~r. Z~x{oul zm{qwu, w{zrz{, zr u~wxm o{ty{sz{~u n{xrr }mzzrv qmu}{owu ~myu |}rqyr{o u u m}unuu wuyyr}uvmy, {qzmw{ o qmzz{y ~xmr y zr y{sry n
or}rz, { u zrxtl |}u|u~m u ~wumy. X{pxm~z{ mzuzy u~{zuwmy, |}rnomzur wmw{p{-{
{}lqm ~wu{o o Xm}qm qmu}r~l o}ryrzry Gxumm, { r~ wmw }mt w{z{y VII – zmmx{y VI o.
q{ z. . V{{y n{xrr {~{}{szy |}rq~moxlr~l u~|{xt{om qxl uqrzuuwmuu wuyyr}uv~w{v
wx} xu |r}o |xm~uz, qmu}{omzz ~r}rquz{v VII o. q{ z. . Tm ~m~r, {zm loxlr~l zmun{xrr o}mturxz{v ut r}r zmtomzz |}rqyr{o u ~ zmun{x rv or}rzz{~ y{sr n
{zr~rzm w w{rozur~w{y tor}uzz{y ~ux. Ozr}|}rmul rr ut{n}msrzul wmw utor~z{p{ y{uom
~or}zo rp{~l uzuwm zr otomr ~{yzrzuv.
Ot{n}msrzur ~or}zo rp{~l uzuwm, o n{x rv uxu yrz rv ~r|rzu ~uxut{omz{r, loxlr~l,
|{-ouquy{y, {qzuy ut ~my {}upuzmxz u m}mwr}z xryrz{o w{rozur~w{p{ «~wu~w{p{»
tor}uz{p{ ~uxl 87. V}{nxrym rp{ |}{u~{sqrzul ~x{szm u qu~w~~u{zzm. Tmun{xrr or}{lzy wmsr~l |}rq|{x{srzur { |}{u~{sqrzuu {p{ ut{n}mturxz{p{ y{uom ut Quml; rp{ |}{{u|, ouquy{,
y{sz{ zmvu o q}roz{~l |{u tm|mqz{p{ ^s{ (1027 –771 pp. q{ z. .) 88. I|{~xrq~ouu {z }m~|}{~}mzlr~l o rz}mxz{mtum~w{y }rpu{zr (G}smz, Zvpm}mw u q}.) u ~mz{ou~l {qzuy ut {~z{oz
y{uo{o «~wu~w{p{» tor}uz{p{ ~uxl. I~wmtomxu~ u q}pur {wu t}rzul { rp{ |}{u~{sqrzuu:
o m~z{~u, { ~my{tm}{sqrzuu y{uom o }mzzr~wu~w{v ~}rqr wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{zm (o |mylzuwm
«~mwwt~w{-wrxr}yr~~w{p{ w}pm») u { zrtmou~uy{y |m}mxxrxz{y }mtouuu o rz}mxz{mtum~w{~unu}~w{y }rpu{zr 89. Kmzz{r |}rq|{x{srzur |}{uo{}ru, {qzmw{, uw{z{p}mur~w{v nxut{~u
yrsq sr ~myyu }mzzuyu ut{n}msrzulyu ~or}zo rp{~l tor}l o u~w~~or rz}mxz{mtum~w{p{
u |}ur}z{y{}~w{-wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{z{o, m mwsr }{z{x{pur~w{y |}u{}ur }mzzu rz}mxz{mtum~wu |mylzuw{o (w}pmz G}smz) |r}rq |mylzuwmyu w}pm Nuour u Qrxr}yr~m.
Gzmx{puzr |xm~uzwr ut Xm}q ut{n}msrzul ~or}zo rp{~l uzuwm }rtomvz{ yz{p{u~xrzz o }mzzr~wu~w{y u~w~~or, {l |{xz{v mzmx{puu rv zmvu zr qmr~l (o|}{ry, |{xz{~
mzmx{puzr utqrxul {p{ u|m o ~myu ~wu~wu |mylzuwm mwsr }rtomvz{ }rqwu) 90. I~r {zu
87 Xy. {n {y y{uor ^xrz{om 1967, 118 –119, mn. 27; _w}-
Xm}q zm{qu ~rnr mzmx{puu xu o ~ror}{wmowmt~wu zm{q-
w{ 1969, 31– 39; Oxuz~wml 1971, 72 – 84; X{}{wuz 1972, 75 –
wm, z{ zr o ~r|z u xr~{~r|z |mylzuwm, w{{}r {z
78; Hm}w{om 1983, 20 – 31; ^rsuzm 1984, 61– 64; V{p}rn{om,
|{ry-{ ~umr n{xrr |{tqzuyu, ry ~ror}{wmowmt~wur u, o
Wmro~wuv 1992, 104 –122; Q}{wuz 1993, 92 – 98; ^xrz{om
{xuur { zu, nr~~|{}z{ ~wu~wuyu. I{{nr o ~o{rv ~mr
1993, 69 –70, }u~. 13; Qu~rx 1994, 111–119; Vr}ro{quw{om
mo{} u~{qu ut |}ro}mz |}rq~moxrzuv {n {z{~urx-
1994, 29 – 32, 42 – 46; V{xuq{ou 1994, 63–78; Brentjes 1994,
z{v u mn~{xz{v }{z{x{puu |mylzuw{o }mzzr~wu~w{v
147 –164.
88 Jettmar 1979, 155; Hüttel 1979, 11–12, Abb. 1, 4– 6; Kossack
wx} u {nzm}suomr zrtzmw{y~o{ ~ z{o{v xur}m}{v
1987, 27–30, Abb. 2–3; Q}{wuz 1993, 96 – 98. I. G. Qu~rx
ut Xm}q zm{qu mzmx{puu zr {xw{ o ~ror}{wmowmt~wu, z{ u
(1994, 116) |}rq|{umr p{o{}u { {}yu}{omzuu {p{
o q}pu |mylzuwm wrxr}yr~~w{p{ m|m }mzzr~wu~w{v
|{ {v rymuwr. Qmw nqr ouqz{ ut qmxzrv rp{, nr}{x
{n}mtm o }mv{zr o{~{z{p{ Qmtm~mzm, Gxml, Yo u S{z-
wx}. Uyr rr, { y{v otpxlq zm ~{{z{ rzur wuy-
p{xuu.
89 V{p}rn{om, Wmro~wuv 1992, 104 –122, tqr~ sr {nt{} q}pu
yr}uvro u ~wu{o u u wx} utxmpmr~l H. H}rzr~{y
yzrzuv |{ |}{nxryr.
90 H. H}rzr~ (Brentjes 1994, 161) |{xmpmr, { nr}{x ut
76
(Brentjes 1994, 161) zr{z{. V}uuzm {p{, or}{lz{, o {y,
{ {z ~qux { zry xu |{ ~z{y utx{srzu o q{wxmqr,
|}{umzz{y o 1994 p. o Hr}xuzr.
{nrquzl~l {nuyu ~uxu~ur~wuyu xryrzmyu o rquz p}||, {qzmw{ u xryrz zm }mtz |}rqyrm |}u~~o o }mtz ~{rmzul. Oz{pqm zm zu o{~|}{uto{qu~l zr o~r rx{ tor}l,
m xu rp{ zmun{xrr tzmuyr xryrz (xm|, o{~, pxmt, {, |m~). Jxmt u {, m~{ o~|mur tm w{z} |}rqyrm, zm w{{}{y zm{qu~l ut{n}msrzur, {nz{ (z{ zr o~rpqm) uyr ~{{or~orzz{ {}y w}pm, {norqrzz{p{ {n{qw{y, u ~r}qrouqz uxu |{qw{o{ouqz {}y. Uw}ml |m~
m~{ uyrr {}y |{x{omxm. Unz{ {zm zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |}uywmr w q{~m{z{ qxuzz{y o{~, tmor} mry~l w}sw{y uxu ~|u}mx. Ymw{r sr tmor} rzur uyr mr o~rp{ u xm|. Rm|
|{wmtmz{ wmw |}moux{ {xw{ qor (tor} ut{n}msrz o |}{ux), |}ury |}u o~rv u ~x{oz{~u |{u
o~rpqm {yrrzm x{|mwm |}u |r}rqzrv xm|r u nrq}{ |}u tmqzrv.
I~r u m}mwr}zr xryrz |}u~~o zm ut{n}msrzuu uzuwm ut Xm}q. Ir~ym nxutwm
ry w{~lzml nr}{x ut w}pmzm Km}rowm 2 nxut _|{x (. 33, 6). Ot{n}msrzzv zm zrv ~uxz{
~uxut{omzzv tor} mwsr uyrr w}pxv {norqrzzv {n{qw{y pxmt u |{qw{o{ouqz{r { ({zu,
|}moqm, zr o~|m tm w{z} nr}{xu), rp{ xm| ~ zmyrrzzyu nrq}{y u x{|mw{v mwsr tmor}m~l ~|u}mxlyu, m uyruv mw{r sr tmor} rzur o{~ mwsr |{qlz w |m~u (w{{}ml, o|}{ry,
tmw}m). V{p}rnrzur w}pmzm Km}rowm 2 qmu}r~l |{ {nzm}srzz{v o zry p{x{owr xom ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u o{~{z{p}rr~w{v }mn{ o |}rqrxm o{}{v |{x{ouz VII o. q{ z. . 91
Xxrqr zmtom mwsr p}|| |}{u~{qlu ut wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{zm n}{zt{o u w{~lz zmw{zrzuw{o z{srz, w{{}r {nzm}suom r~z{r }{q~o{ yrsq ~{n{v u n{xrr {qmxrzz{r — ~ zm{qw{v ut Xm}q. c{v |{~xrqzrv {~{nrzz{ nxut{w zmw{zrzuw ut w}pmzm 21 Tm}mz~w{p{ y{puxzuwm
(. 33, 4) 92, uyruv mzmx{puz }mw{ow m u xm| tor}l (u {w{zmzul, m mwsr x{|mwm u nrq}{) u |{q{nz{r sr }m~|{x{srzur o{~m {z{~urxz{ (|}moqm, tmw}{v) |m~u. Q{y|xrw~ w}pmzm 21
Tm}mz~w{p{ y{puxzuwm, ouquy{, |}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzrz uxu zr~w{xw{ ~m} r Qrxr}yr~~wu w}pmz{o Ir~rx{o~w{p{ u y{sr n qmu}{omz {w{x{ ~r}rquz – }rrv ror}u VII o. q{ z. . 93 Ot q}pu wmowmt~wu zm{q{w, o{qlu o sr p}|| (n}{zt{or u w{~lzr nr}{xu ut |{p}rnrzuv 164,
216 u 258 Yxuv~w{p{ y{puxzuwm, ut ~. Ww o dsz{v U~ruu 94, ut {w}r~z{~rv Smvw{|m 95, ut
[m~wm 96, . 33, 1, 2, 5, 7, 8), {~{nrzz{ nxutwm ~m}q~w{v |xm~uzwr nr}{x ut |{p}rnrzul 216 Yxuv~w{p{ y{puxzuwm (~{su |}rsqr o~rp{ }mw{owm xm|, {~{nrzz{ |r}rqzrv, u o{~m, m mwsr }m~|{x{srzur o{~m {z{~urxz{ |m~u suo{z{p{), {l u {~mxzr |r}ru~xrzzr |}rqyr |{ uy
|}utzmwmy ~nxusm~l ~ zm{qw{v ut Xm}q. K{~m{z{ nxutwm zm{qwr ut Xm}q mwsr n}{zt{oml nr}{x ut w}pmzz{p{ |{p}rnrzul . Xr|z{v nxut Jqr}yr~m (. 33, 9) 97, {~{nrzz{ |{ }mw{owr
xm| u o{~m. Tm{qwu ut Qrxr}yr~~wu w}pmz{o mwsr qm q{~m{z{ nxutwur mzmx{puu |xm~uzwr
ut Xm}q. Nqr~ y{sz{ zmtom ut{n}msrzul ~or}zo rp{~l uzuwm zm n}{zt{o{y tr}wmxr ut o{}{p{
w}pmzm Ir~rx{o~w{p{ 98 (}mw{owm m u |m~u, xm|, o {y u~xr x{|mwu, u o{~m) (. 33, 18), zm
xm|m u o{~r tzmyrzu{v |mzr} ut |r}o{p{ w}pmzm _xm (. 33, 13) 99 (~{q~o{ o }mw{owr
pxmtm u |m~u, {w{zmzuv xm|, |{x{srzul o{~m {z{~urxz{ |m~u), zm w{~lz tqrz |}{zutl
ut w}pmzm 24, . r. }rrp{ w}pmzm _xm (}mw{owm m u pxmtm, xm|) (. 34, 2 – 3) 100. Q wrxr}yr~-
91 Oxuz~wml 1973, 14 –15, }u~. 5, 6; Oxuz~wml 1975, 53–54,
mn. XXXIV, 3; Kossack 1983, 154, Abb. 34, 5; Kossack 1987, 76,
Abb. 31, 1a.
92 Hmmro 1985, mn. 51, 20.
93 X}. Vr}rzw{ 1990, 65 –73; Sm{} 1991, 76; Gxrw~rro
1992, 48 –50; Srqorq~wml 1992, 93– 95.
94 Yr{o 1980, 233, 235, 236, }u~. 15, 6; 17, 5; 19, 2 – 3; 21; 23;
143, 239, Taf. 31, 223.
99 Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, 116 –121, 224 –225, Taf. 3, 13.
100 Jmxmzuzm, Gxrw~rro 1990, }u~. 6, 3– 6; Schiltz 1994, 74,
Abb. 53, ~ { un{zy wmtmzury zm yr~{ zm{qwu («Kelermes, Kurgan Nr. 1»); tqr~ sr (Abb. 53) |}uorqrzm {{p}mul
w{~lz{p{ w{xm ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}zo rp{~l tor}l ut
w}pmzm Yryu}-p{}m o Q}y ~ { un{zy wmtmzury zm rp{
Kossack 1983, 143, Abb. 28, 1; 34, 7 – 8.
95 Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 53, }u~. 15 –18, {~{nrzz{
|}{u~{sqrzur ut Qrxr}yr~~w{p{ w}pmzm 2. X}. |{q{nzr
nxut{w № 15 |{ }mw{owr |r}rqzrv xm|, pxmtm u m.
96 Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 45, }u~. 3.
34, 1): Jmxmzuzm 1983, mn. 9, 10,12 = Galanina 1985, Abb. 9,
97 Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 47, }u~. 3.
98 Kossack 1987, Abb. 19, 1; Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, 138 –
|}{zutu ut o{}{p{ w}pmzm Ir~rx{o~w{p{ (. 10, 26, 31;
10,12; Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, 240 –241, 247, Taf. 16; 22, 258,
259,374 – 377.
77
1
3
2
4
5
7
6
8
10
9
11
12
13
78
14
16
15
18
17
19
Wu~. 33 Ot{n}msrzul ~or}zo rp{~l tor}l o w{rozur~w{y tor}uz{y ~uxr.
1. Hr}{x ut ~. Ww, dszml U~rul; 2. Hr}{x ut |{p}rnrzul 164 Yxuv~w{p{ y{puxzuwm; 3. Hxlm ut w}pmzm 482 ~. Hm~{owm;
4. Hr}{x ut w}pmzm 21 zrw}{|{xl Tm}mz; 5. Hr}{x ut |{p}rnrzul 216 Yxuv~w{p{ y{puxzuwm; 6. Hr}{x ut w}pmzm 2
Km}rowu; 7. Hr}{x ut |{p}rnrzul 258 Yxuv~w{p{ y{puxzuwm; 8. Hr}{x ut [m~wm, U~rul; 9. Hr}{x ut w}pmzm
. Xr|z{v nxut Jqr}yr~m; 10. Hxlm ut w}pmzm 499 ~. Hm~{owm; 11. Hxl wm ut w}pmzm 33 y{puxzuwm Zvpm}mw; 12. Hxl wm
ut w}pmzm 27 y{puxzuwm Zvpm}mw; 13. Krmx nxlu o ouqr |mzr} ut Qrxr}yr~~w{p{ w}pmzm 1 _xm; 14. Hxlm ut w}pmzm
G}smz, Yom; 15. Wwm tr}wmxm ut }mv{zm Q}m~z{qm}~w{p{ o{q{}mzuxum; 16. Hxlm ut Nuour, u}mz~wuv Q}qu~mz; 17. Hxlm ut
Xunu}~w{v w{xxrwuu Vr}m I; 18. Wwm tr}wmxm ut Qrxr}yr~~w{p{ w}pmzm 2 Ir~rx{o~w{p{; 19. Hr}{x ut w{xxrwuu Hm}nrSxxr} o Mrzror, yr~{ zm{qwu zrutor~z{. 1– 3, 8 –12, 14, 15, 18. H}{ztm; 4 –7, 19. Q{~; 13, 16, 17. N{x{{
V{ Yr{o 1980, }u~. 21, 1,2,4,5 (1, 2, 5, 7); Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 47; 45, 3; 331, 3,23 (3, 8 –10); Hmmro 1985, mn. 51,
20 (4); Kossack 1987, Abb. 34, 5; 22, 1,2,4,9; 19, 1 (6, 13, 14, 16 –18); Iu zro~wml 1973, mn. IX, 8,16 (11, 12);
Vlzw{o, Ym}mnmz{o 1997, }u~. 4 (15); Barbier 1996, fig. 7 (19)
79
~wuy or~ym nxutw{ mwsr ut{n}msrzur ~or}zo rp{~l tor}l zm n}{zt{o{y tr}wmxr, |}{u~{qlry ut
}mv{zm Q}m~z{qm}~w{p{ o{q{}mzuxum (. 33, 15) 101.
Tm |xm~uzr ut Xm}q {~~or ut{n}msrzur z{~m ~or}zo rp{~l uzuwm, { q{~m{z{ }rqw{
o~}rmr~l zm ~wu~wu orm. Uqzmw{ mzmx{puu u mw{y ~|{~{n ut{n}msrzul p{x{o suo{z{p{
uyr~l — w}{yr sr |{ylz nr}{xrv ut |{p}rnrzuv Yxuv~w{p{ y{puxzuwm, ut ~. Ww u [m~wm y{sz{ rr zmtom |}{zutu u nxlu ut w}pmz{o Hm~{owm 482 u 499 (. 33, 3, 10 ) 102.
Gzmx{puu |xm~uzwr ut Xm}q, |}{u~{qlur ut n{xrr o{~{z {nxm~rv (Zvpm}mw, G}smz,
Xunu}) (. 33, 11, 14, 17) 103 tzmurxz{ qmx r, ry |}ur}z{y{}~w{-wmowmt~wur |}rqyr, {l
}{q~o{ wmw {nrv w{y|{tuuu, mw u {qrxz qrmxrv (}mw{owm xm| u o{~m, |m~u) {rouqz{.
I|}{ry, {qz{ ut ut{n}msrzuv ~or}zo rp{~l tor}l, |}{u~{qlrr ut Zvpm}mwm (uqrzuzr n}{zt{or nxl wu ut w}pmz{o 27 u 28) (. 33, 12), zr~w{xw{ nxusr wmowmt~wuy zm{qwmy u |xm~uzwr ut
Xm}q 104. Q}{yr |r}ru~xrzz, ~xrqr |{ylz rr ~{qz ~ |xm~uzw{v ut Xm}q w{~lz nr}{x zrutor~z{p{ |}{u~{sqrzul, w{{}ml }mzu~l o ~{n}mzuu Hm}nr-Sxxr} o Mrzror (. 33,
19) 105. Ot{n}msrzzv zm zrv tor} {rz zm|{yuzmr ~m}q~w{p{ wmw |{ {nrv w{y|{tuuu, mw u
}mw{owr xm| u o{~m. Uqzmw{ |{~w{xw zu yr~{, zu {n~{lrx~om zm{qwu nr}{xu zrutor~z
(y{sz{ |{q{t}rom, { }r uqr { r}}u{}uu Y}uu uxu O}mzm), { |}rqyr |}mwur~wu zurp{
zr y{sr qm qxl zm u rxrv. Xxrqr tmyru rr, { tzmyrzuml nxlm ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}zorp{~l tor}l, w{{}{v |}u|u~omr~l |}{u~{sqrzur ut Nuour (. 33, 16) 106, tzmurxz{ qmx r {
nr}{xu ut Xm}q, ry |r}ru~xrzzr ~wu~wur u rz}mxz{mtum~wur oru. Nor} zm zrv ut{n}msrz
p{}mtq{ n{xrr }rmxu~uz{ u, |{smxv, rquz~orzzml qrmx, w{{}ml {nrquzlr rp{ ~ zmtomzzyu
|}rqyrmyu — { ~r}qrouqzml {}ym m. V{qo{ql u{p, y{sz{ {yru, {, {l u zr qmr~l
zmvu |{xz{v mzmx{puu |xm~uzwr ut Xm}q, o w{{}{v {nrquzlxu~ n o~r rr m}mwr}u~uwu, {nml
w{y|{tuul u o~r qrmxu ut{n}msrzul ~or}zo rp{~l uzuwm zm zrv zm{ql yz{p{u~xrzzr |m}mxxrxu o }mzzr~wu~wu |mylzuwm, {~{nrzz{ |mylzuwm wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{zm. G}unul |xm~uzwu
u~w~~o }mzzr~wu~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl zr otomr, mwuy {n}mt{y, ~{yzrzuv.
S{uo ~or}zo rp{~l tor}l, o {xuur { }lqm q}pu |}uzr~rzz w{rozuwmyu z{omuv, {~mx~l sq zr {xw{ ymx{mtuv~w{y, z{ u |r}~uq~w{y u~w~~o u, ouquy{, tm |}rqrxmyu ~wu{-~mw{~unu}~w{p{ wx}z{p{ w}pm zr nx }m~|}{~}mzrz 107. V{{y w{~lzml |xm~uzwm ut Xm}q o}lq
xu y{sr |}uzmqxrsm w{y-zunq, w}{yr w{rozuw{o ~wu~w{v wx}. Zuoml, { qmzzml
zm{qwm {}{ { ~}muuu}{omzm u qmu}{omzm ({zm |}{u~{qu ut ~x{l, zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |r}rw}omrp{ ~x{v wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym u qmu}r~l |{ {w}smry ymr}umx {w{x{ ~r}rquz
VII o. q{ z. .), rr u~{xw{omzur wmw ymr}umxz{p{ ~ouqrrx~om |}rnomzul wuyyr}uvro o Xm}qm
~mz{ou~l n{xrr ry or}{lzy. S |{xmry, mwuy {n}mt{y, rr {qz{ ~ouqrrx~o{ ymr}umxz{v
wx} u~{}ur~wu wuyyr}uvro — o u u~w~~or, |{-ouquy{y, u~|{xt{omx~l y{uo ~or}zo rp{~l o w{x{ tor}l ~ {~z{ozyu m}mwr}zyu u qxl }mzzrp{ ~wu~w{p{ u~w~~om ~uxu~ur~wuyu xryrzmyu (w}pxr pxmtm, {norqrzzr {n{qw{y, |{qw{o{ouqzr u, ~uxutmul xm| o ouqr
~|u}mxrv uxu w}sw{o u q}.).
101 Vlzw{o, Ym}mnmz{o 1997, 67 – 69, }u~. 4, 1.
102 Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 331, }u~. 3, 20 –23, zm u
z{y ouqr (mw, m~{ zm nr}{xl ut{n}msmr~l zr uzuw, m
sr |}rqyrm mzmx{puz{ ~m}q~w{v |xm~uzwr ut{n}msrzm
o }{pm). V{q{nzr y{uo zm mryrzuq~wu mwuzmwm loz{
r}~ suo{z{p{.
103 Kossack 1987, Abb. 2, 3,5,6,8,9.
104 Iu zro~wml 1973, 114 –115, mnx. IX, 8; X, 12.
105 Schiltz 1994, Abb. 48; Barbier 1996, 12, 36 – 37, Nr. 6, fig. 7.
106 Ghirshman 1964, fig. 158; Kossack 1987, Abb. 2, 4.
w{|z{r, |}ury |{qw{o{ouqz{r { uzuwm |}ro}mmr~l
loxl~l |}{uto{qzyu { w{rozur~wu {n}mt{o: Bernard
1976, 227 –246, {~{n. 243 –246; X{}{wuz 1978, 75 –78; Vr}ro{quw{om 1983, 96 –102; Vr}ro{quw{om 1994, 173–179. X}.
Stucky 1976, 13–23, pqr |}rq|{xmpmr~l zrtmou~uy{r }mtouur
y{uom o mryrzuq~w{y u~w~~or u qmsr yuq{-|r}~uq~w{r
107 Uz o~}rmr~l mwsr zm mryrzuq~wu nr}{xl V o. q{
oxulzur zm ~wu~wuv y{uo. Q}uuw ~y. Bernard 1976, 227 –
z. ., {qzmw{ sr o ~uxz{ qrp}mqu}{omo ry u ouq{utyrzrz-
246.
80
1.3.5 VXLIKUQU^LITO^LXQOL VWLKSLYa ON XGWK O KWZJO\
SGRUGNOPXQO\ VGSeYTOQUI
V}u }m~w{|wm Xm}q nxu zmvqrz u q}pur |}rqyr, o|{xzrzzr o tor}uz{y ~uxr u ~oltomryr mo{}myu u }m~w{|{w ~ ymr}umxz{v wx}{v w{rozuw{o, ~wu{o uxu wuyyr}uvro.
V}rsqr o~rp{, tqr~ nx{ {nzm}srz{ qor n}{zt{o |}{zutu, {qzm o {}yr p{x{o {}xm uxu l~}rnm,
q}pml — o ouqr ~uxut{omzz{p{ wxom (. 34, 4, 5) 108. Tm |r}o{v ut zu q{~m{z{ }rmxu~uz{
ut{n}msrzm p{x{om uz{v |u ~ w}pxy }rxrzy pxmt{y. Nmpzv wxo uyrr |}{|{}u{zmxzr }mtyr}, rp{ oz}rzzuv w{z} |{wmtmz rw{ u }rmxu~uz{. Tr~y{}l zm {, { o {v
p{x{owr zm |r}ov otpxlq y{sz{ ouqr oxulzur ~wu~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl, {zm zr zm{qu ~rnr
nxutwu mzmx{puv o |}ur}z{y{}~wu ymr}umxm. Zwmtomryr \. \m|ymzz{y 109 mzmx{puu qxl qmzz{v |}{zutu |}uzmqxrsm q}p{y, q{~m{z{ }m~|}{~}mzrzz{y o }mzzr~wu~wu |mylzuwm u|
wxo{ouqz |}{zutrv u zr y{p n zm|}ly ~{|{~moxrz ~ zm{qw{v ut Xm}q. Nm{, qrv~ourxz{, zm{qwr ut Xm}q or~ym nxutwu wmtmzzr Ks. Imxqnmy u \. \m|ymzz{y |}{zutu, }mzlur~l o Strr utlz u~w~~o o H{~{zr u o {qz{y zryrw{y m~z{y ~{n}mzuu (. 34, 6, 7) 110.
Q ~{smxrzu, zu {z{r yr~{, zu {n~{lrx~om zm{qwu u |}{zutrv zrutor~z; omsz{, {qzmw{,
{ {zu mwsr |}{u~{ql ut Smx{v Gtuu. Q}{yr {p{, rr qor |{q{nzr |}{zutu }mzl~l o Strr
Sr}{|{xurz o T-P{}wr (. 34, 8, 9) 111. Uqzm ut |}{zutrv (ut w{xxrwuu c. \r}rxqm) |}{u~{qu mwsr ut Smx{v Gtuu. K}pml, |{ ~x{omy rr |}rszrp{ oxmqrxm H. Hr}}u — ut Xunu}u, {qzmw{
m uz{}ymul zr q{~{or}zm u o Xunu}u |{q{nzr |}rqyr zrutor~z. I~r u |}{zutu {nrquzrz {nrv }rmxu~uz{v }mw{ow{v p{x{o |u, {quzmw{oyu rr |}{|{}ulyu u ~{qz{v |}{}mn{w{v qrmxrv. Xxrqr tmyru, { zm qo ut zu pxmt zr w}pxv u o|wxv, wmw zm q}pu,
m uyrr yuzqmxrouqz {}y 112. I~r { zr zm{qu nxutwu |m}mxxrxrv o }mywm }mzzr~wu~w{p{
tor}uz{p{ ~uxl. Kxl }mzzr~wu~w{p{ tqrz{p{ zmn{}m o o~ rv ~r|rzu m}mwr}z{ u~|{xt{omzur
w{~lz u n}{zt{o |}{zutrv o ouqr p{x{o p}u{nm}mzm, o {v uxu uz{v ~r|rzu ~uxut{omz,
{qzmw{ ut{n}msrzur p{x{o uz{v |u zm |}{zutl zr ~{x }m~|}{~}mzrz{. I|}{ry, {
y{uo q{o{xz{ m~{ o~}rmr~l zm |}rqyrm ~wu~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl, {qzmw{ {z }mwr~l ~{or} rzz{ uzmr. Kxl ~wu~w{p{ u~w~~om m}mwr}z{ p{}mtq{ n{xrr ~x{oz{r ut{n}msrzur. Q}pxv,
{nz{ {norqrzzv {n{qw{y pxmt |u ~uxz{ orxurz u m~{ tmyrmr xu zr o~ p{x{o.
Qxo rr n{x r pu|r}}{u}{omz, |}ury tmpz {z p{}mtq{ n{x r, ry zm ymx{mtuv~wu |}{zutl, u m~{ o{o~r tmw}rz o ~|u}mx. I wmr~or |}uyr}m y{sz{ |{ylz n}{zt{or |}{zutu ut
w}pmzm №9 . V{|{owm (. 35, 2) 113, zmvqrzzr my ~{oyr~z{ ~ srxrtzyu quxmyu, |}rqyr
tq ut w}pmzm Km}rowm 2 nxut _|{x (. 35, 3) 114, zmw{zrzuwu z{srz yrm ut |{p}rnrzul 246
Yxuv~w{p{ y{puxzuwm (. 35, 6) 115, Tm}mzm 6 (. 35, 4) 116, Wr|l{om{v y{pux 2 (. 35, 7) 117,
|{p}rnrzul 8 w}pmzm T{o{mxrw~mzq}{owm 7 (. 35, 1) 118 u q}. V{smxv, rquz~orzzy |}rqyr{y ut
~wu~w{p{ m}rmxm, ~{|{~mouyy ~ ymx{mtuv~wuyu |}{zutlyu, loxl~l qor nxlu ut w}pmzm 2
~. I{xw{o (}m~w{|wu Smtm}mwu 1897 p.) (. 35, 5) 119. c{ }rmxu~ur~wu }mw{omzr u qrmxutu}{omzr n}{zt{or p{x{owu |u. Q{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul, ouquy{, {z{~u~l w V o. q{ z. . Uqzmw{ u
nxl wu ~{l {~{nzlw{y ~}rqu |}{utorqrzuv ~wu~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl. I qmzz{y ~xmr zr u~wxrz{, uoml q{~m{z{ |{tqz qm |{p}rnrzul, p}rr~w{r wx}z{r oxulzur.
108 Waldbaum 1983, 40 – 41, pl. 6.
109 Hauptmann 1983, 266, Anm. 90.
110 Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 56, 9 –10; Waldbaum 1983, pl. 6.
111 Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 504, 505. X}. Herzfeld 1941, 271,
114 Oxuz~wml 1975, mn. XXXIV, 4; Kossack 1987, Abb. 33, 10.
115 Yr{o 1980, 235, }u~. 18, 2 – 3; 21, 6.
116 Hmmro 1985, mn. 21, 23.
fig. 374.
112 Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 56, 9; Muscarella 1988, 383.
113 Oxuz~wml 1968, 59, mn. LII, 1.
}u~. 11, 7; 12, 2.
118 Q{}rzlw{, Rwl w{ 1982, 156, }u~. 6, 3.
119 Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 321– 322, 324.
117 Oxuz~wml, S{t{xro~wuv, Yr}rz{swuz 1980, 42 – 43,
81
1
2
4
3
5
6
9
7
8
Wu~. 34 1– 3. Q{~lzr |}{zutu ~ ut{n}msrzury ~or}zo rp{~l uzuwm ut Qrxr}yr~~wu w}pmz{o. 4 – 9. H}{zt{or |}{zutu.
1. Q}pmz 2, }m~w{|wu T. O. Ir~rx{o~w{p{; 2, 3. Q}pmz 24, }m~w{|wu R. Q. Jmxmzuz{v; 4, 5. Xm}q; 6 – 9. Sr~{ zm{qwu zrutor~z{;
6. ^m~z{r ~{n}mzur, Jr}ymzul; 7. Strv utlz u~w~~o o H{~{zr; 8, 9. Strv Sr}{|{xurz, T-P{}w
V{ Jmxmzuzm / Galanina 1997, mn. 16, 259,374,375 (1– 3); Calmeyer 1985, Abb. 7 (4, 5); Hauptmann 1983, Taf. 56, 9,10 (6, 7);
Muscarella 1988, 383, Nr. 504, 505 (8, 9)
82
2
4
1
3
5
6
7
11
12
9
8
13
14
10
15
Wu~. 35 1–7. Ot{n}msrzul p{x{o uz{v |u o w{rozur~w{y tor}uz{y ~uxr. 8 –15. «Qxo{ouqzr» u «w{prouqzr» |}{zutu. 1. Tmw{zrzuw z{srz ut |{p}rnrzul 8 w}pmzm 7 ~. T{o{mxrw~mzq}{owm; 2. V}{zut ut w}pmzm 9 . V{|{owm; 3. Krmx
tq ut w}pmzm 2 ~. Km}rowm; 4. Tmw{zrzuw z{srz ut w}pmzm 6 y{puxzuwm Tm}mz; 5. Hxl wm ut w}pmzm 2 ~. I{xw{o
(}m~w{|wu 1897); 6. Tmw{zrzuw z{srz ut |{p}rnrzul 246 Yxuv~w{p{ y{puxzuwm; 7. Tmw{zrzuw z{srz ut |{p}rnrzul 2 w}pmzm
Wr|l{omml y{puxm; 8. Q}pmz 466 ~. Gw~uz; 9. Q}pmz 478 ~. I{xw{o; 10. Q}pmz 38 ~. Jxlv p{}{q; 11. V{p}rnrzur 1
w}pmzm Nmm}rvw{om y{puxm; 12. V{p}rnrzur 2 w}pmzm Wr|l{omml y{puxm; 13. Qmyrzz{y{~~wuv y{puxzuw; 14, 15. Vr}~r|{x.
1, 3, 4, 6. Q{~; 2, 5, 7 –11, 13. H}{ztm; 12. Q{p{ yrqorql; 14, 15. Qmyrz
V{ Kossack 1987, Abb. 32,1 (1); Oxuz~wml 1968, mn. XIII, 2; XXXIX, 24; LII, 1 (8, 9, 2); Oxuz~wml 1975, mn. XXXIV, 4 (3);
Hmmro 1985, mn. 21, 23 (4); Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 21, }u~. 4; 243; 324 (13, 10, 5); Yr{o 1980, }u~. 21, 6 (6); Oxuz~wml,
S{t{xro~wuv, Yr}rz{swuz 1980, }u~. 11, 7; 19; 36, 1 (7, 12, 11); Schmidt 1957, pl. 79, 4 –5 (14, 15)
83
Omw, zr~y{}l zm {, { o uw{z{p}muu mzm{xuv~wu |}{zutrv {mr~l zrw{{}{r }{q~o{
~ |}{utorqrzulyu tor}uz{p{ ~uxl, {~~our |}ly mzmx{puv uy o ~{n~orzz{ ~wu~wu |}ur}z{y{}~wu uxu wmowmt~wu |mylzuwm u w{zrz}mul |{q{nz orrv o Smx{v Gtuu |{to{xlr
|}rq|{xmpm, { o qmzz{y ~xmr }r uqr { zrw{v yr~z{v p}||r utqrxuv, o{o~r zr {nltmrxz{
~oltmzz{v przrur~wu ~{ ~wu~wuy (uxu wuyyr}uv~wuy) u~w~~o{y. Ot{n}msrzul uz{v |u,
{}xuz{p{x{o p}u{z{o u . q. nxu or~ym }m~|}{~}mzrz o u~w~~or }mtz zm}{q{o Vr}rqzrv
Gtuu u cpruq. I ~oltu ~ uy y{sz{ |{ylz mwsr yz{p{u~xrzzr ut{n}msrzul uz{v |u
ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u (w{zr VII – zmmx{ VI oo. q{ z. .), {nzm}srzzr |}u }m~w{|wm r~~w{p{ G}ryu~ul 120. X wmwuy zm}{q{y ~xrqr ~oltom qmzz p}|| |}{zutrv, {~mr~l zrl~zy — }r tqr~
y{sr uqu zr {xw{ { wuyyr}uvm uxu ~wum (wmwml-{ m~ u, ouquy{, zm{quxm~ o Ruquu |}u
Gxumr), z{ u { |r}~m, u { wmw{y-zunq ~{n~orzz{ ymx{mtuv~w{y zm}{qr, zm|}uyr}, ~myu xuquvm, u~|{xt{omo ry ut{n}msrzul p{x{o{w uz |u o |}lsu w{zrv.
I zrymx{v ~r|rzu mw{r {~~our {|}rqrxrzz{~u ~oltmz{ ~ zro{ty{sz{~ n{xrr uxu yrzrr
or}rzz{ qmu}{om oru, { w{{} uqr }r. Lquz~orzzy {~z{omzury qmu}{owu y{p n n
m}r{x{pur~wuv w{zrw~ zm{qwu |}{zutu o Xm}qm. Uzm nxm {nzm}srzm o |{yrrzuu, zm{qlry~l }lq{y ~ mxm}ry Qunrx u |}rq|{x{surxz{ u~{xw{omzz{y wmw q{y s}rm 121. Smr}umx, zmvqrzzv oyr~r ~ p{x{ow{v |u, qmu}r~l o{}{v ror} – ~r}rquz{v VI o. q{ z. . 122, {qzmw{
~mym {zm y{sr {z{~u~l u w n{xrr }mzzry o}ryrzu. I{ o~lw{y ~xmr, |}{zut u~|{xt{omxm~
o Xm}qm loz{ o{}uz{ u zr |{ zmtzmrzu — {zm nxm tmxum ~ouz{y, m rr zm{qwm o wx{o{y
w{y|xrw~r, ~oltmzz{y ~ mxm}ry Qunrx, uoml }{x l~}rnm o |}rq~moxrzul { zrv 123, qrxmr
|}rq|{x{srzur { wx{o{y u~|{xt{omzuu qmzz{v p{x{owu or~ym or}{lzy. \}{z{x{pur~wuv }mt}o yrsq o}ryrzry mwuoz{~u wuyyr}uvro o Smx{v Gtuu u m}r{x{pur~w{v qmu}{ow{v, |~ u
zr{z{v, p{x{owu l~}rnm, ~uxuomr |}rq|{x{srzur { rr |}uzmqxrsz{~u, wmw u q}pu |{q{nz
utqrxuv, zrw{v ymx{mtuv~w{v w{xr, zr ~oltmzz{v ~ wuyyr}uvmyu uxu ~wumyu.
I{}ml |}{zut «~wu~w{p{ u|m» ut Xm}q mwsr zmvqrzm ozr o~lw{v ~oltu ~{ ~x{ry wuyyr}uv~w{p{ }mtp}{ym, o zrqmu}ry{y ~yr mzz{y ~x{r 124. Uzm, zm|}{uo, |}uzmqxrsu u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrzz{y u| wxo{ouqz |}{zutrv, o {v uxu uz{v yr}r ~uxut{omz. Uzu utor~z o {rz
yz{pu }mzzr~wu~wu |mylzuwm, zmuzml ~ |{p}rnrzul 1921 p. Qmyrzz{y{~~w{p{ y{puxzuwm o
Qmnm}quz{-Hmxwm}uu, ~{rmrp{ xryrz |}rq~wu~w{v u }mzzr~wu~w{v wx} 125, m mwsr o
w}pmzm Gw~uz 466 u 3 (1886 p.) 126, I{xw{o 478 127, Jxlv p{}{q 38 128, Q{z~mzuz{owm 244 129,
Nmm}rvw{om y{puxm 1130 u q}. (. 35, 8 – 13).
c{ u| |}{zutrv nx, {qzmw{, tmuy~o{omz w{rozuw{o u q}puyu zm}{qmyu — ~zmmxm }m}myu (~}. o r { zm{qwr |{q{nz orrv o ~{~mor tqrz zmn{}{o ut Qm}yu}-Hx}m) (. 12, 3– 5,
7, 11– 14), m tmry |r}~myu. V{q{nzr |}{zutu zr {xw{ {nzm}srz |}u }m~w{|wm Vr}~r|{xl u o
zrw{{} q}pu yr~m (. 35, 14, 15)131, z{ u l~z{ }mtxuuy zm yz{p{u~xrzz ut{n}msrzul
w{zrv |r}~{o zm |r}~r|{x~wu }rxrm u q}pu ut{n}msrzul mryrzuq~w{v |{u (. 36) 132.
Ymwuy {n}mt{y, u ~{{zr~rzur qmzz{v |}{zutu ~ wmwuy-xun{ w{zw}rzy zm}{q{y tm}qzrz{ u {zm
120 Jacobsthal 1951, fig. XXXIV, a – d.
121 Hanfmann, Waldbaum 1970, 17 –19; Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss
u. a. 1983, 36.
122 Mitten 1968, 112.
123 Hanfmann, Mierse, Foss u. a. 1983, 36.
124 Waldbaum 1983, 40 – 41, pl. 6.
125 Or~~rz 1941, }u~. 4, 4.
126 Oxuz~wml 1968, mn. XIII, 2; XIX, 8.
127 Oxuz~wml 1968, mn. XXXIX, 24.
128 Oxuz~wml 1975, mn. II, 32.
84
129 Oxuz~wml 1975, mn. XIII, 16.
130 Oxuz~wml, S{t{xro~wuv, Yr}rz{swuz 1980, 59, }u~. 36, 1.
131 Schmidt 1957, 100, pl. 79, 3–5; Muscarella 1988, 219 –220,
~ xur}m}{v. Xy. mwsr Omura 1991, 323, Res. 7, 2 (}upuv~wml w}r|{~ Qmymz-Qmxr \w o 100 wy { Gzwm}).
132 Xy. Calmeyer 1985, 125 –144, Taf. 38 –50. X}. Bernard 1965,
271–273; Özgüç 1982, 123, pl. 64, 1a – b; I (}m~|u~zml m m |{~xrqzrv ror}u VI o. q{ z. .); Muscarella 1988, 219 –220;
Kossack 1989, 118 –119.
1
2
3
Wu~. 36 Ot{n}msrzul w{zrv mryrzuq~w{v |{u. 1, 2. Vr}~r|{x, }rxr m|mqmz; 3. Wm~|u~zml m m ut Sm m \wm
V{ Calmeyer 1985, Taf. 39, 41 (1, 2); Özgüç 1982, pl. 64, 1a (3)
85
mwsr zr y{sr ~um~l zr~{yzrzzy ~ouqrrx~o{y ymr}umxz{v wx} wuyyr}uvro uxu
~wu{o 133.
Q}{yr qo zmtomz n}{zt{o |}{zutrv o Xm}qm nx{ {nzm}srz{ rr qor n}{zt{o nxl wu,
~ux w{{} mwsr zm|{yuzmr ~wu~wuv tor}uzv ~ux. V}u }m~w{|wm mw}{|{xl ~}rqu zm{q{w
|{tqzroutmzuv~w{v |{u nxm {nzm}srzm nxlm ~ ut{n}msrzury wmnmzm 134, m zr~w{xw{ |{tsr
o xxuzu~ur~w{y ~x{r — nxutwml w |r}o{v |{ ~ux nxlm ~ ut{n}msrzury p{}z{p{ w{txm (. 37,
1, 2) 135. V}uyrmrxz{, { |{~xrqzll zr tmw{zrzm u |{-ouquy{y |}rq~moxlr ~{n{v |}{uto{q~orzzv n}mw, { ~ouqrrx~or { rr utp{{oxrzuu zm yr~r, o Xm}qm. Kmzzml zm{qwm ~qrxmzm
zr|{qmxrw { {p{ yr~m, pqr zr~w{xw{ }mz r nxm {nzm}srzm q}pml zrtmor} rzzml n}mw{omzml
n}{zt{oml |xm~uzm ~ {}zmyrz{y o ouqr }{tr{w 136. c{ y{sr ~ouqrrx~o{om { x{wmxutmuu o
qmzz{y }mv{zr yrmxx}pur~w{v ym~r}~w{v.
Qmnmz zm n}{zt{o{v |xm~uzwr }mtyr}{y 9,50 × 4,50 ~y ut{n}msrz ~ |{qsmyu z{pmyu, }m~|{x{srzzyu |m}mxxrxz{ |{q rx{y. Iq{x o~rv ~|uz uqr p}rnrz r}~u, y{}qm u rx{ y{qrxu}{omz q{~m{z{ qrmxz{ u }rmxu~uz{. Vxm~uzwm ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm yrz r |{ }mtyr}
(5,30 × 4,20 ~y). Q{trx ut{n}msrz ~ |{q{pzyu |{q x{our z{pmyu, |}ury w{|{ ~uxz{ ~{pz{v |r}rqzrv z{pu }m~|{xmpmr~l zmq w{|{y tmqzrv. J{x{om w{txm |{or}zm zmtmq, n{}{qm |mqmr zm
~|uz. Kxuzv, }mtqrxrzzv zm ~rpyrz, }{p }rtw{ tmpunmr~l zmtmq u |}uywmr ~o{uy w{z{y w
qxuz{v rr suo{z{p{, {punml n{x {r {. I rx{y |{ ~o{rv ymzr}r qor {|u~mzzr nxl wu {n}mt {rouqz{r ~uxu~ur~w{r rquz~o{. Unr {n~sqmryr nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu suo{z uyr
zm {n}mz{v ~{}{zr {qz{u|zr |rxu qxl w}r|xrzul. Uzu y{pxu u~|{xt{om~l o wmr~or xryrz{o w{z~w{v tq, {qzmw{ mw{r u |}uyrzrzur zury zr q{wmtomr~l — zu {qzm ut |{q{nz nxl
zr nxm {nzm}srzm oyr~r ~ q}puyu xryrzmyu w{z~w{p{ n{}m.
Hxusmv ur mzmx{puu nxl wmy ut Xm}q |}{u~{ql mwsr ut tm|mqz{v Smx{v Gtuu. c{ |}rsqr
o~rp{ nxl wm ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm ut Otyum zm S}my{}z{y y{}r, loxlml~l |{u {z{v w{|urv nxl wu ut Xm}q (. 37, 3) 137. K}pml }rtomvz{ nxutwml nxl wm zm{qu~l o {qz{y }u~w{y
m~z{y ~{n}mzuu. Sr~{ rr zm{qwu, w ~{smxrzu, zr utor~z{ (. 38, 1) 138. X{qzml nxl wm ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm (. 37, 4) 139 u qor n}{zt{o |}{zutu zr~w{xw{ uz{v w{z~}wuu ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm u wmnmzm zm{ql~l o w{xxrwuu H}umz~w{p{ ytrl (. 39, 1, 2) 140. Q{trx tqr~ ut{n}msrz
o q}p{v |{tr — rp{ p{x{om zr }mtor}zm zmtmq, m ~y{}u o|r}rq, {qzmw{ z{pu }m~|{x{srz o|{xzr
mzmx{puz{ ut{n}msrzu zm nxl wr ut Xm}q. Q ~{smxrzu, zu {z{r yr~{, zu {n~{lrx~om
zm{qwu u nxl rw zrutor~z. Zwmtomr~l xu , { {qzm ut zu, ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm, nxm
w|xrzm o Y}{mqr, { |{to{xlr |}rq|{x{su rr |}{u~{sqrzur ~ ~ror}{-tm|mqm Smx{v Gtuu. Lr
{qzm {rz nxutwml zmtomzzy |}{zut ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm nxm zmvqrzm |}u }m~w{|wm q{}ur~w{p{ }mym V o. q{ z. . zm mw}{|{xr Jrx o sz{v Xuuxuu (. 39, 3) 141. V{q{nzml sr |}{zut,
|}{u~{qlml ut Y}uu, }mzu~l o {qz{y myr}uwmz~w{y m~z{y ~{n}mzuu, m q}pml, zr~w{xw{
{xumml~l |{ }mw{owr ut{n}msrzz{p{ suo{z{p{ u |}{u~{qlml ut Xu}uu — o Ro}r (. 38,
2, 3) 142. Ir~ym nxutw{ zmtomzzy mwsr ut{n}msrzur w{txm zm n}{zt{o{y |}rqyrr zrl~z{p{ zmtzmrzul (}w{l ?), {nzm}srzz{y o |{tqzry ~x{r (ouquy{, VI o. q{ z. .), |r}rw}omry }upuv~wur
133 V{|wu |}rq~mou zm{qwu |{q{nz |}{zutrv wmw
~ouqrrx~o{ |}u~~oul wuyyr}uvro uxu ~wu{o (~y.
{~{nrzz{ Ghirshman 1977, 27 – 37; Ghirshman 1983, 86 – 87),
138 Stucky 1985, 120, Taf. 65, Nr. 22.
139 Barnett 1962/1963, 99, pl. 50 a; Waldbaum 1983, 68 – 69, pl.
17, 7 – 8.
140 Hogarth 1908, 177, fig. 33; Otto 1941, 83, Abb. 3– 4; Kossack
mwuy {n}mt{y, xu rz {~z{omzuv.
134 Hansen 1962, 27 – 36.
1987, Abb. 5, 2,3 (~ { un{zy wmtmzury zm |}{u~{sqrzur
135 Waldbaum 1983, 67 –72.
136 Hanfmann 1962, 11–12, fig. 8; Hanfmann, Detweiler 1964,
ut cr~m u ~x{z{o w{~ wmw ymr}umx).
141 Orlandini 1956, 8 –10, Tav. III, 1–2; Stucky 1985, 120,
27, fig. 4.
137 Otto 1941, 81– 88, Abb. 1–2; Waldbaum 1983, 68, pl. 17,
Taf. 36, 5.
142 Stucky 1985, 120, Nr. 17, 19, Taf. 37, 1–2, 3– 4.
5 – 6.
86
1
2
3
4
Wu~. 37 H}{zt{or |xm~uzwu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}z w{tx{o u wmnmz{o. 1, 2. Xm}q; 3. Otyu; 4. Y}{mqm (?), H}umz~wuv ytrv
V{ Waldbaum 1983, fig. 17, 1– 8
87
1
2
3
Wu~. 38 H}{zt{or |xm~uz u |}{zutu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}z w{tx{o. 1. Sr~{ zm{qwu zrutor~z{, ]}u~w{r m~z{r
~{n}mzur; 2. Y}ul, m~z{r ~{n}mzur, X_G; 3. Xu}ul, Ro}
V{ Stucky 1985, Taf. 37, 1– 4; 65
88
1
2
3
4
5
Wu~. 39 Ot{n}msrzul p{}z w{tx{o u wmnmz{o. 1, 2. V}{zutu ut Smx{v Gtuu (?), H}umz~wuv ytrv;
3. V}{zut ut Jrx, dszml Xuuxul; 4. Vxm~uzm ut H{pmtwkl; 5. V}rqyr ut H{pmtwkl. 1– 3, 5. H}{ztm; 4. Q{~
V{ Hogarth 1908, fig. 33 (1, 2); Stucky 1985, Taf. 36, 5 (3); Boehmer 1972, Taf. IX, 172; LXVII, 1890 (5, 4)
89
|{~}{vwu zm H{pmtwkr (. 39, 5) 143. Nqr~ sr o ~yr mzz{y ~x{r nx {nzm}srz {nx{y{w w{~lz{v
|xm~uz ~ ut{n}msrzury nxutw{p{ u|m (. 39, 4) 144. Lr qor mzmx{puz nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury
w{tx{o, {qzm ut w{{} |}{u~{qu ut Y}uu, m yr~{ zm{qwu q}p{v zrutor~z{, }mzl~l o n{~{z~w{y Strr utlz u~w~~o (. 40, 1, 2) 145. Otor~rz u rr }lq |{q{nz nxl zrutor~z{p{
|}{u~{sqrzul ut n}{zt uxu w{~u, ut{n}msmu w{tx{o uxu wmnmz{o u }mzlu~l o }mtxuz
~{n}mzul 146.
Q qmzz{v p}||r orrv |}uywm yz{p{w}mz{ |{yuzmo ur~l o xur}m}r nxl wu ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u, zmvqrzzr |}u }m~w{|wm G}ryu~ul o cr~r. Uqzm ut zu ut{n}msmr w{txm, m q}pml
wmnmzm (. 40, 3, 4) 147. Tm nxl wr ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm uyrr~l {}zmyrz o ouqr qo o|u~mzz o
w}p yz{p{xro }{tr{w, }m~|{x{srzz zm nrq}r u x{|mwr suo{z{p{. cr~~wur utqrxul ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u ~uxu~ur~wu }rtomvz{ nxutwu |{yuzmo uy~l n}{zt{oy nxl wmy, {l o }mw{owr z{p wmnmzm tmyrz{ {xuur — {zu zr |{q{pz |{q rx{, m }m~|{x{srz |m}mxxrxz{ q}p w q}p
|{q px{y w zry, mw { wmnmz wmw n |}u|mx zm zu. cr~~wur nxl wu, o {xuur { n{x uz~om
q}pu, y{p n qmu}{omz |{ m}r{x{pur~w{y w{zrw~ ({nr nxl wu ut Xm}q u nxl wm ut Jrx
loz{ zmvqrz o{ o{}uz{y w{zrw~r). Uzu nxu {nzm}srz ~}rqu q}pu yz{p{u~xrzz utqrxuv
ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u |{q {~z{omzury zqmyrzm G}ryu~ul, wqm, ouquy{, |}u w}rt{o{v |r}r~}{vwr
|{|mxm m~ n{xrr }mzzu sr}orzz qm}{o. Ir~ w{y|xrw~ {nzm}srzz tqr~ |}rqyr{o q{~m{z{ or}rzz{ qmu}r~l o{}{v ror} VI o. q{ z. . — o}ryrzry, zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |}rq r~o{omo uy |r}r~}{vwr ~oluxum Q}rt{y, {qzmw{ m~ orrv {z{~u~l w n{xrr }mzzry o}ryrzu —
o {~z{oz{y w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VI o. q{ z. .; uyr~l u n{xrr }mzzur |}rqyr 148.
I |{~xrqzrr o}ryl qmzzml p}||m orrv |{|{xzuxm~ qoyl omszyu zm{qwmyu, |}{u~{qluyu
ut qmu}{omz ~x{ro cr~m. V}u }m~w{|wm mo~}uv~w{v w~|rquuu o G}ryu~uu nx{ {nzm}srz{
rr qom ut{n}msrzul w{|z ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u (p{}z{p{ w{txm u nm}mzm), {quz ut w{{} or~ym
nxut{w ~m}{v zm{qwr ut }m~w{|{w K. \{pm}m 149. Q{trx ut{n}msrz o {v sr |{tr, ~ p{x{o{v, {n}mrzz{v zmtmq, u uyrr, wmw u w{trx zm utor~z{v |xm~uzr, w}pu zm x{|mwr u nrq}r (. 41, 1). I{}ml
|xm~uzm ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u, ~ mw{v sr «w{}{nw{v» qxl w}r|xrzul zm tmqzrv ~{}{zr, wmw u zm ~m}
zm{qwm, ut{n}msmr nm}mzm o q}p{v {}{ { utor~z{v |{tr, ~ p{x{o{v, ~y{}lrv o|r}rq (. 41,
2) 150. Xuxu~ur~wu, {qzmw{, m up}m q{o{xz{ ~r~orzz{ {xumr~l { q}pu zm{q{w qmzz{v
p}||. cu |}rqyr |}{u~{ql ut ~x{l, |r}rw}{p{ {}{ { uw~u}ry{v srx{v |x{z{v |{or}z{~ |{u Q}rtm u |r}rw}omrp{ ~x{v {zw{p{ |r~wm. Unzm}srzzr tqr~ zm{qwu qmu}~l
yrsq w{z{y VII u ~r}rquz{v VI o. q{ z. . u o {~z{oz{y loxl~l sr}orzzyu qm}myu G}ryuqr
cr~~w{v, ~oltmzzyu ~ zm{qluy~l tqr~ mxm}ry. Xx{v mwsr zm~rz yz{p{u~xrzzyu w{~lyu sr}orzz suo{z u |r|x{y ~ pxry, {~mo uyu~l { sr}o{|}uz{ rzuv 151. Zuoml zm{qw
o H{pmtwkr |}rqyrm ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm o ~x{l VI o. q{ z. ., y{sz{ qmu}{om qmzz p}||
|}rqyr{o |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VI o. q{ z. .
^{ wm~mr~l yr~m |}{uto{q~om qmzz{v p}|| |}rqyr{o, { |}rq|{x{srzur {n u ~wu~w{y
|}{u~{sqrzuu {~z{oomr~l xu zm ozr zry o|rmxrzuu nxut{~u |}rqyrmy ~wu~w{p{ tor-
143 Boehmer 1972, 69 –70, Taf. IX, Nr. 172.
144 Schirmer 1969, 51, Taf. 39, Nr. 173; Boehmer 1972, 185 –
186, Taf. LXVII, Nr. 1890.
145 Waldbaum 1983, 69, pl. 18, 1–2, 7 – 8; Stucky 1985, 119 –
{qzmw{ {~z{omzul {v qmu}{owu zrl~z. X}. Bammer 1990,
148 –150.
149 Bammer 1988, Abb. 54 –55; Bammer 1988a, 12 –15, Abb. 16;
Vetters 1989, 89, Taf. V; Bammer 1992, 186, 190, pl. 8 a – b. X}.
120, Nr. 13, 18.
146 Amandry 1965, 153; Stucky 1985, 119 –121; Stucky 1987,
Ibid., pl. 8 c; Bammer, Muss 1996, 30, Abb. 26.
150 Vetters 1973, 183, Taf. VI; Bammer 1973/1974, Taf. 5, 1;
160 –164.
147 Hogarth 1908, 163–164, pl. 21, 5; 23, 2 (w{trx); 26, 3
Bammer 1988, Abb. 51; Bammer 1992, 186, 189, pl. 9 a – b;
(wmnmz).
148 Jacobsthal 1951, 85 – 95; Robinson 1951, 156 –167; Robinson
Bammer, Muss 1996, 30, Abb. 27.
151 Bammer 1988a, 1– 4, 23; Bammer 1991, 66, ~}. Bammer
1956, 1– 8; Atzinger 1970, 1686 –1688. I. Guzpr} qmu}r
1973/1974, 53–54; Brein 1978, 721–723; Bammer, Brein, Wolff
uzr}r~ur zm~ |}rqyr yrsq 560 u 550 pp. q{ z. .,
1978, 126, 143.
90
Bammer 1984, Abb. 72, 104; Stucky 1987, 161, Taf. 19, 3– 4;
1
2
3
4
Wu~. 40 V}{zutu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}z w{tx{o u wmnmz{o. 1. Y}ul, Strv utlz u~w~~o o H{~{zr; 2. Sr~{ zm{qwu
zrutor~z{, Strv utlz u~w~~o o H{~{zr; 3, 4. cr~~wuv G}ryu~uv. 1, 2. H}{ztm; 3, 4. Xx{z{oml w{~
V{ Waldbaum 1983, fig. 18, 1–2, 7 – 8 (1, 2); Hogarth 1908, fig. 23, 2; 26, 3a (3, 4).
91
1
2
Wu~. 41 Vxm~uz ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u ~ ut{n}msrzulyu p{}z{p{ w{txm u nm}mzm. cr~~wuv G}ryu~uv
V{ Bammer, Muss 1996, Abb. 26, 27
92
1
2
3
4
Wu~. 42 Hxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu wmnmz{o u p{}z{p{ w{txm.
1. O}mz; 2. Q}pmz ~. G}mzprx~wml ~x{n{qm; 3. Q}pmz 6 ~. Gxrw~mzq}{owm; 4. «Nuour». 1. H}{ztm; 2 – 4. N{x{{
V{ Stucky 1985, Taf. 38, 2 (1); Schiltz 1994, fig. 292 B (2); Oxuz~wml, Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 111 (3); Godard 1950, fig. 39 (4)
93
}uz{p{ ~uxl. V}u {y ~xrqr {yru, { mzmx{puu o ~wu~wu |mylzuwm, zm w{{}r y{sz{
wmtm, tzmurxz{ qmx r { ymx{mtuv~wu nxl rw, ry {zu yrsq ~{n{v. Ymw, zm|}uyr}, y{sz{
zmtom t{x{ nxl ~ ut{n}msrzury wmnmzm, zmvqrzz o w}pmzr №6 ~. Gxrw~mzq}{owm ({t
«Xmym}~wuv») o Kzr|}{|r}{o~w{v {nxm~u (. 42, 3) 152. cm nxlm, {qzmw{, uyrxm q}p{r zwu{zmxz{r zmtzmrzur u nxm zr m~ w{z~w{v tq, m w}m rzury z{srz yrm. K}pml mzmx{pul
qmu}r~l tzmurxz{ n{xrr |{tqzuy o}ryrzry. Wr uqr { r~u w}m mo u w{xmz t{x{ |xm~uzm ~ ut{n}msrzury wmnmz{o, w{{}r nxu {nzm}srz o w}pmzz{y tm{}{zrzuu }nrsm V–
IV oo. q{ z. . ~. G}mzprx~wml ~x{n{qm o \r}~{z~w{v {nxm~u (. 42, 2) 153.
I { sr o}ryl rr o 40-r pp. zm {~z{omzuu ~{|{~moxrzul r~~wu w{~lz |}rqyr{o ~ zrw{{}yu xuquv~wuyu }rxrmyu o~wmtomx{~ |}rq|{x{srzur {n u xuquv~w{y |}{u~{sqrzuu 154.
Tm{qwm n}mw{omzz{v nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury w{txm o Xm}qm |{qor}sqmr { |}rq|{x{srzur. Tr
yrzrr omszm w{zrz}mul |{q{nz utqrxuv o ~ror}{-tm|mqz{v Smx{v Gtuu |}u zrtzmurxz{y
w{xur~or ~w{xw{-zunq nxutwu mzmx{puv o ~wu~wu |mylzuwm Xror}z{p{ V}ur}z{y{}l.
Tmw{zr, zm }mzzu xuquv~w{-u{zuv~wu xrw}{o y{zrm up}u} ut{n}msrzul suo{z,
w{{}r y{p n ~{|{~moxrz ~ ut{n}msrzulyu zm |xm~uzm 155. Tmun{xrr or}{lzm qmu}{owm
u |}rqyr{o, wmw u |}{zutrv o ouqr }rmxu~uz{ u~|{xzrzz p{x{o{w uz{v |u, |r}o{v
|{x{ouz{v, or}{lz{ nxusr w ~r}rquzr, VI o. q{ z. . Ymwuy {n}mt{y, qmzzml p}||m zm{q{w, ~w{}rr
o~rp{, zr uyrr zuwmw{p{ {z{ rzul w ymr}umxz{v wx}r wuyyr}uvro, o{}srzul w{{} o
Ruqu u O{zu qmu}~l tzmurxz{ n{xrr }mzzuy o}ryrzry. S{sz{ nx{ n ~oltom u
|}rqyr ~ oxulzury zm xuquv~w{r u~w~~o{ ~wu{o, { |}rnomzuu wmw{v-{ p}|| w{{} o
Ruquu o ~oltu ~ xuq{-yuquv~wuy w{zxuw{y |}u Gxumr ~{{nm mzuzr mo{}. Ymw{r |}rq|{x{srzur, {qzmw{, zr {nltmrxz{. O~~xrq{omzur V. Gymzq}u 156 |{wmtomr, { zrw{{}r mw zmtomryr «~wu~wur» y{uo tor}uz{p{ ~uxl, o {y u~xr u ut{n}msrzur w{|z{p{, |}rsqr o~rp{ w{txm,
~ |{or}z{v zmtmq p{x{o{v, o qrv~ourxz{~u uyr pxn{wur (~ III ~. q{ z. .) nxuszro{~{zr
w{}zu u y{pxu o{vu o xuquv~w{r u~w~~o{ nrt o~lw{p{ m~ul ~wu~wu uxu wuyyr}uv~wu w{rozuw{o. O~{zuw{y oxulzul zm xuquv~w{r u~w~~o{ y{p n u O}mz, uoml uzrz~uozr xuq{yuquv~wur, m tmry xuq{-|r}~uq~wur w{zmw o rrzur VI o. q{ z. . \m}mwr}z{ |}u {y, { o
}mywm ~wu~w{p{ yu}m q{~m{z{ nxutw, {l u zr |{xz mzmx{pu ymx{mtuv~wuy |}rqyrmy,
w}{yr |{yuzmo rv~l nxlu ut w}pmzm №6 ~. Gxrw~mzq}{owm, ~{~moxl nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury
w{txm ut tzmyrzu{p{ «wxmqm Nuour» o u}mz~w{y Q}qu~mzr (. 42, 4) 157. U~{nml }{x |r}rqzro{~{z u u}mz~wu }mquuv o ~uxr |}rqyr{o ut {v p}|| q{~m{z{ {}{ { utor~zm. Lr
omszrr {, { uyr~l mwsr n}{zt{or nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury wmnmz{o, }rtomvz{ ~{qzr ~
ymx{mtuv~wuyu wmw |{ ~ux, mw u |{ qrmxly w}r|xrzul zm {n{}{z{v ~{}{zr u |}{u~{qlur ~
r}}u{}uu O}mzm (. 42, 1) 158. I { sr o}ryl |{q{nzr |r}ru~xrzzy ymx{mtuv~wuy utqrxuly
n}{zt{or nxl wu ~ ut{n}msrzury w{tx{o, |}{u~{qlur ut O}mzm, zm w{{}r ~~xm~l V. Gymzq}u u W. _wu 159, {l u {nzm}suom {|}rqrxrzz{r }{q~o{ ~ ymx{mtuv~wuyu zm{qwmyu, {qzmw{
{xum~l { zu n{x rv ~rymuz{~, uz{v }mw{ow{v qrmxrv u . q. Uzu loz{ ~{~moxl
{n{~{nxrzz ~{ ~uxu~ur~w{v {wu t}rzul p}||.
152 Q{omxrom, I{xw{n{v, Sm}uzm u q}. 1978, 331– 332, {{;
Q{omxrom, S{|mq 1982, 98, 100 –101, }u~. 5, 3; 6; Oxuz~wml,
1993, 69, Nr. 25.
154 Barnett 1948, 18.
155 Xy., zm|}uyr}, ut{n}msrzur p{x{o wmnmzm zm y{zrr,
Yr}rz{swuz 1987, 99, 111 (}u~.); S}tuz 1984, 29, }u~. 15.
153 Rr~w{o 1972, 56 –59, }u~. 35, 37; ^r}zrzw{ 1981, 55 –56,
zury w{txm: Bammer 1988a, 18, Abb. 29; Bammer 1991, 66 – 67,
Q{omxrom, I{xw{n{v, Q{~rzw{ u q}. 1978, 13, }u~. 2, 1–2;
}u~. 36; Vr}ro{quw{om 1986, 13, }u~. 3, 3. X}. mwsr }rtz{r
ut{n}msrzur wmnmzm zm qr}rolzz{y ~m}w{mpr ut o{}{p{ Hmmqm}~w{p{ w}pmzm zm Gxmr: Wqrzw{ 1960, 46 –51, }u~. 27m.
Qmnmz zm ~r}rn}lz{v |{t{x{rzz{v |xm~uzr ut |r}o{p{
Zxl|~w{p{ w}pmzm o Gqprr (V–IV oo. q{ z. .) ut{n}msrz
~{o~ry o q}p{v |{tr: Leskov 1990, 28 –29, Abb. 182; Katalog
94
zmvqrzz{v o cr~r o {qz{y ~x{r ~ |xm~uzw{v ~ ut{n}msrFig. 5.
156 Amandry 1965, 149 –160.
157 Godard 1950, fig. 39; Ghirshman 1979, pl. III.
158 Amandry 1965, 153, pl. XXIX, 3,4,6,7; Stucky 1985,
Taf. 38, 2.
159 Amandry 1965, 153; Stucky 1985, 119 –121.
2
1
3
Wu~. 43 Tm{qwu ut r~~w{p{ G}ryu~ul.
1. N{x{ml |{qor~wm o ouqr p{x{o nwm, orzmzz{v p{x{o{v xom; 2. H}{zt{oml |{qor~wm-nnrzr;
3. Xmwm n{puzu ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u
V{ Bammer 1991, fig. 10 (1); Bammer, Muss 1996, Abb. 28, 29 (3, 2)
95
S{sz{ w{z~mu}{om, ~xrq{omrxz{, { ymx{mtuv~wur nxlu, or}{lz{ xuquv~w{p{ |}{u~{sqrzul, ~qrxmzzr wmw ut n}{zt, mw u w{~u, |}rq~moxl ~{n{v {~{n p}||, ~{l {~{nzlw{y wmw { ~{n~orzz{ u}mz~wu, mw u { ~wu~wu |}rqyr{o. I{|}{~ |}{u~{sqrzul {p{ ~uxl
q{~m{z{ ~x{srz — tqr~ y{sz{ uyr o ouq wmw }mtz{{n}mtzr oxulzul, mw u zm~xrq{omzur ymx{mtuv~wu }mquuv. I m~z{~u, ~xrqr |{ylz w{~lz }rtn mw zmtomry{p{ «}upuv~w{p{
tor}uz{p{ ~uxl» VIII o. q{ z. ., }mtouomo ~l u o n{xrr |{tqzrr o}ryl, owxml |r}~uq~w |{,
u o}lq xu uyr wmw{r-zunq {z{ rzur w w{rozur~w{y u~w~~o 160. Ir}{lz{, yr~z{r |}{uto{q~o{ ut{n}msrzuv }mtxuz suo{z o tm|mqz{v Smx{v Gtuu nx{ ~oltmz{ tqr~ ~ wx{y
n{puzu, |{umo rv~l wmw πότνια θηρων, o m~z{~u G}ryuq cr~~w{v. Wmtz{{n}mtzr ut{n}msrzul suo{z, {nzm}srzzr o r~~w{y G}ryu~uu, ~xsuxu o{uozyu {nrwmyu, w{{}r
|{~olmxu~ o ~oluxur zm}lq ~ }rmxzyu sr}omyu 161. cu |}rqyr (owxml zm{qwu ut Xm}q,
cr~m u Y}{mq, |}uzmqxrsmur }m~~ym}uomry{v p}||r), w{{}r ~oltmz ~ yr~zyu }rxupu{tzyu |}rq~moxrzulyu u yr~z{v ut{n}mturxz{v }mquurv, o xn{y ~xmr zr zuwmwu {~z{omzuv
~um wuyyr}uv~wuyu uxu ~wu~wuyu.
O~{xw{omzur u |}rqyr{o wmw wuyyr}uv~wu o zrqmozrr o}ryl |}uorx{ w |{loxrzu pu|{rt {n «m~uu wuyyr}uvro o wxr» G}ryuq cr~~w{v u qmsr {n u |}um~z{~u w {~z{omzu
rr }mym 162. I r sr wmtomx{~, { zm{qwu |xm~uz ~ ut{n}msrzulyu w{tx{o zr y{p |{qor}sqm r{}u wmw |{{y, { {zu q{~m{z{ qmxrwu { {n}mt{o w{rozur~w{p{ tor}uz{p{ ~uxl,
mw u |{ }{z{x{pur~wuy ~{{n}msrzuly — {zu ~w{}rr o~rp{ {z{~l~l w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VI o.
q{ z. ., w{pqm wuyyr}uv sr |r}r~mxu up}m ~r~orzz }{x o Smx{v Gtuu. Q}{yr u
|xm~uz, G. Hmyyr} ~umr «wuyyr}uv~w{v» mwsr {nzm}srzz tqr~ sr t{x{ |{qor~w o ouqr
p{x{o xom, zm{qlrv~l zm p{x{or nwm, ~~xml~ |}u {y zm ~{qzr zm{qwu ut Qrxr}yr~~wu
w}pmz{o (. 43, 1) 163. Zwmtmzzr uy mzmx{puu zr otom ~{yzrzul, {qzmw{ wrxr}yr~~wur |}rqyr qmoz{ nxu uqrzuuu}{omz wmw qrmxu yrnrxu m~~u}{-omoux{z~w{p{ u|m, w{{}ml o{quxm o
~{~mo q{nu, zmp}mnxrzz{v ~wumyu o{ o}ryl u |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{q{o. cu |}rqyr ~{or}rzz{ sq ~r|z{v }mquuu u zm{ql ~rnr mzmx{puu ~}rqu utqrxuv |r}rqzro{~{z{v {}rouwu164. Ymwuy {n}mt{y, t{x{ml |{qor~wm mwsr zr uyrr {z{ rzul w ~r|zy w{rozuwmy u q{xszm
n ~oltmzm ~ Vr}rqzrv Gturv.
Tro{ty{sz{ ~oltom ~ wuyyr}uvmyu u qor n}{zt{or |{qor~wu o ouqr nnrz{o, {qzm ut w{{} w}m rzm ~uxut{omzzyu p{x{owmyu |u (. 43, 2) 165. V}rsqr o~rp{ ~xrqr {or~u |}uo{quyr G. Hmyyr}{y mzmx{puu. Tmvqrzzr zm Xmy{~r w{x{w{xuwu, zm w{{}r {z ~~xmr~l, zr uyr
zuwmw{p{ {z{ rzul w r~~wuy nnrzmy: {zu {w}r ~zut u uyr w{zur~w uxu o{~yup}mzz {}y 166. ^m~ u w{x{w{xuw{o |}uzmqxrsu {}{ { utor~z{y }m}~w{y u|. Tusr
l |{q}{nz{ }m~~ym}uom o{|}{~ { }m~|}{~}mzrzuu u qmu}{owr w{x{w{xuw{o u nnrz{o, |{{y
tqr~ {p}mzu~ xu w}mwuyu tmyrmzulyu (|{q}{nz{r {n{~z{omzur u ~~xwu zm xur}m} umrx zmvqr o pxmor 2.2.6). Hnrz zmvqrzz{p{ o cr~r u|m ~{or} rzz{ zr utor~z o ~r|l. Hxutwur mzmx{puu uy y{sz{ zmvu o u}mz~wu u o yrz rv yr}r o tmwmowmt~wu |mylzuwm, pqr {zu nxu
}m~|}{~}mzrz rr o zmmxr II ~. q{ z. . V}uyr}z{ ~ ~r}rquz VIII o. q{ z. . |{q{nzr nnrz
}m~|}{~}mzl~l o ]rz}mxz{v u dsz{v Lo}{|r, ~zmmxm o |mylzuwm . z. «}mw{-wuyyr}uv~w{p{» p{}ut{zm (Xror}zml Omxul, Irzp}ul, H{pryul, \{}omul), m tmry u zm tm|mqz Hmxwmzm, o
Boehmer 1972, 185 –186, Nr. 1887, pl. LXVI; Young 1964, 283,
163 Bammer 1988a, 15 –17, Abb. 24 –27; Bammer 1991, 66 – 67.
164 Xy. Jmxmzuzm 1991, 17, }u~. 1, 1– 3; Jmxmzuzm / Galanina
pl. 84, 14 (}rtzr |xm~uz, ut{n}msmur l~}rnm, zm|mo r-
1997, 154 –155, 227, 232, Taf. 4; 27, 91,92; 42, 35,36, ~ xur}m-
p{ zm tmvm, o{ty{sz{ sr |r}~uq~w{v |{u), ~}. mwsr rr
}{v.
165 Bammer 1988b, 23, Abb. 32; Bammer, Muss 1996, 32,
160 Young 1963, 354 – 356; Kohler 1964, 58 – 62, pl. XVII–XX;
{qz w{~lz |xm~uz ut H{pmtwkl: Beran 1962, 56 –57,
Abb. 47 – 48; Boehmer 1972, 185 –186, Taf. LXVII, Nr. 1891.
161 Bammer 1988a, 12 –18; Bammer, Muss 1996, 64, 80 – 82.
162 Bammer 1991, 66 – 67; Bammer, Muss, 29 – 32.
96
Abb. 29.
166 Jantzen 1972, 81– 84, Taf. 79, 80.
Smwrq{zuu u J}ruu. Urouqz{, ~ {qz{v ut u r}}u{}uv u q{xsz n ~oltmz nnrz ut cr~m. Tm{qwu q}pu |}rqyr{o mzm{xuv~w{p{, |mxr~uz~w{p{, rpu|r~w{p{ u q}. |}{u~{sqrzul o r~~w{y G}ryu~uu q{~m{z{ yz{p{u~xrzz 167. ^}rtomvz{ ~}mzz{ opxlqu |{|wm |}u|u~m
w{rozuwmy srz~w up} ut ~x{z{o{v w{~u, ~{l zm nmtr, {{}yxrzz{v o ouqr p{x{o |mzr} (. 43, 3). cm up}m, uyrml o|{xzr p}rr~wuv {nxuw 168, ~{or} rzz{ sqm ~r|z{y
u~w~~o. Tu {quz ut |}uorqrzz G. Hmyyr}{y |}rqyr{o zr y{sr n, ~xrq{omrxz{, ~oltmz ~{
~r|zyu w{rozuwmyu. Tu zr nrqurxzrr u rp{ |{|wm ~oltm ~ wuyyr}uvmyu xrprzq {n
mymt{zwm, w{{}r |{ p}rr~w{v }mquuu up}mxu }{x o {~z{omzuu wxm G}ryuq cr~~w{v.
Un}mt mymt{z{w, {}{ { utor~zv sr mo{} «Oxumq» (Γ 189, Ζ 186, ~}. Β 814)169, o~rpqm nx ~oltmz ~ Smx{v Gturv u |r}o{zmmxz{ zr uyrx zuwmw{p{ {z{ rzul w ~r|zy w{rozuwmy. V{-ouquy{y, p}rwu ~mxu m~~{uu}{om mymt{z{w ~{ ~wumyu zr }mz r V o. q{ z. . (Hdt. IV, 117)170.
K}pur oru ut Smx{v Gtuu, {rouqz{, zuwmw zr ~oltmzzr ~ wuyyr}uvmyu uxu ~wumyu, o}ryl
{ o}ryrzu mwsr m}unu}~l uy. Ymw, zm|}uyr}, c. Gw}pmx 171 zm rx o{ty{szy {|}rqrxu
~r}rn}lz m , {nzm}srzz o Zzur w o{~{w { Xmy~zm wmw «|{tqzrwuyyr}uv~w{r» utqrxur.
U~moxll o ~{}{zr o{|}{~ { tzmrzuu ~}mzz{p{ r}yuzm «|{tqzrwuyyr}uv~wuv», ~xrqr tmyru,
{ m m loz{ |}uzmqxrsu w}p mryrzuq~w{p{ u~w~~om ({ ry ~ouqrrx~or u m~ |}uorqrzz ~myuy c. Gw}pmx{y mzmx{puv) u zuwmw zr ~oltmzm ~ wuyyr}uvmyu uxu ~wumyu172.
V}uyr}z{ { sr y{sz{ ~wmtm u { ~qrxmzz{y zrqmoz{ S. T. V{p}rn{o{v tmyrmzuu { zmxuuu
«xryrz{o ~wu~w{p{ w{y|xrw~m o ~x{r II Kror \wm nxut Qm}ryu m, qmu}{omzz{p{ VI o.
q{ z. .» 173 I qrv~ourxz{~u zrw}{|{x II Kror \wm qmu}r~l o{o~r zr VI o. q{ z. ., m o}ryrzry
yrsq 480 u 380 pp. q{ z. . 174 I zry {nzm}srz zr {xw{ }rx{|m~zr zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx «~wu~w{p{» u|m 175, z{ u r~ mwuzmw{o (u|uz{ |r}~uq~w{r {}sur), |}u {qz{y ut w{{} zmvqrz
n}{zt{ov zmw{zrzuw z{srz, loxluv~l xu zr {z{v w{|urv zmw{zrzuwm, ut{n}msrzz{p{
zm {qz{y ut |r}~r|{x~wu }rxr{o 176. Oyrzz{ { mwuzmw u zm{qlml~l |}u zry nr}{x {}{ {
qmu}{omz zmvqrzzy ~ zuyu o {qz{y tm{}{zrzuu r}z{xmw{oy mur~wuy wuxuw{y, {z{~luy~l w{ o}ryrzu o~w{}r |{~xr 480 p. q{ z. . 177 I zrw}{|{xr Kror \w II {nzm}srz u q}pur |{q{nzr
nr}{xu, ~ux w{{} u|urz o{o~r zr qxl ~wu~w{p{, m qxl mryrzuq~w{p{ u~w~~om. Ozr}|}rmul qmzz{p{ |mylzuwm zr otomr zuwmwu ~{yzrzuv. Urouqz{, }r uqr { zrw}{|{xr, u~|{xt{omo ry~l qxl tm{}{zrzul o{uz{o {qz{p{ ut pm}zut{z{o |r}~uq~w{v m}yuu. Wmtyrr~l, o ~{~mor
{p{ pm}zut{zm y{pxu n u |}rq~mourxu, zm|}uyr}, ~}rqzrmtum~wu ~mw{o, {qzmw{ zu{ o uzorzm}r tm{}{zrzuv zr |{qor}sqmr {p{ |}rq|{x{srzul — }r y{sr uqu u { ~myu |r}~m, u {
|}rq~mourxl q}pu zm}{q{o |r}~uq~w{v uy|r}uu. e~z{, o{ o~lw{y ~xmr, { zrw}{|{x zr uyrr
zu ymxrv rp{ {z{ rzul zu w wuyyr}uvmyu, zu w ~wumy |{u |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{q{o.
167 Bammer 1991/1992, 16 –54.
168 I n{xrr }mzzrv |nxuwmuu ~my G. Hmyyr} zmtomr rr
or~ym or}{lzy. Un mymt{zwm ~y. |{q}{nz{ Blok 1995,
«eine ionische Elfenbeinkore»: Bammer 1988a, 5, {yrml o{~-
410 – 419.
171 Akurgal 1967, 32 – 38.
172 X}. Moorey 1980, 139.
{z{r oxulzur o {y, { srz~wml up}m ~{u zm p{x{or
uzuwm.
169 X}. Huxley 1960, 122 –124.
170 K}pur u~{zuwu ~y. Gutschmid 1894, 113, pqr |}rq|{xmpmr~l, { p}rwu ~oltmxu qmoz{ utor~zr uy xrprzq {n
mymt{zwm ~ ro}mtuv~wuyu z{ymqmyu |{~xr {p{, wmw |{tzmw{yuxu~ ~ ~mo}{ymmyu, o {nr~or w{{} srzuz-o{urxzu up}mxu omsz }{x. c{ |}rq|{x{srzur wmsr~l
~|rumxz{ { |{tqzrv qmr u ~oltu ~{ ~wumyu Blok 1995,
173 V{p}rn{om 1993, 87, |}uy. 3.
174 Moorey 1980, 7 – 8, 10.
175 Moorey 1980, 64 – 65.
176 Stucky 1976, 19, Abb. 11; Bernard 1976, 234, Nr. 10; Moorey
1980, 54, fig. 9.
177 Moorey 1980, 23.
CK@B@ 1.4
«
»
Qmgfugt uqpnaout} g{g utdgrhfgoja, lptpr|g drgna pt drgngoj qrjwpfjtsa dstrgybt} d mjtgrbturg (qrjygn ybstp s ogtpyo|nj ss|mlbnj ob qgrdjyo|g qucmjlbxjj nbtgrjbmb), p tpn, ytp obn
jidgsto| jipcrbhgoja sljvpd jmj ljnngrjkxgd drgngoj qgrgfogbijbtsljw qpwpfpd, sfgmboo|g ngsto|nj obrpfbnj.
1.4.1 PEKYET @XXSPM@VHPO@K@ II HG MHLPSD@
Orghfg dsgep smgfugt rbssnptrgt} rgm}gv @zzurobxjrqbmb II (884 – 858 ee. fp o. ~.) ji Mjnrufb
(. 44, 1), lptpr|k ybstp jsqpm}iugtsa lbl sdjfgtgm}stdp qrpojlopdgoja sljvpd jmj ljnngrjkxgd
d Ogrgfo @ij uhg d qgrdpk qpmpdjog IX d. fp o. ~. Mb ogn jipcrbhgo| lbljg-tp dsbfojlj, dppruhgoo|g mulbnj 1, lptpr|w qrgsmgfut bssjrjkx| ob lpmgsojxg. Z. @. Crbotpdsljk uhg ptngybm, ytp
tpmlpdbojg fboopep rgm}gvb lbl jipcrbhgoja sljvpd (fpcbdjn, j ljnngrjkxgd) ogdpinphop qp jstprjygsljn sppcrbhgojan, b ptmjyja ~toperbvjygslpep pcmjlb jipcrbhgoo|w ob rgm}gvg dsbfojlpd pt
jidgsto|w fboo|w p qrgflbw ibqbfo|w jrboxgd (qgrspd, njfao j fr.) sjm}op qrgudgmjygop 2. No slmpogo syjtbt} jipcrbhgoo|w ifgs} dsbfojlpd qrgfstbdjtgmanj tgw ibqbfopjrbosljw qmgngo, qrjsutstdjg lptpr|w d IX d. fp o. ~. d rbkpog xgotrbm}opep Jurfjstbob j qrjmgeb{jw pcmbstaw obfghop
ibsdjfgtgm}stdpdbop popnbstjygsljnj fboo|nj 3 j s lptpr|nj ifgs} stbmljdbmjs} bssjrjkx| qrj
@zzurobxjrqbmg 4. Qmgfugt ibngtjt} d sdaij s ~tjn, ytp jipcrbhgoo|g ob rgm}gvg dsbfojlj jsqpm}iut qrbdyjw, uqrbdma{jw fduna jfu{jnj rafpn lpoanj, sjfa ob pfopn ji ojw j psdpcphfba tgn
sbn|n rulj sjfa{jw ob dtprpn lpog dpjopd. Hsqpm}ipdbojg qrbdyjw c|mp wbrbltgrop jngoop fma
qgrgfogbijbtsljw dsbfojlpd, d tp drgna, lbl jrbosljg opnbf| (sljv| j ljnngrjkx|) ptlbibmjs} pt
1 B.M. 124559: Budge 1914, pl. XXIV, 2. Dboo|k rgm}gv qgrdpobybm}op tpmlpdbmsa lbl jipcrbhgojg sjrjkxgd: Hall 1928,
35, pl. XVI, 2, dsmgf ib ojn: Bossert 1951, 75, Abb. 967. Gbtgn
p «sgdgro|w jrboxbw»: Wäfler 1975, 266 –267, Anm. 1356.
2 Crbotpdsljk 1970, 370 – 372.
3 Crbotpdsljk 1970, passim.
c|mp qrgfmphgop djfgt} d ogn sbnpg rboogg jipcrbhgojg
4 Qwpfopg nogojg (jrbox| Gberpsb) sn. Winter 1983, 23,
sljvpd: Sulimirski 1954, 290 –293; Sulimirski 1970, 397, dsmgf ib
fig. 13. B pqucmjlpdboopk ogslpm}lp rbogg rbcptg pob spqp-
ojn: Dyson 1965, 208; Young 1967, 20; Meade 1968, 131; Yamau-
stbdmagt jipcrbhgojg ~tjw dsbfojlpd s oglptpr|nj pcob-
chi 1982, 70 –71; Yamauchi 1983, 92, s oglptpr|n jingogojgn
ruhgoo|nj ob Ubibomu IV dg{bnj, d ybstopstj lposljn
(«ljnngrjkx| drgngoj obybm}o|w obcgepd»): Hm}joslba
oberufojlpn j pfojn ji zmgnpd: Winter 1980, 4 –5, 14, 24.
1982, 45 – 47; Hm}joslba, Rgrgophljo 1987, 75 –77; pygdjfop,
Mbsgmgojg Ubibomu IV c|mp, pygdjfop, nboogksljn (t. g. og
tblhg qpf dmjaojgn R. Qumjnjrslpep L. Bgvmgr epdprjt
jrbosljn).
98
1
2
3
Pjs. 44 Pgm}gv| @zzurobxjrqbmb II ji Mjnrufb.
1. Pgm}gv B.M. 124559 (qpng{gojg B, qmjtb 27); 2. Pglpostrulxja rgm}gvpd qpng{goja B fdprxb @zzurobxjrqbmb II d Mjnrufg; 3. Pgm}gv ob
qmjtg 28 ji tpep hg qpng{goja
Op Budge 1914, Taf. XXIV, 2 (1); Meuszyński 1981, Taf. 3 (2); Meuszyński
1975, 64, fig. 17a (3)
99
ojw j lbhf|k jw dpjo-muyojl sbn uqrbdmam spcstdgoo|n lpogn. Dboopg obcmfgojg smuhjt fpqpmojtgm}o|n breungotpn qrptjd jfgotjvjlxjj jipcrbhgoo|w ob ojnrufslpn rgm}gvg dsbfojlpd s
ljnngrjkxbnj jmj sljvbnj. Jrpng tpep, ob qrjn|lb{gk l ~tpk ybstj rgm}gvb qmjtg c|m jipcrbhgo eprpf (jmj, dp dsalpn smuybg, lrgqpst}) ob cgrgeu rglj, ib{jtojlbnj lptprpep c|mj lpoo|g muyojlj j lptpr|k btblpdbmj bssjrjkx| (. 44, 2, 3). Jbl u stgo lrgqpstj, tbl j doutrj ogg jipcrbhgo| qgzjg dpjo|, pfgt|g tblhg, lbl lpoojlj 5. Braf mj ltp-ojcuf} rjslogt qrgfqpmphjt}, ytp
ljnngrjkx| jmj sljv| d ~qpwu @zzurobxjrqbmb og tpm}lp qrjsutstdpdbmj ob erbojxbw s @ssjrjgk,
op j dmbfgmj ifgs} eprpfbnj, lptpr|g c|mj d|ouhfgo| ib{j{bt} d wpfg bssjrjksljw qpwpfpd. Mblpogx, j tgwojlb strgm}c| obibf, lptprba syjtbmbs}, obqrjngr, L. Bgvmgrpn embdo|n breungotpn d
qpm}iu jfgotjvjlbxjj jipcrbhgoo|w ob rgm}gvg dsbfojlpd sp sljvbnj jmj ljnngrjkxbnj, og nphgt
sdai|dbt}sa mjz} s ojnj. L. H. Ppstpdxgd, qpsdatjdzjk ~tpnu tbltjygslpnu qrjgnu sqgxjbm}ou
rbcptu, tblhg qrjqjs|dbm gep jipcrgtgojg ljnngrjkxbn j sljvbn, cmbepfbra lptpr|n, lbl po syjtbm, ~tpt qrjgn stbm jidgstgo d Ogrgfogk @ijj d lpoxg VIII–VII d. fp o. ~. 6 Ztjn drgngogn po fbtjrpdbm sbn|g rboojg, qp gep nogoj, jipcrbhgoja strgma{gep obibf dsbfojlb, ss|mbas} qrj ~tpn ob
obkfgoou d @zzurg qgybt} s jipcrbhgojgn pwpt| ob c|lb (. 45, 1), j trj «vjojljksljw» ybzj.
Nqucmjlpdbdzjk jsqpm}ipdboou L. H. Ppstpdxgd|n qgybt} N. Bgcgr, pfoblp, fbtjrugt gg «plpmp
1000 e. fp o. ~.»7. Ogrgjifbdzjk gg Z. Ugrxvgm}f ptopsjm qgybt} l iobyjtgm}op cpmgg rboognu drgngoj — rbogg qgybtgk t. o. «quoltjropep stjma», t. g. g{g lp II t|s. fp o. ~. 8 Bqrpygn, sufa qp dsgnu, ~tb
qgybt} ptopsjtsa l eruqqg bssjrjksljw qgybtgk IX–VIII dd. fp o. ~. 9 Bstrgybtsa jipcrbhgoja «qbrvaoslpep d|strgmb» j ob fruejw ngspqptbnsljw qgybtaw, ptopsa{jwsa l IX–VIII dd. fp o. ~. 10 Hopefb
strgma{jg obibf dsbfojlj jipcrbhbtsa qbrbnj, pfoblp, qp lrbkogk ngrg d pfopn ji ~tjw smuybgd
pcb dsbfojlb qbr| — strgmlj, og jsqpm}iu{jg qrbdyjw 11. J tpnu hg drgngoj ptopsjtsa j raf qgybtgk s jipcrbhgojanj dsbfojlb, strgma{gep ygrgi epmpdu lpoa ob slblu 12.
Rbljn pcrbipn, «qbrvaosljk d|strgm» og c|m spdgrzgoop ogjidgstgo d Ogrgfogk @ijj j fp
ljnngrjksljw j sljvsljw qpwpfpd. Druepg fgmp, ytp lbl ~tpt qrjgn, tbl j strgm}cb s lpoa ob slblu,
pygdjfop, og qrjngoamjs} d tp drgna d nbsspdpn qpraflg, b npemj fgnpostrjrpdbt}sa mjz} ptfgm}o|nj djrtupibnj dpm}tjhjrpdlj, fb j tp slprgg og d cjtdg, b ob pwptg (ogfbrpn rgfljg jipcrbhgoja
strgma{gep s lpoa muyojlb jngtsa jngoop d sxgobw pwpt|, b og srbhgojk).
5 Or. Dr. III, N.W. XXX (slab 28). Ztb ybst} rgm}gvb og c|mb
tblhg, dgrpatop, fdg epmpd| j fdb tgmb dsbfojlpd. A. Obrlgr,
udgigob d Kpofpo j pstbmbs} d Mjnrufg: Layard 1849, 392 –
pygdjfop, syjtbgt dtpru epmpdu dsbfojlb, obwpfa{usa ib
393; Gadd 1936, 136; Abu es-Soof 1963, 66; Meuszyński 1981,
qmgypn qgrdpep, jipcrbhgojgn lpmybob. Op stjm qgybt}
24, Taf. 3, 2. Oucmjlbxj vptperbvjj sn. Meuszyński 1975,
fbtjrugtsa VIII d. fp o. ~., pcobruhgob d sngzboopn lpotgl-
64, fig. 17 – 17a.
6 Rostovtzeff 1943, 181.
7 Weber 1920, Nr. 514 (VA 5191).
8 Herzfeld 1938, 37, 50, 53 – 55, Nr. 134, Abb. 233.
9 Parker 1955, 103; Moortgat 1966, 70, 144, Nr. 653, Taf. 77.
10 Porada 1948, 74 –75, pl. XC, Nr. 624: dsbfojl strgmagt ob-
stg — dngstg s obwpflbnj, ptopsa{jnjsa l ~qpwg pt @zzur-
ibf ob slblu, xgmas} d lr|mbtpep c|lb, u ope mpzbfj mghjt
pcgiembdmgoo|k ygmpdgl; fbtjrugtsa ~qpwpk Qbrepob II qp
opdpbssjrjkslpnu stjm (d psopdopn IX–VIII dd. fp o. ~.).
12 Moortgat 1966, 75, 151, Taf. 87, Nr. 746 (VA 831): dsbfojl
swpfstdu mpzbfjopk uqrahj s jipcrbhgojanj ob embiurpdb-
(xbr} ?) strgmagt ob slblu d m}djopepmpdpep fgnpob (. 45,
o|w ljrqjybw ji @zzurb (. 45, 2).
11 Parker 1955, 103, pl. XIV, 3, ND. 2197: qbrb dsbfojlpd d
djfjnp, tpep hg drgngoj Herzfeld 1938, 50, Nr. 135: dsbfojl,
obxjrqbmb II fp @zzurcbojqbmb; Doumet 1992, 77, Nr. 136:
dsbfojl strgmagt d c|lb, pcgroudzjs} obibf ob slblu
(. 45, 3). Gb epmpdpk gep mpzbfj jnggtsa jipcrbhgojg g{g
pfopk, pfoblp fruejg fgtbmj jipcrbhgoja dtprpk mpzbfj jmj
dsbfojlb ptsutstdut. Ogybt} ptopsjtsa l «mjogbropnu»
5). Ogybt} fbtjrugtsa qp stjm ~qpwpk Qbrepob II. Qr. qgybt},
sxgog pwpt| ob c|lb (?) (. 45, 4). Qufa qp fdpkopnu jip-
qrgsmgfu{jk rpebtpg lpq|topg, strgmagt d ogep ygrgi epmp-
crbhgoj mulpd, pcb dsbfojlb qbr| — strgmlj. A. Obrlgr
du lpoa (. 45, 6). Mjlbljl smgfpd dtprpep lpoa jmj dsbf-
ibngybgt, ytp lrpng fdpkopep jipcrbhgoja epmpd| mpzbfj ob
ojlb ogt. Ogybt} qrpjswpfjt ji rbslpqpl Cgigrb, efg pcob-
qgybtj ogt ojlbljw qrjioblpd dtprpk mpzbfj jmj dsbfojlb,
ruhgob d «ygtdgrtpn sgnjtslpn» smpg (plpmp 1000 –550 ee.
pfoblp ob vptperbvjj asop rbimjybtsa fdg mjojj mulpd, b
fp o. ~.): Macalister 1912, vol. II, 346; vol. III, pl. CCXIV, 24.
100
2
1
4
3
6
5
Pjs. 45 Hipcrbhgoja lpoo|w muyojlpd ob bssjrjksljw qgybtaw
Op Weber 1920, Nr. 514 (1); Porada 1948, pl. XC, Nr. 624 (2); Doumet 1992, Nr. 136 (3); Parker 1955, 103, pl. XIV, 3 (4);
Moortgat 1966, Taf. 87, Nr. 746 (5); Herzfeld 1938, Abb. 234 (6)
101
Jrpng obidboo|w smgfugt uqpnaout} g{g fpstbtpyop nopepyjsmgoo|g jipcrbhgoja strgma{jw
ob slblu dqgrgf, ygrgi epmpdu mpzbfj, jmj obibf («qbrvaosljk d|strgm») dsbfojlpd d sxgobw pwpt|
ob urbrtsljw crpoipd|w qpasbw (. 46) 13. J sphbmgoj, ib gfjostdgoo|n jslmygojgn, ngstp j
pcstpatgm}stdb obwpflj dsgw ~tjw qpaspd ogjidgsto|; ogt ob ojw tblhg j obfqjsgk, tbl ytp poj npeut
c|t} fbtjrpdbo| mjz} ob psopdbojj spqpstbdmgoja s fbtjrpdboo|nj ~lignqmarbnj j stjmjstjygslpep bobmjib. U.-I. Jgmm}ogr fbtjrugt tbljg qpasb dtprpk qpmpdjopk VIII – dtprpk qpmpdjopk VII dd.
fp o. ~. 14 Qdaibop mj qpadmgojg tbljw jipcrbhgojk sp ioblpnstdpn sp stgqo|nj dsbfojlbnj, pstbgtsa
ogaso|n. Bp dsalpn smuybg, dsg lpoo|g strgmlj ob urbrtsljw qpasbw qp sdpgk pfghfg j pruhj ojygn
og ptmjybtsa pt sbnjw urbrtpd, obqrjngr, obwpfa{jwsa d lpmgsojxbw, j ogt ojlbljw psopdbojk
qrgfqpmbebt}, ytp ifgs} jipcrbhgo| yuhgignx|. Htbl, ogt psopdbojk qrjqjs|dbt} jipcrgtgojg «qbrvaoslpep d|strgmb» sljvbnj jmj ljnngrjkxbn — nphop epdprjt} mjz} p tpn, ytp poj dqgrd|g stbmj
qrjngoat} gep d nbsspdpn qpraflg d cp, stbmj jsqpm}ipdbt} lbl tbltjygsljk qrjgn. Orj ~tpn
Z. @. Crbotpdsljk uhg ptngybm, ytp draf mj n| nphgn epdprjt} p npopqpmjj pfojw mjz} sljvpd j
ljnngrjkxgd ob jsqpm}ipdbojg lpoo|w muyojlpd — dqpmog dgrpatop, ytp ~tjn djfpn dpksl zjrplp
qpm}ipdbmjs} j fruejg jrbosljg obrpf|, obqrjngr, nbrf|, obidboo|g Omutbrwpn (Luc. 31, 9)
ἱπποτοξόται 15.
Nfoblp smgfugt qpfygrlout}, ytp d fgkstdjtgm}opstj dsbfojlj ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb dpdsg
og qrjngoat obstpa{jk «qbrvaosljk d|strgm». B sbnpn fgmg, «qbrvaosljk d|strgm» — ~tp strgm}cb
obibf dsbfojlb, lptpr|k ptquslbgt qpdpf}a mpzbfj j uqrbdmagt g tpm}lp qrj qpnp{j zgolgmgk.
Brbej bssjrjkxgd hg qpdpf}a og ptquslbt — pfjo ji dsbfojlpd strgmagt ji mulb, b fruepk uqrbdmagt
fduna jfu{jnj rafpn mpzbf}nj. Braf mj nphop epdprjt} j p spiobtgm}opn qrjngogojj tbltjlj
~tpep «qsgdfpqbrvaoslpep d|strgmb»: bssjrjksljk rgm}gv jipcrbhbgt, lbl pc|yop, rbierpnmgoopep j
cgeu{gep drbeb, lptpr|k g{g q|tbgtsa ptcjdbt}sa. B ~tpn sn|smg spdgrzgoop bobmpejyop jipcrbhgojg rbierpnb bssjrjkxbnj brbcpd ob rgm}gvbw sgdgropep fdprxb @zzurcbojqbmb 16: sjfa{jg qp fdpg
ob dgrcmfbw brbcsljg dpjo| ptstuqbt, ptstrgmjdbas} pt bssjrjkxgd j, rbiunggtsa, strgmaa qrj ~tpn
obibf (. 47). Orj ~tpn tphg pfjo ji brbcsljw dpjopd strgmagt ji mulb, b fruepk uqrbdmagt dgrcmfpn: rbiojxb mjz} d tpn, ytp brbc| ob rgm}gvg @zzurcbojqbmb sjfat dfdpgn ob pfopn hjdptopn, b
dsbfojlj ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb — ob fduw jfu{jw rafpn. Dpstbtpyop cmjilpg jipcrbhgojg
spwrbojmps} g{g ob crpoipdpn dgfgrlg, pygdjfop, bssjrjkslpk rbcpt|, lptprpg qrpjswpfjt ji ibqbfopep Hrbob (sp smpd dmbfgm}xb lpmmglxjj, efg pop obwpfjtsa) (. 48). Mb ogn tblhg jipcrbhgob sqbsb{basa qbrb drbhgsljw dsbfojlpd, lptpr|w qrgsmgfut strgma{jg ji mulpd bssjrjkx| (?), obstuqb{jg ob lpmgsojxbw j dgrwpn. Nfjo ji qrgsmgfugn|w drbepd pcgroumsa j qpfoam rulu d tblpn hg
hgstg, lbl j dsbfojl ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb 17. Opfpco|g jipcrbhgoja cgeu{jw drbepd jngtsa
j ob fruejw bssjrjksljw rgm}gvbw, obqrjngr ob rgm}gvg ~qpwj @zzurcbojqbmb ji qpng{goja XXXIII
ep-ibqbfopep fdprxb Juofhjlb 18. Ddpg drbepd q|tbtsa sqbstjs} dgrwpn; poj pcgroumjs} obibf j
qpfoamj rulu d tblpn hg hgstg, lbl j pfjo ji cgeu{jw ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb (dgrpatop, hgst
d|rbhbgt npm}cu, ptybaojg, strbw jmj qpfpcopg). Pbiojxb ifgs} mjz} d tpn, ytp poj uhg qptgramj
pruhjg j fbhg og q|tbtsa spqrptjdmat}sa, b pfopep ji ojw obstje bssjrjksljk dpjo. Qwpfopg jipcrbhgojg jnggtsa j ob rgm}gvg Qjobwwgrjcb ji ep-ibqbfopep fdprxb Juofhjlb 19.
13 Bsbfojlj, strgma{jg dqgrgf: Kellner 1991, 30, 36 – 37,
sa{gnsa, djfjnp, l VIII–VII dd. fp o. ~.: Kunze 1931, 8 –12,
43– 44, 50, 51, 54 –55, 82, Taf. 2 –5, 12 –13, 24 –27, 35, 37, 43,
208 –209, Taf. 10 –20, Beil. 1, 4c.
14 Kellner 1991, 19–20; Kellner 1991a, 145–147, Nr. 2, 4, 5.
15 Crbotpdsljk 1970, 371.
87, Nr. 11, 13, 14 (lr|mbt|g lgotbdr|), 55 (lr|mbt|g lgotbdr|: drgna @rejztj II), 95 (lpogx VIII – sgrgfjob VII d.
fp o. ~.), 97 – 98, 130, 140, 174, 445. Bsbfojlj, strgma{jg obibf: Kellner 1991, 30 – 31, 33, 44, 47 – 48, 55, 59, 62, Taf. 4 – 9,
26 –27, 32, 46 – 47, 51, 58 –59, Nr. 12, 13, 19, 36, 99 (lpogx
VIII – sgrgfjob VII d. fp o. ~.), 115, 182 (VII d. fp o. ~.), 205,
224. Qr. g{g jipcrbhgojg strgma{jw obibf dsbfojlpd d
sxgog pwpt| ob crpoipdpn {jtg ji Hrblmjpob (Jrjt), ptop-
102
16 Or. Dr. VII, 29 (prjejobm og spwrbojmsa), B.M. 124925-6:
Barnett 1976, pl. XXXII–XXXIII.
17 Seidl 1985, Abb. 1, Taf. 26.
18 Paterson 1915, pl. 62– 64 (B.M. 124801).
19 Smith 1938, pl. XXXVII.
1
2
3
4
5
Pjs. 46 Hipcrbhgoja lpoo|w muyojlpd ob urbrtsljw crpoipd|w qpasbw
Op Kellner 1991, Taf. 5, 27, 35, Nr. 12, 13, 97, 99, 130
103
1
2
Pjs. 47 Pbierpn brbcpd bssjrjkxbnj. Pgm}gv| Qgdgropep fdprxb @zzurcbojqbmb. 1. B.M. 124925-6; 2. Or. Dr. VII, 29
Op Barnett 1976, pl. XXXII–XXXIII
104
Htbl, drbej bssjrjkxgd, jipcrbhgoo|g ob rgm}gvg @zzurobxjrqbmb, og jngt ojlblpep ptopzgoja l sljvbn jmj ljnngrjkxbn. Ztp lpoo|g muyojlj, op qrjngoa{jg pc|yo|k fma qgrgfogdpstpyo|w brnjk ~tpep qgrjpfb sqpspc uqrbdmgoja mpzbf} s qpnp{} qrbdygep. Qtrgm}cu obibf
(«qsgdfpqbrvaosljk d|strgm») poj draf mj qrjngoat lbl spiobtgm}ou tbltjlu — poj cgeut j strgmat obibf, d|ouhfgoo|g l tpnu lrbkojnj pcstpatgm}stdbnj. J tpnu hg rgy} jfgt og p lpygdojlbw,
b pc psgfmpn obrpfg, ib{j{b{gn pt bssjrjkxgd pfou ji sdpjw lrgqpstgk. Orgfmbebdzbasa uhg d
mjtgrbturg jfgotjvjlbxja ~tjw dpjopd s jrbosljn jmj lbljn-tp jo|n (qp sbnpnu rgm}gvu, lpogyop,
ogm}ia slbibt} ojygep pqrgfgmgoopep pc jw ai|lpdpk qrjobfmghopstj) obsgmgojgn o|ogzogep Jurfjstbob, lufb @zzurobxjrqbm spembsop qjs}ngoo|n jstpyojlbn spdgrzbm qpwpf|, nphgt c|t} qrjiobob ucgfjtgm}opk.
1.4.2 DPSCHE HGNAP@FEMH[ «MNL@DNB»
B lbygstdg qrjngrb fruejw jipcrbhgojk «sljvpd» jmj «ljnngrjkxgd» qrjdpfatsa vjeurlj dsbfojlpd ji Lgnvjsb, Jbrwgnjzb, Mgkrbcb j fr. 20. B tp hg drgna g{g Z. Ljoos, ji rbcpt| lptprpep
d lpogyopn jtpeg sljvpmpej ibjnstdpdbmj jipcrbhgoja ~tjw dsbfojlpd ji Lgnvjsb, fbtjrpdbm jw
V d. fp o. ~. j syjtbm jipcrbhgojanj sblpd, dwpfjdzjw d lpotjoegot rbsldbrtjrpdboo|w d Eejqtg qgrsjfsljw dpksl 21. @obmpejyo|g stbtu~tlj pcobruhgo| og tpm}lp d Mgkrbcg, op j dp nophgstdg fruejw
quoltpd Qjrjj, j dgifg poj fbtjrutsa ~qpwpk @wgngojfpd j fbhg ~mmjojstjygsljn drgngogn 22. E{g
L. H. Ppstpdxgd ibngybm qp jw qpdpfu: «Qptoj qpfpco|w stbtu~tpl bwgngojfslpep qgrjpfb obkfgo|
dp dsgw qpsgmgojaw, lptpr|g c|mj iboat| qgrsjfslpk brnjgk» 23. Pgy}, tbljn pcrbipn, jfgt p dgs}nb
nbsspdpn nbtgrjbmg bwgngojfslpk j ~mmjojstjygslpk ~qpwj, og jng{gn ojlblpep ptopzgoja l sljvbn j ljnngrjkxbn ~qpwj qgrgfogbijbtsljw qpwpfpd. Bpinphop, ~tp jipcrbhgoja dpjopd qgrsjfsljw
(b qpihg, djfjnp, j sgmgdljfsljw) lpotjoegotpd, d spstbd lptpr|w dwpfjmj j srgfogbijbtsljg sblj.
Nfoblp qrgfqpmphgojg p tpn, ytp uqpnaout|g fpstbtpyop swgnbtjyo|g vjeurlj jipcrbhbt jngoop
jw, fpmhop c|t} g{g fplbibop 24.
Gfgs} hg smgfugt uqpnaout} uqprop qpdtpragnpg d rafg rbcpt ptphfgstdmgojg lpoo|w dpjopd
lpygdojygslpep pcmjlb, jipcrbhgoo|w ob tgrrblptpd|w lmbipngosljw sbrlpvbebw (. 49 – 51) 25 j ob
«~trusslpk» dbig ji Bbtjlboslpep nuiga (Nr. 231) (. 52) 26, s ljnngrjkxbnj jmj sljvbnj ~qpwj
qgrgfogbijbtsljw qpwpfpd 27. Rblpg ptphfgstdmgojg oj ob ygn og psopdbop, b uyjt|dba, ytp dsg obidboo|g jipcrbhgoja ptopsatsa l trgt}gk ygtdgrtj VI jmj qgrdpk trgtj V dd. fp o. ~. 28, j ogdpinphop qp
20 Qn., obqrjngr Sulimirski 1954, 305; Yamauchi 1982, 84,
wbrbltgr ~tjw stbtu~tpl j ulbi|dbgt ob jw sdai} s jipcrbhg-
96 – 97; Hm}joslba 1982, 38 – 42; Hm}joslba, Rgrgophljo
ojanj @stbrt|.
25 Murray 1898, pl. I; Cook 1981, 31– 34, 37 – 39, fig. 22, pl. 40,
1987, 73–74.
21 Minns 1913, Addenda et corrigenda, XXXVII–XXVIII, fig. 0,
41, 52, 54 (G 1, G 11, G 13).
1–5.
22 Qn. obqrjngr Pézard 1922, 104, pl. XVI, 1–2; Carrière,
swpfou sxgou ob bttjygslpn fjopsg dtprpk ygtdgrtj VI d.
Barrois 1927, 205 –206, pl. LII, 43 – 45, 51– 53; Woolley 1938,
163, pl. X, sr. Woolley 1921, pl. 20; Woolley 1952, 257 –258,
pl. 70.
23 Rostovtzeff 1935, 188.
26 Beazley 1947, 1, pl. I, 1–2; Albizzati s.a., fig. 25, 26. Qr.
fp o. ~.: Graef, Langlotz 1925, Taf. XXXI, Nr. 606 (Abb. 53– 54).
27 D}alpopd 1956, 235, rjs. 41; Dufbrgd, Lbwprt|w 1981, 37 –
48; Hm}joslba 1982, 45; Wmgopdb 1984, 30; Dufbrgd 1991, 70 –
24 Qdpflu nbtgrjbmb j jssmgfpdbojg ~tpk eruqq| stbtu~tpl
71 j fr.
28 Beazley 1947, 1; Cook 1981, 59 – 61, 148 (plpmp 500 – 470 ee.
sn. Elayi 1991, 181–206, Tab. I–X. Pbiunggtsa, oj p sljvbw,
fp o. ~.).
oj p sblbw rgy} ifgs} og jfgt. @dtpr qpfygrljdbgt dptjdo|k
105
1
2
Pjs. 48 Abtbm}oba sxgob ob crpoipdpn bssjrjkslpn dgfgrlg (1, 2)
106
3a
3b
Pjs. 48 Abtbm}oba sxgob ob crpoipdpn bssjrjkslpn dgfgrlg
Op Seidl 1985, Abb. 1, Taf. 25, 26
107
108
Pjs. 49 Hipcrbhgojg ob lmbipngoslpn sbrlpvbeg ji Arjtboslpep nuiga (B.M. 96.6-15.1)
Op Murray 1898, pl. I
Pjs. 50 Dgtbm} jipcrbhgoja ob lmbipngoslpn sbrlpvbeg ji Arjtboslpep nuiga (B.M. 96.6-15.1)
Op Cook 1981, pl. 41
109
1
0
2
Pjs. 51 Dgtbmj jipcrbhgojk ob lmbipngosljw sbrlpvbebw.
1. Hinjr, Basmahane 3493; 2. Obrjh, Kudr, CA 1024
Op Cook 1981, fig. 22, pl. 54
110
6
1
2
3
4
Pjs. 52 «Ztrusslba» bnvprb ji nuiga Bbtjlbob (№ 231)
Op Beazley 1947, pl. I, 1–2 (1, 2); Albizzati s.a., fig. 25, 26 (3, 4)
111
Pjs. 53 @ttjygsljk fjops
Op Graef, Langlotz 1925, Taf. XXXI, Nr. 606
Pjs. 54 Dgtbm} tpep hg fjopsb
Op Graef, Langlotz 1925, Taf. XXXI, Nr. 606
112
wrpopmpejygsljn sppcrbhgojan. Syjt|dba fbtjrpdlu obidboo|w jipcrbijtgm}o|w qbnatojlpd, dsbfojlj ob ojw npemj c| ptphfgstdmat}sa slprgg s dpjobnj, dwpfjdzjnj d spstbd qgrsjfslpep dpkslb,
dlmybdzgep rbimjyo|g obxjpobm}o|g lpotjoegot| 29. Mbxjpobm}oba qrjobfmghopst} ~tjw dsbfojlpd
ogasob, op, dpinphop, rgy} nphgt jftj p srgfogbijbtsljw sblbw, uybstjg lptpr|w d qgrsjfslpn dpkslg wprpzp jidgstop.
B lbygstdg lur}gib nphop uqpnaout} g{g tpmlpdboja dbdjmposljw jipcrbhgojk strgma{jw ji
mulb lr|mbt|w lgotbdrpd XIII d. fp o. ~. lbl gdrbijksljw opnbfpd j qpq|tlj sdai|dbt} jw s frgdogkzjnj ljnngrjkxbnj jmj sljvbnj 30. Rblpg tpmlpdbojg, rbiunggtsa og jnggt ojlbljw psopdbojk, b
jipcrbhgoja rbio|w njvjygsljw su{gstd, jsqpm}iu{jw sbn|g rbio|g djf| pruhja, d tpn yjsmg j
mul, c|mj fpstbtpyop rbsqrpstrbogo| d ngspqptbnslpn jslusstdg II t|s. fp o. ~. Jr|mbt|k lgotbdr,
ybstp s wdpstpn slprqjpob j fduna epmpdbnj (ygmpdgygslpk j m}djopk) c|m, qp dsgk djfjnpstj jipcrbhgojgn spidgifja, qrgfstbdma{gep oglpg dtprpstgqgoopg cphgstdp dbdjmposlpep qbotgpob. Eep
jipcrbhgoja, pc|yop s mulpn, wpta jopefb j cgi ogep, fpstbtpyop ybstp dstrgybtsa ob dbdjmposljw
j bssjrjksljw qgybtaw j rgm}gvbw kudurru (nghgd|g lbnoj) XIV–XII dd. fp o. ~. (gst} j pfop jipcrbhgojg g{g III t|s. fp o. ~., ~qpwj III fjobstjj Srb – Hsjob, cgi mulb) 31 j, rbiunggtsa, og jngt ojygep
pc{gep s gdrbijksljnj opnbfbnj.
29 Qdpflu rbimjyo|w nogojk qp qpdpfu jotgrqrgtbxjj ~tjw
vbnj) lgotbdrpd og dpstpyopk, b botjyopk trbfjxjj. Ztb
dsbfojlpd sn. Kirchner 1987, 123–125. Apm}zjostdp bdtprpd
slmpoagtsa l tpnu, ytp ~tp qgrs| jmj erglj d qgrsjfslpk pfg-
sdai} stpm} hg ogpsopdbtgm}ob.
31 Qn. sdpflu nbtgrjbmb j gep jotgrqrgtbxj Seidl 1989,
hfg.
30 Sulimirski 1970, 395, fig. 90. Qr. Sorokin 1990, 145 –147, lp-
90 – 91, Nr. 749, pl. CXIII; Moortgat 1966, 68, 142, Nr. 617,
tpr|k sdai|dbgt s lpoo|nj opnbfbnj (ljnngrjkxbnj j slj-
Taf. 74; Parker 1977, 264, Nr. 28; Matthews 1990, 82, 98.
176 –178, sr. Herzfeld 1936/1937, 132 –135; Porada 1948,
R;LMU 2
:
= mncbybqwcg u^opf jy `y]okfif, upl lop^`ickkyc c`n^efgohfjf klj^b^jf ` G^ilg ;eff
m^j]pkfhf o ^nsclilafucohlg pluhf enckf] lpklo]po] h hcicnjcoohljq {p^mq n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny. J^j]pkfhf, lpklo]wfco] h mcn`yj pncj ucp`cnp]j VII `. bl k. {., q`cnckkl o`]ey`^|po] o foplnfucohfjf hfjjcnfgt^jf; pc, upl lpklo]po] h mloicbkcg ucp`cnpf VII f k^u^iq VI `. bl k. {., ^ p^hdc
hluc`kfucohfc m^j]pkfhf VII `. bl k. {. fe B^h^`h^ez] f Cn^k^, jlaqp _ypz lpkcocky h^h h hfjjcnfgt^j, p^h f ohfr^j. L ^nsclilafucohlg pluhf enckf] l_^ k^nlb^ hn^gkc pnqbkln^eifufjy.
=y`lb l mnfk^bicdklopf hfjjcnfgtc` f ohfrl` {mlsf mcncbkc^ef^pohfs mlslbl` h hcicnjcoohljq {p^mq n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny fjccp mnfktfmf^izklc ek^uckfc kc plizhl bi] snlklilaff, kl
f bi] foplnfucohlg fkpcnmncp^tff mnfucnkljlnohfs hluc`kfucohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Ik kcol`jcopfj o
pn^bftflkklg foplnfucohlg h^npfklg, opnlf`vcgo] k^ lokl`c {pfs m^j]pkfhl` f, oicbl`^pcizkl, pnc_qcp mcncojlpn^ {plg h^npfky. Lleb^kk^] k^ lokl`c ^nsclilafucohfs b^kkys foplnfucoh^] nchlkopnqhtf] lh^ey`^i^ ek^ufpcizklc `if]kfc f k^ fkpcnmncp^tf| mfozjckkys foplukfhl`. M^h, pn^bftflkk^] fbckpfrfh^tf] foplnfucohfs hfjjcnfgtc` o Hl`lucnh^oohlg hqizpqnlg f b^pfnl`h^ `plnlg
mlil`fklg VII `. bl k. {. ojcky {plg hqizpqny n^kkcohfrohlg mlbn^eqjc`^i^, upl ml]`ickfc ohfrohlal k^ocickf] ` Jnfucnkljlnzc, olmnl`ldb^`vcco] `ypcokckfcj hfjjcnfgtc`, mnlfoslbfil uqpz
if kc k^ ai^e^s mcn`ys ancucohfs hlilkfopl`. Vplp `y`lb mnf`lbfi h pljq, upl ^kpfuk^] pn^bftf],
ml`cop`q|w^] l_ {pfs ol_ypf]s, mncdbc `ocal olufkckfc >cnlblp^, oufp^i^oz ` `yovcg opcmckf e^oiqdf`^|wcg bl`cnf], mlohlizhq lk^ `lomnfkfj^i^oz h^h `loslb]w^] h o`fbcpci]j ollp`cpop`q|wfs
ol_ypfg. Ibk^hl, h^h qh^ey`^iloz, o^j^ ^nsclilafucoh^] pclnf], lpldbcop`i]|w^] hfjjcnfgtc` o
klofpci]jf mncbohfrohfs hqizpqn, ml]`fi^oz ` kcj^ilg opcmckf mlb `if]kfcj >cnlblp^. =lekfh^i,
p^hfj l_n^elj, e^jhkqpyg hnqa: ^nsclilaf oleb^`^if o`lf nchlkopnqhtff, ` ek^ufpcizklg opcmckf
lokl`y`^]oz k^ >cnlblpc, ` blopl`cnklopf o`cbckfg hlplnlal kc oljkc`^ifoz. Coplnfhf f rfililaf,
` o`l| lucncbz, mlbp`cndb^if blopl`cnklopz acnlblpl`ohlal n^ooh^e^ pcj, upl lk ollp`cpop`qcp nchlkopnqhtff foplnfucohfs ol_ypfg, oleb^kklg ml b^kkyj ^nsclilaff.
114
>F;=; 2.1
2.1.1 ?;MCKI=E; H;R;F; «E@F@KG@LLEI>I» VM;J;
K;HH@LECOLEID ENFUMNKT
Hc plizhl ` ;k^pliff, kl f ` n^glk^s h `loplhq lp ;oofnff, f b^dc ` B^h^`h^ezc, `opncu^|po]
mlupf fohi|ufpcizkl n^kkcohfrohfc `cwf hcicnjcoohlal mcnflb^. =cwf _licc n^kkcal, d^_lpfkohlal {p^m^ ebcoz mn^hpfucohf kcfe`copky. Elop]kyc mi^opfkhf o ncez_lg fe Mcgvc_^fkf, plihl`^`vfco] h^h qh^e^kfc k^ {plp mcnflb, k^slb]p ^k^ilaff ` m^j]pkfh^s h^h d^_lpfkohlal, p^h f hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ f, oicbl`^pcizkl, `mlikc jlaqp _ypz lpkcocky h mloicbkcjq. Vpl l_opl]pcizop`l jlail
_y o`fbcpcizop`l`^pz l k^u^ic hcicnjcoohlal mcnflb^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny qdc ` n^jh^s VIII `.
bl k. {., hlab^ foplnfucohfc foplukfhf rfhofnq|p mcn`lc fe`copklc oplihkl`ckfc mcncbkc`loplukys
tf`fife^tfg o hfjjcnfgt^jf (` 714 a. bl k. {.). Coplukfhf oll_w^|p ` {pl `ncj] kc plizhl l mlan^kfuklj oplihkl`ckff k^ oc`cnc Nn^npq, kl f ml]`ickff hfjjcnfgtc` aln^ebl |dkcc, ` n^glkc
G^kky.
= o`]ef o `lejldklopz| p^hlg b^pfnl`hf lol_yg fkpcnco mnfl_ncp^cp n^kkcohfrohfg hljmicho
hqna^k^ 15 q Lpc_ic`^ ` Jlnlozc, ^`plny mq_ifh^tff hlplnlal myp^|po] l_lokl`^pz cal b^pfnl`hq
VIII `. bl k. {. (. 55) 1. Eljmicho `hi|u^cp mncbjcpy hlkohlg qeby, pfmfukyc bi] hcicnjcoohlal
{p^m^ — dcicekyc lbklhlizu^pyc qbfi^ f pncsmcpcizu^pyc opcndkc`fbkyc mo^iff o e^akqpyj hlktlj
(^k^ilaff jklalufoickky, `hi|u^] l_^ Ecicnjcoohfs hqna^k^ =cocil`ohlal), ^ p^hdc rn^ajckpy
dciceklal ucvqgu^plal m^ktfn], blop^plukl u^opl `opncu^|wfco] ` hljmicho^s {plal `ncjckf 2. K]b
bnqafs mncbjcpl` hljmicho^ (dcicekyg k^hlkcukfh hlmz], hcn^jfh^) p^hdc blop^plukl slnlvl mncbop^`ick ` m^j]pkfh^s {plal `ncjckf, kl k^slbfp ^k^ilaff f ` hljmicho^s mncbybqwcal mcnflb^.
;pnf_qtf] b^kklal hljmicho^ h hcicnjcoohljq {p^mq n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny, p^hfj l_n^elj, `n]b
if jldcp `ye`^pz oljkckfc. Iol_yg fkpcnco oncbf k^slblh mncbop^`i]|p dcicekyg _lc`lg jlilp
f _nlkel`yc k^hlkcukfhf opnci i^`nlifopklg rlnjy o `kqpnckkcg `pqihlg. Vpf mncbjcpy, lol_ckkl
k^hlkcukfhf opnci, mn^hpfucohf kcfe`copky ` m^j]pkfh^s n^kkcohfrohlg f mncbohfrohlg hqizpqn
Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz] f Jncbh^`h^ez], lbk^hl k^slb]p oc_c _ifehfc ^k^ilaff ` |dklg Lf_fnf,
E^e^sop^kc f Lncbkcg ;eff 3. Gy qdc lpjcu^if k^ifufc {icjckpl` j^pcnf^izklg hqizpqny plal dc
1 Eiluhl, Lhlnfg 1993, 71– 84.
2 K^omnlopn^kckfc ucvqgu^pys m^ktfncg `l`oc kc l_]e^-
`lucnh^oohlal pfm^; lpo|b^ lkf n^omnlopn^k]ifoz b^izvc k^
oc`cn (oj. kfdc). Mcj o^jyj okfj^cpo] lbkl fe `len^dckfg
pcizkl o`]ey`^pz o mcncbkc^ef^pohfjf mlslb^jf hfjjcnfg-
mnlpf` n^kkcg b^pfnl`hf opc_ic`ohlal hljmicho^, h^h f bnq-
tc` f ohfrl`, h^h {pl u^opl bci^cpo]. M^hfc m^ktfnf _yif
afs m^j]pkfhl`, olbcnd^`vfs lop^phf m^ktfncg (Eqnluhfk
fe`copky ` B^h^`h^ezc cwc `l II pyo. bl k. {., ^ k^ Lc`cnklj
1994, 118).
3 Eiluhl, Lhlnfg 1993, 80 – 81, o ifpcn^pqnlg.
E^`h^ec ml]`i]|po] ` mncbohfrohq| {mlsq ` m^j]pkfh^s kl-
115
1
3
2
4
6
5
9
8
7
10
11
12
13
15
14
116
16
17
0
18
6
20
19
0
6
22
0
6
21
Kfo. 55 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] hqna^k^ 15 q o. Lpc_ic`l. 1–5, 11–16. Acicel; 6 –10. <nlke^; 17 –22. >ifk^
Jl Eiluhl, Lhlnfg 1993, nfo. 3–5
117
mnlfosldbckf] (mncdbc `ocal, _fjcp^iifucohfc hic`ty) ` hluc`kfucohfs m^j]pkfh^s G^ilg ;eff
f Jncbh^`h^ez], p^hdc lpklo]wfso] h hcicnjcoohljq mcnflbq n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny. Lpc_ic`ohfg
hljmicho ]`i]cpo] cwc lbkfj blh^e^pcizop`lj oqwcop`l`^kf] p^hfs o`]ecg. H^hlkcukfhf o `kqpnckkcg `pqihlg, _ifd^gvfc ^k^ilaff hlplnyj =. C. Eiluhl f L. ;. Lhlnyg omn^`cbif`l k^slb]p ` blop^plukl jklalufoickkys oncbkc^ef^pohfs f h^e^sop^kohfs m^j]pkfh^s IX–VIII ``. bl k. {., oiqd^p
ai^`kyj lokl`^kfcj bi] b^pfnl`hf opc_ic`ohlal hljmicho^ `ncjckcj kc mledc VIII `. bl k. {. @oif {p^
b^pfnl`h^ omn^`cbif`^, lk^ jldcp oiqdfpz `^dkyj ^naqjckplj ` mlizeq lpkcockf] k^u^i^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny cwc h VIII `. bl k. {. = o`]ef o {pfj oicbqcp lpjcpfpz, upl oncbf j^pcnf^il` Nga^n^hohlal jlafizkfh^ fe`copck `ocal lbfk k^hlkcukfh {plal pfm^, k^gbckkyg ` hqna^kc 84 `jcopc o _nlkel`yjf opncjcuhl`fbkyjf qbfi^jf f _fjcp^iifucohfj hic`tlj 4, plab^ h^h lop^izkyc k^hlkcukfhf
o `kqpnckkcg `pqihlg mnfk^bicd^p h _licc mlebkcjq pfmq ucpyncsan^kkys fif nlj_fucohfs ` ocuckff k^hlkcukfhl` 5. M^ dc h^npfk^ s^n^hpcnk^ f bi] hliu^kkys k^_lnl` n^kkco^hohfs jlafizkfhl`
L^h^n-u^a^ 5 f 6 6 f Wdkyg M^afohck 7.
@wc lbkfj qh^e^kfcj k^ n^kk|| b^pfnl`hq k^u^i^ hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ ]`i]|po] k^slbhf `
hljmicho^s {plal `ncjckf (` u^opklopf, b`^ {hecjmi]n^ ` hqna^kc 2 =cocil`ohlal, lbfk ` hqna^kc 1
Sqizt^ Ecicnjcoohlal kchnlmli]) ifpys _nlkel`ys vicjl` «hq_^kohlal» pfm^, hlplnyc fomlizeq|po] ` pcuckfc blop^plukl lan^kfuckklal mnljcdqph^ `ncjckf f `ohlnc `yslb]p fe qmlpnc_ickf] 8.
H^f_licc l_lokl`^kklg ` k^opl]wcc `ncj] mncbop^`i]cpo] afmlpce^ l mnlfosldbckff {plg anqmmy
vicjl` fe oc`cnklal Efp^], abc k^slbhf luckz _ifehfs {hecjmi]nl` fe`copky ` {mlsq e^m^bklal
Rdlq, ^ e^pcj, `fbfjl, p^hfc vicjy mcncop^|p fomlizel`^pzo] 9. H^slbhf vicjl` {plal pfm^ fe`copky
f k^ mnljcdqplukys pcnnfplnf]s — ` Jl`lidzc, Lncbkcg ;eff f |dklg Lf_fnf, p. c. p^j dc, abc
rfhofnq|po] f k^slbhf _fjcp^iifucohfs hic`tl` pfm^ k^gbckkys ` Cjfnicnc f Gqvc. Jlohlizhq
lhlku^kfc {mlsf e^m^bklal Rdlq lpklofpo] h 771 a. bl k. {., `n]b if jldkl b^pfnl`^pz e^fjop`l`^kfc
{plal pfm^ vicjl` ` Lncbk|| ;ef|, ^ e^pcj k^ Lc`cnkyg E^`h^e, jklal mledc {plg b^py.
Jncbmlildckfc l_ lpldbcop`ickff hfjjcnfgtc`, b^ f n^kkfs ohfrl`, o klofpci]jf mncbohfrohfs hqizpqn Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz], lol_ckkl Jncbh^`h^ez], f ocgu^o k^f_licc n^omnlopn^kckl
` ifpcn^pqnc. ?lop^plukl oh^e^pz, upl ml jckzvcg jcnc pnf jlklan^rff ml b^kklg pcjc, lmq_ifhl`^kkyc ` mloicbkcc `ncj], ^naqjckpfnq|p fjckkl p^hq| pluhq enckf] 10. Ibk^hl qdc kclbklhn^pkl lpjcu^iloz lpoqpop`fc ` Jcncbkcg ;eff bnc`klopcg mncbohfrohfs ^nsclilafucohfs hqizpqn. Np`cndbckfc
L. =. G^slnpys 11 l plj, upl ` Jcncbkcg ;eff fe`copky k^slbhf k^hlkcukfhl` opnci mncbohfrohlal
pfm^ lvf_lukl. =l `ocs oiqu^]s, ` plj ufoic f ` pcs, k^ hlplnyc lk ooyi^cpo], ncuz fbcp l k^hlkcu-
4 =fvkc`oh^] 1973, 89, p^_. XX, 10.
5 =fvkc`oh^] 1973, 90 – 91.
6 X_ilkohfg 1991, 85 – 86, nfo. 6, 7, 10; X_ilkohfg 1996,
34 – 42, nfo. 35.
7 Cpfk^, X_ilkohfg 1997, 46 –53, nfo. 70.
8 = mloicbkcc `ncj] ml]`fifoz b^kkyc, mle`li]|wfc mncb-
«hq_^kohfs» vicjl` bl pncpzcg ucp`cnpf VI `. bl k. {. kcize]
oufp^pz lhlku^pcizkl blh^e^kkyj bl k^slbhf p^hlal vicj^
` lbklj fe hljmichol` {plal `ncjckf.
9 =^nckl` 1992, 100 –104; ;ichocc` 1992, 37 – 38. Ln. Eljfoo^nl` 1988, 78 –79. G. =. >lncifh (1993, 168 –169) mncbmlufp^cp `le`lbfpz {pq anqmmq vicjl` h e^m^bklfn^kohfj f
mlildfpz, upl vicjy {plal pfm^ bldf`^|p bl ocncbfky –
qn^npohfj mnlplpfm^j, lbk^hl lkf aln^ebl b^izvc ml o`lcg
pncpzcg ucp`cnpf VI `. bl k. {. Jnf n^ohlmh^s hqna^k^ 9 q
rlnjc lp «hq_^kohfs» vicjl`, ucj hfp^gohfc, ` ucj q_cdb^cp
o. Eqtc`lil`h^ Efnl`lan^bohlg l_i^opf _yil l_k^nqdckl
f ol_n^kkyg o^jfj ^`plnlj j^pcnf^i, oj. >lncifh 1993,
h^jckklc k^banl_klc fe`^]kfc, fel_n^d^|wcc `lfk^ ` alil`-
p^_. LXII. Ln. Eqnluhfk 1993, 98. Jncbmlildckfc l e^fjop`l-
klj q_lnc, hlplnyg pn^hpqcpo] h^h vicj «hq_^kohlal» pfm^.
`^kff {pfs vicjl` ` Efp^g lp «k^nlbl` jln]» XIII–XII ``.
?^p^ lokl`klal e^slnlkckf] hqna^k^ lmncbci]cpo] l_k^nq-
bl k. {. ucnce E^`h^e f opcmf (>lncifh 1993, 171) h^dcpo]
dckkyjf ` kcj ancucohfjf ^jrln^jf ocncbfklg – pncpzcg
hn^gkc j^il`cnl]pkyj. Ln. p^hdc Rickl`^ 1993, 62 – 63;
ucp`cnpz| VI `. bl k. {. H^f_licc `cnl]pkl, upl fe`^]kfc
>^i^kfk^ / Galanina 1997, 114 –117. ;`plny {pfs n^_lp olif-
lpklofpo] h {pljq mlanc_ckf| f, oicbl`^pcizkl, b^pfnqcpo]
b^nfeq|po] o G. =. >lncifhlj, kc mnf`lb] blmlikfpcizkys
pcj dc `ncjckcj, upl jlail _y e^o`fbcpcizop`l`^pz fomliz-
^naqjckpl` ` mlizeq cal afmlpcey.
10 ?qb^nc` 1991; Vnifs 1994; G^slnpys 1994.
11 G^slnpys 1994, 22, 29 – 30.
el`^kfc «hq_^kohfs» vicjl` ` qh^e^kklc `ncj]: <lhfg, Iizsl`ohfg 1994, 151–163. =oc dc mncbmlildckfc l _ypl`^kff
118
kfh^s opnci p. k. ohfrohlal pfm^, b`qsilm^opkys («hcicnjcoohfc», fklab^ «d^_lpfkohfc») fif pncsilm^opkys (on. `yvc). Ivf_lukl f olmlop^`ickfc k^hlkcukfhl` opnci, k^gbckkys «` ;ji^vc», hlplnyc
]hl_y ]`i]|po] «ncbu^gvfjf bi] {plal ncaflk^», o k^hlkcukfh^jf fe Hlo^uc`^ f <cilan^bt^. =lmcn7`ys, pncsilm^opkyc k^hlkcukfhf opnci, fencbh^ k^slbfjyc ` hljmicho^s pfm^ Hl`lucnh^oohlal
hi^b^, k^mnfjcn ` Hlo^uc`c 12, fjc|p ol`cnvckkl fkq| rlnjq f kcolmlop^`fjy o k^hlkcukfh^jf fe
Cn^k^. =l-`plnys, {pf pnf (^ kc b`^, h^h mfvcp L. =. G^slnpys) pncsilm^opkys k^hlkcukfh^, l_k^nqdckkyc ` 9 mlanc_ckff q bcnc`ckz Vj^j f Mlj^bd^k k^ |dklj ml_cncdzc E^omfgohlal jln] 13 `l`oc
kc ]`i]|po] «ncbu^gvfjf» ` ncaflkc — k^mnlpf`, lkf mnfk^bicd^p h pfmq, unce`yu^gkl vfnlhl n^omnlopn^kckkljq ` Cn^kc k^ufk^] ol `plnlg mlil`fky VII `. bl k. {. f mledc. ?lop^plukl qmlj]kqpz,
k^mnfjcn, k^slbhq lhlil ucpyncs pyo]u p^hfs k^hlkcukfhl` ` Jcnocmlic (oj. `yvc l k^hlkcukfh^s
«ohfrohlal» pfm^, ` plj ufoic l pcs k^slbh^s, k^ hlplnyc ooyi^cpo] L. =. G^slnpys). Enljc plal,
mlanc_ckfc fe Vj^j^, l hlplnlj fbcp ncuz, kcp lokl`^kfg b^pfnl`^pz VIII–VII ``. bl k. {.; lkl `mlikc
jldcp mnfk^bicd^pz f h ek^ufpcizkl _licc mlebkcjq `ncjckf.
>. H. Eqnluhfk mnf`ci kcb^`kl cwc lbfk ^naqjckp ` mlizeq mlebkcg b^pfnl`hf n]b^ m^j]pkfhl`
hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny (Lp^nv^] Glafi^, =lihl`ty, ;ho|pfkty f bn.)14.
Loyi^]oz k^ nceqizp^py ^k^ifel` jcp^ii^ _nlkel`ys febcifg, mnlfoslb]wfs fe k^e`^kkys m^j]pkfhl`15, lk e^hi|u^cp, upl {pf mncbjcpy «fealpl`icky k^ mnlfe`lbop`ckklg _^ec ^kpfukys alnlbl`
Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz]» f, oicbl`^pcizkl, blidky _ypz mnlfe`cbcky mledc lokl`^kf] {pfs alnlbl` f k^u^i^ fs «vfnlhfs bcil`ys hlkp^hpl`» ol ohfr^jf k^ nq_cdc VII–VI ``. bl k. {., upl f lmncbci]cp b^pq ollp`cpop`q|wfs hljmichol`. = bcgop`fpcizklopf jcp^iilan^rfucohlc fooicbl`^kfc
=. ;. Elofhl`^ `l`oc kc mle`li]cp obci^pz p^hfs e^hi|uckfg. Lbci^kkyc fj `y`lby h^o^|po] kc jcop^
mnlfe`lbop`^ ^k^ifefnqcjys febcifg, ^ ifvz mnlfosldbckf] jcp^ii^, mloiqdf`vcal bi] fs fealpl`ickf]. ;`pln `ybci]cp kcohlizhl anqmm nqbkys jcoplnldbckfg (`lial-h^joh^], `lial-qn^izoh^],
h^nm^pl-pn^kofiz`^koh^], oc`cnl-h^`h^eoh^], bkcmnl`ohlal Jn^`l_cncdz]), oncbf hlplnys fjccpo] f
anqmm^ lmncbci]cj^] h^h «oynzc nqbkys _^e ^kpfukys alnlbl` Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz]». Licbqcp
e^jcpfpz, upl hlkhncpklc olbcnd^kfc mloicbkfs lop^cpo] kc]okyj: kfabc kc lal`^nf`^cpo], l h^hfs,
ol_op`ckkl, jcoplnldbckf]s fbcp ncuz. Gldkl mncbmlildfpz, upl ^`pln fjccp ` `fbq, upl {pf febcif]
fealpl`icky fe jcp^ii^, osldcal o jcp^iilj, fomlizel`^`vfjo] ` jcp^iiqnafucohlj mnlfe`lbop`c
ancucohfs j^opcnohfs. Jlb^`i]|wcc _lizvfkop`l mnl^k^ifefnl`^kkys ^`plnlj mncbjcpl` fealpl`ickl mnf {plj fe jcp^ii^, mnlfoslb]wcal fe n^eifukys foplukfhl` (luc`fbkl, ` nceqizp^pc `plnfuklg
mcncmi^`hf jcp^iifucohlal ilj^). Licbqcp l_n^pfpz lol_lc `kfj^kfc k^ pl, upl ncuz kc fbcp l_ fealpl`ickff ollp`cpop`q|wfs mncbjcpl` ancucohfjf ncjcoickkfh^jf — `l `ocs oiqu^]s, `hi|u^] f pc,
hlab^ {pf mncbjcpy mnlfe`cbcky fe «nqby ^kpfukys alnlbl`», lkf fealpl`icky `kc `o]hlal oljkckf]
ohfrohfjf, ^ kc ancucohfjf j^opcn^jf. Vpl kcqbf`fpcizkl — anchf `l`oc kc _yif mcn`llphny`^pci]jf nqbkys jcoplnldbckfg, hlplnyjf lkf `mloicbop`ff mlizel`^ifoz. Plnlvl fe`copkl, upl k^ifufc nqbkys jcoplnldbckfg _yil lbkfj fe oqwcop`ckkys r^hplnl`, `if]`vfs k^ `y_ln ancucohfjf
hlilkfop^jf jcop bi] mlocickfg (kchlplnyc fooicbl`^pcif b^dc oufp^|p `lejldkyj al`lnfpz k^
{plj lokl`^kff l «oynzc`lg hlilkfe^tff»), ` plj ufoic f mnf hlilkfe^tff Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz] 16. Vpl lek^u^cp, upl h jljckpq lokl`^kf] ancucohfs hlilkfg Jnfucnkljlnz] pc jcoplnldbckf],
hlplnyc `mloicbop`ff op^if «nqbklg _^elg» fs ncjcoickkfhl`, _yif slnlvl fe`copky f n^en^_^py`^ifoz (f `cnl]pkl qdc b^`kl) jcopkyj k^ocickfcj. M^hfj l_n^elj, ancucohfc hlilkff kc _yif cbfkop`ckkyj foplukfhlj jcp^ii^, mnlfoslb]wcal fe {pfs jcoplnldbckfg. Mlp r^hp, upl u^opz n^kkcohfrohfs _nlkel`ys febcifg fealpl`ick^ fe plal dc jcp^ii^, upl f mnlbqhtf] ancucohfs ncjcoickkfhl`, kc mle`li]cp ml{pljq e^hi|ufpz, _qbpl jcp^ii bi] {pfs febcifg mlop^`i]io] ancucohfjf hlilkfop^jf. Lhlncc `ocal, lk mnlfoslbfp fe n^en^_lplh {pfs jcoplnldbckfg, hlplnyc `cifoz jcopkyjf dfpci]jf bl lokl`^kf] ancucohfs hlilkfg. M^hfj l_n^elj, ^naqjckp >. H. Eqnluhfk^ kc fjccp ofiy.
12 Ln. Mcnckldhfk 1976, 80, 135, nfo. 45, 9.
13 Lj. Samadi 1959, 40; Samadi 1959a, 190, fig. 26.
15 Elofhl` 1992, 39 – 83.
16 Lj. Treister 1996, 146 –181, o ifpcn^pqnlg.
14 Eqnluhfk 1994, 118.
119
Hck^jklal _lizvc, ucj ` Jcncbkcg ;eff, mncbohfrohfs k^slblh b^dc f ` B^h^`h^ezc — ebcoz
jldkl k^e`^pz ifvz cbfkfukyc k^slbhf bcp^icg hlkohlg o_nqf kl`lucnh^oohlal l_ifh^ k^ pcnnfplnff >nqeff (Lqnjqvohfg hi^b f Eo^kohlc qwcizc) (. 56, 1– 5) 17. Lplnlkkfhf lpldbcop`ickf]
hfjjcnfgtc` o klofpci]jf mncbohfrohfs hqizpqn opnl]p o`lf mncbmlildckf] ` ek^ufpcizklg opcmckf
k^ blmqwckff plal, upl o^jyc n^kkfc mnlkfhkl`ckf] opcmk]hl` ` n^glky, `slbf`vfc ` mlic enckf]
^`plnl` hifklmfokys pchopl`, jlaif kc lop^`fpz j^pcnf^izkys oicbl`. B^ kcfjckfcj k^slblh mncbohfrohfs `cwcg ` Jcncbkcg ;eff mncbmnfkfj^ifoz mlmyphf l_k^nqdfpz, k^mnlpf`, mcncbkc^ef^pohfc mncbjcpy ` mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfh^s Jnfucnkljlnz] f foplihl`^pz fs h^h oicby hfjjcnfgohfs
mlslbl`. Hcb^`kl =. K. Vnifs o`ci `lcbfkl mlbl_kyc ^naqjckpy 18, lpop^f`^] fbc| l plj, upl `lckkyc
mlslby klj^bl` ` Jcncbk|| ;ef| k^u^ifoz cwc ` kl`lucnh^oohlc `ncj] f, ollp`cpop`ckkl, fbckpfrftfnq] hfjjcnfgtc` o klofpci]jf Hl`lucnh^oohlg hqizpqny. Enljc plal, pc dc o^jyc b^kkyc ]`i]|po] f `^dkcgvfj lokl`^kfcj bi] b^pfnl`hf m^j]pkfhl` kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^. = o^jlj bcic, coif
qb^opo] blh^e^pz, upl klofpcif {plg hqizpqny mnfkfj^if qu^opfc ` mlslb^s hfjjcnfgtc` ` Jcncbk||
;ef|, pl lpo|b^ _qbcp oicbl`^pz, upl lk^ oqwcop`l`^i^ `l `ncj] {pfs mlslbl`, p. c. bldf`^i^ ml jckzvcg jcnc bl mcn`lg mlil`fky VII `. bl k. {. M^hfj l_n^elj, ml]`fifoz kl`yc ^naqjckpy ` mlbbcndhq
pn^bftflkklg fkpcnmncp^tff ^nsclilafucohlal j^pcnf^i^, hlpln^] mnlpf`lncufp h^h mncbildckklg
` mcn`lg u^opf fbckpfrfh^tff ^nsclilafucohlg hqizpqny hfjjcnfgtc`, p^h f mlbn^eqjc`^cjlg c|
snlklilaff n^kkcohfrohfs f mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`.
H^j mnfbcpo] omctf^izkl lop^kl`fpzo] k^ n^e_lnc ^naqjckpl` p^hlal nlb^, pcj _licc, upl qbnc`kckfc k^u^i^ hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny o^jlc mlebkcc bl k^u^i^ VII, ^ `lejldkl
f bl hlkt^ VIII `. bl k. {., pnc_qcp f mcncojlpn^ mnfk]pys b^pfnl`lh mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`, `
u^opklopf lpklo]wfso] h kl`lucnh^oohljq hnqaq.
2.1.2 JKI<F@GT IMHILCM@FUHID PKIHIFI>CC JK@?LECOLECP J;GXMHCEI=
Jnl_icj^ lpklofpcizklg f ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` bl`lizkl u^opl `
mloicbkcc `ncj] mnf`ich^cp `kfj^kfc fooicbl`^pcicg, lbk^hl cc kcize] oufp^pz ncvckklg. Hcojlpn]
k^ oqwcop`ckkyc qomcsf ` lpbcizkys u^opklop]s, {pl omn^`cbif`l b^dc bi] lpklofpcizkys b^pfnl`lh
mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. =^dkcgvcg mnl_icjlg ebcoz, mld^iqg, lop^cpo] ollpklvckfc jcdbq
m^j]pkfh^jf ucnklalnl`ohlal f kl`lucnh^oohlal pfml`. = o`lc `ncj] ;. ;. Ccoock, `ybcif`vfg {pf
b`c anqmmy, oufp^i kl`lucnh^oohfc m^j]pkfhf _licc bnc`kfjf, ^ n^kkcohfrohfc — kcmloncbop`ckkyj mnlblidckfcj ucnklalnl`ohfs 19. Vpljq omlol_op`l`^il ` mcn`q| lucncbz oslbop`l jklafs mncbjcpl` fk`ckp^n], s^n^hpcnkys bi] ucnklalnl`ohfs f n^kkcohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`, mncdbc `ocal hlkohlg qeby (qbfi^ ol opcjcuhl`fbkyjf lhlku^kf]jf f pncsbynu^pyc mo^iff). =mloicbop`ff, lbk^hl,
;. C. Mcnckldhfk, mcn`lk^u^izkl oufp^`vfg m^j]pkfhf ucnklalnl`ohlal f kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^
lbkl`ncjckkyjf, lpkco mcn`yc h n^kkcg opqmckf mncbohfrohlg {mlsf (o b^pfnl`hlg 900 –750 aa.
bl k. {.), ^ `plnyc — h mlebkcg (o b^pfnl`hlg 750 – 650 aa. bl k. {.) 20. >i^`kyj lokl`^kfcj p^hlal
17 Ccoock 1953, 64, nfo. 8; =lnlkl` 1980, nfo. 2, 20; ;ichoc-
18 Vnifs 1994, 83– 97. Lp^pz] Vnifs 1994a, 168 –175 ]`i]cpo]
c` 1992, 80. Np`cndbckfc X. <lqech^, upl ` E^njfn-<iqnc
ifvz hn^phfj feildckfcj u^opf pncpzcg ai^`y k^e`^kklg
_yif k^gbcky «qbfi^ f bnqafc mncbjcpy pfm^ Rcnklalnl`hf»
jlklan^rff. Loyihf k^ kcc ml{pljq ` b^izkcgvcj kc b^|p-
(Bouzek 1983, 151) lvf_lukl. Hcmlk]pkl, upl lk fjccp `
o]. Ln. p^hdc Vnifs 1994_, 134 –150, abc hn^phl fei^a^|po]
`fbq, qmljfk^] ebcoz dc k^slbhf opnci «hfjjcnfgohlal»
kchlplnyc mlildckf] jlklan^rff. Jnlpf`: Jlifk 1994^,
pfm^ ` ;k^pliff. I k^slbh^s opnci «ohfrohlal» pfm^ oj.
147 –148.
19 Ccoock 1953, 99 –102; Ccoock 1954, 119, 127 –129.
20 Mcnckldhfk 1975, 3– 4; Mcnckldhfk 1976, 198 –207.
`yvc; mncbohfrohfc rlnjy ebcoz kc e^o`fbcpcizop`l`^ky.
Ln. Mlsp^ozc` 1993, 90.
120
2
3
1
4
5
8
9
7
6
11
10
Kfo. 56 1–5. Ei^b _nlkel`ys `cwcg fe Lqnjqvf, >nqef].
6 –11. <nlkel`yc mncbjcpy fe mlanc_ckf] 39 Eq_^kohlal jlafizkfh^
Jl Elnfbec 1965, nfo. 28 (1–5); ;krfjl` 1975, nfo. 2, 1,3; 3, 5,6; 4, 1,5 (6 –11)
121
lmncbcickf] lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff m^j]pkfhl` ucnklalnl`ohlal f kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ _yif
nceqizp^py n^ohlmlh H. =. ;krfjl`^ ` Jnfhq_^kzc, abc fj _yil fooicbl`^kl b`^ jlafizkfh^ —
Hfhli^c`ohfg f Eq_^kohfg21. Jlanc_ckf] mcn`lal fe kfs olbcnd^if mncbjcpy qeby ucnklalnl`ohlal
(opncjcuhl`fbkyc qbfi^, pncsbynu^pyc mo^iff), `plnlal — kl`lucnh^oohlal (b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^,
pncsmcpcizu^pyc mo^iff) pfml`. Jnf {plj ` mlanc_ckff 39 Eq_^kohlal jlafizkfh^ l_k^nqdcky opncjcuhl`fbkyc qbfi^ f pncsbynu^pyg mo^ifg o elljlnrkyjf lhlku^kf]jf ` olucp^kff o nlj_l`fbkyj
k^hlkcukfhlj opnciy «d^_lpfkohlal» pfm^, upl o`fbcpcizop`qcp l mnfk^bicdklopf {plal mlanc_ckf]
qdc n^kkcohfrohlg {mlsc (. 56, 7, 10, 11) 22. ;`pln n^ohlmlh lmncbcifi, upl Hfhli^c`ohfg jlafizkfh kcohlizhl op^nvc Eq_^kohlal, slp] `ncj] fs oqwcop`l`^kf] u^opfukl ol`m^b^il f l_^ jlafizkfh^ lpklo]po] h lbklg {mlsc. >i^`kyj lokl`^kfcj bi] p^hlal `y`lb^, k^ohlizhl jldkl oqbfpz, _yil
mncl_i^b^kfc ` mcn`lj _nlkel`ys k^hlkcukfhl` hlmfg k^b dcicekyjf mnfplj, upl `l `plnlj jlafizkfhc `oc hlmz] _yif dcicekyjf.
Kcvckfc ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj mnl_icjy ollpklvckf] ucnklalnl`ohlg f kl`lucnh^oohlg anqmmy
m^j]pkfhl` lop^`i]cp n]b mnl_icj kcncvckkyjf — lkl kc l_x]ok]cp, k^mnfjcn, opn^kkyg snlklilafucohfg n^eny` ` fomlizel`^kff lbklpfmkys opncjcuhl`fbkys qbfi, ^ p^hdc _ifelopz f bnqafs
hljmlkckpl` ucnklalnl`ohfs f n^kkcohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Vpf mnl_icjy op^if cwc lopncc mloic
mq_ifh^tff j^pcnf^il` _la^pcgvcal hqna^k^ ;nd^k ` Mq`c 23. Jl n]bq mlh^e^pcicg (` plj ufoic ml
s^n^hpcnq hlkohlg qmn]df) j^pcnf^i hqna^k^ o_ifd^cpo] o m^j]pkfh^jf ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^, upl
mle`lifil jklafj fooicbl`^pci]j (` plj ufoic o^jljq ;. C. Mcnckldhfkq) al`lnfpz l ucnklalnl`ohl^nd^kohlj mcnflbc 24. L bnqalg oplnlky, lk olbcndfp n]b mncbjcpl`, `ymlikckkys ` e`cnfklj opfic
f o_ifd^|wfs cal o n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqnlg.
= mloicbkcc `ncj] op^il k^h^mif`^pzo] `oc _lizvc j^pcnf^il`, o`fbcpcizop`q|wfs l oloqwcop`l`^kff, ml hn^gkcg jcnc u^opfuklj, kl`lucnh^oohfs f ucnklalnl`ohfs m^j]pkfhl` f l pcnnfplnf^izklg n^ean^kfuckklopf fs ^nc^il` 25. M^hfj l_n^elj, op^`fpo] mlb `lmnlo ^bch`^pklopz mncbildckklg ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj oscjy f `lekfh^cp `lejldklopz mncbmli^a^pz k^ifufc mnccjop`ckklopf
jcdbq qeblg ucnklalnl`ohlal f n^kkcohfrohlal pfm^ f bnqafjf h^pcalnf]jf k^slblh {pfs b`qs anqmm
m^j]pkfhl`. =mnlucj, `y`lb l u^opfuklj oloqwcop`l`^kff ucnklalnl`ohfs f kl`lucnh^oohfs m^j]pkfhl` kc l_]e^pcizkl mnlpf`lncufp pljq, upl ` tcilj ucnklalnl`ohfc m^j]pkfhf _licc n^kkfc, ucj
kl`lucnh^oohfc. Ibk^hl lk ohlncc `ocal o`fbcpcizop`qcp l plj, upl `plnyc kc ]`i]|po] mn]jyj mnlblidckfcj mcn`ys f, `fbfjl, mnfk^bicd^if klofpci]j bnqalg {pkfucohlg anqmmy.
Hcohlizhl fklg `^nf^kp ncvckf] {plg mnl_icjy _yi mncbildck =. C. Eiluhl f =. W. Gqnefkyj. Llai^okl {plg afmlpcec mncbmli^a^cpo] k^ifufc b`qs `lik hluc`kfhl`, mnfkcovfs ` Jnfucnkljlnzc ok^u^i^ ucnklalnl`ohq|, ^ e^pcj n^kkcohfrohq| hqizpqnq. Lslbop`l b`qs hqizpqn l_x]ok]cpo] fs l_wfj mnlfosldbckfcj — l_c lkf ]`i]|po] lpbcif`vfjfo] ` n^eklc `ncj] lp`cp`ickf]jf
hqizpqny, kcmncny`kl oqwcop`l`^`vcg ` Qckpn^izklg ;eff f mncbop^`ickklg, ` u^opklopf, hqna^klj
;nd^k. Jnf {plj ucnklalnl`ohfc m^j]pkfhf, ` ollp`cpop`ff o lpklofpcizklg snlklilafcg ;. C. Mcnckldhfk^, mnfek^|po] _licc n^kkfjf, ucj lokl`k^] u^opz kl`lucnh^oohfs 26. Jnl_icj^ `e^fjllpklvckf] ucnklalnl`ohfs f kl`lucnh^oohfs m^j]pkfhl` `l jklalj lop^cpo] kc]oklg. Xokl, lbk^hl, upl
mnfk]p^] ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj ifkcgk^] snlklilafucoh^] oscj^, ` hlplnlg ucnklalnl`ohfc m^j]pkfhf ojck]|po] kl`lucnh^oohfjf, ^ pc — n^kkcohfrohfjf, kc ollp`cpop`qcp fe`copkyj ocgu^o b^kkyj.
?lh^e^kkyj jldcp oufp^pzo] f ml hn^gkcg jcnc u^opfuklc oloqwcop`l`^kfc m^j]pkfhl` b`qs anqmm.
21 ;krfjl` 1961, 103–126; ;krfjl` 1971, 170 –177.
22 ;krfjl` 1975, 41– 42, 45 – 46, nfo. 2, 3; 3, 5 – 6.
23 >n]ekl` 1980; Grjaznov 1984.
jcpy qeby kl`lucnh^oohlal f ucnklalnl`ohlal pfml` (mnlpf`
24 Ln., lbk^hl, ` mloicbkcc `ncj] `len^dckf] mnlpf` `ybc-
173–183; G^slnpys 1994, 48 –50; Jlifk 1994, 156 –158.
ickf] {plal mcnflb^, olmnl`ldb^|wfco] ljlildckfcj b^pf-
I_eln oj. ;ichocc`, E^u^il`^, Mlsp^ozc` 1993, 51–76.
26 Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1987, 12 –19; Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989,
nl`hf ;nd^k^: Rickl`^ 1997.
25 Fcohl` 1984, 147 –152; ?q_l`oh^] 1989, 63– 69, o qh^e^-
122
kfcj k^ n]b hljmichol`, olbcnd^wfs lbkl`ncjckkl mncbLhlnfg 1991, 14 –25); <lhfg, >ln_qi, Ipnlwckhl 1991,
61–71; Gqnefk 1990, 15 –28.
Jlbnl_klc n^oojlpnckfc {plg mnl_icjy kc `slbfp ` k^vq e^b^uq. ?i] `y]okckf] b^pfnl`hf rlnjfnl`^kf] n^kkcohfrohlg f lhlku^kf] oqwcop`l`^kf] Hl`lucnh^oohlg hqizpqny blop^plukl b^pfnl`^pz ifvz o^jyc mlebkfc mncbohfrohfc m^j]pkfhf. >nqmm^ p^hfs m^j]pkfhl`, u^opl olcbfk]|wfs
{icjckpy mncbohfrohlg (Hl`lucnh^oohlg) f n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqn, `ybci]cpo] ` k^opl]wcc `ncj]
blop^plukl q`cnckkl (@kbd^, <cilan^bct, <qpckhf, E`fphf, Hlo^uc`l, N^vsfpq, Rfvsl f bn.). Vpf
m^j]pkfhf, luc`fbkl, ofksnlkky fif kck^jklal op^nvc n^kkcohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` «d^_lpfkohlal»
mcnflb^, lp hlplnys lpifu^|po] ifvz hlifucop`ckkyj ollpklvckfcj «kl`lucnh^oohfs» f «n^kkcohfrohfs» {icjckpl`. H^vcg e^b^ucg ]`i]cpo], p^hfj l_n^elj, b^pfnl`h^ {pfs m^j]pkfhl`, ^ p^hdc
n^oojlpnckfc pcs ^naqjckpl`, o mljlwz| hlplnys blh^ey`^iloz qu^opfc klofpcicg hqizpqny kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ ` mcncbkc^ef^pohfs mlslb^s.
Vpf e^b^uf ` ek^ufpcizklg opcmckf ol`m^b^|p — ` o^jlj bcic, ^_oli|pkyc b^pfnl`hf m^j]pkfhl` kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ blidky opnlfpzo] fjckkl k^ mncbjcp^s, hlplnyj mnfmfoy`^cpo] mcncbkc`lopluklc mnlfosldbckfc, mlohlizhq fjckkl {pf mncbjcpy mle`li]|p mnf`]e^pz lpklofpcizkyc b^py,
mliquckkyc ufopl ^nsclilafucohfjf jcplb^jf, h mcncbkc`lopluklg ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff. ?nqafj
omlol_lj mnf`]ehf ]`i]cpo] ofksnlkfe^tf] mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` Jnfucnkljlnz] f Jncbh^`h^ez] o a^izvp^ppohfjf j^pcnf^i^jf. Ibk^hl ` mloicbkcj oiqu^c ncuz fbcp `oc dc l ofksnlkfe^tff
jcdbq ol_lg b`qs ofopcj lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff. ;_oli|pk^] snlklilaf] >^izvp^ppohlg hqizpqny
` hlkcuklj fplac, h^h f snlklilaf] opcmkys hqizpqn, opnlfpo] k^ `kcvkfs b^kkys — k^ mnf`]eh^s
h bnc`kc`lopluklg fif {acgohlg snlklilaff. Jloicbk]] dc bi] mcnflb^ jcdbq hlktlj jfhckohlg f
acljcpnfucohlg {mlslg p^hdc mlupf kc fjccp ol_op`ckkys lokl`^kfg bi] ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf.
2.1.3 JKI<F@GT ;<LIFWMHID PKIHIFI>CC JK@?LECOLECP J;GXMHCEI=
= lokl`c ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff mncbohfrohlal mcnflb^ bl ofs mln icd^p mncdbc `ocal olmlop^`ickf] ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj {pfs m^j]pkfhl` o m^j]pkfh^jf Qckpn^izklg @`nlmy 27. Kcuz fbcp `
lokl`klj l olmlop^`ickf]s mncbjcpl` ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^ o p^h k^ey`^cjyjf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfjf» m^j]pkfh^jf 28, hlplnyc `lekfh^|p ` mcnflb Ha B2 f ` lokl`klj lpklo]po] h mcnflbq Ha B3.
Lfksnlkfefnq] k^ lokl`^kff {pfs ^k^ilafg m^j]pkfhf ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^ o mcnflb^jf Ha B2 f
3, ;. C. Mcnckldhfk b^pfnqcp fs IX – mcn`lg mlil`fklg VIII ``. bl k. {. Iokl`y`^]oz k^ plj, upl oncbf
«rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfs» bnc`klopcg lpoqpop`q|p `cwf, olmlop^`fjyc o kl`lucnh^oohfjf, ^ p^hdc k^
mnf`cbckkys `yvc oll_n^dckf]s lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff, ;. C. Mcnckldhfk mljcw^cp `oc m^j]pkfhf kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ jcdbq ucnklalnl`ohfjf f n^kkcohfrohfjf.
= o^jlj bcic, m^j]pkfhf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohlal» mi^op^ ` Qckpn^izklg @`nlmc jlaqp oiqdfpz
blop^plukl `coljyj ^naqjckplj mnf b^pfnl`hc mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Jlohlizhq fs mnfk^bicdklopz h mcnflbq Ha B (o^jlc mlebkcc — h nq_cdq Ha B3 f Ha C) `n]b if jldcp `yey`^pz oljkckf] 29,
mcncslb lp mcnflb^ Ha B h mcnflbq Ha C b^cp k^bcdkyg terminus ante quem bi] pcs hljmichol`,
hlplnyc k^slb]p ^k^ilaff oncbf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfs» bnc`klopcg. Jcncslb lp mcnflb^ Ha B3 h
mcnflbq Ha C (>^izvp^pp ` qehlj ojyoic oil`^) l_yukl b^pfnqcpo] lhlil ocncbfky – pncpzcg ucp`cnpf VIII `. bl k. {., ^ o^j mcnflb Ha B3 mljcw^cpo] ` mcn`q| mlil`fkq – ocncbfkq VIII `. bl k. {. 30 Vp^
27 Mcnckldhfk 1965, 63– 85; Mcnckldhfk 1976, 197 –208.
28 Iokl`kyc j^pcnf^iy lmq_ifhl`^ky: Gallus, Horváth 1939;
nl`ohf 1994^, 156 –161.
30 von Merhart 1969, 94 –103; Pittioni 1954, 541; Müller-
Ln. Ecjcktcf 1986, 145 –153, Chochorowski 1993, o ifpcn^pq-
Karpe 1959, 227–228 (o l_l_wckklg b^pfnl`hlg H^ =3 VIII `.
nlg.
29 Ln. Kossack 1986, 135; Chochorowski 1993, 181–202; Plsl-
bl k. {. Vp^ b^p^ lokl`y`^cpo] k^ b^pfnl`hc opqmckf Tarquinia
III VII `. bl k. {., hlpln^] ` o`l| lucncbz lokl`^k^ k^ k^slbhc
123
b^pfnl`h^ lokl`y`^cpo] mncdbc `ocal k^ ofksnlkfe^tff o mcnflblj Ha C fp^ifgohfs m^j]pkfhl`
alnfelkpl` Benacci II, Este III, Bologna III, Tarquinia III. Vpf mloicbkfc, ` o`l| lucncbz, blop^plukl
k^bcdkl b^pfnq|po] ml olbcnd^wfjo] ` kfs `loplukyj f ancucohfj fjmlnp^j. Iol_lc ek^uckfc
fjccp k^slbh^ ` lbklj fe mlanc_ckfg mcnflb^ Tarquinia III r^]kol`lg `^ey o k^bmfoz| cafmcpohlal
r^n^lk^ <lhslnfo^, mn^`ickfc hlplnlal b^pfnqcpo] lhlil 720 –710 aa. bl k. {. 31, upl lmncbci]cp mloicbkcc bco]pficpfc VIII `. bl k. {. h^h k^bcdkyg terminus ante quem bi] k^u^i^ mcnflb^ Ha C. L mcnflblj Ha C ofksnlkfefnq|po] p^hdc kchnlmlif n]b^ ancucohfs hlilkfg ` Cp^iff, plab^ h^h blancucohfc mlanc_ckf], k^mnfjcn, kchnlmli] Eqj, olbcnd^wfc oncbf mnlucal ancucohq| fjmlnpkq| hcn^jfhq mcn`lg mlil`fky VIII `. bl k. {., ofksnlkky mcnflbq Ha B3. Jlohlizhq b^p^ lokl`^kf] o^jys
n^kkfs ancucohfs hlilkfg ` Cp^iff, ` plj ufoic Eqj, m^b^cp mnfjcnkl k^ ocncbfkq VIII `. bl k. {.,
b^pfnl`h^ lhlku^kf] mcnflb^ Ha B3 jldcp oufp^pzo] blop^plukl slnlvl l_lokl`^kklg f `n]b if
jldcp _ypz ek^ufpcizkl fejckck^. Vp^ b^pfnl`h^ _yi^ kcb^`kl mlbp`cndbck^ f nceqizp^p^jf fooicbl`^kf] j^pcnf^il` o^jlal {mlkfjklal m^j]pkfh^ >^izvp^ppohlg hqizpqny — >^izvp^ppohlal jlafizkfh^. ?i] n^kkcg anqmmy fooicbl`^kkys ebcoz m^j]pkfhl` (H 1A), ollp`cpop`q|wfs k^u^iq mcnflb^
Ha C, mliqucky bckbnlsnlklilafucohfc b^py, qh^ey`^|wfc k^ hlkct pncpzcg ucp`cnpf VIII `. bl k. {.
(b`c b^py 727 f lbk^ 731 aa. bl k. {.), upl mle`li]cp b^pfnl`^pz kcjklafc `ybcickkyc ebcoz hljmichoy
_licc n^kkcal `ncjckf (H 0, hlkct Ha B3 — k^u^il Ha C) o^jlc mlebkcc ocncbfklg VIII `. bl k. {. 32
I_lokl`y`^] ^_oli|pkq| snlklilaf| o`lcg ucnklalnl`ohlg opqmckf tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfjf
m^n^iici]jf, ;. C. Mcnckldhfk kc mnf`lbfi kfh^hfs b^kkys plal dc nlb^, hlplnyc jlaif _y l_lokl`^pz b^pfnl`hq kl`lucnh^oohfs m^j]pkfhl` ocncbfklg VIII – ocncbfklg VII ``. bl k. {. Hcohlizhl
mledc >. C. Ljfnkl`^, n^e`f`^] cal nceqizp^py f ` ek^ufpcizklg jcnc lokl`y`^]oz k^ n^_lpc >. Eloo^h^ 33, mnf`ci^ kchlplnyc bnqafc b^kkyc, mle`li]|wfc l_lokl`^pz ^_oli|pkq| snlklilaf| mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` 34. Ik^ `mlikc q_cbfpcizkl ofksnlkfefnl`^i^ mlebkfc m^j]pkfhf icolopcmklg
Rcnklicoohlg hqizpqny, m^j]pkfhf anqmmy L^s^nk^-Llilkucky (Glib^`f]) f ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^
o tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfjf mcnflb^jf Ha B1–2, ` jckzvcg opcmckf Ha B3, ^ p^hdc o ofksnlkkyjf
_^ih^kohfjf m^j]pkfh^jf. Ibk^hl f ` cc n^_lpc kfh^hfs b^kkys bi] ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf m^j]pkfhl` kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^, hlplnyc lk^ oufp^cp ofksnlkkyjf «d^_lpfkohfj» (mlebkcgvfj mncbohfrohfj), kc mnf`lbfpo].
;_oli|pk^] snlklilaf] ;. C. Mcnckldhfk^ f cal mloicbl`^pcicg, h^h jy `fbcif, opnlfpo] mncdbc
`ocal k^ mncbop^`ickff l plj, upl m^j]pkfhf kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ ]`i]|po] kcmloncbop`ckkyj mnlblidckfcj f n^e`fpfcj ucnklalnl`ohfs f, oicbl`^pcizkl, blidky b^pfnl`^pzo] mledc fs. E^h qdc
qh^ey`^iloz, {pl mncbop^`ickfc kc ollp`cpop`qcp fjc|wfjo] r^hp^j. =plnyj lokl`^kfcj cal snlklilafucohlg ofopcjy ]`i]cpo] qp`cndbckfc, upl o «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfjf» bnc`klop]jf (^ oicbl`^pcizkl, o mcnflb^jf Ha B2 – 3) jlaqp _ypz ofksnlkfefnl`^ky ifvz m^j]pkfhf ucnklalnl`ohlal pfm^,
plab^ h^h kl`lucnh^oohfc oncbf kfs ^k^ilafg kc fjc|p. Jnf {plj ;. C. Mcnckldhfk, luc`fbkl, fjccp
` `fbq mncdbc `ocal pncsbynu^pyc mo^iff (qbfi^ fe {pfs m^j]pkfhl` ` lokl`klj fjc|p hlizu^pyc fif
D-l_n^ekyc lhlku^kf] f opliz dc kcosldf o ucnklalnl`ohfjf, h^h f kl`lucnh^oohfjf). Vpl qp`cndbckfc, lbk^hl, ^_oli|pkl kc ollp`cpop`qcp bcgop`fpcizklopf, f mnlpf`lncufp f mnf`lbfjyj fj
`^ey <lhslnfo^ (oj. kfdc). Ibk^hl {p^ `^e^ qh^ey`^cp k^
124 –125 (b^pfnl`h^ k^u^i^ alnfelkp^ 1, ollp`cpop`q|wcal
mloicbkfc b`^ bco]pficpf] VIII `. bl k. {. f o`fbcpcizop`qcp l
k^u^iq mcnflb^ Ha C, lhlil 750/740 a. bl k. {.); Drack 1989,
k^u^ic {p^m^ Tarquinia III f ollp`cpop`ckkl H^ L qdc ` n^j-
59 – 62, 89 (b^pfnl`h^ mcncslb^ h Ha C lhlil 750 aa. bl k. {.);
h^s VIII `. bl k. {.); Kossack 1959, 50 –56 (b^pfnqcp an^kftq
Pare 1992, 138 (o^jyc n^kkfc hljmichoy Ha C b^pfnq|po]
jcdbq H^ B f H^ C lhlil 720 –700 aa. bl k. {., lpklo] anl_-
«n^kcc mloicbkcg ucp`cnpf VIII `. bl k. {.»); Chochorowski
kftq o `^elg <lhslnfo^ h mcn`lg mlil`fkc VII `. bl k. {.);
1993, 202 –203; Plslnl`ohf 1994^, 159 –160 (mcnflb Ha B3
Dehn, Frey 1962, 200 (p^ dc b^pfnl`h^); Gabrovec 1966, 15 – 39,
b^pfnqcpo] 880 –750/740 aa. bl k. {.) f bn.
31 Bywanck 1936/37, 181–188.
on. Gabrovec 1975, 338 – 385 (mcncslb lp H^ B h C mnlfoslbfi
`fky VIII `. bl k. {.); Kossack 1970, 118 –119 (b^pfnl`h^ an^-
32 Hodson 1990, 68– 69.
33 Kossack 1980, 109–141.
kfty H^ B f H^ C lhlil 730 –710 aa. bl k. {.); Parzinger 1988,
34 Ljfnkl`^ 1985, 33–53.
` Lil`ckff mlopcmckkl ` mncbci^s ocncbfky – `plnlg mlil-
124
o^jfj b^kkyj. «On^hl-hfjjcnfgohfc» bnc`klopf b^|p kfuqpz kc jckzvc ^k^ilafg kl`lucnh^oohfj,
ucj ucnklalnl`ohfj m^j]pkfh^j, k^ upl qdc b^`kl qh^ey`^i >. Eloo^h 35. Bbcoz jldkl k^e`^pz f l_n^ety pfmfuklal «kl`lucnh^oohlal» lnk^jckp^ (oli]nkyc ek^uhf, ` plj ufoic k^ _nlkel`ys _i]vh^s,
omfn^ic`fbkyg lnk^jckp), f hncopl`fbkyc mnlkfef 36, f pncsmcpcizu^pyc mo^iff, ` plj ufoic k^slbfjyc ` lbklj hljmichoc o pncsbynu^pyjf «h^jyvc`^sohlal» f «tfj_^izohlal» pfml` 37, f «hlkklalil`yc» ohfmcpny 38, f hlizt^ o mlb`fdkyjf jqrp^jf, luc`fbkl, lp hlicokfuklg qmn]df 39, f _fjcp^iifucohfc jcuf f hfkd^iy, hlplnyc k^slb]p _ifd^gvfc ^k^ilaff fjckkl ` oc`cnlh^`h^eohfs
hljmicho^s kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ (. 57) 40, f bn. (oj. kfdc). M^hfj l_n^elj, o «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohfjf» _nlke^jf `mlikc jlaqp _ypz ofksnlkfefnl`^ky k^slbhf kc plizhl ucnklalnl`ohlal, kl f
kl`lucnh^oohlal pfml`. Vpl blh^ey`^cp, upl mloicbkfc qdc oqwcop`l`^if kc mledc k^u^i^ mcnflb^ Ha
B3, lbk^hl j^il upl b^cp bi] b^pfnl`hf mcncslb^ lp kl`lucnh^oohlg h n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqnc.
Licbqcp e^jcpfpz mnf {plj, upl f o^j ;. C. Mcnckldhfk mnf`lbfi kchlplnyc b^kkyc, hlplnyc
mnlpf`lncu^p cal ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff. Enljc qdc qh^e^kkys mncbjcpl` o «kl`lucnh^oohfj» lnk^jckplj fe Qckpn^izklg @`nlmy, _lizvlc ek^uckfc fjccp hljmicho fe oci^ <qpckhf Jlip^`ohlg
l_i^opf, olbcnd^`vfg jklalufoickkyc mncbjcpy qeby (ucpync m^ny b`qhlizu^pys qbfi o blmlikfpcizkyjf e`ckz]jf f nfrickfcj b`qj] n]b^jf h`^bn^pfhl` k^ jqkbvpqh^s, 9 pncsmcpcizu^pys
ilm^opkys mo^ifc`, b`^ hlizt^ o mlb`fdklg jqrplg, `locjz _i]s) f b`^ k^hlkcukfh^ opnci «kl`lucnh^oohlal» pfm^ (. 58, 1– 27) 41. Vplp hljmicho l_yukl mnfufoi]cpo] h ufoiq mlebkcgvfs kl`lucnh^oohfs. = olop^` hljmicho^ `slbfil b`^ dcicekys k^hlkcukfh^ hlmz] ol oicah^ n^ovfn]|wfjo]
hkfeq ifopl`fbkyj mcnlj f b`qj] lp`cnopf]jf k^ kcj. E^h omn^`cbif`l qh^ey`^|p >. M. El`m^kckhl
f ;. C. Mcnckldhfk, {pf k^hlkcukfhf kc k^slb]p _ifehfs ^k^ilafg oncbf mncbohfrohfs f n^kkcohfrohfs k^hlkcukfhl` Lc`cnklal Jnfucnkljlnz], e^pl lkf osldf o k^slbh^jf fe Cp^iff 42. Kcuz fbcp l
k^hlkcukfh^s hlmfg fe kchnlmli] Eqj `plnlal mncb{iifkohlal mcnflb^ f fe hi^b^ ;bcnkl ` Lftfiff
(. 58, 28, 32) 43, hlplnyc ofksnlkfefnq|po] o mcnflblj Ha B3 f b^pfnq|po] kc mledc ocncbfky
VIII `. bl k. {. @wc lbk^ ^k^ilaf] k^hlkcukfh^j fe <qpcklh — k^hlkcukfhf fe `ckacnohlal hi^b^
Eljilb (. 58, 29 – 31) 44, p^hdc lpklo]wcalo] h mcnflbq Ha B3. ;. C. Mcnckldhfk lpjcu^cp p^hdc
_ifelopz ml rlnjc k^hlkcukfhl` hlmfg fe <qpcklh f fe hqna^k^ q o. @kbd^ ` ?l_nqbdc, hlplnyg
oplfp k^ an^kftc jcdbq kl`lucnh^oohlg f n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqn^jf. Licbqcp bl_^`fpz, upl k^hlkcukfhf hlmfg p^hlg rlnjy o b`qj] lp`cnopf]jf ` kfdkcg u^opf mcn^ kcncbhl `opncu^|po] f ` Qckpn^izklg @`nlmc ` m^j]pkfh^s mcnflb^ Ha B, ^ p^hdc f ` >nctff 45. Jlohlizhq hljmicho fe <qpcklh
ml l_wcjq jkckf| lpklofpo] h mlebkcgvcjq {p^mq Hl`lucnh^oohlg hqizpqny f mnfjcnkl ofksnlkck
p^hfj ]nhfj hljmicho^j, h^h @kbd^ f E`fphf, qh^e^kkyc b^kkyc ]`i]|po] lbkfj fe o`fbcpcizop` `
mlizeq b^pfnl`hf {plg anqmmy m^j]pkfhl` kc mlebkcc ocncbfky VIII `. bl k. {.
35 Kossack 1980, 112–114; Kossack 1987, 35. Ln. G^slnpys
1996, 224 –225.
36 Gallus, Horváth 1939, pl. XV, 1– 4; XXIV, 11–13; XXXVI,
chorowski 1993, 129 –134, Abb. 15.
39 Lj. omctf^izkl Vnifs 1994, 42 – 48.
40 Podborsky 1970, 147 –163; Eleckhl`^ 1975, 65 –70; Bukow-
10; XLV, 1,2,3,8,9; XLVI, 2; LI, 4,7, LII, 2– 4; LIV, 4–5; LVI,
1,3,5; LIX, A, 2–5; LX, 8 (Ugra, Ispánlak, Székesfehérvár,
Somlyóvásárhely, Kisköszeg, Somlyóhegy, Vetropácz, Nagyenyed); Pittioni 1954, Abb. 356, 3,8–10,12 (Stillfried); =fkohf
ski 1976, 57 –73; Kemenczei 1991, 65 – 68; ?qb^nc` 1991, 40 – 46;
1955, 33, 36 – 37, p^_. II, 6, oi. 16, 21–23 (;b^vc`ty, Llpfk,
hfk 1976, 143–144.
43 Müller-Karpe 1959, 28–29, 38, Abb. 54, 10; 55, 2; Taf. 8,
Hl`y <^kl`fty). Ln. Mcnckldhfk 1976, 174 –181; Chochorowski 1993, 95 – 97.
37 Gallus, Horváth 1939, fig. 1, pl. XII, 4–5; XVIII, 3,4,9; XLI,
5– 6; XLIII, 1; LXVI a – b (Csákberény, Ugra, Vácszentlászló,
Gyula); Chochorowski 1993, 64– 66, Abb. 2, 16–19; 3.
38 L`lbhq j^pcnf^i^ oj. Vnifs 1990, 247 –250. Ln. Cho-
Chochorowski 1993, 113–122.
41 El`m^kckhl 1962, 66 –72; Mcnckldhfk 1976, 69 –70.
42 El`m^kckhl 1962, 70; Mcnckldhfk 1965, 78 –79; Mcnckld-
1–2.
44 Gallus, Horváth 1939, pl. XXI, 1–3; Chochorowski 1993, 127,
Abb. 14, 1.
45 Weber 1944, 147–148, 152, Taf. 57, a – d; 59, a; Sprockhoff
1954, 34, Abb. 3, 7– 8,10–11; Bukowski 1976, 74–76, Ryc. 5.
125
14
15
1
2
3
6
5
4
13
16
10
12
7
8
9
11
Kfo. 57 <fjcp^iifucohfc hfkd^iy.
1–12. Lc`cnkyg E^`h^e; 13–16. J^j]pkfhf «rn^hl-hfjjcnfgohlal» hnqa^ fe Qckpn^izklg @`nlmy
Jl Eleckhl`^ 1975, nfo. 10
126
1
2
3
5
6
4
8
7
16
15
9
19
20
10
17
12
11
18
21
22
13
14
23
24
25
0
28
29
30
27
26
15
31
32
Kfo. 58 1–27. Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] q o. <qpckhf. 28 – 32. H^hlkcukfhf hlmfg. 28. Ei^b ;bcnkl, Lftfif];
29 – 31. Ei^b Eljilb, =ckanf]; 32. Hchnlmliz Eqj, Cp^if]. 1–24, 27, 28. <nlke^; 25, 26, 29 – 32. Acicel
Jl Mcnckldhfk 1976, nfo. 38 (1–27); Müller-Karpe 1959, Abb. 55; Taf. 8, 1 (28, 32);
Gallus, Horváth 1939, Taf. XXI, 1– 3 (29 – 31)
127
=. K. Vnifs, h^h qdc qh^ey`^iloz, `oicb e^ ;. C. Mcnckldhfkyj ohilkck b^pfnl`^pz mcncslb lp
mncbohfrohlg h n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqnc mnfjcnkl ocncbfklg VII `. bl k. {., slp] foslbfp mnf {plj fe
kcohlizhl fkys mncbop^`ickfg l_ lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Vpf mncbop^`ickf] lokl`y`^|po] mncdbc `ocal k^ ^k^ifec hlkohlg qeby fe B^hq_^kz], ` mcn`q| lucncbz `e^fjl`opncu^cjlopf ` n^eifukys hljmicho^s qbfi f mo^ifg n^eifukys pfml`. ;k^ilafukyg ^k^ife _yi fj
`jcopc o L. <. =^izu^hlj mnlbci^k f bi] bnqafs n^glkl` =lopluklg @`nlmy, lbk^hl cal nceqizp^py
lmq_ifhl`^ky ifvz ` o^jlg hn^phlg rlnjc 46. Jnf ^k^ifec bi] mo^ifg _yi^ n^en^_lp^k^ kl`^] pfmlilaf], ^ bi] qbfi fomlizel`^k^ pfmlilaf] ;. ;. Ccoock^ 47, lokl`^kk^] k^ rlnjc fs `kcvkfs mcpciz
(b`qhlizu^pyc, lbklhlizu^pyc f opncjcuhl`fbkyc). = {pq pfmlilaf| _yil `kcockl ifvz kc_lizvlc
fejckckfc — `kqpnf anqmmy opncjcuhl`fbkys qbfi _yil `ybcickl b`^ `^nf^kp^ — ucnklalnl`ohfg f
n^kkcohfrohfg. M^hlc n^ebcickfc, lbk^hl, ` ek^ufpcizklg jcnc lop^cpo] fohqoop`ckkyj f bfhpqcpo]
kc n^eifufcj rlnj b`qs `^nf^kpl` qbfi, ^ pcj, upl lkf _yif l_k^nqdcky ` b`qs anqmm^s m^j]pkfhl` — _licc ^ns^fukys ucnklalnl`ohfs f _licc mlebkfs ol_op`ckkl n^kkcohfrohfs. @wc ;. C. Mcnckldhfk lpjcu^i, upl lkf ` n]bc oiqu^c` kclpifufjy, ^ jcihfc lpifuf], s^n^hpcnkyc bi] ucnklalnl`ohfs {hecjmi]nl`, `opncu^|po] f k^ n^kkcohfrohfs qbfi^s 48. Jlmyphf k^gpf ucphfc hnfpcnff,
mle`li]|wfc q`cnckkl lpifu^pz ucnklalnl`ohfc qbfi^ lp n^kkcohfrohfs _yif bl ofs mln kcqb^uky 49.
Jncbildckklc =. K. Vnifslj n^ebcickfc pfm^ III Ccoock^ k^ «pncqalizklhlkcukyc» (ucnklalnl`ohfc)
f «opncjcuhl`fbkyc» (n^kkcohfrohfc) qbfi^ p^hdc `mlikc qoil`kl 50. =ybcickkyg fj bi] n^kkcohfrohfs qbfi mnfek^h «lol_lc `ybcickfc mlbkldhf opncjcuh^» ol`cnvckkl oq_xchpf`ck, b^ f o^j ^`pln
mnfek^cp, upl lk kc ]`i]cpo] ^_oli|pkyj.
H^ lokl`c ^k^ife^ `e^fjl`opncu^cjlopf hlkohfs qbfi f mo^ifg =. K. Vnifs mlopnlfi oscjq n^e`fpf] rlnj hlkohlg qeby ` mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfh^s f, ollp`cpop`ckkl, fs lpklofpcizkq| snlklilaf|. Vpf m^j]pkfhf _yif n^ebcicky k^ b`c snlklilafucohfc anqmmy. = mcn`q|, ml jkckf|
=. K. Vnifs^, `slb]p qebcukyc k^_lny, `hi|u^|wfc lbklhlizu^pyc, pncqalizklhlkcukyc f b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^, fklab^ o ildkl`fpyj nfrickfcj, olcbfk]|wfco] o pncsmcpcizu^pyjf mo^if]jf b`qs
n^ekl`fbklopcg — mn]jyjf opncdkc`fbkyjf f ilm^opkyjf mi^opfku^pyjf. = n^jh^s mcn`lg anqmmy,
p^hfj l_n^elj, mnfek^cpo] oloqwcop`l`^kfc `ocs pncs `fbl` qbfi, p. c. m^j]pkfhl` ucnklalnl`ohlal f
kl`lucnh^oohlal pfml`, slp] b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^, ml jkckf| =. K. Vnifs^, lpklo]po] h mlebkcg u^opf
anqmmy. Jcncslb hl `plnlg snlklilafucohlg anqmmc s^n^hpcnfeqcpo], mncdbc `ocal, foucekl`ckfcj
lbklhlizu^pys f pncqalizklhlkcukys (ucnklalnl`ohfs) qbfi. = {pq anqmmq `slb]p hljmichoy, olbcnd^wfc b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^, fklab^ fjc|wfc nfrickfc ` `fbc h`^bn^pfhl` f olucp^|wfco] o _licc
mlebkfjf n^ekl`fbklop]jf pncsmcpcizu^pys mo^ifg — mncdbc `ocal, opcndkc`fbkyjf ilm^opkyjf, ^
p^hdc felakqpyjf. = pncpz| anqmmq `hi|u^|po] hljmichoy, qdc olbcnd^wfc opncjcuhl`fbkyc qbfi^
«n^kkcohfrohlal» pfm^ ` olucp^kff o pncsmcpcizu^pyjf opcndkc`fbkyjf mo^if]jf o elljlnrkyjf
lhlku^kf]jf, ^ p^hdc pncsbynu^pyjf mo^if]jf «of^ihl`ohlal» pfm^. =ncj] oqwcop`l`^kf] {plg
anqmmy, ml jkckf| =. K. Vnifs^, u^opfukl ol`m^b^cp o mloicbkfj mcnflblj oqwcop`l`^kf] `plnlg
anqmmy, ^ lpifuf] jcdbq kfjf kc snlklilafucohfc, ^ hqizpqnkyc. M^hfj l_n^elj, ` n^jh^s mcn`lal
mcnflb^ lpjcu^cpo] oloqwcop`l`^kfc qeby ucnklalnl`ohlal f kl`lucnh^oohlal (n^kkfc `^nf^kpy) pfml`, ^ ` n^jh^s `plnlal — oqwcop`l`^kfc hi^oofucohlg kl`lucnh^oohlg qeby, hlpln^] k^ mlebkcj {p^mc oloqwcop`qcp o n^kkcohfrohlg. Jnl`cbckkyg ^k^ife ]`i]cpo] kcoljkckkyj v^alj `mcncb ` fequckff lpklofpcizklg snlklilaff mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`, lbk^hl, h old^ickf|, lan^kfuf`^cpo]
ifvz lbklg h^pcalnfcg j^pcnf^i^. Vp^ ofopcj^ faklnfnqcp kc plizhl `oc lop^izkyc h^pcalnff k^slblh (k^mnfjcn, lnqdfc, hcn^jfhq f p. b.), kl b^dc f mlb^`i]|wcc _lizvfkop`l hljmichol`, olbcnd^wfs kc mcpcizu^pyc, ^ bynu^pyc mo^iff. M^h, =. K. Vnifs m^n^blho^izkyj l_n^elj kc `hi|u^cp ` o`l|
oscjq hljmicho hqna^k^ N^vsfpq, mq_ifh^tff hlplnlal, ` mcn`q| lucncbz, f mlo`]wck^ cal jlkl-
1994, 52 –73. Ln. pcmcnz =^izu^h 1997, 88 –119, _ce l_lokl`^-
48 Mcnckldhfk 1976, 149 –150.
49 Ln. Fldhfk, Jcpnckhl 1981, 70 –71; =^izu^h 1994,
kf] ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff `ybci]cjys anqmm.
47 Ccoock 1953, 52.
131–133; G^slnpys 1994^, 123–124.
50 Vnifs 1994, 56.
46 Vnifs 1991, 31– 47; =^izu^h, Vnifs 1993, 17 –19; Vnifs
128
3
2
4
7
6
1
5
8
9
10
11
12
Kfo. 59 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 35 jlafizkfh^ O^no. 2, 5. Elopz; 6 – 8. E^jckz; lop^izklc _nlke^
Jl Vnifs 1994, p^_. 13
129
an^rf]. Vplp hljmicho olbcndfp pncsbynu^pyc mo^iff o ilm^op]jf (pfm «N^vsfpq-A^_lpfk», ml pcnjfklilaff =. K. Vnifs^) `jcopc o b`qhlizu^pyjf qbfi^jf. Jo^iff {plal pfm^ n^oojlpncky ^`plnlj
lpbcizkl f _ce o`]ef o {plg oscjlg 51.
;_oli|pk^] snlklilaf] `ybcickkys =. K. Vnifslj anqmm l_lokl`^k^ aln^ebl oi^_cc, ucj lpklofpcizk^]. =coz o`lg mcn`yg {p^m lk b^pfnqcp k^ lokl`^kff hljmicho^ mlanc_ckf] 35 jlafizkfh^ O^no
(. 59), ` hlplnyg `slbfp mpftcalil`yg plmlnfh-ohfmcpn. Iokl`y`^]oz k^ _ifelopf {plal ohfmcpn^
{hecjmi]nq, l_k^nqdckkljq ` olop^`c hi^b^ Jn|bz, lk ofksnlkfefnqcp l_^ hljmicho^. Ei^b fe
Jn|bz, luc`fbkl, lpklofpo] h mcnflbq Ha B2 f b^pfnqcpo] ` mncbci^s IX `. bl k. {. (. 60 ) 52. Licbqcp
lpjcpfpz mnf {plj, upl mlanc_ckfc O^no 35 olbcndfp ` o`lcj olop^`c b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^ f, oicbl`^pcizkl, mnfk^bicdfp h mlebkcg u^opf mcn`lg anqmmy (coif, ` o^jlj bcic, lbklhlizu^pyc f pncqalizklhlkcukyc qbfi^ ` n^jh^s mcn`lg anqmmy mncbvcop`q|p b`qhlizu^pyj, h^h pl oufp^cp =. K. Vnifs).
?^pfnl`h^ {plal mlanc_ckf] mle`lifi^ _y, oicbl`^pcizkl, b^pfnl`^pz kc `o| anqmmq, ^ ifvz cc mlebk|| u^opz.
Jcn`lk^u^izkl =. K. Vnifs mnfkfj^i ofksnlkfe^tf| hi^b^ fe Jn|bz o mlanc_ckfcj O^no 35 _ce
lal`lnlh f, ollp`cpop`ckkl, lpklofi o`lg mcn`yg {p^m, _licc fif jckcc ollp`cpop`q|wfg ucnklalnl`ohljq {p^mq ;. C. Mcnckldhfk^, fif `l `o]hlj oiqu^c cal k^u^il, h IX `. bl k. {. 53 =mloicbop`ff,
lbk^hl, lk l_n^pfi `kfj^kfc k^ pl l_opl]pcizop`l, upl hi^b fe bcnc`kf Jn|bz olbcndfp _nlkel`yc
hlizt^ o mnf`coh^jf, hlplnyc =. K. Vnifs oufp^cp bcp^i]jf hlicokfuklg qmn]df f hlplnyc ` mnfucnkljlnohfs m^j]pkfh^s `opncu^|po] plizhl o qeblg «hi^oofucohlal» kl`lucnh^oohlal pfm^ (p. c. lpklo]wcgo] hl `plnljq mcnflbq Vnifs^) fif ` m^j]pkfh^s, mcncslbkys h n^kkcohfrohfj. Enljc plal,
lk e^jcu^cp, upl f ohfmcpn fe jlafizkfh^ O^no fjccp _licc ^ns^fukyg l_ifh, ucj cal ^k^ila fe
hi^b^ q bcnc`kf Jn|bz 54. M^hfj l_n^elj, ` bcgop`fpcizklopf {plp hi^b blidck _yi _y ofksnlkfefnl`^pzo] kc o mcn`lg snlklilafucohlg anqmmlg Vnifs^, ^ ol `plnlg, mncbop^`ickklg «hi^oofucohlg»
kl`lucnh^oohlg qeblg, `lejldkl, o cc k^u^ilj. Cp^h, `pln^] snlklilafucoh^] anqmm^ Vnifs^ (hi^oofucoh^] «kl`lucnh^ooh^]» qeb^ o b`qhlizu^pyjf qbfi^jf f pncsmcpcizu^pyjf opcndkc`fbkyjf ilm^opkyjf mo^if]jf) blidk^ ml jckzvcg jcnc u^opfukl ofksnlkfefnl`^pzo] o a^izvp^ppohfj mcnflblj
B2 f k^ufk^pzo] cwc ` IX `. bl k. {. 55
M^hlg `y`lb mlbny`^cp mncbop^`ickf] =. K. Vnifs^ l_ ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff mncbohfrohfs
m^j]pkfhl` f kcmnfcjicj bi] kcal. Jl{pljq lk lph^ey`^cpo] lp b^pfnl`hf hi^b^ q bcnc`kf Jn|bz
mcnflblj Ha B2 f lpklofp cal h hlktq VIII – mcn`lg mlil`fkc VII `. bl k. {., p. c. qdc h mcnflbq Ha C.
Vpl mncbmlildckfc qdc _yil mlb`cnakqpl omn^`cbif`lg hnfpfhc =. C. Eleckhl`lg 56, hlpln^] lpjcpfi^, upl olop^` k^slblh {plal hi^b^, ` mcn`q| lucncbz hcizpl`, kfh^h kc jldcp _ypz olai^ol`^k o
p^hlg mcncb^pfnl`hlg f s^n^hpcnck fjckkl bi] mcnflb^ Ha B2. =. K. Vnifs kc lom^nf`^cp {plal,
lbk^hl lpjcu^cp, upl hi^b blidck b^pfnl`^pzo] ml o`lcjq o^jljq mlebkcjq {icjckpq, h^hl`yj lk
oufp^cp bcp^if hlicokfuklg qmn]df, ` u^opklopf, hlizt^ o mlb`coh^jf. Jlohlizhq {pf mncbjcpy lk
b^pfnqcp kc n^kzvc hlkt^ VIII `. bl k. {., pl h pljq dc `ncjckf lpklofp f `coz hi^b. M^hfj l_n^elj,
=. K. Vnifs mlbn^eqjc`^cp, upl lokl`k^] u^opz hi^b^ (33 _nlkel`ys hcizp^ f bnqafc mncbjcpy), h^h
f hcn^jfucohfg oloqb hqizpqny >^`^, ` hlplnlj lk k^slbfio] (upl lol_ckkl kcmn^`blmlbl_kl),
ml jckzvcg jcnc k^ `ch bnc`kcc, ucj cal «`loplukyc» {icjckpy, p. c. hlizt^ o mlb`coh^jf f hlkklalil`yg ohfmcpn. M^hlc mncbmlildckfc h^dcpo] jkc kc`cnl]pkyj, f ^`pln, k^ jlg `eai]b, blidck _yi
lh^e^pzo] ebcoz mcncb `y_lnlj: fif mlmyp^pzo] ljlilbfpz «bnc`k||» u^opz hljmicho^, ^ ek^ufp f
o`]e^kkyc o kfj hi^by pfm^ <qhockpi^oil-H^bze^kh f P^gbq_loolnjckf, fif qbnc`kfpz cal «`loplukyc» {icjckpy. Ik, lbk^hl, kc bci^cp kf plal, kf bnqalal. <licc plal, ` o`lcj n^ooqdbckff lk fosl-
51 Vnifs 1994, 102 –103.
52 Kemenczei 1981, 29– 41; Kemenczei 1981a, 86– 88; Ljfnkl`^ 1985, 34; Kossack 1986, 126–127; Kossack 1994, 21. Ln.
Kemenczei 1984, 55–56, 95; Chochorowski 1993, 187–191.
53 Vnifs 1991, 38 – 39.
130
54 Vnifs 1994, 63– 64; Vnifs 1997, 19 – 34. Ln. ?qb^nc` 1995,
27 –28.
55 Ln. Kossack 1986, 127 –135.
56 Eleckhl`^ 1996, 87 – 88.
1
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3
7
6
4
5
8
10
9
11
Kfo. 60 Ei^b q bcn. Jn|bz, =ckanf]. <nlke^
Jl Vnifs 1997, nfo. 1
131
bfp fe plal, upl b^p^ l_k^nqdckkys ` hi^bc hlict o mlb`coh^jf qop^kl`ick^ ^_oli|pkl k^bcdkl f lkf
o^jf jlaqp b^pfnl`^pz bnqafc `cwf hljmicho^. = bcgop`fpcizklopf {pl b^ichl kc p^h: ^_oli|pkyc
b^py «kl`lucnh^oohfs» k^slblh, `hi|u^] f k^e`^kkyc hlizt^, ml-mncdkcjq olop^`i]|p mnl_icjq.
= oqwklopf, mcn`lk^u^izkl f o^j =. K. Vnifs, h^h jy `fbcif, fomlizel`^i hi^b Jn|bz ` h^ucop`c
ai^`klal snlklilafucohlal ncmcn^ mnf lmncbcickff `len^op^ mcn`lg fe `ybcickkys fj anqmm mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl`. Elab^ dc `y]okfiloz, upl {plp ncmcn qh^ey`^cp k^ ol`cnvckkl fkq| b^pfnl`hq, ucj mncbmli^a^i^ cal oscj^, mncbjcpy «kl`lucnh^oohlal» pfm^ mnc`n^pfifoz fe b^pfnqcjys `
b^pfnq|wfc. <licc plal, =. K. Vnifs pcmcnz ohilkck f `l`oc lpnft^pz ek^uckfc tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfs j^pcnf^il` bi] b^pfnl`hf mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` f qp`cndb^cp, upl lkf l_i^b^|p ol_op`ckklg ofopcjlg mnf`]elh h ^_oli|pklg snlklilaff f upl {pf b^py mnflnfpcpky ml lpklvckf|
h tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfj 57. M^hlc qp`cndbckfc mncbop^`i]cpo] ucncouqn lmpfjfopfukyj. Jl oqpf,
ofopcjlg mnf`]elh h mcncbkc`lopluklg, ^ mledc h ancucohlg, snlklilaff l_i^b^|p ifvz n^kkcohfrohfc m^j]pkfhf, plab^ h^h `oc «kl`lucnh^oohfc» mnf`]ehf blop^plukl oljkfpcizky f blmqoh^|p ml
jckzvcg jcnc n^eifukyc plihl`^kf], l ucj ncuz kfdc. H^ jlg `eai]b, p^hfj l_n^elj, hi^b Jn|bz
blidck ml-mncdkcjq b^pfnl`^pzo] {mlslg Ha B2. Jlohlizhq lk olbcndfp mncbjcpy, mncbop^`ickkyc
` kl`lucnh^oohfs m^j]pkfh^s (bcp^if hlicokfuklg qmn]df f plmlnfh-ohfmcpn), pl jldcp fomlizel`^pzo] ` h^ucop`c snlklilafucohlal ncmcn^ bi] b^pfnl`hf {pfs m^j]pkfhl` f qh^ey`^cp k^ fs u^opfukq| ofksnlkklopz o {mlslg Ha B2.
>i^`klg lmlnlg bi] ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf o`lcg `plnlg snlklilafucohlg anqmmy =. K. Vnifs
oufp^cp hljmicho lbklal fe mlanc_ckfg Eifk-]nohlal jlafizkfh^, olbcnd^wfg qbfi^ kl`lucnh^oohlal
pfm^ f vicj, hlplnyg lk oufp^cp ^oofnfgohfj f b^pfnqcp hlktlj VIII `. bl k. {. (. 61, 1– 14). E^h
lmncbcickfc, p^h f b^pfnl`h^ {plal vicj^ mncbop^`i]|po] _licc ucj omlnkyjf, lbk^hl h n^oojlpnckf| {plg mnl_icjy jy `cnkcjo] kfdc. =cnsk]] b^p^ {plg anqmmy, ml =. K. Vnifsq, lmncbci]cpo] hljmicho^jf hcicnjcoohlal pfm^, bi] hlplnys lk mnfkfj^cp b^pfnl`hq pncpzcg ucp`cnpz| VII `. bl k. {. 58
@wc lbklg snlklilafucohlg mnf`]ehlg, k^ {plp n^e bi] o`lcg pncpzcg anqmmy, s^n^hpcnfeq|wcg
qdc fomlizel`^kfc qeby n^kkcohfrohlal pfm^ (qbfi^ ol opncjcuhl`fbkyjf lhlku^kf]jf), =. K. Vnifs oufp^cp k^slbhq pncsbynu^pys mo^ifc`, `opncu^|wfso] fklab^ ol opncjcuhl`fbkyjf qbfi^jf,
` mlanc_ckff 15 fn^kohlal kchnlmli] Lf^ih B. Lfksnlkfefnl`^` {pl mlanc_ckfc ol o`lcg pncpzcg
anqmmlg, lk opncjfpo] mcncb^pfnl`^pz cal, lpkco] h hlktq VIII – mcn`lg mlil`fkc VII ``. bl k. {. E
b^pfnl`hc mlanc_ckf] 15 kchnlmli] Lf^ih B ] cwc `cnkqoz, ebcoz dc lpjcuq ifvz, upl mnf`lbfjyc
^naqjckpy kc q_cdb^|p, mlohlizhq ^`plnq kc qb^cpo] qh^e^pz kf lbklal mncbjcp^ fe of^ihl`ohlal
kchnlmli], k^bcdkl b^pfnqcjlal VII `. bl k. {.59 Ckys lokl`^kfg bi] ^_oli|pklg b^pfnl`hf mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfhl` =. K. Vnifslj kc mnf`lbfiloz.
H^ kchlplnyc b^kkyc, mle`li]|wfc k^gpf snlklilafucohfc ncmcny bi] n^kkfs kl`lucnh^oohfs
m^j]pkfhl` qh^e^if kcb^`kl =. C. Eiluhl f =. W. Gqnefk 60. Ikf lpjcpfif b`^ hljmicho^, ` hlplnys
b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^ ^ns^fucohlal l_ifh^ k^gbcky `jcopc o mncbjcp^jf tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohlal mnlfosldbckf]. Ibklg fe p^hfs k^slblh ]`i]cpo] mlanc_ckfc q o. K^bflkl`h^ ` ?kcmnlmcpnl`ohlg l_i^opf (. 61, 15, 16), abc p^hfc qbfi^ l_k^nqdcky `jcopc o k^hlkcukfhlj hlmz], hlplnyg k^slbfp
^k^ilaff ` j^pcnf^i^s mcnflbl` Ha A1–2 61. Licbqcp, lbk^hl, lpjcpfpz, upl mlbl_kyc hlmz] fomlizel`^ifoz ` h^nm^pl-bqk^gohlj ncaflkc f mledc. ;k^ilaff fj oncbf j^pcnf^il` mcnflb^ Ha B qdc qh^ey`^ifoz 62. Enljc plal, hlmzc f qbfi^ mnlfoslb]p fe n^enqvckklal hqna^k^ f fs mnfk^bicdklopz
h lbkljq f pljq dc mlanc_ckf| oljkfpcizk^ 63. Elmzc fe mlanc_ckf] q o. K^bflkl`h^, p^hfj l_n^elj,
kc lmncbci]cp lbklek^ukl b^pfnl`hq k^gbckkys ebcoz b`qhlizu^pys qbfi.
57 Vnifs 1997, 31.
58 Vnifs 1994, 64 – 65, 88 – 90. Cjckkl hifk-]nohfg hljm-
60 Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, 61–71. Ln. G^slnpfs 1992, 25 –26.
61 Jcpnqkz 1969, 75 –76, nfo. 3; Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, 67,
icho =. K. Vnifs oufp^cp ai^`kyj «ncmcnlj», mnf`]ey`^|wfj
nfo. 1.
62 Eleckhl`^ 1975, 56 –58.
63 Ln. Jlifk 1994, 156.
kl`lucnh^oohfc m^j]pkfhf h kl`l^oofnfgohlg snlklilaff:
Vnifs 1997, 32.
59 Vnifs 1994, 67 – 68.
132
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7
9
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15
13
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14
Kfo. 61 1–14. Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 186 jlafizkfh^ Eifk-]n III q Efoil`lboh^. 15, 16. H^slbhf fe n^enqvckklal hqna^k^
q o. K^bflkl`h^. 1, 5. Acicel; 3. E^jckz; 4. Acicel f _nlke^; lop^izklc бронза.
Jl Kossack 1994, Abb. 10 (1–14); Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, nfo. 1 (15, 16)
133
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0
90
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1
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Kfo. 62 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 34 jlafizkfh^ k^ pcnnfplnff Efoil`lbohlg jc_cizklg r^_nfhf (1–10)
=plnlc o`fbcpcizop`l p^hlal nlb^ — mlanc_ckfc 34 fe jlafizkfh^, n^ohnyplal k^ pcnnfplnff
Efoil`lbohlg jc_cizklg r^_nfhf (. 62). Bbcoz b`qhlizu^pyc qbfi^ o blmlikfpcizkyjf e`ckz]jf
f ildkl`fpyj nfrickfcj ` olucp^kff o pncsmcpcizu^pyjf mi^opfku^pyjf ilm^opkyjf mo^if]jf
(olucp^kfc, pfmfuklc bi] mcn`lg snlklilafucohlg anqmmy Vnifs^) l_k^nqdcky `jcopc o b`qsilm^opkyjf `pqizu^pyjf k^hlkcukfh^jf opnci o vfnlhfj mcnlj f vfml`fbkyjf lhlku^kf]jf ilm^opcg
(. 62, 15, 16)64. H^slbh^ opnci {plal pfm^ qkfh^izk^ k^ Lc`cnklj E^`h^ec, lbk^hl lkf fe`copky `
Qckpn^izklg @`nlmc, abc, ml]`f`vfoz cwc ` m^j]pkfh^s _nlkel`lal `ch^, fomlizeq|po] ` pcuckfc
`ocal mcnflb^ Ha A. = kchlplnys anqmm^s m^j]pkfhl` (n^glk ?ncebck^, e^m^bklbqk^gohl-j^gkoh^]
anqmm^ f n^glk Ibcn^-Hcgooc) p^hfc k^hlkcukfhf fomlizel`^ifoz f ` pcuckfc mcnflbl` Ha B1–2,
hlab^ lhlku^pcizkl `yslb]p fe qmlpnc_ickf] (luc`fbkl, ` X–IX ``. bl k. {.) 65. H^slbhf oslbkys opnci
fe`copky f ` bnqafs mncbohfrohfs m^j]pkfh^s (G^i^] Qfj_^ih^, =yolh^] jlafi^), lbk^hl lkf ek^ufpcizkl b^izvc lp hfoil`lbohfs, ucj tckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfc. M^hfj l_n^elj, fjc|po] lokl`^kf]
mcn`q| snlklilafucohq| anqmmq Vnifs^, ` hlplnq| `slb]p hljmichoy, olbcnd^wfc kl`lucnh^oohfc
qbfi^ ^ns^fucohlal l_ifh^, ^ p^hdc hlizu^pyc f pncqalizklhlkcukyc (ucnklalnl`ohfc) qbfi^, b^pfnl`^pz X, o^jlc mlebkcc IX `. bl k. {. f ofksnlkfefnl`^pz ml jckzvcg jcnc o mcnflblj Ha B1, ^ `le-
64 =fklan^bl`, ?qb^nc`, Kqkfu 1980, 188 –191, nfo. 4, 6 –7,14,
19; Eiluhl, Gqnefk 1989, 67 – 68. Jnlpf`: Jlifk 1994, 156.
134
65 Mercer 1970, 173–185.
11
12
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14
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6
0
15
3
17
18
19
Kfo. 62 Ck`ckp^nz mlanc_ckf] 34 jlafizkfh^ k^ pcnnfplnff Efoil`lbohlg jc_cizklg r^_nfhf.
3. >ifk^; 12. E^jckz; 13. Acicel; 4 –11, 14 –19. <nlke^
Jl Vnifs 1994, p^_. 19; Eleckhl`^ 1995, p^_. II, 2 – 4 (14 –16), XX, 1 (13), XXV, 7 (10)
jldkl, ml hn^gkcg jcnc u^opfukl, f hlktlj Ha A. =mnlucj, mnl_icj^ mnlfosldbckf] b^kklal pfm^
k^hlkcukfhl` opnci lop^cpo] omlnklg 66.
Qckpn^izklc`nlmcgohfc j^pcnf^iy b^|p f cwc lbkq lmlnkq| pluhq bi] snlklilaff k^u^i^ n^kkcohfrohlal mcnflb^. Jnf n^ohlmh^s qhncmickklal mlocickf] Ljlickftc-Glizmfn ` e^m^bklg Lil`^hff _yil l_k^nqdckl ek^ufpcizklc hlifucop`l k^hlkcukfhl` opnci ohfrohlal pfm^, hlplnyc ]`kl
fomlizel`^ifoz jcopkyj k^ocickfcj ` pcuckfc `ocal mcnflb^ oqwcop`l`^kf] mlocickf] 67. Lncbf
k^hlkcukfhl` mncl_i^b^|p pncsilm^opkyc, vfnlhl mncbop^`icky f b`qsilm^opkyc f pncsan^kkyc k^hlkcukfhf, mnfucj fs rlnjy s^n^hpcnky bi] mlebkfs hljmichol` n^kkcohfrohlg {mlsf. Jlocickfc
oqwcop`l`^il ` pcuckfc mcnflbl` Ha C2 f Ha D1, p. c. `l `plnlg mlil`fkc VII – k^u^ic VI ``. bl k. {.,
66 Ln. G^slnpys 1994, 45. I_ {pfs k^hlkcukfh^s oj. p^hdc
Eleckhl`^ 1995, 10.
67 Dušek, M., S. 1984, Taf. 9, 3,22,24–26; 10, 9–11,13 –15; 15,
7– 8; 20, 5,7; 24, 6; 31, 2– 4,6– 8; 32, 10–14,16–24,26–34,36–
58; 35, 5,7,9,10,12,14,16,19,21,23; 37, 16; 45, 25,27,29–35,37–
40,42,44; 50, 10,12; 53, 9–11; 68, 11–13,15; 69, 1– 9; 83, 17–19,
23,24; 90, 20,22; 94, 25,26; 97, 27,29–30; 100, 4; 104, 11–12,14–
16; 114, 14,17; 116, 21–23,25,26; 118, 35–37; 129, 27–28,30;
130, 20; 140, 26; 146, 31,33; 150, 2,3,5; 151, 10; 157, 3,16–19,
23 –26,28–30,37– 41,43 – 45; 158, 12–16,18–20,27,35–37, 39–
41,44– 46,50,53,54; 164, 12,15–17,22–29; 165, 23 –29; 177, 4,
5,7; 181, 2,7; 182, 28. Ln. Plslnl`ohf 1994, nfo. 3– 6.
135
mnfucj kf lbfk k^gbckkyg ebcoz mncbjcp kc b^pfnqcpo] _licc mlebkfj `ncjckcj68. M^hfj l_n^elj,
qdc `l `plnlg mlil`fkc VII `. bl k. {. k^hlkcukfhf opnci ohfrohlal pfm^, mnfucj kc o^jys n^kkfs
pfml`, blop^plukl vfnlhl fomlizel`^ifoz ml hn^gkcg jcnc u^opz| k^ocickf] Qckpn^izklg @`nlmy 69.
=n]b if mnfslbfpo] oljkc`^pzo], upl lkf _yif e^fjop`l`^ky fe opcmcg, abc, p^hfj l_n^elj, fs ml]`ickfc oicbqcp b^pfnl`^pz _licc n^kkfj `ncjckcj. M^hfj l_n^elj, jy mliqu^cj cwc lbkl lokl`^kfc
bi] b^pfnl`hf k^u^i^ hcicnjcoohlal {p^m^ n^kkcohfrohlg hqizpqny n^kcc ocncbfky VII `. bl k. {.
Jcncgbcj pcmcnz h n^oojlpnckf| pcs mncbjcpl`, hlplnyc oiqdfif ^naqjckp^jf qu^opf] kl`lucnh^ootc` ` mcncbkc^ef^pohfs mlslb^s.
68 Parzinger, Stegmann-Rajtár 1988, 162–178; Parzinger 1993,
213 –214.
`kqpnf dfifw oncbf bnqafs mncbjcpl`, kc`lejldkl o`]ey-
69
X. Plslnl`ohf (1994, 50 –51, ebcoz dc mncbybqw^] ifpc-
k^ocickfcj alnlbfw^. =yey`^cp oljkckf] f mn]jlc lpldbc-
n^pqn^) _ce blop^plukys lokl`^kfg o`]ey`^cp `oc l_k^nqdck-
op`ickfc k^m^b^|wfs `n^al` ol ohfr^jf k^ lokl`^kff plal,
kyc ebcoz k^hlkcukfhf o n^enqvckfcj mlocickf]. ?i] kchl-
upl lkf fomlizel`^if k^hlkcukfhf opnci ohfrohlal pfm^. =
plnys fe kfs (k^mnfjcn, lphnypys k^ _lc`lg milw^bhc fif
Qckpn^izklg @`nlmc ` VI `. bl k. {. p^hfc k^hlkcukfhf, luc-
q `lnlp) {pl jldcp _ypz mn^`fizkyj, lbk^hl _lizvfkop`l
`fbkl, _yif n^omnlopn^kcky kc jckzvc, ucj ` G^ilg ;eff.
k^hlkcukfhl`, l_k^nqdckkys ` hqizpqnkys k^mi^opl`^kf]s
`^pz o `n^dcohfj k^m^bckfcj — lkf ]`kl fomlizel`^ifoz
IQFHF 2.2
:
W}rqu m}r{x{pur~wu ymr}umx{o, m}mwr}utu wmw }mzzr~wu~w wx}, mw u |}rq~wu~w wx} u|m z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ wxmqm, {qzuy ut omszrv u loxlr~l w{z~wml tqm. Vmtxuzr {}y w{z~w{v tq ~xsm mwsr {qzuy ut w}ur}uro qmu}{owu ~{{or~ou wx} u
ol~zrzul m}mwr}m u ~oltrv ~ ~{~rqlyu. Xmw, |}uyrzrzur zrw{{} zru|uz qxl ~r|z{v t{z
rr }mtz{ouqz{~rv |}rq~wu~wuy zm~rxrzury U}ur}z{y{}l ~xsux{ {~z{omzury qxl {p{, {n
|}rq|{xmpm u tmuy~o{omzur ut Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u }m~~ym}uom wmw ~ouqrrx~o{ m~ul {p{
zm~rxrzul o |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{qm.
Jxl qmu}{owu }mtxuz |}rq~wu~wu u }mzzr~wu~wu ouq{o w{z~w{v tq {~{n{r tzmrzur
uyr ymr}umx Mmwmowmtl u N}mzm. Ytqm {p{ }rpu{zm uyrr ~{n~orzzr }mquuu }mtouul,
{xuzr { ~r|z. Xry zr yrzrr {nr }mquuu, ~r|zml u tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~wml, zm{qux~ o |{~{lzz w{zmwm u oxulxu q}p zm q}pm. Smxuur u ~oltrv, o {y u~xr, o{ty{sz{, u tmuy~o{omzuv, |{to{xlr ~oltm qor }mquuu yrsq ~{n{v. W{{or~orzz{, o{tzuwmr o{ty{sz{~ zmvu
}{z{x{pur~wur |}uoltwu qxl |}rq~wu~w{v wx} o |r}rqzro{~{z{v }{z{x{puu.
U{|wu ~{|{~moxrzul |}ur}z{y{}~w{v tq ~ |r}rqzro{~{z{v sr |}rq|}uzuymxu~, {qzmw{ {zu {p}mzuuomxu~, wmw |}moux{, u~|{xt{omzury xu {qrxz |}uyr}{o ut |r}rqzrmtum~wu
ymr}umx{o. Tnml sr wm}uzm }mtouul |r}rqzrmtum~w{v tq |}u {y tmm~ upz{}u}{omxm~,
{ |}uo{qux{ w { un{zy oo{qmy. Xmw, mzmxutu}l tq zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B o N}mzr, N. S. Rrqorq~wml {qz{tzmz{ ~umxm w{z~}wu, |}uyrzlo w{xmr quxm u {qrxz{ utp{{oxrzzr
}rq}mr |~mxuu, ~w}r|xlo ur~l ~ zuyu |{~}rq~o{y }ryzrv, z{omurv o N}mzr VIII o. q{ z. . u
~oltomxm u ~ rz}mxz{ro}{|rv~wuy oxulzury 1. J}p{v |}uyr} — sr |{yuzmo ml~l }mn{m
H. V. b}xum. Tz qrxux o zrv {~{n{r ozuymzur |{loxrzu o U}ur}z{y{}r qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm», }mtouo u~l zm {~z{or {nz qux z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m. U{loxrzur {v {}y tq {z ~umr }rtxm{y «uy|{}m uqrv» ut Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u
{qzuy ut ~ouqrrx~o m~ul z{~urxrv wx} u|m z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ wxmqm o |r}rqzrmtum~wu
|{{qm wuyyr}uvro 2. Pmw y ouquy zusr, {nm |}rq~moxrzul zror}z.
Jxl {p{, {n |}mouxz{ |{zl otmuy{{z{ rzul yrsq |r}rqzro{~{z{v u ~r|z{v }mquulyu }mtouul w{z~w{v tq, zr{n{quy{ }m~~ym}uom wmsqv {qrxzv mw zr ut{xu}{omzz{,
m o {y w{zrw~r, w w{{}{y {z |}uzmqxrsu. X{xw{ mw{r }m~~y{}rzur ~|{~{nz{ qm zmqrszr
{~z{omzul qxl ~uz}{zutmuu {qrxz loxrzuv, {z{~lu~l w qoy }mquuly, u u qmu}{owu.
U{{y, |}uoxrwml |r}rqzro{~{zr mzmx{puu qxl qmu}{owu r uxu uz {}y ~r|z qux uxu
1 Rrqorq~wml 1983, 64 –72; Rrqorq~wml 1994, 123–124.
2 b}xu 1994, 85 – 86.
137
|~mxuv, zr{n{quy{ uyr o ouq {n wm}uz }mtouul |r}rqzrmtum~w{v tq, qrxll {~{n{r
ozuymzur ry }mv{zmy, pqr ~xrqr {suqm zmun{xrr r~z w{zmw{o ~ ro}mtuv~wuyu ~r|lyu —
Mmwmowmt, N}mz u Y}m}.
2.2.1 UVTGQKR` [VTSTQTINN MFPFHPFMWPN[ UFRdXSNPTH
HXTVTO UTQTHNS` II – SF]FQF I X`W. JT S. b.,
WTJKVLF_N[ RKXFQQN]KWPNK UVKJRKX` PTSWPTO YMJ`
Sm~w{xw{ y{sz{ ~qu, ~my{v }mzzrv {}y{v yrmxxur~w{v tq, |}uyrzlo rv~l o Mmwmowmtr, nxu qom~zr quxm ~ zm|~wzyu qu~w{ouqzyu |~mxulyu, uyruyu yz{p{u~xrzzr
mzmx{puu o |mylzuwm o{}{v |{x{ouz II ~. q{ z. . o yuwrz~w{v I}ruu u Ur}rqzrv Ftuu. Jmu}{omzzr wtry|xl} {p{ u|m qux |{yrm~l yrsq XV u XII oo. q{ z. . (Imtm, XV o.; ^m}wu xm
o o{~{z{v Pm||mq{wuu, XV–XIV oo.; Xrx-Fym}zm, zmmx{ XIV o.; Vm~ ^my}m, XIII o.; Zuo, XIII o.;
Ruwrz, XIII–XII oo., ~}. mwsr ut{n}msrzul mwu |~mxuv zm }r~wm XIII o. ut Ruwrz, Xu}uzm
u T}{yrzm) (. 63, 1) 3. Fzmx{puzr |{ {}yr w{~lzr u }{p{or qu~w{ouqzr |~mxuu, |}uyrzlo ur~l, {rouqz{, ~ }ryrzzyu quxmyu, nxu u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrz u o ro}mtuv~wu ~r|l zm
{p}{yz |}{~}mz~om { U{qzmol q{ ~ror}z{p{ Pmtm~mzm ~{ o{}{v ror}u II ~. q{ z. .
u o rrzur rp{ o{}{v |{x{ouz (. 63, 2) 4.
H Mmwmowmtr yrmxxur~wur quxm ~ zm|~wzyu qu~w{ouqzyu |~mxulyu nxu {nzm}srz o{
o{}{y ( r~ wtry|xl}{o) u o{~y{y (qom wtry|xl}m) w}pmzm Qm rzm oyr~r ~ |}rw}m~z{ ~{}mzuo uyu~l qr}rolzzyu |{o{twmyu (. 63, 3– 5) 5. P}{yr {p{, r}r wtry|xl}m mzmx{puz
qux o{quxu o ~{~mo wxmqm n}{zt{o orrv o Pory{-Wm~u}ru o I}tuu (yrsq Xnuxu~u u I{}u)
(. 64, 7, 9) 6. W ymr}umx{y xm rz~wu w}pmz{o or~ym ~{qz ymr}umx ut |{p}rnrzuv |r}o{v
}{z{x{pur~w{v p}|| y{puxzuwm F}uw, { |{to{xlr u ~uz}{zutu}{om 7. Hmszy {~z{omzury qxl qmu}{owu }mzzrv p}|| |{p}rnrzuv F}uwm u xm rz~wu w}pmz{o loxl~l zm{qwu
o |mylzuwm {p{ w}pm |rmrv yumzzuv~w{p{ u xmy~w{p{ ~uxl. H |{p}rnrzul |r}o{v p}||
F}uwm (№53, 422, 625) nx{ {nzm}srz{ }u mwu |rmu, qor ut w{{} qmu}~l XV–XIII,
m {qzm — XIII–XII oo. q{ z. . 8 P}{yr {p{, }}u~wml |rm ~{qz{p{ u|m, ouquy{, {z{~lml~l w
XV–XIV oo. q{ z. . nxm {nzm}srzm u o xm rz~w{y y{puxzuwr 9. Kr {qzm |rm ~}rqzrxmy~w{p{
u|m, mzmx{puzml {nzm}srzz{v o 625 |{p}rnrzuu F}uwm, nxm zmvqrzm o |{p}rnrzuu Um}zu-prm
o w{y|xrw~r, ~{qr}smry oru, m}mwr}zr qxl |mylzuw{o xm rz{-m}uw~w{p{ u|m 10. P}{yr {p{,
mzmx{puzml |rm nxm {nzm}srzm o ~{~mor w{y|xrw~m {p{ sr u|m o |{p}rnrzuu 7 Q{}u-nr}q~w{p{
3 Potratz 1941– 44, 10 –18; Potratz 1966, 110 –116 (u| II);
5 Rzmwmzlz 1960, 151; Rzmwmzlz 1961, 70, }u~. 25, 4 – 6;
Nagel 1963, 50 –53, Taf. XXXVI–XXXVII, 68 –71; Moorey 1971,
Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 100, mn. VIII, 6 – 8; Piggott 1974, 18, pl. V b;
109 –111; Bittel 1975, 301– 311, Abb. 3–5, Taf. 56; Littauer,
Piggott 1983, 70 –78.
6 Nioradze 1932, 89 – 91, Abb. 9 – 10; Potratz 1941– 1944,
Crouwel 1979, 87; Crouwel 1981, 102, 107, 158, pl. 90, 94, 101
(}r~wu); Muscarella 1988, 158 –159.
4 Qr~w{o 1964, 299 – 303; Wyu}z{o, Ptyuzm 1977, 42 – 43;
12 –14, Abb. 17 –21; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 100 (qmu} XIII–
Ptyuzm 1980, 8 –21; Hüttel 1981, 35 – 65, Taf. 2 – 4; Piggott
XII oo. q{ z. .); H{}{z{o 1980, 205, }u~. 2, 10 –16 (nrt ~r}rt-
1983, 99 –100 (~ { un{z{v qmu}{ow{v }mryu}{o~wu |~m-
z {~z{omzuv qmu}r zmmx{y I ~. q{ z. .).
7 [mm}lz 1963, passim; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 81–113; [mm}lz
xuv III ~. q{ z. .); U}luz, Gr~rquz 1998, 22 – 34. T~{n{r
tzmrzur uyrr zm{qwm n{x {p{ w{xur~om mwu |~mxuv o
y{puxzuwr o{}{v ror}u – ~r}rquz II ~. q{ z. . Wuzm m o sz{y Mm}mxr. Rz{pur ut zu {nzm}srz |}u r}r|m |{p}rnrzz w{zrv: Irzuzp, Mqmz{ou, Irzuzp 1992,
111– 332.
138
X oo. q{ z. .); P{}uqtr 1965, 17 –18, mn. X (qmu}r XIII–
1975, 156 –198; [mm}lz 1979, 11–14; Kossack 1983, 103–108.
8 Hrouda 1983, 170 –177. W}. [mm}lz 1975, 157 –158, 188 –
189; [mm}lz 1979, 11–12.
9 Uu{}{o~wuv 1963, 11; [mm}lz 1975, 189.
10 [mm}lz 1975, 15, 131, 188, }u~. 1.
3
1
4
5
2
6
7
Vu~. 63 Yquxm u |~mxuu.
1. Ju~w{ouqzv |~mxuv ut Ruwrz; 2. Ju~w{ouqzv |~mxuv ut y{puxzuwm Wuzm m; 3–5. Yquxm ~ qu~w{ouqzyu |~mxulyu
ut Qm rz~wu w}pmz{o; 6. Yquxm ~ |}ly{p{xzyu |~mxulyu ut Ruwrz; 7. U~mxuv ut Zuo. 1, 3–7. G}{ztm; 2. P{~
U{ Crouwel 1981, 215, pl. 1, 3 (1, 6, 7); Irzuzp, Mqmz{ou, Irzuzp 1992, }u~. 75, 3 (2); Rm}u}{~lz 1964, mn. VIII, 6 – 8 (3–5)
139
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
11
9
10
Vu~. 64 G}{zt{or |}rqyr ut wxmqm o Pory{-Wm~u}ru, I}tul
U{ Schäffer 1948, fig. 299
140
1
2
3
5
6
4
Vu~. 65 Nzorzm} |{p}rnrzul 79 y{puxzuwm F}uw. 1, 2, 4. Ixuzm; 3, 5, 6. G}{ztm
U{ [mm}lz 1979, 142
141
y{puxzuwm 11. Yw}m rzzr tuptmp{{n}mtzy {}zmyrz{y |rmu ut u |{p}rnrzuv, ouquy{, q{xsz
qmu}{om~l, wmw u o m}uw~w{y |{p}rnrzuu 625, XIII–XII oo. q{ z. . Sm qm wmtomr zm{qwm
n{x {p{ w{xur~om mwu |rmrv o «m~{ozl» 3 u 4 xmy~w{p{ wx{o{p{ rz}m ]{pm Mmynux,
w{{}r qmu}~l uy o}ryrzry 12. Wxrqr |{ylz rr zm{qw |rmu }}{-yumzzuv~w{p{
~uxl, w{{}ml {z{~u~l w XV–XIII oo. q{ z. ., o |l{y ^myu}my~w{y w}pmzr (F m}mw~wuv }mv{z
F}yrzuu). P ~{smxrzu, ut w}mw{v tmyrwu {n {y w}pmzr rp{ wx}zml |}uzmqxrsz{~ zrl~zm 13.
Sm{qwu u |rmrv wmtom zm qmu}{ow |mylzuw{o u|m Qm rzm u }mzzrv p}|| F}uwm
{w{x{ XIV–XIII o. q{ z. ., o{ty{sz{ {m~u owxml u XII o. q{ z. .
T~{nv uzr}r~ qxl zm rv ry |}rq~moxlr w{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul 79 y{puxzuwm F}uw, pqr
{nzm}srz qom~zr quxm ~ qu~w{ouqzyu |~mxulyu u zmor} ur o {}yr w{txm, }rtomvz{
nxutw{r zmor} uly ut Qm rzm (. 65) 14. X. W. [mm}lz w{xrnxr~l o qmu}{owr {p{ |{p}rnrzul.
Ur}o{zmmxz{ {z ~umx rp{ {qzuy ut orqu w{y|xrw~{o }mzzrv p}|| F}uwm 15, {qzmw{ tmry
{w{}}rwu}{omx { yzrzur. U{-|}rszry ~uml quxm u zmor} ur ut {p{ w{y|xrw~m m}mwr}zyu qxl }mzzrv p}|| F}uwm, {z {yrmr o n{xrr |{tqzu |nxuwmul zmxuur tqr~ wr}myuwu,
m}mwr}z{v qxl o{}{v m}uw~w{v p}|| 16. Q{puz{ |{{y ~um, { |{p}rnrzur 79 loxlr~l
|r}r{qzy { |r}o{v w{ o{}{v p}||r. H ~my{y qrxr, zr {xw{ n}{zt{or utqrxul o zry wmtom zm |}uzmqxrsz{~ w }mzzrv p}||r, z{ u wr}myur~wuv w{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul uyrr ~yr mzzv
m}mwr}. Sm}lq ~ u|uzyu qxl o{}{v p}|| ~{~qmyu, w}m rzzyu oqmoxrzzyu xuzulyu,
o zry uyr~l u m}mwr}zr qxl |r}o{v p}|| r}z{x{rzr ~{~q, {}zmyrzu}{omzzr x{rzury 17. U{p}rnrzur 79, mwuy {n}mt{y, y{sr n qmu}{omz{ XII o. q{ z. .
H Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u yuwrz~w{v I}ruu {qz{o}ryrzz{ ~r~o{omx u q}p{v u| qux — ~ zwu{zmxz{ uqrzuzyu |xm~uzmyu zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, z{ zr qu~w{ouqz{v, m |{q|}ly{p{xz{v {}y (uyr~l }mtzr u om}umz — { |}ly{p{xzuwm q{ qo ~{rquzrzz or} uzmyu
}rp{xzuw{o) (. 63, 6, 7). U~mxuu m~{ ~zmnsmxu~
u|myu u {nz{ uyrxu }u {or}~ul
({rouqz{, qxl }m~}{rzz{p{ zmrz{p{ }ryzl), |}ury uyr~l u |r}r{qzr {}y { {p{ u|m
|~mxuv w qu~w{ouqzy. Jmu}{omzzr wtry|xl} mwu qux {z{~l~l w |r}u{q yrsq XV u XII oo.
q{ z. . (Imtm, XV o.; Xrx-Fym}zm, zmmx{ XIV o.; Zuo, |r}oml |{x{ouzm XIII o. (LH III B); Ruwrz,
XIII o.; Ruxr (yuwrz~wml p}{nzum), XIII–XII oo.; Irtr}, XIII–XII oo.) 18. H ~r|z{v t{zr |{q{nzr
|xm~uzmr |~mxuu ut }{pm u w{~u o rrzur o{}{v |{x{ouz II ~. q{ z. . ~{~r~o{omxu ~ qu~w{ouqzyu, ~{rquzll~, {rouqz{, ~ ry sr u|{y }ryrzz qux19. Jxl qmu}{owu or}zrv p}mzu
|}uyrzrzul {p{ ouqm qux omsz{ u ut{n}msrzur zm pxmt}{omz wu}|um |{u Xwxu-Suz} II (891 – 884 pp. q{ z. .) 20 u zm zrw{{} }rxrm F
}zmu}|mxm II (884 – 858 pp. q{ z. .), {
~ouqrrx~or {n u u~|{xt{omzuu o F~~u}uu rr o |r}o{v |{x{ouzr IX o. q{ z. . X{ sr u| |~mxuv ut{n}msrz, {rouqz{, u zm n}{zt{o{v w{z~w{v |rw{}mxu m~~u}uv~w{v }mn{, mwsr {z{~lrv~l
w IX o. q{ z. . (. 66) 21. bu ut{n}msrzul, |{-ouquy{y, u qm or}z p}mzu u }m~|}{~}mzrzul, o{ o~lw{y ~xmr qxl F~~u}uu. Pmsr~l, rquz~orzzy yr~{y, pqr mwur quxm |}{q{xsmxu
u~|{xt{om~l u |{tsr, nx Pu|}. U}u }m~w{|wm }lqm wu|}u{~wu zrw}{|{xrv, |}rsqr o~rp{
11 Jrorqslz 1981, 37, mn. IX, 3.
12 Porada 1970, 111–119, 129, pl. XII; ~}. Amiet 1972, 266 –
267, pl. 183; Hrouda 1983, 173.
13 F}r lz 1983, 425 – 426, 425 ({{).
14 [mm}lz 1963, 134, mn. 30, 3; [mm}lz 1975, 218; [mm-
15 [mm}lz 1963, 30 – 31.
16 [mm}lz 1975, 161, 218.
17 [mm}lz 1963, 30 – 31; [mm}lz 1979, 13, 142.
18 Potratz 1941– 44, 2 – 9; Potratz 1966, 103–110 (u| I);
Moorey 1971, 107 –109; Bittel 1975, 301– 311, Abb. 1–2, Taf. 55;
}lz 1979, 13, 142, ~}. Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 109 –110. W}. mwsr
Littauer, Crowel 1979, 88; Donder 1980, 20 –21, Taf. 1, 1– 4;
nxutw{r zmor} ur ~ up}w{v {xrzl, {nzm}srzz{r ~}rqu
Gr}uwxqrrnu o I}tuu. Q{ mqu nxu otztqmz n}{zt{oyu
Crowel 1981, 103–104, 158, pl. 3, 4,8.
19 Ptyuzm 1980, 16; Hüttel 1981, 24 – 35, Taf. 1.
20 Andrae 1923, Taf. 7.
quxmyu ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu. P}pmz qmu}r~l XIV–
21 Seidl 1986, Abb. 1– 3, Taf. 53–55; Born, Seidl 1995, 55 –72,
XIII oo. q{ z. . (~r}rquzm II ~. q{ z. . |{ }mqu{wm}n{zzy
Abb. 45 –53.
{~mw{o |{o{twu, tm|}lsrzz{v |m}{v x{ mqrv, o w}pmzr 4
qmmy). Wy. Koridse 1995, 109 –110, Abb. 97.
142
Wmxmyuzm, Umxr-Um{~m u Fym{zm, nxu {nzm}srz n{pmr p}{nzu, tm{}{zrzul w{{} ~{|}{o{sqmxu~ {qz{v uxu zr~w{xwuyu w{xr~zumyu u tm|}lsrzzyu o zu x{ mqyu. ]m~ u
|{p}rnrzuv, ~ql |{ u uzorzm}, qmu}r~l o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII, m~ VII o. q{ z. . («Pu|}{m}mur~wuv |r}u{q I»), zmun{xrr |{tqzur — w{z{y ~{xrul. U}u w{z~wu |{p}rnrzul {nzm}srz
{qz{u|zr n}{zt{or u srxrtzr quxm ~ zm|~wzyu |xm~uzmyu |~mxulyu, |}ury o VII o.
q{ z. . utor~z, wmsr~l, {xw{ srxrtzr wtry|xl}. Yquxm, u~|{xt{omo ur~l o ~r}rquzr VIII o.
q{ z. . zury zr {xum~l { r, w{{}r |{}rnxlxu~ o w{zr VII o. q{ z. . (. 67, 1– 4) 22.
U~mxuu {nz{ uyr ouq |}ly{p{xz |xm~uz ~ }ryl |rxlyu ({or}~ul wmw |}moux{ womq}mzr uxu |}ly{p{xzr); uz{pqm {zu zr~w{xw{ opz. H{ty{sz{, quxm {p{ u|m |}{q{xsm
yuwrz~wur }mquuu, {qzmw{ ut-tm {~~oul |}{yrs{z zm{q{w o {y zrxtl n or}rzzy.
Sm{qwu qux, {z{~lu~l w |r}u{q yrsq yuwrz~w{v |{{v u o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII o. q{ z. .,
tm u~wxrzury qux ut |{p}rnrzul zm Fuz~w{v mp{}r (~y. zusr), u o{{nr zrutor~z, {qzmw{ {
zr |{to{xlr p{o{}u { |r}r}or }mquuu: zm~xrq{omzur wu|}~w{v wx}{v }lqm }mquuv yuwrz~w{v |{u {}{ { utor~z{. H|}{ry, o{ty{sz{ u tmuy~o{omzur {v {}y qux o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu,
pqr u u~|{xt{omzur tm~ouqrrx~o{omz{ q{ |r}o{v |{x{ouz IX o. q{ z. .
Jmzzv u| qux, {qzmw{, nx zr m}mwr}rz qxl Mmwmowmtl. Kquz~orzzv wtry|xl} {p{ u|m
zm qmzz{v r}}u{}uu {nzm}srz o F~mqt{}~w{y y{puxzuwr (. 67, 5). F. F. Rm}u}{~lz, {yrml,
{ mzmx{puu mwuy quxmy zm Pmowmtr {~~o, ~|}morqxuo{ ~umr u m~~u}uv~wuy uy|{}{y,
ry n{xrr, { o {y sr w{y|xrw~r zmvqrz u wuzsmx, ouquy{, m~~u}uv~w{p{ |}{u~{sqrzul 23 (wuzsmx {p{ u|m utor~z wmw zm }rxrm F
}zmu}|mxm, mw u Wm}p{zm II u n{xrr |{tqzu). U}u
{y {z qmu}r quxm IX–VIII oo. q{ z. ., o wmr~or rquz~orzz{p{ {n{~z{omzul mw{v qmu}{owu
|}uo{ql xu ut{n}msrzul ~{qz |~mxuv zm }rxrr F
}zmu}|mxm 24. F~~u}uv~wur ut{n}msrzul, wmw sr wmtomx{~, {qzmw{, |{to{xl {n{~z{om xu qmu}{ow qux IX o. q{ z. . R. S. U{p}rn{om |}rqxmpmr }m~ u}u qmu}{ow F~mqt{}~w{p{ |{p}rnrzul q{ VII o. q{ z. ., ~~xml~ zm ut{n}msrzur mzmx{puz{v }w{lu yrm zm {qz{y ut }rxr{o F
}nmzu|mxm 25. Xmwml qmu}{owm, {qzmw{,
o}lq xu |}uryxrym, |{~w{xw, ~ql |{ ut{n}msrzuly zm }rxrm, zmuzml ~ |{u Xupxm|mxm~m}m
III o{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. . { ouq tq o F~~u}uu sr zr |}uyrzlx~l. U{q{nz qux zr
tm~ouqrrx~o{omz{ u ~}rqu |}rqyr{o }m}~w{v tq, {}{ { utor~z{v zmuzml ~ |{u Rrzm
(w{zr IX – zmmx{ VIII oo. q{ z. .). R{sz{ |{xmpm |{{y, { quxm ut F~mqt{}~w{p{ y{puxzuwm, m ~xrq{omrxz{ u w{y|xrw~, pqr {zu zmvqrz, q{xsz qmu}{om~l zr |{tsr IX o. q{ z. .
Huquy{, |}uyr}z{ o XII o. q{ z. . quxm ~ qu~w{ouqzyu |~mxulyu o Mmwmowmtr o{ql ut |{}rnxrzul u tmyrzl~l uz{v {}y{v qux ~ zm|~wzyu |{qouszyu |~mxulyu. U~mxuu |}rq~moxl ~{n{v |}lyr |}, {zu qoq}mr, {nz{ ~ zrn{x uyu }m~ u}rzulyu o r yr~m,
pqr zm{ql~l {or}~ul. P{z |~mxuv m~{ uyr |x{~wur xl|wu. Wmyu quxm uyr pxmqwur
mzpu u w}|zr w{xm qxl |{o{qm, {or}~ul w{{} }m~|{x{srz o {v sr |x{~w{~u, { u
{or}~ul |~mxuv.
Yquxm {p{ u|m m}mwr}z qxl p}|| tmwmowmt~wu |mylzuw{o, ymr}umxzml wx}m w{{} {nzm}suomr {rouqz{r rquz~o{. H~xrq tm F. F. Rm}u}{~lz{y m p}||m y{sr n {n{tzm22 Dikaios 1963, 160, Nr. 163, fig. 12; Karageorghis 1963, 373–
xm ut byumqtuz~w{p{ ytrl, w{{}r, o{ty{sz{, uyrxu sr
378; Karageorghis 1963a, 265 – 300, fig. 20 a – b; Karageorghis
{}y, {qzmw{ ut-tm {~~oul uxx~}muu ~mz{ou {
1965, 270 –279; Karageorghis 1965a, 282 –290, fig. 14; Karageor-
{|}rqrxrzz{ zr |}rq~moxlr~l o{ty{szy.
24 Yor}sqrzur F. F. Rm}u}{~lzm (Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 145) {
ghis 1967, 14, 33, 39, 49, 77 –79, 83– 84, 86, Nr. 54 –55, 150,
151, 79, 80, 94 – 97, 120, 121, pl. XV; XLVII; LXXXIII; LXXXIV;
{y, { |{q{nzr quxm «}m~|}{~}mzl~l |}u Xupxm|mxm-
CXIV; CXXVIII; CXLI; Karageorghis 1973, 22, 24, 36, 39, 40, 82,
~m}r III u ut{n}msrz zm }rxrm F
Nr. 156, 159 + 160, 167, 176, 186 + 214, 246, 320/16, 320/22,
n{z{ — |~mxuu zm m~~u}uv~wu }rxrm o{}{v |{x{ouz
}nmzu|mxm» { u-
pl. LXXX; LXXVI; CXIX; CXXIV; CCLXIII; Donder 1980, 22 –
VIII–VII oo. q{ z. . ~r}szr{n}mtzr u |}uzmqxrsm uz{y
26, Taf. 1–5, Nr. 5 –29; Chavane 1990, 43– 44, Nr. 379 – 380,
u|. Sr{~z{omrxz{ u ~nxusrzur {p{ ouqm tq ~ tq{v ut
pl. XII. W}. Gjerstad 1948, 146, 217, 399, fig. 26, 30 – 31; Donder
S{}-F}r m, { w{{}{v ~y. zusr.
25 U{p}rn{om 1984, 59.
1981, 26 –28, Taf. 5, Nr. 30 – 31.
23 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 225, }u~. 87, 1. Mqr~ sr |{ylz qu-
143
1
0
6
2
144
3
4
Vu~. 66 G}{zt{oml w{z~wml |rw{}mx m~~u}uv~w{v }mn{ ~ nmmxz{v ~rz{v. Rr~{ zm{qwu zrutor~z{
U{ Seidl 1986, fig. 2 – 4
145
2
1
4
3
5
6
Vu~. 67 G}{zt{or quxm ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu.
1– 4. Srw}{|{x Wmxmyuzm (Pu|}); 5. F~mqt{}~wuv y{puxzuw, F}yrzul;
6. U~mxuv ut |{p}rnrzul 46 y{puxzuwm Xmw-Puxu~m, X}umxru
U{ Karageorghis 1973, pl. CCLXIII (1, 2); Karageorghis 1967, pl. CXLI (3, 4); Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 87, 1 (5); Puz 1941, }u~. 56 (6)
146
1
2
3
5
4
6
Vu~. 68 G}{zt{or quxm ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu.
1. R{puxzuw Juym Pu}{omwmzm; 2. U{p}rnrzur 9 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrz Pu}{omnmqm; 3. U{p}rnrzur 49 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrz
Pu}{omnmqm; 4. P}pmz 1 F}mqt{}m; 5. Pxmq ut X{xm, I}tul; 6. I}{nzum 50 (XXI L) zrw}{|{xl Rm}xuw, N}mz
U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, mn. XIII, 8 (1); Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 13, 23 (2, 3); P zm}rom 1957, }u~. 2, 2 (4);
P{}uqtr 1965, mn. XVIII, 15 (5); Negahban 1977, fig. 134 (6)
147
1
4
3
2
5
7
6
8
10
9
11
12
13
148
14
15
Vu~. 69 Sm{qwu o |{p}rnrzuu 1 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r
(b}rnzu)
U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, mn. XXIV; XXVI; XXVII
149
1
2
3
4
Vu~. 70 Sm{qwu o |{p}rnrzuu 2 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r
(b}rnzu). 1, 2, 4. G}{ztm; 3. Lrxrt{
U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 93, mn. XXV
150
Vu~. 71 G}{zt{or up}wu {xrzrv ut p}{nzu 50 (XXI L) zrw}{|{xl Rm}xuw, N}mz
U{ Negahban 1977, fig. 96 b–d
rzm |{ rr orquy |mylzuwmy wmw {qsmx-m}mqt{}~wml26. Yquxm {p{ u|m {nzm}srz zm }lqr
|mylzuw{o p}||, o m~z{~u o w}pmzm 1 (r}r wtry|xl}m) u 2 (}u wtry|xl}m) F}mqt{}m 27,
o y{puxzuwr Juym (Pu}{omwmz, qom wtry|xl}m) 28, o |{p}rnrzul 9 u 49 Pmxmwrzm (Um}mqu~r~zp) 29, o |{p}rnrzuu 2 ~rxm Pmmpmz (}mv{z Fxmor}qu) 30 (. 68, 1– 4) u q}pu 31. Ntor~z u
rquzuzr zm{qwu qux {p{ u|m o tm|mqz{y Mmwmowmtr, zm|}uyr} o ~{~mor wxmqm ut X{xm (. 68,
5) 32, {qzmw{ tqr~ {zu loz{ zr nxu mw }m~|}{~}mzrz.
P}{yr Mmwmowmtl, zm{qwu mwu qux utor~z xu zm r}}u{}uu N}mzm. Xmw, {zu nxu {nzm}srz o {qz{v ut p}{nzu (50, XXI L) zrw}{|{xl Rm}xuw (. 68, 6) 33. H {v sr p}{nzur nx{
zmvqrz{ }u n}{zt{o up}wu {xrzl (. 71) 34, w{{}r y{p n ~{|{~moxrz ~ n}{zt{o{v
up}w{v {xrzl ut X{x{}~~w{p{ w}pmzm o F}yrzuu (. 72) 35. Rmr}umx X{x{}~~w{p{ w}pmzm zrqo~y~xrzz{ wmtomr zm rp{ |}uzmqxrsz{~ {qsmx-m}mqt{}~w{v p}||r |mylzuw{o. U{q{nzr
up}wu {xrzrv utor~z u o q}pu |mylzuwm {v p}||, zm|}uyr} o |{p}rnrzuu ~rxm Rrz 36.
W{qzr up}wu or~ym m~{ o~}rm~l mwsr o |mylzuwm rz}mxz{v I}tuu (~}. zm|}uyr}
. 90, 5 – 8 ). Sm{qwm ~{qz up}{w oyr~r ~ quxmyu m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m o zrw}{|{xr Rm}xuw
loxlr~l q{|{xzurxzy wmtmzury zm q{~m{z{ r~zr ~oltu {qsmx-m}mqt{}~w{v p}||
|mylzuw{o ~ N}mz{y.
Sm{qwm qux m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m o {qz{v ut p}{nzu Rm}xuw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl y{sr ~xsu
mwsr {qzuy ut }r|r}{o qxl {|}rqrxrzul mn~{xz{v }{z{x{puu {v p}|| |mylzuw{o. U}moqm,
qmu}{owm ~my{p{ {p{ zrw}{|{xl ~xsu |}rqyr{y ~|{}{o, {qzmw{, |{smxv, {qzuy ut zmun{xrr
~r~orzz wmtmzuv zm rp{ }{z{x{pu y{sr ~xsu zm{qwm tqr~ uxuzq}ur~wu |rmrv
}}{-yumzzuv~w{p{ ~uxl, qmu}ry {nz{ o |}rqrxm XV–XII oo. q{ z. ., { wmtomr zm qm
|{ w}mvzrv yr}r m~u tm{}{zrzuv zrw}{|{xl. H|}{ry, zm zrw}{|{xr tm~ouqrrx~o{omz u |rmu
n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu, {qzmw{ zu {qzm ut zu zr qmu}r~l |{tsr IX o. q{ z. . 37 H {y sr |{p}rnrzuu, { u quxm m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m, nx {nzm}srz ~r}rn}lzv ~{~q o {}yr «mvzuwm» ~ t{x{yu
zmwxmqwmyu, ut{n}msmuyu yuur~wu suo{z 38, w{{}r mwsr zm{ql ~rnr mzmx{puu zm |rm26 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 145.
27 Rösler 1894, 231, Abb. 21; P zm}rom 1957, 137 –140, 145,
Abb. 84 (ut N}mzm ?). S{o{r, |{xz{r, utqmzur Rm}xuw~w{p{
165 –169, }u~. 2, 2.
28 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 144, mn. XIII, 8 – 9.
29 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 60, 78, Taf. 31, 1; 76, 1; 23, 1, ~}.
{v wzup{v (Negahban 1996), w ~{smxrzu {~mx{~ yzr
Belck 1893, 62, fig. 1; Potratz 1966, 187, Abb. 176 b, 78 c.
30 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 141.
31 P zm}rom 1957, 165 –166; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 145 –146;
U{p}rn{om 1977, 79 – 81; Kossack 1983, 129, 179 –180.
32 P{}uqtr 1965, 34, mn. XVIII, 15 (qmu}r X–VIII oo.
q{ z. .); H{}{z{o 1980, 209, }u~. 2, 32.
33 Negahban 1977, 12, 58, fig. 134. W}. Rehm 1997, 50, I 14,
zrw}{|{xl, |{louo rr~l sr |{~xr {w{zmzul }mn{ zmq
zrq{~|zy.
34 Negahban 1977, 51, Nr. 96 b – d.
35 Rzmwmzlz 1954, 102, }u~. 42; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 146 –147,
mn. XIV, 8.
36 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 151, }u~. 62, 1–2.
37 Negahban 1965, 311– 315, fig. 1–2; Negahban 1977a, 81–102.
38 Negahban 1965, 320 – 322, fig. 19 –21; Negahban 1977,
53–54, Nr. 108, 137; Negahban 1983, 58 – 62, Nr. 21.
151
Vu~. 72 G}{zt{oml up}wm {xrzl ut X{x{}~~w{p{ w}pmzm, F}yrzul
U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, mn. XIV, 8
l yumzzuv~w{p{ ~uxl 39. Nt{n}msrzul, zmzr~rzzr zm { ~{~q, |{ rzuwr u~|{xzrzul u ~ux
{~{nrzz{ nxutwu ~r}rn}lz{y wnw ~ xrw}{oyu zmwxmqwmyu ut [mtmzx IV, w{{}v qmu}r~l zr
|{tsr X–IX o. q{ z. ., m o{ty{sz{ u }mz r 40. W{{nmr~l, w}{yr {p{, { zm{qwr n}{zt{o qux o
rr {qz{v n{pm{v p}{nzur Rm}xuwm (52 –53, XXIII G), pqr {zu {nzm}srz oyr~r ~ |{xzy zmn{}{y w{z~wu tn{o. Z{{p}mul qux, w ~{smxrzu, zr {|nxuw{omzm, z{ y{sz{ |}rq|{xmpm (|{
y{xmzu mo{}m), { {zu |}uzmqxrsmxu {y sr u|, { {|nxuw{omzzr 41. H {v sr p}{nzur 52
nxu {nzm}srz {quz t{x{{v u r}r n}{zt{o ~{~qm, zr~w{xw{ n}{zt{o yrrv u wuzsmx{o,
n}{zt{or u r}}mw{{or ~mwu u yz{sr~o{ q}pu |}rqyr{o, o {~z{oz{y zr {|nxuw{omzz.
Fo{} }m~w{|{w, zm {~z{omzuu mzmx{puv yrmxxur~wuy ~{~qmy, zm{q{w |rmrv u }mqu{wm}n{zz qm, qmu}r zrw}{|{x Rm}xuwm XIII–X oo. q{ z. . 42 U}moqm, zrw{{}r rp{ |{p}rnrzul y{p
{z{~u~l u w n{xrr |{tqzry o}ryrzu. Tqz{ ut ~my n{pm tm{}{zrzuv, 36 (XVIII C), ~{qr}su
unx |r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ u|m. T. Rm~wm}rxxm ~|}morqxuo{ wmtmx, { { mw {|}rqrxlr w{zr
VIII o. q{ z. . wmw terminus ante quem non qmzz{p{ |{p}rnrzul 43. H ~my{y qrxr, |{ {nr|}uzl{y yzrzu qp{{n}mtzr unx o N}mzr u Y}m} |{loxl~l zr }mzrr |{~xrqzrv ror}u VIII o. q{ z. . 44
U}moqm, ~xrqr o ~oltu ~ uy tmyru, { qmzzv terminus zr loxlr~l ~{x mn~{xzy, wmw ~umr T. Rm~wm}rxxm. Jp{{n}mtzr unx u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrz zm \rz}mxz{y Pmowmtr, ouquy{,
sr o XI o. q{ z. ., pqr loxl~l {qzuy ut m}mwr}z xryrz{o P{nmz~w{v wx}: o {qz{y
{xw{ Xxuv~w{y y{puxzuwr {nzm}srz{ 120 wtry|xl}{o mwu unx 45. Yuoml zmxuur ~oltrv
yrsq Mmwmowmtry u N}mz{y zm }nrsr II–I ~. q{ z. . u }mz r, zrxtl u~wxm o{ty{sz{~
|{|mqmzul rquzuz unx ~ Pmowmtm o N}mz. H ~oltu ~ uy ~xrqr {yru w{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul
1 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r (b}rnzu), o w{{}{y nxu {nzm}srz, zm}lq ~ u|uzy }m}~wuy uzorz-
39 Negahban 1965, 321; Negahban 1983, 61; P}{wuz 1990, 47.
40 Dyson 1960, 127; Winter 1977, 372, fig. 1.
41 Negahban 1977, 14 –15; Negahban 1983, 90.
42 Negahban 1983, 95 – 96.
43 Muscarella 1984, 413– 419.
1990, 78 –79. Yor}sqrzur G. Tzm (Öǧün 1979, 179) { {y,
{ wmowmt~wur, o {y u~xr w{nmz~wur, unx q{xsz qmu}{om~l |{tsr |{~xrqzrv ror}u VIII o. q{ z. . nrt{~z{omrxz{. Kquz~orzzy m}pyrz{y o |{xt mw{v qmu}{owu
loxlr~l m|}u{}z{r |}rq|{x{srzur { {y, { unx nxu
44 Stronach 1959, 185–206; Vanden Berghe 1978, 35 – 74,
pl. I–IV; Öǧün 1979, 178–188.
tmuy~o{omz zm Pmowmt ut Y}m}. H qrv~ourxz{~u |
45 Xr{o 1977, 142 –147; Kossack 1983, 97 –102; P{trzw{om
|}{uo{|{x{szy.
152
tmuy~o{omzul, |{ w}mvzrv yr}r o zrw{{} ~xml, nx
m}ry, qor n}{zt{or unx w{nmz~w{p{ u|m (. 69) 46. U{p}rnrzur y{sr n q{~m{z{ {z{
qmu}{omz{ nxmp{qm}l zm{qwr o zry n}{zt{o{p{ |{l~m, {z{~lrp{~l w }mzzrv p}||r ({w{x{ 770 –
740 pp. q{ z. .) 47. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, unx ~ qp{{n}mtz{v ~|uzw{v u~|{xt{omxu~ }m}myu sr o{
o{}{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. . u, o{ty{sz{, tmuy~o{omxu~ ~ Pmowmtm. X{, { unx w{nmz~w{p{ u|m
u~|{xt{omxu~ zr {xw{ zm ~ror}z{v |r}ur}uu Y}m}, pqr |}{u~{quxu zr|{~}rq~orzzr w{zmw ~ tmwmowmt~wuy zm~rxrzury, |{qor}sqmr~l zm{qw{v ~{or} rzz{ mzmx{puz{v ~r}rn}lz{v
unx o p}{nzur A Pmlxqr}r 48. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, zrxtl u~wxm |{loxrzur unx o N}mzr u tzmurxz{ }mzrr w{zm VIII o. q{ z. . Tqzmw{ { o}lq xu {z{~u~l w ym}xuw~w{v unxr. U{ ~o{ry
{{}yxrzu {zm q{~m{z{ ~uxz{ {xumr~l { wmowmt~wu {n}mt{o. Gxusmv ur mzmx{puu rv |}uzmqxrsm w u| III, 7 |r}rqzrmtum~wu unx |{ W}{zm, o~}rmu~l, wmw zm { wmtomr
T. Rm~wm}rxxm, zm r}}u{}uu N}mzm. Yuoml { mw, { zu {qzm q}pml unxm o zrw}{|{xr
Rm}xuwm zr zmvqrzm, m mwsr u {, { uzr ymr}umx, zr~{yzrzz{ {z{~lur~l zr {xw{ w VII, z{
qmsr u VIII o. q{ z. ., ~}rqu rp{ ymr}umx{o zrutor~z, y{sz{ |{xmpm, { |{p}rnrzur 36 loxlr~l
~myy |{tqzuy zm zrw}{|{xr u {z{~u rp{ w{ o{}{v |{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. . Jmu}{owm {p{ |{p}rnrzul, {qzmw{, zu o w{rv yr}r zr oxulr zm qmu}{owu |{p}rnrzuv 50 u 52, o w{{} {nzm}srzm
w{z~wml tqm. G{xrr {p{, T. Rm~wm}rxxm tmyrmr, { {}ym ~{qr}smu~l o u w{y|xrw~m ~{~q{o («unbridged spouted vessels») m}mwr}zm qxl Lrxrtz{p{ orwm I u ~ouqrrx~or { zr{n{quy{~u
qmu}{om u |{p}rnrzul rr XIII–XI oo. q{ z. . 49 Xmwuy {n}mt{y, p}{nzu 50 u 52 Rm}xuw~w{p{
zrw}{|{xl, w{{}r, ouquy{, nxutwu |{ qmr |mylzuwmy m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m, y{p n qmu}{omz
|{ ~{o{w|z{~u ~{qr}smrp{~l o zu ymr}umxm |}uyr}z{ XII–XI oo. q{ z. . 50
P}{yr mzmx{puv ut Rm}xuw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl uzr wmtmzul zm }{z{x{pu {qsmx-m}mqt{}~w{v
p}|| |mylzuw{o ~}{l~l o {~z{oz{y zm ~{{n}msrzul {z{~urxz{v }{z{x{puu. U}moqm, o
w}pmzr 2 F}mqt{}m ~}rqu q}pu ymr}umx{o nxm {nzm}srzm |rm |r}rqzro{~{z{p{ {nxuwm,
{qzmw{ {zm, w ~{smxrzu, zr zm{qu ~rnr nxutwu ~{{or~ouv o |r}rqzro{~{z ymr}umxm, m
|{{y zr qmr {z{v qm. N~{ql ut ~uxu~ur~wu ~{{n}msrzuv, G. [}{qm ~wx{zrz {z{~u rr
|}uyr}z{ w X–IX oo. q{ z. . 51, {qzmw{ o {z{~u {v qmu}{owu zrxtl n ~{or} rzz{ or}rzzy
u {zm qmr ~xu w{y ~xmn{r {~z{omzur qxl mn~{xz{v qmu}{owu {qsmx-m}mqt{}~w{v p}||
|mylzuw{o. F. F. Rm}u}{~lz qmu}r p}|| {w{x{ w{zm XI–X oo. q{ z. ., {yrml, { {zm
q{xszm |{yrm~l yrsq |mylzuwmyu o{}zmw~w{v p}|| u F~mqt{}{y 52. Jmu}{owm |{~xrqzrp{,
wmw y ouqrxu, {|}rqrxlr~l q{~m{z{ or}rzz{ |{ zmvqrzzy o zry quxmy m~~u}uv~w{p{ u|m zr
|{tsr IX o. q{ z. .
H zr~w{xw{ n{xrr }mzzrv }mn{r F. F. Rm}u}{~lz nx ~wx{zrz qmu}{om |mylzuwu {qsmxm}mqt{}~w{v p}|| tzmurxz{ n{xrr }mzzuy o}ryrzry — XIII–XII oo. q{ z. . 53 H|}{ry, |}uorqrzzr uy {~z{omzul qmu}{owu zr nrsqm — { o {~z{oz{y {nur ~{{n}msrzul, o m~z{~u, {
o}ryrzu }m~|}{~}mzrzul srxrtm, m mwsr |m}mxxrxu, m~{ {qmxrzzr, ~ |r}rqzro{~{zyu ormyu, uyruyu u}{w qmu}{ow. R. S. U{p}rn{om qmu}{omxm zmun{xrr }mzzur |mylzuwu {v
p}|| (Pu}{omnmq~wur u |r}ov F}mqt{}~wuv w}pmz u q}.) XIII–XII oo. q{ z. ., Pm}mnm~wur w}pmz — o {~z{oz{y XII–XI, m zmun{xrr |{tqzur |mylzuwu p}|| (o{}{v [{qsmxuz~wuv w}pmz) —
XI–X oo. q{ z. . 54 Ixmozr {~z{omzul qxl {p{ — nxut{~ }lqm wmrp{}uv uzorzm}l Pu}{omnmq~wu
46 Barnett 1963, 194 –198; Rm}u}{~lz
242 – 251,
uzorzm}l. P}{yr {p{, mo{} upz{}u}r o{ty{sz{~ {p{,
mn. XXIV; XXVI–XXVII; Muscarella 1965, 236, n. 25a; Salvatori
1964,
{ |{p}rnrzul Rm}xuwm y{p {z{~u~l w }mtzy |{my.
51 Hrouda 1983, 176–177. Yor}sqrzur F. F. Rm}u}{~lzm
1976, 87; Öǧün 1979, 180, Abb. 3.
47 Kellner 1991, 3, 19, 48, Nr. 119.
48 Burney 1966, 110–111, fig. 23, 7, pl. XXV, f.
49 Muscarella 1984, 417; Muscarella 1988, 258.
50 I. S. P}{wuz (1993m, 25 – 34) |}rqxmpmr qxl Rm}xuw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl n{xrr }mzz qmu}{ow — XVII/XVI–XIII oo.
q{ z. . U}uorqrzzr uy mzmx{puu q{~m{z{ nrqurxz,
(1964, 145) { {y, { quxm {p{ u|m zr o~}rm~l ~ |}rqyrmyu |r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ |}{u~{sqrzul, mwuy {n}mt{y,
{ un{z{.
52 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 145.
53 Rm}u}{~lz 1961, 53–59.
54 U{p}rn{om 1977, 115 –126.
{qzmw{ {z zr uomr o~rp{ {nzm}srzz{p{ o Rm}xuwr
153
w}pmz{o |mylzuwmy xm rz{-m}uw~w{v p}||. Kr qmu}{owu, mwuy {n}mt{y, wmw u F. F. Rm}u}{~lzm, {~z{oom~l zm ~{{n}msrzul {z{~urxz{v }{z{x{puu: zm |{x{srzuu qmzz |mylzuw{o
yrsq |mylzuwmyu xm rz{-m}uw~w{p{ u|m u Ruzprm}~wuyu w}pmzmyu. X{ sr y{sz{ ~wmtm u
{ q}pu |}rqxmpmo u~l qmu}{owm {v p}|| |mylzuw{o — {zu ~{qr}sm }lq zmnxqrzuv, wm~mu~l wmw {z{~urxz{v }{z{x{puu oz}u p}||, mw u rr ~{{z{ rzul ~ q}puyu |mylzuwmyu,
{qzmw{ o mn~{xz qmu}{owm zr uq qmxrr |}unxuturxz {rz{w 55. I. P{~~mw qmu}r F}mqt{}~wur w}pmz IX o. q{ z. ., {~z{ooml~, |}rsqr o~rp{, zm u}mz~wu |m}mxxrxl 56. Wmy{~{lrxzr
{~z{omzul qxl mn~{xz qmu}{o{w, mwuy {n}mt{y, {~~o, m u}mz~wur |m}mxxrxu qm zryz{p{, |{~w{xw |{x{srzur ~ mn~{xz{v }{z{x{purv u}mz~wu |mylzuw{o {p{ |r}u{qm zu zr
x r, ry o Mmwmowmtr.
Trzuoml mn~{xz }{z{x{pu {v p}|| |mylzuw{o, y zr { unry~l, r~xu nqry u
qmu}{om yrsq XII u IX oo. q{ z. . bm qmu}{owm, }mtyrr~l, ~xu w{y u}{wml, wmtomr zm |}rqrxz{ o{y{szr qm. Suszll p}mzum {|}rqrxlr~l qmmyu xm rz{-m}uw~w{v (~m} rv) p}||
|mylzuw{o, w{{}r o}lq xu o{ty{sz{ qmu}{om |{tsr XII o. q{ z. ., m mwsr zmun{xrr or}{lz{v
qmu}{ow{v ym}xuw~wu p}{nzu 50 u 52, ymr}umx w{{} nxut{w {qsmx-m}mqt{}~wuy |mylzuwmy. Hr}zll qmm p}|| {|}rqrxlr~l zmmx{y y{z{p{ }m}~w{p{ oxulzul |}uyr}z{ ~ zmmxm
VIII o. q{ z. ., |}utzmwu w{{}{p{ o u |mylzuwm {~~o, { tm~moxlr qmu}{om u n{xrr
}mzzuy o}ryrzry 57. P}{yr {p{, or}zll p}mzum {|}rqrxlr~l w{y|xrw~myu F~mqt{}~w{p{ y{puxzuwm u Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o, o ~u~ryr {z{~urxz{v }{z{x{puu ~xrquyu tm {qsmx-m}mqt{}~w{v p}||{v.
P}pmz Ruzprm}m 58, {rouqz{, |}uywm w {v sr wx}z{v p}||r, z{ tmzuym o zrv,
|{ {nry yzrzu, zmun{xrr |{tqzrr |{x{srzur. Jxl qmu}{owu yuzprm}~wu w}pmz{o {~{n{r tzmrzur uyrr zm{qwm tqr~ (w}pmz II u IV) pxmt}{omz ~{~q{o m~~u}uv~w{p{ u|m, utp{{oxrzz
ut nrx{v, {rouqz{, zr yr~z{v, pxuz 59. Sm{qwu mwu ~{~q{o, or~ym }rqwur o Mmwmowmtr, {rouqz{, loxl~l ~ouqrrx~omyu uy|{}m ut F~~u}uu uxu N}mzm u ~{~moxl q{~m{z{ {qz{}{qz
o }{z{x{pur~w{y {z{ rzuu p}||. U{q{nzr pxmt}{omzr ~{~q nxu {nzm}srz mwsr o
|{tqzu |{p}rnrzul [{qsmxuz~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl (w}pmz 11 u |{p}rnrzur 4 ut }m~w{|{w 1954 p.) 60 u o
|{p}rnrzuu 11 Q{}u-nr}q~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl 61, w{{}r, ouquy{, ~uz}{zz w}pmzmy Ruzprm}m. Jxl
qmu}{owu qmzz{v p}|| |mylzuw{o }rtomvz{ omsrz w{y|xrw~ w}pmzm 11 zrw}{|{xl [{qsmx,
pqr |{q{nzv pxmt}{omzv ~{~q m~~u}uv~w{p{ u|m nx {nzm}srz oyr~r ~ n~uz{v, zm w{{}{v
zm|u~mz{ uyl m~~u}uv~w{p{ m}l Fqmqzu}m}u. Wql |{ m}mwr} zmq|u~u, }r y{sr uqu {n {qz{y
ut qo |r}o m}rv ~ uy uyrzry (|}mouxu {w{x{ 1310 –1281 u o 911– 890 pp. q{ z. .) 62. Jmu}{owm
|{tqzu |{p}rnrzuv zrw}{|{xl [{qsmx u Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o XIII uxu qmsr XII–XI oo. q{ z. .,
IX, o{ty{sz{, m~uz{ VIII o. q{ z. .); Ruzwrou-R~m-
59 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 98, 112, mn. XLI, 10 –12.
60 Um~~rw, Qmzuz 1926, 63– 64, }u~. 5; P zm}rom 1959,
55 W}. zm|}uyr} P zm}rom 1957, 156 –177 (o {~z{oz{y
mrom 1962, 118 –132 (o {~z{oz{y XI–IX oo., [mzxm}~wuv
383– 385. Kquzuzr zm{qwu }mpyrz{o mwu ~{~q{o
w}pmz 28 — IX–VII oo. q{ z. .); Jmzurxlz 1973, 102 –112
utor~z mwsr o }mv{zr [mzxm}m (W|uz 1902, 5) u zm Pm}-
(XI–X oo. q{ z. .).
56 Kossack 1983, 126–134; Kossack 1989, 114.
57 P. [. P zm}rom (1957, 177) zuwmw zr {n{~z{oomr owx-
yu}-Gx}r (Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 21, }u~. 15), m mwsr o o{~{-
rzur VIII o. q{ z. . o }{z{x{pu {v p}|| |mylzuw{o.
(Xmx , Wmymo}{, Rm}mxz Jr}r~u o X}umxru, T mwmz,
Grt{~z{omrxzm |{|wm F. N. Xr}rz{swuzm qmu}{om qu-
Jouz u q}.), {xumr~l { {v p}|| ~{~q{o ry, {
xm zr {xw{ ut Ruzprm}m, z{ u ut F}mqt{}m VIII–VII oo.
utp{oxrzm ut w}m~z{v pxuz: Bayern 1885, 34; de Morgan
q{ z. .: Xr}rz{swuz 1971, 79. U}uo{quyr uy o wmr~or
1896, 105, pl. V, 3,5,6, ~}. Puz 1941, 52 –53, mn. XX; Q{y-
mzmx{puv quxm ut zrw}{|{xl b}rnzu (S{}-F}r ), m ry
muqtr 1955, 54; Jrorqslz 1981, 54.
61 Jrorqslz 1981, 53–55, }u~. 17.
62 Rrmzuz{o 1926, 52 –57; Rrmzuz{o 1926m, 107 –111;
n{xrr ut Xrv rnmuzu, {z{~l~l w uzy, n{xrr |{tqzuy,
u|my, qm u {zu qmu}~l zuwmw zr VII, m |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VIII o. q{ z. . (~y. zusr).
58 Unxuwmul: F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959.
154
z{v I}tuu (Uurxm}u 1979, 41). Ixmt}{omzml wr}myuwm
yr~z{p{ |}{uto{q~om, uz{pqm o~}rmml~l o Mmwmowmtr
Rrmzuz{o 1926n, 223–224; Meščaninov, Weidner 1931–1932,
266 –268 (K. Hmvqzr} ~wx{zrz qmu}{om n~uz |{{v
{rouqz{, u~wxrzm; }qz{ |}rq|{xmpm mwsr, { n~uzm ~m} r {~mxz{p{ w{y|xrw~m |{p}rnrzul n{xrr ry zm }u~m xr. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, zmun{xrr or}{lz{, { }r o qmzz{y ~xmr q{xszm uqu
{n Fqmqzu}m}u II. Sm{qwm n~uz ~ rp{ uyrzry o 11 w}pmzr [{qsmx oyr~r ~ m~~u}uv~wuy pxmt}{omzy ~{~q{y wmtomr, mwuy {n}mt{y, zm qmu}{ow wmw {p{ w}pmzm, mw u ~uz}{zz ry
w}pmz{o Ruzprm}m, IX o. q{ z. . Woltom zm{qwu pxmt}{omz{v wr}myuwu o Mmwmowmtr ~ }m}~w{v w~|mz~urv 63 o{o~r zr {nltmrxz{ — {zm o|{xzr y{pxm |{|m~ qm u q{ zmmxm {v w~|mz~uu
o }rtxmr {}p{o u uz ~oltrv wmw r}rt { sr Y}m}, mw u r}rt N}mz. Nmw, qxl Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o zmun{xrr or}{lz{v |}rq~moxlr~l qmu}{owm IX o. q{ z. ., ~w{}rr nxusr w rp{ o{}{v
|{x{ouzr.
U{|wu |}{qxu u qm q{ VII o. q{ z. . 64 ~{or} rzz{ zr {~z{omrxz — o w}pmzm {~~o zr {xw{ oru, m}mwr}zr qxl VII o. q{ z. ., z{ u mwur, w{{}r y{sz{ nx{ n nrt~x{oz{
qmu}{om VIII o. q{ z. . ]{ wm~mr~l }rq}m |~mxuro, w{{}r ~xsuxu R. S. U{p}rn{o{v
{~z{omzury qxl {p{, {n {zr~u o{}{v w}pmz Ruzprm}m «~my{r |{tqzrr w zmmx VII o. q{
z. .» 65, { mwur |~mxuu {nzm}srz zr {xw{ o |{p}rnrzuu 15 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B (zr |{tsr o{}{v
|{x{ouz VIII o. q{ z. .), z{ u o ~x{r }mt} rzul [mtmzx IV B (w{zr IX o. q{ z. ., ~y. zusr). Xmwuy
{n}mt{y, zmxuur mwu |~mxuro o w{y|xrw~r o{}{p{ Ruzprm}~w{p{ w}pmzm o{o~r zr |}r|l~or
rp{ qmu}{owr o{}{v |{x{ouz{v IX o. q{ z. .
Kr {qzuy omszy wmtmzury zm qmu}{ow Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o, u ~|rumxz{ w}pmzm 2,
qmo rp{ }mtzr ouq w{z~w{v tq (~y. zusr), loxlr~l w{y|xrw~ o|~wz{p{ |{p}rnrzul 1 {p{ w}pmzm, {|}rqrxluv terminus ante quem rp{ {~z{oz{p{ |{p}rnrzul. b{ {n~{lrx~o{ nx{ {yrrz{
N. S. Rrqorq~w{v 66. Tzm wmtmxm, { o|~wz{r |{p}rnrzur ~{qr}su n}{zt{ov wuzsmx ~ }my{z{v
}w{l, w{{}v qmu}r~l zr |{tqzrr IX o. q{ z. . 67, m mwsr zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx, o rq ur ut
|{}rnxrzul o w{zr IX–VIII oo. q{ z. . H qrv~ourxz{~u, {qzmw{, qmzz{r |{p}rnrzur ~{qr}su
wuzsmx uz{p{ u|m — zr ~ }my{z{v, m ~ }m~}nz{v }w{l («x}u~mz~wuv» u|) (. 73, 1), w{{}v y{sr {z{~u~l u w VIII o. q{ z. . bm qmm u {|}rqrxlr terminus ante quem {~z{oz{p{ |{p}rnrzul w}pmzm, w{{}{r q{xsz{, }mtyrr~l, qmu}{om~l n{xrr }mzzuy o}ryrzry, ry o|~wz{r.
H{ o~r |lu Ruzprm}~wu w}pmzm {nzm}srz quxm m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m (. 73, 7 – 10 ) 68,
zrw{{}r ut w{{} zury zr {xum~l { qux ut n{xrr }mzzu |mylzuw{o, m q}pur {nzm}suom z{or r} — p{}ut{zmxz{r }uxrzur zm or}zrv u zuszrv m~u |~mxuv u mxx{{n}mtzr
{w{zmzul. Trz nxutwur yuzprm}~wuy quxm {nzm}srz o y{puxzuwr ~. \uzwm}{ (X}umxru),
~ql |{ ymr}umx, ~uz}{zz{y Ruzprm}~wuy w}pmzmy (. 74, 1) 69. U{loxrzur }uxrzul zm |~mxul u mxx{{n}mtz u {w{zmzuv, {rouqz{, loxlr~l z{o{v r}{v o }mtouuu tmwmowmt~w{v tq,
|{louo rv~l tqr~, zm~w{xw{ y{sz{ ~qu, o IX o. q{ z. .
Trz nxutw{ w {y |{~xrqzry om}umz ~{l quxm, |}rq~moxlur qmxzrv rr }mtouur
qmzz{p{ u|m u {nzm}srzzr o |{p}rnrzuu 2 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r (zrw}{|{x b}rnzu) (. 70, 1) 70.
Fqmqzu}m}u I). W}. P zm}rom 1959, 383– 384; Rm}u}{~lz
1961, 53–54. N. R. Jlw{z{o, {~z{ooml~ zm ~{{n}msrzul
u~{}ur~w{p{ m}mwr}m, ~wx{zrz {z{~u n~uz w |}m-
67 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 100, mn. XIII, 7.
68 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 92, 96 – 97, 108 –110, 115,
oxrzu Fqmqzu}m}u III ({w. 810 –782 pp. q{ z. .): Jlw{z{o
mn. XXXIX, 5 – 8.
69 Puz 1941, 58 –59, }u~. 56; Schaeffer 1948, fig. 274, 6;
1951m, 302 – 303.
63 Rrmzuz{o 1926m, 110 –111; P zm}rom 1959, 385.
64 Xr}rz{swuz 1971, 71– 84 (pxmoz{r {~z{omzur — ~{|{~mo-
u~{sqrzur ut y{puxzuwm Xmw-Puxu~m).
70 Barnett 1963, 194 –198, fig. 45 (utx{srzur |nxuwmuu |m-
xrzur ~ tq{v ~wu~w{p{ u z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, qmu}{owu
ylzuwm zm m}ylz~w{y ltwr: Rm}u}{~lz, Rzmwmzlz 1958,
Potratz 1966, 187, Abb. 78 a (~ { un{zy wmtmzury zm |}{-
w{{}{v ~uxz{ tmo rz); Jmzurxlz 1973, 111–112; Abrami-
63– 84), ~ { un{zy wtmtmzury zm {, { quxm nxu zmv-
schwili 1995a, 36 – 37. Tz qmu}r VII o. q{ z. . zr {xw{ w}-
qrz o |{p}rnrzuu 1, w{{}{r tmry o{~|}{uto{qux{~ o n{xrr
pmz Ruzprm}m, z{ mwsr u }lq q}pu }mzzu |mylzuw{o
|{tqzu zr}~~w{ltz |nxuwmul); Rm}u}{~lz 1964,
(~}. zusr).
65 U{p}rn{om 1984, 45.
66 Rrqorq~wml 1983, 68.
213, 245, }u~. 93, 3; Salvatori 1976, 88 – 89, fig. 13, 17; Yıldırım
1987, 475 – 476, Abb. 16.
155
2
4
3
5
6
1
8
7
9
Vu~. 73 Sm{qwu ut Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o. G}{ztm
U{ F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, mn. XIII, 7 (1); XXXIX (2 – 4, 7 –10); XL, 1, 5 (5, 6)
156
10
1
2
0
6
3
4
5
6
Vu~. 74 G}{zt{or quxm.
1. R{puxzuw ~. \uzwm}{, X}umxru; 2. [mtmzx IV; 3. U{p}rnrzur 74 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B;
4, 5. N}mz, {z{r yr~{ zm{qwu zrutor~z{; 6. U{p}rnrzur 117 y{puxzuwm X}rxu o Xnuxu~u
U{ Puz 1941, }u~. 56 (1); de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, fig. 15 (2); Ghirshman 1939, pl. LXXV, S. 924 (3);
Potratz 1941–1942, Abb. 3, 7 (4, 5); Abramischwili 1995, Abb. 199 (6)
157
N |~mxuu, wmw u zrw{{} qux ut Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o, w}m rz ut{n}msrzulyu mxx{~{o.
Kquz~orzz{r ~r~orzz{r {xuur { |}rqqrp{ u|m qux ~{~{u, |{smxv, o {y, { |~mxuu
qp{{n}mtz{ {{pz zm}s, m zr uyr {}y |}ly ~r}szrv. bm {~{nrzz{~, ouquy{, {nl~zlr~l oxulzury }m}~w{v tq. Jmm |{p}rnrzul 2 zrw}{|{xl S{}-F}r q{~m{z{ or}rzz{ {|}rqrxlr~l nxmp{qm}l zm{qwr o zry }mpyrz{o n}{zt{o{p{ }m}~w{p{ |{l~m. Tz {z{~u~l w |r}o{v,
~my{v }mzzrv, p}||r }m}~wu |{l~{o, w{{}ml qmu}r~l |r}o{v }r VIII o. q{ z. .71 U{p}rnrzur, mwuy {n}mt{y, ~w{}rr o~rp{ nx{ ~{or} rz{ o |r}u{q |}moxrzul F}pu u I ({w{x{ 786 –764 pp.
q{ z. .), {~z{omo rp{ b}rnzu o zmmxr ~o{rp{ m}~o{omzul 72. U{p}rnrzur S{}-F}r m zr {xw{ ~ouqrrx~or { |{loxrzuu z{o r~o o tmwmowmt~w{v tqr (zmvqrzzr tqr~ quxm, {l u |{qor}pxu~
}m}~w{y oxulzu, |}{q{xsm uyrzz{ yr~z }mquu: }m}~wur quxm {p{ o}ryrzu q{~m{z{ ~r~orzz{ { zu {xum~l), z{ u {|}rqrxlr or}z p}mzu qmu}{owu Ruzprm}~wu
w}pmz{o, zmun{xrr |{tqzu |mylzuw{o {qsmx-m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m, w{{}r q{xsz |{ ~{{n}msrzuly {z{~urxz{v }{z{x{puu |{yrm~l }mz r |{p}rnrzul S{}-F}r m u, mwuy {n}mt{y, o}lq
xu o{ql tm |}rqrx IX o. q{ z. .
P}{yr {|u~mzz{p{, o Mmwmowmtr u N}mzr nxu }m~|}{~}mzrz u q}pur ouq qux ~ zm|~wzyu
|~mxulyu, zrw{{}r {n}mt w{{} zmvqrz, zm|}uyr}, o ror}{y ~x{r [mtmzx (w{zr IX o.
q{ z. .) (. 74, 2) 73. H{ty{sz{, { u| |}{q{xsmr }m~|}{~}mzrzzv }mzrr o Mmwmowmtr u N}mzr
«m}mqt{}~wuv» u| qux, {qzmw{ tzmurxz{ {xumr~l { zrp{. Ixmoz{r {xuur ~{~{u o {y, {
|~mxuu (|{ |}rszry o ouqr |}ly ~r}szrv) uyr zr {or}~ul qxl w}r|xrzul }ryzrv, m |rxu.
Urxu }m~|{x{srz o |x{~w{~u, |r}|rzquwxl}z{v |x{~w{~u w{xm qxl w}r|xrzul |{o{qm (~{{or~orzz{, o {v sr |x{~w{~u, { u {or}~ur, r}rt w{{}{r |}{{qu mzpm qux). H zrw{{}
om}umzm |~mxuu zr |}lyr, m zr~w{xw{ {{pz o|r}rq (o ~{}{z, |}{uo{|{x{sz {v, zm w{{}{v zm{ql~l |rxu) — mwur quxm zmvqrz, zm|}uyr}, o |{p}rnrzuu 74 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B (. 74,
3) 74; utor~z u q}pur u zm{qwu zm r}}u{}uu N}mzm, |}{u~{qlur ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w
u zr qmu}{omzzr (. 74, 4, 5) 75.
2.2.2 YJNQF W PTQa]FX`RN TPTS]FSNdRN N TXJKQaS`RN UWFQNdRN
Vm~~y{}uy r|r} yzrzur { {y, { {qz{w{xmr quxm u |}uyrzlo ur~l ~ zuyu {qrxz{
utp{{oxrzzr }rq}mr |~mxuu |{louxu~ o Mmwmowmtr u N}mzr |{q oxulzury ~r|z{v tq.
Yquxm ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, }mtouur w{{} y{sz{ |}{~xrqu o Mmwmowmtr |{ yrz rv yr}r ~ XIV |{ VIII oo. q{ z. ., zr nxu o { o}ryl rquz~orzzyu }m~|}{~}mzrzzyu tqr~ u|myu.
Um}mxxrxz{ ~ zuyu u~|{xt{omxu~ n}{zt{or qom~zr quxm ~ w{xmyu {w{zmzulyu, utp{{oxrzzr {qrxz{ { |~mxuv u ~{rquzlo ur~l ~ zuyu, {rouqz{, ~ |{y{ }ryzrv. Xmwur quxm
{nzm}srz wmw o r sr w{y|xrw~m, { u quxm ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, mw u o ~uz}{zz uy.
Huquy{, {qzm ut ~my }mzzu zm{q{w qux mw{p{ u|m o Mmwmowmtr |}{u~{qu ut |{p}rnrzul 79 y{puxzuwm F}uw, pqr {zu {nzm}srz oyr~r ~ quxmyu ~ zm|~wzyu qu~w{ouqzyu |~m71 Kellner 1991, 2, 18, 31, Nr. 16.
72 F. F. Rm}u}{~lz ~{{nmr, { |{q{nzr quxm nxu {n-
Abb. 58, a – b (~ { un{zy wmtmzury, { {quz ut wtry|-
zm}srz mwsr o 1957 p. |}u }m~w{|wm Xrv rnmuzu (zr {|n-
xl}{o u qux utp{{oxrz ut srxrtm).
75 Potratz 1941– 42, 172, 174, Abb. 2 – 9; Gadd 1952, 12, pl. III;
xuw{omz): Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 213, 245. Tzu, {rouqz{, nxu
Nagel 1963, 28, Taf. LII, 112; Potratz 1966, 136 –137, Abb. 59
|r}rzr~rz qm oyr~r ~ q}puyu |}rqyrmyu ut b}rnzu.
73 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 69, fig. 15; de Schauensee 1989,
a – b, Taf.-Abb. 126 –132; Moorey 1971, 111–112, Nr. 112 –114,
42 – 43, fig. 9 –10.
74 Ghirshman 1939, pl. XXV, 1; LXXV, S. 924; Potratz 1966, 136,
1983, 180, Nr. 121–122.
158
pl. 14 –15; de Waele 1982, 69, Nr. 75 –76, fig. 51; Vanden Berghe
1
2
3
4
5
6
Vu~. 75 Nzorzm} |{p}rnrzul 433 y{puxzuwm F}uw. 1, 2. Ixuzm; 3. Tn~uqumz; 4 – 6. G}{ztm
U{ [mm}lz 1979, 302
159
xulyu (. 65, 3, 5) 76. Jmu}{owm {p{ |{p}rnrzul, tmzuymrp{ |}{yrs{z{r |{x{srzur yrsq
|r}o{v u o{}{v p}||{v F}uwm, q{~m{z{ or}rzz{ {|}rqrxlr~l XII o. q{ z. . (~y. o r). U}uyr}z{ ry sr o}ryrzry uxu zr~w{xw{ }mz r, XIII o. q{ z. ., qmu}r~l |{p}rnrzur 117 y{puxzuwm
X}rxu o Xnuxu~u, pqr {nzm}srz n}{zt{or qom~zr quxm nrt |~mxuv, m mwsr w}wu { tq
(. 74, 6) 77. Gxutwur mzmx{puu uy w}wmy |}{u~{ql ut }mzzrp{ wxmqm Pory{-Wm~u}ru (~y. o r,
. 64, 9). Xmwuy {n}mt{y, quxm ~ w{xmyu {w{zmzulyu nrt |~mxuv zmuzm u~|{xt{om~l o
Mmwmowmtr zr |{tsr XII o. q{ z. .
P}{yr zmtomzz{p{, ~{qzr |}{~r qom~zr quxm nrt |~mxuv zmvqrz rr o |{p}rnrzuu 433
F}uw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl, {z{~lry~l w rp{ o{}{v }{z{x{pur~w{v p}||r, |}uyr}z{ ~uz}{zz{v
}mzzrv m~u |mylzuw{o {qsmx-m}mqt{}~w{v p}||. Mqr~ {nzm}srz{ qom wtry|xl}m qux,
{w{zmzul w{{} uyr D-{n}mtz {}y; }lq{y ~ {w{zmzulyu zm{ql~l w{xror mvn
(. 75, 4, 5) 78. Huquy{, zwu{zmxz{ u mvn mzmx{puz ry, w{{}v uyr~l zm zrw{{}
~}ryrw{ouqz quxm ut Yvpm}mw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl o U}um}mxr 79. Tzu, ouquy{, ~xsuxu |{}{y qxl
{qrxz{ utp{{oxrzz |~mxuro ~ u}{wuy rz}mxzy {or}~ury, r}rt w{{}{r |}{|~wmx~l w{zr qux. Wmyu |~mxuu, or}{lz{, qrxmxu~ ut zr~{vwu ymr}umx{o (zm|}uyr}, qr}rom uxu w{su) u
zr ~{}mzuxu~. U{p}rnrzur, o ~{~mor w{{}{p{ uyrr~l n}{zt{oml ~rwu}m m}muz{v {}y, ouquy{,
qmu}r~l {w{x{ XII–XI oo. q{ z. .
Wxrqr |{ylz rr |{p}rnrzur 218, o w{{}{y, |{ yzrzu X. W. [mm}lzm, mwsr {nzm}srz n}{zt{or quxm. U{p}rnrzur, {rouqz{, |}uzmqxrsu yxmq rv, }rrv, p}||r |{p}rnrzuv
F}uwm (X–IX oo. q{ z. .), or}{lz{, nxusr w rr w{z (. 76) 80. Vr uqr { qo w}|z n}{zt{o
zrtmywz w{xm, ~{rquzrzz yrsq ~{n{v, w wmsq{y ut w{{} |}uor rz n}{zt{ov ou{v
~r}srzrw. X}mw{owm {p{ |}rqyrm wmw |~mxuv, ~{rquzlo u~l }ryzlyu, or~ym ~{yzurxzm. Ww{}rr, }r q{xszm uqr {n w}m rzul, ry n{xrr, { o w{y|xrw~ |{p}rnrzul 218, w}{yr wr}myuwu,
o{ql xu w}m rzul (n}m~xr, |{qor~wu u n~). Nyrzz{ mw }mw{omx zm{qw ~{or} rzz{ mzmx{puz |}rqyr{o o ~{~mor |{p}rnrzul 8 Qrzuzmwmz~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl u F. F. Rm}u}{~lz 81.
P}{yr F}uw~w{p{ y{puxzuwm, n{x {v uzr}r~ |}rq~moxl mwsr zm{qwu qux {p{ u|m o
zrw}{|{xr Pmxmwrzm (Um}mqu~r~zp). Jom wtry|xl}m n}{zt{o w{xm qux ~{ mzpmyu nrt
}uxrzul {nzm}srz{ o |{p}rnrzuu 112 {p{ zrw}{|{xl (. 77, 1, 2) 82. Sm{quo rr~l o {y sr
w{y|xrw~r o{{}srzur (~rwu}m, yr, o{w, zmw{zrzuw w{|l, oux) zm{qu ~rnr nxusmv ur ~{{or~oul, ~{o|mqmur o|x{ q{ yrxwu qrmxrv, o |r}o{y u o{}{y F}mqt{}~w{y w}pmzm 83. H}lq xu
y{sz{ ~{yzrom~l o ~uz}{zz{~u u w}pmz{o ~ |{p}rnrzury 112 zrw}{|{xl Um}mqu~r~zp. T~mxzr |{p}rnrzul {p{ zrw}{|{xl mwsr ~{qr}sm uzorzm}, ~nxusmuv u ~ |mylzuwmyu {qsmx-m}mqt{}~w{v p}||.
Sm{qwu n}{zt{o w{xm qux utor~z u zm q}pu |mylzuwm Mmwmowmtl {v sr |{u: o
|{p}rnrzuu 13 o Gr m rzu (X}umxru), ouquy{, ~uz}{zz{y ~ F}mqt{}~wuyu w}pmzmyu (~y. zusr),
oyr~r ~ }{p{oyu |~mxulyu (. 78, 15 – 17, 19) 84, o ~{~mor w{xxrwuu n}{zt ut Qrzuzmwmz~w{p{
|{~rxrzul, {z{~lrv~l o {~z{oz{y w {y sr o}ryrzu 85, o zrw}{|{xr Wmqmx{ (o 70 wy { Xnuxu~u)
(. 77, 4, 5) 86. H P{xuqr quxm ~ ouyu ~r}szlyu, m mwsr }mpyrz qux nrt }uxrzul zm mzpm, {nzm}srz o ~{~mor wxmqm n}{zt{o |}rqyr{o ut Qmvxm u, oyr~r ~ |l n}{zt{oyu {|{-
76 [mm}lz 1975, 218; [mm}lz 1979, 13, 142.
77 Abramischwili 1995, 192, 321, Nr. 350, Abb. 199.
78 [mm}lz 1975, 203, }u~. 117; [mm}lz 1979, 15, 302.
79 Hu zro~wml 1973, 101, mn. XXVI, 9 –11.
80 [mm}lz 1975, 169 –170, 236 –237; [mm}lz 1979, 16 –17,
o wmr~or mzmx{puu quxm ut 1-p{ Vmtyrzz{p{ w}pmzm nxut
~mzu P{~}{y~w{v zr uyr zuwmw{p{ {z{ rzul w {y
|}rqyr: }r uqr { u|uz ~wu~wu ~}ryrw{ouqz
n}{zt{o u srxrtz w{xm quxm.
82 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 117 –118, Taf. 46 – 47.
}lz 1975, 167; [mm}lz 1979, 15) — {rouqzml { unwm.
81 Rm}u}{~lz 1954, 110 –112, }u~. 45, 2,3,6; Rm}u}{~lz
83 P zm}rom 1957, }u~. 2, 13; 7, 1,2,4; 8, 6.
84 Puz 1941, 224, mn. XLVI; Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 110.
85 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 122, }u~. 49.
1964, 283–284, }u~. 110, 3,4. U}uo{quyr X. W. [mm}lz{y
86 de Morgan 1889, 74 –75, 139, fig. 144; Potratz 1966, 187.
51, 199. Tzr~rzur {p{ |{p}rnrzul w{ o{}{v p}||r ([mm-
160
1
2
3
5
4
6
7
8
9
10
Vu~. 76 Nzorzm} |{p}rnrzul 218 y{puxzuwm F}uw. 1– 4, 6, 7. G}{ztm; 5. Wr}q{xuw; 8 –10. Ixuzm
U{ [mm}lz 1979, 199
161
}myu u zr~w{xwuyu w}pxyu nxlmyu (. 79) 87. Wql |{ {}yr {|{}{o, o {y u~xr n}{zt{o{p{
{|{}uwm ~ u|myu zm {nr, wxmq y{sr n qmu}{omz {w{x{ XII–X oo. q{ z. . Sr~w{xw{ |{tsr
qmu}~l mzmx{puzr quxm ut |{p}rnrzuv 10 u 67 (o |{~xrqzry ~xmr ~ }{p{oyu |~mxulyu)
y{puxzuwm Xmw-Puxu~m (ouquy{, IX o. q{ z. .) (. 77, 3, 6) 88. Tqz{w{xmr srxrtzr quxm {p{
sr u|m nxu {nzm}srz o |{p}rnrzuu 4 o Qrzuzmwmzr (}m~w{|wu 1931 p.), ouquy{, VIII o. q{ z. . 89
W}rqu tmwmowmt~wu zm{q{w w{z~w{v tq {~{nv uzr}r~ |}rq~moxlr w{y|xrw~ o{}{p{ Ruzprm}~w{p{ w}pmzm ({ qmu}{owr ~y. o r), pqr {nzm}srz{ qom wtry|xl}m |{tqzrp{ om}umzm qux
~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu oyr~r ~ r}yl {qz{w{xmyu quxmyu nrt |~mxuv (. 73, 2, 3, 7, 10 ).
Rzq wu }r ut zu ~|xrrz ut n}{zt{o{p{ |}m; rr {quz wtry|xl} uyrr xur pxmqwur
yzq wu 90, { |{qor}sqmr ~{~r~o{omzur o~r }r u|{o tq o Mmwmowmtr o IX o. q{ z. .
U}u quxm ~ ouyu ~r}szlyu {nzm}srz {qrxz{ utp{{oxrzzr |~mxuu, ~{rquzlo ur~l ~ zuyu
|}u |{y{u }ryzrv. Tzu uyr ouq ~r}szl ~ }ryl {or}~ulyu, }m~|{x{srzzyu o {qz{v |x{~w{~u o {xrzul, or}zuv w{zr tmpz (. 73, 4) 91.
Jxl utrzul u~{}uu }mtouul tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{v u ~r|z{v tq {~{nrzz{ omsz{r tzmrzur
uyr zm{qwu |}rqyr{o w{z~w{v |}lsu o ror}{y ~x{r [mtmzx. Vr uqr {n mx{zz{y |mylzuwr, w{{}v qmr zmqrszr {~z{omzul qxl mn~{xz qmu}{o{w q}pu |mylzuw{o zmtomzz
}mv{z{o. U}{nxrym qm ror}{p{ ~x{l [mtmzx, |{ |{o{q w{{}{v o |{~xrqzrr o}ryl o~wmtomxu~ }mtxuzr yzrzul, uyrr n{x {r tzmrzur qxl zm u tmqm. Vm~~y{}rzu {v |}{nxry, m
mwsr pu|{rt { rz}mxz{ro}{|rv~w{y |}{u~{sqrzuu w{xm qux ~ {qrxzyu |~mxulyu,
|{~olrz ~|rumxzv w~w}~ (~y. zusr). U}{orqrzzv mzmxut |{to{xlr |}u~{rquzu~l w |}rqx{srzz{v mo{}myu }m~w{|{w [mtmzx qmu}{owr ~x{l }mt} rzul |{~rxrzul IV B ~myy w{z{y IX o.
q{ z. . u {or}pz |}rqxmpmo ~l N. S. Rrqorq~w{v rp{ qmu}{ow 714 p. q{ z. .
W}rqu {nzm}srzz zm [mtmzx IV B 42 wtry|xl}{o qux (24 n}{zt{o, 18 srxrtz) 92
|{qmoxlrr n{x uz~o{ ~{~moxl quxm ~ w{xmyu {w{zmzulyu, |}uyrzlo ur~l ~ {qrxz{
utp{{oxrzzyu |~mxulyu. U{u o~r n}{zt{or quxm {p{ u|m uyr yzq wu ut ~w}rzz
|}ro — xu zrw{{} yzq w pxmqwuv (. 80, 1, 2) 93. Y srxrtz qux {p{ sr u|m ~{{z{ rzur uz{r: 11 wtry|xl}{o uyrxu pxmqwur ~r}szu, qom — |r}rw}rzzr, |lu {}ym ~r}szrv
zr ~mzmoxuomr~l ut-tm w{}}{tuu. W uy u|{y qux |}uyrzlxu~ o {~z{oz{y n}{zt{or }rq}mr |~mxuu ~ {{pzy zm}s or}zuy w{z{y, or~ym nxutwur {nzm}srzzy o Ruzprm}~w{y
w}pmzr (o~rp{ zmvqrz{ 15 wtry|xl}{o) (. 80, 4); |{ w}mvzrv yr}r o {qz{y ~xmr n}{zt{or
|~mxuu {p{ u|m u~|{xt{omxu~ ~ srxrtzyu quxmyu 94. Srw{{}r |~mxuu ut [mtmzx IV uyr S{n}mtz {}y ~ {{pzyu o }mtzr ~{}{z w{zmyu (. 80, 3) 95. G}{zt{or |~mxuu, {nzm}srzzr zm [mtmzx IV, |}uzmqxrsm {y sr u|, { u |~mxuu ut Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o u, {rouqz{, y{p ~um~l {qz{o}ryrzzyu ~ zuyu. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, qmu}{owu, |m}mxxrxz{ u zrtmou~uy{
~mz{oxrzzr qxl Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o (IX o. q{ z. ., ~w{}rr o{}ml |{x{ouzm) u qxl uzmxz{p{
~x{l [mtmzx IV (~myv w{zr IX o. q{ z. .) otmuyz{ |{qw}r|xl~l. P}{yr n}{zt{o |~mxuv,
zm [mtmzx IV {nzm}srz |{ w}mvzrv yr}r {quz wtry|xl} srxrtz |}ly }r|rrxm |~mxuv.
1980, 208, }u~. 2, 24 – 30 (qmu}r w{z{y VIII – |r}o{v |{x{-
90 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 96 – 97, mn. XXXIX, 2,4.
91 F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 97, mn. XXXIX, 1,3.
92 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 68 –70; Muscarella 1988, 64 – 65,
ouz{v VII oo. q{ z. .; m, wmw u {~mxzr qmu}{owu, zr{|-
Nr. 92 – 93 (zm~uomr n}{zt{o qux zm qom wtry|xl}m
}moqmz{ tmo rzm, |{~w{xw mo{} zrw}uur~wu ~xrqr
zrqmz{v |{|wr F. N. Xr}rz{swuzm |r}rqmu}{om Ruz-
yrz r).
93 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 68 –70 (wmtom xu {quz
prm}~wur w}pmz u {~mxzr ~oltmzzr ~ zuyu |myl-
wtry|xl} ~ pxmqwuyu yzq wmyu); Muscarella 1988, 65,
zuwu).
88 Puz 1941, 223, mn. XXXI, 2; XXXIV, 6.
89 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 211 (ymr}umx zr {|nxuw{omz, qmr~l
Nr. 93 (wmtomr, { u nx{ zr~w{xw{); de Schauensee 1989,
87 Jsm|m}uqtr 1953, }u~. 2 (~ { un{zy wmtmzury zm |}{u~{sqrzur ut W}y u); P{}uqtr 1965, 29, }u~. 21; H{}{z{o
xu w}mw{r {|u~mzur).
162
43– 44, fig. 11.
94 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 64.
95 Muscarella 1988, 65, Nr. 94.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Vu~. 77 G}{zt{or quxm.
1, 2. U{p}rnrzur 112 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrz Pu}{omnmqm; 3. U{p}rnrzur 10 zrw}{|{xl Xmw-Puxu~m; 4. Srw}{|{x Wmqmx{
o }mv{zr Xnuxu~u; 5. U{~rxrzur Qrzuzmwmzm; 6. U{p}rnrzur 67 zrw}{|{xl Xmw-Puxu~m
U{ Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 46 (1, 2); Puz 1941, mn. XXXI, 2; XXIV, 6 (6, 3);
de Morgan 1889, fig. 144 (4); Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 49 (5)
163
1
2
3
8
9
6
7
5
4
10
14
12
11
13
164
16
17
19
15
18
20
21
22
Vu~. 78 Nzorzm} |{p}rnrzul 13 zrw}{|{xl Gr m rzu, X}umxru.
1, 14. P{~; 8. Wr}q{xuw; 12. Pmyrz; 15, 19. V{p; 20, 22. Ixuzm; {~mxz{r n}{ztm
U{ Puz 1941, mn. XLVI (15 –18); XLVII (1–14); XLVIII (19, 20); XL (21); }u~. 81 (7); 72 n (5); 80, 5 (6)
165
5
4
1
6
2
3
7
8
9
10
12
11
Vu~. 79 Pxmq n}{zt{o utqrxuv ut Qmvxm u, P{xuqm
U{ P{}uqtr 1965, }u~. 21
166
1
6
2
3
4
5
Vu~. 80 P{z~wml tqm ut [mtmzx IV. G}{ztm
U{ Muscarella 1988, 65, Nr. 92, 94 (1, 4); de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, fig. 12, 13, 14 (2, 3, 5)
167
W srxrtzyu quxmyu tqr~ |}uyrzlxu~ u }{p{or }rq}mr |~mxuu. P}{yr {p{, zmun{xrr }m~|}{~}mzrzz{p{ zm [mtmzx IV, u|m qux o~}rm~l u q}pur. X}u wtry|xl}m n}{zt{o qux ~
pxmqwuyu mzpmyu uyr zm|~wzr |~mxuu ~ qoyl |rxlyu, }m~|{x{srzzyu o |r}|rzquwxl}z{v
|{ {z{ rzu w w{x qxl |{o{qm |x{~w{~u (. 74, 2, ~y. o r). Nyrr~l mwsr rquz~orzzv
wtry|xl} n}{zt{o qux, sr~w{~w}r|xrzz ~ |~mxulyu. ^mzpu u qux, {xur oyr~r ~ |~mxulyu, uyr x{sz{ou{r }uxrzur. U~mxuu qoq}mr, ~ {{pzy zm}s w{z{y, w}m rzzy
t{{y{}zy ut{n}msrzury (. 80, 5).
X}ruy omszy |mylzuw{y, zm w{{}{y {nzm}srz ~{qzr quxm u |~mxuu, loxlr~l zrw}{|{x Wumxw B. Nzorzm} r}r |{p}rnrzuv zrw}{|{xl owxmr n}{zt{or u srxrtzr quxm ~
pxmqwuyu ~r}szlyu u w{xmyu {w{zmzulyu u ~oltmzzr ~ zuyu |~mxuu: n}{zt{or qp{{n}mtz{
ut{pzr }rq}mr, {quz w{zr w{{} tm{~}rz, m q}p{v tmor} mr~l u rw{v, m mwsr
~uxz{ w{}}{qu}{omzzr srxrtzr |}lyr, {rouqz{, }r|rrxmr, ~ {qzuy tm{~}rzzy w{z{y
u o{}y uyruy {xrzur (. 81, 10 – 12). H {qz{y ut |{p}rnrzuv (15) uyrxu~ u w{~lzr
|~mxuu 96. H~r |r}ru~xrzzr |}rqyr tq ~umxw{o~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl {nzm}suom nxusmv ur mzmx{puu zm [mtmzx IV.
U{ |{o{q qmu}{owu zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B, u o {~{nrzz{~u rp{ |{p}rnrzul 15 (. 81), pqr {nzm}srz w{xmr quxm ~ {qrxzyu }rq}myu |~mxulyu, o~wmtomxu~ }mtzr {wu t}rzul. Smun{xrr }m~|}{~}mzrzzy o zm~{lrr o}ryl loxlr~l yzrzur U. Pmxyrvr}m u V. Gkyr}m,
w{{}r {zr~xu |{p}rnrzur 15 w |{tqzrv }{z{x{pur~w{v p}||r zrw}{|{xl u qmu}{omxu p}||
o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII – zmmx{y VII oo. q{ z. . 97 Ixmozy {~z{omzury qxl mw{v qmu}{owu loxl~l
~xrqur |}rqyr — «nmzqs{ouqzr» nxl wu u w{x{w{xuwu qxl w{z~w{v |}lsu, m mwsr ~{~q u|m Schnabelkopfkannen. Jxl qmu}{owu qo |r}o u~|{xt~l o |r}o {r}rq ut{n}msrzul
zm m~~u}uv~wu }rxrm o{}{v |{x{ouz VIII–VII oo. q{ z. ., m qxl qmu}{owu }ru — zm{qwm
|{q{nz{p{ ~{~qm zm Wmy{~r, pqr {z zr y{sr {z{~u~l w{ o}ryrzu }mz r |{~xrqzrv }ru VIII o.
q{ z. . Tnm m}pyrzm, {qzmw{, y{p qm xu terminus ante quem ~r~o{omzul wmw ~{{or~orp{ u|m orrv, mw u ~my{v wx} ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m, zr {|}rqrxll rp{ zuszrv p}mzu. Rmr}umx [mtmzx IV, pqr {nzm}srz o~r u p}|| |}rqyr{o, m mwsr {nrr ~{q~o{ zm{q{w ut
ror}{p{ ~x{l [mtmzx, ut tmwmowmt~wu |mylzuw{o {qsmx-m}qt{}~w{v p}|| u ut zrw}{|{xl
Wumxw B, |{to{xlr ~um, { wx}m o{}{v p}|| {p{ zrw}{|{xl zmmxm ~r~o{om rr o
|}rqrxm IX o. q{ z. . u zr u~wxm qxl |{p}rnrzul 15 u w{zm {p{ orwm o wmr~or o{ty{sz{v
qm 98. H { sr o}ryl n{x ml m}muz{~ wr}myuwu [mtmzx IV |{ ~}mozrzu ~ {v, { m}mwr}utr zrw}{|{x Wumxw B, |{to{xlr ~um rp{ {~z{oz m~ n{xrr |{tqzrv, ry |{~rxrzur ror}{p{ ~x{l [mtmzx u {z{~u rr o {~z{oz{y w VIII o. q{ z. . R{sz{ |{xmpm |{{y, { w{z~wml
tqm ut zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B, }rtomvz{ nxutwml tqr ut [mtmzx IV u ut o{}{p{ Ruzprm}~w{p{
w}pmzm (o{}ml |{x{ouzm u w{zr IX o. q{ z. .), qmu}r~l zrzmyz{p{ n{xrr |{tqzuy o}ryrzry o |}rqrxm VIII o. q{ z. .
P}{yr zm{q{w zm [mtmzx u o zrw}{|{xr Wumxw B, {qz{w{xmr quxm utor~z u zm q}pu
u}mz~wu |mylzuwm 99. Xmw, n}{zt{or quxm u }mpyrz mwu sr srxrtz {nzm}srz o {qz{y ut
|{p}rnrzuv zm Juzm-r|r (B 10a, β 6), oyr~r ~ |}rqyrmyu o{{}srzul u }m~xrzrzzy ~wrxr{y
w{zl (. 9). U{p}rnrzur {z{~u~l w |r}u{q Juzm II, |}uyr}z{ ~uz}{zz{y [mtmzx IV, u y{sr
n qmu}{omz{ IX – zmmx{y VIII oo. q{ z. . 100 Jom~zr w{xmr n}{zt{or quxm {nzm}srz
mwsr o |{p}rnrzuu 3 zrw}{|{xl Xr|r Iulz. Tzu ~{|}{o{sqmxu~ tqr~ }rq}myu |~mxulyu,
~{or} rzz{ mzmx{puzyu ry, { {nzm}srz o 15 |{p}rnrzuu zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B. P}{yr {p{,
tqr~ sr zmvqrz nxlu qxl w{z~w{v tq, srxrtzv wuzsmx, xmo}{xu~zr r}r w{or zmw{zrzuwu
96 Ghirshman 1939, pl. LVI, S. 803 a – c, 835, 841, 588; LVII,
~{qr}smo ry w{z~wuv ~wrxr, w{{}{r {z{~u~l, {rouqz{,
S. 791; LXII, S. 762; LXVIII, S. 715 d – e; LXXVII, S. 972.
97 Boehmer 1965, 801– 822; Calmeyer 1969, 99 –108.
rr w }rrv ror}u II ~. q{ z. ., |}rqyr tq zr
98 W}. ~{qz{r yzrzur Kossack 1983, 129 –130.
99 H |{p}rnrzuu |{tqzrp{ n}{zt{o{p{ orwm zm I{quz-r|r,
168
{nzm}srz: Young 1969, 19 –20, fig. 27 – 33.
100 Muscarella 1974, 64 – 67, 78 –79, fig. 36 – 37.
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9
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0
6
Vu~. 81 Sm{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul 15 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B.
2. Mrxrzv wmyrz; 4, 8. Pmnmzuv wxw; 12. Lrxrt{; 13, 14. Ixuzm; {~mxz{r n}{ztm
U{ Ghirshman 1939, pl. LVI; Hüttel 1981a, Abb. 2
169
~}rx (n}{zt{or u srxrtzr), n}m~xr u q}. (. 82) 101. Wql |{ o~ry, |{p}rnrzur |}uyr}z{ ~uz}{zz{ zrw}{|{x Wumxw B u qmu}r~l o |}rqrxm VIII o. q{ z. .
U}uyrzrzur mzmx{puz{v w{z~w{v tq ({qz{w{xmr quxm ~ {qrxz{ utp{{oxrzzyu }rq}myu |~mxulyu «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m) o Mmwmowmtr u N}mzr zmqrsz{ tm~ouqrrx~o{omz{ u qxl
n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu. Tn {y ~ouqrrx~or, o m~z{~u, w{y|xrw~ Rmx{p{ w}pmzm o Rux~w{wm}mnm~w{v ~r|u (. 7) 102. Mqr~, w}{yr n{pm{p{ wr}myur~w{p{ w{y|xrw~m, {nzm}srz mwsr w{z~wuv tqrzv zmn{}, ~{~{luv ut n}{zt{o |}rqyr{o: qux u |m} {qrxz |~mxuv, |lu |}{}rtz nxl-mxm}{o, zmx{nzuwm, w{x{w{xuwm u {nx{ymz{v |mx{wu-tm~rswu. P}{yr {p{, {nzm}srz {nx{ywu srxrtz{p{ zmw{zrzuwm w{|l u zr~w{xwu z{srv. Yquxm ut Rmx{p{ w}pmzm ~ou ut
qo ~r}szrv u tmor} m~l w}pxyu w}|zyu w{xmyu. U~mxuu }rq}mr; {or}~ul }m~|{x{srz o {xrzul o {qz{v |x{~w{~u, or}zuv w{zr tmpz, {nm w{zm |~mxuv tmor} m~l
u rwmyu (. 7, 1). Tzu or~ym ~{su ~ |~mxulyu ut o{}{p{ Ruzprm}~w{p{ w}pmzm u q}pu
wmtmzz o r |mylzuw{o. U}{}rtzr n}{zt{or mxm} (. 7, 2) zm{ql ~rnr nxutwur ~{{or~oul o }m}~w{v tqr — mw{v mxm} o{qux, zm|}uyr}, o w{z~wuv zmn{} ut Xrv rnmuzu, quxm
w{{}{p{ zmq|u~mz uyrzry Wm}q}u II 103; utor~z |{q{nzr zm{qwu u o q}pu |mylzuwm
VIII o. q{ z. . (Pmmpmz~wuv w}pmz) 104. X}m|rurouqzv zmx{nzuw u w{x{w{xuw (. 7, 3, 6) mwsr
o|{xzr m}mwr}z qxl }m}~w{p{ w{z~w{p{ n{}m. Tqzmw{ qxl qmu}{owu w{y|xrw~m Rmx{p{ w}pmzm
zmun{x rr tzmrzur uyrr zm{qwm o zry n}{zt{o{v }rx{|m~z{v oxm{v ~}rx 105 u|m, m}mwr}z{p{ qxl wrxr}yr~~w{p{ m|m }mzzr~wu~w{v wx} (. 7, 4). U{ m}mwr} zm{q{w w{y|xrw~ Rmx{p{ w}pmzm, wmw sr wmtomx{~, uyrr }lq {nu r} ~ |{p}rnrzury w{rozuwm zm mw}{|{xr S{} zr|r (~y. o r). Mqr~ mwsr {nzm}srz n}{zt{or |rrxmr quxm {p{ sr u|m
(o ~{rmzuu ~ u|uzyu ~}ryrw{ouqzyu quxmyu }mzzr~wu~w{p{ u|m); o {n{u |{p}rnrzul
{nzm}srz mwsr srxrtzr zmw{zrzuwu w{|uv u z{su. P}{yr {p{, o }mtp}mnxrzz{y tm{}{zrzuu
zm S{} zr|r, loz{ {qz{o}ryrzz{y ~ w{z~wuy |{p}rnrzury, {nzm}srz zmw{zrzuw }rx{|m~z{v
~}rx {p{ sr u|m, { u o Rmx{y w}pmzr. U{~w{xw |{p}rnrzur zm S{} zr|r or}rzz{ qmu}r~l |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VII o. q{ z. ., w {y sr o}ryrzu y{sr n {zr~rz u Rmxv w}pmz.
W}rqu u}mz~wu |mylzuw{o y{sz{ zmtom w{z~w{r tm{}{zrzur (|}utzmwu rx{orr~w{p{ w{~lwm {~~o) zm rz}mxz{y {xyr Gmnm-Jsmzm, ~{or} rzz{r o~w{}r |{~xr |}rw}mrzul ~r~o{omzul tqr~ |{~rxrzul (Gmnm-Jsmz III) 106. W}rqu |{p}rnmxz{p{ uzorzm}l {nzm}srz{ qom n}{zt{o ~{~qm u |}uzmqxrsz{~u w{z~w{v ~n}u — n}{zt{or zmz{~zuw u |l nxl rw, m mwsr srxrtzr {qz{w{xmr quxm. Tzu {rz ~uxz{ w{}}{qu}{omz, {qzmw{, zm~w{xw{ y{sz{ ~qu, u
yzq wu utp{{oxrz ut |r}rw}rzz |}ro. U~mxuu, mwsr srxrtzr, nxu {qrxzyu, {qzmw{ ut-tm ~uxz{v w{}}{qu}{omzz{~u u {}ym zr ~mzmoxuomr~l 107. U{p}rnrzur |{ ~o{ry uzorzm}, ouquy{, qmu}r~l |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v VII o. q{ z. ., o}ryrzry, zr|{~}rq~orzz{ |{~xrq{omo uy
tm |}rw}mrzury ~r~o{omzul |{~rxrzul zm rz}mxz{y {xyr zm }nrsr VIII–VII oo. q{ z. . 108
Tqw{w{xmr srxrtzr quxm ~{qz{p{ u|m nxu {nzm}srz u zm zrw}{|{xr Hm}-Pmnq, w{{}v
|}uyr}z{ ~uz}{zutu}r~l ~ [mtmzx III B u n{xrr |{tqzuv, ry zrw}{|{x Wumxw B. Kp{ y{sz{
|}rq|{x{surxz{ qmu}{om VII o. q{ z. . 109 Kr {quz wtry|xl} n}{zt{o qux ~ pxmqwuyu yzqwmyu, |}uzmqxrsmuv w {y u|, nx {nzm}srz |}u p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|wm zrw}{|{xl
]r yr-Rmu o Q}u~mzr 110; rp{ qmu}{owm zrl~zm. Smw{zr, zr~w{xw{ wtry|xl}{o {qz{w{xm
101 Contenau, Ghirshman 1935, 18, pl. 8, V, 6; Potratz 1941– 42,
108 Goff 1969, 123–126; Goff 1978, 40 – 42; ~}. Moorey 1971,
175. W}. Nagel 1963, 53. U}rqx{srzzml tqr~ qmu}{owm |{p}rnrzul XIV–XIII oo. q{ z. . nrt{~z{omrxzm.
102 Nr~~rz 1965, 22 – 30.
103.
109 Vanden Berghe 1967, 57; de Waele 1982, 68.
110 Maleki 1964, 17, pl. VIII, 1. N. S. Rrqorq~wml (1983, 62)
103 Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №56.
104 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 212.
quxmyu ~ ut{pzyu zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu (~y. zusr).
{ un{z{ wmtomr, { u quxm nxu zmvqrz oyr~r ~
105 Nr~~rz 1965, }u~. 12, 2.
106 Goff 1969, 123–126, fig. 6 –7.
H qrv~ourxz{~u utor~z{ xu , { {zu |}{u~{ql ut
107 Goff 1969, 126, fig. 7, 5.
|{p}rnrzuly {zu |}uzmqxrsmxu, {~~o.
170
{qz{p{ y{puxzuwm, ~orqrzul sr { {y, w {qz{y uxu }mtzy
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Vu~. 82 Sm{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul 3 zrw}{|{xl Xr|r Iulz
U{ Contenau, Ghirshman 1935, pl. 8
171
qux nrt |~mxuv, |}{u~{qlu ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w zm r}}u{}uu N}mzm, }mzl~l o }lqr
ro}{|rv~wu ~{n}mzuv, zm|}uyr} o Gr}xuzr (qom o w{xxrwuu Srx~{zm, {quz o Rtrr |}rq- u |}mu~{}uu) 111, o w{xxrwuu F. I{qm}m 112 u q}.
Yquxm {p{ u|m u~|{xt{omxu~ mwsr u }m}myu. Mzmurxz{r w{xur~o{ u n}{zt{o u
srxrtz wtry|xl}{o, |}{u~{qlu ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w, }mzu~l o ytrl X}uu (Fzwm}m,
bxltp, Fqmzm u q}.) (. 87, 10, 11) 113; tm zruyrzury m}r{x{pur~w{p{ w{zrw~m u zro{ty{sz{
~w{xw{-zunq {z{ qmu}{om. Mqr~ sr utor~z u zm{qwu n}{zt{o |~mxuv «~umxw{o~w{p{»
u|m. Xmw, o ytrr Zuxmqrxuu }mzu~l }u wtry|xl}m qp{{n}mtz }rq}m |~mxuv, |}{u~{qlu ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w, or}{lz{, o o{~{z{v Fzm{xuu ({z{r yr~{ zm{qwu zrutor~z{) (. 87, 12) 114. Lrxrtzr u n}{zt{or w{xmr quxm nxu {nzm}srz u |}u }m~w{|wm
Xrv rnmuzu 115. Nyr~l zm{qwu mwu qux u w tm|mq { }m}~w{v r}}u{}uu. Xmw, {quz wtry|xl} w{xm srxrtz qux nrt |~mxuv {nzm}srz o G{pmtwkr, o ~x{r Gwwmxr I (|r}oml
|{x{ouzm – ~r}rquzm VII oo. q{ z. .); o {y sr ~x{r {nzm}srz u srxrtzv }r|rrxmv |~mxuv
~wu~w{p{ u|m (. 29) 116. Wuxz{ w{}}{qu}{omzzr w{xmr srxrtzr quxm zmvqrz u o ~x{r
|}uyr}z{ {p{ sr o}ryrzu o Fxu m}r 117.
P}{yr zmtomzz }rpu{z{o, o t{z }m~|}{~}mzrzul {p{ ouqm tq o{quxm u W}rqzll Ftul.
Sm{qwu {qz{w{xm qux {}{ { utor~z tqr~ zm |mylzuwm ]~~w{v wx}. Pmw wmtomr
zmvqrzzml zm p{}{qur Jmxor}tuz o Zr}pmz~w{v {nxm~u xurvzml {}ym qxl utp{{oxrzul |~mxul,
{zu u~|{xt{omxu~ ~ |~mxulyu {v sr {}y, { zmvqrzzr o zrw}{|{xr Wumxw B, [mtmzx IV u o{}{y Ruzprm}~w{y w}pmzr 118. Jmu}{owm u zm{q{w, wmw u ~my{v ]~~w{v wx}, zrl~zm. Tzm
{|}rqrxlr~l |}rsqr o~rp{ |{ mzmx{puu ~ u}mz~wuyu |mylzuwmyu, o m~z{~u ~ zrw}{|{xry Wumxw B,
m mwsr |{ }mqu{pxr}{qzy qmmy, |}uyr}z{ XII–VIII oo. q{ z. . 119 U~mxuu {p{ u|m {nzm}srz
mwsr o }mzzr~mw~w{y |{p}rnrzuu w}pmzm 23 y{puxzuwm Wmwm}-mpm 6 (. 83, 9, 10 ) 120. P}{yr
|~mxuro ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m (rz}mxz{r {or}~ur }{yn{ouqz{r, n{w{or — w}pxr; o~r }u uyr
{quzmw{ov }mtyr}), tqr~ sr zmvqrz n}{zt{or quxm ~ |}ly{p{xz{-~}ryrw{ouqzyu {w{zmzulyu u qo}lqzy tnmy }uxrzury zm ~r}szl, n}{zt{or |}{zutu u |{q|}szr |}lswu, o
{y u~xr o|{xzrzzr o tor}uzz{y ~uxr u ~{or} rzz{ mzmx{puzr nxl wmy ut w}pmzm 33 Yvpm}mw~w{p{ y{puxzuwm (. 83, 1– 8, 11– 15) 121. Mqr~ sr {nzm}srz zmn{} ut qr~lu n}{zt{o zmw{zrzuw{o ~}rx, }u ut w{{} r}r w{or m}mwr}z{p{ ~mw~w{p{ u|m ({quz qo- u qom }rx{|m~zr), m {~mxzr oxmr (}{yn{ouqzr, xmo}{xu~zr u |xrouqzr) (. 83, 19 – 28). Xmw{r
~{rmzur u|{o zmw{zrzuw{o m}mwr}z{ qxl }mzzu ~mw~wu w{y|xrw~{o U}um}mxl, {z{~lu~l
|{-ouquy{y, w{ o}ryrzu zr |{tsr VII o. q{ z. . 122 P}{yr {p{, o { sr w{y|xrw~ o{qux nuyrmxxur~wuv wxror ~ n}{zt{o{v oxw{v u srxrtzy n{vw{y, uyruv nxutwur mzmx{puu o w}pmzr 84
Yvpm}mw~w{p{ y{puxzuwm (oyr~r ~{ ~}ryrw{ouqzyu quxmyu u zmn{}{y ~}rx, o w{{}{y |}r{nxmqm r}r w{or zmw{zrzuwu) 123, w{y|xrw~r ut Nyu}xr}m u q}. (~y. o r). Wr~orzzy {xuury { u wxro{o loxr~l {, { wtry|xl} ut Wmwm}-mpm uyrr |rx o zuszrv m~u oxwu
(. 83, 34). H rx{y y{sz{ |{xmpm, { w{y|xrw~ w}pmzm 23 y{puxzuwm Wmwm}-mpm 6 |{ o}ryrzu
nxut{w |{p}rnrzuly ut S{} zr|r u Nyu}xr}m (wxror, ~}ryrw{ouqzr quxm, qox{|m~zr
oxmr ~}rx) u ut Rmx{p{ w}pmzm o Rux~w{-Pm}mnm~w{v ~r|u ({}ym |~mxuro) uxu zr~w{xw{
~m} r u u qmu}r~l zr |{tsr |r}o{v |{x{ouz VII o. q{ z. . K~xu or}z{ |}rqx{srzur R. U. I}lt-
111 Nagel 1963, 27 –28, 53–54, Taf. LII, 109 –111.
112 de Waele 1982, 68, Nr. 73, fig. 50.
113 Yıldırım 1987, 490 – 491, Abb. 42 – 44.
114 Özgen 1979, 126, fig. 15; Özgen 1984, fig. 27; Yıldırım 1987,
476, Abb. 21.
115 Uu{}{o~wuv 1950, 54, }u~. 32 (|{y. 13); Piotrovsky 1969,
pl. 77.
116 Boehmer 1972, 162, Taf. LVIII, Nr. 1695 A, 1695.
172
117 von der Osten 1937, 115, fig. 114.
118 Mmqzr|}{o~wuv 1962, 30 – 31, mn. XX, 3; XXI, 18.
119 Mmqzr|}{o~wuv 1962, 64 –70.
120 dnx{z~wuv 1991, 80 – 81, }u~. 10 –12; dnx{z~wuv 1996,
43– 44, }u~. 18 –20.
121 Hu zro~wml 1973, 114, mn. IX, 15 –16; XXVIII, 6 –7.
122 Rrqorq~wml 1972, 83– 85, 89; dnx{z~wuv 1991, 86.
123 Huz zro~wml 1973, mn. XX.
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Vu~. 83 Nzorzm} w}pmzm 23 y{puxzuwm Wmwm}-mpm 6 (1– 8)
173
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Vu~. 83 Nzorzm} w}pmzm 23 y{puxzuwm Wmwm}-mpm 6 (9 –18)
174
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34
Vu~. 83 Nzorzm} w}pmzm 23 y{puxzuwm Wmwm}-mpm 6.
1–28. G}{ztm; 29. M{x{m, nu}tm; 30, 31. Lrxrt{; 32. Pmyrz; 33. Gu}tm; 34. G}{ztm, srxrt{
U{ dnx{z~wuv 1996, }u~. 18 –20
175
z{om ~uz}{zutu}{om y{puxzuwu Yvpm}mw u cszv Xmpu~wrz ~ w}pmz{y F}smz 124, { {zu y{p
n {zr~rz rr w VIII o. q{ z. . 125 u qmu}{om~l }mz r, ry wuyyr}uv~wur (m}r{x{pur~wu
«}mzzr~wu~wur») |mylzuwu Rmx{v Ftuu. W{qzr |~mxuu o w{y|xrwr ~{ ~}ryrw{ouqzyu quxmyu ~ q{|{xzurxzy {or}~ury nxu {nzm}srz mwsr o w{y|xrw~r ut Gusr (H{~{z{r Wryu}rr) 126.
Xmwuy {n}mt{y, o Mmwmowmtr {qz{w{xmr n}{zt{or quxm ~ {qrxzyu |~mxulyu |}uyrzlxu~ |m}mxxrxz{ ~ quxmyu ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu «m}mqt{}~w{p{» u|m |{ yrz rv yr}r ~ XII o.
q{ z. . (|{p}rnrzur 79 F}uw~w{p{ y{puxzuwm, |{p}rnrzur 13 o Gr m rzu u q}.). N~|{xt{omzur
{p{ ouqm qux oyr~r ~ {qrxz{ utp{{oxrzzyu yrmxxur~wuyu |~mxulyu zmqrsz{ tm~ouqrrx~o{omz{ zmuzml ~{ o{}{v |{x{ouz – w{zm IX o. q{ z. . ([mtmzx IV, o{}{v Ruzprm}~wuv w}pmz), |}ury |}uyr}z{ {pqm sr zmuzm |}uyrzl~l u srxrtzr quxm u |~mxuu, w{{}r, o|}{ry, zr or~zl n}{zt{or o|x{ q{ VII o. q{ z. . Sm~w{xw{ y{sz{ ~qu, ~|{~{n utp{{oxrzul
qux (o ouqr |r}rou |}ro uxu xur) zr uyrr }{z{x{pur~w{p{ tzmrzul — u r u q}pur
u~|{xt{omxu~ {qz{o}ryrzz{, { tm~ouqrrx~o{omz{ u zr{qz{w}mzyu zm{qwmyu o {qzu u r
sr w{y|xrw~m. Tqz{w{xmr quxm ~ }rq}myu |~mxulyu ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m |}{q{xsmxu |}uyrzl~l tqr~ |{ yrz rv yr}r q{ VII o. q{ z. .
U~mxuu ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m zr{qz{w}mz{ ~{|{~moxlxu~ ~ |~mxulyu, m}mwr}zyu qxl ~my
}mzzu w{y|xrw~{o «}mzzr~wu~w{v» wx}, zm|}uyr}, ut w}pmzm Lmn{uz 524, Xrzruzwm 183,
{}m Fxrw~rro~wuv o Wmo}{|{xr u q}. (. 84, 4; 85, 7) 127. Pmw sr wmtomx{~, H. V. b}xu ~umr mwur |~mxuu m}mwr}zyu qxl ~o{rv }rrv }{z{x{pur~w{v p}||, pqr {zu u~|{xt{omxu~
oyr~r ~{ ~}ryrw{ouqzyu quxmyu 128. U~mxuu {v {}y, zm~w{xw{ y{sz{ ~qu, u~|{xt{omxu~ xu o |}rqrxm }mzzrp{, «smn{uz~w{p{», |r}u{qm }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}, m tmry o{ql
ut |{}rnxrzul 129.
K~xu |}rq|{xmpm, wmw { qrxmr~l {nz{, tmuy~o{omzur }rq}m |~mxuv «~umxw{o~w{p{»
u|m o N}mz u Mmwmowmtr ut o{~{z{ro}{|rv~wu ~r|rv, { y{sr qm zrw{{}r {~z{omzul qxl
mn~{xz{v qmu}{owu |mylzuw{o «smn{uz~w{p{» |r}u{qm. N zmxuur, |}ury o q{~m{z{ n{xu w{xur~om, o u}mz~wu u tmwmowmt~wu w{y|xrw~m o{}{v |{x{ouz – w{zm IX o. q{ z. . (o{}{v Ruzprm}~wuv w}pmz, [mtmzx IV) qmx{ n terminus ante quem u |{loxrzul o ~r|l. Tqzmw{
{ |}rq|{x{srzur {~mr~l zury zr |{qor}sqrzz{v pu|{rt{v. Mqr~ zrxtl u~wxm zu {n}mz{p{ zm|}moxrzul tmuy~o{omzul, zu zrtmou~uy{p{ {}yu}{omzul zm {~z{or n{xrr m}muz }rq}m |~mxuro, }m~|}{~}mzrzz o |mylzuwm r}z{p{}{o~w{p{ u|m. H{ty{sz{ u tmuy~o{omzur
{v {}y |~mxuv wmw o N}mz, mw u H{~{z Ko}{| ut W}rqzrv Ftuu, {qzmw{ ut-tm {~~oul
my qmu}{omzz }mzzu zm{q{w { |}rq|{x{srzur mwsr {~mr~l nrt zmqrsz m}pyrz{o.
d~z{, o xn{y ~xmr, { {qz{w{xmr quxm ~ {qrxzyu |~mxulyu zr nxu o Mmwmowmtr u
N}mzr z{omurv zu o VIII, zu qmsr o IX o. q{ z. ., mw { u u~|{xt{omzur tqr~ zro{ty{sz{ ~oltom ~ |r}rqzrmtum~wuyu |{{qmyu ro}mtuv~wu z{ymq{o. ]{ wm~mr~l n}{zt{o }rq}m
|~mxuv «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m, { u u~|{xt{omzur tqr~ zmqrsz{ q{wyrzu}r~l ~{ o{}{v |{x{ouz IX |{ |r}o |{x{ouz VII oo. q{ z. .
Jxl qmu}{owu |{tqzrv u |}rq~wu~wu |mylzuw{o {~{nv uzr}r~ |}rq~moxl n}{zt{or
quxm, m mwsr ~{~moxlo ur ~ zuyu zmn{} |~mxuu, {nzm}srzr o |{p}rnrzuu 47 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrzm (Um}mqu~r~zp) (. 85, 11– 13) 130. Yquxm ~|xrrz ut n}{zt{o{p{ |}m u uyr w{xmr
124 I}ltz{o 1980, 61; Grjaznov 1984, 83. W}. ~uz}{zutmu
Mmvrom, Qrnrqrom 1994, 141–156. bu qmu}{owu nxu, {qzm-
w}pmzm F}smz ~ }mzzuyu y{puxmyu Yvpm}mwm u u qmu}{ow
w{, o |{~xrqzrr o}ryl {~|{}rz: ]xrz{om 1997.
126 Fwu ro, Fwu rom 1978, 39 – 40, }u~. 2.
127 W}. zm|}uyr} Xr}rz{swuz 1971, 74 –75; b}xu 1994,
VIII o. q{ z. .: Ptyuzm 1975, 287. W}. mwsr dnx{z~wuv
1996, 51.
125 Jmu}{owm F}smz~w{p{ w}pmzm |{ qmzzy qrzq}{}{z{x{puu — 745 p. q{ z. . ± 40 xr (Rm}~mq{x{o 1988, 65 – 81), m
|{ }rtxmmy w{}}rxluu qrzq}{}{z{x{pur~wu u }mqu{wm}n{zz qmu}{o{w — 820 –740 pp. q{ z. .: Rm}~mq{x{o,
176
102 –103.
128 b}xu 1994, 65 – 69.
129 Rrqorq~wml 1992, 87; b}xu 1994, 103.
130 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, 77, Taf. 19, 6; 76, 2.
1
2
5
6
7
8
4
3
10
9
11
12
Vu~. 84 Sm{qwu ut w}pmzm 524 ~. Lmn{uz. 1, 4, 6, 9. G}{ztm; 2. Pmyrz; 3. Lrxrt{; 5, 10 –12. Ixuzm; 7, 8. M{x{{
U{ Nxuz~wml, Xr}rz{swuz 1987, 237
177
{w{zmzul. U~mxuu }rq}mr ({or}~ul }m~|{x{srz o {qz{v |x{~w{~u), ~ tmpzyu w{zmyu,
uyruyu {}y x{|m~rv, { {xumr u { {nz |~mxuro «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m. P{y|xrw~
zm{q{w |{p}rnrzul, |}rsqr o~rp{ n}{zt{ov |{l~ ~ m}mwr}zyu ut{n}msrzulyu suo{z u {}zmyrzmxzyu y{uomyu 131, m mwsr |{qor~wu o ouqr nnrzuw{o (~}. zusr) u m}mwr}zv zmw{zrzuw
~}rx (. 85, 9, 15, 16), |{to{xl ~uz}{zutu}{om { |{p}rnrzur (wmw, o|}{ry, u n{x uz~o{
q}pu o zrw}{|{xr) ~ |mylzuwmyu {qsmx-m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m. Hz}u {v p}|| |{p}rnrzur
y{sr n ~uz}{zutu}{omz{ ~ Ruzprm}~wuyu w}pmzmyu — {n}mmr zm ~rnl ozuymzur, zm|}uyr}, ~{q~o{ w{xm qux ~ |xrrzyu yzq wmyu ut {p{ w{y|xrw~m u ut o{}{p{ w}pmzm
Ruzprm}m. Pmw sr wmtomx{~, zrw}{|{x Pmxmwrzm, wmw u Ruzprm}~wur w}pmz, o}lq xu y{p
n qmu}{omz |{tsr w{zm IX o. q{ z. .
Tn}mmr zm ~rnl ozuymzur {}ym |~mxuv ut 47 |{p}rnrzul Pmxmwrzm. Tzu zr uyr nxutwu
mzmx{puv ~}rqu tmwmowmt~wu uxu u}mz~wu ymr}umx{o. Gxusmv ml u rquz~orzzml mzmx{pul uy |}{u~{qu ut w}pmzm Ym u o Fqprr, pqr ~{qzr |~mxuu nxu zmvqrz o w{y|xrw~r ~ qow{xmyu quxmyu z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m (. 16, 1– 3, 8 – 10, 15 – 17, 21, 22) 132. U~mxuu ut Ym u u ut
Pmxmwrzm or~ym ~{qz — u r, u q}pur uyr {}y ~r}szrv ~ }ryl {or}~ulyu, w{{}r
tmor} m~l ~ {qz{v ~{}{z {xrzury o ouqr u rwu, m ~ q}p{v — tmpz{v x{|m~. Txuul yrsq zuyu zrtzmurxz — pxmozy ut zu loxlr~l {{}yxrzur {or}~uv |~mxul. Y wtry|xl}{o ut Ym u {or}~ul w}pxr u zm{ql~l {zu o ~|rumxz ym (}nwm). U~mxuu ut
Pmxmwrzm uyr {or}~ul {omxz{v {}y; y {~~o u tmyrzrz }m~ u}rzulyu, ~{qzyu ~ ryu, { uyr~l zm |~mxul ut Wumxwm, Ruzprm}m uxu zm |~mxul r}z{p{}{o~w{p{ u|m.
H|}{ry, zmxuur uxu {~~our y o {{}yxrzuu {or}~uv |~mxuv zr ~{x s omszv |}utzmw — utor~z |~mxuu }mtz u|{o, |}uyrzlo ur {nm ~|{~{nm {{}yxrzul {or}~uv u u~|{xt{omo ur~l {qz{o}ryrzz{. Xmw, ~}rqu |~mxuro w}pmzm F}smz |}rq~moxrz wmw wtry|xl} ~ |}{~yu
{or}~ulyu, {{}yxrzzyu {xrzury ~r}szl, mw u ~ ymyu, |}ury uyr~l u |r}r{qzr
{}y { {qz{v }mtz{ouqz{~u w q}p{v 133. Pmw ~|}morqxuo{ tmyrmr H. V. b}xu, |~mxuu ut Ym u
loxl~l ~uzrt{y «~umxw{o~w{p{» u|m }rq}m |~mxuv u z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m }r|rrxm ~ tmpz{v x{|m~ 134. U}u {y {z {nrquzlr u o {quz u| ~ }rq}myu |~mxulyu u|m
zmvqrzz o w}pmzr Lmn{uz 524 u m}mwr}z sr qxl }mzzr~wu~wu |mylzuw{o. bu |~mxuu,
{qzmw{, uyr omsz{r {xuur { zmvqrzz o Ym u u Pmxmwrzr — zu {~~or tmpzml
x{|m~, m w{zr {{}yxrz uxu o ouqr tmpz{p{ ~r}szl (Lmn{uz 524), uxu |}{~{ |}ly{v (Xrzruzwm 183). P}{yr {p{, o~r {zu zmvqrz oyr~r ~{ ~}ryrw{ouqzyu }mzzr~wu~wuyu quxmyu.
U~mxuu u|m zmvqrzz o Ym u u Pmxmwrzr |}rq~moxl ~{n{v }rqwuv |r}r{qzv u|, ouquy{,
zr |{xuo uv u}{w{p{ }m~|}{~}mzrzul u ~r~o{omo uv zrq{xp{. Tzu zmvqrz o nxutwu, {l
u }mtqrxrzz Pmowmt~wuy }rn{y, }mv{zm, pqr ouquy{, u ~x{sux~l { u|, {nrquzlo uv m}mwr}zr qxl qo }mv{z{o {}y |~mxuv — }m~|}{~}mzrzzr w ~ror} { Pmowmtm x{|m~zr |~mxuu
z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, u }rqwur o U}rqwmowmtr, z{ }m~|}{~}mzrzzr o Mmwmowmtr u N}mzr }rq}mr |~mxuu «~umxw{o~w{v» }mtz{ouqz{~u. U{x{srzur w}pmzm Ym u o ~u~ryr {z{~urxz{v
}{z{x{puu |mylzuw{o |}rq~wu~w{p{ u }mzzr~wu~w{p{ |r}u{q{o nrqurxz{ {n{~z{omz{ H. V. b}xu{y — { |mylzuw |}uzmqxrsu w ~my{y |{tqzry m| z{o{r}wm~~w{v p}|| u o{qu
o p}|| |r}r{qz w }mzzr~wu~w{v |{r |mylzuw{o 135. Wuz}{zutmul {p{ |mylzuwm ~ 47 |{p}rnrzury Pmxmwrzm qmr rr {qz {|{}z {w qxl qmu}{owu |{tqzu z{o{r}wm~~wu |mylzuw{o — |{p}rnrzur Pmxmwrzm o}lq xu y{sr n qmu}{omz{ |{tsr }nrsm IX–VIII oo. q{ z. .
131 J}pur ~{qzr |{l~m {nzm}srz mwsr o |{p}rnrzul
u| (Dietz 1998, 122, Nr. 468, Taf. 33), ~r~orzz{ {xu-
49 (oyr~r ~ wxm~~ur~wuyu quxmyu «m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m»),
mr~l { |~mxuv ut Ym u.
133 I}ltz{o 1980, 47 – 49, }u~. 30; Grjaznov 1984, 65 – 67,
95, 98, 189, 6 (Kalakent), ~y. Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 26,
41, 43. Tn {v p}||r |{l~{o ~y. Esayan 1984, 119 –132.
132 b}xu 1994, 25 –26, mn. 5; Dietz 1998, 122, Nr. 461– 467,
Taf. 33. U~mxuv ut Rrqouzm, {zr~rzzv Y. Q. Ju w {y sr
178
Abb. 30.
134 b}xu 1994, 102.
135 b}xu 1994, 29 – 33, 101–103.
4
3
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1
5
6
7
8
10
9
12
11
14
13
15
16
17
Vu~. 85 1– 8. Sm{qwu ut w}pmzm . Fxrw~rro~wuv nxut Wmo}{|{xl.
9 –17. Sm{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul 47 zrw}{|{xl Pmxmwrz Pu}{omnmqm. 9. Lrxrt{; {~mxz{r n}{ztm
U{ Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 77 (1– 8); Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 19; 76 (9 –17)
179
2.2.3 YJNQF W LKWXPTWPVKUQKSS`RN UWFQNdRN
H UKVKJSKO FMNN N KHVTUK
Pmw sr p{o{}ux{~, o xur}m}r {nz{ ~umr~l, { |{loxrzur qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu
|~mxulyu w ~ror} { Pmowmt~w{p{ }rnm {nl~zlr~l u tmuy~o{omzury ut Ur}rqzrv Ftuu. Sm
{~z{or {p{ |}rq|{x{srzul qrxmr~l oo{q {n m~uu q{~wu~w{p{ zm~rxrzul U}ur}z{y{}l o
|r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{qm u { qmu}{owm |}rq~wu~w{v wx}. Xmw{r |}rq~moxrzur wmsr~l, {qzmw{, or~ym |}{rzzy.
U}rsqr o~rp{, ~{or} rzz{ zr|{zlz{, |{ry |}uzu| utp{{oxrzul qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu ~umr~l ~|ruur~wu |r}rqzro{~{zy. H}lq xu u~|{xt{omzur {p{ |}uzu|m
uyrr rquzv rz} |}{u~{sqrzul u o{ o~lw{y ~xmr o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu sr~w{~w}r|xrzzr ~ |~mxulyu quxm |{loxl~l q{~m{z{ |{tqz{. H ~o{r o}ryl O. U{}m oqrxux mwur quxm o III yr~{|{my{-rpu|r~wuv u| u ~oltomx rp{ |}{u~{sqrzur ~ Wror}zy Pmowmt{y 136. N~|{xt{omzur {p{
u|m o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu {z qmu}{omx VII–V oo. q{ z. . Tqzmw{ u~|{xt{omzz uy qmzz ~{or} rzz{ zrq{~m{z{ qxl mw{v qmu}{owu. H wmr~or rr pxmoz {|{}z |zw{o {z zmtomx zm{qwu
qux o Ur}~r|{xr u o ~x{r |r}~uq~w{p{ }mtp}{ym (480 p. q{ z. .) o Fuzm 137. Tqzmw{ u zm{qwu y{p
{n{~z{oom o w}mvzry ~xmr or}z qm }m~|}{~}mzrzul mwu qux, z{ zuwmw zr zusz. X{
sr or}z{ u qxl qmzz, zm w{{}r {|u}mx~l U. R}u. T~z{ooml~ |}rsqr o~rp{ zm zm{qwm qux
{p{ u|m o zrw}{|{xr Jror [wm (yrsq 480 u 380 pp. q{ z. .) 138 u o Ur}~r|{xr (o {~z{oz{y |{m
Fxrw~mzq}m Rmwrq{z~w{p{) 139, {z ~oltmx rp{ }m~|}{~}mzrzur ~ |r}~uq~w{v m}yurv, ~uml, { o~r
qmu}{omzzr zm{qwu qmzz{p{ u|m {z{~l~l uyrzz{ w |r}~uq~w{v |{r (. 86, 1– 4) 140. Tz |{xmpmx, w}{yr {p{, { o{{nr quxm, sr~w{~w}r|xrzzr ~ |~mxulyu, |{loxl~l o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu o
w{zr VII o. q{ z. . u or~zl m}mwr}zr qxl n{xrr }mzzrp{ |r}u{qm quxm ~ zm|~wzyu |{qouszyu |~mxulyu 141. bm qmm, {qzmw{, zuwmw zr nxm {n{~z{omzm. N. S. Rrqorq~wml, {yruo ~xmn{~
m}pyrzmuu U. R}u, |{|mxm~ qmu}{om |r}r{q { qux ~ zm|~wzyu w quxmy ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu. Tzm ~|}morqxuo{ tmyruxm, { o VII o. q{ z. . quxm ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu o
Mmwmowmtr sr zr u~|{xt{omxu~. U}u {y N. S. Rrqorq~wml ~umxm, { tmyrzm qux ~ zm|~wzyu
quxmyu ~ rxz{xuyu |~mxulyu |}{ut{ xm zm }nrsr VIII–VII oo. q{ z. . Tqzmw{ u rr {n{~z{omzur {v qm |}rq~moxlr~l or~ym ~xmny. Tzm {~z{oomxm~ |{u u~wxurxz{ zm qmu}{owr
zm{q{w ~ rxz{xuyu |~mxulyu o |{tqzrz{o{r}wm~~wu |mylzuwm U}ur}z{y{}l, w{{}r
{z{~uxm, o ~{{or~ouu ~ |}uzlyu {pqm |}rq~moxrzulyu, w |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VII o. q{ z. . 142 bm
qmu}{owm |{~xsuxm pxmozy {~z{omzury qmu}{owu |{p}rnrzul 74 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B, ~{qr}smrp{
quxm ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu. Xr|r}, {qzmw{, N. S. Rrqorq~wml q{xszm n tzmurxz{ q}rozu
~o{ qm {p{ |{p}rnrzul, |{~w{xw zm{qwu ut |}rq~wu~wu |{p}rnrzuv o U}ur}z{y{}r qmu}~l ~rvm~ (o{ o~lw{y ~xmr, r) |}uyr}z{ zm orw }mz r, o ~{{or~ouu ~ {nuy q}rozrzury
}mzzr~wu~w{v wx} 143.
Tqzmw{ ~yrzm qux ~ zm|~wzyu quxmyu ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu
y{sr n ~mz{oxrzm u |{ ~myuy |r}rqzro{~{zy ymr}umxmy, nrt u~|{xt{omzul |}ur}z{y{}~wu mzmx{puv. T~{n }{x up}m tqr~ ~orqrzul {n }m}~w{v w{z~w{v |}lsu, ~r~orzz{
{xumo rv~l { tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{v tq. Vmtouur }m}~w{v |}lsu y{sz{ |}{~xrqu zmuzml
|}uyr}z{ ~ }nrsm IX–VIII oo. q{ z. . Sr~y{}l zm {, { tzmurxzml m~ }m}~wu ymr}umx{o
|}{u~{qu ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w u, ~{{or~orzz{, zr y{sr n qmu}{omzm |{ ~x{ouly
zm{qwu, {|}rqrxu qm zrw{{} |}rqyr{o y{sz{ |{ uyruy~l zm zu zmq|u~ly.
136 Potratz 1966, 116 –117, ~}. Potratz 1941–1944, 14, 18 –27.
137 Potratz 1966, 123–124.
138 Moorey 1980, 70 –72, Nr. 227 –230, fig. 10.
139 Schmidt 1939, 49, fig. 30; Schmidt 1957, 100, pl. 78, 2 – 4; 79,
7 – 9. W}. Muscarella 1988, 213–214, Nr. 324.
180
140 Wo{qwu zm{q{w ~y. Moorey 1980, 71–72; Muscarella 1988,
213–214.
141 Moorey 1971, 112, 127.
142 Rrqorq~wml 1983, 61– 64.
143 Rrqorq~wml 1992, 86 –107.
1
2
3
4
0
5
6
6
Vu~. 86 G}{zt{or quxm |r}~uq~w{p{ u|m.
1. Ur}~r|{x; 2. Fuz, ~x{v |r}~uq~w{p{ }mtp}{ym; 3, 4. Jror [w; 5, 6. Rr~{ zm{qwu zrutor~z{, Puro~wuv u~{}ur~wuv ytrv
U{ Muscarella 1988, 213, Nr. 324 (1); Yıldırım 1987, Abb. 35 (2); Moorey 1980, fig. 10, Nr. 227, 228 (3, 4); Xurzw{ 1954, }u~. 2, 3 (5, 6)
181
Smun{xrr }mzzrv utor~z{v {}y{v }m}~wu qux nxu n}{zt{or quxm ~ |{qouszyu zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, wmw |}moux{ ~ {{pzyu zm}s w{zmyu («xw{ouqzr») u |rxlyu qxl }ryzrv
tq, |}ury utor~z u srxrtzr wtry|xl} {p{ u|m. U{ qrmxly {{}yxrzul |~mxuv }mtxumr~l zr~w{xw{ om}umz{o, ~r~o{omo u {qz{o}ryrzz{ 144. W}rqu qux {p{ u|m uyrr~l qorzmqm wtry|xl}{o ~ zmq|u~lyu m}l Rrzm ({w{x{ 810 –785 pp. q{ z. .): {quz ut zu {nzm}srz |}u
}m~w{|wm Xrv rnmuzu (. 87, 1) 145, {~mxzr |}{u~{ql ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w u }mzl~l o
}mtxuz ytrl u m~z ~{n}mzul o X}uu u tm rr |}rqrxmyu (. 87, 3, 4) 146.
T u qux |{ ~o{rv w{z~}wuu }mquwmxz{ {xum~l quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu. H zm~{lrr o}ryl utor~z{ }u wtry|xl}m mwu qux, zmq|u~mz uyrzry m}l Wm}q}u II
({w. 760 –730 pp. q{ z. .). H~r }u wtry|xl}m |}uzmqxrsm w {qz{y u|, ozr o~lw{p{ ~{yzrzul,
loxlry~l }mtouury {|u~mzz{p{ o r u|m qux |{u Rrzm, w w{{}y {zu }rtomvz{
nxutwu |{ {}yr. H~r utor~zr quxm {p{ u|m nuyrmxxur~wur — ~ srxrtzyu yzq wmyu
sr~w{ ~w}r|xrz n}{zt{or |~mxuu, zm w{{}r u zmzr~rz zmq|u~u. Tquz wtry|xl} mwu qux ~
zmq|u~ Wm}q}u {nzm}srz oyr~r ~ q}puyu |}rqyrmyu w{z~w{p{ n{}m |}u }m~w{|wm Xrv rnmuzu (ut-tm ~uxz{v w{}}{tuu ~{}mzuxu~ xu zrtzmurxzr }mpyrz yzq wm) (. 87, 2) 147,
qom q}pu |}{u~{ql ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w Ftzmo}r|r u }mzl~l o ytrr Fqmz (. 87, 5) 148.
Jom |{~xrqzu wtry|xl}m, w{{} ~{}mzuxu~ yzq wu, |{wmtom, { {zu uyrxu {}y
~w}rzz |}ro. P}{yr zmq|u~mzz{p{ wtry|xl}m, zm Xrv rnmuzu {nzm}srz{ rr {quzzmqm
|m} qux {p{ sr u|m nrt zmq|u~rv 149.
Xmwuy {n}mt{y, o~r utor~zr q{ ~u |{} qmu}ryr zmq|u~lyu wtry|xl} }m}~wu qux ~
zm|~wzyu |{qouszyu |~mxulyu |}uzmqxrsm |{r Rrzm, o~r ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu — |{r Wm}q}u II. Ntor~z u |r}r{qzr {}y yrsq uyu qoyl ouqmyu qux. Tzu uyr
{nzr qxl }m}~w{v tq |~mxuu qp{ouqz{v {}y ~ {{pzyu zm}s w{zmyu, z{ zr ~ }ryl
uxu r}yl |rxlyu, wmw o |{ Rrzm, m ~ qoyl, wmw o |{ Wm}q}u (. 87, 6, 7). Xu|{x{pur~wu u quxm ~{l yrsq quxmyu |{u Rrzm u Wm}q}u II: u |~mxuu |{ {}yr uqrzuz
o{}y, {qzmw{ o zu rr u~|{xtr~l m}muzv |}uzu| zm|~wz qux, { ~nxusmr u ~ |r}oyu 150. P ~{smxrzu, o~r {zu |}{u~{ql ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w u zr uyr zmq|u~rv, mw {
y{p n qmu}{omz xu ut u|{x{pur~wu ~{{n}msrzuv. R{sz{ |}rq|{x{su, ~xrq{omrxz{,
{ |r}r{q { {qz{v w{z~}wuu qux w q}p{v o Y}m} |}uyr}z{ ~{{or~or |r}u{q |}moxrzul
F}pu u I, m}~o{omo rp{ yrsq Rrzm u Wm}q}u II, . r. |r}o{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. .
b{ oo{q |{qor}sqmr~l u ymr}umxmyu }m~w{|{w [mtmzx IV. W}rqu yz{p{u~xrzz zm{q{w
w{z~w{v tq o rp{ uzmxz{y ~x{r (w{zr IX o. q{ z. ., ~y. zusr) {nzm}srz rquz~orzzv wtry|xl} qux, rxz{xu ~ |~mxulyu (. 80, 5) 151. U{ o~ry |}utzmwmy u quxm |}rq~moxl ~{n{v
y{quuwmu zr qux ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, mwsr zmvqrzz o ror}{y ~x{r [mtmzx, m w{xm qux ~ {qrxz{ utp{{oxrzzyu |~mxulyu. Rzq wu, wmw u zm n{x uz~or qux {p{ u|m
ut [mtmzx, uyr x{sz{ou {}y; {}ym |~mxuv |}mwur~wu ~{o|mqmr ~ {}y{v u|uz qxl
[mtmzx {qrxz{ utp{{oxrzz |~mxuv: {zu uyr ouq ~r}szrv ~ {qzuy tmpzy w{z{y. Sm u
144 Yıldırım 1987, 470 – 482.
145 K}romz, N~{}ur~wuv ytrv F}yrzuu, №2010 –77: Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 17, 43, }u~. 34 (|{yuzmr~l zm{qwm qo qux
1966, 219 u ut S-O{}wm (Ariadne Galleries Inc.): Seidl 1991,
82, Nr. 31.
147 Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №56; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer,
o p}||r n}{zt{o m~rv qo w{z~wu n{}{o ~ zmq|u~lyu
Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 47, Nr. 59; Yıldırım 1987, 483,
Rrzm; zrl~z{ nxu xu zmq|u~u zm {n{u quxm uxu zm {q-
Abb. 24.
148 Taşyürek 1975, 153, pl. XXXII c; XXXIV a, b; Yıldırım 1987,
z{y wtry|xl}r); Uu{}{o~wuv 1959, 155, }u~. 23; Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №57; Yıldırım 1987, 470 – 471, Abb. 1.
146 Yıldırım 1987, 471– 473, Abb. 2 – 4, 6 –10, ~}. Gropp 1981,
95 – 96, 99 –102, Taf. I a; Belli 1983, 373– 386; Vanden Berghe,
483, Abb. 25, 26.
149 Y|{ylz: Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 217 (zr {|nxuw{omz).
150 Özgen 1979, 125, fig. 12 –13; Özgen 1984, 101, fig. 24; Yıldı-
De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 146, Nr. 57 –58;
rım 1987, 473– 474, Abb. 11–13.
Özgen 1984, 101, fig. 25 –26. Srrzzr o ~o{qwr V. Oxq-
151 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 69 –70, fig. 14; de Schauensee
}ym wtry|xl}: ut ~{n}mzul Z{}pu o N}mzr: Ghirshman
1989, 47, fig. 17.
182
1
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3
4
5
9
7
6
8
12
10
11
Vu~. 87 Y}m}~wml w{z~wml tqm.
1, 3, 4. Yquxm ~ zmq|u~ m}l Rrzm; 2, 5. Yquxm ~ zmq|u~ m}l Wm}q}u II; 6 – 12. Ytqm nrt zmq|u~rv;
1, 2. Pm}yu}-Gx}; 3, 8, 9. Rtrv Imtumzr|m; 4. Rtrv Hmzm; 5. Ftzmo}r|r;
6, 7. Rtrv bxltpm; 10, 11. Rtrv Fqmz; 12. Zuxmqrxuv~wuv ytrv. 2, 5. G}{ztm u srxrt{; {~mxz{r n}{ztm
U{ Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, }u~. 34 (1); Yıldırım 1987, Abb. 2, 6, 26, 24, 13, 11, 14, 15, 21, 44 (2 –12)
183
w{zm uyr~l ~uxut{omzr p{x{owu suo{z, q}p{v w{zr tmor} mr~l }m~ u}rzury. P}pxr
{or}~ul |~mxuv }m~|{x{srz o }m~ u}rzul, rz}mxz{r {or}~ur tmyrzrz{ w{x{y qxl w}r|xrzul |{o{qm, tmor} muy yzq w.
Xmwuy {n}mt{y, y{sz{ |{xmpm, { zm }nrsr IX–VIII oo. q{ z. . o }mv{zr Rmzz, tmzuymo rv
|r}rq{o{r |{x{srzur o {nxm~u w{zro{q~om, ~mxu |{loxl~l |r}or wtry|xl} w{z~wu qux,
rxz{xu ~ |~mxulyu. Ur}o{zmmxz{ {zu o{~|}{uto{quxu u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrzzr w {y o}ryrzu qom~zr quxm ~ w{xmyu {w{zmzulyu u ~w}r|xlo ur~l ~ zuyu ~ |{y{ }ryzrv }rq}mr |~mxuu ~ tmpzy w{z{y. Mmry { |}uzu| w{z~}wuu tq }m~|}{~}mzux~l o ~{~rqzrr Y}m}, |{w{}uo rr m~ Rmzz, u, ouquy{, sr w zmmx o{}{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. . or~zux
}m~|}{~}mzrzzv tqr~ }mzrr |}uzu| ~o{n{qz{p{ ~w}r|xrzul qux ~ |~mxulyu. U}u {y z{or
}m}~wur sr~w{~w}r|xrzzr quxm |}{q{xsmxu, wmw |}moux{, {}y n{xrr }mzzu qux ~ |{qouszyu zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu.
H Mmwmowmtr mwsr utor~rz }lq zm{q{w qux ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu uz }mtz{ouqz{~rv, ry
{|u~mzr o r quxm m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m. ]m~ ut zu {nzm}suomr ~{q~o{ ~ }m}~wuyu quxmyu
{p{ sr |r}u{qm, {, o{ty{sz{, {nl~zlr~l }m}~wuy oxulzury. Xmw, |{q{nzr quxm nxu {nzm}srz o |{p}rnrzuu ~rxm Rmwm} rz o F}yrzuu (. 88, 1) 152. U~mxuu u qux uyr qor |rxu,
}m~|{x{srzzr o |r}|rzquwxl}z{v w{x |{o{qm |x{~w{~u, wmw u }lqm q}pu }mtz{ouqz{~rv
tmwmowmt~wu, u}mz~wu u }m}~wu qux. Tzu uyr qp{{n}mtz ~uyyr}uz {}y, ~{qz
~ {}y{v |~mxuv {nz }m}~wu qux, z{ {xu~l ry, { u w{z {{pz zr zm}s ({
rw w{zl), m zmtmq, . r. o ~{}{z, w w{{}{v w}r|l~l |rxu. Yquxm {p{ u|m, w ~{smxrzu,
|}{u~{qlur ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w, utor~z u zm r}}u{}uu ~my{p{ Y}m} (}mzl~l o ytrr
Imtumzr|m) (. 87, 8, 9) 153. P{z u |~mxuro w}m rz ut{n}msrzulyu mxx{~{o.
H ~{~mo ymwm} rz~w{p{ w{y|xrw~m, w}{yr n}{zt{o qux, o{qux{ qor w}px n}{zt{o nxlu
o|wx{v {}y, tmor} mur~l « u rw{v»; ~ {n}mz{v ~{}{z uyrr~l |rxl (. 88, 2, 3).
Gxlu mzmx{puz{v {}y o{quxu o ~{~mo {nzm}srzz{p{ |}u }m~w{|wm Xrv rnmuzu w{z~w{p{
zmn{}m ~ zmq|u~lyu Rrzm (mwml zmq|u~ uyrr~l u zm {qz{v ut nxl) 154. Tqzmw{ |{q{nzr nxlu
o{quxu u o ~{~mo |}{u~{qlrp{ {qm sr w{z~w{p{ zmn{}m ~ zmq|u~lyu Wm}q}u II (rp{ uyl mwsr
zmzr~rz{ zm {qz ut nxl) 155. Ntor~rz mwsr u }lq q}pu ~{qz nxl, o {y u~xr u zmq|u~mzz
uyrzmyu }m}~wu m}rv, zmuzml ~ N |uzu, {qzmw{ u {}ym n{xrr uxu yrzrr {xumr~l {
zmvqrzz o Rmwm} rzr 156. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, {}ym nxl zr |{to{xlr {zrr qmu}{om zmvqrzzr
o Rmwm} rzr quxm. Srqmz{ u ~{|{~moxrzur ~ quxmyu ut Xrv rnmuzu, zmq|u~mzzyu uyrzry
Rrzm, w{{}{r |}rqxmpmr F. F. Rm}u}{~lz 157: u quxm |}uzmqxrsm w uz{y u| (~y. o r). Kr
qmx r { zu quxm ~ uyrzry Wm}q}u ut Xrv rnmuzu (~{|{~moxrzur u ~ ymwm} rz~wuy wtry|xl}{y mwsr |}rqxmpmr~l F. F. Rm}u}{~lz{y). Pmw y ouqrxu, {zu zr {xw{ |}uzmqxrsm uz{y u|,
z{ u u~|{xt uz{v, n{xrr |{tqzuv, ~|{~{n ~w}r|xrzul qux u |~mxuv.
Jom wtry|xl}m n}{zt{o qux }m~~ym}uomry{p{ u|m nxu mwsr {nzm}srz o |{p}rnrzuu
1961 p. zm tm|mqz{v {w}muzr Pu}{omwmzm (. 88) 158. N |~mxuu, wmw u zm }m}~wu quxm ut Imtumzr|~w{p{ ytrl, tmor} m~l ut{n}msrzulyu mxx{~{o. P}{yr qux, o ~{~mo w{y|xrw~m o{quxu
n}{zt{or nxlu { w{z~w{v tq {p{ sr u|m, { u o |{p}rnrzuu Rmwm} rzm, m mwsr zr~w{xw{
w{x{w{xuw{o. P{x{w{xuwu w{z~{ouqzr, ~ srxrtzyu ltwmyu. U{q{nzr w{x{w{xuwu u}{w{ |}uyrzlxu~ o }m}~w{v tqr u u zm{qwu {}{ { utor~z 159. Jxl qmu}{owu mwu w{x{w{xuw{o {~{n{r tzmrzur uyrr wtry|xl}, zmq|u~mzzv uyrzry Wm}q}u II 160. Tqzmw{, ouquy{, mwur
w{x{w{xuwu |}uyrzlxu~ u o n{xrr }mzzrr o}ryl — {zu o{quxu o ~{~mo w{z~w{p{ n{}m ut Xrv r152 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 212, }u~. 84, 1.
153 Yıldırım 1987, 474, Abb. 14, 15.
158 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 213–217, mn. XXI, 19 –20.
159 Vanden Berghe, de Meyer 1983, Nr. 62 –73; Özgen 1984,
154 Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 43– 44, }u~. 36, 37.
155 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 212; Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №56.
156 Wy. Belli 1976 –77, 177 –192; Özgen 1984, 104 –107.
110 –111; Seidl 1991, Nr. 20, 45, 60, 61.
160 Kellner 1987, 22, Taf. 24, 1. P{x{w{xuwu, zmq|u~mzzr
157 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 212; U{p}rn{om 1984, 67.
28) uyr n{xrr olz {}y.
184
uyrzry F}pu u (Belli 1976 –77, 204 –205, Res. 11, Taf. 27 –
3
1
2
9
4
10
11
12
13
14
5
6
8
15
16
7
Vu~. 88 1– 3. U}rqyr w{z~w{v tq ut }mt} rzz{p{ |{p}rnrzul ~. Rmwm} rz, F}yrzul.
4 –16. Sm{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul zm tm|mqz{v {w}muzr Pu}{omwmzm, }m~w{|wu 1961 p. 1– 3, 5, 7, 9 –16. G}{ztm; 4, 6, 8. Lrxrt{
U{ Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 84 (1– 3); mn. XXI (4 –16)
185
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186
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24
Vu~. 89 Sm{qwu ut «o{}{p{ w{y|xrw~m» ~oluxum Rrxmmzu, o{~{zml I}tul. 1–12, 17 –24. G}{ztm; 13–16. Lrxrt{
U{ Pizchelauri 1984, Abb. 53 – 54
187
nmuzu, m~ |}rqyr{o w{{}{p{ ~zmnsrzm zmq|u~lyu ~ uyrzry Rrzm 161. H ~{~mo w{y|xrw~m wu}{omwmz~w{p{ |{p}rnrzul, w}{yr |}rqyr{o w{z~w{v tq, o{quxu mwsr }mpyrz u|uz qxl
}m}~wu |mylzuw{o ~r}|{ouqz{p{ srxrtz{p{ z{sm, srxrtz{p{ zmw{zrzuwm w{|l u srxrtz{p{ yrm,
m mwsr n}{zt{or zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx m}mwr}z{v qxl {p{ |r}u{qm {}y u n}{zt{ov |{l~. H
rx{y w{y|xrw~, wmw u ymwm} rz~wuv, q{~m{z{ or}rzz{ y{sr n qmu}{omz |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v,
~w{}rr |r}o{v }r VIII o. q{ z. . ]{ wm~mr~l N}mzm, { zm{qwu qux nxutw{v {}y tqr~ mwsr
utor~z. Xmw, {zu nxu {nzm}srz |}u p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|wm zrw}{|{xl ]r yr-Rmu o Q}u~mzr 162. P ~{smxrzu, ~orqrzul { w{y|xrw~r, o w{{}{y nxu zmvqrz u quxm, {~~o.
Ntor~z zm{qwu mwu qux u zm r}}u{}uu I}tuu. Xmw, |~mxuv { mwu qux {nzm}srz o
~{~mor wxmqm n}{zt{o utqrxuv ut Sup{tru 163. Jom rx wtry|xl}m o{quxu o ~{~mo «o{}{p{
w{y|xrw~m» yrmxxur~wu |}rqyr{o ut o{{z{p}tuz~w{p{ ~oluxum Rrxmmzu (. 89, 9, 12) 164.
U~mxuu {n{u wtry|xl}{o tmor} m~l mxx{{n}mtzyu {w{zmzulyu. b{ w{y|xrw~ }rtomvz{
uzr}r~rz, mw wmw ~ouqrrx~or { ~{~r~o{omzuu o rz}mxz{y Mmwmowmtr zr~w{xwu u|{o
w{z~w{v tq. P}{yr qux ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, o rp{ ~{~mo o{qux{ qr~l n}{zt{o u |l
srxrtz qux ~ w{xmyu {w{zmzulyu, w{{}r |}uyrzlxu~ ~ {qrxz{ utp{{oxrzzyu |~mxulyu. P}{yr {p{, tqr~ sr |}rq~moxrz quxm ~ q}myu zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, w{{}r |}{q{xsm «m}mqt{}~wuv» u|. Tzu {xum~l { }mzzu {n}mt{o ry, { |~mxuu uyr {}y zr
|}ly ~r}szrv, m tmpz ~ {qz{v ~{}{z. Srw{{}r ut zu ~ q}p{v ~{}{z uyr }m~ u}rzur o {}yr |x{~w{v xl|wu. P}{yr qux, o { sr w{y|xrw~ o{quxu n}{zt{or nxlu, ~{or} rzz{
mzmx{puzr zmvqrzzy o Rmwm} rzr, n}{zt{or u srxrtzr zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx m}mwr}z{p{ qxl
Mmwmowmtl u|m, n}{zt{or |xm~uz |{l~m, srxrtzv z{s (. 89). P{y|xrw~ ~oluxum Rrxmmzu
zr uyrr tw{v qm — ~oluxur u~|{xt{omx{~ zm |}{lsrzuu zr~w{xwu ~{xruv u nx{ }mt} rz{, ouquy{, o VII o. q{ z. . 165 Yquxm ~{qz{p{ u|m {nzm}srz mwsr o |{p}rnrzuu 19 y{puxzuwm Smnmp}rnu nxut Rr 166. Nzorzm} |{p}rnrzul, w}{yr n}{zt{o |}rqyr{o tq (n}{zt{or
nxlu-mxm}, |mx{wu-tm~rswu) owxmr mwsr m}mwr}zv n}{zt{ov yr, srxrtzv wuzsmx,
n}{zt{or ~mwu {xrzrv, unx u q}. (. 90 ). Zunxm |}uzmqxrsu w }mzzry u| ~ ~uyyr}uz{v qp{v |{u nrt {xrzul u ~xmn{ }m~ u}rzzy |}uryzuw{y, w{{}ml m}mwr}zm qxl
p{}ut{zm Tli C alt |{ }{z{x{puu I. P{~~mwm 167. U{ ~{~mo uzorzm}l w{y|xrw~, ouquy{, y{sr n
qmu}{omz {w{x{ X–IX oo. q{ z. . Hr}{lz{, w {v sr |{r {z{~u~l }mpyrzu}{omzzv |~mxuv ut
|{p}rnrzul 46 y{puxzuwm Xmw-Puxu~m (X}umxru), w{{}v, o {xuur { |}rqqu, uyrr |x{rzz{r {w{zmzur (. 67, 6) 168. Ntor~z o I}tuu u zm{qwu qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu, zm|}uyr} o ~{~mor wxmqm ut Rru~-\ur (no ml Pm}c~wml {nxm~), pqr n}{zt{ov |~mxuv
mwu qux nx zmvqrz oyr~r ~ zmn{}{y n}{zt{o {|{}{o, u|uz wmw qxl o{~{z{wmowmt~w{p{,
mw u tm|mqz{wmowmt~w{p{ }rpu{z{o (. 91) 169. Wql |{ {v zm{qwr, wxmq o}lq xu y{sr n qmu}{omz }mz r o{}{v |{x{ouz VIII o. q{ z. .
Smw{zr, ~xrqr |{ylz }rtomvz{ uzr}r~zv w{y|xrw~ ut |{p}rnrzul 16 y{puxzuwm X}rxu II, }m~w{|mzz{p{ zm r}}u{}uu Xnuxu~u (. 92) 170. b{ |{p}rnrzur, w}{yr |}{rp{ uzorzm}l, ~{qr}smx{ 15 |m} w{z~wu qux ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu }mtxuz u|{o, m~ ut w{{} utp{{oxrzm
rxuw{y ut n}{zt, m m~ uyrr srxrtzr yzq wu u n}{zt{or |~mxuu. W}rqu zu uyrr~l qo{r
qux, nxutwu quxmy ut Rmwm} rzm u Pu}{omwmzm. Kr |l wtry|xl}{o mwsr uyr |~mxuu, ~zmnsrzzr qoyl |rxlyu, {quz w{zr w{{} {{pz, {n}mtl |{q{nur t{{y{}z{v p{x{owu. J}pur
161 Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 43– 46.
162 Maleki 1964, 17, pl. VIII, 1.
163 Fnr~mqtr, Gmmqtr, Jomxu, Jsm|m}uqtr 1958, mn. XX,
1–7; H{}{z{o 1980, }u~. 2, 57.
164 Pizchelauri 1984, 66 – 68, Abb. 53–54.
165 Uurxm}u 1979, 54 –57.
166 F|mwuqtr, Suw{xmu ouxu, Rrxum}u, Wum}xuqtr,
Wmq}mqtr 1982, 206 –208, 216, }u~. 1575 –1592.
188
167 Kossack 1983, 111.
168 Puz 1941, 58, }u~. 56.
169 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 125 (qmu}r w{z{y XII–XI oo.);
P{}uqtr 1965, 37 – 38, 154, }u~. 30 (qmu}r X–VIII oo.);
H{}{z{o 1980, 203–204 (qmu}r o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII–
VII oo. q{ z. .).
170 Abramischwili 1995a, 23– 30, Abb. 1–11.
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Vu~. 90 Nzorzm} |{p}rnrzul 19 y{puxzuwm Smnmp}rnu nxut Rr, I}tul. 13, 15. Lrxrt{; {~mxz{r n}{ztm
U{ F|mwuqtr, Suw{xmu ouxu u q}. 1982, }u~. 1576 –1582
189
}u wtry|xl}m uyr mzmx{puz{r {{}yxrzur {w{zmzuv |~mxuv, {qzmw{ |rxu zm zu tmyrzrz
w}pxyu {or}~ulyu. bu quxm nxutwu quxmy, {nzm}srzzy o Rrxmmzu. Smw{zr, rr }u wtry|xl}m ~{qz ~ quxmyu m}mqt{}~w{p{ u|m. H~r u u| qux u~|{xt{omxu~, ~xrq{omrxz{, o qmzz{y }rpu{zr {qz{o}ryrzz{ o rrzur wmw{p{-{ |}{yrswm o}ryrzu. H {y sr |{p}rnrzuu {nzm}srz u q}pur xryrz w{z~w{v tq, mzmx{puzr {nzm}srzzy o |{ylz w{y|xrw~m. b{ n}{zt{or nxlu, tmor} mur~l u rw{v u uyrur |rx ~ {n}mz{v ~{}{z u n}{zt{or w{z~{ouqzr w{x{w{xuwu ~ srxrtzyu ltwmyu. Gxutwu w wu}{omwmz~wuy u zmw{zrzuwu ~}rx u w{|l.
N~{ql ut nxut{~u uzorzm}l, qmzz{r |{p}rnrzur y{sr n |}uyr}z{ ~uz}{zutu}{omz{ ~ wmtmzzyu o r w{y|xrw~myu. Sr u~wxrz{, {qzmw{, { {z{ qmu}r~l zr~w{xw{ }mz r, |{~w{xw rp{
uzorzm} {nzm}suomr {|}rqrxrzz{r ~{q~o{ ~ uzorzm}ry Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o. Jmzz{r |{p}rnrzur tmzuymr, ouquy{, |}{yrs{z{r |{x{srzur yrsq Ruzprm}~wuyu w}pmzmyu u w{y|xrw~myu
Rmwm} rzm u Pu}{omwmzm u {z{~u~l, or}{lz{, w }nrs IX–VIII uxu zmmx VIII o. q{ z. .
Fo{} |nxuwmuu |{p}rnrzul ~uz}{zutu}r rp{ ~ n{x {v p}||{v |mylzuw{o, w{{}r, o
~o{ {r}rq, |{ rp{ yzrzu {qz{o}ryrzz. b{ Ruzprm}~wur w}pmz, |{p}rnrzur ut [mtmzx,
w}pmz 2 [{qsmx, |{p}rnrzul zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B, Rmxv w}pmz o Rux~w{-Pm}mnm~w{v ~r|u
u q}. Ur}ru~xrzzr |mylzuwu o ~my{y qrxr uyr yrsq ~{n{v zrw{{}r {nur r}, {qzmw{,
wmw sr p{o{}ux{~, {nzm}suom ~r~orzzr }{z{x{pur~wur }mtxuul u zr y{p ~um~l
{qz{o}ryrzzyu. ]{ wm~mr~l |{p}rnrzul ut [mtmzx, { ~~xwm zr zrp{ o{{nr zr y{sr n |}uzlm o{ ozuymzul ut-tm {~~oul q{~{or}z{v uz{}ymuu { ~qrxmzz o zry zm{qwm (~y. zusr).
W{or} rzz{ nrt{~z{omrxz |{|wu {nzm}su o }m~~ym}uomry{y |{p}rnrzuu ~wu~wur r} 171:
w}pmzzr |{p}rnrzul ~ qr}rolzzyu w{z~}wulyu, w{z~wur u rx{orr~wur tm{}{zrzul, ~{|}{o{sqmur {~z{oz{r |{p}rnrzur, wmw u {~mwu |{yuz{w, o{o~r zr loxl~l ~|ruur~wu ~wu~wuyu
r}myu u utor~z o n{x {y w{xur~or wx} ~my{p{ }mtz{p{ o}ryrzu. Su {qz{p{ |}rqyrm ~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm o |{p}rnrzuu zr {nzm}srz{ u {z{ ozr o~lw{p{ ~{yzrzul |}rq r~or {}yu}{omzu
{v wx}. ]{ wm~mr~l mn~{xz{v qmu}{owu |{p}rnrzul 16 y{puxzuwm X}rxu II, { V. Fn}myu ouxu {z{~u rp{, wmw u q}pur |mylzuwu, w{{}r {z ~ zuy ~uz}{zutu}r, w VII o. q{ z. .
U}u {y {z |{xz{~ ~xrqr tm F. N. Xr}rz{swuzy, zr |}uo{ql z{o m}pyrz{o o |{xt rp{
qmu}{owu Ruzprm}~wu w}pmz{o. Tn { un{z{~u {v qmu}{owu sr p{o{}ux{~ o r. Sr n{xr q{wmtmrxz{v ~ux uyr u ~~xwu zm u~{}ur~w ~umu, |{q w{{}{v |{q}mtyrom~l
|{{q wuyyr}uvro u ~wu{o o Mmwmowmtr. Fo{} u~{qu tqr~ ut |}rq|{x{srzul { {y, { zmtomzz{r |{p}rnrzur {~moxrz{ wuyyr}uvmyu uxu ~wumyu, qxl rp{, wmw sr wmtomx{~, zr zuwmwu
{~z{omzuv: ~r|zr xryrz o zry {~~o u uzorzm} uyrr o|{xzr tmwmowmt~wuv {nxuw.
H{to}mml~ w quxmy ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, ~xrqr tmyru, { {zu, o{ty{sz{, u~|{xt{omxu~ o Mmwmowmtr zr~w{xw{ q{x r, ry o Y}m}, {qzmw{, ouquy{, zr zmyz{p{ u o{ql ut |{}rnxrzul rr o |}rqrxm VIII o. q{ z. . H{ o~lw{y ~xmr, zu {qz{p{ w{y|xrw~m ~ quxmyu {p{ u|m
o{}{v |{x{ouz VIII–VII oo. q{ z. . o Mmwmowmtr zrutor~z{.
H~r qmu}{omzzr }m}~wur quxm n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu, ry |{m Wm}q}u II, |}uzmqxrsm
qoy u|my — uxu ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu, uxu ~ {qrxzyu |~mxulyu. Su {qz{p{ wtry|xl}m qux
~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu o{}{v |{x{ouz VIII–VII oo. q{ z. . o Y}m} u zm |}uxrpmu r}}u{}ul zrutor~z{; {zu, {rouqz{, nxu |{xz{~ or~zrz quxmyu ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu.
H {v ~oltu uzr}r~z ymr}umx, {nzm}srzzr o }rrv p}{nzur Fxzr|r (. 100 ). bm p}{nzum, {rouqz{, |}uzmqxrsmo ml yr~z{y |}mourx, no ry ~{o}ryrzzuw{y }m}~w{p{ m}l
F}pu u II (714 – {w{x{ 685 pp. q{ z. .), zmqrsz{ qmu}r~l |{ zmvqrzzy o zrv |}rqyrmy ~ zmq|u~lyu 172. Tzm ~{qr}smxm ~}rqu q}p{p{ uzorzm}l |{ yrz rv yr}r r~ zmn{}{o w{z~w{v tq, {
|{to{xlr ~{~mou q{~m{z{ |{xz{r |}rq~moxrzur {n }m}~w{v tqr |{u F}pu u II 173. Nt u
r~u zmn{}{o r}r quxm sr~w{ ~w}r|xrz ~ |~mxulyu, m qo — utp{{oxrz {qrxz{; zu
{qz{p{ wtry|xl}m qux ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu o p}{nzur zr {nzm}srz{.
171 Abramischwili 1995a, 32 – 33.
172 Özgüç 1961, 274; Özgüç 1969, 68 –74.
190
173 Özgüç 1989, 409 – 419.
4
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11
8
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15
Vu~. 91 Pxmq n}{zt{o utqrxuv ut Rru~-\ur, I}tul
U{ P{}uqtr 1965, }u~. 30
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Vu~. 92 Nzorzm} |{p}rnrzul 16 y{puxzuwm X}rxu II o Xnuxu~u.
1–15, 18 –21, 25, 29 – 34, 39 – 41, 44 –50. G}{ztm; 16, 35. Lrxrt{; 17, 22 –24, 26 –28, 36 – 38. P{~; 42, 43, 51– 60. G}{ztm u srxrt{
U{ Abramischwili 1995a, Abb. 1– 6
193
Nmw, |r}or {n}mt sr~w{~w}r|xrzz ~ |~mxulyu qux |{loxl~l o w{zr IX o. q{ z. .
([mtmzx IV). Srw{{}{r o}ryl {zu ~{~r~o ~ quxmyu ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, m tmry, ouquy{,
w zmmx o{}{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. ., or~zl u. Ur}r{q w quxmy ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu { qux
~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, mwuy {n}mt{y, |}{ut{ rx o |r}o{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. . H Y}m} u o{{nr
o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu, wmw u o Mmwmowmtr, zrutor~z quxm ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, {|}rqrxrzz{ qmu}ur~l |{tsr {v qm. Kquz~orzzy u~wxrzury loxlr~l Pu|}, pqr rr o VII o. q{ z. . ~{}mzlxm~ m}muzml {}ym qux ~ zm|~wzyu |xm~uzmyu |~mxulyu, zm~xrqml yuwrz~wur
}mquuu, {l {zu utp{moxuomxu~ o { o}ryl {nz{ sr ut srxrtm. P{~orzzy |{qor}sqrzury
|{xz{p{ |r}r{qm w quxmy ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu loxlr~l {, { o mryrzuq~w{r o}ryl
o{ o~rv Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u~|{xt{omxu~ quxm uyrzz{ {p{ u|m (. 86) 174.
Tqzmw{ ~my{ |}rq~moxrzur { {y, { xnr zmvqrzzr o Ko}{|r quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu
|~mxulyu — |r}rqzrmtum~wur |{ |}{u~{sqrzu (uxu |r}rqzrmtum~w{v loxlr~l u «uqrl», |{ r}yuz{x{puu H. V. b}xum), |}{uo{}ru uyruy~l qmzzy. [.-I. [rx ~{or} rzz{ ~|}morqxuo{
{or}p yzrzur O. U{}mm { {y, { { ~|{~{n ~w}r|xrzul qux u |~mxuv |}{u~{qu ~ Wror}z{p{
Pmowmtm 175. Tz {yrux |}u {y, { quxm ut wxmqm o Grxuzr (X}mz~uxomzul, Vyzul), sr~w{
~w}r|xrzzr ~ |~mxulyu (. 93, 1), {z{~l~l w{ o}ryrzu, n{xrr }mzzry, ry |{q{nzr qmu}{omzzr zm{qwu ut wmowmt~w{p{ u |r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ }rpu{zm. Pxmq Grxuzm {z{~u~l w |{r |{tqzrv n}{zt I (~|rz V{p{q – Wrzr ), { |}uyr}z{ ~{{or~or |r}u{q Ha B1, . r. |}uyr}z{
X – zmmx IX o. q{ z. . 176 H|}{ry, mw{v ~|{~{n ~w}r|xrzul qux u |~mxuv zr uyrr o Ko}{|r zu
|}{{u|{o, zu zr|{~}rq~orzz |}{q{xsrzuv, {l ~myu |~mxuu |}uzmqxrsm {}{ { utor~z{y o
~}rqzrro}{|rv~w{-wm}|m~w{y }rpu{zr u|. Fzmx{puzv ~|{~{n w}r|xrzul |}uyrzrz u o w{~lz
quxm ut |}u{tr}z{p{ |{~rxrzul o I}mz~{zr (wmz{z H{, ^orvm}ul), {zml qmm w{{} zrl~zm
(|{tqzll n}{ztm) (. 93, 2) 177. H zmtomzz ~xml }r uqr, or}{lz{, {n w~|r}uyrzu}{omzuu —
y uyrry tqr~ qrx{ ~ rquzuzyu wtry|xl}myu, ~{}yu}{omo uyu~l zm {~z{or }m~|}{~}mzrzz
yr~z u|{o u zr uyro u |}{q{xsrzul. H|}{ry, {quz ut wtry|xl}{o |~mxuv, {nzm}srzz o
{y sr {tr}z{y |{~rxrzuu zm nr}rp Sr mrx~w{p{ {tr}m 178 (. 93, 3) |{wmtomr, { yz{p{u~xrzzr w{~lzr |~mxuu n}{zt{o{p{ orwm ~ w}|zy rz}mxzy {or}~ury ut {p{ }rpu{zm
|}uzmqxrsmxu, or}{lz{, uyrzz{ quxmy, sr~w{~w}r|xrzzy ~ |~mxulyu. N p}txm utp{moxuomxu~
ut qr}rom u o~moxlxu~ o rz}mxz{r {or}~ur |~mxuv; o |{ylz{y wtry|xl}r {~mwu p}txm ut
qr}rom rr ~{}mzuxu~ o rz}mxz{y {or}~uu |~mxul. Xmw { zrxtl u~wxm u {p{, { |}uzu| sr~w{p{ ~w}r|xrzul qux ~ |~mxulyu u}{w{ u~|{xt{omx~l o mx|uv~w{y }rpu{zr sr o n}{zt{o{y orwr, w{pqm mwur quxm utp{moxuomxu~ ut w{~u u qr}rom.
H xn{y ~xmr yrmxxur~wur quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu {}{ { utor~z zm r}}u{}uu Ko}{| o n{xrr |{tqzrr o}ryl. Mqr~ oqrxlr~l rxml p}||m mwu qux, w{{}ml nxm }m~|}{~}mzrzm o mx|uv~w{y }rpu{zr (F}z{mxqu (Wror}zml Nmxul), Umrz (Hmqrzm, cszv Xu}{x),
Rr}uprz (Grzz~w{r {t.), P{}~rxr (Sr mrx~w{r {t.), \}u-Fx|rzwr u q}.) u Hrzp}uu (Yp}m,
Zp{q, |{~xrqzur srxrtzr) (. 93, 4 – 6; 94, 1– 3) 179. Yquxm {v p}|| |{loxl~l o |}rqrxm
|r}u{qm Ha B3 (|}uyr}z{ w{zr IX – |r}oml |{x{ouzm VIII o. q{ z. .) u u~|{xt~l o rrzur ~xrqrp{ |r}u{qm Ha C1. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, }{z{x{pur~wu |{loxrzur u }m~|}{~}mzrzur yrmxxur~wu
174 Wo{qw zm{q{w ~y. Moorey 1980, 71–72. W}. mwsr }u
177 –178, pl. I (}mtz{ouqz{~ ~ |}lyyu |~mxulyu, quxm
wtry|xl}m zrrzz o ~o{qwr n}{zt{o qux {p{ u|m,
}rm~zr).
175 Hüttel 1981, 145 –146.
176 Petrescu-Dîmboviţ a 1978, 92 – 97, 140, Nr. 213, Taf. 226;
w{{}r }mzl~l o Puro~w{y u~{}ur~w{y ytrr. Tquz |}{u~{qu ut w}pmzm ~. Qnz U{xmo~w{v {nxm~u (№ G 611),
{or}~ul zm |~mxul tmyrzrz |rxlyu; |~mxuu tmor} m~l
Hüttel 1981, 144 –147, Taf. 20, 216 –217, ~ xur}m}{v.
177 Hüttel 1981, 122, Taf. 16, 165.
178 Hüttel 1981, 123, Taf. 16, 169.
179 Balkwill 1973, 431– 433, 441– 443, fig. 3; 4; Hüttel 1981,
ut{n}msrzulyu w{| ~ {nru ~{}{z (. 86, 5, 6). Wy. rr
161–167; Chochorowski 1993, 72 –78.
yr~{ zm{qwu qo q}pu zrutor~z{ (ut w{xxrwuu Xryzuw{p{, № G 1281, G 343): Xurzw{ 1954, 77 –78, }u~. 1– 3 (~ zror}z{v qmu}{ow{v VII o. q{ z. .). Sm {qz{y ut wtry|xl}{o
zm{qw qux {p{ u|m zm X}rzp Xr|r (N}mz): Besenval 1982,
194
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4
3
5
6
Vu~. 93 Yquxm.
1. Grxuz (Vyzul); 2, 3. I}mz~{z (^orvm}ul); 4. P{}~rxr (^orvm}ul);
5. Rr}uprz (^orvm}ul); 6. \}u-Fx|rzwr (^orvm}ul). 1, 4 – 6. G}{ztm; 2. P{~; 3. P{~ u qr}ro{
U{ Hüttel 1981, Taf. 20, 216 –217; 16, 165,169 (1– 3); Balkwill 1973, fig. 2, 24A (5); 3, 25A,26 (4, 6)
195
qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu o tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{y u rz}mxz{ro}{|rv~w{y }rpu{zm
|}uyr}z{ ~{o|mqm. H {n{u ~xml quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu {}yu}~l zm {~z{or
yr~z |}{{u|{o — qux ~ {qrxzyu uxu zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu. R{sz{ nx{ n |{{y |}rq|{x{su zrtmou~uy{r }mtouur o qo }rpu{zm, |}uorq rr w ~{q{y }rtxm. Tqzmw{, wmw y
ouqrxu, o qo ~{~rqzu |r}rqzrmtum~wu }rpu{zm, zr~{yzrzz{ uyro u r~zr w{zmw yrsq
~{n{v, o Y}m} u ~ror}z{y N}mzr, zmnxqmr~l m sr wm}uzm — {zu |}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzz{ |r}r{ql w tqr ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu, |}ury z{ov u| {}yu}r~l zm {~z{or yr~z
|}{{u|{o, m zr |}{~{ tmuy~or~l ~{~rqrv. Srxtl |{{y u~wxm u wmw{v-{ ~oltu yrsq
|{loxrzury tq ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u \rz}mxz{v Ko}{|r. Tqzmw{,
r~xu { mw, |{q{nzv u| tq q{xsrz nx }m~|}{~}mzu~l u zm |}{yrs{z{v r}}u{}uu.
H ~my{y qrxr, mwur wtry|xl} zm {v r}}u{}uu utor~z. Tquz wtry|xl} qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu, tmor} muyu~l ut{n}msrzulyu p{x{o{w suo{z (w{zrv), |}{u~{qu ut
Hr}zrw{nmz~w{p{ y{puxzuwm (. 94, 4). U~mxuu }r|rrxmr, {quz ut zu nx {x{ymz o q}roz{~u u |{uzrz |ry {xuowu q{|{xzurxz{p{ w{xm, o w{{}{r nx o~moxrz {x{ymzzv |~mxuv 180. P ~{smxrzu, { w{y|xrw~r, {wqm |}{u~{qu qmzzv wtry|xl}, zurp{ zrutor~z{. Yquxm
{p{ u|m {~m~l ut{xu}{omzzyu o ~ror}{wmowmt~w{y }rpu{zr, {qzmw{ |{ zrw{{}y ~o{uy r}my {zu ~nxusm~l ~ tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{v }mquurv. Nyrzz{ qxl {v }mquuu m}mwr}z{ w}mrzur {n{u w{z{o |~mxuv p{x{owmyu suo{z. W}rqu qux ~ uy ouq{y {}zmyrzmuu utor~z
wmw u| ~ |rrxmyu zm|~wzyu 181, mw u ~ q}myu u |rrxmyu sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu
|~mxulyu 182 (. 94, 5, 6). Yuoml ut{xu}{omzz{~ qmzz{p{ wtry|xl}m zm Wror}z{y Pmowmtr,
y{sz{ |}rq|{xmpm rp{ |}ly{v uy|{} ut tmwmowmt~w{-|r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ }rpu{zm. b{ |}rq|{x{srzur |{qor}sqmr~l |}{u~{sqrzury qux ut y{puxzuwm P{nmz~w{v wx}. S{~urxu P{nmz~w{v
wx}, ~r~o{omo rv zm \rz}mxz{y Pmowmtr zr|}r}oz{ |}uyr}z{ ~ XIV q{ zmmxm IV o.
q{ z. ., zm~rxlxu {nm ~wx{zm Pmowmt~w{p{ }rnm. Nyrzz{ {zu o rrzur o~rp{ {p{ |r}u{qm w{z}{xu}{omxu q{nzr |}{{q \rz}mxz{p{ Pmowmtm, ~{rquzlo ur Mmwmowmtr ~ U}rqwmowmtry u qmxrr
~ |}ur}z{y{}~wuyu ~r|lyu. Px}zv u {}p{ov {nyrz yrsq qoyl }rpu{zmyu, {~r~oxlouv~l, {rouqz{, o {~z{oz{y uyrzz{ r}rt u p{}zr |}{{q, mwuy {n}mt{y, o tzmurxz{v yr}r
|}{{qux r}rt |{~}rqzur~o{ w{nmz~w{p{ zm~rxrzul. Srquourxz{ |{{y, { ~r|zr |}rqyr
(zm|}uyr}, ~wu~wur) o tzmurxz{y w{xur~or zmvqrz o |mylzuwm zr {xw{ Wror}z{p{ Pmowmtm, z{ u w{nmz~wu |mylzuwm sz{p{ ~wx{zm (Xxu) u o |}uxrpmu w zry }mv{zm (Wmymo}{).
H { sr o}ryl zm{qwu |r}rqzro{~{z |}rqyr{o ~ ~my{p{ }mzzrp{ o}ryrzu utor~z zm ~ror}z{y
~wx{zr Pmowmtm uyrzz{ o |mylzuwm P{nmz~w{v wx}. H wmr~or |}uyr}m }mzzu zm{q{w |r}rqzrmtum~w{p{ u|m o t{zr }m~|}{~}mzrzul P{nmz~w{v wx} zm Wror}z{y Pmowmtr y{sz{ zmtom,
zm|}uyr}, prymu{o |rm }}u~w{p{ u|m 183, w{{}ml qmu}r~l XIV–XIII oo. q{ z. . P}{yr
{p{, uyrzz{ ut y{puxzuw{o P{nmz~w{v wx} (Zm~wm, Pynxm, Hr}zll Vm) |}{u~{ql }rqmv ur zm r}}u{}uu w ~ror} { Pmowmt~w{p{ }rnm zm{qwu |r}rqzrmtum~wu (u}mz~wu) wuzsmx{o ~ }my{z{v }w{l (o{}ml |{x{ouzm II ~. q{ z. ., zr |{tsr IX o. q{ z. .) 184.
K~xu quxm ut Hr}zrw{nmz~w{p{ y{puxzuwm y{sz{ {zr~u w |r}rqzrmtum~wuy uy|{}my (uxu
|{q}msmzuly uy), { uzmr {n~{u qrx{ ~ q}p{v }mtz{ouqz{~ qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu, |}{u~{qlu ut Wror}z{p{ U}ur}z{y{}l. Wo{qwm zm{q{w |{q{nz qux zm pr H{~{z{v
Ko}{| nxm zrqmoz{ {|nxuw{omzm H. V. b}xu{y 185. Tz zm~uomr o{~ry zm{q{w mwu qux,
r}r ut w{{} |}{u~{ql ~ Wror}z{p{ Pmowmtm (]u {, Rmvw{|, P}m~z{qm}), }u — ut qzr|}{o180 Yom}{om 1900, 31, }u~. 36; Nr~~rz 1953, 93– 94, }u~. 26;
Dietz 1998, 169, Nr. 625, Taf. 44.
181 Potratz 1941–1942, 172, 174, Abb. 5 – 6; Gadd 1952, 12,
410, pl. I, II a – c.
183 Yom}{om 1900, 324, mn. CXXVII, 47; ~}. Ward 1910, 305,
pl. III; Potratz 1966, 137, Abb. 59 a – b, Taf.-Abb. 131; Vanden
fig. 955; Zxuzr} 1939, 21– 42; Barnett 1963, 190.
184 P}|z{o 1951, 66, }u~. 25, 1– 3; U{p}rn{om 1977, 34 – 36,
Berghe 1983, 180, Nr. 222.
182 Özgüç 1961, 272, fig. 17; Azarpay 1968, pl. 22; Jantzen 1972,
mn. I, 3,4,8,10.
185 b}xu 1994, 85 – 86. W}. Dietz 1998, 162 –166, Nr. 616 –
64 – 65, Taf. 61, B 95; Yıldırım 1987, 485, Abb. 31; Özgüç 1989,
621, Taf. 41– 42.
196
1
2
3
4
5
6
Vu~. 94 Yquxm.
1. F}z{mxqu (Wror}zml Nmxul); 2. Yp}m (Hrzp}ul); 3. Zp{q (Hrzp}ul);
4. Hr}zrw{nmz~wuv y{puxzuw; 5, 6. N}mz, yr~{ zm{qwu zrutor~z{. 3. Lrxrt{; {~mxz{r n}{ztm
U{ Balkwill 1973, fig. 4, 29 (1); Gallus, Horváth 1939, pl. XIII, 2 (2); Chochorowski 1993, Abb. 41 (3); Nr~~rz 1953, }u~. 26 (4);
Potratz 1966, 137, Abb. 59 a–b (5); Potratz 1941–1942, 175, Abb. 6 (6)
197
~w{v xr~{~r|u (Xr}ry, P{z~mzuz{owm 376, Pu}{o{p}mq~wuv ytrv) u {quz ut G{xpm}uu (Kzqsm).
H. V. b}xu ~|}morqxuo{ {yrmr, { qmzzv u| qux ~x{sux~l zm {~z{or tq z{o{r}wm~~w{p{
u|m, { ry ~ouqrrx~or wmw {}ym |~mxuro ~ tmpz{v x{|m~, {nzml qxl z{o{r}wm~~wu
|~mxuro, mw u qom {or}~ul zm {w{zmzul qux, o{~{qlur w {nzy z{o{r}wm~~wuy quxmy. P
~{smxrzu, qmxrw{ zr o~r zmtomzzr quxm |}{u~{ql ut w{y|xrw~{o. bwtry|xl} ut Rmvw{|~w{p{
}mv{zm (~ q{|{xzurxzyu torzlyu) 186, ~ {w}muz P}m~z{qm}m 187, ut ~rxm Xr}ry 188 u ut Pu}{o{p}mq~w{p{ ytrl 189 (. 95, 1, 2) loxl~l ~xmvzyu zm{qwmyu. H zm ry }m~|{}lsrzuu, mwuy
{n}mt{y, uyrr~l }u w{y|xrw~m, ~{qr}smu quxm {p{ u|m (P{z~mzuz{owm, w}pmz 376; Kzqsm,
w}pmz 2, |{p}rnrzur 1, u ]u {). Jom |r}o w{y|xrw~m qmoz{ utor~z u o~rpqm ~umxu~ l}wuyu
|}rq~mourxlyu |r}r{qz{p{ m|m { |}rq~wu~w{p{ w }mzzr~wu~w{y |r}u{q (. 96) 190. Tzu,
ouquy{, {z{~l~l w{ o}ryrzu xu zrzmyz{p{ n{xrr }mzzry, ry w}pmz Lmn{uz 524, {|{}zv
|mylzuw |r}o{p{, smn{uz~w{p{ |r}u{qm, }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}. Smvqrzzv o w}pmzr Kzqsm w{xmzv zmn{}, owxmuv 52 n}{zt{o zmw{zrzuwm ~}rx, ~{~{lx o {~z{oz{y ut qox{|m~z
zmw{zrzuw{o qxuzrzz{-}{ynur~wu {r}mzuv, |}rq~moxlu ~{n{v }mzzuv om}umz zmw{zrzuw{o «smn{uz~w{p{» u|m (. r. sr }mzzr~wu~wu). P}{yr {p{, tqr~ zmvqrz{ qom }rx{|m~z zmw{zrzuwm, ~{su ~ }mzzr~wu~wuyu. H |{p}rnrzuu w}pmzm 376 ~rxm P{z~mzuz{owm {nzm}srz{ qom }rx{|m~z srxrtz zmw{zrzuwm ~{qz{v {}y. T~mxzr zmvqrzzr o {n{u
w{y|xrw~m |}rqyr (wr}myuwm, srxrtzv yr, t{x{ml qumqrym) mwsr ~ouqrrx~o { |r}r{qz{y m}mwr}r u |mylzuw{o { |}rq~wu~w{v w }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}r u {n u }{z{x{pur~w{v
nxut{~u, |}u zr~w{xw{ n{x rv m}muz{~u, w |mylzuwmy smn{uz~w{p{ m|m 191.
b{ |}rq~moxrzur { }{z{x{pur~w{y |{x{srzuu |mylzuw{o, ~{qr}smu quxm u|m «Kzqsm–
P{~mzuz{owm», |{qor}qux{~ |{~xr |nxuwmuu rr {qz{p{ w{y|xrw~m ~ |{q{nzyu quxmyu, zm
{ }mt |}{u~{qlrp{ ut U}rqwmowmtl. Vr uqr { |{p}rnrzuu, }m~w}{y zm o{to rzuu ]u {
o Fqprr (. 97) 192. U{p}rnrzur, w ~{smxrzu, ~{}mzux{~ zr|{xz{~, |{~w{xw w}pmz, o w{{}{y {z{ zm{qux{~, nx }mty o{q{v (}rtxm ~{{}srzul P}m~z{qm}~w{p{ o{q{}mzuxum), m
m}r{x{pur~w{r {n~xrq{omzur |}{o{qux{~ sr zm }mty{y y{puxzuwr. H }mty{y |{p}rnrzuu
~{}mzux{~ q{o{xz{ n{x {r w{xur~o{ n}{zt{o |}rqyr{o tq, xrsmo u zm zrn{x {y {qmxrzuu ({ 0,35 q{ 0,65 y) q}p { q}pm. Wwrxr, tm u~wxrzury x{ mquz{v rx~u u tn{o, zr
~{}mzuxu~. Sr~y{}l zm {, { |{p}rnmxz{r ~{{}srzur nx{ rxuw{y zu{srz{ o{q{v, o}lq xu
y{p n ~{yzrzul o {y, { zmvqrzzr tqr~ |}rqyr |}uzmqxrsmxu {qz{y w{y|xrw~. H w{y|xrw~ o{quxu: qom wtry|xl}m qux u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm» ({quz wtry|xl} uyrr zr qom~zv, wmw {nz{, m }rm~zv yzq w, m mwsr q{|{xzurxzr torzl zm {w{zmzul), qow{xmr quxm u }r|rrxmr |~mxuu ~ x{|m~zyu {w{zmzulyu {nz{p{ z{o{r}wm~~w{p{
u|m, mzmx{puzr |~mxuu, zmvqrzzr oyr~r ~{ ~}ryrw{ouqzyu quxmyu }mzzr~wu~w{p{ u|m,
nxlu { tq z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m u n}{zt{or w{xm, or}{lz{, loxlo ur~l qrmxlyu w{xr~zuz{v
|}lsu. Sm{qwm o {qz{y w{y|xrw~r qux wxm~~ur~w{p{ z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m ~{ ~}ryrw{ouqzyu
quxmyu }mzzr~wu~w{p{ u|m, |}ury u r u q}pur ~{rmxu~ ~ {qz{u|zyu }r|rrxmyu
x{|m~zyu |~mxulyu, |{qor}sqmr |}uzmqxrsz{~ {p{ w{y|xrw~m w |r}r{qz{y |r}u{q yrsq
|}rq~wu~w{v u }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}myu. Jow{xmr u ~}ryrw{ouqzr quxm nxu zmvqrz
oyr~r mwsr o w}pmzr №2 ~rxm Lmn{uz, w{{}v loxlr~l {qzuy ut m}mwr}z |mylzuw{o |r}o{p{ m|m sr ~{n~orzz{ }mzzr~wu~w{p{ |r}u{qm u ~{qr}su }lq utqrxuv o }mzzr~wu~w{y tor}uz{y ~uxr (. 25) 193. Nmw, y{sz{ ~um, { ~{}yu}{omo ur~l zm {~z{or wxm~~ur~w{v z{o{r}186 Nr~~rz 1953, 92.
187 b}xu 1994, 85.
}u~. 15 –16; 41, 3– 4.
191 Ixxiz~wm 1973, 15 –17; Nxuz~wml 1975, 65 – 66, 105;
188 I{}i ziv 1978, 55 –57, }u~. 1.
189 Xurzw{ 1954, 78 – 80, }u~. 5.
190 G{n}uz~w{v 1902, 32 – 33; U{|{o 1932, 98 –102, {n}. 87 –
Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 138; Nxuz~wml, Xr}rz{swuz 1987, 232.
192 X{o 1989, 36 – 45, }u~. 1–7.
193 Hltyuuzm 1963, 158 –170, }u~. 1–5; Nxuz~wml 1975,
97; Nxuz~wml 1973, 16 –17, }u~. 8, 6 –10; Nxuz~wml 1975,
19 –20, 61– 62, mn. VI, 1–11.
30 – 31, mn. XVI, 6 – 10; Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 42 – 43, 77,
198
1
2
3
4
Vu~. 95 G}{zt{or quxm ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu.
1. Wrx{ Xr}ry; 2. Rr~{ zm{qwu zrutor~z{, Pu}{o{p}mq~wuv ytrv;
3. P}pmz 26 y{puxzuwm Yvpm}mw; 4. P}pmz 55 y{puxzuwm cszv Xmpu~wrz
U{ I{}i ziv 1978, }u~. 1 (1); Xurzw{ 1954, }u~. 5 (2); Hu zro~wml 1973, mn. VIII, 5 (3); Nuzm, dnx{z~wuv 1997, }u~. 71 (4)
199
1
6
4
3
2
7
5
10
8
9
12
11
13
14
18
15
16
17
Vu~. 96 1–13. Sm{qwu ut w}pmzm 2 ~. Kzqsm (G{xpm}ul).
14 –18. Sm{qwu ut w}pmzm 376 ~. P{z~mzuz{owm. 1. M{x{{; 2 – 8, 11, 16. G}{ztm; 9, 10, 18. Lrxrt{; 12 –15, 17. Ixuzm
U{ Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 16 (1–13); Nxuz~wml, Xr}rz{swuz 1987, 235 (14 –18)
200
1
2
3
4
6
5
7
8
9
Vu~. 97 Sm{qwu ut |{p}rnrzul zm o{to rzz{~u ]u { o Fqprr. G}{ztm
U{ X{o 1989, }u~. 1–7
201
wm~~w{v tq quxm ~ sr~ww{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm» m}mwr}ut
~myr |{tqzur |mylzuwu z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ {nxuwm u {z{~l~l w wmzz {}yu}{omzul }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}. Wql |{ {z{~urxz{v ymx{u~xrzz{~u zm{q{w mwu qux u }{z{x{pur~w{v
nxut{~u w{y|xrw~{o, {wqm {zu |}{u~{ql, qmzzv u| tq ~r~o{omx zrq{xp{ u o~w{}r o rx
ut |{}rnxrzul.
Hr}zry~l r|r} w o{|}{~ { ~{{z{ rzuu qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu o Ur}rqzrv
Ftuu, zm pr H{~{z{v Ko}{| u o \rz}mxz{v Ko}{|r. U{loxrzur qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu
|~mxulyu, ~{}yu}{omo u~l zm {~z{or yr~z {}y tq, wmw y ouqrxu, nx{ z{omurv wmw qxl
Ur}rqzrv Ftuu, mw u qxl \rz}mxz{v Ko}{|. H |}uzu|r tqr~ o{ty{sz{ |}rq|{x{su zrtmou~uy{r ~my{~{lrxz{r }mtouur, zm { y{px{ n wmtom ~|{}mqur~w{r |{loxrzur ~{qz w~|r}uyrzmxz {}y tq, zr }mtouomo u~l o {~{nv u|, o Ko}{|r u o n{xrr }mzzrr o}ryl (quxm ut
Grxuzm). Tqzmw{ }{z{x{pur~wml nxut{~ yrsq uyu qoyl {qz{|{}lqw{oyu z{omulyu, o {n{u
~xml ~{}yu}{omo uyu z{ov u|, |{to{xlr |}rq|{xmpm zmxuur wmw{v-{ ~oltu yrsq zuyu.
Smxuur mw{v sr z{omuu zm pr H{~{z{v Ko}{| q{|{xzlr }{z{x{pur~w{r rquz~o{ pr{p}mur~wuy. H ~my{y qrxr, o{~{zml p}mzum }m~|}{~}mzrzul qux u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm»
(Wror}zv Pmowmt) |}uywmr w {nxm~u }m~|}{~}mzrzul |r}rqzrmtum~wu qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu, m tm|mqzml (o{~{zml G{xpm}ul, {w}r~z{~u ^yrzm) — zrqmxrw{ {~{u { rz}mxz{p{ U{qzmol, pqr mwsr nxu }m~|}{~}rzrz ~{qzr quxm. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, y{sz{ |{xmpm,
{ uqrl |}uyrzrzul qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu nxm zrw{v wx}z{v z{omurv, q{~m{z{ n~}{ }m~|}{~}mzuo rv~l zm {p}{yz |}{~}mz~om { Fx| q{ N}mzm (u qmxrr zm o{~{w,
~y. zusr). U}u {y o wmsq{y ~xmr tqm, |}uyrzlo ml sr~w{r ~w}r|xrzur qux u |~mxuv, {}yu}{omxm~ zm yr~z{v {~z{or. Vmtyrr~l, qxl }m~|}{~}mzrzul mw{p{ ut{n}rrzul o{o~r zr zsz{
|}rq|{xmpm |r}ryrrzul wmwu-{ p}|| zm~rxrzul, ry n{xrr o{rzz zmnrp{o. U}u zmxuuu wx}z u {}p{o w{zmw{o, ~r~o{omo u yrsq uyu }rpu{zmyu, {z{ y{px{ }m~|}{~}mzu~l
q{~m{z{ n~}{ u nrt mwu wmmwxuty{o. Tz{~urxz{ {p{, pqr |{loux{~ qmzz{r ut{n}rrzur
o|r}or, ~qu }qz{ — { ~ }mozy ~|r{y y{sr n u Ur}rqzll Ftul, u \rz}mxzml Ko}{|m.
H}lq xu { u| tq |{loux~l o ~r|l — rp{ |}uyrzrzur zm pr H{~{z{v Ko}{| {~mx{~ w}mwuy |ut{q{y, |}ury {z |}uyrzlx~l tqr~ zm}lq ~ q}puyu, }mquu{zzyu qxl {p{ }rpu{zm
ouqmyu tq.
U{loxrzur qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu qmr rr {qz }{z{x{pur~w |}uoltw qxl
}mzzr~wu~w{v u |}rq~wu~w{v wx}. Pmw y ouqrxu, { u| tq |{loxlr~l zm o{~{wr
Ur}rqzrv Ftuu zm }nrsr IX–VIII oo. q{ z. . u u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzlr~l, or~zll quxm ~ zm|~wzyu |~mxulyu, o |}rqrxm |r}o{v }ru VIII o. q{ z. . H mx|uv~w{-qzmv~w{y }rpu{zr quxm ~
sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu |{loxl~l o }mywm |r}u{qm Ha B3 u }m~|}{~}mzl~l |{tsr, {
o mn~{xz qmu}{owm qmr { sr w{zr IX – |r}o |{x{ouz VIII o. q{ z. . bu qm {|}rqrxl
u qmu}{ow tq u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm», u~|{xtrv { sr |}uzu| u ~xsmrv wmw n
~oltuy torz{y yrsq qoyl }rpu{zmyu. K~xu |}utzm zmxuur ~oltu yrsq o~ryu }ryl loxrzulyu, m {, ouquy{, }qz{ {}um, { tqm u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm» qmu}r~l ry sr o}ryrzry — w{z{y IX – |r}o{v |{x{ouz{v (m ~w{}rr zmmx{y) VIII o. q{ z. . H ~o{ {r}rq { ouq
tq qmu}r |mylzuwu |{u |r}r{qm { |}rq~wu~w{v u }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}r, w{{}r zr
y{p {z{~u~l w{ o}ryrzu |{tsr |r}o{v |{x{ouz VIII o. q{ z. .
U}rq|{x{srzur H. V. b}xum { {y, { |{loxrzur o ~r|l qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu loxlr~l ~ouqrrx~o{y |{{q{o o Ur}rqz Ftu, {wqm lw{n u nxm tmuy~o{omzm uqrl
sr~w{p{ ~w}r|xrzul qux u |~mxuro, xu mr~l o~lwu {~z{omzuv. Sm~rxrzur mx|uv~w{p{ }rpu{zm,
w{zrz{, o mwu |{{qm zr m~o{omx{, {qzmw{ tqr~ { ouq tq |{loxlr~l |{u {qz{o}ryrzz{
~ Ur}rqzrv Fturv. U}{uo{}ru |}rq|{x{srzur H. V. b}xum u qmzzy }{z{x{puu — wmw y ouqrxu,
tqm u|m «Kzqsm – P{z~mzuz{owm» zr y{sr qmu}{om~l |{tsr |r}o{v |{x{ouz VIII o. q{ z. ., m
qxl {p{ o}ryrzu wmwur-xun{ ~orqrzul { |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{qm ro}mtuv~wu z{ymq{o {~~o.
Wxrqr rr q{nmou, { {nxm~ }m~|}{~}mzrzul qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu zm
o{~{wr zr {p}mzuuomr~l N}mz{y. U{q{nzr quxm {nzm}srz o ~{~mor y{puxzuw{o cszv
202
Xmpu~wrz u Yvpm}mw, }m~|{x{srzz o zut{ol W}qm}u (. 95, 3, 4) 194. Tzu ~{}yu}{omxu~
mwsr zm {~z{or yr~z{p{ u|m ~}ryrw{ouqz qux, q{~m{z{ m~{ ~{rquzlo u~l tqr~ ~ |~mxulyu, uyro uyu rz}mxz{r {or}~ur, o w{{}{r o~moxlxu~ w{z qux. Rmr}umx u zrw}{|{xrv {nzm}suom nxutw{r }{q~o{ ~ w}pmz{y F}smz o Xor 195. ]{ wm~mr~l |}ur}z{y{}~wu
ymr}umx{o, { |{ zrw{{}y |}utzmwmy {zu ~nxusm~l ~ }mzzr~wu~wuyu |mylzuwmyu (nxmp{qm}l
ry |r}o{zmmxz{ u qmu}{omxu~ }mzzr~wu~wuy o}ryrzry), m |{ q}puy — ~ |}rq~wu~wuyu ymr}umxmyu r}z{p{}{o~w{p{ u|m. Fn~{xzr qm |}um}mx~wu w}pmz{o {|}rqrxl~l o {~z{oz{y zm
{~z{omzuu ~{|{~moxrzul ~ |}ur}z{y{}~wuyu |mylzuwmyu, qm w{{}, wmw y ouqrxu, mwsr
zrl~z. b|ut{qur~w{r u~|{xt{omzur tqr~ qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu y{sr n }{z{x{pur~wuy }r|r}{y u qxl u |mylzuw{o, {qzmw{ qxl zu { oo{q zr z{~u ~{x {nltmrxz{p{ m}mwr}m. Yuoml ymx }m~|}{~}mzrzz{~ {p{ u|m tq o U}um}mxr, o}lq xu y{sz{
|}rq|{xmpm, { qmzzv |}uzu| ~w}r|xrzul tq u |~mxuro nx ut{n}rrz tqr~ — ~w{}rr {z o{tzuw |{q oxulzury ~{~rqrv. H mw{y ~xmr }nrs IX–VIII oo. q{ z. . loxlr~l terminus post quem qxl
|{p}rnrzuv, pqr mwur quxm nxu zmvqrz (Yvpm}mw, w}pmz 26 u cszv Xmpu~wrz, w}pmz 55). U{qor}sqrzury mw{v qmu}{owu loxlr~l mwsr ~{q~o{ w{xmzz zmn{}{o zrw{{} |{p}rnrzuv
mpu~wrz~w{p{ u vpm}mw~w{p{ y{puxzuw{o ~ |mylzuwmyu |r}r{qz{p{ |r}u{qm { |}rq~wu~w{v w
}mzzr~wu~w{v wx}r (Kzqsm, Grx{p}mqr, Fxrw~rro~wuv), m mwsr ~ w{xmzzy zmn{}{y |r}o{p{
Iym}{o~w{p{ w}pmzm o sz{y U}u}mxr, uyruy sr }mzzr~wu~wuv {nxuw 196. H|}{ry, zrxtl
u~wxm o qmzz{y ~xmr u ~my{~{lrxz{p{ o{tzuwz{orzul qmzz{p{ u|m qux, q{~m{z{ nxutw{p{ |}uyrzlo ry~l tqr~ ~|{~{n, |}u w{{}{y w{z qux |}{|~wmxu~ r}rt u}{wur rz}mxzr {or}~ul |~mxuv. Jmu}{owm w}pmzm F}smz {w{x{ ~r}rquz VIII o. q{ z. . o zm~{lrr o}ryl
zmun{xrr }m~|}{~}mzrzm, u r~xu |}utzm {l n m~uz ~uz}{zz{~ ~ zuy y{puxzuw{o cszv Xmpu~wrz u Ymvpm}mw, wmtmzzml o r qmm |{xmr |{qor}sqrzur.
2.2.4 YVFVXWPFd N VFSSKWPNZWPFd YMJF
SF]FQF VII H. JT S. b.
Ysr |{yuzmo ml~l w{z~wml tqm ut }rrv p}{nzu Fxzr|r mwsr y{sr qm {|{} qxl
mn~{xz{v qmu}{owu }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}. Pmw sr p{o{}ux{~, o {v p}{nzur, {z{~lrv~l
w }nrs VIII–VII oo. q{ z. ., {nzm}srz{ r~ }mtz{u|z zmn{}{o w{z~w{v tq. Tquz ut wtry|xl}{o qux |}uzmqrsu }mquu{zz{y }m}~w{y u| 197 u or~ym ~{qrz ~ ryu, w{{}r zmq|u~mz uyrzry Wm}q}u (. 100, 1). T~mxzr {z{~l~l w u|my, o n{xrr }mzz |{ o Y}m}
zrutor~zy. Jom wtry|xl}m }rtomvz{ nxutwu yrsq ~{n{v qux uyr rxz{xur ~ zuyu
|~mxuu, {w{zmzul w{{} w}m rz |}{{ymyu suo{z: w{zrv ~ {qz{v ~{}{z u nw{o ~ q}p{v 198 (. 100, 4). U~mxuu, o {xuur { n{xrr }mzzu }m}~wu wtry|xl}{o, u~|{xt qxl w}r|xrzul rz }ryzrv tq zr |rxu, m qom {or}~ul |{q|}ly{p{xz{v {}y, }m~|{x{srzzr o
{qz{v |x{~w{~u ~ n{x {v |rxrv qxl w}r|xrzul |{o{qm. Rzq wu qux utp{{oxrz o ouqr |r}rw}rzz |}ro. Yquxm {p{ u|m, ouquy{, loxl~l {qzuy ut ~ouqrrx~o oxulzul tmwmowmt~w{-
194 X{x~{o, Nuzm 1966, 159, }u~. 8, 5; Nuzm, dnx{z~wuv
197 Özgüç 1989, 411, pl. IV (Fzwm}m, Rtrv Fzm{xuv~wu
1997, 23, 56, }u~. 47, 9; Hu zro~wml 1973, 102, mn. VIII, 5;
uouxutmuv, Alt. 59-22-4; 99-95-64).
198 Özgüç 1961, 272, fig. 17; Azarpay 1968, pl. 22; Yıldırım 1987,
XXVI, 8. W}. ]xrz{om 1984, 39 – 41.
195 I}ltz{o 1980, 61; Grjaznov 1984, 83– 85; ~}. Ptyuzm
1975, 287; dnx{z~wuv 1996, 51.
196 N~ympux{o 1988, 29 – 47.
485, Abb. 31; Özgüç 1989, 410, pl. I, II a – c (Fzwm}m, Rtrv
Fzm{xuv~wu uouxutmuv, Alt. 59-21-79 u Alt. 59-22-46, 99148-64).
203
Vu~. 98 Ur}rqzrmtum~wur quxm ut ~my{~~w{p{ Ir}mv{zm. G}{ztm
U{ Jantzen 1972, Taf. 61, B 95
u}mz~w{v tq zm }m}~w. Tzu u~|{xt }m~|}{~}mzrzzr o Mmwmowmtr u N}mzr |~mxuu ~ qoyl
{or}~ulyu, m zr |rxlyu, wmw n{xrr }mzzur }m}~wur {n}mt. Yw}m rzur {n{u {w{zmzuv |~mxuv
p{x{owmyu suo{z mwsr m}mwr}z{ qxl tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~w{v tq (~y. o r) u zr o~}rmr~l zm
n{xrr }mzzu }m}~wu wtry|xl}m. P uy quxmy mwsr nxut{w wtry|xl} qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu, {nzm}srzzv zm Wmy{~r (|r}rqzro{~{zv uy|{}) 199. U~mxuu qp{{n}mtzr, ~
{{pzyu zm}s w{zmyu, wmw { m}mwr}z{ qxl }m}~wu qux, u qoyl |rxlyu qxl tqrz
}ryzrv; ~ {nru ~{}{z {zu tmor} m~l p{x{owmyu nm}mz{o (. 98; 99). Tn~{lrx~om zm{qwu
(o tm|{xzrzuu wmzmxm ~my{~~w{p{ Ir}mv{zm) zr |{to{xl {z{ qmu}{om u quxm 200, {qzmw{
{nml qmu}{owm rpu|r~wu u |r}rqzro{~{z uy|{}{o zm Wmy{~r {|}rqrxlr~l wmw |{~xrqzll
ror} VIII–VII oo. q{ z. . 201 U{ mzmx{puu ~ zm{qwmyu zm r}}u{}uu Y}m} y{sz{ |}rq|{xmpm,
{ }m~~ym}uomryr quxm {z{~l~l ~w{}rr w zmmx {p{ |r}u{qm. X{z{r {|}rqrxrzur yr~m u
|}{uto{q~om tm}qzurxz{, {qzmw{, uoml zm{qw }m}~wu n}{zt zm Wmy{~r, o {y u~xr u
w{x{w{xuw{o m}mwr}z qxl }m}~w{v tq {}y 202, |}rq|{x{srzur {n }m}~w{y |}{u~{sqrzuu
{v zm{qwu wmsr~l or~ym or}{lzy.
]ror}v wtry|xl} qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu ut Fxzr|r {xumr~l { }r
|}rqqu. N yzq wu uyr {}y |r}rw}rzz |}ro; |~mxuu ~zmnsrz qoyl |rxlyu,
}m~|{x{srzzyu o |x{~w{~u, |r}|rzquwxl}z{v w{x qxl w}r|xrzul |{o{qm. Tzu ~r}szrouqzr,
|}lyr, ~ {w{zmzulyu w}m rzyu ut{n}msrzury p{x{owu {}xm ~ {qz{v ~{}{z u w{|m — ~ q}p{v (. 100, 2) 203.
199 Jantzen 1972, 64 – 65, Taf. 61, B 951.
200 Terminus ante quem — {w{x{ 570 p. q{ z. .: Donder 1980,
xuwmuu zm {qz{v ut {{p}muv quxm opxlql |}mwu-
115.
201 Jantzen 1972, 88 – 89.
202 Jantzen 1972, 76 – 82, Taf. 77 – 80. W}. Muscarella 1978, 41,
Srl~z{, uqr xu }r { qo }mtz wtry|xl}m, uxu {n
r~wu rxyu, zm q}p{v — ~uxz{ }mpyrzu}{omzzyu.
{qz{y u {y sr q{ u |{~xr }r~mo}muu (rxv wtry|xl} |{
{{p}muu zr |}{uto{qu o|rmxrzul }r~mo}u}{omzz{p{).
pqr |}rq|{xmpmr~l wmowmt~w{r uxu u}mz~w{r |}{u~{sqrzur
H rw~r zuwmwu wmtmzuv, |{to{xlu }mt}r u { zr-
w{x{w{xuw{o.
203 Özgüç 1969, 68, 106, pl. XXV, 2; Yıldırım 1987, 485, Abb. 32
q{yrzur, zr u {nr {{p}muu ~um~l {z{~luyu~l w
({|nxuw{omzm xu p{x{owm {}xm zm or}zrv m~u |~mxuv);
tmzury, { {nm w{zm |~mxuro tmor} m~l ut{n}msrzury
Özgüç 1989, 410 – 411, pl. II d, III (Fzwm}m, Rtrv Fzm{xuv-
p{x{o{w {}x{o
~wu uouxutmuv, Alt. 59-22-30; 99-57-64). H |{~xrqzrv |n-
204
{qz{y wtry|xl}. W}. Özgen 1984, 102, ~ { un{zy wm-
Vu~. 99 Jrmx r sr qux
b{ |{~xrqzuv wtry|xl} qux otomr {~{nv uzr}r~. Pmw y ouqrxu, t{{y{}zr |}{{y
o~}rm~l zm tmwmowmt~w{-u}mz~wu |~mxul, z{ |}u {y {zu {nz{ tmor} m {nm u w{zm. U~mxuu sr ~ ut{n}msrzury p{x{owu {}xm zm or}zrv ~{}{zr u w{|m zm zuszry |}rq~moxl~l ~{or}rzz{ sqyu Ur}rqzrv Ftuu. Tqzmw{ mw{v ~|{~{n {{}yxrzul |~mxuv u|urz qxl }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}, o {~{nrzz{~u qxl rr wrxr}yr~~w{p{ m|m. U~mxuu, w}m rzzr p{x{ow{v p}u{nm}mzm
uxu uz{v |u ~ {qz{v ~{}{z u w{|ry ~ q}p{v, }rtomvz{ }m~|}{~}mzrz o {v wx}r. Sm{qwu |{q{nz |~mxuv ut w{~u o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu q{~m{z{ {}{ { utor~z (Pm}yu}Gx}, ]mo r|r, [mtmzx III B, S -u Jsmz, Pm|xmz) (. 27) u o~rpqm ~oltomxu~ ~ |{{qmyu
wuyyr}uvro uxu ~wu{o. H ~my{y qrxr, mw{v ~|{~{n {{}yxrzul |~mxuv loxlr~l {qzuy ut {}upuzmxz xryrz{o }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}, |}ury w{~lzr |~mxuu (}rq}mr) ~ |{q{nzy
{{}yxrzury utor~z zm |mylzuwm u smn{uz~w{p{, u wrxr}yr~~w{p{ m|m, m n}{zt{or (}r|rrxmr) }m~|}{~}mzl~l xu zm wrxr}yr~~w{y m|r 204. H |}rq~wu~wu wx}m mw{v ~|{~{n
{{}yxrzul |~mxuv zrutor~rz. W|{~{n w}m rzul |~mxuv p{x{ow{v {}xm ~ {qz{v ~{}{z u w{|{y ~ q}p{v ~xu w{y ~|ruurz, {n y{sz{ nx{ qym { |}{~{y ~{o|mqrzuu.
P}{yr r}r qux ~ sr~w{~w}r|xrzzyu |~mxulyu, o {y sr w{y|xrw~r nxu {nzm}srz rr
qom tqrz zmn{}m, { w{{} ~{}mzuxu~ xu |~mxuu, ~w}r|xlo ur~l ~ quxmyu |}u |{y{u
}ryzrv. Ur}ov |~mxuv (~{}mzux~l xu {quz ut |m}) tmor} mr~l |}{{ymyu x{ mqu u nwm u |{
~ux u {}yr }rtomvz{ nxut{w |~mxuly qo |r}o qux (. 100, 5) 205. J}pur qom |m}z
|~mxul uyr tmpzv or}zuv w{zr u w}px{r tmor} rzur, zm w{{}{y ~ {nru ~{}{z zmzr~rz
}rxrzv w}p (~uxut{omzml |}{{ym suo{z{p{ uxu |u ?), mw { or}zrr {w{zmzur |~mxul
uyrr wm rz{{n}mtz {}y. Suszuv w{zr tmor} mr~l zrn{x uy }m~ u}rzury (~uxut{omz{r w{|{ ?) (. 100, 3) 206. H{ty{sz{, {}ym u |~mxuv ~{ ~uxut{omzz{v |}{{y{v suo{z{p{ uxu |u zm or}zry w{zr u ut{n}msrzury w{|m zm zuszrv, mwsr o{~{qu w ~r|zy {n}mtmyu. Ntor~z{ u rr zr~w{xw{ wtry|xl}{o mzmx{puz |~mxuv, {qzmw{ o~r {zu |}{u~{ql ut
p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w u zr qmu}{omz (. 101, 1, 5) 207. P zuy q{~m{z{ nxutwu rr |~mxuu, }mzlur~l o Yzuor}~ur~w{y ytrr Zuxmqrxuu (. 101, 4). Tzu uyr sr {}y u r sr }u
204 Wo{qw ymr}umxm ~y. Ixxiz~wm 1961m, 45 –53; Rrqorq~wml 1992, 86 – 95.
205 Özgüç 1989, 411, pl. V (Fzwm}m, Rtrv Fzm{xuv~wu uouxutmuv, Alt. 59-21-57; 99-164-64).
206 Özgüç 1989, 411– 412, pl. VI a.
207 Gropp 1981, 106, Taf. II b; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer,
Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 147 –148, Nr. 60 – 61; Yıldırım
1987, 475, Abb. 17 –19; Seidl 1991, 83, Nr. 34.
205
1
2
0
206
3
3
4
5
Vu~. 100 P{z~wml tqm ut p}{nzu 3 Fxzr|r, X}ul. G}{ztm
U{ Özgüç 1989, pl. I–VI; Yıldırım 1987, 485, Abb. 31
207
|{q|}ly{p{xz {or}~ul, {qzmw{ tmor} m~l zr «wm rzy» {w{zmzury, m ~uxut{omz{v
p{x{ow{v }{pm{p{ suo{z{p{ 208. Srw{{} nxut{~ ~ uy |{~xrqzuy wtry|xl}{y {nzm}suom
n}{zt{or }rq}mr |~mxuu, }mzlur~l o Rtrr b y{xurz o Tw~{}qr (. 101, 7). N {or}~ul zm{ql~l o zrn{x u }m~ u}rzul }{yn{ouqz{v {}y, or}zuv w{zr {{pz u w}m rz
~uxut{omzy ut{n}msrzury p{x{owu w{zl (?). P ~{smxrzu, {zu mwsr |}{u~{ql ut p}mnurx~wu
}m~w{|{w, u zu yr~{ zm{qwu (pqr-{ o ~ror}{-tm|mqz{y N}mzr), zu qmu}{owm u |~mxuv zrl~z 209.
]}rtomvz{ nxutwu uy |~mxuu, }mzlur~l o Rtrr Rr}{|{xurz: {zu uyr |}mwur~wu uqrzuz {}y ~ }ryl {or}~ulyu, }m~|{x{srzzyu o }{yn{ouqz }m~ u}rzul, ~ {qz{v ~{}{z
{{pz u tmor} m~l ~uxut{omzyu ut{n}msrzulyu t{{y{}z p{x{o{w (. 101, 6). Rr~{
|}{u~{sqrzul u (~ror}zv N}mz ?) u qmu}{owm mwsr, w ~{smxrzu, zrutor~z 210. Smw{zr, }ruv wtry|xl} mwu |~mxuv, mwsr |}{u~{qluv, |{-ouquy{y, ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w o u}mz~w{y Ftr}nmvqsmzr, }mzu~l o Rmvzr; tqr~ sr zm{qu~l u |~mxuv uz{v {}y ut N}mzm, mwsr
w}m rzzv p{x{ow{v suo{z{p{ (. 101, 2, 3) 211.
Xmwuy {n}mt{y, o p}{nzur Fxzr|r, {z{~lrv~l w ~my{y zmmx VII o. q{ z. . {nzm}srz{
qor }mtz{ouqz{~u |~mxuv, w}m rzz p{x{ow{v {}xm ~ {qz{v ~{}{z u w{|ry ~ q}p{v: o {qz{y
~xmr o|{xzrzzr q{~m{z{ }rmxu~uz{ ut{n}msrzul zm{ql~l zm qo|rrxm |~mxul,
sr~w{ ~w}r|xrzz ~ quxmyu, o q}p{y — ~uxz{ ~uxut{omzzr ut{n}msrzul w}m m {qrxz{
utp{{oxrzzr r}rq}mr |~mxuu (zwu{zmxz{ qom ymxrzwu rz}mxz {or}~ul ~{{or~o {qz{y rz}mxz{y }rq}m ~r|z |~mxuv). U{loxrzur mwu |~mxuro loxlr~l,
~w{}rr o~rp{, {qzuy ut ~ouqrrx~o oxulzul ro}mtuv~wu w{rozuw{o zm }m}~w tq, w{{}{r qxl
n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu uw~u}r~l u q}puyu qmzzyu (zm{qwu |}rqyr{o tq ~wu~w{p{ u|m zm
}m}~wu |{~rxrzul, |}rsqr o~rp{ zm Pm}yu}-Gx}r, pqr {zu loz{ u~|{xt{omxu~ yr~zyu surxlyu). G{xrr {p{, }r uqr, or}{lz{, { ~my{y }mzzry qmu}{omzz{y ~ouqrrx~or mw{p{ oxulzul —
wmw sr p{o{}ux{~, tqrzr zmn{} ut }rrv p}{nzu Fxzr|r {z{~l~l w |{r F}pu u II,
. r. w{ o}ryrzu zr |{tsr |r}o |lzmqmu xr VII o. q{ z. . R |{xmry, mwuy {n}mt{y, rr {qz
}{z{x{pur~w |}uoltw qxl qmu}{owu }mzzr~wu~w{v wx} wrxr}yr~~w{p{ m|m — r~xu rr
oxulzur {mr~l o }m}~w{v w{z~w{v tqr sr o zmmxr VII o. q{ z. ., tzmu {zm ~x{suxm~ zr
|{tsr {v qm. bm zm{qwm loxlr~l rr {qzuy |{qor}sqrzury {p{, { wuyyr}uv ~ m}r{x{pur~w{v {wu t}rzul |}uzmqxrsmxu w }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}r. H ~my{y qrxr, o ~{x }mzzrr o}ryl
}m} ~{ ~wumyu rr zr ~mxwuomxu~, m surxu tm|mqz{v |r}ur}uu Y}m} zr ~mxwuomxu~ ~
zuyu u p{}mtq{ q{x r. U}u~~our sr wuyyr}uvro o }mv{zm, nxutwu w }mv{z Fxzr|r, uw~u}r~l |u~yrzzyu u~{zuwmyu sr ~ zmmxm 670- pp. q{ z. . 212, m |r}or ~{xwz{orzul }m}{o
~ wuyyr}uvmyu {z{~l~l w |{~xrqzuy qoy qr~luxruly VIII o. q{ z. .
Trouqz{, o rrzur VII o. q{ z. . oxulzur }mzzr~wu~w{v tq zm }m}~w zm}m~mx{ o }rtxmr |{~{lzz uzrz~uoz w{zmw{o ~ wuyyr}uvmyu, m tmry u ~wumyu. Wouqrrx~o{y {p{
loxlr~l, zm|}uyr}, zm{qwm |}u }m~w{|wm Xrv rnmuzu }r zmn{}{o w{z~w{v tq u|uz{p{
}mzzr~wu~w{p{ {nxuwm, ut w{{} |{ yrz rv yr}r qom u~|{xt{omxu~ tmuzuwmyu w}r|{~u
(~y. o r) (. 12) 213. Kr {quz tqrzv zmn{} ~wu~w{p{ u|m {nzm}srz |}u w{~lwr x{ mqu,
|{pun rv o{ o}ryl }ym w}r|{~u214. Huquy{, qom |r}o tqrz zmn{}m, u~|{xt{omo u~l
}m}~wuy pm}zut{z{y Xrv rnmuzu, q{xsz n qmu}{omz |r}u{q{y ~r~o{omzul w}r|{~u. Sr~y{}l zm {, { o Xrv rnmuzu uyrr~l q{~m{z{ yz{p{ |}rqyr{o, |r}rzr~rzz ~qm ut b}rnzu
208 Özgen 1979, 125 –126, fig. 14; Özgen 1984, 103, 144, fig. 28;
w{~lzr |~mxuu, r}r n}{zt{or |}lswu o ouqr wxom u
Yıldırım 1987, 476, Abb. 20.
{qzm o ouqr nm}mnmzuwm; |{yrrzur 25: srxrtzr w{xmr
209 Moorey 1971, 126, Nr. 131, pl. 23.
210 Muscarella 1988, 264 –265, Nr. 353.
}u n}{zt{o wxo{ouqz |}{zutu u {qzm o ouqr p{x{o
quxm, srxrtzr }r|rrxmr |~mxuu ~ tmpzy w{z{y,
211 Dietz 1995, 429 – 433, Abb. 3, Taf. 35, 2,3.
212 Ivantchik 1993, 57 – 61; Nomzuw 1996, 60 – 64.
213 Uu{}{o~wuv 1950, 57, 92 – 93, }u~. 61, 62; Uu{}{o~wuv
p}u{nm}mzm).
214 Uu{}{o~wuv 1950, 93; Uu{}{o~wuv 1954, 143, }u~. 2
1954, 143, }u~. 2 (|{yrrzur 18: srxrtzr quxm, |x{~wur
{}yr wxom u }rx{|m~z{v ~om~uwu).
208
(srxrtzr quxm, ~r}rn}lzv mxm}, |}lswu qxl }ryzrv o
2
3
1
4
5
6
7
Vu~. 101 G}{zt{or |~mxuu ut p}mnurx~wu }m~w{|{w.
1. U}mu~{}ur~w{r p{~qm}~orzz{r ~{n}mzur, Rzrz; 2, 3. \rz}mxzv Vuy~w{-pr}ymz~wuv ytrv, Rmvz;
4. Yzuor}~ur~wuv ytrv Zuxmqrxuu; 5. Rtrv bxltpm; 6. Rtrv Rr}{|{xurz, S-O{}w; 7. Rtrv b y{xurz, Tw~{}q
U{ Vanden Berghe, De Meyer 1983, Nr. 60 (1); Dietz 1995, 429 – 433, Abb. 3 (2, 3); Yıldırım 1987, 476, Abb. 17, 20 (5, 4);
Muscarella 1988, Nr. 353 (6); Moorey 1971, 126, Nr. 131, pl. 23 (7)
209
u {z{~lu~l rr w VIII o. q{ z. ., o}lq xu u qom tqrz zmn{}m {z{~l~l w {v p}||r zm{q{w — {zu zr loxl~l }rxuwoulyu uxu rzz{~lyu, wmw |}rqyr, |}{u~{qlur ut b}rnzu, u,
or}{lz{, |}rqzmtzmmxu~ qxl uxum}z{p{ u~|{xt{omzul. N y{sz{ {zr~u, ~xrq{omrxz{, w ~r}rquzr – }rrv ror}u VII o. q{ z. . Hr}{lz{, o{}{v – }rrv ror} VII o. q{ z. . qmu}~l u
q}pur |}rqyr w{z~w{v tq «}mzzr~wu~w{p{» u|m, {nzm}srzzr o }mtxuz }m}~wu w}r|{~l u ~ouqrrx~our { oxulzuu w{z~w{v tq wuyyr}uvro u ~wu{o zm }m}~w (~y. o r) 215.
2.2.5 GQd^PN PTSWPTO WGVYN NM STWF]KHWPTIT PYVIFSF
Tqzuy ut m}pyrz{o o |{xt {p{, { o |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{qm wuyyr}uvro m~o{omxu
z{~urxu wx} z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m, ~um~l n}{zt{or |}lswu { w{z~w{v ~n}u, zmvqrzzr
o S{~mro~w{y w}pmzr o qzr|}{o~w{v xr~{~r|u (. 102, 30 – 33). bu sr nxlu {qz{o}ryrzz{
u~|{xt~l u qxl qmu}{owu ~{{or~ou |mylzuw{o. I. X. P{o|mzrzw{, {|nxuw{omo ml w{y|xrw~ S{~mro~w{p{ w}pmzm, ~{|{~mouxm u ~ ut{n}msrzulyu w{z~wu w}m rzuv zm m~~u}uv~wu
}rxrm o}ryrzu F
}nmzu|mxm u Wm}p{zm II 216, o|}{ry, o{o~r zr qrxml ut {p{ ~{|{~moxrzul
oo{qm { tmuy~o{omzuu nxl zm Ur}rqzry H{~{wr. Tzm u~|{xt{omxm rp{ xu qxl qmu}{owu wmw
~my{p{ S{~mro~w{p{ w}pmzm, mw u q}pu zm{q{w z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m. H ~{{or~ouu ~ ut{n}msrzulyu zm m~~u}uv~wu }rxrm, I. X. P{o|mzrzw{ ~umxm u |}rqyr m~ w{z~w{p{ zmp}qzuwm o ouqr u}{w{p{ }ryzl ~ zm uyu nxlmyu, w w{{}y y{pxu |}uor uom~l w}m rzul,
zm|}uyr}, o ouqr wu~rv (. 103). H|{~xrq~ouu { ~{|{~moxrzur |{xux{ u}{w{r }m~|}{~}mzrzur, |}ury {nz{ u~|{xt{omx{~ o wmr~or ~ouqrrx~om m~ul z{~urxrv z{o{r}wm~~w{v
wx} o zmnrpm zm F~~u}u, {wqm u nxu lw{n tmuy~o{omz u nxlu 217.
215 Xrv rnmuzu: Uu{}{o~wuv 1950, 95 – 96, }u~. 64; Uu{-
XIX, |{yrrzuv XXVIII u XXXIII p{-tm|mqz{p{ qo{}m
}{o~wuv 1954, 142; Uu{}{o~wuv 1959, 242; ]mo r|r: Erzen
Pzqsuwm: Paterson 1915, pl. 40 – 42, 46 – 47, 57 –58, 65 – 66.
1978, 56, Res. 41, Taf. 47 a, b; [mtmzx III B: ~y. w~w}~. W}.
P}{yr {p{, { sr ouq w}m rzul w{z~w{v tq ut{n}msrz
zm{qw }mpyrzm mzmx{puz{p{ |~mxul zm |{~rxrzuu S -
u zm q}pu yz{p{u~xrzz }rxrm |{u Wm}p{zm II:
u Jsmz o tm|mqz{y N}mzr: Curtis 1984, 47 – 48, fig. 15, Nr. 431.
Botta, Flandin 1849, pl. 21, 39, 123–128, 131–136 (w{zu qmzzu-
Tz |}{u~{qu ut «~wo{r}~w{p{ ~x{l», w{{}v qmu}r~l
w{o), 56 –59bis, 65, 76, 77, 92, 100 (w{xr~zu m~~u}uv~wu
650 –575 pp. q{ z. . uxu zr~w{xw{ |{tsr: Curtis 1984, 22, VII
o{uz{o u m}l), 64, 67, 72, 73, 87, 99, 108, 109, 112, 143 (or}-
(oorqrzur J. W}{zmm). N. S. Rrqorq~wml { un{z{ qmu}r
{or x{ mqu m~~u}uvro), m mwsr Wuzmr}unm: Smith 1938,
zm{qw 750 – 650 pp. q{ z. .: Rrqorq~wml 1992, 95.
216 P{o|mzrzw{ 1966, 177 –178, }u~. 2, 5 –10. W{|{~moxrz{ ~
pl. XXXIX, XLIV–XLVI; Russell 1991, fig. 33, 41, 81 (or}{or
}rxrmyu B.M. 118828 ut qo{}m Wm}p{zm o J}-^m}}wuzr
w{zu u w{xr~zum m~~u}uvro).
217 Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 159, 205; Qr~w{o 1981, 95, 98 – 99;
([{}~mnmq), 713–707 pp. q{ z. . (o}ryl ~}{urx~om qo{}m):
U{p}rn{om, Vmro~wuv 1992, 184; Ww{}uv 1991, 24; Vmro~wuv
Smith 1938, pl. XXXII c; Barnett, Forman 1959, pl. 43; Barnett,
1993, 81; b}xu 1994, 83, 89. W}. Px{w{, R}tuz 1989, 68, pqr
Lorenzini 1975, pl. 61, m mwsr ~ }rxrmyu ut |{yrrzuv C
|}rq|{xmpmr~l {n}mzv | tmuy~o{omzul, z{ ~myu nxlu
u S ({{m zm xo{o) ~ror}z{p{ qo{}m F
}nmzu|mxm o Su-
~um~l ~ouqrrx~o{y m~ul z{o{r}wm~~ro o |{{qm
zrouu B.M. 124859, 124882, 124886/7: Barnett, Forman 1959,
wuyyr}uvro. Yor}sqrzur W. Q. Jqm}rom { {y, { o S{~m-
pl. 59, 87, 95, 99; Barnett, Lorenzini 1975, pl. 92, 124; Barnett
ro~w{y w}pmzr lw{n nxu zmvqrz «}rtzr utqrxul ut
1976, pl. V, LIII, LVII, LIX. Wqm sr ~xrqr q{nmou |}ls
w{~u, uyrur mzmx{puu zm m~~u}uv~wu qo{}{o }rxr-
w{zl m}~w{v w{xr~zu zm }rxrm F
m |{u Wm}p{zm II u F
}nmzu|mxm {v sr
}nmzu|mxm» (Jqm}ro 1991,
~r}uu — ut |{yrrzul C (B.M. 124866, 124853) u |}ls or}-
33) — {rouqz{, }rtxm zrq{}mtyrzul. Smvqrzzr o |{-
{o{p{ w{zl m~~u}uv~w{p{ o{uzm u m}~w{v w{xr~zu zm
p}rnrzuu S{~mro~w{p{ w}pmzm w{~lzr nxlu |}uzmqxrsm
}rxrm ~ ut{n}msrzury wmy|mzuu |}{uo bxmym 653 p.
q{ z. . (Louvre AO 19909) u ut |{yrrzul V1/T1 (Or. Dr. V,
{nz{y qxl z{o{r}wm~~wu |mylzuw{o u|, u u zuw{
31): Barnett 1976, pl. VIII, XII, LXVII, LXIX, m mwsr ut qo{}m
zr ut{n}msrzuv zurp{ |{q{nz{p{.
210
zuw{pqm zr ~}mozuomx ~ m~~u}uv~wuyu }rxrmyu, zm w{{}
3
2
1
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
12
13
15
22
16
17
18
19
21
20
23
27
28
26
29
31
24
25
30
32
33
Vu~. 102 Nzorzm} S{~mro~w{p{ w}pmzm. 1–23, 30 – 33. G}{ztm; 24, 25. Lrxrt{; 26 –29. P{~
U{ Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 45
211
Vu~. 103 F~~u}uv~wuv }rxr ut qo{}m Wm}p{zm II o J}-^m}}wuzr
U{ Albenda 1986, pl. 34
Tqzmw{ r sr ~myr m~~u}uv~wur ut{n}msrzul (~ wmtmzury zm }rxr ut qo{}m Wm}p{zm o [{}~mnmqr) V. Iu} ymz rr o 30-r p{q ~{|{~moux ~ nxl wmyu ut |{p}rnrzul 15 zrw}{|{xl Wumxw B
(. 81, 8, 9) 218. U}uyr}z{ {qz{o}ryrzz{ r sr ut{n}msrzul zm }rxrm Wuzmr}unm u F
}nmzu219
|mxm nxu ~{|{~moxrz ~{ ~{qzyu nxl wmyu ut Q}u~mzm u T}q{~m . H|{~xrq~ouu o wmr~or
mzmx{puv {y u| zm{q{w, m}mwr}z{y qxl wx} Wumxw B (. z. «nmzqs{{n}mtzr» u ~{qzr
~ zuyu), nxu wmtmz zr {xw{ q}pur }rxr |{u Wm}p{zm II, Wuzmr}unm u F
}nmzu|mxm,
z{ u ~rzzr }{~|u~u |{u Xupxm|mxm~m}m III (745 –727 pp. q{ z. .) u n{xrr |{tqzrp{ o}ryrzu ut
Xux Gm}~u|m (. 104), m ~myu nxl wu qmu}{omz o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII o. q{ z. . 220
U{ |{o{q u~|{xt{omzul }{~|u~rv ut Xux Gm}~u|m qxl qmu}{owu o}ryrzu |{loxrzul qmzz{v
{}y nxl rw ~xrqr, {qzmw{, ~qrxm zrw{{}r {p{o{}wu. Jrx{ o {y, { u }{~|u~u ~{o~ry zr
mw {}{ { qmu}{omz, wmw wmsr~l u~|{xtuy u m}r{x{pmy. W}rqu }{~|u~rv qo{}m Xux Gm}~u|m rr u |r}ov |nxuwm{} Z. X}{-Jmzsrz oqrxux qom }mtz{o}ryrzz ~uxl, |}ury . z.
«|r}ov ~ux» {zr~ w |{r Xupxm|mxm~m}m III uxu zr~w{xw{ n{xrr }mzzry o}ryrzu, m «o{}{v
~ux» — w |{r F
}nmzu|mxm 221. W r |{} { }mtqrxrzur ~ zrw{{}yu {zrzulyu ~mx{
{nr|}uzly, {qzmw{ qmu}{owu {n{u «~uxrv» nxu |}rqyr{y ~|{}{o 222. Sm~ tqr~ q{xszm uzr218 Ghirshman 1939, 109, pl. LV, LVI.
219 Herzfeld 1941, 142, fig. 256.
220 Calmeyer 1964, 40 – 42, Taf. 48, 99; Calmeyer 1969, 105 –
LIII; Parrot 1969, pl. 118, 345, 347.
221 Thureau-Dangin, Dunand 1936, 45 –74.
222 N~r}|om u~{}u u~~xrq{omzul ~y. Nunn 1988,
108; Boehmer 1965, 805 – 811; Moorey 1971, 136 –137, pl. 28,
108 –122.
151–152. V{~|u~u ~y. Thureau-Dangin, Dunand 1936, pl. XLIX,
212
Vu~. 104 Wrzzr }{~|u~u ut qo{}m Xux Gm}~u|m
U{ Hüttel 1981a, Abb. 3, 4
}r~{om |}rsqr o~rp{ qmm ~my{p{ }mzzrp{, |r}o{p{ ~uxl, ~}rqu }{~|u~rv w{{}{p{, zm{qlu~l
o |{yrrzuu 24, ~{}mzux{~ ut{n}msrzur qo x{ mqrv ~ uzr}r~uy zm~ xryrz{y |}lsu
({~mxzr |{q{nzr ut{n}msrzul, ~{}mzuo ur~l o |{yrrzul 22 u 27, |}uzmqxrsm «o{}{y ~ux»). Fo{}, u~|{xt{omo ur }{~|u~u ut Xux Gm}~u|m qxl qmu}{owu nxl rw ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m,
~xrq{omxu tm qmu}{ow{v, |}rqx{srzz{v Z. X}{-Jmzsrz{y, {qzmw{ {zm qmxrw{ zr nr~~|{}zm. Nt
|}rqxmpmo u~l o xur}m}r qmu}{o{w }{~|u~rv «|r}o{p{ ~uxl» ~myml }mzzll nxutwm {v, { |}rqxmpmxm~ mo{}{y u |r}o{v |nxuwmuu — o}ryl }mzm (o~ ml |}uqo{}zml q{xsz{~ o F~~u}uu)
^my u-ux, |}mourxl Xux Gm}~u|m ({w. 780 –745 pp. q{ z. .) 223, m ~myml |{tqzll (~ w{{}{v, o|}{ry, wmsr~l, zuw{ zr ~{pxm~rz) — |{m F~m}mqq{zm (681– 669 pp. q{ z. .) |}u {}umzuu ~my{p{
~r~o{omzul qo ~uxrv o }{~|u~u qo{}m 224. Tnr w}mvzur qmu}{owu, {qzmw{, zr |{xuxu |}utzmzul ~}rqu ~|rumxu~{o. H zm~{lrr o}ryl zmun{xrr m}pyrzu}{omzz{v u }m~|}{~}mzrzz{v loxlr~l {wm t}rzul, ~{pxm~z{ w{{}{v }{~|u~u «|r}o{p{ ~uxl» q{xsz qmu}{om~l { |}moxrzul
Xupxm|mxm~m}m III q{ Wm}p{zm II, . r. o{}{v |{x{ouz{v VIII o. q{ z. ., ~ |}utzmzury zro{ty{sz{~u
{zrzul {v qmu}{owu 225. Wr~orzzv m}pyrz o |{xt ~srzul qmu}{owu }{~|u~rv «|r}o{p{
~uxl» q{ |{u |}moxrzul Wmxymzm~m}m V |}uorx R. Hrxr} — {z {xwr {qz ut zu wmw ut{n}msrzur {~mq Xu}m uy m}ry 226. Tqzmw{ m qmm zr {tzmmr, { }{~|u~u Xux Gm}~u|m uw~u}
o}ryl |{loxrzul uzr}r~u zm~ nxl rw o F~~u}uu — {zu qm xu terminus ante quem {p{
~{nul. H xur}m}r sr {yrmx{~, { qxl |{u yrsq |}moxrzury F
}zmu}|mxm II (884 –
858 pp. q{ z. .) u Xupxm|mxm~m}m III (745 –727 pp. q{ z. .) zmy zrutor~z{ |}mwur~wu zu {qz{p{ m~~u}uv~w{p{ }rxrm uxu }{~|u~u 227. G}{zt{or {nwxmqwu «nmxmom~wu o{}{» Wmxymzm~m}m III (858 –
824 pp. q{ z. .), m~ ut w{{} utp{{oxrzm o 850, m m~ {w{x{ 841/837 p. q{ z. . (}r uqr { qo
}mtz o{}{m) 228, zr ~|m~m |{x{srzul — ut{n}msrzul zm zu ~xu w{y ~rymuz u zr |{to{xl }mtxuu r qrmxrv, w{{}r y{sz{ ouqr zm }rxrm uxu ~rzz }{~|u~l. Xmwuy {n}mt{y, y y{sry or}sqm xu {, { nxl wu ~{{or~orv {}y o{ xu o |{}rnxrzur o
223 Moortgat 1967, 143–146; Nagel 1967, 50.
224 Madhloom 1970, 23–26, 120 –121.
227 Hrouda 1965, 14; Hüttel 1981a, 40 – 41.
228 Wäfler 1975, 247 –251, 299 – 301, ~ u~{zuwmyu u xur}m-
225 Nunn 1988, 121.
226 Wäfler 1975, 108 –109.
}{v.
213
F~~u}uu yrsq o}ryrzry F
}zmu}|mxm II u Wmxymzm~m}m V uxu Wm}p{zm II ({l zm{quo ur~l zm
zmp}qz{y }ryzr x{ mqu zwu{zmxz{ mzmx{puzr nxlu, z{ o {}yr w}p{o uxu }{tr{w, utor~z u zm }rxrm F
}zmu}|mxm).
Sm{qwm yz{p{u~xrzz nxl rw {p{ u|m (~{}mzux{~ 66 wtry|xl}{o }mtxuz{v {}y)
~}rqu |}rqyr{o w{z~w{v tq o wmyr}r 26 w}pmzm F}smz 229 |}uoxrwxm ozuymzur w {y {n~{lrx~o, { |{q{nzr nxl wu o~}rm~l zr {xw{ o Ur}rqzrv Ftuu u N}mzr, z{ u, w}{yr ~my{p{
F}smzm, o |}rq~wu~wu |mylzuwm ~r|z{p{ |{l~m, o m~z{~u o Lu}z{wxrro~w{y w}pmzr №6
o Suszry U{o{xsr (21 nxl wm, n{x uz~o{ w}pxr uxu {omxzr, }u up}zr) 230, o w}pmzr
W}usrzm y{puxm (Qpmz~w{r J{zrw{v {nxm~u) (14 {omxz u }u «nmn{w{ouqzr») 231, o |{p}rnrzuu 31 P{nmz~w{p{ y{puxzuwm, m mwsr u o Mm|mqz{v Ko}{|r — o Rr}uprzr (^orvm}ul) u o Rrxxrzuzr (~ror}{-o{~{zml Ir}ymzul) (. 105, 1– 11) 232. P}{yr {p{, zmn{} ut 35 mzmx{puz w{~lz nxl rw }mtz {}y, o {y u~xr nmn{w{ouqz, {nzm}srz o w}pmzr № 7 ~. P}m~zml qr}rozl
o Mmo{xsr 233. Fzmx{puzr nxl wu nxu {nzm}srz mwsr o w{z~w{y tm{}{zrzuu 93 y{puxzuwm
U u I o Mmwnmzr 234. Vr uqr, mwuy {n}mt{y, { u|r zm{q{w, }m~|}{~}mzrzz{y zm u}{mv u
|}{~}mz~om, { ^orvm}uu zm tm|mqr q{ Xo zm o{~{wr, owxmu ro}mtuv~wur ~r|u, N}mz u
Rr~{|{myu. Rr~{ o{tzuwz{orzul {p{ u|m nxl zrl~z{, z{ [.-I. [rx ~wx{zlr~l w y~xu
{n u ~r|z{y |}{u~{sqrzuu 235.
Hr~ym omszm zm{qwm zmn{}m mwu nxl, utp{{oxrzz ut n}{zt, oyr~r ~ q}puyu |}rqyrmyu
w{z~w{v ~n}u o ~x{r uzmxz{p{ |{sm}m [mtmzx IV B (Lower Courtyard) (. 105, 12, 20, 21) 236. U{q{nzr nxl wu nxu {nzm}srz u o q}pu yr~m {p{ ~x{l. Jmzzml zm{qwm |{to{xlr zr {xw{
}rw{z~}u}{om ~|{~{n }m~|{x{srzul nxl qmzz{p{ u|m q}p {z{~urxz{ q}pm (zrw{{}r ut zu,
zmvqrzzr in situ, ~wu|rxu~ |}u {wu~xrzuu), z{ u qmu}{om u. K~xu {nr|}uzlml qmu}{owm }mt} rzul uzmxz{p{ |{~rxrzul [mtmzx IV or}zm (~}. zusr), {zu q{xsz {z{~u~l w ~my{y w{z
IX o. q{ z. . Xmwuy {n}mt{y, u~|{xt{omzur qmzz{p{ u|m nxl o w{z~w{v ~n}r tm~ouqrrx~o{omz{ zm
sz{y nr}rp {tr}m Y}yul, o }m}~w{-ymzzrv~w{y }rpu{zr, sr o w{zr IX o. q{ z. ., . r. tzmurxz{ }mz r, ry { y{sz{ nx{ n |}rq|{x{su zm {~z{omzuu m~~u}uv~wu qo{}{o }rxr{o.
Tqz{o}ryrzz{ ~ {{sqr~oxrzury ~umxw{o~wu nxl u nxl ut w}pmzm F}smz w {y sr u|
mo{ymur~wu nxu {zr~rz u nxlu ut S{~mro~w{p{ w}pmzm — or}{lzrr o~rp{ |{{y, {
I. X. P{o|mzrzw{ ~{|{~moxlxm u ~ ryu sr m~~u}uv~wuyu }rxrmyu, ~}mozrzur w{{} ~ ~umxw{o~wuyu nxlmyu nx{ sr }mquu{zzy 237. Tqzmw{ r~xu ~}mozuom nxlu u|m zmvqrzz o F}smzr
(uxu ~umxw{o~wur) ~ z{~mro~wuyu zr|{~}rq~orzz{, m zr r}rt m~~u}uv~wur }rxr, { o}lq xu
w{y-zunq |}uqr o p{x{o {z{~u u w {qz{y u {y sr u| 238. Srqmoz{ F. c. Fxrw~rro, zrtmou~uy{ { ~{|{~moxrzuv nxl ~umxw{o~w{p{ u|m ~ m~~u}uv~wuyu }rxrmyu u ~ m}smz~wuyu zm{qwmyu, ~{yzux~l o w{}}rwz{~u ~}mozrzul z{~mro~wu nxl rw ~ ut{n}msrzulyu zm m~~u}uv~wu
}rxrm 239. U}u {y {z {yrux, {, ~ql |{ ~{}mzuo uy~l |}u u nxl wm {n}owmy }ryzrv,
m mwsr u {}yr, {zu zr y{pxu |{yrm~l zm zmp}qz }ryzl ~n}u u, ~xrq{omrxz{, zr loxl~l zwu{zmxz{v mzmx{purv ut{n}msrzzy zm }rxrm w{z~wuy zmn{}zy zmp}qzuwmy. Nzr}r~z{, { F. c. Fxrw~rro ~{|{~moux ut{n}msrzul w{z~wu zmp}qz w}m rzuv zm m~~u}uv~wu
229 I}ltz{o 1980, 36, 55, }u~. 24, 2 –7; Grjaznov 1984, 50, 74,
236 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 63– 64, fig. 6, ~}. 70 –71, fig. 18,
Abb. 24.
230 Wyu}z{o 1961, 69 –70, }u~. 13, 3–11; Wyu}z{o 1964, 29,
3; Muscarella 1988, 70 –71, fig. 106, 107, 109, 110; de Schauensee
}u~. 2, 3n; Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 42 – 43, 158 –159, }u~. 14, 10 –13.
231 ^m|{omx{o 1971, 191–193; Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 49, 158 –
wmr~or zmn{}z{p{ w}m rzul }ryzrv tq, m zr zmp}qzuwm.
237 Kossack 1980, 123; Hüttel 1981a, 35, 39; Kossack 1989, 116.
159, }u~. 20, 4 –7.
232 Hüttel 1981a, 29 – 44.
238 W}. zm|}uyr} Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 158 –159, pqr {nm u|m
233 Qwm {o 1984, 157 –161.
234 Hmxmw, Rmy{z{o, Wmt{z{o 1996, 25, }u~. 1. Mqr~ sr ~}.
~wmtmz{, { {zu zr uyr mzmx{puv.
239 Fxrw~rro 1992, 80 – 81; Fxrw~rro, Pmmx{om, X{m~ro
~o{qw mzmx{puz zm{q{w o H{~{z{v Ko}{|r.
235 Hüttel 1981a, 42 – 44.
1993, 79 – 80. W}. U{xuz 1994, 157 –158; Jqm}ro 1995, 29 – 30.
214
1989, 48, fig. 19. H [mtmzx u nxl wu u~|{xt{omxu~ o
nxl {|u~mz zm ~{~rqzu ~}mzum, |}ury { z{~mro~wu
1
2
3
5
6
4
10
7
8
11
9
12
13
15
16
14
20
17
18
19
21
Vu~. 105 1–12. Gxl wu. 13–19. Mm~rswu. 20, 21. Vrw{z~}wul w{z~w{v tq ut ~x{l }mt} rzul [mtmzx IV. 1– 6. P}pmz F}smz,
wmyr}m 26; 7. P}pmz Lu}z{wxrro~wuv 6; 8. Rr}uprz, ^orvm}ul; 9. Rrxxrzuz, ~ror}{-o{~{zml Ir}ymzul; 10. P{nmz~wuv
y{puxzuw, |{p}rnrzur 31; 11. P}pmz W}usrzm y{puxm, J{zrwml {nxm~; 12. [mtmzx IV; 13–15. P}pmz F}smz, wmyr}m 1;
16. P}pmz F}smz, wmyr}m 31; 17. P}pmz H~{wml y{puxm, p}{nzum 2; 18. P}pmz H~{wml y{puxm, p}{nzum 5; 19. P}pmz
~. Hm~uxrowm. 1–7, 10, 11. Pmnmzuv wxw; 8, 9, 19. P{~; 12. G}{ztm; 13–18. Pmyrz
U{ Hüttel 1981a, Abb. 1 (1–11); Muscarella 1988, Nr. 110 (12); Grjaznov 1984, Abb. 2– 4 (13 –16); Xr}rz{swuz 1976, }u~. 5, 6; 6, 11;
10, 3 (17 –19); de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, fig. 6 (20); de Schauensee 1989, fig. 19 (21)
215
}rxrm mwsr ~ zm{qwmyu ut w}pmzm F}smz, z{ zr ~ nxlmyu ut wmyr} 26, wmw { ~qrxmx q{ zrp{
[.-I. [rx, m ~ srx{nmyu nxlmyu ut rz}mxz{v wmyr} 1 240. H rz}mxz{v wmyr}r w}pmzm
F}smz {nzm}srz{ |l nxl rw {p{ u|m (|{~w{xw w{z~wur |{p}rnrzul tqr~ zm} rz, |r}o{zmmxz{ u y{px{ n u n{x r), { wmw nq{ ~ouqrrx~or { o{ty{sz{~u |{q{nz{p{ u u~{xw{omzul, ry n{xrr, { u {}ym qrv~ourxz{ or~ym zm|{yuzmr ut{n}msrzzr zm m~~u}uv~wu
}rxrm nxlu (. 105, 13– 16). U}rqyr mn~{xz{ mw{v sr {}y o~}rm~l u o |}ur}z{y{}~wu |mylzuwm |}rq~wu~w{v |{u (p}{nzu 2 u 5 w}pmzm H~{wml y{puxm o Mm|{}{sr 241,
w}pmz Hm~uxrowm o J{zrw{v {nxm~u242) (. 105, 17 – 19), {qzmw{ uyrzz{ u zm{qwu tm~moxl
~{yzu~l o {qz{tzmz{y u~{xw{omzuu mwu |}rqyr{o wmw xryrz{o zmn{}z w{z~wu zmp}qzuw{o. H ~my{y qrxr, o u |{p}rnrzul {zu loz{ u~|{xt{omxu~ wmw tm~rswu |{l~m (qom ~xml)
uxu w{xmzm ({quz ~xmv) u zmvqrz nrt o~lw{v ~oltu ~ |}rqyrmyu tq. Pmw tm~rswu, |}rsqr o~rp{
{ p{}u{o, z{, o{ty{sz{, |}uyrzlo ur~l u qxl q}pu rxrv, {xw~l u yz{p{u~xrzzr |{q{nzr zm{qwu o ~wu~wu |mylzuwm 243.
Pmw n { zu nx{, {yrrzzr F. c. Fxrw~rroy }mtxuul yrsq xryrzmyu w{z~wu zmn{}z
w}m rzuv u z{~mro~wuyu nxlmyu q{~m{z, {n {wmtm~l { u ~{|{~moxrzul ~ m~~u}uv~wuyu }rxrmyu u { uqru {n u |r}rqzro{~{z{y |}{u~{sqrzuu 244. P {y y{sz{ q{nmou rr,
{ nxl wu, ~xsuo ur m~lyu zmn{}z zmp}qzuw{o, r~r~orzz{, o~}rm~l o w{y|xrw~m o
ouqr zmn{}{o, ~{~{lu ut q{~m{z{ n{x {p{ w{xur~om |}rqyr{o (66 o F}smzr, 21 o Lu}z{wxrro~w{y, 17 o w}pmzr W}usrzm y{puxm, zr~w{xw{ qr~lw{o o [mtmzx IV, o ouqr zmn{}{o {zu
|}rq~moxrz u o N}mzr 245 ). S{~mro~wu sr nxl o~rp{ r}r 246, u {zu loz{ loxl~l |m}zyu |}uzmqxrsz{~lyu tq. Smtzmrzur z{~mro~wu nxl ~mx{, zm y{v otpxlq, l~z{ |{~xr |nxuwmuu
w{y|xrw~m ut w}pmzm ~. Pouwu o U{}{~r (. 106), |{ ~{~mo zm{q{w u }{z{x{pur~wu {rz
nxutw{p{ z{~mro~w{y 247. H ~{~mor {p{ w{y|xrw~m {nzm}srz{ r~ wtry|xl}{o qow{xm
n}{zt{o qux ~ q{|{xzurxzyu torzlyu. J{|{xzurxzr torzl {qz{v |m} uyr {}y,
}rtomvz{ nxutw {}yr z{~mro~wu |}rqyr{o 248, ~ {v xu }mtzurv, { srx{nmr nxlu
zm zu uyr~l xu ~ {qz{v ~{}{z, m ~ q}p{v tmyrzrz w}m rzury o ouqr }{p{o (. 106, 65).
U{~w{xw wouw{o~wur quxm loxl~l nxusmv rv mzmx{purv z{~mro~wuy nxlmy, y{sz{ |{xmpm,
{ u nxlu mwsr ~xsuxu q{|{xzurxzyu torzlyu qux, ~w}r|xlo uyu~l ~ zuyu ~ |{y{
}ryzl, m zr zmpx{, wmw zm quxm ut w}pmzm Pouwu. W q}p{v ~{}{z w zuy, wmw u w wouw{o~wuy,
|}uw}r|xlx~l }ryrz |{o{qm. T~mwu }ryzl zm z{~mro~wu nxlm o|{xzr ~{{or~o mw{v u
uzr}|}rmuu. H |{qor}sqrzur {p{ |}rq|{x{srzul ~xrqr tmyru, { zm {qz{v |m}r qux, zmv-
240 I}ltz{o 1980, 25, 55, }u~. 12, 2 – 4; Grjaznov 1984, 29, 74,
o~wmtomzuu zr |}rq~moxlr~l o{ty{szy: r~xu z{~mro-
81, Abb. 2 – 4. W}. ]xrz{om 1975, 70 –72; ]xrz{om 1997, 35 – 36.
241 Guqtuxl, dw{orzw{ 1974, 148 –158, }u~. 3; 5, 1; Xr}rz{s-
~wur nxlu zr {{sqr~oxl~l ~ ut{n}msrzzyu zm m~~u}uv~wu }rxrm qrmxlyu tq, {zu, {rouqz{, zr y{p
wuz 1976, 28 – 32, }u~. 5, 6; 6, 11.
242 Xr}rz{swuz 1976, 37, }u~. 10, 3.
243 ]r}zrzw{ 1981, 38 – 42, }u~. 24 –25.
r}wm~~ro o |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{qm. ]umrx {~mr~l o
~xsu «m}r{x{pur~wuy |{qor}sqrzury» m~ul z{o{-
244 Trz ~}mzz |{tuu |{ qmzz{v |}{nxryr tmzuymr
zuv — o rw~r uxu o |}uyrmzuu w zry — {}msmr {w
zrq{yrzuu: wmw{r ut qo |}{uo{|{x{sz o~wmtom-
W. H. Rm{} (1994, 21, 23). H rw~r ~o{rv }mn{ {z ~{p-
t}rzul mo{}m? Wm}{r ~{|{~moxrzur z{~mro~wu nxl ~ m~-
xm mr~l ~ |}rqx{srzzy I. X. P{o|mzrzw{ ~{|{~moxrzury
~u}uv~wuyu }rxrmyu |{o{}rz{, nrt wmtmzul uz uzr}-
z{~mro~wu nxl ~ m~~u}uv~wuyu }rxrmyu u zm {y {~z{omzuu ~umr u «m}r{x{pur~wuy |{qor}sqrzury m~ul
|}rmuv, o z{orv rv }mn{r Dietz 1998, 36.
245 Herzfeld 1941, 142.
wuyyr}uvro o |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{qm». Tqzmw{ tqr~ sr,
246 F. N. Xr}rz{swuz ~{ ~~xw{v zm sr |nxuwmu
o |}uyrmzuu w |}{uu}{omzz{v }mtr, o}msrz{ |}{uo{-
I. X. P{o|mzrzw{ wmtomr, { u nx{ |l: Xr}rz{swuz
|{x{sz{r yzrzur: mo{} {yrmr zwu{zmxz{r zr~{{ut{n}msrzz zm m~~u}uv~wu }rxrm, u {}umr u {{s-
1976, 79.
247 P{o|mzrzw{, I|mx{ 1984, 39 –58.
248 P{o|mzrzw{, I|mx{ 1984, 44 – 45, }u~. 5, 1; Dietz 1998,
qr~oxrzur u uqr { |r}rqzro{~{z{y |}{u~{sqrzuu nxl.
44, Nr. 35, Taf. 5.
or~our qrmxrv tq, zmvqrzz o S{~mro{ u Pouwm u
Tnrquzu qor {wu t}rzul o x{pur~wu zr|}{uo{}ruo{y
216
5
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13
14
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17
8
9
19
18
10
11
20
21
22
31
23
24
25
27
26
28
30
29
32
33
34
35
37
36
39
38
40
42
41
46
43
44
45
0
9
47
Vu~. 106 Sm{qwu ut w}pmzm ~. Pouwu o U{}{~r (1– 47)
217
51
48
49
53
50
54
55
56
52
57
58
59
63
61
60
62
Vu~. 106 Sm{qwu ut w}pmzm ~. Pouwu o U{}{~r (48 – 64)
218
64
65
73
74
66
75
67
76
68
77
78
69
79
70
71
72
80
81
Vu~. 106 Sm{qwu ut w}pmzm ~. Pouwu o U{}{~r.
1– 35, 38, 39, 47 – 60, 65, 73–75, 77. G}{ztm; 36, 37, 40 – 46. Lrxrt{;
61. G}{ztm u qr}ro{; 62. G}{ztm, ~r}rn}{ u w{sm; 63, 64. Jr}ro{ u w{sm; 66 –70, 72, 76, 78, 79, 80. G}{ztm u w{sm; 71, 81. P{sm
U{ P{o|mzrzw{, I|mx{ 1984, }u~. 5, 6, 9
219
qrzz o S{~mro~w{y w}pmzr, u~|{xt{omz uyrzz{ mw{v ~|{~{n ~{rquzrzul ~ {qzuy ut q{|{xzurxz torzro (. 102, 7). J}p{v o{ty{szv om}umz u~{xw{omzul z{~mro~wu nxl nx zrqmoz{
|}rqx{srz W. G. Hmxmw{y 249. W{pxm~z{ rp{ yzrzu, {zu loxl~l qrmxlyu w{xr~zuz{v |}lsu,
mzmx{puzyu w{xmy ~ |{qor~wmyu (~y. o r), ~ {v }mtzurv, { n}{zt{o{r w{x{ tqr~ tmyrzrz{ zm w{smz{r.
Nmw, |}u xn{v uzr}|}rmuu nxlu ut S{~mro~w{p{ w}pmzm zr uyr zu ymxrv rp{ {z{ rzul zu w m~~u}uv~wuy }rxrmy, zu w |r}rqzrmtum~w{v tqr o{{nr. Tzu zr y{p u~|{xt{om~l
zr {xw{ wmw ~ouqrrx~o{ m~ul z{o{r}wm~~ro o |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{qm, z{ qmsr u {}p{o
w{zmw{o ~ Ur}rqzrv Fturv. Sr y{p {zu ~xsu u o wmr~or {|{} qxl mn~{xz{v }{z{x{puu
z{o{r}wm~~wu |mylzuw{o, |{~w{xw {{sqr~oxrzur u nxl ~ xryrzmyu ~n}u, ut{n}msrzzyu zm m~~u}uv~wu }rxrm u utor~zyu |{ zm{qwmy o }lqr yr~, o {y u~xr o [mtmzx IV, {wmtomr~l { un{zy.
2.2.6 GYGKS\` NM PHNXPTHWPTIT PYVIFSF
P}{yr z{~mro~wu nxl, |}rqxmpmx{~ }m~~ym}uom wmw ~ouqrrx~o{ m~ul z{~urxrv wx} S{o{r}wm~~w{p{ wxmqm o |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{qm u wmw q{wmtmrx~o{ u uqrzuz{~u ~
wuyyr}uvmyu mwsr nnrz, zmvqrzzr o sr |{yuzmo ry~l |{p}rnrzuu |{tqzrz{o{r}wm~~w{p{
o}ryrzu — w}pmzr ~. Pouwu (. 106, 48 – 50 ). U}u {y {yrmx{~, { nxutwur mzmx{puu uy
nnrzmy zm r}}u{}uu Wror}z{p{ U}ur}z{y{}l zrutor~z, tm{ {zu u}{w{ }m~|}{~}mzrz o
Ur}rqzrv Ftuu, o {y u~xr o ~ror}{-tm|mqz{y N}mzr, «zm |l wuyyr}uv~wu |{{q{o» 250. W{~mo
uzorzm}l wouw{o~w{p{ |{p}rnrzul o rx{y q{~m{z{ m}mwr}rz qxl |r}r{qz{v |{u { z{o{r}wm~~w{v w }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}r. Smvqrzzr tqr~ xryrz w{z~w{v tq |}uzmqxrsm w wxm~~ur~w{v z{o{r}wm~~w{v |}lsu — qow{xmr quxm u }r|rrxmr |~mxuu ~ x{|m~; o w{xmzz{y zmn{}r |}r{nxmqm ~}rx z{o{r}wm~~w{p{ u|m. Tqzmw{ o zry |}u~~o sr u zmw{zrzuwu }mzzrv }mtz{ouqz{~u smn{uz~w{p{ u|m, mzmx{puzr zmvqrzzy o w}pmzr Kzqsm; zrw{{}r
q}pur xryrz |{p}rnmxz{p{ uzorzm}l (zm|}uyr}, wr}myuwm) mwsr ~nxusm wouw{o~wuv w{y|xrw~ ~ }mzzr~wu~wuyu 251.
Smvqrzzr o Pouwm }u nnrzm, ouquy{, u~|{xt{omo ur~l wmw w}m rzul w{z~w{v |}lsu,
u o ~my{y qrxr zrutor~z o q}pu z{o{r}wm~~wu |mylzuwm. Tzu uyr ~r}ur~w {}y;
~rzwu ~zmnsrz or}uwmxzyu |}{}rtlyu, }m~|{x{srzzyu o qom }lqm u }mtqrxrzzyu |{~r}rquzr
~|x{ zy p{}ut{zmxzy |{l~w{y; zm zuszrv m~u uyr~l |}{}rtu }rp{xz{v {}y, {n}mtur }ruv }lq.
Gnrz u w{x{w{xuwu u o ~my{y qrxr u}{w{ u~|{xt{omxu~ o |r}rqzro{~{z{v w{z~w{v
|}lsu, o m~z{~u {zu nxu }m~|}{~}mzrz o Y}m}, F~~u}uu, N}mzr u Mmwmowmtr. Tqzmw{ yrsq
nnrzmyu, u~|{xt{omo uyu~l o u u q}pu }rpu{zm, uyr~l tzmurxzr }mtxuul — m~uz{ }{z{x{pur~wur, m~uz{ x{wmxzr, u ~{or} rzz{ zr|}mo{yr}z{ p{o{}u { zu wmw { p{y{przz{v ym~~r. W}mt ~xrqr {yru, { wouw{o~wur nnrz zr uyr zurp{ {nrp{ ~ w{x{w{xuwmyu, |}uyrzlo uyu~l o F~~u}uu u Y}m}. H~r {zu {w}r ~zut u uyr uxu w{zur~w
{}y }mtz |}{|{}uv, uxu o{~yup}mzz. Wrzwu |r}o {nz{ ~|x{ zr, m~{ ~ {qzuy or}uwmxzy }mt}rt{y ({l uz{pqm o~}rm~l u w{zur~wur w{x{w{xuwu ~ |}{}rtlyu), o{} —
wmw |}moux{ uyr |}ly{p{xzr uxu womq}mzr {or}~ul, }m~|{x{srzzr zm p}mzl o{~yu-
249 Hmxmw 1997m, 42 – 43.
250 Ww{}uv 1991, 24.
220
251 P{o|mzrzw{, I|mx{ 1984, 39 –58.
p}mzzuwm o {quz uxu qom }lqm. Y}m}~wur w{x{w{xuwu m~{ {}zmyrzu}{omz u uyr zmq|u~u,
nxmp{qm}l ry or}rzz{ qmu}~l (utor~z w{zur~wur w{x{w{xuwu ~ zmq|u~lyu Wm}q}u II u
o{~yup}mzzr ~ zmq|u~lyu Rrzm u F}pu u) (. 107) 252. Fzmx{puzr w{x{w{xuwu, |{ w}mvzrv
yr}r m~ w{{} uy|{}u}{omzm ut Y}m}, nxu zmvqrz u zm Wmy{~r, m mwsr o zrw{{} q}pu
yr~m o I}ruu 253. U{q{nzr w{x{w{xuwu utor~z u tm |}rqrxmyu F~~u}uu u Y}m} — o Fzm{xuu
(G{pmtwkv, ~x{v Gwwmxr I) 254, Wu}uu (Muzqsu}xu) 255, Umxr~uzr (Qmu ) 256. H|{~xrq~ouu {zu
}m~|}{~}mzl~l u o }mzzr~wu~wu |mylzuwm. Tqzmw{ zm u r}}u{}ul, owxml F~~u}u u
Y}m}, zrutor~z nxutwur mzmx{puu nnrzmy ut Pou{w.
Sr~w{xw{ nxusr w zuy nnrz ut N}mzm. Mqr~ nxu }m~|}{~}mzrz ~r}ur~wur uxu
zr~w{xw{ olzr nnrz (uz{pqm uy |}uqmzm {}ym |x{qm p}mzmm), {qzmw{ |}{}rtu zm u ~rzwm wmw |}moux{ }m~|{x{srz o {quz }lq o{ o~ o~{ nnrzm u uyr ouq rxrv. Sr~w{xw{ mwu
nnrz{o nx{ {nzm}srz{, o m~z{~u, o ~x{r [mtmzx IV 257, { q{~{or}lr u u~|{xt{omzur o
IX o. q{ z. . (. 108, 1– 3). Ntor~z u u zm{qwu zm q}pu u}mz~wu |mylzuwm, o m~z{~u, o
zrw}{|{xl Rm}xuw (|{p}rnrzur 47, XXI E) 258, Wumxw B (|{p}rnrzul 15 u 56) 259 u q}pu 260. Srw{{}r
ut mwu nnrz{o w}m mxu~ t{{y{}zyu ut{n}msrzulyu (. 81, 3; 108, 4 – 6). Sm}lq ~ nnrzmyu u~|{xt{omxu~ mwsr u w{zur~wur w{x{w{xuwu, ~{qzr ~ }m}~wuyu u m~~u}uv~wuyu
(~ |}{}rtlyu uxu nrt), {qzmw{ {zu o~}rm~l tqr~ p{}mtq{ }rsr (. 81, 1) 261. W}rqu u}mz~wu
zm{q{w, {qzmw{, mwsr zrutor~z{ |{xz mzmx{puv nnrzmy ut Pou{w. Sr~w{xw{ |}unxusm~l
w zuy nnrz ut Xr|r Iulzm (|{p}rnrzur 105, ror}v ~x{v, zmmx{ II ~. q{ z. .)262, w{{}
|}{}rtu }m~|{x{srz o qom }lqm, z{ {zu nxu |}u~|{~{nxrz qxl |{qor uomzul tm qom w{zm, uyrxu
p{}mtq{ n{xrr olz {}y u o}lq xu u~|{xt{omxu~ o w{z~w{v |}lsu (c}. . 108, 7, 8).
Gxusmv ur mzmx{puu wouw{o~wuy nnrzmy |}{u~{ql ut Mmwmowmtl. Xmw, |{q{nzr |{qor~wu
o n{x {y w{xur~or {nzm}srz ~}rqu ymr}umx{o F}uw~w{p{ zrw}{|{xl. ]m~ |{qor~{w m}{{n}mtzml, zrw{{}r — olz{v {}y, o~r {zu w}m rz }rp{xzyu uxu |{q}rp{xzyu |}{}rtlyu, }m~|{x{srzzyu, wmw u zm wouw{o~wu nnrzm o qom l}~m; zrw{{}r uyr |}{}rtu u zm
zuszrv m~u. Tn}mmr zm ~rnr ozuymzur {, { o~r |{qor~wu {p{ u|m |}{u~{ql ut |{p}rnrzuv
o{}{v }{z{x{pur~w{v p}|| (|{p}rnrzul 93, 120, 169, 180, 196, 203, 245, 248, 297, 314, 317, 322,
327, 333, 346, 360, 361, 396, 398, 446, 466, 541, 549, 562, 571, 575, 576, 580, 608, 627, 637), w{{}ml,
ouquy{, qmu}r~l XII–XI oo. q{ z. . (. 109, 1– 11) 263. Huquy{, w {y sr o}ryrzu {z{~u~l |{p}rnrzur 9 Q{}u-nr}q~w{p{ y{puxzuwm, pqr {nzm}srz{ }u nnrzm }mtz {}y 264. U{q{nzr nnrz-
252 Thompson, Hutchinson 1931, 83, Taf. XXIII, 5 –7; Uu{}{o~wuv 1955, 43, }u~. 35; Uu{}{o~wuv 1970, №56, 58;
zrw}{|{xl, w}m rzm |}{}rtzy nnrz{y {p{ u|m).
260 Calmeyer 1969, 111; Moorey 1971, 137 –138, Nr. 154 –158,
Calmeyer 1971, 427 – 430; Belli 1976 – 1977, 198 –208; Vanden
pl. 28 –29; Bouzek 1971, 80 – 81, 96; Muscarella 1988, 274 –276,
Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 149 – 153,
Nr. 369 – 374.
261 Ghirshman 1939, 218, pl. XXV, 7; LVI (|{p}rnrzur 15); Cal-
Nr. 62 –77; Özgen 1984, 109 – 111, Fig. 34 – 36; Seidl 1991, 80,
Nr. 45, 56 – 61.
253 Möbius 1938, 156 –166; Jantzen 1972, 81– 84, Taf. 79 – 80;
meyer 1969, 111–112; Moorey 1971, 137, Nr. 153, pl. 28; de
Muscarella 1978, 61– 66, fig. 1–12.
254 Boehmer 1972, 70, Taf. X.
Nr. 150.
262 Contenau, Ghirshman 1935, 35, pl. 30; ~}. Muscarella 1988,
255 Luschan, Andrae 1943, 106, 167, Taf. 48, a – c (tqr~ sr wm-
273, Nr. 366 – 368.
263 [mm}lz 1979, 15, 148, 161, 179, 184, 189, 192, 211, 213,
tmzur zm zm{qw mzmx{puz wtry|xl}{o o F
}r).
256 Tufnell 1953, 395 – 396, pl. 54, 19; 58, 28 (ut w{zrw~m }uy-
Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 72, fig. 19 d; Muscarella 1988, 91– 93,
238, 247, 248, 250, 253, 255, 261, 267, 283, 284, 309, 317, 349,
~w{p{ o}ryrzu).
257 de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 71–72, fig. 19 a – c; Muscarella
354, 360, 365, 369, 370, 385, 396, 401, ~}. [mm}lz 1963, 77 –
1988, 67 – 68, Nr. 96 –101; de Schauensee 1989, 45.
258 Negahban 1977, 57, Nr. 132.
{ m~ |{qor~{w {z{~u~l w |r}o{v }{z{x{pur~w{v
259 Ghirshman 1939, 218, pl. XXV, 5 – 6; LVI (x{ mq o~mqzu-
zul 360.
264 Jrorqslz 1981, 45, mn. XIII, 3–5.
wm, ut{n}msrzz{p{ zm |rmu ut |{p}rnrzul 15 ~umxw{o~w{p{
78, mn. 5, 4 – 8; [mm}lz 1975, 185, 214, }u~. 92 (~ wmtmzury,
p}||r). T~{nrzz{ nxut{w wouw{o~wuy nnrzuw ut |{p}rnr-
221
1
3
2
4
Vu~. 107 Y}m}~wur n}{zt{or w{x{w{xuwu ut o{~{z{v Fzm{xuu.
1. P{x{w{xuw ~ zmq|u~ Rrzm; 2. P{x{w{xuw ~ zmq|u~ F}pu u I; 3, 4. P{x{w{xuwu nrt zmq|u~rv
U{ Özgen 1984, fig. 34 – 36 (1, 3, 4); Belli 1976 –1977, fig. 10 (2)
222
1
2
4
3
6
5
7
8
Vu~. 108 G}{zt{or nnrz ut N}mzm. 1– 3. [mtmzx IV; 4 – 8. I}mnurx~wur }m~w{|wu
U{ Muscarella 1988, Nr. 96, 98, 100, 370, 371, 374, 367, 368
223
1
4
3
2
5
6
7
8
9
12
17
10
13
18
14
19
11
16
15
20
21
Vu~. 109 G}{zt{or nnrz.
1–11. R{puxzuw F}uw. 1. U{p}rnrzur 92; 2, 3. U{p}rnrzur 180; 4, 5. U{p}rnrzur 196; 6, 10. U{p}rnrzur 203;
7, 8. U{p}rnrzur 322; 9, 11. U{p}rnrzur 360; 12 –21. R{puxzuw Q{}u-nr}q. 12 –16. U{p}rnrzur 2; 17 –21. U{p}rnrzur 7
U{ [mm}lz 1979, 148, 184, 189, 192, 250, 267 (1–11); Jrorqslz 1981, mn. VI, 3–5,8,9,11,12,14 –16 (12 –21)
224
2
3
4
1
6
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
18
16
13
14
15
17
Vu~. 110 G}{zt{or nnrz.
1. Vmqmzl, Rmwrq{zul; 2. [mum, Rmwrq{zul; 3. b{~, Nmwm; 4. Quzq{~, V{q{~; 5. Yp}m, Hrzp}ul; 6. X}srz{, G{pryul;
7 –10. R{puxzuw Vrqwuz xmpr}; 11. G{x{zl-Wmorzm, |{p}rnrzur 296; 12, 16 –18. Ruzprm}, p}z{ov y{puxzuw
u |r}ov w}pmz; 13–15. G{x{zl-Wmorzm, |{p}rnrzur 94
U{ Bouzek 1974, fig. 18, 1,2,4,5 (1– 4); Chochorowski 1993, Abb. 6 B (5, 6); Rm}u}{~lz 1964, }u~. 77 (7 –10); Müller-Karpe 1959,
Taf. 78, C 3 (11); 79, 7 – 9 (13 –15); F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, mn. XVIII, 5 –7,16 (12, 16 –18)
225
utor~z o tmwmowmt~wu |mylzuwm u n{xrr }mzzrv |{u, zm|}uyr}, o Qm rz~wu w}pmzm 265
u o |{p}rnrzul 2 u 7 y{puxzuwm Q{}u-nr}qm 266. Ntor~z {zu u o n{xrr |{tqzu |mylzuwm, {z{~lu~l w X–IX oo. q{ z. . — o y{puxzuwr Vrqwuz xmpr}, |r}o{y Kxrzrzq{}~w{y w}pmzr 267, o
|{p}rnrzuu 1 Pm}yu}-nx}~w{p{ (q{}m}~w{p{) zrw}{|{xl 268, |{p}rnrzuu 7 bxm}~w{p{ y{puxzuwm 269,
|{p}rnrzul 63 (1950 p.) u 102 Ruzprm}~w{p{ p}z{o{p{ y{puxzuwm u |r}o{y Ruzprm}~w{y w}pmzr 270, |{p}rnrzul 47, 92 (Um}mqu~r~zp) u 12 Pmxmwrz~w{p{ y{puxzuwm 271 u q}pu 272 (. 85,
16; 109, 12 – 21; 110, 7 – 10, 12, 16 – 18). Huquy{, o VIII o. q{ z. . |{q{nzr nnrz o{ql ut |{}rnxrzul, o{ty{sz{, |{q oxulzury }m}~wu {}y w{x{w{xuw{o, w{{}r u or~zl. H{ o~lw{y
~xmr, w{y|xrw~, qmu}ryr }m}~w{v |{{v, u sr zr ~{qr}sm.
Kr {qzm p}||m |}{}rtz nnrz{o uxu |{qor~{w mzmx{puz{v {}y |}{u~{qu ut Ko}{|.
Tzu utor~z ~}rqu mw zmtomry «}mw{-wuyyr}uv~wu» n}{zt, o{qlu o ~{~mo wxmq{o |r}u{qm
Ha B3 (Yp}m o Hrzp}uu, X}srz{ u Vmmvr o G{pryuu, ^m}rzp}mq o [{}omuu) (. 110, 5, 6) 273. bu
nnrzuwu, u~|{xt{omo ur~l o {~z{oz{y o w{z~w{v |}lsu, {qzmw{, qmx r { wouw{o~wu, ry
tmwmowmt~wur {n}mt — |}{}rtu zm u ~rzwm }m~|{x{srz o {quz }lq u {nz{ rxrouqzr, mw
{ {zu ~{su ~w{}rr ~ u}mz~wuyu nnrzmyu. Mzmurxz{ nxusr w wouw{o~wuy }u nnrzm, {nzm}srzz o |{p}rnrzuu 94 zrw}{|{xl G{x{zl-Wmorzm. U{p}rnrzur {z{~u~l w m| G{x{zl II,
w{{}v ~uz}{zutu}r~l ~ |r}u{q{y Ha B3 u ~ |{ylzyu o r wxmqmyu 274. U{q{nzr nnrzuwu, z{ n{xrr olz{v {}y {nzm}srz mwsr o |{p}rnrzuu 296 {p{ sr zrw}{|{xl, w{{}{r {z{~u~l w ~x{ G{x{zl I u ~uz}{zutu}r~l ~ n{xrr }mzzuy |r}u{q{y Ha B2 275, m mwsr o q{p}rr~w{y
|{p}rnrzuu 21 zrw}{|{xl Py |}uyr}z{ {p{ sr o}ryrzu (. 110, 11, 13 – 15) 276. U{tsr |{q{nzr
|{qor~wu u nnrzuwu (o {y u~xr ~ o}rtmyu, }m~|{x{srzzyu o qom }lqm) }m~|}{~}mzl~l zm
q{~m{z{ u}{wu r}}u{}ul — o I}ruu, Rmwrq{zuu, tm|mqz Gmxwmzm, ^orvm}uu, o{~{z{v Z}mzuu, Nmxuu u N~|mzuu (. 110, 1 – 4) 277.
Xmwuy {n}mt{y, y{sz{ |{xmpm, { yr~{y |}{u~{sqrzul |{q{nz nnrzuw{o nx{ Mmwmowmtr, pqr {zu, o {y u~xr wtry|xl}, or~ym ~{sur ~ wouw{o~wuyu, nxu }m~|}{~}mzrz sr
zmuzml ~ XIV–XIII oo. q{ z. . (Qm rz~wur w}pmz). N~|{xt{omxu~ |{q{nzr nnrz u o N}mzr,
{qzmw{ my {zu uyrxu wmw |}moux{ uzr {}y. H |r}o{v |{x{ouzr VIII o. q{ z. ., or}{lz{, nxusr
w rr zmmx, nnrz o Mmwmowmtr o{ql ut |{}rnxrzul u |{xz{~ or~zl~l w{x{w{xuwmyu }mtz{v {}y, w{{}r, o|}{ry, nxu utor~z tqr~ u }mz r. H{ty{sz{, m ~yrzm {nl~zlr~l o{t}{~ uy }m}~wuy oxulzury. H \rz}mxz{v Ko}{|r nnrz ~{qz {}y }m~|}{~}mzl~l, wmw y ouqrxu, o |mylzuwm |r}u{qm Ha B3, ~myr }mzzur wtry|xl} |{loxl~l rr o
|r}u{q Ha B2. N |{loxrzur }qz{ {nl~zu uzmr, wmw wmowmt~wuy oxulzury, u uyrzz{ m pu|{rtm loxlr~l o xur}m}r opinio communis 278. U{~w{xw |r}r{q { |r}u{qm Ha B w |r}u{q Ha C
zmqrsz{ qmu}r~l {w{x{ ~r}rquz VIII o. q{ z. . (~y. o r), tmuy~o{omzur |}{}rtz nnrz{o
}m~~ym}uomry{p{ u|m ut Mmwmowmtl o \rz}mxz Ko}{| zr y{px{ |}{ut{vu |{tsr {v qm u
qmu}r~l, ~w{}rr o~rp{, rr w{z{y IX o. q{ z. . bu qm {|}rqrxl~l, ~ {qz{v ~{}{z, qmu}{ow{v |r}u{qm Ha B3, w{pqm |{q{nzr nnrz }m~|}{~}mzl~l o \rz}mxz{v Ko}{|r, m ~ q}p{v —
tmwmowmt~wuyu ymr}umxmyu, ~{pxm~z{ w{{}y zr |{tsr |r}o{v |{x{ouz VIII o. q{ z. . |{q{nzr
265 [mm}lz 1963, 78.
266 Jrorqslz 1981, 25, 33, mn. VI, 3–19.
267 Rm}u}{~lz 1964, 199, }u~. 77, 15 –18; K~mlz 1976, 116.
268 Rm}u}{~lz 1961, 59, }u~. 26o.
269 [mztmqlz 1979, mn. XXVIII.
270 Z{yrzw{ 1953, 67 – 80; F~xmz{o, Hmuq{o, N{zr 1959, 81,
162, 175 –177, mn. XVIII, 5 –7, 16. T~{nrzz{ nxutwu wouw{o~wuy ~r}ur~wur nnrz ut |{p}rnrzul 63.
271 Nagel, Strommenger 1985, Taf. 19, 8; 37, 7 – 8; 59, 10 –11;
75, 4.
272 W}. U{p}rn{om 1984, 107 –122.
226
273 Gallus, Horváth 1939, 19, pl. XVIII B, 8; Richlý 1894, 84,
Taf. XII, 24; Šolle 1950, 102 –104, fig. 1, 12; Huz~wu 1955, 37,
~x. 25; Bouzek 1971, 84 – 87, 98 – 99; Chochorowski 1993, 87 –
88, Abb. 6 B.
274 Müller-Karpe 1959, 216, Abb. 57, 27, Taf. 79, 9.
275 Müller-Karpe 1959, Abb. 7, Taf. 78, 3.
276 Müller-Karpe 1959, 38 – 39, Taf. 22, 3.
277 Schüle 1969, 49 –50, 203–205, Karte 14; Bouzek 1971, 87 –
104; Bouzek 1974, 60 –75.
278 W}. Bouzek 1971, 94; Bouzek 1971a, 89 – 91; U{p}rn{om
1984, 120-121, ~ xur}m}{v.
|}rqyr o{ql tqr~ ut |{}rnxrzul. Mmuy~o{omzur nnrz{o, |{ {nry yzrzu, |}{ut{ x{
r}rt |}ur}z{y{}~wur ~r|u, {qzmw{ o ~my{y {y }rpu{zr {zu, ouquy{, zr o{ xu o {nu{q u zr
tmw}r|uxu~, o {xuur { \rz}mxz{v u Mm|mqz{v Ko}{|. Pouw{o~wml zm{qwm {~mr~l rquz~orzzy ~ouqrrx~o{y }{xu ~r|rv o |r}rqmr |}rqyr{o {p{ u|m zm tm|mq u y{sr n {zr~rzm
w |r}u{q, w{pqm {zm {~r~oxlxm~ ({ yrmzutyr {v |r}rqmu — nx{ xu { |r}rqousrzur zm~rxrzul, {}p{or w{zmw, wx}zr oxulzul, y{qm u . q. — ~qu zro{ty{sz{). Gnrz ut
Pouw{o, ~xrq{omrxz{, qmu}~l w{z{y IX – ~r}rquz{v VIII o. q{ z. . Ntxu zr p{o{}u, { {zu
zr y{p ~um~l ~ouqrrx~o{y |r}rqzrmtum~wu |{{q{o — wmw |{{y, { qxl ~{x }mzzrv
|{u { mwu |{{qm zurp{ zr utor~z{, mw u |{{y, { |{q{nzr nnrz, m}mwr}zr qxl
Mmwmowmtl, o F~~u}uu u Y}m} zr |}uyrzlxu~. U{~w{xw |{p}rnrzur Pouw{o loxlr~l {qzuy ut
l}wu w{y|xrw~{o |{tqzrz{o{r}wm~~w{p{ o}ryrzu, ~{qr}smu o ~rnr sr {qrxzr }mzzr~wu~wur
xryrz, { oo{q omsrz qxl qmu}{owu |r}r{qm { z{o{r}wm~~w{v w }mzzr~wu~w{v wx}r.
JRGIG 2.3
« »
2.3.1 _RLS` «VLWLKTLIUXYU^TUJU» YOVG TG QGIQGNL
Qku |msop}pv|}mk uswwp{st|us zyyoym m Vp{pox Grs s|zyvrymkvs| }kuqp xkyous vpwym «k||s{st|uyny» }szk m wynsvxsuk Qylkx|uyt u~v}~{ [k|uk~ (Jkvsk}) (. 112, 1) 1 s Ip{xjj
W~}k (Q~wl~v}k) 2 m Xpmp{xyt U|p}ss s Qvsx-j{ III lvsr Qs|vymyo|uk (zyn{plpxsj 186, {k|uyzus
1988 n. s {kr{~pxxyp zyn{plpxsp 1987 n.) 3. Kmk zp{m vpwk z{ys|yoj} sr n{kls}pv|us {k|uyzyu
xkkvk mpuk s sxy{wksj y uywzvpu|k s zyn{plpxst y}|~}|}m~p}. Tkz{y}sm, uywzvpu| om~ zy|vpoxs vpwym, y|ylpxxy z{ys|yojpny sr {k|uyzyu 1988 n., srmp|}x oy|}k}yxy zyvxy. U|ylkj
pxxy|} }s uywzvpu|ym, uku |z{kmpovsmy y}wpkvs km}y{ s z~lvsukst, |y|}ys} m }yw, }y yxs
muvk} }szsxp z{powp} xymyp{uk||uyny ylvsuk. Vyn{plpxsp 186 ({k|uyzus 1988 n.) |yop{qkvy
om~uyvk}p ~osvk | {svpxspw m msop om~ {joym umko{k}suym, }{pzp}pvk}p |}p{qxpmsoxp srynx~}p z|kvss s lvjus, ~u{kpxxp |yvj{xw rxkuyw. Q{ywp }yny, rop| qp ylxk{~qpx lswp}kvvsp|ust usxqkv | n{slymsoxw xkmp{spw s z{jww zp{pu{p|}spw, swpsw zyoz{jwy~nyvxp
m|}~z, qpvprxp xkuyxpxsu uyzj s xyq, k }kuqp ukwpxxt y|pvyu (. 61) 4. X~oj zy y{wp xktopxxyt m zyn{plpxss 186 uyx|uyt ~ro, yxy |sx{yxsrs{~p}|j | xkkvyw m}y{yt {yxyvynsp|uyt
n{~zz xymyp{uk||uyt ~ro zy |pwp I. W. a{vsk. Ulxk{~qpxxp rop| z|kvss z{sxkovpqk} u zp{pyoxyw~ }sz~ y} z|kvst, m|}{pks|j | ~osvkws zp{myt {yxyvynsp|uyt n{~zz, u uvk||sp|usw
xymyp{uk||usw z|kvsjw m}y{yt n{~zz. Wsvpxsp ~osv umko{k}sukws xp m|}{pkp}|j xk ~osvk zp{myt s k{ku}p{xy ovj m}y{yt {yxyvynsp|uyt n{~zz 5. Kvj «uvk||sp|us» xymyp{uk||us zkwj}xsuym k{ku}p{xk s y{wk xktopxxyny rop| lswp}kvvsp|uyny usxqkvk 6.
^}y uk|kp}|j {kr{~pxxyny zyn{plpxsj 1987 n., }y pny sxmpx}k{, mp{yj}xy, srmp|}px xkw xp zyvxy|}. Q{ywp l{yxrymyny vpwk, rop| ylxk{~qpx qpvprxt xkuyxpxsu uyzj, lswp}kvvsp|ust
wp }yny qp }szk, }y s m zyn{plpxss 186, s l{yxrymkj zpu}y{kv (. 111) 7. Hvsry|} wppt, vpwym
s xkuyxpxsuym uyzst sr om~ zyn{plpxst rk|}kmvjp} z{pozyvknk} s |sx{yxxy|}.
Q }yw~ qp }sz~ z{sxkovpqs} {knwpx}s{ymkxxt vpw, z{ys|yojst sr {k|uyzyu I. O. Kyvlpqpmk, z{ymyosms|j m 1887 n. xk uylkx|uyw wynsvxsup ^ws m Xpmp{xyt U|p}ss. Ux xpyz~lvsuymkx
1 Zmk{ymk 1900, 276 –277, {s|. 211; Xpwpxym 1955, 61– 62.
2 Hp{vsx, S~rpt z{po- s z{ks|}y{ss, Inv.-Nr. III d 4882:
Nagel 1959 –1960, 144 –147; Nagel 1963, 13–14, Nr. 9, Taf. IV;
Sulimirski 1970, 398, pl. L; Borchhardt 1972, 106 –107 (Nr. 24,
3 Hpvsx|ust 1990, 190 –195, {s|. 3, 1; K~ok{pm 1991, 52 –53,
}kl. 17.
4 Hpvsx|ust 1990, 190 –195, {s|. 3, 1– 9.
5 a{vs 1994, 65.
VI), Taf. 35, 1–2; Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 138; Özgen 1979, 29;
6 Yp{pxyqusx 1976, 112 –114, {s|. 69, 75, III; K~ok{pm 1991,
Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 128,
41.
7 K~ok{pm 1991, 41, 44, }kl. 8, 15, 17.
Nr. 16.
228
1a
2
3
1
0
4
15
5
Ws|. 111 Tkyous sr {kr{~pxxyny zyn{plpxsj wynsvxsuk Qvsx-j{ III, {k|uyzus 1987 n.
1. Mpvpry s l{yxrk; 2, 3. Mpvpry; 4, 5. H{yxrk
Vy K~ok{pm 1991, }kl. 8, 15, 17
229
s {kxs}|j m wy|uym|uyw O|}y{sp|uyw w~rpp 8. Q |yqkvpxs, uywzvpu|, sr uy}y{yny z{ys|yos} okxxt vpw, sopx}sss{ymk} xp ~okp}|j. _vpw lv |uvpzkx sr xp|uyvus vs|}ym l{yxr, z{spw
vs|} {k|zyvknkvs| m omk |vyj. Spqo~ |ylyt vs|}, uku s m o{~ns |v~kj, |u{pzvjvs| l{yxrymws
rkuvpzukws.
Q }yt qp n{~zzp xkyoyu ylxy z{ss|vjp}|j s |yoxt, xy zvyy |y{kxsmst|j vpw, xktopxxt u n~ y} Qkmukr|uyny {pl}k — m V{swy{|uyw m Glkrss (. 112, 10 ) 9. Xy{kxsvs| y|}k}us
vs|}ymyt l{yxr s {knwpx} uyx~|ymsoxyt mp{~us | z{ys}w l{yxrymyt }p|wyt myw. I|p qp
zy {knwpx}kw wyqxy {puyx|}{~s{ymk} uku y{w~ vpwk, }ku s pny {krwp{ (m|y}k 30 |w).
H. G. Q~}sx |zpskvxy y}wpkp} |yo|}my }yny vpwk uku zy y{wp, }ku s |zy|yl~ srny}ymvpxsj, |
~zywjx~}w vpwyw sr wynsvxsuk [k|uk~. Kvj sx}p{z{p}kss uku |kwyny vpwk, }ku s m|pt n{~zz
xkyoyu, |~p|}mpxxyp rxkpxsp swpp} uywzvpu|, m uy}y{yw yx xktopx. _vpw z{ys|yos} sr zyn{plpxsj, {kr{~pxxyny z{s zyvpm {kly}k. Q{ywp xpny, m |y|}km uywzvpu|k myosv pp {jo l{yxrym
z{powp}ym, m }yw s|vp omk }yzy{k (| nmyropyl{krxw yl~yw s k||swp}{sxw vprmspw s | mz~uvw
|swwp}{sxw vprmspw s uvsxymsoxw yl~yw). Ulk }szk }yzy{ym k{ku}p{x ovj Qylkx|uyt s Qyvso|uyt u~v}~{, z{spw xk m}y{yw sr xs swpp}|j sryl{kqpxsp rmp{j, ypx lvsruyp sryl{kqpxsjw
xk uylkx|us }yzy{k (o{~nsp y{xkwpx}kvxp wy}sm xk }yzy{p y}|~}|}m~}) (. 112, 6). Q{ywp
}yzy{ym, m zyn{plpxss ylxk{~qpx l{yxrymt usxqkv | y{xkwpx}s{ymkxxyt {~uyj} (. 112, 3),
uy}y{t xkyos} |plp lvsqkt~ kxkvyns m zyn{plpxss 66 s lyvpp y}okvpxxp — m zyn{plpxsj 16k
s 249 Yvst|uyny wynsvxsuk 10, k }kuqp o~nyyl{krxkj sl~vk uylkx|uyny }szk | pvyxw y{xkwpx}yw
s {k|s{pxxw z{spwxsuyw (. 112, 9). [sl~vk swpp} wxynys|vpxxp kxkvynss m uylkx|us
zkwj}xsuk, m }yw s|vp m Yvst|uyw wynsvxsup, s y}xy|s}|j uy m}y{yw~ }sz~ zy uvk||ssukss
H. I. Ypymk 11, uy}y{t yx ok}s{~p} uyxyw XI – zp{myt zyvymsxyt X m. oy x. . (ok}k, msoswy, rkxsqpxk). [sl~v }yny qp }szk lvs xktopx s m }vst|us zyn{plpxsj 66 s 16k mwp|}p | ~zywjx~}ws
usxqkvkws. Q{ywp }yny, rop| qp lvk xktopxk wk||smxkj l{yxrymkj ptxkj n{smxk | rku{~pxxws
uyxkws, lsuyxsp|usp |zs{kvxp z{yxsrs (. 112, 2, 7, 8) s ukwpxxt l{~|yu — m|p xkyoj}
lvsrusp |yy}mp}|}msj m zkwj}xsuk Qylkx|uyt u~v}~{ }yt qp zys. I uywzvpu| myosvs }kuqp }{s
l{yxrym xkuyxpxsuk uyzst. Uoxy sr xs, | ovsxxyt ~ruyt oy mp{k {k|vpxpxxyt m}~vuyt s zy}s
}{p~nyvxw | z{jww y|xymkxspw zp{yw (. 112, 4), xkyos} lvsrusp |yy}mp}|}msj m ap{|uyw
wynsvxsup s o{~ns zkwj}xsuk Qyvso|uyt u~v}~{. Kmk o{~ns swp} lyvpp s{yu~ {k|pzvpxx~ m}~vu~ s lyvpp ~ruyp vs|}ymsoxyp zp{y s }kuqp oy|}k}yxy k|}y m|}{pk}|j m zkwj}xsuk
}yt u~v}~{ (. 112, 5). I|}{pkpp|j m vs}p{k}~{p ~ukrkxsp, }y m }y} qp uywzvpu| myosv }kuqp
u{pu (ypmsoxy, y} yopqo) | os|uymsoxws |zs{kvjws, yslyxy — yx z{ys|yos}, opt|}ms}pvxy, sr V{swy{|uyny, xy sr o{~nyny wp|}k s lv xktopx mwp|}p | xpuy}y{ws o{~nsws z{powp}kws xk
o{~nyw ~k|}up s rxks}pvxy {kxp 12. Oxmpx}k{ rky{yxpxsj sr V{swy{|uyny oy|}k}yxy }szspx
ovj m}y{yt {yxyvynsp|uyt n{~zz Yvst|uyny wynsvxsuk zy zp{syosrkss H. I. Ypymk, uy}y{kj
ok}s{~p}|j sw XII–X mm. oy x. . a}y qp |yo|}my y}wpkp} s J. Qy||ku, uy}y{t |sx{yxsrs{~p}
uywzvpu| V{swy{|uyny | xkkvyw |mypt n{~zz Tli C alt 13. I |s|}pwp {yxyvynss I. O. Qyrpxuymyt
uywzvpu| V{swy{|uyny, ypmsoxy, oyvqpx l} yz{popvpx uku z{swp{xy |sx{yxxt xkkv~ zp{syok
Qylkx III 14 — {jo z{powp}ym }yny uywzvpu|k (sl~vk, y{xkwpx}ksj }yzy{k) xkyos} lvsqktsp kxkvynss m xkkvp }yny zp{syok. Vyvyqpxsp uywzvpu|k sr V{swy{|uyny m |s|}pwp y}xy|s}pvxyt {yxyvynss ~|}kxkmvsmkp}|j mzyvxp xkopqxy. Gl|yv}xkj ok}s{ymuk zp{pyok y} II u III zp{syo~ Qylkx|uyt u~v}~{ (zy Qyrpxuymyt), z{swp{xy |yy}mp}|}m~pny zp{pyo~ y} ny{sryx}k Tli B u Tli C (zy
Qy||ku~), y} uy}y{yt rkms|s} ok}k z{swy{|uyny uywzvpu|k, y|xymkxk xk |s|}pwp z{smjryu u px}{kv8 Oxm. № 25276, yz. № H 1746/631. Hvknyok{ G. Sysx-
10 Ypym 1977, 101–103, 107, {s|. 89, 1,6; Ypym 1980k, 15, 22,
|uyny, |yylsmpny wxp yl }yw z{powp}p s zyrmyvsmpny |
41, }kl. 34, 51, 106.
11 Ypym 1977, 142 –143.
xsw yrxkuyws}|j.
9 X}{kqpm 1926, 106 –107 (non vidi); Q~}sx 1949, 139 –147,
}kl. X, 9; Iy{yxym 1969, 24 –25, }kl. XLVI, 6; Iy{yxym 1980,
12 Q~}sx 1949, 147; Iy{yxym 1969, 24.
13 Kossack 1983, 111–114.
207, {s|. 1, 47; Kossack 1983, 111–114, Abb. 10, 9.
14 Qyrpxuymk 1990, 78 – 82; Qyrpxuymk 1996, 96 – 99.
230
1
2
6
7
8
3
4
5
9
10
Ws|. 112 1. _vpw sr wynsvxsuk [k|uk~ (Jkvsk}).
2 –10. Tkyous sr zyn{plpxsj m V{swy{|uyw, Glkrsj. H{yxrk
Vy Zmk{ymk 1900, {s|. 211 (1); Q~}sx 1949, }kl. X (2 –10)
231
xypm{yzpt|usw s rkukmukr|usw uywzvpu|kw s }kuqp wyqp} |s}k}|j ~lpos}pvxy yly|xymkxxyt. Uxk
yz{popvjp}|j z{swp{xy zp{myt zyvymsxyt – |p{posxyt X m. oy x. . _vpw sr V{swy{|uyny ok}s{~p}|j,
|vpoymk}pvxy, z{swp{xy m}y{yt zyvymsxyt X – xkkvyw IX m. oy x. . V{povyqpxxkj b. T. Iy{yxymw
ok}s{ymuk uywzvpu|k sr V{swy{|uyny uyxyw VIII – zp{myt zyvymsxyt VII m. oy x. . z{po|}kmvjp}|j
|vsuyw rkmpxxyt 15. Ips, xk uy}y{p yx ||vkp}|j m yly|xymkxsp |mypt ok}s{ymus (uyxsp|usp
ms}p z{yxsrs, sl~v), xkyoj} |plp lyvpp lvsrusp kxkvynss m lyvpp o{pmxs zkwj}xsuk.
Q }yt qp n{~zzp ylxy y}xy|j} s vpw sr zyn{plpxsj 13 wynsvxsuk Hp}kpxs m Y{skvp}s
(J{~rsj)16, uy}y{t |y{kxsv|j my {knwpx}s{ymkxxyw msop (. 78, 21). Uz~lvsuymkmst vpw
H. G. Q~}sx zp{mw |yzy|}kmsv pny | vpwkws sr [k|uk~ s sr V{swy{|uyny. Ux y}wp}sv, }y vpw
sr Y{skvp}s y}vskp}|j y} om~ xkrmkxx vs «z{s|~}|}mspw lyuym y}{y|}uym, |v~qsms xk~xsukws». V{s }yw H. G. Q~}sx y}{skv |mjr m|p }{p vpwym | G||s{spt s |s}kv s {yosxyt
ylvk|} Qylkx|uyt u~v}~{, zyvknkj, }y k||s{st|usp vpw swpvs o{~n~ y{w~. V{kmok, |~osv yx
yl k||s{st|us vpwk, ukqp}|j, zy posx|}mpxxyw~ urpwzvj{~ sr {k|uyzyu Tsw{~ok, {kxjpw~|j
m H{s}kx|uyw w~rpp 17. Izy|vpo|}mss, yoxkuy, H. H. Vsy}{ym|ust |yzy|}kmsv xkrmkxxp xkyous |
ylxk{~qpxxws xk Yptplksxs ~{k{}|usws y|}{yuyxpxws vpwkws, k p{pr xs | k||s{st|usws 18.
Vy|vp H. H. Vsy}{ym|uyny y}yqop|}mvpxsp ukmukr|us vpwym | zp{poxpkrsk}|usws |}kvy ylpz{sxj}w s |ywxpxs xp zyomp{nkvy|.
Owp}|j, yoxkuy, |p{prxp y|xymkxsj ~|ywxs}|j m uy{{pu}xy|}s y}xp|pxsj vpwk sr Hp}kpxs u k||s{y-~{k{}|uyw~ }sz~. I |kwyw opvp, uywzvpu| zyn{plpxsj 13, m uy}y{yw ylxk{~qpx okxxt
vpw, ok s m|pny Hp}kpx|uyny wynsvxsuk, mnvjos} ny{kroy k{ksxpp, pw }y z{pozyvknkp} pny
y}yqop|}mvpxsp | }sw }szyw (. 78). Hp}kpx|ust wynsvxsu lv y}xp|px H. G. Q~}sxw
u zyp zyroxpt l{yxr, s m }yt ok}s{ymup m{jo vs wyqxy |ywxpmk}|j. Wjo ylxk{~qpxx rop|
z{powp}ym swpp} lvsrusp kxkvynss m }kus }kvyxx zkwj}xsuk }yny m{pwpxs, uku Rkpx|usp
u~{nkx, G{}su|ust wynsvxsu (zp{mkj s m}y{kj {yxyvynsp|usp n{~zz) s G{kory{|usp u~{nkx.
I |y|}kmp zyn{plpxsj 13 lvs ylxk{~qpx oy|}k}yxy k{ku}p{xp z{powp}, uy}y{p xp zyrmyvj}
|ywxpmk}|j m pny ok}s{ymup 19: zy |y|}km~ sxmpx}k{j yx oyvqpx l} |sx{yxsrs{ymkx p|vs xp | Rkpx|usws u~{nkxkws, }y my m|juyw |v~kp | G{kory{|usws. Ulxk{~qpxxkj rop| l{yxrymkj l~vkmk
n{~pmsoxyt y{w | zj} m|}~zkws xkyos} |plp lvsqktsp kxkvynss, u{ywp zyn{plpxsj 20 }yny
qp xpu{yzyvj, m o{pmxpts zyn{plpxsj xpu{yzyvj Xkw}km{y 20, m Rkpx|us u~{nkxk 21 s m |sx{yxxyw sw zyn{plpxss 109 wynsvxsuk G{}su, y}xy|jpw|j u zp{myt {yxyvynsp|uyt n{~zzp
(mwp|}p | l{yxrymw uvsxuyw lvsruyt xktopxxyw~ m zyn{plpxss 13 Hp}kpxs y{w) 22, y}j
zyoylxp l~vkm s|zyvrymkvs| s zyrqp (Gvkmp{os) 23. [y{wk l{yxrymyny uvsxuk }kuqp oy|}k}yxy
k{ku}p{xk s swpp} {jo kxkvynst, xkz{swp{, m zyn{plpxsj zp{myt s m}y{yt n{~zz G{}su|uyny
wynsvxsuk s o{~ns |sx{yxx zkwj}xsuk 24. I lyvpp zyroxpp m{pwj zyoylxp uvsxus myoj} sr
~zy}{plvpxsj. Tk {kxx ok}~ ~ukrmkp} }kuqp xkyouk m }yw zyn{plpxss mp|wk |mypyl{krx
u{uym, lvsru~ kxkvyns uy}y{w z{po|}kmvj} u{us sr uvkok Qmpwy-Xk|s{p}s (. 64, 9), uy}y{t |yop{qkv ~osvk | os|uymsoxws z|kvsjws s, msoswy, ok}s{~p}|j xpxkwxyny zyrqp Rkpx|us
u~{nkxym (|w. mp). Xymp{pxxy kxkvynsxp u{us mwp|}p | om~k|}xws l{yxrymws ~osvkws
lpr z|kvst, lvs ylxk{~qpx m zyn{plpxss 117 wynsvxsuk Y{pvs, y}xy|jpw|j u XIV–XIII mm.
oy x. . (. 74, 6) 25. ^}y uk|kp}|j uyvk} ~osv, uy}y{p xktopx m okxxyw zyn{plpxss mwp|}p |
{ynymws z|kvsjws, }y oy|}k}yxy lvsrukj kxkvynsj sw swpp}|j m zyn{plpxss 79 wynsvxsuk G{}su,
15 Iy{yxym 1980, 207 –208.
16 Q~}sx 1941, 68, }kl. XL.
17 Hunger, Lamer 1912, 54, Abb. 169.
18 Vsy}{ym|ust 1955, 25 –26.
19 Q~}sx 1941, 68, 74, {s|. 72 l; 80, 5; 81; }kl. XL, XLVI,
XLVII; Schaeffer 1948, fig. 279.
20 ^~lkxsmsvs 1957, }kl. XVII; Qkvkxokorp 1980, 84 – 85,
{s|. 891– 892.
232
21 Sk{}s{y|jx 1964, 104, }kl. IX, 6; \kk}{jx 1975, 178.
22 \kk}{jx 1975, 181, {s|. 88; \kk}{jx 1979, 36, 156.
23 Sk{}s{y|jx 1964, 104; L|kjx 1966, 54; yoxkuy l~vkmk sr
Xskvuk (Ghirshman 1939, pl. XXIX, 10) xp l{yxrymkj, k ukwpxxkj.
24 \kk}{jx 1975, 174 –175, 199; L|kjx 1966, 60 – 62.
25 Abramischwili 1995, 192, 321, Nr. 350, Abb. 199.
Ws|. 113 Xpwk}sp|ust zvkx zyn{plpxsj m u~{nkxp 1 ~ |. G{kory{, {s|~xyu a. Wp|vp{k
Vy Q~xk{pmk 1957, {s|. 1
rkxswkpny z{ywpq~}yxyp zyvyqpxsp wpqo~ zp{myt s m}y{yt {yxyvynsp|usws n{~zzkws (. 65,
5) (|w. mp). Tkuyxp, s l{yxrymp |p{z s l~vkmus xkyoj} |plp lvsrusp kxkvynss m zyn{plpxsj
m}y{yt {yxyvynsp|uyt n{~zz G{}su|uyny xpu{yzyvj 26. Ykusw yl{kryw, zyn{plpxsp 13 Hp}kpx|uyny wynsvxsuk wyqp} l} |sx{yxsrs{ymkxy | xkkvyw m}y{yt {yxyvynsp|uyt n{~zz G{}suk
s, msoswy, | G{kory{|usws u~{nkxkws s ok}s{ymkxy, mp{yj}xpp m|pny, XIII–XII mm. oy x. . 27 Q |yqkvpxs, swpkj|j z~lvsuksj lp}kpx|uyny vpwk (k myrwyqxy s pny |y{kxxy|}) xp zyrmyvjp}
yz{popvpxxy |~os} yly m|p op}kvj pny y{w s |zy|ylp srny}ymvpxsj: xs y}yn{ksj, xs {s|~xyu
vpwk xp yz~lvsuymkx. Owpp}|j vs zyvpmkj y}yn{ksj zyn{plpxsj, xk uy}y{yt, mz{ypw, vpw
msopx oy|}k}yxy y{yy. a}k y}yn{ksj, yzs|kxsp H. G. Q~}sxk s }k ~mp{pxxy|}, | uy}y{yt yx
y}yqop|}mvjp} lp}kpx|ust vpw |y vpwkws sr [k|uk~ s V{swy{|uyny, zyrmyvjp}, yoxkuy, z{pozyvknk}, }y |zy|yl srny}ymvpxsj s y{wk m|p }{p vpwym lvs m |kwyw opvp lvsrus: yxs lvs
|ynx~} m msop uyx~|k sr vs|}ym l{yxr s «|s}» xp|uyvusws rkuvpzukws.
Xvpo~p} y}wp}s} m |mjrs | }sw, }y s|zyvrymkxsp l{yxrymyny vpwk m lp}kpx|uyw zyn{plpxss xp jmvjp}|j sryvs{ymkxxw |{pos zkwj}xsuym }yny u~v}~{xyny u{~nk. I |sx{yxxyw s u~v}~{xy lvsruyw zyn{plkvxyw uywzvpu|p zp{myny G{kory{|uyny u~{nkxk xk p{pzk }{ys zyy{yxpxx
|y{kxsvs| l{yxrymp vpw 28. X~oj zy |pwk}sp|uyw~ {s|~xu~ a. Wp|vp{k, yxs }kuqp swpvs uyxsp|u~ y|}{yuyxpx~ y{w~ (. 113) 29. Iysx, sryl{kqpxxp xk l{yxrym wyopvj uyvp|xs sr
lyvpp {kxxs Rkpx|us u~{nkxym s sr zyn{plpxsj 7 Ry{s-lp{ok swp}, z{kmok, vpw o{~nyt y{w — skus | n{plxpw 30.
26 \kk}{jx 1975, 207, 213.
27 X{. ok}s{ymu~ }yny zyn{plpxsj okqp {~lpqyw XIV–
XIII mm. oy x. .: Gl{kwsmsvs 1961, 318; Vspvk~{s 1969,
28 Q~xk{pmk 1957, 137.
29 Q~xk{pmk 1957, 137, {s|. 1.
30 L|kjx 1966, 96 – 97, }kl. XVI, 7 –10; Kpmpoqjx 1981, 27 –28.
181; Qy}yms, Kkm~oym 1980, 48.
233
U|}{yuyxpxt vpw, |uvpzkxxt sr vs|}ym l{yxr, ylxk{~qpx s m pp yoxyw rkukmukr|uyw
zyn{plpxss, y}xy|jpw|j u lyvpp zyroxpw~ m{pwpxs. Ux myosv m |y|}km sxmpx}k{j zyn{plpxsj 16
wynsvxsuk Y{pvs II, {k|uyzkxxyny xk }p{{s}y{ss Ylsvs|s (. 92, 19) 31. Vyn{plpxsp, zy m|pt msoswy|}s, y}xy|s}|j u {~lpq~ IX–VIII svs xkkv~ VIII m. oy x. . (|w. mp). Q |yqkvpxs, }y} vpw
zvyy |y{kxsv|j s pny y{wk xp my||}kxkmvsmkp}|j.
Xvpo~p} |zpskvxy y}wp}s} sopx}sxy|} y{w, z{yzy{st s |zy|ylk srny}ymvpxsj xkrmkxx
vpwym. Q |yqkvpxs, ovj urpwzvj{ym sr zp{myny G{kory{|uyny u~{nkxk okxxp z{ku}sp|us y}|~}|}m~}. I |v~kp | vpwyw sr Hp}kpx|uyny xpu{yzyvj xkw z{syos}|j zyvknk}|j xk ~ukrkxsp
H. G. Q~}sxk, y}wpkmpny pny yoxy}szxy|} | xkyoukws sr V{swy{|uyny s sr [k|uk~. _vpw sr
Y{pvs |vsuyw zvyy |y{kxsv|j s pny }yxp {krwp{ xp ~|}kxkmvsmk}|j. c|xy vs, }y yx lv
srny}ymvpx sr vs|}ymyt l{yxr s swpv rky|}{pxxt mp{. Kvj y|}kvx w {k|zyvknkpw lyvpp uyxu{p}xws okxxws. O {krwp{ sopx}sx: m|y}k ylys vpwym sr Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsvxsuk s sr
[k|uk~, k }kuqp sr V{swy{|uyny, 30 – 31 |w. I|p yxs rky|}{pxxp, m mp{xpt k|}s swp} y{w~ zy}s
z{kmsvxyny uyx~|k, m xsqxpt mnx~} zy y{wp nyvym. I|p xkrmkxxp vpw swp} m xsqxpt
k|}s y}mp{|}sj, mp{yj}xy, |v~qsmsp ovj z{su{pzvpxsj zyouvkous sr mytvyuk svs uyqs. _vpw
sr zyn{plpxsj 186 Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsvxsuk srny}ymvpx sr yoxyny vs|}k l{yxr s |u{pzvpx zy m~
rkuvpzukws, vpw sr zyn{plpxsj 1987 n. s sr [k|uk~ srny}ymvpx }pw qp |zy|ylyw, xy xp sr yoxyny,
k om~ vs|}ym l{yxr. Yku qp srny}ymvpx s vpw sr V{swy{|uyny (sr yoxyny svs om~ vs|}ym sr-rk
pny {knwpx}s{ymkxxy|}s xpj|xy). _vpw sr Y{pvs }kuqp srny}ymvpx sr om~ vs|}ym l{yxr. Ulk vpwk sr Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsvxsuk s lp}kpx|ust swp} xkpxsus, mu{ypxxp sr }yny qp vs|}k
l{yxr. Z y|}kvx xsqxjj k|} |y{kxsvk| xpzyvxy|}, }y xp zyrmyvjp} |~os} y xkvsss svs
y}|~}|}mss xkpxsuym. Tk vpwp sr zyn{plpxsj 1987 n. Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsvxsuk |y{kxsv|j z~kx|yxxt y{xkwpx} m msop om~ zyj|uym, ukqot sr uy}y{ yl{krymkx om~wj {jokws }ypu, s rsnrknk
wpqo~ xsws. Tk xkpxsuk swpp}|j }kuyt qp y{xkwpx} m msop yoxyny {jok }ypu. K{~nsp vpw
n{~zz, |~oj zy z~lvsuksjw, xp y{xkwpx}s{ymkx.
O}ku, m|p xkrmkxxp vpw yoxy}szx. Uosx sr xs ok}s{~p}|j z{swp{xy XII m. oy x. .,
m}y{yt — X–IX mm. oy x. . Hvsrust sw vpw sr Y{pvs y}xy|s}|j u {~lpq~ IX–VIII mm. oy x. . a}s
ok}, ~s}mkj myrwyqxy|} oy|}k}yxy ovs}pvxyny |y{kxpxsj }{kosss, uyxpxy, xp yz{popvj}
ok}s{ymu~ uvsx-j{|us vpwym, yoxkuy, |~oj zy s |yo|}m~ | vpwyw sr V{swy{|uyny, yxs m{jo vs
xkwxyny zyrqp pny. Iy m|juyw |v~kp, }y} mso yly{yxs}pvxyny myy{~qpxsj xsuku xp wyqp} |s}k}|j
xymkspt xk Qkmukrp, |mjrkxxyt | uswwp{st|usws svs |us|usws zyyokws uyxk VIII–VII mm.
oy x. . O zyjmvpxsp xk Xpmp{xyw Qkmukrp y}{kqkp} vs |mjrs wpqo~ V{poukmukrpw s Nkukmukrpw,
srmp|}xp s zy o{~nsw xkyoukw m k{pkvp Qylkx|uyt u~v}~{, z{spw |mjrs ny{kroy lyvpp {kxxsp,
pw }s zyyo.
V{povknkmsp|j ovj uvsx-j{|us vpwym ok}s{ymus z{po|}kmvj}|j u{ktxp |vkly yly|xymkxxws. Tp|wy}{j xk }y, }y vpw sr Hp}kpxs s sr V{swy{|uyny z{smyoj}|j uku lvsqktsp kxkvynss uvsx-j{|usw vpwkw 32, |ymp{pxxy snxy{s{~}|j uywzvpu|, m uy}y{ yxs lvs ylxk{~qpx.
I ukp|}mp posx|}mpxxyny y|xymkxsj ovj s ok}s{ymus z{smvpuk}|j sryl{kqpxsj |yox zy mxpxpt y{wp vpwym xk k||s{st|us {pvpk. G. H. Hpvsx|ust, k rk xsw X. R. K~ok{pm s X. I. Sky{}, uku s s z{pop|}mpxxsus (u{ywp H. G. Q~}sxk), xp |ywxpmk}|j m z{ys|yqopxss ukmukr|us
vpwym sr G||s{ss svs Z{k{}~ s |s}k} s p|vs xp zp{poxpmy|}yxws swzy{}kws, }y zyo{kqkxsjws }sw swzy{}kw. Uxs y}xy|j} m|p ukmukr|usp xkyous }kus vpwym u {~lpq~ VIII–VII – |p{posxp
VII m. oy x. . xk y|xymkxss s |yzy|}kmvpxsj | sryl{kqpxsjws xk k||s{st|us {pvpk zys
Xsxkp{slk s G~{lkxszkvk 33. I. W. a{vs, z{swpxjj }y} qp wp}yo, ~o{pmxjp} s ok}~, y}xy|j
uvsx-j{|usp s o{~nsp vpw }yny }szk uy m}y{yt zyvymsxp VIII m. oy x. ., z{spw lvsqktsp kxkvynss sw xkyos} xk k||s{st|us {pvpk zys Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III s Xk{nyxk II 34. Jvkmxw y|xymk31 Abramischwili 1995a, Abb. 3, 1.
32 Hpvsx|ust 1990, 194; K~ok{pm 1991, 54.
33 Hpvsx|ust 1990, 194 –195; K~ok{pm 1991, 53; Gvpu|ppm
234
1992, 82 – 83; Sky{} 1994, 17, 23; K~ok{pm 1995, 32.
34 a{vs 1994, 64 – 65.
xspw ovj }kuyt ok}s{ymus jmvjp}|j xkvssp ~ vpwym sr Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsvxsuk xkpxsuym —
xk pvsuyw |y{kxsmpw|j urpwzvj{p sr zyn{plpxsj 186 yxs mu{ypx sr }yny qp vs|}k l{yxr, }y
s |kw vpw, xk urpwzvj{p sr {k|uyzyu 1987 n., msoswy, }yqp.
I. W. a{vs |s}kp}, yzs{kj| xk {kly}~ Y. Sov~wk 35, }y ovj zys Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III s Xk{nyxk II lvy k{ku}p{xy s|zyvrymkxsp vpwym | pvxyu{ypxxws xkpxsukws, }ynok uku m zy~
Xsxkp{slk yxs |wpxj}|j vpwkws | z{suvpzkxxws xkpxsukws. Iyrxsuk}, yoxkuy, |p{prxp |ywxpxsj m myrwyqxy|}s s|zyvrymkxsj m ukp|}mp xkopqxyny {yxyvynsp|uyny z{srxkuk k||s{st|us sryl{kqpxst |zy|ylk z{su{pzvpxsj xkpxsuym u vpw~. I |kwyw opvp, xk {pvpk zys
Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III k|}y m|}{pk}|j sryl{kqpxsj mysxym m y|}{yuyxpx vpwk | «pvxyu{ypxxws» xkpxsukws 36, xy srmp|}x s sryl{kqpxsj vpwym | y}opvxy srny}ymvpxxws xkpxsukws 37. Tk {pvpk zys Xk{nyxk m|}{pk}|j s|uvs}pvxy vpw | «pvxyu{ypxxws» xkpxsukws38. Vyrqp, m zy~ Xsxkp{slk, z{pylvkok} sryl{kqpxsj vpwym | y}opvxy srny}ymvpxxws
xkpxsukws, |u{pzvpxxws | vpwyw k{xs{kws 39, y}j xp{pouy sryl{kqk}|j s «pvxyu{ypxxp» vpw 40. Tk {pvpk zys G~{lkxszkvk yzj} z{po|}kmvpx zy}s s|uvs}pvxy vpw
| «pvxyu{ypxxws» xkpxsukws, z{spw }kuyt |zy|yl s srny}ymvpxsj z{swpxjp}|j uku m uyxsp|us vpwk, }ku s vpwk sxyt y{w 41. Oryl{kqpxsj vpwym | y}opvxy srny}ymvpxxws xkp35 Madhloom 1970, 38. Xvpo~p} y}wp}s}, }y z{povyqpxxkj
93 (Russell 1991, 79); Gadd 1936, 176, 178, pl. 18, 20; Smith 1938,
sw }szyvynsj sryl{kqpxx xk k||s{st|us {pvpk vp-
pl. XXXVIII–XXXIX (Paterson 1915, pl. 96 – 97, 9 –12), XLI
wym xp mzyvxp ~okxk. I k|}xy|}s, mp|wk |~l pu}smxw
(Paterson 1915, pl. 98, 30), XLII–XLIII (Russell 1991, 18), XLIV–
jmvjp}|j {kropvpxsp xk vpw }szk G s B. Ky|}k}yxy |{km-
XLVI (Gadd 1936, 165, pl. 15), XLVII (Paterson 1915, pl. 94 – 95),
xs}, xkz{swp{, lvsrusp uku zy y{wp, }ku s zy |zy|yl~
LVI–LIX (Russell 1991, 121), LX–LXIV (Paterson 1915, 39,2;
opuy{k vpw zys G~{xks{zkvk (xkz{swp{, | {pv-
Russell 1991, 17); Russell 1991, fig. 33, 36, 38, 40, 41, 42, 67, 73,
pk B.M. 124544: Budge 1914, pl. XV, 1, s wxynsp o{~nsp) |y
81, 115 (uyxsp|usp); Paterson 1915, pl. 9, 14, 15, 17 –18 (Russell
vpwkws | {pvpym zys Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III sr G{|vkx-}k
1991, 69), 34 – 35 (Russell 1991, 50), 37 (Russell 1991, 32), 39,1
(Thureau-Dangin, Barrois, Dossin, Dunand 1931, pl. IX, XI),
(Russell 1991, 83), 59, 68 –70 (Russell 1991, 109), 71–73 (Russell
uy}y{p y}vsk}|j vs |}pzpx srynx~}y|}s zy uyx}~{~
1991, 110 –111), 80 (Russell 1991, 37), 82, 91 (Russell 1991, 89),
nyvym, xy y}xp|px sw u om~w {krxw }szkw. I }y qp m{pwj
92 (Russell 1991, 88); Smith 1938, pl. XLII (Russell 1991, 18), LIX
|svxy
uyx~|,
(Russell 1991, 121), LX–LXIV (Paterson 1915, 39,2; Russell 1991,
lpr srnslym) vpw zys Xsxkp{slk y}xp|px u }sz~ G.
36 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. XV–XVI (Bombay VAM 78),
17); Russell 1991, fig. 33, 38 (o{~nyt y{w).
40 Paterson 1915, pl. 7 (Russell 1991, 127 –128), 13 (Russell
XXXI–XXXII (Bombay 7), XXXIII–XXXIV (B.M. 118902),
1991, 78), 16 (Russell 1991, 116), 17 –18 (Russell 1991, 69), 19 –
LIV–LV (Paris, De Clerque), LXV–LXVII (B.M. 118907),
20, 59, 60 – 61 (Russell 1991, 71), 71–73, 77 (Russell 1991, 110 –
LXXIII (Zürich 1917), LXXIV (Berlin V.A. 984), LXXVII (xpsr-
111), 79,1, 80 (Russell 1991, 37), 81 (Russell 1991, 82), 83– 84
mp|}xy), XCII–XCIII (B.M. 118934 + 118931), |{. Smith 1938,
(Russell 1991, 39), 91 (Russell 1991, 89); Smith 1938, pl. XXXVII
pl. X, XVI, XVIII.
37 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LIX (Or. Dr. I, 9, y{snsxkv ~}{k-
(Paterson 1915, pl. 96 – 97, 3); XLVII (Paterson 1915, pl. 94 – 95);
px), |{. sryl{kqpxsp ~{k{}|uyny mysxk m vpwp sxyt y{w
(uyxsp|usp); Paterson 1915, pl. 7 (Russell 1991, 127 –128), 32 –
| z{suvpzkxxws xkpxsukws xk {pvpp B.M. 118905:
33 (Russell 1991, 54), 34 – 35 (Russell 1991, 50), 37 (Russell 1991,
Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXIV–LXV; Smith 1938, pl. XVII
32), 38 (Russell 1991, 35), 68 –70 (Russell 1991, 109), 77 (Russell
(y{snsxkv ~}{kpx).
38 Botta, Flandin 1849, pl. 49, 61, 68 –70, 140, 141, 145, 147
1991, 110), 80 (Russell 1991, 37); Smith 1938, pl. LIX (Russell
y}vskst|j
zy
y{wp
(z{kmsvxt
LIX (Russell 1991, 121); Russell 1991, fig. 34, 40, 41, 67, 73, 74
(y|}{yuyxpxp), 61, 68 – 68 bis, 70, 77, 89, 90, 141, 145, 147
1991, 121); Russell 1991, 67, 80, 115 (o{~nsp y{w).
41 Barnett 1976, pl. XVI–XIX, XX–XXII, XXV, XXVIII,
(sxp y{w).
39 Paterson 1915, pl. 9, 12, 13 (Russell 1991, 78), 14, 15, 16
(Russell 1991, 75), 43, 44 – 45, 46 – 47, 51–52 (Smith 1938,
(Russell 1991, 116), 17 –18 (Russell 1991, 69), 19 –20, 37 (Russell
pl. XLIX–LV), 53–54 (Russell 1991, 77), 55 –56, 57 –58, 62 – 64
1991, 32), 38 (Russell 1991, 35, |{. xsqp), 39,1 (Russell 1991, 83),
(uyxsp|usp); Barnett 1976, pl. XVII, XIX, XXI, XXVIII, XXX,
59, 60 – 61 (Russell 1991, 71), 68 –70 (Russell 1991, 109), 71–73,
XXXIII, XXXIV, LX–LXI, LXVI, LXVII, LXX, LXXI; Paterson
77 (Russell 1991, 110 –111), 74 –76 (Russell 1991, 62, 112 –113),
1915, pl. 40 – 42 (Russell 1991, 75), 43, 44 – 45, 46 – 47, 49
79,1, 79,2 (Russell 1991, 90), 80 (Russell 1991, 37), 81, 83– 84
(Russell 1991, 76), 51– 52 (Smith 1938, pl. XLIX–LV), 53–54
(Russell 1991, 39), 85, 91 (Russell 1991, 89), 92 (Russell 1991, 88),
(Russell 1991, 77), 55 –56, 62 – 64 (o{~nsp y{w).
XXXII–XXXV, LX–LXI, LXVI–LXXI; Paterson 1915, pl. 40 – 42
235
xsukws m|}{pk}|j {pqp 42. Kq. Wk||pv m|vpo rk H. \{y~ok 43 okqp |uvyxpx |s}k} }~ op}kv {yxyvynsp|usw z{srxkuyw: zy pny wxpxs m zy~ Xsxkp{slk xkpxsus srny}kmvsmkvs| y}opvxy y}
vpwym, k m zy~ G~{lkxszkvk y}vsmkvs| mwp|}p | xsws 44. Qku w msopvs, xkvsxt wk}p{skv
xp zyrmyvjp} |opvk} }kuyny mmyok, y}j, opt|}ms}pvxy, m zy~ G~{lkxszkvk z{pylvkok} sryl{kqpxsj «pvxyu{ypxx vpwym», k m zy~ Xsxkp{slk — vpwym | y}opvxy srny}ymvpxxws
xkpxsukws. Ty m vlyw |v~kp, p|vs |~os} zy {pvpkw, vpw | «pvxyu{ypxxws» xkpxsukws xp yljrk}pvxy z{sxkovpqs} zyp Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k svs Xk{nyxk; yx wyqp} | }kusw qp ~|zpyw
ok}s{ymk}|j s lyvpp zyroxsw m{pwpxpw. Tkz{y}sm, vpw | y}opvxy srny}ymvpxxws xkpxsukws
m|}{pk}|j, y}j s {pouy, s xk {pvpk zys Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k.
Lp mkqxpp }y, }y k||s{st|usp {pvp s myylp m{jo vs wyn~} swp} ovj mj|xpxsj okxxyt
z{ylvpw {pkpp rxkpxsp. Uxs, y|ylpxxy uynok sop} {p y wpvus sryl{kqpxsj, xp m|pnok zp{pokmkvs yosxkuymy }yxy }kusp wpvusp op}kvs, uku |zy|yl u{pzvpxsj xkpxsuym u vpw~. Ykusp op}kvs wynvs zp{pokmk}|j | zywy u{k|us, uy}y{kj uku z{kmsvy xk {pvpk xp |y{kxjp}|j. Q{ywp
}yny, s|ukqpxsj m op}kvj wyn~} myrxsux~} s z{s |ym{pwpxx my|z{ysrmpopxsj, y|ylpxxy p|vs sop}
{p y {pvpk, y{snsxkv uy}y{ z{yzkvs s uy}y{p srmp|}x vs zy {s|~xukw, |opvkxxw my
m{pwj {k|uyzyu (zy}s m|p {pvp zys Xk{nyxk) 45. Vy}yw~ }p vpw, uy}y{p mnvjoj} uku pvxyvs}p s vspxxp y{xkwpx}k xk oypos oy xk| {pvpk, mym|p xp yljrk}pvxy lvs }kuymws
m opt|}ms}pvxy|}s. Tkz{swp{, vpw | n{plxjws xk sryl{kqpxsj ~{k{}ym | Hkvkmk}|us my{y} Xkvwkxk|k{k III (|w. xsqp), mnvjoj} }ku, |vymxy yxs swp} pvxyvs}p xkpxsus (. 114). I opt|}ms}pvxy|}s, uku zyukrkvs {k|uyzus \krkxv~, xkpxsus }kus vpwym srny}ymvsmkvs| y}opvxy
(. 115, 3 – 4) 46.
Xymp{pxxy kxkvynsxkj uk{}sxk mj|xjp}|j z{s yl{kpxss u |y{kxsmsw|j urpwzvj{kw
zp{poxpmy|}yx uyxsp|us vpwym. X{pos oymyvxy lyvyny uyvsp|}mk }kus xkyoyu, z{ys|yojs sr Vp{poxpt Grss 47, xp} xs yoxyny | pvxyvs}ws xkpxsukws. Vyokmvjpp lyvsx|}my
s, yoxkuy, swpp} ~ xsqxpny u{kj y}mp{|}sj, |v~qsmsp ovj z{su{pzvpxsj y}opvxy srny}ymvpxx
xkpxsuym. Q |yqkvpxs, xp srmp|}xy xkyoyu y|}{yuyxpx vpwym, z{s uy}y{ |y{kxsvs| l
s xkpxsus, yoxkuy |kws yxs m|}{pk}|j 48. Tpuy}y{p ~{k{}|usp xkpxsus xkozs|kx swpxpw
Oz~sxs 49, }y |msop}pv|}m~p} yl s|zyvrymkxss m Z{k{}~ vpwym | y}opvxy srny}ymvpxxws
xkpxsukws ~qp m zy|vpoxpt p}mp{}s IX m. oy x. . (. 115, 1, 2).
X~oj zy swpsw|j xkyoukw uku |kws vpwym, }ku s xkpxsuym, wyqxy zyvknk}, }y xk m|p
zp{poxpmy|}yx uyxsp|us vpwk, swpms xkpxsus, m opt|}ms}pvxy|}s yxs srny}kmvsmkvs|
y}opvxy. Tk sryl{kqpxsj mysxym (m }yw s|vp xk k||s{st|us {pvpk) |zy|yl z{su{pzvpxsj xk-
42 Barnett 1976, pl. XVII, XIX, XXI, XXXVI, LXXI m; Paterson
1915, pl. 46 – 47, 51–52 (Smith 1938, pl. XLIX–LV), 53–54
(Russell 1991, 19, 77), 57 –58, 62 – 64, 65 – 66 (uyxsp|usp);
Barnett 1976, pl. VI, IX, XVII, XIX; Paterson 1915, pl. 51–52
(Smith 1938, pl. XLIX–LV) (vpw sxyt y{w).
43 Hrouda 1965, 116.
44 Russell 1991, 121.
45 X{., xkz{swp{, {krxs~ m my|z{ysrmpopxss vpwk k||s-
Vyoylxp z{swp{ xp posxsx.
46 Muscarella 1988, 50, pl. 60, a – c; Muscarella 1989, 29, fig. 9
a – b.
47 Xw. |myous xkyoyu, xs yoxk sr uy}y{ xp jmvjp}|j zyvxyt: Borchhardt 1972, 99 –109; Overlaet 1979, 55 –58; Vanden
Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 127 –133;
Gröschel 1986, 73–76; Yıldırm 1988, 217 –228; Calmeyer 1991,
{st|uyny mysxk xk {pvpp 11 zywppxsj X ny-rkzkoxyny
123–133.
48 Barnett, Gökce 1953, 125, pl. XVIII, 1; Borchhardt 1972, 105,
omy{k Xsxkp{slk m Tsxpmss: Paterson 1915, pl. 38 (zy
109, Nr. 24, IX, Taf. 29, 45 (Gv}x}pzp); Belli 1983a, 354 – 355,
J. Rtj{o~) — vpw mnvjos} uku pvxyu{ypxxt s vspx-
Res. 8 (^km~}pzp); Muscarella 1973, 67, fig. 27, 1; 28 (Gn{kl-
xt y{xkwpx}k; Russell 1991, fig. 35 (y}yn{ksj Or. Dr. IV, 65
}pzp s \krkxv~); Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 144, Abb. 46 (n{kls}pv-
m H{s}kx|uyw w~rpp, y{snsxkv ~}p{jx) — xk vpwp msopx
|usp {k|uyzus m my|}yxyt Gxk}yvss); Madhloom 1970,
y{xkwpx}, xkpxsu mnvjos} uku srny}ymvpxxt y}opvxy;
svs |yox~ {krxs~ xk vpwk xpuy}y{ mysxym m |pxp
pl. XIX, 6 (Tsw{~o); Gjerstad 1948, 132, fig. 20 (Qsz{) s o{.
49 Belli 1983a, 344 – 351, Res. 5 –7, Lev. III, 2; IV; Belli 1992,
}~{wk Rksk: Paterson 1915, pl. 69 –71 (y}yn{ksj B.M.
45 – 48, Abb. 1, Taf. I, 2.
124906-7) s Russell 1991, fig. 110 (y}yn{ksj Or. Dr. I, 59).
236
Ws|. 114 Hs}mk k||s{stpm | ~{k{}kws. Oryl{kqpxsp xk l{yxrymyt ylsmup «Hkvkmk}|us my{y}»
Vy King 1915, pl. XXXVIII
pxsuym sxynok zp{pokmkv|j, k sxynok xp}. I zy|vpoxpw |v~kp vpw xk sryl{kqpxsj mnvjoj} uku
srny}ymvpxxp mwp|}p | xkpxsukws. Vp{pokk svs xp zp{pokk }yt op}kvs, myrwyqxy, s wyqp} |v~qs} y|xymkxspw ovj ok}s{ymus {pvpym, y}{kqkj k{ku}p{x~ ovj }yt svs sxyt zys svs wk|}p{k
|uvyxxy|} u sryl{kqpxs wpvus op}kvpt, xy xsuku xp wyqp} s|zyvrymk}|j ovj ok}s{ymus {pkvx vpwym. Iy m|juyw |v~kp, sr m|p srmp|}x vpwym }yny msok pvxyu{ypxxp xkpxsus
swp} vs urpwzvj{, z{ys|yojsp | Qkmukrk (uvsxj{|usp s lp}kpx|ust, xk o{~ns, myrwyqxy, }k op}kv z{y|}y xp |y{kxsvk|). I vlyw |v~kp |zy|yl z{su{pzvpxsj xkpxsuym u vpw~ xp
wyqp} l} {yxyvynsp|usw z{srxkuyw.
Xvpo~p} y}wp}s} pp, }y m zy~ Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III s Xk{nyxk II m G||s{ss xk{jo~ |y vpwkws
| xkpxsukws s{yuy z{swpxjvs| s vpw lpr xs, z{s Xsxkp{slp, msoswy, mposp sr ~zy}{plvpxsj. Iy m|juyw |v~kp xk {pvpk zys Xsxkp{slk yxs m|}{pk}|j u{ktxp {pouy 50, k z{s
G~{lkxszkvp, ukqp}|j, xp m|}{pk}|j mym|p. ^}y uk|kp}|j m{pwpxs zyjmvpxsj y|}{yuyxpx vpwym | xkpxsukws m G||s{ss, }y xk {pvpk s sryl{kqpxsj mzp{mp m|}{pk}|j vs m zy~
Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k III, k xk k||s{st|us {pvpk IX m. oy x. . sryl{kqk}|j vs y|}{yuyxpxp vpw
lpr xkpxsuym. Isoswy, mzp{mp z{swpxpxsp vpwk | xkpxsukws m k||s{st|uyt k{wss rk|msop}pv|}mymkxy sryl{kqpxspw |{kqpxsj xk l{yxrymyw uyx|uyw xkn{~oxsup k||s{st|uyt {kly}, y}xy|jpw|j uy m}y{yt zyvymsxp IX m. oy x. . (. 66) 51. Kkxxyp sryl{kqpxsp okp} terminus ante quem ovj
zyjmvpxsj }yny xymp|}mk m G||s{ss.
50 Paterson 1915, 7 (Russell 1991, 127), 37 (Russell 1991, 32).
51 Seidl 1986, 229 –233, Abb. 2 – 3, Taf. 54; Born, Seidl 1995,
55 –72, Abb. 45 – 48, 51, 53.
237
Syqxy z{pozyvknk}, }y yxy lvy rksw|}mymkxy k||s{stkws ~ ~{k{}ym svs wkxxppm. I |kwyw
opvp, vpw | xkpxsukws, z{kmok, sxyny }szk (yu{~nvp skus | n{plxpw) mzp{mp m k||s{st|uyw s|u~||}mp zyjmvj}|j swpxxy xk sryl{kqpxsj ~{k{}|us mysxym, |y{kxsms|j xk «Hkvkmk}|us my{y}k» (850 svs 841/837 nn. oy x. .) (. 114) 52, }ynok uku |kws k||s{st m }y m{pwj zyvrymkvs| vs vpwkws lpr xkpxsuym. V{y}smxsus k||s{stpm xk ~zywjx~}yw xkn{~oxsup s|zyvr~} }kusp qp vpw, uku ~{k{} | «Hkvkmk}|us my{y}». Ox}p{p|xy, }y }s vpw lvsrus zy y{wp
}pw, }y sryl{kqpx xk mysxk | wyopvs zymyrus sr Rkpxk (|w. mp), y}xy|jpt|j u ny{kroy lyvpp
{kxxpw~ m{pwpxs. Qku ~qp ~zywsxkvy|, vpw lvsruyt y{w | xkpxsukws lvs ylxk{~qpx
m p}mp{}yw |vyp \krkxv~ (. 115, 3, 4).
^}y uk|kp}|j m{pwpxs zyjmvpxsj |kwyny y|}{yuyxpxyny uyxsp|uyny vpwk m Sp|yzy}kwss,
lmpny rop| xkslyvpp {k|z{y|}{kxpxxyt y{wyt m IX–VII mm. oy x. ., }y }y} myz{y| xpj|px. _vpw III }|jpvp}sj, srmp|}xp uku zy sryl{kqpxsjw, }ku s zy xkyoukw, z{pqop m|pny, m xpu{yzyvp
Z{k, swpvs sxp y{w — }y lvs skus, sxynok | xplyvsw rky|}{pxspw, ylxy rku{mkmsp
s rk}vyu s swpmsp m{pr ovj vsk. Oxynok yxs |xklqkvs| xkpxsukws. Xyox~ y{w~ swpvs
s vpw Sk{s 53. Iyrwyqxy, k|} }s nyvymx ~ly{ym srny}kmvsmkvk| xp sr wp}kvvk, k sr uyqs
svs }ukxs. Kvj lyvpp zyroxpny m{pwpxs, mzvy} oy xymyk||s{st|uyt zys, xkopqxkj sxy{wksj y
y{wp wp}kvvsp|us vpwym m Sp|yzy}kwss z{ku}sp|us y}|~}|}m~p}. Tk zpk}j |{poxpk||s{st|uyny m{pwpxs m|}{pk}|j sryl{kqpxsj nyvymx ~ly{ym y|}{yuyxpxyt y{w, yoxkuy sop} vs {p
y vpwk, svs nyvymx ~ly{k, xp swpms yly{yxs}pvxyny rxkpxsj s srny}ymvpxx xp sr wp}kvvk, |~os} xp z{po|}kmvjp}|j myrwyqxw. Isoswy, uyxsp|ust vpw, |xklqpxxt xkpxsukws s
m|}~zyw, rku{mksw rk}vyu, k }kuqp opuy{k}smxw n{plxpw, sryl{kqpx xk {pvpp XIV m. oy x. .
sr Hynkruij 54. I xymyk||s{st|u~ zy~ y|}{yuyxpxp vpw rksu|s{ymkx ~qp xk |kw {kxxs
sryl{kqpxsj }yny zp{syok — xk nvkr~{ymkx us{zsk zys Y~u~v}s-Tsx~{} II (891– 884 nn.
oy x. .), xktopxx m {kwp G~{k m G~{p 55, k zyrqp xk {pvpk G~{xks{zkvk II (884 –
858 nn. oy x. .) 56 s Xkvwkxk|k{k III (858 – 824 nn. oy x. .) 57. a}y zyrmyvjp} z{pozyvknk}, }y vpw
}yt y{w s|zyvrymkvs| m Sp|yzy}kwss s {kxp. Uoxkuy ukmukr|usp xkyous m Y{skvp}s s m
V{swy{|uyw jmvj}|j |kwws {kxxsws wk}p{skvxws, k xp suyxyn{ksp|usws, |msop}pv|}mkws
s|zyvrymkxsj y|}{yuyxpx uyxsp|us vpwym m Vp{poxpt Grss. Q{ywp }yny, yxs |msop}pv|}m~}
y }yw, }y uyxsp|usp vpw | xkpxsukws |}kvs z{swpxj}|j m Nkukmukrp {kxp, pw m G||s{ss,
ovj uy}y{yt m zp{myt zyvymsxp IX m. oy x. . lvs k{ku}p{x vpw }yt y{w lpr xkpxsuym 58.
O}ku, m Nkukmukrp y|}{yuyxpxp uyxsp|usp vpw, srny}ymvpxxp sr l{yxrymyny vs|}k, «|s}yny» rkuvpzukws, z{swpxjvs|, msoswy, xp zyrqp XII m. oy x. . (zyn{plpxsp 13 Hp}kpx|uyny
wynsvxsuk, myrwyqxy, zp{mt G{kory{|ust u~{nkx), k rk}pw — m X–IX mm. oy x. . \{yxyvynsp|ust
z{sy{s}p} zy u{ktxpt wp{p {kxxs xkyoyu ukmukr|us vpwym (Hp}kpxs, G{kory{ s V{swy{|uyp)
zp{po |kwws {kxxsws ~{k{}|usws s myylp zp{poxpkrsk}|usws xkyoukws (zy|vpoxjj p}mp{} IX m.
oy x. .) rk|}kmvjp} | |ywxpxspw y}xp|}s| u z{pozyvyqpxs y rksw|}mymkxss }yt y{w m Nkukmukrp sr Vp{poxpt Grss. U xprkms|swy|}s ukmukr|us vpwym y} zp{poxpkrsk}|us |msop}pv|}~},
u{ywp }yny, |~p|}mpxxp {krvssj m |zy|ylp s srny}ymvpxsj — m|p ukmukr|usp vpw |opvkx sr
vs|}ym l{yxr s |u{pzvpx rkuvpzukws, m|p zp{poxpkrsk}|usp l{yxrymp vpw — vs}p. L|vs
zp{poxpkrsk}|usp vpw swp} xkpxsus, yxs srny}ymvpx y}opvxy, ~ ukmukr|us yxs mu{ypx
sr }yny qp vs|}k, }y s mp| vpw. Qkmukr|usp y|}{yuyxpxp vpw z{sxkovpqk} u lyvyt n{~zzp
z{powp}ym |yoxyt y{w, {k|z{y|}{kxpxx my m|pt Vp{poxpt Grss, yoxkuy |y|}kmvj} mx~}{s xpp
52 King 1915, pl. X, XXXVII, XXXVIII, XLII.
53 Yadin 1963, 49, 132 –133, 151; Borchhardt 1972, 94 – 96;
168, Taf. 123, 124.
56 Budge 1914, passim; Barnett, Falkner 1962, passim
57 King 1915, passim; Oates 1963, 17, pl. V, VII c.
Calmeyer 1972 –1975, 313– 314.
54 Akurgal 1961, Taf. 134; Borchhardt 1972, 102 –103, Taf. 25, 1.
55 Andrae 1923, 13–14, Taf. 8, 9 a,e (sryl{kqpxsp xk Taf. 6
58 X{. Kossack 1994, 23, uy}y{t |s}kp} ukmukr|usp vpw
oyvqxy ok}s{ymk}|j xp zyyt Ysnvk}zkvk|k{k I, uku |s}kv
zyvknkp}, }y m{pwj s z{yxsuxympxsj xk Qkmukr xpsrmp|}xy
srok}pv, k zyyt Xk{nyxk II, |w. xsqp); Nunn 1988, 167 –
s wyqp} y}xy|s}|j pp u IX m. oy x. .
238
wp|}xws my|z{ysrmpopxsjws k||s{st|us yl{krym, yoxkuy
1
2
3
4
Ws|. 115 1. Tkpxsu ~{k{}|uyny vpwk | xkozs| Oz~sxs.
2. Wpuyx|}{~usj vpwk | }sw xkpxsuyw. 3, 4. _vpw sr \krkxv~ IV. H{yxrk
Vy Belli 1992, Abb. 1 (1, 2); Muscarella 1989a, 29, fig. 9 a– b (3, 4)
239
1
2
Ws|. 116 Z{k{}|usp vpw | xkozs|jws G{ns}s I. 1. Synsvxsu Ip{xjj W~}k; 2. Qk{ws{-Hv~{. H{yxrk
Vy Nagel 1959 –1960, Abb. 1 (1); Vsy}{ym|ust 1970, № 43 (2)
p}uy yz{popvjpwt mk{skx}. I vlyw |v~kp xp} xsukus y|xymkxst nymy{s} y rksw|}mymkxss }s
vpwym svs s y{w m Vp{poxpt Grss m zp{syo uswwp{st|us s |us|us zyyoym — yxs swp} m
Nkukmukrp oy|}k}yxy okmxsp }{kosss s srmp|}x rkoyvny oy }s zyyoym.
X{pos xktopxx xk Qkmukrp vpwym }. x. «k||s{st|uyny» }szk swpp}|j pp yosx, |~p|}mpxxy
y}vskst|j y} {k||wy}{pxx, xy ylxy muvkpwt m }~ qp n{~zz~. Wp sop} y vpwp, xktopxxyw xk xpu{yzyvp Ip{xjj W~}k (. 116, 1). Tsu}y sr km}y{ym, |zpskvxy zs|kms y okxxyt
n{~zzp xkyoyu, zypw~-}y xp yl{kkv oyvqxyny mxswkxsj xk }y mkqxptpp yl|}yj}pv|}my, }y xk
}yw vpwp swpp}|j ~{k{}|ukj xkozs|, yoxyrxkxy yz{popvjkj pny ok}~ s wp|}y z{ysrmyo|}mk: mArgi-iš-ti-i ú-ri-iš-hi, «|uvko G{ns}s» 59. _vpw lv, |vpoymk}pvxy, srny}ymvpx m Z{k{}~ m zy~ z{kmvpxsj k{j G{ns}s I (yuyvy 786 – 764 nn. oy x. .). V{kmok, I. O. Qyrpxuymk ok}s{ymkvk pny 789 –
766 nn. oy x. . (}. p. m{pwpxpw z{kmvpxsj G{ns}s), yoxkuy ||vkvk| z{s }yw zypw~-}y }yvuy xk
sryl{kqpxsj zyoylx vpwym xk k||s{st|us {pvpk «z{swp{xy y} 888 n. oy x. . 60 s zyrqp» 61, pw
z{smpvk m xpoy~wpxsp, xkz{swp{, X. R. K~ok{pmk 62. Nop| qp yxk ok}s{~p} vpw sr wynsvxsuk [k|uk~
(|w. mp) 883– 824 nn. oy x. . Nk }sws s{kws |u{mk}|j, ypmsoxy, ok} z{kmvpxsj G~{xks{zkvk II s Xkvwkxk|k{k III, s y|xymkxspw ovj ok}s{ymus jmvj}|j, |vpoymk}pvxy, m|p }p qp {pvp. Tpzyxj}xy, z{kmok, zypw~ I. O. Qyrpxuymk mls{kp} swpxxy }s om~ k{pt — sryl{kqpxsj
kxkvynsx vpwym srmp|}x m G||s{ss s {kxp, s wxyny zyrqp.
_vpw sr Ip{xpt W~}s z{sxkovpqs} s{yuy {k|z{y|}{kxpxxyw~ m Z{k{}~ }sz~. Jvkmxw pny
z{srxkuyw jmvjp}|j |zy|yl y{xkwpx}kss — {pvpxp zyj|us moyv xsqxpny u{kj s rsnrknyyl{kr59 Nagel 1959 –1960, 144 –147.
60 Kk}k xpyl j|xswk, myrwyqxy, {p sop} yl yzpk}up mwp|}y «883 n. oy x. .», z{swp{xyny xkkvk z{kmvpxsj G~{xk-
240
s{zkvk II.
61 Qyrpxuymk 1990, 72, 81– 82; Qyrpxuymk 1996, 90, 99.
62 K~ok{pm 1991, 53.
xt y{xkwpx}kvxt wy}sm xk vylxyt k|}s vpwk63. I|p vpw }yny }szk |yox zy z{yzy{sjw
(|{poxjj m|y}k 30 – 31 |w, y}uvyxpxsj m ylp |}y{yx xprxks}pvx) s |y|}kmvj} oy|}k}yxy yoxy{yox~ m {yxyvynsp|uyw y}xypxss n{~zz~. Kvj pp ok}s{ymus y|ylyp rxkpxsp swp} urpwzvj{,
swpsp xkozs|s ~{k{}|us k{pt, k{|pxkvkw uy}y{ yxs z{sxkovpqkvs, }pw lyvpp, }y zyokmvjpp lyvsx|}my ~{k{}|us l{yxrym sropvst z{ys|yos} sr n{kls}pv|us {k|uyzyu s wp|}y
s yl|}yj}pv|}mk s xkyous uku z{kmsvy xpsrmp|}x. O|uvpxspw jmvj}|j xkyous, |opvkxxp z{s
z{kmsvx {k|uyzuk Qk{ws{-Hv~{k — rop| ylxk{~qpxy yosxxkok} l{yxrym vpwym }yny
}szk 64, xy yz~lvsuymkx vs omk, z{spw xk xsqxpt k|}s m}y{yny swpp}|j xkozs|: «Hyn~ \kvos,
ny|zyosx~, }y} vpw G{ns}s, |x Spx~k, zyok{sv» (. 116, 2) 65. Xyoxt vpw (m|y}k 31,5 |w)
| xkozs| Spx~k lv ylxk{~qpx |{pos o{~ns l{yxrym mppt m 1977 n. myrvp ~{k{}|uyt u{pzy|}s
H~{wknps} xk mp{xpw Lm{k}p (22 uw qxpp ny{yok Y~xoqpvs) 66. Q{ywp }yny, m }yt qp u{pzy|}s
lvy ylxk{~qpxy pp omk {knwpx}s{ymkx l{yxrym vpwk }yny qp }szk 67. U|}kvxp z{ys|yoj}
sr n{kls}pv|us {k|uyzyu xk }p{{s}y{ss my|}yxyt Y~{ss s |pmp{y-rkzkoxyny O{kxk s {kxj}|j m
{krvsx w~rpj Lm{yz. I xk|}yjpp m{pwj srmp|}xy p}{p vpwk }yny }szk | swpxpw k{j
Oz~sxs (yu. 825 – 810 nn. oy x. .) (H{s}kx|ust w~rpt 135061 68, Hkopx|ust rpwpvxt w~rpt, Qk{v|{~ 69, omk urpwzvj{k m ]px}{kvxyw Wsw|uy-np{wkx|uyw w~rpp, Sktx 70), p|} | swpxpw Spx~k
(yu. 810 – 785 nn. oy x. .) (H~{wknps} (|w. mp), Hkopx|ust rpwpvxt w~rpt, Qk{v|{~ 71, Jy|~ok{|}mpxxyp z{ks|}y{sp|uyp |yl{kxsp, Sxpx, sxm. №1985, 521 72, }{s urpwzvj{k m ]px}{kvxyw Wsw|uy-np{wkx|uyw w~rpp, Sktx 73) s omk | swpxpw G{ns}s I (yu. 785 –760 nn. oy x. .) (Ip{xjj W~}k,
Qk{ws{-Hv~{, |w. mp) 74. Q{ywp }yny, yosx vpw (Xyl{kxsp Gu|pvj J~}wkxk m Hp{vsxp, AG 339)
63 Xw. |myou~ wxpxst zy zymyo~ }yvuymkxsj }yny y{xkwpx-
fig. 12; Özgen 1979, 28; Overlaet 1979, 51, n. 1; Vanden Berghe,
}kvxyny wy}smk (k}{sl~} Yptpl (wyvxsj svs uyzp), |}svsrymkxyp sryl{kqpxsp {ynym, |}svsrymkxyp sryl{kqpxsp
De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 128, Nr. 17.
69 I|y}k 30,5, oskwp}{ 19,5 –21,5: Maaß 1987, 71–74, 92,
op{pmk qsrxs, |}svsrymkxyp sryl{kqpxsp «u{vk}yny |yvxk»
Nr. 3, Taf. 1, 2, |vpmk |xsr~; Rehm 1997, 211, U 20, Abb. 384.
s o{.): Özgen 1979, 68; Maaß 1987, 72 –73; Rehm 1997, 209.
64 Vsy}{ym|ust 1959k, 178; Piotrovskii 1967, 45, |{. van Loon
Tkozs| xk vpwp z{ys}kxk Z. Nktov; a. Wpw, y}wpkj
1966, 119; Özgen 1979, 28 –29, 68 – 69.z
65 Vp{mt xktopx m zywppxss 24 m 1948 n.: Vsy}{ym|ust
xkvssp y|}k}uym xkozs|s, |s}kp} s xps}kpwws.
70 Jahresbericht 1984, 649, Abb. 39.
71 I|y}k 30,2, oskwp}{ 19–20 |w: Maaß 1987, 71–74, 92, Nr. 4,
1950, 59, {s|. 38; Vsy}{ym|ust 1959, {s|. 26; Barnett, Watson
Taf. 1, 2, |vpmk |xsr~; Rehm 1997, 211, U 21, Abb. 385. Z. Nktov
1952 ({pp{k} z~lvsukss Vsy}{ym|ust 1950), 143, fig. 21;
Borchhardt 1972, 107, Nr. 24, V, 2; m}y{yt, z{ku}sp|us sopx-
s}kp} xk vpwp swj Spx~k, a. Wpw — swj Oz~sxs.
72 V{ys|yos} sr lyvyny uywzvpu|k l{yxrym sropvst,
}sxt {~}sx|uyw~ (m|y}k 30,5 |w, sopx}sxkj y{xkwpx}k-
k|} sr uy}y{ xkozs|kxk swpxpw Spx~k, m|y}k 33,3 |w
sj) — m 1953 n. m zywppxss 37: Vsy}{ym|ust 1955, 25 –26,
(myrwyqxy, z{yzy{ss s|ukqpx m yop {p|}km{kss): Gropp
{s|. 16. Tkozs|: ZQT 148k. X{. Vsy}{ym|ust 1959k, 178
1981, 95 –123; Kellner 1987, 20 –21, Taf. 22; Kellner 1991, 11–
(xpj|xy, }y} qp }y vpw, svs sxyt urpwzvj{); Vsy}{ym|ust
wy}{j xk wxynys|vpxxp my|z{ysrmpopxsj yoxs s }p qp
15; Wartke 1993, Abb. 27.
73 Jahresbericht 1984, 649, Abb. 39.
74 X{. Belli 1993, 65, nop nymy{s}|j, }y srmp|}xy p}{p
yl pu}ym (z{spw k|}y | {krxws ~ukrkxsjws xk k{ku}p{
vpwk | swpxpw Oz~sxs (}{s m Sktxp, yosx m H{s}kx-
swps|j xk xs xkozs|pt, wp|}y {kxpxsj s }. o., }y
|uyw w~rpp) s p|} | swpxpw Spx~k (}{s m Sktxp, omk
zy{yosvy ~oymsx~ z~}kxs~ m vs}p{k}~{p), lyvkj k|}
m Qk{v|{~, yosx m Sxpxp). Xynvk|xy }yt sxy{wkss,
xktopxx m Yptplksxs vpwym (m|pny s lvy, ukqp}|j,
yosx sr vpwym sr Qk{v|{~ xkozs|kx swpxpw xp Oz~sxs,
omkok}) }ku s y|}kvk| xpyz~lvsuymkxxyt. Uz~lvsuymkxxp
k Spx~k, uku s m}y{yt, k m Sktxp swpp}|j xp zj}, k p|}
1970, № 43 (msoswy, }y} qp vpw zy|vp {p|}km{kss). Tp|-
qp urpwzvj{ k|}y my|z{ysrmyoj}|j lpr ~ukrkxsj {krwp{ym,
xkozs|kxx vpwym, z{spw }y}, sxy{wkspt y uy}y{yw j
}y |svxy ~wpxkp} sxy{wk}smxy|} wk}p{skvk.
66 Belli 1993, 61– 67, Abb. 3, Taf. 13, 4 (S~rpt avjrnk, Inv.-
xp {k|zyvknk, xkozs|kx swpxpw Oz~sxs. Xvpoymk}pvxy,
xkozs|kxx vpwym | swpxpw Spx~k srmp|}xy xp p|} (zy
Nr. 85. TMKC. 1-72).
67 Yıldırım 1988, 217 –218, Res. 1–2, Şek. 1–2 (S~rpt avj-
wypt sxy{wkss), k |pw, }y, mz{ypw, xp wpxjp} |~p|}-
rnk, Inv.-Nr. 85.1.72; 85.1.78).
68 I|y}k 29,5 |w: Barnett, Curtis 1973, 133; Frankel 1979, 20,
|ynvk|xy uy}y{yt omk vpwk sr Sktxk xkozs|kx swpxpw
mpxxy yl~ uk{}sx~. X{., yoxkuy, Rehm 1997, 210, Anm. 251,
Oz~sxs s }{s Spx~k.
241
xy|s} |{kr~ omp xkozs|s — Spx~k s G{ns}s 75. U|}kvxp srmp|}xp vpw }yny }szk xkozs|pt xp
swp} 76. Ts yoxyny urpwzvj{k zyoylxyny vpwk | xkozs| lyvpp zyroxpny k{j xpsrmp|}xy; xp}
s sx ~ukrkxst xk myrwyqxy|} lyvpp zyroxpt ok}s{ymus vpwym }yny }szk. Kk}s{ymuk s, }kusw
yl{kryw, xkz{ksmkp}|j — yxs y}xy|j}|j u zy|vpoxpt p}mp{}s IX – zp{myt zyvymsxp VIII m. oy x. .
O|zyvrymkvs| vs }kusp vpw s {kxp, oy zys Oz~sxs, y|}kp}|j xpj|xw. Iy m|juyw |v~kp,
|{pos sryl{kqpxst ~{k{}ym xk «Hkvkmk}|us my{y}k» Xkvwkx|k{k III (|w. mp), xk uy}y{ y}{kqpx
m y|xymxyw |yl}sj k||s{st|us zyyoym 859 s 856 nn. oy x. . (|kws my{y}k lvs srny}ymvpx
yuyvy 841/837 n. oy x. ., k|} {pvpym z{sxkovpqs} u lyvpp {kxxsw my{y}kw, srny}ymvpxxw m 850 n.
oy x. .) 77, xp} xs yoxyny, xk uy}y{yw ~{k{}|ust mysx lv l ylvkpx m y|}{yuyxpxt vpw. I|p yxs
xy|j} zyv~|p{sp|usp ~u{kpxxp n{plxpw skus | xkpxsukws 78. _vpw {k||wy}{pxxyny }szk
k{ku}p{x, |~oj zy swpsw|j okxxw, swpxxy ovj Z{k{}~ s rk z{popvkws pny }p{{s}y{ss (u{ywp
Ip{xpt W~}s) xp m|}{pk}|j.
I zy~ G{ns}s I vpw }yny }szk m Z{k{}~ myoj} sr ~zy}{plvpxsj s m}p|xj}|j o{~nsw
}szyw. Kvj vpwym xymyt {krxymsoxy|}s k{ku}p{xk y{xkwpx}ksj yoxyt svs xp|uyvusws rknslksws|j s |y|}kmvjsws zyv~yu{~qxy|} rwppmsoxws mkvsukws, rkmp{ksws|j sryl{kqpxsjws
nyvymyu qsmy}x. ^k|}y }kusp vpw ~u{kpx sryl{kqpxsjws {krvsx |px — yy}, |{kqpxst
svs u~v}ymws. Q }yw~ }sz~ y}xy|j}|j rxkwpxs}p zk{koxp vpw sr Yptplksxs (m|pny s xktopxy opmj} 79) | zy|mj}s}pvxws xkozs|jws G{ns}s I (yu. 785 –760 nn. oy x. ., yosx urpwzvj{) s
Xk{o~{s II (yu. 760 –730 nn. oy x. ., }{s urpwzvj{k) (. 117, 1) 80. Wjo vpwym }yny }szk lpr xkozs|pt, z{ys|yojs sr n{kls}pv|us {k|uyzyu xk }p{{s}y{ss Z{k{}~, {kxj}|j m {krvsx w~rpj
Y~{ss, Lm{yz s Gwp{sus (. 117, 2; 118, 1) 81. _vpw | y{xkwpx}yw m msop rwppmsox mkvsuym
lvs {k|z{y|}{kxpx xk m|pw Vp{poxpw Iy|}yup, yoxkuy mx~}{s }yt n{~zz wyqxy mopvs} {jo
vyukvx mk{skx}ym. Vy-msoswyw~, z{ys|yqopxsp }yny msok y{xkwpx}kss |mjrkxy | G||s{spt —
rknx~}p mkvsus m|}{pk}|j xk sryl{kqpxsj vpwym k||s{st|us mysxym ~qp xksxkj | zys Y~u~v}s-Tsx~{} II (891– 884 nn. oy x. .) 82. Xkwp {kxxsp ok}s{ymkxxp vpw }yny }szk (}{s urpwzvj{k) y}xy|j}|j u uyx~ IX m. oy x. . s z{ys|yoj} sr |vyj {kr{~pxsj \krkxv~ IV (. 118, 2, 3) 83.
Q{ywp \krkxv~ s Z{k{}~, ok}s{ymkxxp urpwzvj{ srmp|}x vs m Nsxoqs{vs 84 (mp{yj}xy, uyxp
75 Born, Seidl 1995, 91, Abb. 94, 95, Taf. I, XII.
76 Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983,
80 Vsy}{ym|ust 1950, 63– 67, {s|. 40, 40 k – m, }kl. 12; Vsy}-
127, Nr. 14 (alxp}p{, Rp G{u, xxp m S~rpp _kk~rpxk,
{ym|ust 1955, 18, 26; Vsy}{ym|ust 1962, 70, {s|. 41, 79,
m|y}k 27, oskwp}{ 20,5 –21,6 |w); Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 140,
}kl. XVI–XIX; Piotrovskii 1967, 46. a}s vpw k|}y my|z{y-
{ym|ust 1952, 38 – 39, 49 –50, {s|. ~ |. 40, }kl. 11–15; Vsy}-
Taf. 14; Özgen 1979, 29; Overlaet 1979, 51, n. 1; Vanden Berghe,
srmyoj}|j | yslukws s z~}kxspt: |w. Özgen 1979, 70 –72;
De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 127, Nr. 15 (V{ks-
Gröschel 1986, 75.
|}y{sp|uyp |yl{kxsp, Sxpx, 1971/1767, m|y}k 28,5, osk-
81 Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 139; Taşyürek 1974, 177 –181; Özgen
wp}{ 19,2 –22,8 |w); Calmeyer 1991, 125, 129, Nr. 13; Wartke
1993, Taf. 82, | xpmp{xw ~ukrkxspw wp|}k {kxpxsj (T-
1979, 29 – 30, 73–74; Kellner 1982, 207 –209, pl. II–IX; Özgen
1983, 114, fig. 11–12; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet,
Py{u, Ariadne Galleries, Inc, m|y}k 31, wku|swkvxt osk-
Haerinck, Tanret 1983, 131, Nr. 21; Eichler 1984, 19, 65, Taf. 8;
wp}{ 21,7 |w); Calmeyer 1991, 125, 131, Nr. 15 (S~rpt srjx
9, 1; Gröschel 1986, 75 –76; Calmeyer 1986, 79 – 86, Taf. 15 –20;
Maaß 1987, 71, Taf. 1, 2 Mitte; Yıldırım 1988, 218 –219, Res. 3,
5, Şek. 3, 5; Calmeyer 1991, Nr. 9, 14, fig. 8; Rehm 1997, 211–
s|u~||}m, Hy|}yx, 1981.25, m|y}k 29,5, oskwp}{ 19,5 |w);
Rehm 1997, 209 –211, U 19, Abb. 383 (Hkopx|ust rpwpvxt
w~rpt, Qk{v|{~, 84/69, m|y}k 30,3, oskwp}{ 21–22,5 |w). X{.
Kellner 1982, 206, Taf. I; Belli 1993, 65; Born, Seidl 1995, 91,
214, U 22, Abb. XXIV, XXV, Fig. 7, Abb. 386.
82 Andrae 1923, pl. 9 e.
Abb. 94, 95, 90 – 92, Taf. I, IX, X.
77 Wäfler 1975, 247 –251, 299 – 301, | s|}yxsukws s vs}p{k-
83 Dyson 1961, 536, fig. 14 (non vidi); Calmeyer 1969, 90;
}~{yt.
78 Iyrwyqxp sryl{krs}pvxp kxkvynss }sw vpwkw |w.
1979, 55 –56, |{. 51, n. 1 (|s}kp}, }y {p sop} y om~ {krx
Wäfler 1975, 254 –255. Tkyous vpwym }yny }szk xk \krkxv~
fig. 11.
84 Luschan, Andrae 1943, 75 –76, 162 – 163, Abb. 84 – 85,
|w. mp. X{. vpw lvsruyt y{w sr s{kx|uyny Grp{lktoqkxk m Rptopx|uyw w~rpp: Vanden Boorn 1984, 88, Afb. 125.
79 Vsy}{ym|ust 1959k, 178.
242
Borchhardt 1972, 107, Nr. 24, IV, 2; Azarpay 1968, pl. 9; Overlaet
vpwk); Winter 1980, 24, fig. 60 – 61; Muscarella 1989, 26,
Taf. 40 a.
1
2
Ws|. 117 Z{k{}|usp vpw. 1. Qk{ws{-Hv~{; 2. Iy|}yxkj Gxk}yvsj, Hkopx|ust Npwpvxt w~rpt, Qk{v|{~. H{yxrk
Vy Vsy}{ym|ust 1970, № 44 (1); Calmeyer 1991, Nr. 9 (2)
VIII m. oy x. .) s xk Qsz{p («Qsz{y-k{ksp|ust zp{syo I», msoswy m}y{kj zyvymsxk VII m. oy x. .)
(. 118, 4; 119, 1) 85. Upmsoxy, vpw }yny }szk lvs rksw|}mymkx ~{k{}kws ~ k||s{stpm
svs wkxxppm m z{kmvpxsp G{ns}s, s swpxxy }ynok m}p|xsvs {k|z{y|}{kxpxxp {kxpp, m }ppxsp zy
u{ktxpt wp{p zyv~mpuk, vpw | ~u{kpxspw m msop «wyvxss». V{s }yw srwpxsvk| xp }yvuy s
y{xkwpx}ksj, xy s z{yzy{ss — z{s |y{kxpxss ylpt y{w, ~{k{}|usp vpw }yny }szk lyvpp
z{srpws|}p (m|y}k 27 –28 |w), pw vpw | «wyvxspt». a}y, u|}k}s, y}vskp} s y} s{kx|us (oy
34 |w) s y|ylpxxy |pmp{y|s{st|us (oy 37,5 |w) yl{krym, uy}y{p swp} ny{kroy lyvpp m}jx~}p
yp{}kxsj.
Kkvxptpp {krms}sp ~{k{}|us y|}{yuyxpx vpwym svv|}{s{~p}|j l{yxrymw {knwpx}s{ymkxxw vpwyw, {kxjsw|j m S~rpp Vpx|svmkx|uyny ~xsmp{|s}p}k (UM 67-39-21, m|y}k 27,6,
oskwp}{ 22 |w |ynvk|xy {puyx|}{~uss) 86. Tk vylxyt k|}s vpwk sryl{kqpxy lyqp|}my m lvkny|vymvjpt zyrp, k | om~ |}y{yx y} xpny — |swwp}{sxp {sr, sryl{kqksp uyvpxyz{puvpxpxx
u{vk} npxspm zp{po {yrp}ukws s mp{pxs~ vmym. Tk y|xymkxss |yzy|}kmvpxsj | sryl{kqpxsjws
vmym xk s}k W~| III sr Yyz{kuukvp vpw ok}s{~p}|j m}y{yt zyvymsxyt VII m. oy x. . 87 [y{wk
}yny vpwk xp|uyvuy y}vskp}|j y} xkrmkxx mp — yxk z{slvsqkp}|j u zyv~|p{p | uyxsp|usw
y|}{spw. a}y posx|}mpxxt ~{k{}|ust y{xkwpx}s{ymkxxt vpw, y}xy|jst|j u |}yv zyroxpt ok}p
(xs yoxyny o{~nyny urpwzvj{k, ok}s{ymkxxyny | lyvpt svs wpxpt ~mp{pxxy|} zyyt zy|vp
z{kmvpxsj Xk{o~{s II xpsrmp|}xy). Iyrwyqxy, }y |mjrkxy | }pw, }y m zy|vpoxpt }{p}s VIII m. oy x. .
ny{kroy lyvpp {k|z{y|}{kxpxsp zyv~k} qpvprxp vpw, zy|}pzpxxy m}p|xjsp l{yxrymp,
k qpvpry |y{kxjp}|j rxks}pvxy ~qp l{yxr. a}y y}k|}s zyo}mp{qokp}|j }pw, }y xkw srmp|}xy
Kk}s{ymuk vpwk VI m. oy x. . (Borchhardt 1972, 99, Nr. 22, A,
86 Özgen 1979, 30 – 37, fig. 1– 3.
87 Barnett 1950, 13– 15, pl. IX–X; Akurgal 1968, 61– 62,
II; Buhl 1974, 105; Overlaet 1979, 55) xs xk pw xp y|xymkxk.
Taf. XXXVIII; Azarpay 1968, 66 – 68, pl. 56 –58.
85 Karageorghis 1966, 319 – 322; Karageorghis 1967a, 202 –245.
243
1
2
3
Ws|. 118 H{yxrymp vpw.
1. Iy|}yxkj Gxk}yvsj, Jy|~ok{|}mpxxyp z{ks|}y{sp|uyp |yl{kxsp, Sxpx; 2, 3. \krkxv~ IV; 4. Vkvp-Vky|, Qsz{
Vy Vanden Berghe, De Meyer etc. 1983, Nr. 21 (1); Winter 1980, fig. 60, 61 (2, 3); Karageorghis 1967a, fig. 20 (4)
244
4
1
2
3
4
Ws|. 119 _vpw.
1. Nsxoqs{vs; 2 – 4. Iy|}yxkj Gxk}yvsj. 1, 2. H{yxrk; 3, 4. Mpvpry
Vy Calmeyer 1969, Abb. 93 (1); Calmeyer 1991, 133, Nr. 19, 20 (2, 3); Wartke 1991, 330, Nr. 4 (4)
245
xp|uyvuy qpvprx ~{k{}|us vpwym lvsruyt y{w 88. V{kmok, srmp|}x s l{yxrymp urpwzvj{
}kus vpwym (. 119, 2 – 4) 89. Syqxy zyvknk}, }y m VII m. oy x. . m Z{k{}~ m y|xymxyw s|zyvrymkvs| vpw swpxxy }yt y{w.
Q |yqkvpxs, ~{k{}|ust vpw zp{myt }{p}s VIII m. oy x. . sr wynsvxsuk Ip{xjj W~}k z{ys|yos} sr n{kls}pv|us {k|uyzyu xkkvk mpuk s pny uywzvpu| zy}yw~ xpsrmp|}px, }y m rxks}pvxyt
|}pzpxs ylp|pxsmkp} }~ xkyou~. Losx|}mpxxyp, y pw yxk |msop}pv|}m~p} — }y y|}{yuyxpxp
vpw zp{poxpkrsk}|uyny (m k|}xy|}s ~{k{}|uyny) z{ysrmyo|}mk opt|}ms}pvxy zyzkokvs xk Xpmp{xt
Qkmukr. Tpj|xy, yoxkuy, xs ukusw z~}pw, xs uynok }y z{ys|yosvy. Wp wyqp} so}s uku y ws{x
}y{nym uyx}ku}k, }ku s y mypxxyt oylp. I zp{myw |v~kp wyqxy z{pozyvknk}, }y vpw zyzkv
xk Xpmp{xt Qkmukr xpxkwxyny zyrqp pny srny}ymvpxsj, my m}y{yw }y} z{ywpq~}yu wyn l} s mp|wk
rxks}pvxw. Qku srmp|}xy, z{powp} myy{~qpxsj, m }yw s|vp oy|}k}yxy o{pmxsp, oyvny {kxsvs|
xk |uvkok ~{k{}|us u{pzy|}pt m msop {pvsumst. Yku, m u{pzy|}s VII m. oy x. . Yptplksxs lvs ylxk{~qpx xp }yvuy |ymp{pxxy kxkvynsxp vpw | xkozs|jws G{ns}s I, xy s pp lyvpp {kxxsp
z{powp}, m }yw s|vp | xkozs|jws Spx~k. Ykusp z{powp} mzyvxp wynvs zyzk|} m {~us ~k|}xsuym
zp{poxpkrsk}|us zyyoym z{s {kr{~pxss ~{k{}|us u{pzy|}pt. Uoxkuy }y z{pozyvyqpxsp — vs
yoxk sr wxyns myrwyqxy|}pt, s yxy xp wyqp} |v~qs} y|xymkxspw xsukus okvxpts zy|}{ypxst.
I vlyw |v~kp vpw sr Ip{xpt W~}s xspny xp okp} ovj ok}s{ymus y|}kvx ukmukr|us vpwym. Ux |~p|}mpxxy y}vskp}|j y} xs z{pqop m|pny zy |zy|yl~ srny}ymvpxsj. Qku s m|p y|}kvxp
zp{poxpkrsk}|usp vpw s m y}vssp y} ukmukr|us yx vs}yt, k xp |uvpzkx sr vs|}k l{yxr 90. Qku s
zp{poxpkrsk}|usp vpw s m y}vssp y} ukmukr|us yx, msoswy, swpv y}opvxy srny}ymvpxxp xkpxsus — xk lyuymyt zymp{xy|}s |y{kxsvs| y}mp{|}sj, |v~qsmsp ovj s u{pzvpxsj. X~p|}mpxxp
{krvssj uk|k}|j s y{xkwpx}kss. Qkmukr|usp vpw, u{ywp z{ys|yojpny sr zyn{plpxsj 1987 n.
Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsvxsuk xp y{xkwpx}s{ymkx, k z~kx|yxxt y{xkwpx} zy|vpoxpny xp swpp} kxkvynst |{pos zp{poxpkrsk}|us vpwym s |uy{pp m|pny my|yos} u wp|}xyt }{kosss. _vpw sr Ip{xpt
W~}s ~u{kpx }{pwj {pvpxws zyvy|kws moyv xsqxpt k|}s vpwk s y{yy srmp|}xw zy ~{k{}|usw vpwkw y{xkwpx}kvxw wy}smyw m msop |}svsrymkxxyny sryl{kqpxsj {ynym svs wyvxss xk
rku{mkpt vyl k|}s. Xvpo~p} m|p qp y}wp}s}, }y zy y{wp s z{yzy{sjw sr ~{k{}|us vpwym
u ukmukr|usw lvsqp |}ys} |kwt {kxxst }sz y|}{yuyxpx vpwym, u uy}y{yw~ z{sxkovpqs} s
urpwzvj{ sr Ip{xpt W~}s (|{poxjj m|y}k — 30 – 31 |w). Ykusp vpw lvs {k|z{y|}{kxpx m
Z{k{}~ oy zp{myt }{p}s VIII m. oy x. ., s m zy~ G{ns}s I m}p|xj}|j lyvpp z{srpws|}ws }szkws.
cmvjp}|j vs }y |yo|}my z{yzy{st |ymzkopxspw, svs rop| wyqxy nymy{s} y xpuyt ylxy|}s }{kosst, |ukrk} }{~oxy.
I vlyw |v~kp uvsx-j{|usp, uku s o{~nsp |yoxp | xsws, ukmukr|usp vpw xp wyn~} l} |mjrkx | rk|msop}pv|}mymkxxws zs|wpxxws s|}yxsukws zyyokws uswwp{stpm (s }pw lyvpp |usym), xkkvy uy}y{ xp} y|xymkxst ok}s{ymk} rxks}pvxy {kxpp 714 n. oy x. . I|p yxs y}xy|j}|j
u ny{kroy lyvpp {kxxpw~ m{pwpxs. Tkyous uyxsp|us vpwym m uvsxj{|us uywzvpu|k, yoxkuy,
wyn~} l} s|zyvrymkx ovj ok}s{ymus zkwj}xsuym xymyp{uk||uyny }szk. O |yo|}my |y vpwyw
sr V{swy{|uyny, y}xy|jsw|j z{swp{xy u X–IX mm. oy x. . wynvy l ~ukrmk} xk lvsry|} uvsxj{|us uywzvpu|ym u }yt ok}p. Uoxkuy xpvrj s|uvk} s lyvpp zyrox ok}~ — lp}kpx|ukj
88 Kellner 1976, 78, Nr. 137, 137a; Kellner 1979, 152, 156,
wpx} pp 3– 4 urpwzvj{ym qpvprx ~{k{}|us vpwym,
Anm. 6, Abb. B, 1; Vanden Berghe, De Meyer, Overlaet, Haerinck,
|uvpzkxx sr om~ zyvymsx, m Sxpx|uyw V{ks|}y{sp-
Tanret 1983, 133, Nr. 25 –26; Calmeyer 1991, 133, Nr. 19; Wartke
|uyw |yl{kxss s yosx }kuyt qp vpw m w~rpp Gokx m Y~{-
1991, 330, Nr. 4; Kellner 1993, 325 – 331, Taf. 61, 3 a – 4 b,
ss, ||vus |w. mp. Vyoylxw qp |zy|ylyw |u{pzvpx
Abb. 1, 4. C{., mp{yj}xy, k||s{st|ust y|}{yuyxpxt vpw,
omp zyvymsx k||s{st|uyny lswp}kvvsp|uyny (l{yxrk s
zyvymsxk uy}y{yny srny}ymvpxk sr l{yxr, k zyvymsxk — sr
qpvpry) vpwk, {kxjpny|j m |yl{kxss Gu|pvj J~}wkxk
qpvprk: Born, Seidl 1995, 50, Abb. 103–106, Taf. VI, VII.
89 Overlaet 1979, 61– 63, pl. IV; Calmeyer 1991, 133, Nr. 20.
90 I Vp{poxpt Grss zyoylxt |zy|yl srny}ymvpxsj srmp|}px
(Hp{vsx): Born, Seidl 1995, 134 –149. U }pxyvynss srny}ym-
vs ovj xpuy}y{ qpvprx vpwym. X{. omk pv s {kn-
246
vpxsj ~{k{}|us s k||s{st|us l{yxrym vpwym, |w. zyo{ylxy Born, Seidl 1995, 107 –134.
xkyouk zyukrmkp}, }y zyoylxp vpw srny}kmvsmkvs| xk Qkmukrp ovs}pvxyp m{pwj, s }k }{kossj wynvk |y{kxj}|j s zy|vp X m. oy x. . I|p qp xkyous vpwym }yny }szk mwp|}p | z{powp}kws
{kxxpxymyp{uk||uyny ylvsuk ~ukrmk} |uy{pp xk s {kxx ok}s{ymu~, myrwyqxy pp m z{popvk
X m. oy x. .
2.3.2 HWUTNUI`L VLQYUWGRO
Nop| qp |vpo~p} {k||wy}{p} s l{yxrymp zpu}y{kvs, ylxk{~qpxxp m {jop zkwj}xsuym | ylps
|}y{yx Qkmukr|uyny {pl}k. I |pmp{yukmukr|us uywzvpu|k yxs ylxk{~qpx mwp|}p | z{powp}kws
xymyp{uk||uyny }szk — m uvkop ~ ny{ Hp}k~ (| ~osvkws, z|kvsjws s om~vyzk|}xws xkuyxpxsukws |}{pv xymyp{uk||uyny }szk) (. 120 ) 91, zyn{plpxss 1 X~v}kxny{|uyny wynsvxsuk (| ~osvkws,
z|kvsjws, lswp}kvvsp|usw usxqkvyw s xkuyxpxsukws |}{pv xymyp{uk||uyny }szk) (. 121) 92,
~qp ~zywsxkmpw|j {kr{~pxxyw zyn{plpxss Qvsx-j{|uyny wynsvxsuk mwp|}p | uyxsp|usw vpwyw s lswp}kvvsp|usw usxqkvyw (. 111). Q{ywp }yny, kxkvynsxkj zpu}y{kv lvk ylxk{~qpxk s m
zyn{plpxss 14 }yny qp Qvsx-j{|uyny xpu{yzyvj mwp|}p | ~osvkws xymyp{uk||uyny }szk s xpylxws }{pzp}pvk}ws z|kvsjws, rkmp{ksws|j sryl{kqpxsjws nyvymyu uyxpt (. 122) 93.
Kmk kxkvynsx xkn{~oxsuk lvs ylxk{~qpx m Glkrss: m uywzvpu|k zyn{plpxst sr ap{s
(yvw Ip{pknsxk) 94 s sr |pvk Gx~mk G{wjx|ukj (. 123; 124) 95. Ulk uywzvpu|k ylxk{~qsmk}
rxks}pvx~ lvsry|} wpqo~ |ylyt s, ypmsoxy, |sx{yxx — u{ywp zpu}y{kvpt, s yl posxj}
xktopxxp m ylys zyn{plpxsj l{yxrymp }yzy{, z{sxkovpqksp u yoxyw~ s }yw~ qp «uyvso|uyw~» }sz~ (omk }yzy{k sr Gx~m y{xkwpx}s{ymkx, }{p}st lpr y{xkwpx}k), uvsxus, xkuyxpxsus
uyzst, lvjs | nmyropmsoxws xkmp{sjws (m p{|uyw zyn{plpxss xkmp{sj rkmp{k}|j ryywy{xws nyvymukws), l{k|vp}, {knwpx} zyj|ym. Zqp {k||wy}{pxxt uywzvpu| sr V{swy{|uyny, m
uy}y{yw lv ylxk{~qpx l{yxrymt vpw, }kuqp ylxk{~qsmkp} {yo|}my | xsws (. 112). I uywzvpu|k Gx~m s V{swy{|uyny xktopx {jo yoxy}szx mppt — }yzy{, xkuyxpxsus uyzst, n{smxk s
z{yxsrs. Hyvpp k{ksxws vpwpx}kws m uywzvpu|p V{swy{|uyny jmvjp}|j l{yxrymt pvxyvs}yt
usxqkv s sl~vk. Syqxy zyvknk}, }y m|p uywzvpu| lvsrus o{~n o{~n~ zy ok}p, y}j zyn{plpxsp sr
V{swy{|uyny wyqp} l} xp|uyvuy |}k{p.
Tkyous m }s uywzvpu|k l{yxrym zpu}y{kvpt s y|}{yuyxpx vpwym yl posxj} s | ~qp
xkrmkxxws |pmp{yukmukr|usws (uvko ~ ny{ Hp}k~, zyn{plpxsp 1 X~v}kxny{|uyny wynsvxsuk, zyn{plpxsj 14, 186 s {kr{~pxxyp zyn{plpxsp 1987 n. Qvsx-j{|uyny xpu{yzyvj), uy}y{p, m |my yp{po,
lyvpp svs wpxpp |sx{yxx wpqo~ |ylyt. Tk }y ~ukrmk} xkyous m xs yoxy}szx ~ropx
z{sxkopqxy|}pt s z{powp}ym myy{~qpxsj xymyp{uk||uyny ylvsuk. Ulp n{~zz — klkr|us s |pmp{yukmukr|us zkwj}xsuym — lvknyok{j xkyoukw m xs yoxy}szx vpwym s zpu}y{kvpt wyn~} l}
y}xp|px u lvsruyt zyp. Sk}p{skv klkr|us uywzvpu|ym zyrmyvjp} oy|}y}yxy ~mp{pxxy yz{popvs}
s wp|}y m |~p|}m~s |s|}pwk y}xy|s}pvxyt {yxyvynss.
91 Op||px 1954, 124 –127. Hyvpp }yx~ {puyx|}{~us
zyn{plpxst 1–2 ap{|uyny wynsvxsuk, ~ukrmkj, }y yxk
{knwpx}s{ymkxxyt zpu}y{kvs, ~s}mk~ yosx sr pp
z{ys|yos} sr «{kr{~pxx zyn{plpxst xk }p{{s}y{ss
{knwpx}ym, xpsrmp|}xt G. G. Op||px~, |w. Sky{}, ^p{-
wynsvxsuk». Uoxkuy |ynvk|xy ~ukrkxs H. G. Q~}sxk
xpxuy 1995, 21–22, {s|. 1, 5.
92 Isxyn{koym 1972, {s|. 9; a{vs 1994, }kl. 18.
93 K~ok{pm 1991, }kl. 13, 16, 22.
mk}|j | }pws, }y z{ys|yoj} sr zyn{plpxsj, }ku }y m{jo vs
94 Q~}sx 1949, 155 –178, }kl. XV–XVIII; Iy{yxym 1980,
201–203, {s|. 1, 27 – 37. I lyvpp {kxxpt {kly}p (Iy{yxym 1969,
zyoyl{kxxp xk zymp{xy|}s {knwpx} zpu}y{kvs |uvkowyqxy |ywxpmk}|j m z{sxkovpqxy|}s zpu}y{kvs }yw~ uywzvpu|~: Q~}sx 1949, 164.
95 Kywkx|ust 1979, 23– 36.
27 –28) b. T. Iy{yxym xp z{ss|vjp} zpu}y{kv u uywzvpu|~
247
1
2
4
0
10
3
5
6
7
8
9
Ws|. 120 Qvko ~ ny{ Hp}k~ ~ Vj}sny{|uk. 1–7. H{yxrk; 8, 9. Mpvpry
Vy Yp{pxyqusx 1976, {s|. 90 (1, 2, 4 – 9); Sky{}, ^p{xpxuy 1995, {s|. 1, 5 (3)
248
2
3
1
0
4
6
8
9
10
11
7
12
6
13
5
14
Ws|. 121 Tkyous sr zyn{plpxsj 1 X~v}kxny{|uyny wynsvxsuk. 2. Jvsxk; 4, 6. Qkwpx; 5. H{yxrk s qpvpry; y|}kvxyp l{yxrk
Vy a{vs 1994, }kl. 18; Qyrpxuymk 1995, }kl. XXIV, 6 (1)
249
1
5
6
3
2
4
9
8
7
10
13
14
Ws|. 122 Oxmpx}k{ zyn{plpxsj 14 wynsvxsuk Qvsx-j{ III.
1. Qkwpx; 6. Mpvpry; 7. H{yxrk s ryvy}y; 14. Jvsxk; y|}kvxyp l{yxrk
Vy K~ok{pm 1991, }kl. 13, 16, 22
250
11
12
15
7
8
2
9
3
1
4
5
6
10
14
12
11
13
Ws|. 123 Tkyous sr zyn{plpxsj xk yvwp Ip{pknsxk m ap{s, Glkrsj. H{yxrk.
11. Wpuyx|}{~usj {knwpx}s{ymkxxyt zpu}y{kvs (13)
Vy Q~}sx 1949, }kl. XV–XVIII, {s|. 31
251
3
1
2
6
5
7
4
8
252
9
11
13
10
12
16
14
15
20
17
18
0
6
19
21
Ws|. 124 Tkyous sr zyn{plpxsj m |. Gx~mk, Glkrsj. H{yxrk
Vy Kywkx|ust 1979, {s|. 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 13
253
4
2
3
1
5
6
0
Ws|. 125 Tkyous sr zyn{plpxsj 11 Hp}kpx|uyny wynsvxsuk, Y{skvp}s. 1–5. H{yxrk; 6. Jvsxk
Vy Q~}sx 1941, {s|. 69 –72k, 82, }kl. XLIX
254
6
I |y|}kmp m|p }{p uywzvpu|ym (V{swy{|uyp, ap{s s Gx~mk) ylxk{~qpx }yzy{ | zyv~u{~nvw vprmspw s uvsxymsoxw yl~yw, }szsxp ovj Qyvso|uyt u~v}~{ s y{yy srmp|}xp s xk
zkwj}xsuk Qylkx|uyt u~v}~{. a}k y{wk }yzy{ym |~p|}m~p} oy|}k}yxy oyvny — z{swp{xy | |p{posx II }|. oy x. . oy {kxxp|us|uyt zys (zyn{plpxsp 68 Yvst|uyny wynsvxsuk, nop }kuyt }yzy{
ylxk{~qpx | kusxkuyw s vpwpx}kws ~ro {kxxp|us|uyny }szk) 96, yoxkuy y{xkwpx}ksj }yzy{ym sr
V{swy{|uyny s sr Gx~m, zyqkv~t, zyrmyvjp} ok}s{ymk} s }yxpp. Yyzy{ sr V{swy{|uyny swpp} xk
vprmss sryl{kqpxsp sxsuk, y|}kvxkj pny zymp{xy|}, ukqp}|j, xp y{xkwpx}s{ymkxk. Uosx sr }yzy{ym sr Gx~m swpp} |yoxp sryl{kqpxsj xp }yvuy xk vprmss, xy s xk yl~p, s myrvp y}mp{|}sj
ovj {~us. Tk m}y{yw }yzy{p swpp}|j sryl{kqpxsp «uyxuk». Jyvym m|p qsmy}x yl{kpx mzp{po,
}y, msoswy, jmvjp}|j {yxyvynsp|usw z{srxkuyw: m lyvpp zyroxpp m{pwj yxs m}p|xj}|j sryl{kqpxsjws sxsuym | nyvymkws, zymp{x~}ws xkrko. Vp{pyo u }kusw sryl{kqpxsjw k{ku}p{sr~p} rkmp{pxsp }kzk III A s xkkvy }kzk III B Qylkx|uyt u~v}~{ zy {yxyvynss I. O. Qyrpxuymyt 97,
svs zp{pyo y} |}k{pny zp{syok Tli C u wvkopw~ m |s|}pwp J. Qy||kuk 98.
\{yxyvynsp|usw u{s}p{spw wyn~} |v~qs} }kuqp zyj|xp z{jqus, ~u{kpxxp nyvymukws
qsmy}x, uy}y{p ylxk{~qpx m uywzvpu|k ap{s s Gx~m. Ykusp z{jqus oy|}k}yxy y{yy
srmp|}x m zkwj}xsuk Qyvso|uyt u~v}~{, m k|}xy|}s yxs myosvs m |y|}km xp|uyvus zyn{plpxst wynsvxsuym Q~vkx~{mk s Q{k|xt Skju, zyn{plpxst m Gkn|}k, xk Hkwly{|uyt zyvjxp, m Ip{xpt ap{s, m J~ok~}p, m yoxyw sr oyvwpxym Q{-Kp{p s o{. 99 I|p }s uywzvpu| oy|}k}yxy lvsrus
wpqo~ |ylyt s | xkrmkxxws mp uywzvpu|kws ap{s s Gx~m zy |y|}km~ sxmpx}k{j (yoxy}szxp
l{k|vp}, lvjus | nmyropmsoxws xkmp{sjws, l{yxrymp l~|sx, usxqkv, uyzj, }yzy{ s o{.).
Kvj {yxyvynss }s zkwj}xsuym |~p|}mpxxyp rxkpxsp swpp}, zyqkv~t, }y, }y m xs zy}s zyvxy|} y}|~}|}m~} qpvprxp sropvsj, uku s m uywzvpu|k ap{s s Gx~m — vs m xpuy}y{
swp}|j y}opvxp z{powp} sr qpvprk (Q~vkx~{mk, {k|uyzus 1968 — zsxp}, Hkwly{|ukj zyvjxk —
|}p{qpx, J~ok~}k — }yzy{). Nk z{popvkws Glkrss | }yt n{~zzyt zkwj}xsuym, msoswy, wyqp} l}
|sx{yxsrs{ymkxy zyn{plpxsp 11 wynsvxsuk ~ Hp}kpxs m Y{skvp}s 100 (. 125) s 190 Yvst|uyny
wynsvxsuk 101, nop ylxk{~qpx zyoylxp zyj|xp z{jqus; srmp|}x }kusp xkyous s m Qylkx|uyw
wynsvxsup 102. I |s|}pwp y}xy|s}pvxyt {yxyvynss J. Qy||kuk }s uywzvpu| wyn~} l} |sx{yxsrs{ymkx | n{~zzyt Tli C 103. Xkw J. Qy||ku y}xy|s} s u wvkopt k|}s }yt n{~zz, yoxkuy }kuyp s
zyvyqpxsp mx~}{s n{~zz, xk wyt mrnvjo, xp mzyvxp yly|xymkxy. Zs}mkj lvsry|} uywzvpu|ym
ap{s s Gx~m | uywzvpu|yw V{swy{|uyny, uy}y{t z{sxkovpqs} u xkkv~ n{~zz Tli C, k }kuqp
zyvxyp y}|~}|}msp m }s uywzvpu|k s {jop lvsrus sw qpvprk, s wyqxy lvy l ok}s{ymk} pp
|}k{pt k|} }yt n{~zz, myrwyqxy pp uyxyw. a}yt ok}s{ymup xp z{y}smy{pk} s o{~nsp mps sr
}s uywzvpu|ym: yoxy}szxp l{yxrymp usxqkvxp uvsxus (ap{s s Gx~mk), xkuyxpxsus uyzst,
m }yw s|vp | ovsxxyt ~ruyt oy mp{k {k|vpxpxxyt m}~vuyt s zy}s }{p~nyvxw | z{jww y|xymkxspw zp{yw (V{swy{|uyp, ap{s, Gx~mk), n{smx |y |zs{kvxws yuyxkxsjws (V{swy{|uyp, Gx~mk), lsuyxsp|usp |zs{kvxp z{yxsrs (V{swy{|uyp, Gx~mk) s o{.
96 Ypym 1980, 222 –223, {s|. 2.
97 Qyrpxuymk 1990, 81; Qyrpxuymk 1996, 97.
98 Kossack 1983, 115. U {krms}ss opuy{k uyvsoy-uylkx|us
om~ }yzy{ym, z{ys|yojs sr yoxyny uywzvpu|k, u om~w
{krxw {yxyvynsp|usw n{~zzkw, uku }y z{ysryvy | }yzy-
}yzy{ym |w. Xukuym 1997, 70 – 86. Yyzy{ sr V{swy{|uyny s
{kws sr Gx~m m |pwp G. b. Xukuymk.
99 Iy{yxym 1969, 18 –22, 29 – 30, }kl. XXXIX, 27 –29; Iy{y-
Gx~m y}xy|j}|j km}y{yw u |kwyt {kxxpt n{~zzp y{xkwpx-
xym, Iyrxu 1975, 270 –273, {s|. 2; Iy{yxym 1980, 200 –207,
}s{ymkx klkr|us }yzy{ym (m}y{yt {yxyvynsp|ust zp-
{s|. 1, 1–17,20 –26,38 – 46,60 – 83.
100 Q~}sx 1941, 67 –75, {s|. 69 –72k; 80, 2; 82; 84, 1– 3;
{syo): Ykw qp, 76. I }y qp m{pwj yosx sr }yzy{ym Gx~m
y}xy|s}|j sw ~qp u }{p}pw~ zp{syo~ (}kw qp, 79). V{povyqpxxkj km}y{yw vsxsj {krms}sj y{xkwpx}kss z{po|}kmvjp}|j wxp srvsxp |pwk}sxyt s xp ~s}mkpt okxx
k{pyvynsp|us uywzvpu|ym, sr uy}y{ z{ys|yoj} kxkvs-
}kl. XLI; XLVIII, 2,6,7; XLIX; LI, 2.
101 Ypym 1980k, 33– 34, }kl. 86.
102 Zmk{ymk 1900, 41, }kl. XXVI, 1; XXXVII, 3.
103 Kossack 1983, 115, 134 –135.
rs{~pwp }yzy{. Yku, m{jo vs wyqxy yoyl{s} y}xp|pxsp
255
^}y uk|kp}|j kl|yv}xyt {yxyvynss, }y y|xymkxst ovj pp ~|}kxymvpxsj swpp}|j wkvy. Q{ywp
yls |yyl{kqpxst y {k|z{y|}{kxpxss qpvprk, msoswy, }kusw zyukrk}pvpw wyqp} jmvj}|j y}|~}|}msp
m zkwj}xsuk }yt n{~zz xp|ywxpxx z{srxkuym ~{k{}|uyny mvsjxsj, uy}y{p zyjmvj}|j m n{~zzp
Tli D (z{pqop m|pny, xkyous ~{k{}|us zyj|ym m zyn{plpxsj 40b s 215b Yvst|uyny wynsvxsuk). Vy|uyvu~ }kuyp mvsjxsp ~qp mzyvxp y~}swy xksxkj | zp{myt }{p}s VIII m. oy x. ., wyqxy z{pozyvknk}, }y uywzvpu| ap{s s Gx~m ok}s{~}|j {kxp, }. p. xp zyrqp IX m. oy x. . I. T. Iy{yxym
ok}s{ymkv zkwj}xsus }yt n{~zz VIII svs VIII – zp{myt zyvymsxyt VII m. oy x. . 104 U|xymkxsj ovj
}kuyt ok}s{ymus xp~lpos}pvx — xkz{swp{, uywzvpu| wynsvxsuk Skvkuv, xk uy}y{t yx ||vkp}|j m }yt |mjrs, swp} lyvpp zyroxst ylvsu s u }yw~ qp ok}s{~}|j xp VII m. oy x. ., k VIII–
VII mm. oy x. . (nvkmxyp y|xymkxsp ok}s{ymus — {knwpx} zyj|ym). Uz{popvpxxw y|xymkxspw ovj
ok}s{ymus wyqp} l} uywzvpu| zyn{plpxsj 1 xpu{yzyvj Ty{-G{pk, m uy}y{yw ylxk{~qpx omp
l{yxrymp sl~v uylkx|uyny }szk (. 69)105. X~oj zy y{wp }s sl~v (|svxy mro~}kj o~quk, omp
ktl s sn~{us z}s xk xpt, ypx s{yust z{spwxsu), zyn{plpxsp Ty{-G{pk lyvpp zyroxpp,
pw uywzvpu| V{swy{|uyny, ap{s s Gx~m s lyvsx|}my o{~ns zp{ps|vpxx mp uywzvpu|ym. a}y zyn{plpxsp oy|}k}yxy xkopqxy ok}s{~p}|j zy ylxk{~qpxxw m xpw {knwpx}kw l{yxrymyny zyj|k, y}xy|jpny|j u {kxxpt n{~zzp (yuyvy 770 –740 nn. oy x. .)106.
Ykusw yl{kryw, uywzvpu| V{swy{|uyny, ap{s s Gx~m, y}xy|jsp|j u lvsrusw ok}kw (uywzvpu| V{swy{|uyny, msoswy, |kwt |}k{st), m{jo vs wyn~} l} ok}s{ymkx zyrqp IX m. oy x. . a}k
ok}k, m |my yp{po, yz{popvjp} s ok}s{ymu~ |pmp{yukmukr|us uywzvpu|ym, |yop{qks yoxy}szxp
| klkr|usws vpw s zpu}y{kvs. Uxk wyqp} |v~qs} s pp yoxyt yzy{yt ovj kl|yv}xyt ok}s{ymus
zkwj}xsuym xymyp{uk||uyny }szk.
I vlyw |v~kp l{yxrymp zpu}y{kvs xsuku xp |mjrkx | Vp{poxsw Iy|}yuyw s jmvj}|j s|}y
ukmukr|usw z{ysrmpopxspw, myojsw m s|vy wxynys|vpxx y{w sxmpx}k{j, yl posxjs uywzvpu| Qylkx|uyt s Qyvso|uyt u~v}~{. Xvpo~p} y}wp}s} m |mjrs | }sw, }y xkyous {knwpx}ym
vs|}ymyt l{yxr myylp oy|}k}yxy k|}y y}wpk}|j m zyn{plpxsj Qyvso|uyt u~v}~{. ^k|} sr
xs, myrwyqxy, }kuqp z{sxkovpqkvk vpwkw svs zpu}y{kvjw, svs sxw z{powp}kw, srny}ymvpxxw
m |yoxyt }pxsup. a}y xklvopxsp zyo}mp{qokp} z{pozyvyqpxsp y wp|}xyw z{ys|yqopxss }pxsus,
s|zyvrymkxxyt z{s srny}ymvpxss vpwym s o{~ns z{powp}ym sr vs|}ymyt l{yxr. ^}y qp uk|kp}|j
ukmukr|us zpu}y{kvpt, }y S. T. Vyn{plymk ~qp ~ukrmkvk xk s |mypyl{krsp s xk y}vssj y} zpu}y{kvpt sr R~{s|}kxk s Z{k{}~ 107. I |kwyw opvp, lvsrusp kxkvynss ukmukr|usw zpu}y{kvjw y}|~}|}m~}
m Vp{poxpt Grss s xp} xsukus y|xymkxst nymy{s} yl s rksw|}mymkxss xk Qkmukr.
Ip{yj}xy, yslyxy s s }yvuymkxsp uku uyx|us xkn{~oxsuym, «sopj» uy}y{ lvk rksw|}mymkxk sr Vp{poxpt Grss 108. Qkmukr|usp zpu}y{kvs swp} |ymp{pxxy sx~ y{w~ s {krwp{, pw
zp{poxpkrsk}|usp uyx|usp xkn{~oxsus 109 — yxs zy}s m omk {krk ~qp s, m y}vssp y} zy|vpoxs, m}jx~} zy mp{}sukvs. Zu{pzs} s xk n{~os vykos oy|}k}yxy |vyqxy, yoxkuy yxs mzyvxp zyoyoj} ovj
}yny, }yl l} ~u{pzvpxxws xk yopqop pvympuk, rku{mkj pny n{~o s qsmy}. Q{ywp }yny, |vpo~p}
y}wp}s}, }y m {jop uywzvpu|ym, nop ylxk{~qpx zpu}y{kvs, y}|~}|}mymkvs vpwpx} uyx|uyt ~z{jqs
({kr{~pxxyp zyn{plpxsp 1987 n. (z{kmok, pny uywzvpu|, ypmsoxy, srmp|}px xkw vs k|}sxy) Qvsxj{|uyny wynsvxsuk, uywzvpu| ap{s s Gx~m), }y opvkp} |ywxs}pvxw }yvuymkxsp xkn{~oxsuk
uku z{powp}k uyx|uyny ~ly{k.
104 Iy{yxym 1980, 200 –208.
105 Sk{}s{y|jx 1964, 242 –251, }kl. XXIV, XXVI–XXVII;
de Schauensee 1989, 46 – 47, fig. 26 –29; Seidl 1991, 80, 85 – 87,
Barnett 1963, 194 –198; Muscarella 1965, 236, Nr. 25a; Salvatori
230 –232, U 38 – 40, Abb. XXXI, 412, 413 (m }s qp {kly}k
1976, 87; Öǧün 1979, 180, Abb. 3.
106 Kellner 1991, 3, 19, 48, Nr. 119.
wxynys|vpxxp sryl{krs}pvxp zk{kvvpvs). Iyz{pus wxp-
107 Vyn{plymk 1984, 103–107.
108 Jy{pvsu 1993, 147; a{vs 1994, 86 – 87; Sky{}, ^p{-
xsus, muvkj s z{ys|yojsp sr \krkxv~, mp|wk okvpus y}
xpxuy 1994, 155; Sky{}, ^p{xpxuy 1995, 21–28.
109 Winter 1980, 3– 6; de Schauensee, Dyson 1983, 72; Seidl
{kly}k uyx|us xkn{~oxsuym z{ys|yos} sr Z{k{}~, nop yxs,
1986, 229 –233; Maaß 1987, 87 – 90; Muscarella 1988, 66 – 67;
srmp|}x.
256
Nr. 42 – 44, |{. Nr. 71–72; Born, Seidl 1995, 55 – 81; Rehm 1997,
xs X. I. Sky{} s L. I. ^p{xpxuy (1995, 25), }s xkn{~oukmukr|us. Hyvkj k|} yz~lvsuymkxx m xkrmkxx
myz{pus X. I. Sky{} s L. I. ^p{xpxuy (1995, 26), y{yy
2.3.3 ^L_ZP^GY`L VGT]OWO
Tk{jo~ | y|}{yuyxpxws vpwkws, m ukp|}mp |msop}pv|}mk uyx}ku}ym z{po|us|uyny xk|pvpxsj V{sp{xywy{j | Vp{poxpt Grspt s|zyvrymkvs| }kuqp xkyous {knwpx}ym p~tk} zkxs{pt u |pmp{~ y} Qkmukrk 110.
Wk|z{y|}{kxpxsp p~tk} zkxs{pt, l|}{y |}kms }szsxws ovj |us|uyny oy|zpk, |vpo~p}, msoswy, |mjrmk} | |ymp{px|}mymkxspw |}{pvuymyny y{~qsj s, m zp{m~ yp{po, | mmpopxspw
xym, }. x. |us|us, y{w xkuyxpxsuym |}{pv, {pruy zymkms s ~lytx~ |sv~111. Xvpo~p}
y}wp}s} m |mjrs | }sw, }y p~tk}p zkxs{s, m }yw s|vp sr qpvprx zvk|}sxyu, s|zyvrymkvs| uswwp{stkws s |uskws ~qp m zy~ s zp{poxpkrsk}|us zyyoym. a}y yl|}yj}pv|}my rk|msop}pv|}mymkxy xkyouyt wxynys|vpxx qpvprx zkxs{x zvk|}sxyu m {krn{klvpxxyw uswwp{st|uyw (zy k{pyvynsp|uyt }p{wsxyvynss, {kxxp|us|uyw upvp{wp||uyny }kzk) zyn{plpxss zp{myt
zyvymsx VII m. oy x. . xk ku{yzyvp Ty{~x}pzp m my|}yxyt Gxk}yvss (|w. mp). Tpokmxy lvs
|opvkx xkyous, |msop}pv|}m~sp y }yw, }y {kz{y|}{kxpxsp }s zkxs{pt xkkvy| m V{poukmukrp pp m oy|us|uyp m{pwj — zvk|}sxus zkxs{pt sr{pouk m|}{pk}|j xk zkwj}xsuk }yt zys:
m zyn{plpxsj 4 wynsvxsuk «Oxo~|}{sj-1» 112 s ~ Qklkx-ny{ m yu{p|}xy|}j Qs|vymyo|uk 113, m u~{nkxp Zks}~ (. 126; 127; 16) 114. Nop| qp |vpo~p} y}wp}s} s |v~ks s|zyvrymkxsj zvk|}sxyu y}
zkxs{j xp zy xkrxkpxs, m ukp|}mp xksmx lvjpu, |v~qsms ovj ~u{kpxsj qpx|uyt yopqo svs nyvymxyny ~ly{k 115. Vyjmvpxsp p~tk} zkxs{pt m oy|us|u~ zy~ xp oyvqxy ~osmvj}:
|}{pv xymyp{uk||uyny }szk zy |mysw lkvvs|}sp|usw |myt|}mkw xprxks}pvxy ~|}~zkvs |us|usw,
s s zyjmvpxsp }{plymkvy s |yy}mp}|}m~pt rks}.
O|zyvrymkxsp l{yxrym s qpvprx zvk|}sxk} zkxs{pt m |kwyw opvp lvy k{ku}p{xy ovj
zp{poxpmy|}yx k{wst xksxkj | oy|}k}yxy {kxxpny m{pwpxs. I Lnsz}p, xkz{swp{, l{yxrymp p~tk}p zkxs{s z{swpxjvs| zy wpxpt wp{p | XV m. oy x. ., z{spw srmp|}x zkxs{xp zvk|}sxus | xkozs|jws Wkw|p|k II s III, k nsu|y|kw zyoylxp zkxs{s lvs srmp|}x s pp {kxp 116.
Vvk|}sxus }kus zkxs{pt ylxk{~qpx z{s {k|uyzuk wxyns zp{poxpmy|}yx zkwj}xsuym, xkz{swp{ Nsxoqs{vs (|vyt {kr{~pxsj m uyxp VIII m. oy x. . 117), Rksk (m y|xymxyw }{p}st |vyt, }. p.
zyk Xsxkp{slk, xy s lyvpp {kxxsp |vys, muvkj zj}t, |~p|}mymkmst oy m}y{yt zyvymsx
X m. oy x. .) 118, Tsw{~ok (VIII–VII mm. oy x. .) 119. _s{yuy s|zyvrymkvs| zyoylxp zkxs{s s m
Z{k{}~ s, msoswy, Skxxp. Yku, m p}mp{}yw |vyp \krkxv~ ({kr{~pxy m uyxp IX m. oy x. .) lvy xktopxy lyvyp uyvsp|}my l{yxrym s qpvprx p~pu zkxs{pt z{jwy~nyvxyt s rku{~nvpxxyt
y{w 120. V{s {k|uyzuk Yptplksxs lv ylxk{~qpx y{yy |y{kxsmst|j p~tk}t zkxs{
zys G{ns}s I (yuyvy 786 –764 nn. oy x. .), ok}k uy}y{yny rk|msop}pv|}mymkxk |y{kxsmpt|j xk xpw
xkozs| 121. Mpvprxp zkxs{xp zvk|}sxus ylxk{~qpx s m yoxyw sr zywppxst G{ns}ssxsvs 122 (. 128).
110 a{vs 1994, 84; Sky{} 1994, 30.
111 ^p{xpxuy 1968, 124, 156.
112 Isxyn{koym 1972, 128, {s|. 18, 10; Isxyn{koym, W~xs,
57, 16 –17 (zyn{plpxsp 1002, 810 –710 nn. oy x. .: Ibid., 229 –
Ssktvym 1976, 47, {s|. 5, 21; Isxyn{koym, K~ok{pm, W~xs
Mpvprxp zvk|}sxus: Tufnell 1953, pl. 56, 11–12 (zyn{plpxsp
1980, 194, {s|. 7; Qyrpxuymk 1995, 95 – 96, }kl. XXIV, 1,2.
113 Gkxk|pm, Qyrpxuymk 1981, 175 –176, {s|. 9, 1; Qyrpx-
224, 860 – 820 oy x. .: Ibid., 215 –217). X{. Ussishkin 1982, 55,
uymk 1995, 95 – 96, }kl. XXIV, 3.
114 a{vs 1994, 28, }kl. 5, 45.
115 J{sxpms 1951, 132, {s|. 10, 1; Qyrpxuymk 1986, 135, 152 –
qpvprxkj, zj}t |vyt).
119 Stronach 1958, pl. XXXIV, 1–10; Muscarella 1988, 317 – 320.
120 Muscarella 1988, 54, Nr. 62 – 63.
153, {s|. 5, 3; 12, 1; Qyrpxuymk 1995, 95 – 96, }kl. XXIV, 4,5.
116 Aharoni 1975, 387; Jy{pvsu 1993, 102 –105, 116 –118.
117 Luschan, Andrae 1943, 79, Abb. 89.
121 Vsy}{ym|ust 1955, 30 – 36.
122 Sk{}s{y|jx 1974, 112.
118 H{yxrymp zvk|}sxus: Tufnell 1953, 386 – 387, pl. 39, 7 – 9;
236); pl. 58, 4 –5 (| up{kwsuyt 1500 –1200 nn. oy x. .), 6 –14.
fig. 48; Aharoni 1975, 76, pl. 37, 3–5 (omp l{yxrym, yoxk
257
1
2
3
4
5
6
Ws|. 126 Tkyous sr zyn{plpxsj ~ Qklkx-ny{ lvsr Qs|vymyo|uk. H{yxrk
Vy Gkxk|pm, Qyrpxuymk 1981, {s|. 9; Qyrpxuymk 1995, }kl. II, 8,9; }kl. XXIV, 3; XXV, 1
258
2
3
4
1
0
5
1m
7
8
9
6
10
11
12
Ws|. 127 Tkyous sr zyn{plpxsj 4 wynsvxsuk «Oxo~|}{sj-1».
2 – 4, 6, 7, 10 –12. H{yxrk; 5, 9. Mpvpry; 8. Qkwpx
Vy Isxyn{koym, K~ok{pm, W~xs 1980, {s|. 7
259
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Ws|. 128 Vkxs{xp zvk|}sxus.
1, 2. Gv}x}pzp, Y~{sj; 3. \krkxv~ IV; 4. Qk{ws{-Hv~{; 5 –7. Hynkruit. 1, 4 –7. H{yxrk; 2, 3. Mpvpry
Vy Barnett, Gökce 1953, fig. 6 (1, 2); Muscarella 1988, Nr. 63 (3); Vsy}{ym|ust 1959, {s|. 28 (4);
Boehmer 1972, Nr. 805, 806, 808 (5 –7)
260
Uoxkuy, uku s y|}{yuyxpxp vpw, p~tk}p zkxs{s xp lvs ovj Nkukmukrj xymkspt VII
svs okqp VIII m. oy x. . Uuyvy |p{posx II }|. oy x. . ok}s{~}|j 23 zvk|}sx l{yxrymyny xkly{xyny
zkxs{j sr {ktyxk Ty{-Hkjrp}k m G{wpxss. Uxs xkyoj} lvsrusp kxkvynss m zkxs{x zvk|}sxuk
}yt zys sr Spnsooy, Wk| _kw{, T~rs s ^ynk Nkwlsvk 123. Nxks}pvxyp uyvsp|}my }kus zvk|}sxyu ylxk{~qpxy m rkukmukr|us uywzvpu|k XIV–XIII mm. oy x. ., m k|}xy|}s m {jop zyn{plpxst }yt
zys wynsvxsuk Tk|konywk{s (|pvy Jko{pusvs J~{oqkkx|uyny {ktyxk J{~rss), zyn{plpxsj ~ Sknk{ys, zp{myw u~{nkxp ]s}pvs-ny{pls 124.
Ky|}k}yxy {pousp xkyous p~pu zvk|}sxk} zkxs{pt xk Xpmp{xyw Qkmukrp xp} xsukus
y|xymkxst {k||wk}{smk} uku |msop}pv|}my mypxx xklpnym xk zp{poxpkrsk}|usp ny|~ok{|}mk — yxs
mzyvxp wynvs zyzk|} |ok m {pr~v}k}p }y{nym svs sx uyx}ku}ym | Nkukmukrpw 125. Ykusp zvk|}sxus zyzkokvs y} rkukmukr|us |y|popt xp }yvuy m V{poukmukrp, xy s ny{kroy okvp (|{., xkz{swp{, xkyous zkxs{x zvk|}sxyu m Sy{umksx|uyw wynsvxsup Gxkxsx|uyt u~v}~{) 126.
2.3.4 QURLXTO]` TG XLILWTUS QGIQGNL
Q{ywp xkrmkxx uk}pny{st xkyoyu, yoxsw sr k{n~wpx}ym m zyvr~ ~k|}sj xy|s}pvpt u~v}~{
xymyp{uk||uyny }szk m zp{poxpkrsk}|us zyyok I. W. a{vs |s}kp} «swzy{} sopt» sr Vp{poxpt
Grss. Ikqxptsw |msop}pv|}myw }kuyny «swzy{}k sopt» yx |s}kp} «xkkvy wk||ymyny z{ysrmyo|}mk
~z{jqs uyvp|xs», uy}y{yp yl j|xjp} «rxkuyw|}myw | myt|uyw G||s{ss s Z{k{}~, myrnvkmvjpww
z{pomyos}pvjws-uyvp|xssws» 127. Uoxkuy rop| m {k||~qopxss I. W. a{vsk rkwp}xy jmxyp z{y}smy{psp — | yoxyt |}y{yx yx |s}kp} zyjmvpxsp uyvp|xs m zkwj}xsuk xymyp{uk||uyny }szk u~v}~{xyt xymkspt, yl j|xjpwyt uyx}ku}kws | G||s{spt s Z{k{}~, | o{~nyt — }yvu~p} }p qp uyvp|xs
uku rxku z{p|}sqk «|y|vymsj s{kx|uyt uypmyt k{s|}yu{k}ss, |yzy|}kmswyt | «uyvp|xssws» Gmp|}» 128, z{spw ovj {puyx|}{~uss s ylvsuk s|zyvr~p} yzs|kxsp uyvp|xs Ss}{ m kmp|}st|uyw
Ss{-j}p. Ykusw yl{kryw, s|zyvrymkxsp uyvp|xs uku rxkuk z{p|}sqk s z{sxkovpqxy|}s u m|pw~ |y|vyms |s}kp}|j yoxym{pwpxxy my|yojsw u s{kx|uyt o{pmxy|}s 129 s, |vpoymk}pvxy, }{kos-
123 Sk{}s{y|jx 1964, 85, z{sw. 1; Esayan 1990, 98 – 99,
xymyp{uk||usp zkwj}xsus, |yop{qksp lyvyp uyvsp|}my
Abb. 10, 1
124 Vspvk~{s 1979, 100, }kl. XX, 9 –10; XXIII, 1–2; XXVII;
uyvp|xs, xp zyrqp uyxk VIII m. oy x. . Tp|wy}{j xk }ku~
XXXII; Vspvk~{s, Spxklop 1982, 149, }kl. VIII, f; XII, 128;
ok}s{ymu~, yxk m|p qp |s}kp} myrwyqxw yl j|xj} {k|-
XV, 203; L, 848; Esayan 1990, 99. X{. Jy{pvsu 1993, 96, 105 –
z{y|}{kxpxsp }kus zyn{plpxst xkkvyw zp{poxpkrsk}|us
106, 122.
125 X{. Qyrpxuymk 1995, 96.
126 Nl{~pmk 1952, 310, {s|. 56k. a}s zvk|}sxus myoj} m
zyyoym. Nop| swpp}|j z{y}smy{psp: zp{myp srmp|}xyp
oy|}k}yxy yls{x~ uk}pny{s ukmukr|us z{powp}ym z{po|us|uyt s {kxxp|us|uyt zy, m|}{pks|j m wynsv-
uyx|us ~roppu, uy}y{p mp{yj}xy, z{swpxjvs| ovj ~z{jqs
|}yvuxympxsp uswwp{stpm | Z{k{}~ ok}s{~p}|j vs 714 n.
oy x. ., s xp} y|xymkxst z{pozyvknk} |~p|}mpxxy lyvpp
{kxxpp xkkvy zyyoym |}pzx xywkoym m Vp{pox Grs.
128 a{vs 1994, 49 –50.
xsuk Gxkxsx|uyt u~v}~{ (lswp}kvvsp|usp usxqkv,
129 Iz{ypw, m yoxyw wp|}p I. W. a{vs (1994, 120), ypmso-
kusxkus, }yzy{ s sl~v uylkx|uyny }szk, qpx|usp ~u{k-
xy, |}{pws}|j |nvkos} }y z{y}smy{psp, yoxkuy z{smyos}
pxsj, srny}ymvpxxp sr zvk|}sx ~{k{}|us s ukmukr|us
}y xp u y}ukr~ y} z{pozyvyqpxsj y rksw|}mymkxss uyvp|xs
l{yxrym zyj|ym, vpwpx} uyx|uyt ~ro s o{.). Xw. y xs
xy|s}pvjws Tymyp{uk||uyt u~v}~{, k u ~}mp{qopxs, }y
^vpxymk 1988, 3–11, | vs}p{k}~{yt. Iyrwyqxy, }y s xkyous
s{kx|uyp «|y|vymsp mysxym-uyvp|xss» yy{wsvy| vs
lswp}kvvsp|us uvpmym m }yw {ktyxp (|w. mp) |mjrkx
my m{pwj zp{poxpkrsk}|us zyyoym (!). Tpmyrwyqxy|} }kuyny
| zyjmvpxspw rop| }s vpwpx}ym.
127 a{vs 1994, 86, 97. Hvsru~ }yu~ r{pxsj m|ukrmkp}
z{pozyvyqpxsj ypmsoxk ovj m|juyny, wkvy-wkv|us rxkuywyny | sxoys{kx|usws s s{kx|usws wk}p{skvkws.
}kuqp Z. R. Ks} (Dietz 1998, 184). Uxk ok}s{~p} zyroxsp
261
syxxw ovj xymyp{uk||pm, uy}y{ km}y{ |s}kp} s{kxkws. a}y z{y}smy{psp m opt|}ms}pvxy|}s vpnuy {kr{pkp}|j. O{kx|usw uypmxsukw VIII m. oy x. . |ymp{pxxy xs u pw~ lvy rksw|}mymk}
uyvp|xs svs zymyrus ~ k||s{stpm svs ~{k{}ym, zy|uyvu~ yxs z{pu{k|xy s rxkvs s s{yuy
s|zyvrymkvs | mp|wk {kxxpny m{pwpxs. Tkyous |kws zymyryu, k }kuqp s wyopvpt, uku srmp|}xy,
s{yuy {k|z{y|}{kxpx m |}pzx zyn{plpxsj jwxyt s uk}kuywlxyt u~v}~{ 130, uy}y{p | zyvxw
y|xymkxspw lyvsx|}myw s||vpoymk}pvpt |s}k}|j z{sxkovpqkmsws sxoys{kx|usw xk{yokw.
Nop| qp |vpo~p} xkrmk} j{usp xkyous vpnus lypm uyvp|xs | uyvp|kws, swpmsws zy op|j}
|zs, m {jop zyn{plpxst wynsvxsuk m}y{yt p}mp{}s – |p{posx II }|. oy x. . xk {pup Xsx}k}k m
qxyw Nk~{kvp131. L|vs xkyous uyvp|xs m |}pzx zyn{plpxsj m}y{yt zyvymsx II – xkkvk I }|.
oy x. . xpsrmp|}x, }y }y, uyxpxy, mym|p xp yrxkkp}, }y uyvp|xs mvs sr ~zy}{plvpxsj —
s s|zyvrymkxsp oy|}k}yxy xkopqxy |msop}pv|}m~p}|j sryl{kqpxsjws }yny m{pwpxs 132. Q|}k}s,
y{yy srmp|}x xkyous |kws uyvp|xs s s wyopvpt s ~ qx |y|popt |}pzxjuym, m zyn{plpxsj
Nkukmukrj, m }yw s|vp s m}y{yt zyvymsx II }|. oy x. . (xkz{swp{, m u~{nkxk ~ |. Rkpx xk
|pmp{y-rkzkoxyw zylp{pqp yr. Xpmkx, |w. mp) 133. Tp} |ywxpxsj, }y s{kx|uyp |y|vymsp mysxym,
|yy}mp}|}m~pp sxost|usw uk}{sjw, mzvy} oy zyvxyny zp{pyok u xk|}yjpw~ m|koxsp|}m~
s okqp zyrqp, y|}kmkvy|, my m|juyw |v~kp }py{p}sp|us s sopyvynsp|us, |y|vymspw uyvp|xss,
z{spw zp{pqs}us zyoylx z{po|}kmvpxst |y{kxjvs| s m |us|uyp m{pwj 134. Ykusw yl{kryw,
xkyouk uyvp|xs m u~{nkxp Zks}~ xsuysw yl{kryw xp wyqp} {k||wk}{smk}|j uku |msop}pv|}my
k||s{st|uyny svs myylp zp{poxpmy|}yxyny mvsjxsj; xkz{y}sm, s|zyvrymkxsp uyvp|xs uku |swmyvk z{sxkovpqxy|}s u mysx|uyw~ |y|vyms jmvjp}|j }{kossyxxyt ovj |}pzx uypmxsuym p{}yt,
my|yojpt u sxoys{kx|uyt o{pmxy|}s. Q }yw~ |vpo~p} oylkms}, }y zyn{plpxsp m u~{nkxp Zks}~
jmvjp}|j oy |s zy{ posx|}mpxxyt xkyouyt y|}k}uym uyvp|xs (u|}k}s, mp|wk xpm{krs}pvx —
{p sop} vs y om~ ~rus jwk | y|}k}ukws op{pmk m zyv~ zyn{plkvxyt ukwp{, uy}y{p }{ku}~}|j km}y{yw {k|uyzyu uku |vpo om~ muyzkxx uyvp|) xk zkwj}xsuk xymyp{uk||uyny u{~nk. I|p
y|}kvxp zp{ps|vpxxp I. W. a{vsyw «zyn{plpxsj uyvp|xss» |yop{qk} vs y|}k}us uyx|uyt
~z{jqs, }yvu~pwp sw uku uyvp|xsxp zy kxkvynss | uywzvpu|yw Zks}~. Uoxkuy s z{powp} uyx|uyt ~z{jqs, xktopxxp m zkwj}xsuk zyroxpny l{yxrymyny mpuk m }yxy|}s }kuqp wyn~} yukrk}|j
z{poxkrxkpxxws ovj uyvp|xsxyt ~z{jqus, }y ~qp z{pozyvknkvy| m vs}p{k}~{p 135. I |kwyw opvp,
oy xkyous y|}k}uym uyvp|xs m u~{nkxp Zks}~ xsuyw~ xp z{syosvy m nyvym~ nymy{s} y «wk||ymyw z{ysrmyo|}mp ~z{jqs uyvp|xs» m xymyp{uk||uyp m{pwj — |yy}mp}|}m~sp xkyous ylxy
|s}kvs| ~royt mp{ym uyxpt.
130 Q~rwsxk 1974, 68 – 87; Häusler 1981, 581– 647; Häusler
y{yy srmp|}xy. Hyns Wsnmpo yzs|mk}|j uku uyvp|xs-
1984, 629 – 682; ^p{poxspxuy, V~|}ymkvym 1991, 206 –216;
sp: Falk 1994, 91–101. Jywp{ym|usp np{ys }kuqp y|}k}|j
Häusler 1994, 217 –257.
uyvp|xssws, y}j m nywp{ym|u~ zy~ uyvp|xs ~qp m{jo
131 Jpxsxn 1977, 59, {s|. 3; Jpxsxn, Nokxyms, Jpxsxn 1992,
vs swpvs opt|}ms}pvxy lypmyp rxkpxsp. I nywp{ym|uyw
125 –219 (zyn{plpxsj 4, 5, 12, 16, 19, 28, 30).
132 ^p{poxspxuy 1976, 135 –150, |{. Sorokin 1990, 97 –147.
133 Sxkukxjx 1960, 139 –152; L|kjx 1966, 130 –143; Piggott
zy|p swpp}|j m|pny omk xp|ywxpxx ~zywsxkxsj m|koxsuym,
1968, 285 –286.
134 Vyoylxw qp yl{kryw, xkz{swp{, m Wsnmpop, m }yw s|vp
|}, nop wyqp} zyo{kr~wpmk}|j mp{ymyt uyx).
135 Xws{xym 1961, 46 –72; Spvpx}pm 1967, 38 – 44; Q~rwsxk
m pp zyroxs k|}j, m|koxsus myylp ~zywsxk}|j u{ktxp
1974, 82.
{pouy, y}j m|koxsp|}my m zy~ pp |y|}kmvpxsj lvy ~qp
ok s }y }s ~zywsxkxsj uy|mpxxp (m |{kmxpxsj): Il. XV, 674;
Od. V, 371, |w. Wiesner 1968, 110 –114 (rop| qp o{~nsp uyx}pu-
]OVOXUV 2.4
IV
Idvltrfnd uorc tdktw|iqlc Zdkdqow IV cfocivuc rhqrm lk rsrtqy hdv f ltdqunrm dtyirorgll.
Sqd eod rstihioiqd dfvrtdpl tdunrsrn sruioiqlc ndn nrqiz IX f. hr q. . l ufckdqd u kdfrifdqlip
wtdtvdpl hdqqrgr tiglrqd, nrvrtri, ntrpi str{igr, hdvltwivuc wtdtvunrm qdhslu lk Ododvgdyd
rnror 805 g. hr q. . 1 Idqqdc hdvltrfnd hrogri ftipc eod re}istlqcvrm, rhqdnr qihdfqr M. R. Qihfihundc fundkdod strvlf qii tch frktdjiqlm, u{lvdc, {vr sruioiqli Zdkdqow IV uw}iuvfrfdor l f
VIII f. hr q. . l eor tdktw|iqr f yrhi sryrhd Vdtgrqd II f 714 g. hr q. . 2
Ioc vrgr, {vre hrndkdv uw}iuvfrfdqli Zdkdqow IV l f VIII f. hr q. . M. R. Qihfihunrm eor
qireyrhlpr qdmvl f igr uorcy vdnli stihpiv, nrvrti eol qilkfiuvq f IX f. hr q. . l hdvltrfnd
nrvrty rgtdql{lfdivuc VIII f. (hrfroqr ero|ri nrol{iuvfr qdyrhrn lpiiv eroii |ltrnw hdvw —
IX–VIII ff. hr q. .).
Etgwpiqvdzlc M. R. Qihfihunrm uvtrlvuc f sitfw r{itih qd dqdolki nrqunrm wstcjl — ndn
stihpivrf, qisrutihuvfiqqr reqdtwjiqqy stl tdunrsndy Zdkdqow, vdn l lkretdjiqqy qd tikqy
soduvlqndy uorqrfrm nruvl, qdmhiqqy f IV uori vrgr sruioiqlc. Hodfqm pivrh, stlpiqcipm hoc
hdvltrfnl urrvfivuvfw}ly oipiqvrf wstcjl, uruvrlv f ly ursruvdfoiqll u duultlmunlpl tioixdpl, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc hiolv qd hfi gtwss — «tioix IX f. hr q. .» l «tioix VIII f.
hr q. .» Vrrvfivuvfiqqr, iuol rqd qi qdyrhlv dqdorgll ndnrpw-vr stihpivw lk Zdkdqow IV qd «tioixdy IX f. hr q. .», d qdyrhlv ol| qd «tioixdy VIII f. hr q. .», vr u{lvdiv, {vr vrv stihpiv fyrhlv
f wsrvtieoiqli vronr f VIII f. hr q. . l uflhiviouvfwiv r qireyrhlpruvl strholv uw}iuvfrfdqli
Zdkdqow IV hr VIII f. hr q. .
Wdnrm pivrh fkfdiv uitikqi frktdjiqlc. Ttijhi fuigr, rq qi w{lvfdiv uvroivq odnwqw
f duultlmunrp lnrqrgtdxl{iunrp pdvitldoi, r nrvrtrm grfrtloru f|i. Wr, {vr M. R. Qihfihundc
qdkfdiv «tioixdpl IX f. hr q. .» — vr tioix E||wtqdzltsdod II l etrqkrfi renodhnl Fdodfdvunly frtrv Vdopdqdudtd III, nrvrti eol lkgrvrfoiq qi srkji 841/837, d {duvl{qr i}i f 850 g.
hr q. . (up. f|i). Wdnlp retdkrp, qdhr grfrtlv re lkretdjiqlcy qi IX f. hr q. ., d 70 – 40-y grhrf
IX f. hr q. . \vr ndudivuc «tioixrf VIII f. hr q. .», vr udpi tdqqli lk qly rvqrucvuc n sryi Wlgodvsdodudtd III (745 –727 gg. hr q. .), vdn {vr khiu uoihwiv grfrtlv f ow{|ip uow{di r tioixdy fvrtrm
srorflq VIII f. hr q. . (vr ji fitqr l hoc uviqqy trusluim «sitfrgr uvloc» Wlo-Fdtulsd).
Gvrtp uw}iuvfiqqp qihruvdvnrp pivrhd M. R. Qihfihunrm cfocivuc dfvrpdvl{iunlm sitiqru
ffrhrf, uhiodqqy qd ruqrfdqll duultlmunly tioixrf, lkretdjd}ly duultlmunly fudhqlnrf l
nroiuql{ly, qd wtdtvrf l pdqqiif. Ttl vrp qi w{lvfdivuc vrv xdnv, {vr stlpiqcipdc vlpl qdtrhdpl nrqundc uetwc prgod rvol{dvuc rv duultlmunrm. Wdnrm dfvrpdvl{iunlm sitiqru vip eroii whlflvioiq, {vr udpd M. R. Qihfihundc tdkhiociv pqiqli, urgoduqr nrvrtrpw tch ufckdqqy u nrqifrhuvfrp
qrf|iuvf eo kdlpuvfrfdq duultlmzdpl w wtdtvrf (r{iflhqr, stl vrp lpivuc f flhw stijhi fuigr
1 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 1–27, u stihhw}im olvitdvwtrm.
2 Medvedskaya 1988, 1–15; Medvedskaya 1991, 149 –161.
263
nrqifrh{iunli tdmrq Xtdtvw, nrvrti rslufdiv Vdtgrq II f ufrim tioczll r fruprp sryrhi
l n {luow nrvrty stlqdhoijdod l reoduv Zdkdqow) l, uoihrfdvioqr, srcflouc w sruoihqly tdq|i,
{ip prg ev lkretdjiq qd duultlmunly tioixdy. Rdnrqiz, sruoihqii (l sr kqd{lpruvl) frktdjiqli
uruvrlv f vrp, {vr lnrqrgtdxl{iunli pdvitldo, qiuprvtc qd uvtipoiqli duultlmunly unwosvrtrf
n vr{qruvl l hivdolkdzll, fui ji hdv nrufiqqi uflhiviouvfd, nrvrti qi prgwv kdpiqlv retd}iqlc n tidoqr urytdqlf|lpuc fi}dp.
Wdnlp retdkrp, rvpi{dc, {vr qindc tidolc rvuwvuvfwiv qd «tioixdy IX f.», qr stluwvuvfwiv qd
«tioixdy VIII f.», M. R. Qihfihundc lpiiv stdfr hiodv ffrh ol| r vrp, {vr f Euultll (qr qi f
Xtdtvw lol Qdqqi) rqd fr|od f wsrvtieoiqli pijhw 40-pl grhdpl IX f. hr q. . l 40-pl grhdpl VIII f.
hr q. ., qr qlndn qi r vrp, {vr ii uoihwiv hdvltrfdv VIII, d qi IX f. hr q. . Xji srvrpw srow{iqqi
qd ruqrfdqll duultlmunly tioixrf tikwovdv qi srkfrocv sitihdvltrfdv {ivfitvm uorm Zdkdqow.
]vl dstlrtqi urpqiqlc f nrttinvqruvl stlpiqciprgr M. R. Qihfihunrm pivrhd qdyrhcv sroqri
srhvfitjhiqli, iuol retdvlvuc n nrqntivqp tikwovdvdp. Ttlfihw ol| qiunronr qdleroii ctnly
stlpitrf. Gdjqp dtgwpiqvrp hoc sitihdvltrfnl uorc Zdkdqow IV M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv qdyrhnw
khiu vtdsizliflhqrgr nrqunrgr qdqruqlnd. Trufcvlf dqdolkw vrgr stihpivd qipdow {duv ufrim
sitfrm uvdvl, l i}i tdk usizldoqr srh{itnqwf igr kqd{iqli fr fvrtrm uvdvi, rqd stlyrhlv n ffrhw, ruqrfdqqrpw stijhi fuigr qd duultlmunly lkretdjiqlcy, {vr vdnli qdqruqlnl fyrhcv f wsrvtieoiqli qi tdq|i sruoihqim vtivl VIII f. hr q. . l tdustruvtdqcvuc f VII f. hr q. . 3 ]vrv ffrh r|ler{iq l f sroqrm piti hiprquvtltwiv qistlipoipruv lketdqqrgr M.R. Qihfihunrm pivrhd. Iimuvflvioqr, lkretdjiqli nrqunrgr qdqruqlnd l ntisc}igr igr tipqc qd duultlmunly tioixdy fsitfi
srcfocivuc f sryw Wlgodvsdodudtd III. Rr qdp lkfiuvqr hfd qdqruqlnd, stl{ip lpiqqr vtdsizliflhqrm xrtp, u qdhslucpl wtdtvunrgr zdtc M|swlql (825 – 810 gg. hr q. .) (. 129) 4, {vr qdhijqr
whruvrfitciv ly lusrokrfdqli f wtdtvunrm wstcjl f sruoihqim {ivfitvl IX f. hr q. . ]vrv xdnv
reiuziqlfdiv l fui ruvdoqi ufckdqqi u lusrokrfdqlip qdqruqlnrf f nrqunrm uetwi sruvtriqlc
M. R. Qihfihunrm, rvqruc}liuc n tdkflvl eoljqifruvr{qrm ndfdoitll f VIII f. hr q. .
Itwglp wndkdqlip qd VIII f. hr q. . M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv stlntisocf|liuc n wkhi nrornro{lnl, f ero|rp nrol{iuvfi qdmhiqqi f uori Zdkdqow IV 5. Mkretdjiqli vdnly nrornro{lnrf fsitfi srcfocivuc qd duultlmunly «tioixdy VIII f.», v. i. stl Wlgodvsdodudti. Shqdnr l khiu ulvwdzlc
vd ji, {vr l u qdqruqlndpl — lkfiuvqr hfd nrornro{lnd, qdhsludqqy lpiqip wtdtvunrgr zdtc
Qiqwd, uqd M|swlql (rhlq qilkfiuvqrgr strluyrjhiqlc, ytdqlvuc f pwkii ]|proliq f Snuxrthi,
lqf. №1974.357, htwgrm lk Ilkglqndoi frkoi Tdvqrud f fruvr{qrm Eqdvroll, ytdqlvuc f pwkii Gdqd)
(. 107, 1) 6, {vr whruvrfitciv lusrokrfdqli hdqqrgr oipiqvd nrqunrm wkh f Xtdtvw qi srkji tweijd IX–VIII ff. hr q. . l rstrfitgdiv l vrv dtgwpiqv M. R. Qihfihunrm. ]vl hfd stlpitd hruvdvr{qr
weihlvioqr uflhiviouvfwv r |dvnruvl l qireckdvioqruvl l ruvdoqy uhiodqqy qd ruqrfdqll
duultlmunly tioixrf ffrhrf, qdstlpit, r «edqhjrflhqy» l rntwgoy eoc|ndy, lusrokrfdf|lyuc
f qdmhiqqrm qd Zdkdqow uetwi, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv qireyrhlpp hdvltrfdv qi tdqii
fvrtrm srorflq VIII f. hr q. ., ruqrffdcu qd truslucy lk Wlo Fdtulsd 7, lol r nluvcy, tdkpi}iqli nrvrty qd wkhi nrqc, d qi qdgtwhqlni, vdnji re~cfocivuc ydtdnvitqp vronr hoc VIII f. hr q. . 8
3 Medvedskaya 1988, 2 – 8; Medvedskaya 1991, 153.
4 Özgen 1984, 95 – 96, fig. 12 –13 (qd fvrtrp qdhslu xtdgpiqvltrfdqd, qr fruuvdqdfolfdivuc hruvdvr{qr qdhijqr);
Lev. VII, 25; Muscarella 1978, 64 – 65, fig. 8 – 9; Özgen 1984,
109 –110, fig. 34; Muscarella 1988, 427; Dyson, Muscarella 1989,
Seidl 1991, 79 – 80; Merhav 1991, 98 – 99, Nr. 66, fig. 13, 2. Vt.
17; Seidl 1991, 80, Nr. 59.
7 Medvedskaya 1988, 2.
i}i rhlq qdqruqln vrgr vlsd, qdyrhc}lmuc f pwkii Odtou-
8 Medvedskaya 1991, 154. Mkretdjiqli nrqim u nluvcpl,
tw l fyrhc}lm f nrpsoinu etrqkrfy stihpivrf wkh, qdh-
tdusrorjiqqpl qd wkhi, urytdqlf|iiuc qd godkwtrfdqy
sludqqy lpiqdpl M|swlql l igr uqd l urstdflvioc Qi-
nltsl{dy lk ytdpd E||wtd f E||wti, nrvrti hdvltrfdolu
qwd: Maaß 1987, 84, Taf. 1, 1; 10; Rehm 1997, 227 –228, U 33,
sryrm Wlgodvsdodudtd I (1112 –1074 gg. hr q. .) (Andrae 1923,
Taf. XXVIII.
5 Medvedskaya 1988, 9 –10.
6 Moorey 1975, pl. XIV; Belli 1976 –1977, 201–202, Res. 9,
11–12, Taf. 6; Haller, Andrae 1955, 56 –57), flhlpr, rvqrulvuc
264
n sryi Vdtgrqd II l lkretdjdiv rhlq lk slkrhrf igr kqdpiqlvrm fruprm ndpsdqll (714 g. hr q. .). Rd nltsl{dy urytd-
Ulu. 129 Ftrqkrfm nrqunlm qdqruqln u qdhslu M|swlql
Tr Merhav 1991, 98 – 99, Nr. 66, fig. 13, 2
265
Wr ji ndudivuc l hivdoim wuvtrmuvfd nroiuqlz, lkretdjiqqy qd tikqy soduvlqndy lk Zdkdqow.
O vrpw ji qinrvrti {itv, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv ydtdnvitqpl luno{lvioqr hoc
VIII f. hr q. ., f himuvflvioqruvl fuvti{dvuc l qd lkretdjiqlcy nroiuqlz sryl E||wtqdzltsdod
(qdstlpit, rvuwvuvfli }lvd) 9. Rdnrqiz, M. R. Qihfihundc qi w{lvfdiv l rsweolnrfdqqi qihdfqr
lkretdjiqlc nroiuqlz l fudhqlnrf qd etrqkrfy stihpivdy (nrqundc sinvrtdo l fihitnr, r{iflhqr,
duultlmunrgr strlkfrhuvfd), nrvrti hdvltwvuc fvrtrm srorflqrm IX f. hr q. . (. 48; 66) 10. Rd
vly lkretdjiqlcy lpivuc qinrvrti oipiqv, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc ufckfdiv luno{lvioqr u VIII f. hr q. . Wdn, qdstlpit, qd sinvrtdol lkretdjiq nroiuql{qi l fityrfi nrql, w nrvrty nluvl (lol nrornro{lnl) tdkpi}iq qd wkhi, d qi qd qdgtwhqlndy 11, d or|dhl, lkretdjiqqi qd
fihitni, lpiv qrurfi tipql, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc ufckfdiv u stlpiqiqlip qdqruqlnrf 12.
Ouvdvl, vl oipiqv lkfiuvq l qd eroii tdqqly lkretdjiqlcy 13.
Riunronr rureqcnrp uvrlv i}i rhlq dtgwpiqv M. R. Qihfihunrm, ruqrffd}lmuc qd duultlmunly tioixdy ol| rv{duvl, d f ruqrfqrp qd re}ly stihuvdfoiqlcy r tdkflvll sitihqidkldvunrgr
fudhql{iuvfd. Sstihioiqqp srndkdvioip f srokw hdvltrfnl VIII f. hr q. . M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv
lkretdjiqli qd soduvlqndy lk Zdkdqow fudhqlnrf eik stdf{ly, lusrokrfdqli nrvrty eor ydtdnvitqr hoc eoljqifruvr{qrgr fudhql{iuvfd IX f. hr q. . 14 G udprp hioi, f sryw E||wtqdzltsdod II
kduflhiviouvfrfdqr stlpiqiqli duultlmzdpl f dvdni nrqqy ow{qlnrf, nrvrti lusrokwv stdf{ly, wstdfoc}ly hfwpc und{w}lpl tchrp nrqcpl l fufrerjhd}ly vip udpp rei twnl uvtiond 15
(. 131, 1). Wrv ji usrure dvdnl lkretdjiq l qd etrqkrfy renodhndy «Fdodfdvunly frtrv» Vdopdqdudtd 16, stl{ip qd vly lkretdjiqlcy flhqr, {vr fuvwsd}lm f sdti u ow{qlnrp l wstdfoc}lm
reilpl or|dhpl fudhqln frrtwjiq nrsip, d lqrghd vdnji lpiiv qiero|rm }lv, nrvrtp stlntfiv uiec l ufrigr qdsdtqlnd (. 114; 131, 2). Tdtdpl dvdnwv l fudhqlnl qd wsrplqdf|ipuc etrqkrfrp fihitni lk Wigitdqunrgr {duvqrgr uretdqlc, rvqruc}ipuc, flhlpr, nr fvrtrm srorflqi IX f.
qlodu, ntrpi lkretdjiqlc, xtdgpiqvltrfdqqdc qdhslu, f
XXXV, LXIX. Ttl vrp uoihwiv kdpivlv, {vr stlpiqiqli
nrvrtrm tdkol{dvuc hfd vrsrqlpd: kurNi-kip-pa l kurÚ-pa-a.
uetwl u qrurfpl tipqcpl frfui qi reckdvioqr rkqd{div
Rd ruqrfdqll vly vrsrqlprf prjqr wuvdqrflv, {vr ti{
lhiv r sitiyrhi {itik grt, rsludqqrp f 15 –16 uvtrndy
lusrokrfdqli qdqruqlnrf.
14 Medvedskaya 1988, 10; Medvedskaya 1991, 154 –155; ut.
slupd Vdtgrqd n E||wtw: Weidner 1926, 2 – 3; Mayer 1980,
Littauer, Crouwel 1979, 135. Trhreqi fudhqlnl, dvdnw}li
21–22; Nunn 1988, 181–182. Etgwpiqv, stlfihiqqi f
sdtdpl (ἅμιπποι) lkfiuvq l f htifqim Htizll. Shlq lk qly,
srokw hdvltrfnl vrgr sdpcvqlnd sryrm Wlgodvsdodudtd III,
qduoihqln nroiuql{qrgr ermzd, eo vcjior frrtwjiq, d htw-
d qi Vdtgrqd II (Fridman 1969, 172 –175) qiweihlvioq.
9 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 17 – 18. Ouvdvl, lkretdjiqli
grm, qduoihqln frkql{igr, stdflo hfwpc lhw}lpl tchrp
«oolsurflhqrgr stihpivd» pijhw nrtrenrm nroiuqlz l
ctprp, nrvrtri, sr pqiql M. R. Qihfihunrm, lu{ikdiv f
V, 371.
15 Uioix B.M. 124544 lk hfrtzd E||wtqdzltsdod f Rlp-
sryw Wlgodvsdodudtd III, fuvti{divuc l qd tioixdy vrgr
twhi: Budge 1914, pl. XV, 1, ut. uyrhqri lkretdjiqli qd
ftipiql: Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. IX, LXVIII–LXIX, LXXI.
10 Seidl 1985, 45 – 48, Taf. 23–27; Seidl 1986, 229 –236,
soduvlqni lk uorqrfrm nruvl IX f. hr q. .: Yadin 1963, 384
Taf. 53–55; Born, Seidl 1995, 55 –72.
11 Seidl 1986, Abb. 1– 3, Taf. 53–55; Born, Seidl 1995, Abb. 46 –
U. Hlt|pdqrp: Ghirshman 1964a, 101, 409, Abb. 134, u urpql-
53.
12 Seidl 1985, Abb. 1, Taf. 24 –27. Vt. vdnli ji tipql f wkhi
ii VII f. hr q. . (eik reruqrfdqlc), rhqdnr vd hdvd cfqr kdf-
nrqcpl: Anecd. Gr. I, 205, s.v.; Suda, s.v.; Eustath. ad Hom. Od.
(lk nrooinzll ]. ]tlnurqd). Wd ji soduvlqnd rsweolnrfdqd
vioqp wndkdqlip qd strluyrjhiqli lk Llfli. Sq hdvltwiv
|iqd. Rd soduvlqni lkretdjiq eikertrhm ow{qln (ifqwy),
nrqim qd soduvlqndy uorqrfrm nruvl IX f. hr q. . lk Rlptw-
urstrfrjhdipm ertrhdvp stdf{lp. Sed reod{iq f rhlqd-
hd: Mallowan, Davies 1970, 28 – 30, Nr. 62, 65, 67, pl. XVIII–XX.
13 Vt., qdstlpit, lkretdjiqli qrurfy tipqim uetwl nrqc
nrfi ruvtrnrqi{qi |oip. Mkretdjiqli nrqqrgr ow{qlnd
f «uziqi vtlwpxd» qd soduvlqni lk uorqrfrm nruvl XIII f.
}imuc, fitrcvqr, n sryi E||wtqdzltsdod II: Mallowan,
hr q. ., strluyrhc}im lk Qiglhhr (Tdoiuvlqd) l qrurfy
Davies 1970, 2, 27, Nr. 58, pl. XVI; Barnett 1975, 231–232,
tipqim l nluvl, qdyrhc}imuc qd uetwi, qd soduvlqni XIII–
XII ff. hr q. . lk ]qnrpl (Olst) (. 130 ): Decamps de
fig. 232 (Supplementary Catalogue of L. G. Davies).
16 King 1915, pl. VII, XXXVIII, XXXIX, XLVIII, XLIX, LIII,
Mertzenfeld 1954, 15 –16, 18, 88, 116 –117, Nr. 342, 788, pl. XIV,
LXXII.
266
lpiivuc l qd soduvlqni uorqrfrm nruvl lk Rlptwhd, rvqruc-
1
2
Ulu. 130 Toduvlqnl lk uorqrfrm nruvl.
1. Qiglhhr, Tdoiuvlqd; 2. ]qnrpl, Olst
Tr Decamps de Mertzenfeld 1954, Nr. 342, 788, pl. XXXV, LXIX
267
1
2
Ulu. 131 1. Euultlmunlm tioix B.M. 124544 lk hfrtzd E||wtqdzltsdod II f Rlptwhi.
2. Euultlmundc nrqqlzd. Mkretdjiqli qd etrqkrfrm relfni «Fdodfdvunly frtrv»
Tr Budge 1914, pl. XV, 1 (1); King 1915, pl. LXXII (2)
268
1
2
Ulu. 132 Euultlmunli tioix lk hfrtzd Wlgodvsdodudtd III f Rlptwhi. 1. Tolvd B.M. 118907; 2. Tolvd B.M. 118905
Tr Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXVII, LXV
269
hr q. . (. 48) 17. Rd{lqdc u sryl Wlgodvsdodudtd qd tioixdy lkretdjdvuc duultlmunli fudhqlnl,
wstdfoc}li f er ureuvfiqqpl or|dhpl, qr stl vrp rql fuighd srokwvuc vronr nrsip, yrvc
lqrghd frrtwjiq l ownrp ur uvtiodpl (c, tdkwpiivuc, qi w{lvfd lkretdjiqlc frlqrf qd sitiyrhi
lol grvrfc}lyuc n er: vdnly lkretdjiqlm rhlqr{qy fudhqlnrf hruvdvr{qr pqrgr) (. 132). Ttl
vrp retd}div qd uiec fqlpdqli vr, {vr vl nrqqi nrsim}lnl re{qr dvdnwv sdtdpl: fitrcvqr,
f uow{di qireyrhlpruvl uvtioe lk ownd rhlq lk fudhqlnrf sdt etdo qd uiec wstdfoiqli reilpl
or|dhpl, fufrerjhdc twnl fvrtrgr 18. G sryw Vlqdyyitled srcfocvuc lkretdjiqlc rhlqr{qy
fudhqlnrf, uvtioc}ly u nrqc qd undnw (nrqqi nrsim}lnl stl vrp re{qr wji qi frrtwjiq owndpl l dvdnwv qi sdtdpl, d srrhlqr{ni) 19. S{iflhqr, ol| f vr ftipc duultlmunli ow{qlnl f pduurfrp srtchni (rvhioqi lkretdjiqlc nrqqy ow{qlnrf qd si{dvcy fuvti{dvuc l tdq|i, ut. f|i)
rufdlfdv lunwuuvfr uvtioe u or|dhl qd undnw eik wuowg stdf{igr. V vlp ufckdqd, frkprjqr, l usizldolkdzlc duultlmunrm nrqqlz. Ttl Wlgodvsdodudti III l Vdtgrqi II fudhqlnl frrtwjdolu l
nrscpl, l owndpl l dvdnrfdol sdtdpl (uwhc sr tioixdp, rql qi hiololu qd frlqd l stdf{igr — ly
frrtwjiqli l uqdtcjiqli rhlqdnrfr), {vre f uow{di qireyrhlpruvl fkcv qd uiec wstdfoiqli reilpl
or|dhpl l srkfrolv qdsdtqlnw uvtiocv lk ownd. Ttiuoihwc eigw}igr ftdgd rql prgol himuvfrfdv
srrhlqr{ni, srunronw srokrfdolu stl vrp nrscpl. Wisit ji nrqqi nrsim}lnl, nrvrti eol
vtdhlzlrqqp flhrp nrqqlz, sitiuvdv frrtwjdvuc ownrp. Rdstrvlf, ow{qlnl, nrvrti, flhlpr,
qdw{lolu uvtiocv u or|dhl udpruvrcvioqr, eroii qi frrtwjdvuc nrsip. Trcfoiqli vrgr qrf|iuvfd f stdnvlni sitihqifruvr{qrm ndfdoitll, fitrcvqr, re~cuqcivuc folcqlip nrqqruvtionrfrm
vdnvlnl nlppitlmzif l unlxrf. Rdol{li «nlppitlmunrgr srond» f uruvdfi duultlmunrm dtpll kduflhiviouvfrfdqr vinuvrp SAA 6, 204, hdvltrfdqqp 679 g. hr q. ., stl{ip, frkprjqr, vrv vitplq
rerkqd{div qi «sron, uruvrc}lm lk nlppitlmzif», d «sron, frrtwjiqqm sr-nlppitlmunl» (v. i., flhlpr, nrqqy ow{qlnrf). Mpc igr qd{doqlnd, fr fucnrp uow{di, re{qri duultlmunri20.
U. Idmurq l S. Qdundtiood, frktdjdc M. R. Qihfihunrm, wvfitjhdv, {vr l f IX f. hr q. . prgol
lusrokrfdvuc fudhqlnl eik stdf{ly, uuodcu stl vrp qd rhlq lk tioixrf E||wtqdzltsdod II,
qd ultlmunli lkretdjiqlc nrqzd IX f. hr q. . l wtdtvunli qd{dod VIII f. hr q. . 21 Gui vl wndkdqlc
M. R. Qihfihundc rvfrhlv22. Sqd ustdfiholfr rvpi{div, {vr qd tioixi E||wtqdzltsdod II lkretdjiq fudhqlnl, lusrokw}li stdf{ly (ut. f|i). ]vrv tioix, uoihrfdvioqr, qi lpiiv rvqr|iqlc
n reuwjhdiprm vipi. Wtwhqr srqcv, rhqdnr, sr{ipw M. R. Qihfihundc rvfrhlv l ruvdoqi stlpit
U. Idmurqd l S. Qdundtioo: rqd reruqrffdiv vr vip, {vr qd wsrpcqwvy lpl lkretdjiqlcy, sr ii
pqiql, stihuvdfoiq qi ow{qlnl, d nrsim}lnl, d nrqqi nrsim}lnl utdjdolu f rhlqr{nw l
tdq|i. X {lvdvioc urkhdivuc fsi{dvoiqli, {vr f Zdkdqow IV qdmhiqr lkretdjiqli nrqqrgr ow{qlnd,
rhqdnr vr qi vdn: qd ihlquvfiqqrp eroii lol piqii yrtr|r urytdqlf|ipuc lkretdjiqll fudhqlnd
17 Seidl 1985, 46, Abb. 1, Taf. 23–27.
18 Vp. tioix sryl Wlgodvsdoudtd III lk Rlptwhd: Barnett,
f rhqrp uow{di rql dvdnwv sdtrm (ow{qln l nrsim}ln), f
Falkner 1962, pl. XIII–XIV (Smith 1938, pl. XIX, B.M. 118878),
hoc sryl E||wtedqlsdod: Barnett 1976, pl. XXXIII (B.M.
LXIV–LXV (B.M. 118905), LXVI–LXVII (Smith 1938, pl. XVIII,
124925-6), LI (B.M. 124876 E||wtedqlsdo qd ryrvi); Paterson
ruvdoqy — sr rhlqr{ni. Mkfiuvq vdnli lkretdjiqlc l
B.M. 118907) (nrqqi nrsim}lnl eik ownrf sdtdpl stiuoi-
1915, pl. 62 – 64; ut. eroii {duvi lkretdjiqlc duultlmunly
hwv eigw}igr ftdgd), sryl Vdtgrqd II lk Zrtudedhd: Botta,
frlqrf, uvtioc}ly ur uvrc}igr nrqc: Paterson 1915,
Flandin 1849, pl. 64, 87, 88, 98 (sdtd dvdnw}ly fudhqlnrf);
pl. 19 –20 (sryd Vlqdyyitled); Barnett 1976, pl. XVI (B.M.
66, 67, 99 (rhlqr{qi fudhqlnl stiuoihwv eigw}igr l wji
124929), XXXIV (Louvre AO 19921 + Or. Dr. VII 32), LXVII (Or.
tdkgtrpoiqqrgr ftdgd); ut. vdnji pl. 73, ghi lkretdjiq duul-
Dr. V, 31), LXIX (Louvre AO 19909); Paterson 1915, pl. 40 – 41
tlmunlm fudhqln f sroqrp frrtwjiqll, wstdfoc}lm hfwpc
(Russell 1991, 150 –151, Fig. 75), 44 – 45 (sryd E||wtedql-
or|dhpl. Tr{vl fui nrqqi nrsim}lnl sryl Vdtgrqd frr-
sdod).
20 Ivantchik 1993, 63, 253–254; Mfdq{ln 1996, 65 – 66, 259 –
twjiq l owndpl.
19 Paterson 1915, pl. 17 –18 (Russell 1991, fig. 69), 19 –20 (rtlglqdo wvitcq): duultlmunli fudhqlnl (nrsim}lnl eik ownrf,
ow{qlnl eik nrslm) dvdnwv ftdgd f grtdy l qd eitigw tinl;
270
260.
21 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 18.
22 Medvedskaya 1991, 154 –155.
1
2
Ulu. 133 Oruvcqi soduvlqnl lk Zdkdqow IV
Tr Muscarella 1980, Nr. 33, 34
271
stihuvdfoiq lpiqqr nrsim}ln (. 133, 1) 23. Tdtdooiol lk Vifitqrm Vltll 24 l lk Xtdtvw 25, vdnlp
retdkrp, fsroqi stdfrpitq. Otrpi vrgr, tdk udpd M. R. Qihfihundc stlkqdiv, {vr nrqqm nrsim}ln
prg utdjdvuc f rhlqr{nw, eik stdf{igr, l f IX f. hr q. ., vr frre}i qisrqcvqr, kd{ip khiu stlfoindivuc vr lkretdjiqli l ndn rqr prjiv uowjlv hoc hrndkdviouvfd srkhqim hdvltrfnl Zdkdqow.
Rikdflulpr rv vrgr uoihwiv rvpivlv, {vr udpr sr uiei lkretdjiqli fudhqlnd, qi lusrokw}igr
stdf{igr (hdji l ow{qlnd, d vip eroii nrsim}lnd), qi prjiv uowjlv ruqrfdqlip hoc igr hdvltrfnl
VIII f. hr q. . — lkretdjiqlc qi vronr fudhqlnrf, qr l nrqqy ow{qlnrf, f vrp {luoi srokw}lyuc
vdnlp lkr}tiqqp stliprp, ndn «sdtxcqunlm fuvtio», fuvti{dvuc f Titihqim Ekll, yrvc l tihnr,
l tdq|i (ut. f|i).
Rdunronr pqi lkfiuvqr, udpri tdqqii lkretdjiqli uvtioc}igr u nrqc qd undnw ow{qlnd
(stl{ip eik fucnrgr stdf{igr) hdvltwivuc i}i fvrtrm srorflqrm XV f. hr q. . Ui{ lhiv r iglsivunrp
tioixi lk Wwtlqd, qd nrvrtrp lkretdjiqd erglqc Euvdtvd qd nrqi, uvtioc}dc lk ownd f weigd}igr
qwelmzd (. 134, 3) 26. Setdk Euvdtv, erglql, viuqr ufckdqqrm u nrqip l rhqrftipiqqr {duvr lkretdjd}imuc u ownrp l uvtiodpl, eo kdlpuvfrfdq f Jglsiv lk Vltll f XVI f. hr q. . Otrpi qdkfdqqrgr, f Jglsvi lpiivuc hruvdvr{qr ero|ri nrol{iuvfr lkretdjiqlm Euvdtv-fudhqlz (qd{lqdc u
XVIII hlqduvll l srkji), stl{ip sr ntdmqim piti i}i f hfwy uow{dcy rqd frrtwjiqd ownrp 27. Glhlpr,
f sitlrh Rrfrgr zdtuvfd f uruvdfi iglsivunrm dtpll, qdtchw u nroiuql{lpl, wji uw}iuvfrfdol srhtdkhioiqlc fudhqlnrf, utihl nrvrty eol l ow{qlnl 28. G ufckl u vlp prjqr wsrpcqwv, qdstlpit,
lkretdjiqli frrtwjiqqrgr ownrp fudhqlnd, srfitqwf|igruc qdkdh l rvswuvlf|igr srfrh qd tioixi
lk Eew-Vlpeiod sryl Udpuiud II (1290 –1223 gg. hr q. .) u lkretdjiqlip elvf stl Odhi|i (1286 g.)
(. 134, 4) 29.
Gudhql{iuvfr eor hruvdvr{qr yrtr|r lkfiuvqr f Titihqim Ekll l kqd{lvioqr tdq|i. Se vrp
uflhiviouvfwiv, f {duvqruvl, slupr Fdyhlolpd, wstdfoc}igr hfrtzd Qdtl, zdt Llptlolpw
(1775/74 –1761/60 gg. hr q. .) 30, urhitjd}ii kdpi{dvioqm sduudj. G vrp sduudji Fdyhlolp qdsrplqdiv zdt, {vr rq cfocivuc zdtip qi vronr ydqimzif, qr vdnji l dnndhzif, d srvrpw hoc urytdqiqlc
ufrigr zdtunrgr hruvrlquvfd ipw qi uoihwiv ikhlv fityrp qd or|dhl, d vronr f nroiuqlzi lol qd
pwoi. Zdqimz, srownr{ifri qduioiqli uvisim Vifitqrm Qiursrvdpll l Vltll, stlqdhoijdor n vrm
udprm kdsdhqruiplvunrm nwovwtqrm l cknrfrm utihi, lk nrvrtrm qiunronr srkji iglsvcqi kdlpuvfrfdol retdk Euvdtv, fudhqlz l ow{qlz. Zdqimzdp, r{iflhqr, wji f qd{doi XVIII f. hr q. . eor
yrtr|r kqdnrpr fudhql{iuvfr, l ly qi whlflor e srcfoiqli zdtc fityrp; rhqdnr dnndhz, nrvrti
stlfnol flhiv ufrigr zdtc f nroiuqlzi lol qd pwoi, r{iflhqr eol e vlp |rnltrfdq. Tlupr
23 Muscarella 1980, Nr. 33. Vt. Nr. 38 l xtdgpiqv, vronwipi
undnw ntodvy niqvdftrf qd hivdocy nrqunrm uetwl, fyrhc-
ndn frkprjqi lkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf: Nr. 34 – 47, 171.
24 Svpi{w, nuvdvl, {vr M. R. Qihfihundc qdstduqr rvtl-
}ly f qdert nrqzd IX – qd{dod VIII ff. hr q. .: Maaß 1987,
zdiv, {vr qd tioixdy lk Llqhjltol lkretdjiq ow{qlnl
1997, 229 –230, U 37, Abb. XXX.
26 Leclant 1960, 23–28, pl. I A.
(. 134, 1, 2). Mk vtiy lkretdjiqlm fudhqlnrf qd tioixdy
84 – 87, Taf. 1, 1; 9, 1; Merhav 1991, 100 –101, Nr. 75 –77; Rehm
Llqhjltol f hfwy uow{dcy ti{ lhiv lpiqqr r qly: Luschan
27 Trhtreqw ufrhnw lkretdklvioqrgr pdvitldod l igr ur-
1902, 205 –206, Abb. 96, Taf. XXXIV c; XXXV (fudhqln, lpi-
sruvdfoiqli u hdqqpl slupiqqy luvr{qlnrf up. Leclant
}lm qd srcui pi{, hitjlv f rhqrm twni own, d f htwgrm rvtwe-
1960, 1– 67. Vt. lkretdjiqli fudhqlnd, hitjd}igr f twni
oiqqw grorfw; srfrh, urrvfivuvfiqqr, rvsw}iq); 226 –227,
qicuqm stihpiv, qd iglsivunrm uinlti lk Ftlvdqunrgr pwkic
Abb. 129 –130, Taf. XLIV (fudhqln u nro{dqrp kd soi{dpl l
(B.M. 36766): Hall 1931, 3–5, pl. I. H. Zroo hdvltwiv uinltw
ntwgop }lvrp), ut. 206, Taf. XXXIV d. Rd tioixdy lk Wio-
sitfrm srorflqrm XVIII hlqduvll (rnror 1580 –1450 gg. hr
Zdodxd, vdnji rvqruc}lyuc n IX f. hr q. ., lkretdjiq nrq-
q. .), rhqdnr K. Pinodq u{lvdiv, {vr rstihioiqqi wndkdqlc
qi nrsim}lnl: Oppenheim 1955, 19, 47 – 48, Taf. 25, 26
25 Otrpi lkretdjiqlm fudhqlnrf qd |oipi u qdhslu
qd ii hdvltrfnw rvuwvuvfwv l vtdnvwiv igr ndn lkretdjiqli
qd htifqim|im gtwssi hdvltwipy wtdtvunly etrqkrfy src-
Euvdtv: Leclant 1960, 35 – 37.
28 Schulman 1957, 263–271.
29 Yadin 1963, 220.
urf (sitfdc vtiv VIII f. hr q. .): Kellner 1991, 18 – 19
30 Kupper 1953, Nr. 76: 19 –25; Kupper 1954, 109.
Etgl|vl I lk Odtplt-Fowtd, fudhqlnl lkretdjdvuc vdnji
(. 46). Vt. lkretdjiqlc uvtioc}ly lk ownd qd sroqrp
272
1
2
4
3
5
Ulu. 134 Mkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf. 1, 2. Uioix lk Llqhjltol; 3. Jglsivunlm tioix lk Wwtlqd;
4. Uioix Udpuiud II lk Eew-Vlpeiod; 5. Vtihqiduultlmundc si{dv sryl Vdopdqdudtd I
Tr Luschan 1902, Taf. XXIV, XLIV (1, 2); Leclant 1960, pl. I A (3); Crouwel 1981, pl. 111 (4); Matthews 1990, Nr. 356 (5)
273
uflhiviouvfwiv vdnji l r vrp, {vr Llptlolpw eod qi {wjhd puo srcfocvuc sweol{qr fityrp qd
or|dhl, r{iflhqr, qd ydqimunlm pdqit 31. ]vr qi whlflvioqr — ydqimz lgtdol r{iq ero|w tro
f jlkql Qdtl, uruvdfocc kqd{lvioqw {duv qduioiqlc hitjdf Llptlolpd l sruvdfocc udpi ntwsqi nrqvlqgiqv f igr dtpl; n vrpw ji l udpd hlqduvlc eod ydqimunrgr strluyrjhiqlc 32. Ttdfhd,
f udprm Qiursrvdpll lkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf hr qd{dod I vu. hr q. . fuvti{dvuc tihnr 33. Gstr{ip,
vr qi whlflvioqr — ndn srndkfdiv wsrpcqwvm sduudj lk slupd Llptlolpw, f nwovwtqrm vtdhlzll ruihoy kipoihiozif Qiursrvdpll lpiqqr nroiuqlzd u{lvdodu stiuvljqp usrurerp sitihfljiqlc, rhqdnr wji f XVIII f. hr q. . hoc ly nr{ify uruihim fudhql{iuvfr eor ql{wv qi piqii
qrtpdoqp l sr{viqqp.
Mkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf yrtr|r lkfiuvq l f plniqunrm Htizll. Wittdnrvrfi uvdvwvnl fudhqlnrf tdustruvtdqiq khiu |ltrnr l srfuipiuvqr f sitlrh LH IIIA – C (XIV–XII ff. hr q. .) 34.
Otrpi vrgr, lpivuc lkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf l f plniqunrm fdkrslul, f vrp {luoi qd ntdviti sitlrhd
LH IIIA 2 –B (fvrtdc srorflqd XIV–XIII ff. hr q. .) l eroii srkhqly uruwhdy 35.
G ufckl u streoiprm srcfoiqlc fudhqlnrf, qi qwjhd}lyuc f srpr}l stdf{igr, M. R. Qihfihundc sl|iv l r usizldoqrp qdwkhqrp stlusrureoiqll, srkfroc}ip rufrerhlv twnl fudhqlnd. Shqr
lk lkretdjiqlm qd soduvlqni lk Zdkdqow 36 rqd vronwiv ndn lkretdjiqli vdnrgr stlusrureoiqlc
(. 133, 2). Shqdnr vdnri vronrfdqli uwgwer glsrvivl{qr — ql{vr qi pi|div u{lvdv igr lkretdjiqlip eweiqzd (ndn wji grfrtloru, qd Zdkdqow qdmhiqr kqd{lvioqri ly nrol{iuvfr) lol hinrtdvlfqrm nluvl (qdyrhnd vrji lkfiuvqd qd Zdkdqow 37). Gr fucnrp uow{di, vdnri vronrfdqli uol|nrp uoderi
ruqrfdqli hoc hdoqim|ly kdno{iqlm. Shqdnr hdji iuol urgodulvuc u qlp, rqr piqciv qipqrgr. G
udprp hioi, M. R. Qihfihundc hdvltwiv igr srcfoiqli, ndn l htwgly oipiqvrf nrqunrm wkh u
Zdkdqow, qd ruqrfdqll ursruvdfoiqlc u duultlmunlpl tioixdpl — igr lkretdjiqlc, ndn rqd u{lvdiv, lpivuc qd{lqdc u sryl Wlgodvsdodudtd III 38. S qistlpiqlpruvl vrgr pivrhd hoc hdvltrfnl
{ivfitvrgr uorc Zdkdqow wji grfrtloru hruvdvr{qr. Ldpi{w srswvqr, {vr stihorjiqqri M. R. Qihfihunrm vronrfdqli lkretdjiqlc nluvl qd tioixi Wlgodvsdoudtd III, qd nrvrtm rqd f hdqqrp uow{di
uuodivuc (. 132, 2), eroii {ip urpqlvioqr. Rd tioixi yrtr|r flhqr, {vr ti{ fsroqi prjiv
lhvl l re re{qrm hinrtdvlfqrm nluvl. Sqd tdkpi}divuc qd uetwi nrqim hfwy duultlmunly nrqqy
nrsim}lnrf, dvdnw}ly srsdtqr eik ownrf lol }lvrf, d srvrpw ftch ol lpif|ly qireyrhlpruv
rvswundv srfrh. ]vr uvdqrflvuc cuqp stl utdfqiqll u dqdorgl{qp, qr ow{|i urytdqlf|lpuc lkretdjiqlip qd tioixi B.M. 118907 (. 132, 1) 39. G vrp, {vr ti{ lhiv lpiqqr r hinrtdvlfqrm nluvl,
rnrq{dvioqr weijhdiv lkretdjiqli f vr{qruvl vdnly ji wntd|iqlm qd uetwi nroiuql{qy or|dhim
qd htwgly tioixdy Wlgodvsdodudtd III, stl{ip khiu yrtr|r flhqr, {vr srfrh qi stryrhlv {itik qly
31 Vt. Kupper 1957, 35 – 37, ut. khiu ji hruvdvr{qr pqrgr{luoiqqi wsrplqdqlc or|dhim f vinuvdy Qdtl. K.-U. Ossit srodgdiv, {vr ydqimz kdlpuvfrfdol or|dh w ywttlvrf.
32 Kupper 1957, 1– 46; Kupper 1989, 387 – 389; Anbar 1991,
passim, rure. 181–191.
33 Vt. lkretdjiqlc fudhqlnrf qd or|dhcy, lpi}ly grorf
34 Crouwel 1981, 45, pl. 42, 44.
35 Crouwel 1981, 45 –53, pl. 70, 79, 80, ut. Wiesner 1968, 114 –
124.
36 Muscarella 1980, Nr. 34, ut. Nr. 30.
37 Winter 1980, 4, fig. 3–5, 12. ]vd regrtiodc nluv reqdtwjiqd tchrp u nrqunlpl qdgtwhqlndpl l fsroqi prgod stlfi-
gtlxrqrf, qd utihqiduultlmunrm si{dvl, flhlpr, sryl Vdo-
|lfdvuc n rhqrpw lk qly. Otrpi vrgr, khiu ji reqdtwjiq
pdqdudtd I (1273–1244 gg. hr q. .): Parker 1977, 263, Nr. 23,
ywji urytdqlf|liuc ruvdvnl htwgly nluvim. Wip qi piqii, vw
pl. XXVIII; Matthews 1990, 100, Nr. 356 (. 134, 5). N. Glkqit
qdyrhnw M. R. Qihfihundc vdnji u{lvdiv ytrqrorgl{iunlp
(Wiesner 1973, 21, Abb. 15) wsrplqdiv «si{dv X f. hr q. . u
srndkdvioip, sr{ipw-vr srodgdc, {vr rqd reckdvioqr hrojqd
lkretdjiqlip nrqqrgr frlqd» u ownrp lk qintrsroc Vldon B.
eod stlfi|lfdvuc qi n qdgtwhqlnw, d n wkhi l hredfocc
Ui{ lhiv, r{iflhqr, r soryrm strtlurfni si{dvl lk srgtiei-
(qistdfloqr), {vr eod qdmhiqd ol| rhqd, d qi qiunronr
qlc 15: Ghirshman 1939, 63, pl. XXX, 5; LVI, XCVI, S. 810.
nluvim.
38 Medvedskaya 1988, 10, ur uuonrm qd ihlquvfiqqm tioix
Mkretdjiqqm qd vrm si{dvl fudhqln frrtwjiq qi ownrp,
d nlqjdorp lol pi{rp (. 81, 2); hdvltrfnd srgtieiqlc
X f. hr q. . cfqr kdqljiqd — ti{ hrojqd lhvl r VIII, udpri
tdqqii — nrqzi IX f. hr q. .
274
B.M. 118905 (Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXV).
39 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. LXVII.
Ulu. 135 Euultlmunlm tioix lk hfrtzd Wlgodvsdodudtd III f Rlptwhi. Or. Dr. III. Central XXIII
Tr Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. XLIII
(. 135) 40. Wi ji wntd|iqlc lpivuc l stdnvl{iunl qd fuiy lkretdjiqlcy nroiuql{qy l fityrfy
or|dhim sryl Vdtgrqd II 41. Ttlusrureoiqli, r nrvrtrp sl|iv M. R. Qihfihundc, vdnlp retdkrp,
unrtii fuigr frre}i eor qilkfiuvqr duultlmzdp — fr fucnrp uow{di ql qd rhqrp tioixi rqr qi
stihuvdfoiqr.
Uch frktdjiqlm M. R. Qihfihunrm strvlf vtdhlzlrqqrm hdvltrfnl uorc Zdkdqow IV lpiiv qi
dtyirorgl{iunlm, d luvrtl{iunlm ydtdnvit: rql ufrhcvuc n vrpw, {vr r}wvlpi khiu ufckl u Vifitqrm Vltlim re~cuqcvuc wtdtvunlp nrqvtroip qdh qim, ndn l qdh Zdkdqow, {vr lpior piuvr f
VIII f. hr q. . Ttl vrp rqd usizldoqr srh{itnlfdiv, {vr duultlmunly fi}im qd Zdkdqow r{iq pdor
l srvrpw ftch ol Euultlc prgod uowjlv srutihqlnrp hoc igr ufckim u Vltlim 42. U. Idmurq l
S. Qdundtiood, qdstrvlf, u{lvdv, {vr ufckl pijhw hfwpc tdmrqdpl ruw}iuvfocolu {itik Euultl,
rvpi{dc rhqrftipiqqr, {vr qiurpqiqqr wtdtvunli fi}l qd Zdkdqow IV frre}i rvuwvuvfwv, l, uoihrfdvioqr, Xtdtvw srhyrhlv qd tro srutihqlnd i}i piq|i, {ip Euultlc 43. Sed vronrfdqlc f stlqzlsi tdfqr frkprjq: nrqvdnv pijhw Vifitqrm Vltlim l ltdqunlp Owthluvdqrp, r{iflhqr, uw}iuvfrfdol l f IX, l f VIII f. hr q. ., qr f IX f. hr q. . ruw}iuvfocolu {itik Euultl, d f VIII — {itik
Xtdtvw. Gert rhqrm lk vly frkprjqruvim kdflulv stijhi fuigr rv hdvltrfnl Zdkdqow IV, d uoihrfdvioqr qi prjiv rstihiocv ii. Id l lk re}ly pivrhl{iunly urretdjiqlm cuqr, {vr luvrtl{iundc
lqvitstivdzlc qi hrojqd stihrstihiocv dtyirorgl{iunly hdvltrfrn.
40 Barnett, Falkner 1962, pl. XV–XVI, XLIII–XLIV, LXX–
LXXI.
41 Botta, Flandin 1849, passim.
42 Medvedskaya 1988, 10 –12; Medvedskaya 1991, 155 –157.
43 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 18 –22.
275
Gdjqp cfocivuc l dtgwpiqv U. Idmurqd l S. Qdundtioo, ndud}lmuc reolnd uoihw}igr,
vtivigr, uorc Zdkdqow, rvhioiqqrgr rv stihhw}igr sitlrhrp qicuqrm strhrojlvioqruvl, nrghd
sdpcvqln qi eo kduioiq. U. Idmurq l S. Qdundtiood rvpi{dv eolkruv Zdkdqow III ndn sr dtylvinvwti, vdn l sr uruvdfw qdyrhrn, u wtdtvunlpl ntisruvcpl, l u{lvdv igr rhqlp lk rsrtqy swqnvrf
Xtdtvw (qi reckdvioqr u wtdtvunlp qduioiqlip), nrvrtm prg l sitijlv duultlmunlm sryrh
714 g. hr q. . 44 M. R. Qihfihundc rvtlzdiv vdnw vtdnvrfnw Zdkdqow III l u{lvdiv igr pdqqimunrm
ntisruv, sruvtriqqrm sruoi wyrhd wtdtvrf lk tiglrqd. Ttl vrp rqd uuodivuc qd rvqrulvioqr
qiero|ri nrol{iuvfr wtdtvunly qdyrhrn f uori Zdkdqow III, d uyrhuvfr u wtdtvunlpl ntisruvcpl re~cuqciv wtdtvunlp nwovwtqp folcqlip qd pdqqiif. Shqdnr khiu f tduuwjhiqll M. R. Qihfihunrm
urhitjlvuc fqwvtiqqii strvlfrti{li. G udprp hioi, qiunronr tdq|i rqd svdodu re~cuqlv sroqri rvuwvuvfli qiurpqiqqr wtdtvunly fi}im f uori Zdkdqow IV l rvol{li igr dtylvinvwt rv wtdtvunrm
(qdstlpit, rvuwvuvfli rertrqlvioqrm uviq) vip, {vr ti{ hrojqd lhvl r sruioiqll srnrtiqqrgr
qduioiqlc, pdqqiif, nwovwtd nrvrty uloqr rvol{dodu rv nwovwt «grusrh», wtdtvrf, uvtrlf|ly
uiei ntisruvl f viy ji piuvdy. Wtwhqr stihuvdflv, {vr f Xtdtvw grusrhuvfrfdo vdnrm uvtrglm dsdtvilh, {vr pdqqimunri qduioiqli Zdkdqow, rnror uvd oiv strjlf|ii srh wtdtvunlp grusrhuvfrp l ern
r ern u wtdtvdpl, qi kdlpuvfrfdor rv qly qlndnly fi}im lol uvtrlvioqy qdfnrf. Rr urfuip qisrqcvqr f vrp uow{di, sr{ipw uoih qiurpqiqqrgr wtdtvunrgr folcqlc, fno{dc l fi}l wtdtvunrgr
strlkfrhuvfd, srcfocvuc khiu ol| sruoi vrgr, ndn grusrhuvfr wtdtvrf nrq{loru l rql qdfuighd
w|ol lk tiglrqd. Ri iuviuvfiqqii ol u{lvdv, ndn vr hiodol dfvrt tdunrsrn Zdkdqow, {vr rvuwvuvfli
wtdtvunly pdvitldorf f {ivfitvrp uori re~cuqcivuc vip, {vr rq rvqrulvuc n hrwtdtvunrpw ftipiql, d
ly stluwvuvfli f vtivip — vip, {vr rq stlqdhoijlv ntisruvl wtdtvunrm sryl?
Jhlquvfiqqp ureuvfiqqr dtyirorgl{iunlp dtgwpiqvrp sitihdvltrfnl Zdkdqow IV, qi rsltd}lpuc qd duultlmunli tioix lol re}iluvrtl{iunli urretdjiqlc, cfocivuc qdyrhnd khiu rhqrnro{dvy jioikqy whlo, nrvrti M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv qifrkprjqp hdvltrfdv IX f. hr q. .
l rvqrulv nr fvrtrm srorflqi VIII f. hr q. . Jhlquvfiqqp ruqrfdqlip hoc vrgr cfocivuc pqiqli r
vrp, {vr vdnli whlod eol kdlpuvfrfdq f Mtdq lk [iqvtdoqrm Jftrs, ghi rql srcfocvuc f nrqzi
gdo|vdvunrgr sitlrhd B l tdustruvtdqcvuc fr ftipc uoihw}igr sitlrhd C 45. Terminus post quem
hoc vrgr kdlpuvfrfdqlc rstihiocivuc ndn uitihlqd VIII f. hr q. . Shqdnr udpr stihuvdfoiqli r vrp,
{vr rhqrnro{dvi jioikqi whlod eol kdlpuvfrfdq f Mtdq l Ldndfndki lk [iqvtdoqrm Jftrs — ol| glsrvikd, n vrpw ji frfui qi eiuusrtqdc. Hodfqp ii ruqrfdqlip cfocivuc stihsrorjiqli r ytrqrorgl{iunrp stlrtlvivi iftrsimunly nkipsoctrf. Juol ji stlrtlviv rndjivuc w ltdqunly
whlo, ql{vr qi srpi|div u vdnlp ji wusiyrp fhflqwv glsrvikw re retdvqrp qdstdfoiqll kdlpuvfrfdqlc — lk Mtdqd f Jftrsw. Rdolzr, vdnlp retdkrp, kdpnqwvm ntwg f tduuwjhiqll: whlod f Mtdqi,
f vrp {luoi qd Zdkdqow, eroii srkhqli, {ip iftrsimunli, srvrpw, {vr kdlpuvfrfdq f Jftrsi, d kdlpuvfrfdq rql f Jftrsi srvrpw, {vr eroii srkhqli, {ip iftrsimunli.
Otrpi vrgr, l udpd lhic r kdlpuvfrfdqll vly whlo lk [iqvtdoqrm Jftrs f Mtdq lol qdrertrv
fkfdiv urpqiqlc. Lhiu qiokc luno{dv, qdstlpit, l frkprjqruvl qikdflulprgr xrtpltrfdqlc
vrgr vlsd whlo f Jftrsi l f Titihqim Ekll 46, vip eroii, {vr rssrqiqv M. R. Qihfihunrm, rvfitgd}li lhi kdlpuvfrfdqlc ly lk Jftrs, ustdfiholfr rvpivlol tch tdkol{lm pijhw iftrsimunlpl l
ltdqunlpl tdkqrflhqruvcpl srhreqy whlo l ufckdqqy u qlpl sudolm47.
G ufri ftipc, dqdolkltwc uruvdf lqfiqvdtc ltdqunrgr qintrsroc Vldon B, M. R. Qihfihundc
rvpivlod qdol{li f qip hfwy tdkqy vlsrf wkh, stihuvdfoc}ly hfi vtdhlzll ly tdkflvlc — whlod
u qdswunqpl qitdk~ipqpl sudolcpl l u rvhioqpl sudolcpl, urihlqcf|lpluc u whlodpl srutihuvfrp tipqim (up. re vrp f|i) 48. Xhlod u qdswunqpl sudolcpl rqd u{lvdod vtdhlzlrqqpl hoc
44 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 20 –21.
45 Medvedskaya 1988, 2; Medvedskaya 1991, 149 –152.
46 J}i E. E. Miuuiq rvpi{do, {vr «hfw{oiqqi whlod u rhqr-
frkqlnqrfiqli nrvrtrm eor frkprjqr qikdflulpr fr pqr-
nro{dvpl nrqzdpl cfocvuc qdleroii struvrm xrtprm,
48 Qihfihundc 1983, 59 –79.
276
gly tdmrqdy»: Miuuiq 1953, 71–72.
47 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 16.
Titihqim Ekll l Ldndfndkc l strvlfrsruvdfocod lp whlod u rvhioqpl sudolcpl, nrvrti u{lvdod
qrfdzlim. Xji f vrm tdervi M. R. Qihfihundc u{lvdiv trhlqrm vdnrm nrquvtwnzll whlo [iqvtdoqw
Jftrsw l srodgdiv, {vr rqd eod kdlpuvfrfdqd lk dtidod Hdo|vdvvunrm nwovwt qd Vifitqm Odfndk
l hdoii f Ldndfndki l Mtdq rnror uitihlq VIII f. hr q. . Glhlpr, f hdqqrp uow{di (ndn l srkji,
f tdervdy r Zdkdqow) rqd uoihrfdod vtdhlzll, fruyrhc}im n E. E. Miuuiqw, nrvrtm f ufrim tdervi
1953 g. kdpi{do, {vr f Ldndfndki qiv qlndnly dqdorglm whlodp u nro{dvpl rnrq{dqlcpl, reqdtwjiqqp qd Vifitqrp Odfndki, l srodgdo, {vr hoc qly «uw}iuvfiqqi ufckl wuvdqdfolfdvuc vronr
u Ldsdhrp, u reoduv Ldndtsdvc l Trhwqdfc» 49. V viy srt, rhqdnr, ndn p flhiol, uvdor lkfiuvqr
kqd{lvioqri nrol{iuvfr qdyrhrn vdnly whlo f Ldndfndki, stl{ip rvqruc}lyuc n eroii tdqqipw ftipiql, {ip srhreqi qdyrhnl l qd Vifitqrp Odfndki, l f Ttlhwqdfi, vdn {vr frkqlndiv qireyrhlpruv sitiuprvtiv ffrh E. E. Miuuiqd. Gitrcvqr, lpiqqr stihsrorjiqli r kdlpuvfrfdqll
rhqrnro{dvy whlo lk [iqvtdoqrm Jftrs srewhlor M. R. Qihfihunw f hdoqim|ip srsvdvuc
sitihdvltrfdv Zdkdqow IV, ghi vdnli whlod (etrqkrfi l jioikqi) u rvhioqr lkgrvrfoiqqpl vtiyht{dvpl sudolcpl qdmhiq f hruvdvr{qr ero|rp nrol{iuvfi.
Ifwuruvdfqi etrqkrfi whlod u nro{dvpl nrqzdpl (pwqh|vwnl godhnli lol usoiviqqi lk
stwvif) srcfocvuc f [iqvtdoqrm Jftrsi, uwhc sr fuipw, f nrqzi sitlrhd Ha B2 (flhlpr, fvrtdc
srorflqd IX f. hr q. .) 50. Grkprjqr, vrv vls uxrtpltrfdouc qd ruqrfi tdustruvtdqiqqy khiu i}i
f nrqzi etrqkrfrgr find rhqr{duvqy whlo u nrozifpl rnrq{dqlcpl 51. Ricuqr, qd ndnli hdqqi
rsltdivuc M. R. Qihfihundc, wvfitjhdc, {vr vdnli whlod «|ltrnr lusrokrfdolu f vi{iqli fuigr
sitlrhd Ha B» 52: lk w{viqqy f ufrhni Fonwlood 13 nkipsoctrf vrgr vlsd ol| rhlq (u D-retdkqpl rnrq{dqlcpl) hdvltwivuc lp sitlrhrp Ha B 2/3 (nodh lk Zduodw-Uigiouetwqqd), ruvdoqi ji
rvqrucvuc n Ha B3 lol Ha B3 / Ha C1 53 ]vl grtlkrqv Hdo|vdvvunrm nwovwt ulqytrqlkltwvuc wji
u sitlrhrp eiktdkhioqrgr grusrhuvfd f Vifitqrp Ttl{itqrprti l f Ttihndfndki wkh noduul{iunrgr qrfr{itnduunrgr vlsd, vrghd ndn rhqrnro{dvi whlod qd Vifitqrp Odfndki fuvti{dvuc fpiuvi
ur uvtipi{nrflhqpl l hfwnro{dvpl f vi{iqli stih|iuvfw}igr sitlrhd. ]vrv sitlrh (sitfdc
ytrqrorgl{iundc gtwssd sr ]tolyw) iuv uitikqi ruqrfdqlc ulqytrqlkltrfdv sr ntdmqim piti {duvl{qr u sitlrhrp Ha B1 (up. f|i). Mvdn, stihsrorjiqli r kdlpuvfrfdqll rhqrnro{dvy whlo f
Mtdq {itik Vifitqm Odfndk lk [iqvtdoqrm Jftrs qifrkprjqr wji srvrpw, {vr qd Vifitqrp Odfndki rql sr rvqrulvioqrm ytrqrorgll sdpcvqlnrf vly tiglrqrf hdvltwvuc qiunronr tdq|i, {ip
f [iqvtdoqrm Jftrsi. G nrqzi sitlrhd Ha B f [iqvtdoqrm Jftrsi srcfocvuc l jioikqi whlod
vrgr ji vlsd, nrvrti tdustruvtdqcvuc f vi{iqli sitlrhd Ha C. Titiyrh rv sitlrhd Ha B3 n sitlrhw
Ha C re{qr hdvltwivuc rnror uitihlq – vtivim {ivfitvl VIII f. hr q. . (up. f|i). G kdndfndkunrltdqunrp tiglrqi dqdorgl{qm vls whlo tdkflfdouc, flhlpr, qikdflulpr — etrqkrfi nkipsoct
lkfiuvq stlpitqr u XII f. hr q. . (srgtieiqli 79 Etvlnunrgr qintrsroc), jioikqi — u nrqzd
IX f. hr q. . (Zdkdqow IV). Gr fucnrp uow{di, wji sr ytrqrorgl{iunlp urretdjiqlcp qi prjiv ev
l ti{l r kdlpuvfrfdqll rhqrnro{dvy whlo lk [iqvtdoqrm Jftrs f Ldndfndki l Mtdq.
Ioc streoip tdustruvtdqiqlc hfwuruvdfqy nro{dvy whlo rureri kqd{iqli lpiiv nrpsoinu
srgtieiqlc XXVII dxlqunrm dgrt, ghi reqdtwjiqr hfd nkipsoctd jioikqy nro{dvy whlo u flvpl uvitjqcpl. Eqdolk pdvitldod vrgr srgtieiqlc, stijhi fuigr nitdplnl, srndkfdiv, {vr rqr
rvqrulvuc n sryi sitiyrhd rv strvrgirpivtl{iunrgr n tdqqigirpivtl{iunrpw sitlrhw 54, v. i., sr
re}istlqcvp hdvdp, f stihiody sitfrm {ivfitvl IX f. hr q. . G whlody lk Exlq stihodgdoru flhiv
kdlpuvfrfdqli lk reoduvl tdustruvtdqiqlc Hdo|vdvvunrm nwovwt 55. Shqdnr khiu frkqlndiv ytrqrorgl{iundc streoipd — iuol uoihrfdv re}istlqcvrm ytrqrorgll ndn Hdo|vdvvunrm nwovwt, vdn
l girpivtl{iunrgr sitlrhd, vr rndjivuc, {vr whlod lk Exlq sr piq|im piti qd fin, d vr l ero|i,
49 Miuuiq 1953, 74.
50 Balkwill 1973, 433– 437, 443– 447; Hüttel 1981, 179 –180.
51 Balkwill 1973, 427 – 431; Hüttel 1981, 180 –181.
53 Balkwill 1973, 433– 437.
54 Blegen 1952, 279 –294.
52 Medvedkaya 1991, 149, n. 3.
Medvedskaya, 1991, 151.
55 Foltiny 1961, 283–285, 295 –296; Qihfihundc 1983, 66 – 67;
277
uvdt|i udpy tdqqly srhreqy jioikqy whlo lk [iqvtdoqrm Jftrs (ndn, fstr{ip, l lk Zdkdqow)
l ulqytrqq etrqkrfp retdkzdp lk vrgr tiglrqd, lol hdji uvdt|i ly. Lqd{lvioqri rprorjiqli
srgtieiqlc XXVII dxlqunrm dgrt, d kqd{lv l qd{dod girpivtl{iunrgr sitlrhd, ftch ol frkprjqr 56.
Trvrpw uoihwiv lol stihsrorjlv qikdflulpri l eroii tdqqii tdkflvli vrgr vlsd jioikqrm wkh f
Htizll, lol whtifqlv qd{dor sitlrhd Ha C f [iqvtdoqrm Jftrsi. Suqrfdqlm hoc whtifqiqlc qd{dod sitlrhd Ha C eroii, {ip qd fin, r{iflhqr, qi lpiivuc. Ttl vrp uoihwiv kdpivlv, {vr uyrhuvfr
pijhw whlodpl lk Exlq l gdo|vdvvunlpl qi vdn wj r{iflhqr, l tch dfvrtrf srodgdiv, {vr p lpiip
khiu hior u tdkflvlip plniqunrm vtdhlzll, d qi u kdlpuvfrfdqlip lk [iqvtdoqrm Jftrs 57. Ttlpiqiqli vdnly whlo f Htizll f girpivtl{iunw sryw uflhiviouvfwivuc vdnji qdyrhnrm dqdorgl{qrgr
jioikqrgr nkipsoctd f Ododsrhl, f uori vrgr ftipiql 58. G oerp uow{di ti|iqli streoip strluyrjhiqlc whlo lk Exlq ftch ol prjiv srfolcv qd uhiodqqm qdpl ffrh r udpruvrcvioqrp
tdkflvll hfw{duvqy rhqrnro{dvy whlo u rvhioqpl sudolcpl f [iqvtdoqrm Jftrsi l f kdndfndkunr-ltdqunrp tiglrqi.
Suvdoqi dtgwpiqv, stlfihiqqi M. R. Qihfihunrm f srokw sitihdvltrfnl {ivfitvrgr uorc
Zdkdqow, wji tduuprvtiq. Shqdnr l sruoihqlm dtgwpiqv, ufckdqqm u tdkflvlip rhqrnro{dvy
whlo, vdnji rvsdhdiv. Itwgri ji urretdjiqli M. R. Qihfihunrm — r vrp, {vr qdyrhnd ero|rgr nrol{iuvfd jioikqrm wkh l frre}i jioikqy stihpivrf qifrkprjqd qd sdpcvqlni IX f. hr q. . — l frfui
vtwhqr stlqcv fr fqlpdqli. Sqd luyrhlv khiu lk re}ly urretdjiqlm r ftipiql tdustruvtdqiqlc
jioikd, d qi lk nrqntivqrgr pdvitldod, nrvrtm f himuvflvioqruvl vronr l prjiv hdvltrfdv sitiyrh n |ltrnrpw rufriql jioikd. O vrpw ji hdji vl re}li stihuvdfoiqlc qi f ii srokw: E. E. Qdtvltrucq, qdstlpit, rvqrulv «sitlrh |ltrnrgr rufriqlc jioikd» f Etpiqll n hrwtdtvunrpw ftipiql,
v. i. n IX f. hr q. . 59 Lqd{lvioqri nrol{iuvfr jioikqy lkhiolm f Qlqgi{dwtunly nwtgdqdy IX f.
hr q. . wji qi tdk rvpi{doru. Qrjqr hredflv l vr, {vr f wji wsrplqdf|ipuc kdyrtrqiqll XXVII
dxlqunrm dgrt, nrvrtri stl oey hdvltrfndy rvqrulvuc n IX f. hr q. ., ntrpi jioikqy whlo, reqdtwjiq l htwgli jioikqi stihpiv, f vrp {luoi pi{ l vrsrt. Otrpi vrgr, qi uoihwiv kdefdv, {vr
ero|dc {duv reqdtwjiqqy qd Zdkdqow IV nrqunly wertrf strluyrhlv lk uorc igr tdktw|iqlc, d
srvrpw hrojqd hdvltrfdvuc qi IX f. hr q. ., d udpp nrqzrp IX f. — ftipiqip, nrghd hruvdvr{qr
|ltrnri tdustruvtdqiqli jioikd ftch ol prjiv fkfdv urpqiqlc. Voihwiv w{lvfdv i}i, {vr
lpiqqr tdmrq Zdkdqow, ndn vr cfuvfwiv lk slupd Vdtgrqd II n E||wtw u rsludqlip ndpsdqll
714 g. hr q. ., eo ruqrfqp nrqifrh{iunlp tdmrqrp fuigr tiglrqd. Riwhlflvioqr srvrpw, {vr tdkol{qi ufckdqqi u nrqifrhuvfrp qrf|iuvfd hrojq eol srcfocvuc khiu tdq|i, {ip, qdstlpit,
f Euultll l Xtdtvw. Shqlp lk vdnly qrf|iuvf l eor lusrokrfdqli jioikqy whlo ({duvr f ur{ivdqll u etrqkrfpl lol trgrfpl sudolcpl): etrqkd rnluocivuc hruvdvr{qr euvtr l lusrokrfdqli
etrqkrfy whlo, f rvol{li rv jioikqy, {tifdvr rsduqruv rvtdflv nrqc strhwnvdpl rnluoiqlc.
Wdnlp retdkrp, fhflqwvi M. R. Qihfihunrm dtgwpiqv sitihdvltrfnl Zdkdqow IV qi fhitjlfdv ntlvlnl. Ztrqrorgl{iundc uluvipd dfvrtrf tdunrsrn Zdkdqow, nrvrtdc rsltdivuc qd urfrnwsqruv dtyirorgl{iunly hdvltrfrn l hdvltrfrn, srow{iqqy u srpr} tdhlrwgoitrhqrgr pivrhd, ruvdivuc qisrnroieoiqqrm. My luvrtl{iundc lqvitstivdzlc vdnji ruvdivuc f uloi — Zdkdqow IV, unrtii
fuigr, himuvflvioqr, eor tdktw|iqr wtdtvdpl. Wr{qdc hdvd vrgr tdktw|iqlc qdp, nrqi{qr, qilkfiuvqd — rqr qireckdvioqr urfsdor u uruvdfoiqlip qdhslul lk Ododvgdyd, rhqdnr ftch ol eor rvhioiqr rv qigr kqd{lvioqp strpijwvnrp ftipiql. Trvrpw stihuvdfocivuc, {vr tdktw|iqli sruioiqlc Zdkdqow IV prjiv wfitiqqr hdvltrfdvuc udpp nrqzrp IX f. hr q. . l reqdtwjiqqi f vrp uori
qdyrhnl prgwv sr-stijqipw rvqrulvuc n IX f. hr q. . Rdert wkh, strluyrhc}lm lk {ivfitvrgr uorc
Zdkdqow eo, uoihrfdvioqr, ydtdnvitiq hoc Qdqq tweijd IX–VIII ff. hr q. .
56 V. Yrovlql (Foltiny 1961, 296) hoc vrgr, {vre kdsroqlv
vw ytrqrorgl{iunw odnwqw, stihodgdiv hdvltrfdv dxlqunri
srgtieiqli fvrtrm srorflqrm IX f. hr q. .
57 Müller-Karpe 1962, 66 – 67, Abb. 28, 7; Donder 1980, 65.
278
58 Donder 1980, 65 – 66, Taf. 12, 112 A.
59 Qdtvltrucq 1964, 193–231. Se lusrokrfdqll jioikd qd
Zdkdqow up. usizldoqr Pigott 1989, 67 –79.
Svhioqrm streoiprm cfocivuc qdyrhnd tchrp u Zdkdqow srgtieiqlc, f nrvrtrp eor srpi}iqr
{ivti nrqc. Trgtieiqli eor tduntvr f 1947 g., rhqdnr vdn l qi rsweolnrfdqr sroqruv. U. Hlt|pdq rsweolnrfdo igr sodq l qinrvrtw ndud}wuc srgtieiqlc lqxrtpdzl 60, hdvltrfdo igr qi
srkji uitihlq VIII f. hr q. . l ufckdo u strqlnqrfiqlip unlxrf qd vw vittlvrtl. Mpi}lyuc
hdqqy, rhqdnr, urfit|iqqr qihruvdvr{qr ql hoc hdvltrfnl srgtieiqlc, ql hoc vdnrm igr lqvitstivdzll. Vtihl lqfiqvdtc srgtieiqlc, hr uly srt qirsweolnrfdqqrgr, rq wsrplqdiv etrqkrfi whlod
«u hfwy{duvqpl sitintw{iqqpl pwqh|vwndpl, lpi}lpl f piuvi stlntisoiqlc sudolm l srfrhd
sorunli nrozd f xrtpi uvtipcq», f nd{iuvfi dqdorgll nrvrtp stlfrhlv whlod lk Oioitpiuunly nwtgdqrf. Otrpi vrgr, wsrplqdvuc ndedql nonl, uowjlf|li f nd{iuvfi nrqunly wntd|iqlm (flhlpr,
ti{ lhiv r strqlkcy lkfiuvqrgr ndn f Vnlxll, vdn l htwgly piuvdy, f {duvqruvl srfuipiuvqr qd
Gruvrni f dyipiqlhunw sryw, vlsd), etrqkrfdc eocyd u lkretdjiqlip grorf roiqc, vronwipdc ndn
sinvrtdo, qdnrqi{qlnl uvtio odftroluvqrm xrtp (lpiqqr vd qdyrhnd, sr uorfdp U. Hlt|pdqd,
srkfrociv hdvltrfdv srgtieiqli qi srkji uitihlq VIII f. hr q. .). Juol f srgtieiqll himuvflvioqr
urhitjdolu uvtipi{nrflhqi etrqkrfi whlod nioitpiuunrgr vlsd, vr igr himuvflvioqr prjqr eor
e rvqiuvl n tdqqiunlxunrm nwovwti. G nrttinvqruvl rsludqlc l ursruvdfoiqlc u nioitpiuunlpl
whlodpl, rhqdnr, prjqr wurpqlvuc — f {duvqruvl srvrpw, {vr ihlquvfiqqi whlod, strloouvtltrfdqqi f kdpivni ltdqunly dtyirorgrf, qi urrvfivuvfwv vrpw rsludql 61. Gstr{ip, qicuqr, strluyrhcv ol whlod, tluwqrn nrvrty stlfrhlvuc, lk srgtieiqlc lol qiv. Risrqcvqr, ndnrm nrqntivqr
vls uvtio lpiiv f flhw U. Hlt|pdq, grfrtc r «odftroluvqy» qdnrqi{qlndy — iuol ti{ lhiv r hfwyorsduvqy uvtiody «nioitpiuunrgr» vlsd, vr rql prgol e srkfrolv vr{qii hdvltrfdv srgtieiqli
fqwvtl tdqqiunlxunrm nwovwt l stl{luolv igr n nioitpiuunrpw vdsw. Shqdnr qiv qlndnrm wfitiqqruvl, {vr U. Hlt|pdq lpio f flhw lpiqqr vrv vls qdnrqi{qlnrf, l strvlf vdnrgr stihsrorjiqlc grfrtlv vrv xdnv, {vr rq hdvltwiv ly «qi srkji uitihlq VIII f. hr q. .», rvqruc rhqrftipiqqr
Oioitpiuunli nwtgdq n sitfrm {ivfitvl VI f. hr q. . Wrv xdnv, {vr srgtieiqqm f hdqqrp kdyrtrqiqll qdyrhlvuc f unrt{iqqrp srorjiqll qi stiscvuvfwiv igr frkprjqrpw rvqiuiql n tdqqiunlxunrm
nwovwti — f srgtieiqlcy vrgr sitlrhd fuvti{dvuc qi vronr fvcqwvi, qr l unrt{iqqi nruvcnl,
rureiqqr qd Vifitqrp Odfndki 62. Udkwpiivuc, xdnv qdol{lc f srgtieiqll nrqunly kdyrtrqiqlm udp
sr uiei qlndn qi prjiv uowjlv dtgwpiqvrp f srokw igr unlxunrm lol nlppitlmunrm stlqdhoijqruvl. Orqunli srgtieiqlc lkfiuvq fr fvrtrm srorflqi II l f qd{doi I vu. hr q. . ndn f Mtdqi l
Ldndfndki, vdn l, qdstlpit, f Eqdvroll 63. G udprp stihsrorjiqll r vrp, {vr f tdmrqi Zdkdqow qdmhiqr srgtieiqli qrulvioc tdqqiunlxunrm nwovwt, qiv ql{igr qifitrcvqrgr. Ttluwvuvfli nlppitlmzif khiu kdxlnultrfdqr slupiqqpl vinuvdpl u 714 g. hr q. ., d unlxrf — u 670-y gg. hr q. . 64
Otrpi vrgr, qd udprp Zdkdqow, f uori III B, nrvrtm hdvltwivuc, r{iflhqr, sitfrm srorflqrm VII f.
hr q. . 65, reqdtwjiq vlsl{qi hoc tdqqiunlxunrm nwovwt nioitpiuunrgr vdsd nruvcqi sudoll
u grorfnrm gtlxredtdqd (up. f|i) (. 27, 1, 2) 66, {vr cfocivuc pdvitldoqp uflhiviouvfrp stluwvuvflc f tiglrqi qrulvioim tdqqiunlxunrm nwovwt nioitpiuunrgr vdsd l nrqvdnvrf u qlpl pdq-
60 Ghirshman 1964a, 24 –29, 99, Abb. 131. Otdvndc lqxrtpdzlc: Rad, Hakemi 1950 (qd situlhunrp ckni, non vidi), ii
sitifrh stlfihiq: Dyson 1965, 208 –209.
61 Dyson 1965, 209.
62 Qwtklq 1984, 53–54; Qdyrtvy 1991, 38 – 39.
63 Vfrhnw pdvitldod hoc Mtdqd l Ldndfndkc up. Trgtierfd
1977, 114 –137. Vt. Young 1968, 160 (sroqm nruvcn or|dhl f
90 – 97.
65 Dyson, Muscarella 1989, 20 –21.
66 G sweolndzll rhqrgr lk vly sudolm urhitjdoru igr
r|ler{qri rvqiuiqli n uor Zdkdqow IV: Dyson 1964, 372,
fig. 3, kdvip: Dyson 1965, 211; Young 1967, 33 (r{iflhqr, lpiqqr vd qdyrhnd lpiivuc f flhw, nrghd ti{ lhiv r «one or two
specifically Scythian elements in Hasanlu IV»); Moorey 1971, 109;
srgtieiqll vtivim {ivfitvl II vu. hr q. .); Muscarella 1974,
Moorey 1971a, 121 (urrvfivuvfiqqr, srhreqi sudoll u grorf-
78 –79. Vt. rstihioiqqi hdqqi slupiqqy luvr{qlnrf
ndpl gtlxredtdqrf hdvltwvuc IX f. hr q. .). S|lend lustd-
r qdol{ll tdkflvrgr nrqifrhuvfd l fudhql{iuvfd f Mtdqi l
foiqd: Muscarella 1974, 79, n. 16, rhqdnr lqrghd srfvrtcodu l
Ldndfndki f IX–VIII ff. hr q. .: Htdqvrfunlm 1970, 276 –279;
f eroii srkhqly tdervdy, up., qdstlpit Yamauchi 1982, 71;
Trgtierfd 1977, 137 –140.
64 Ivantchik 1993, 47 –51, 85 – 94; Mfdq{ln 1996, 50 –55,
Yamauchi 1983, 92.
279
qimunrgr qduioiqlc Zdkdqow, d vdnji l i}i rhqlp uflhiviouvfrp hdvltrfnl nioitpiuunrgr vdsd tdqqiunlxunrm nwovwt sitfrm srorflqrm VII f. hr q. . Gstr{ip, srunronw srgtieiqli lk Zdkdqow qi
rsweolnrfdqr, fui tduuwjhiqlc r qip ruvdvuc uwgwer gdhdvioqpl l rqr qi prjiv ev hdvltrfdqr
lol rvqiuiqr n rstihioiqqrm nwovwti 67. Vrrvfivuvfiqqr, vr srgtieiqli qi prjiv uowjlv ruqrfrm
l ndnly e vr ql eor ffrhrf.
67 Vp. re vrp srgtieiqll i}i: Muscarella 1975, 211–212 (qi
qlpdiv hdvltrfnw U. Hlt|pdqd ftipiqip qi srkji uitihlq
hdvltwivuc lk-kd soryrm sweolndzll); Muscarella 1988, 219 –
VIII f. hr q. ., qr ufckfdiv igr qi ur unlxdpl, d u gtwssrm
220 (qi tdq|i qd{dod VII f. hr q. ., sr qdyrhni f srgtieiqll
qduioiqlc (ltdqz ?), strqln|im f Mtdq lk Rljqigr
ndedqly nonrf, uowjlf|ly {duv wkh, khiu ji ustdfih-
Trfrojc {itik Odfndk f nrqzi II – qd{doi I vu. hr q. . l
olfr rvpi{divuc qireruqrfdqqruv wvfitjhiqlm r stluwvuv-
ruvdflf|im vdnji Qlqgi{dwtunli l Oltrfdedhunli nwtgdq),
fll unlxrf f Mtdqi i}i f IX f. hr q. .); Moorey 1982, 97
ut. Trgtierfd 1984, 46; Owtr{nlq 1982, 43– 47 (qivr{qri
(tduupdvtlfdiv hdqqri srgtieiqli, qdtchw ur unlxunlpl oi-
lkorjiqli vr{nl ktiqlc U. Hlt|pdqd — ipw stlslufdivuc
piqvdpl «nodhd lk Llfli», «unlxunlpl» hivdocpl wkh lk
hdvltrfnd srgtieiqlc 750 – 600 gg. hr q. ., stl{ip whlod,
Zdkdqow III l qinrvrtpl htwglpl hdqqpl ndn uflhiviouv-
nrvrti vrv utdfqlfdo u nioitpiuunlpl, stiftd}dvuc f
fr unlxunrgr stluwvuvflc f ltdqunrp Owthluvdqi fr fvrtrm
«strvrnioitpiuunli»; dfvrt stlurihlqcivuc n vrm «suifhr-
srorflqi VII f. hr q. .); Trgtierfd 1977, 81, 134 –135 (stl-
glt|pdqrfunrm» hdvltrfni, l u{lvdiv srgtieiqli unlxunlp).
9WMKWMH Q[WL, UWOVW SWVZ[I[QYWKI[e, `[W QZ[WYQ`NZSQN SQUUNYQR_d (Gimirrāia, Κιμμέριοι) JdTQ
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1 0ITIVQVI 1991, 15 –29. 7NMIKVW JdTW XYWKNMNVW ZXN_Q-
ZNYeLQ, KWXYNSQ UVNVQg ;. /. 6I^WY[d^, ^IYIS[NYVd W[VgMe
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Q K XNYKWR XWTWKQVN Z[WTN[QH, Q K VIII K. MW V. f.: Maxwell-
ZWW[VWaNVQH Z \YIY[ZSQU QZS\ZZ[KWU. B[W QZZTNMWKIVQN
Hyslop 1971, 235 –246.
3 / f[WU S\YLIVN JdTI WJVIY\ONVI WJQKSI MdaTI SWTNZVQ_d
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YIJW[ITQ K [YIMQ_QH^ \YIY[ZSWR ^\MWONZ[KNVVWR aSWTd
TWLQ`VIH MN[ITe: 9N[YNVSW 1980, 15 –19. ;TNM\N[ W[UN[Q[e,
fXW^Q :\Zd II. B[W, K ZKWg W`NYNMe, VN XWPKWTHN[ Z\bNZ[KNVVW
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MH[, VN XWPON ZNYNMQVd – [YN[eNR `N[KNY[Q VII K. MW V. f. ;U.
ner 1991b, 286 –295, Nr. 1, 3, 5, 7, 8.
4 ;Y. -TNSZNNK 1992, 44 –55; -TNSZNNK, 5I`ITWKI, <W^[IZeNK
Metdepenninghen 1997, 109 –136.
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#
:aeq`dge P., ;`ur`dge J., >b`kh L., >f`o`phdge H. 1958: D hqrnphh ledmn-apnmgnbni ler`kkspchh b =psghh (Lahkhqh).
:ap`lhxbhkh J. F. 1961:
D bnopnqs na nqbnemhh fekeg` m` repphrnphh <nqrnwmni =psghh. — <=F=
22-;.
:jhxeb D. :., :jhxeb` :. D. 1978:
Ipnakel{ upnmnknchh p`mmecn }r`o` q`jqjni jsk|rsp{. — <: :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh D`g`uqr`m` (:kl`-:r`).
:kejqeeb :. T. 1992:
Kjhtqj`_ upnmhj`. Kjht{ b VII–V bb. dn m. }.: hqrnphjn-`puenknchweqjhi
nwepj (K`mjr-Ierepaspc).
:kejqeeb :. T., D`w`knb` G. D., Lnur`q|eb K. J. 1993:
Dhllephiv{: }rmnjsk|rspm`_ ophm`dkefmnqr| (K`mjrIerepaspc).
:mthlnb G. <. 1961:
Ipnrnlenrqjhi lnchk|mhj q. Ghjnk`ebqjncn. — <: Kanpmhj l`reph`knb on
`puenknchh :d{ceh. II (F`ijno).
:mthlnb G. <. 1971:
Kknfemhe lenrqjni jsk|rsp{ h qb_gh ee qn qreom{lh jsk|rsp`lh
Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_. — <: Ipnakel{ qjhtqjni `puenknchh = FB:
177 (Fnqjb`).
:mthlnb G. <. 1975:
Gnb{e o`l_rmhjh dpebmelenrqjni jsk|rsp{ (lnchk|mhj usr. Dsa`mqjncn). — <: Kjhtqjhi lhp (Dheb).
:o`jhdge :., Ghjnk`hxbhkh <., Fekhr`sph D., Khu`pskhdge :., K`dp`dge <., h dp. 1982: Fvuerqj`_ `puenknchweqj`_ }jqoedhvh_ 1979 cnd`. — <: Fvuer`. Jegsk|r`r{ `puenknchweqjhu
hqqkednb`mhi. L. VI (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl _g{je.
:pex_m =. ?. 1983:
J`qjnojh ank|xhu R`lhp`lqjhu jspc`mnb. — <: :H 1981 (Fnqjb`).
:qk`mnb =. F., <`hdnb J. F., Bnme =. B. 1959:
>pebmhi Fhmcew`sp (;`js).
:t`m`q|eb =. ?., Dngemjnb` <. B. 1981: H mehgbeqrm{u oncpea`k|m{u jnlokejq`u opedqjhtqjncn oephnd` hg njpeqrmnqrei Dhqknbndqj`. — K:, № 2.
;`pjnb` E. E. 1983:
Bgnap`femh_ qbepmsbxhuq_ uhymhjnb m` gnknr{u ok`qrhm`u hg F`i}lhp`. — :K=S 24.
;`rw`eb <. F. 1985:
>pebmnqrh opedqjhtqjncn h qjhtqjncn oephndnb. — <: :puenknchweqjhe
hqqkednb`mh_ m` mnbnqrpnij`u D`a`pdhmn-;`kj`phh b 1972 – 1979 cc. II
(G`k|whj).
;ekhmqjhi :. <. 1990:
D bnopnqs n bpelemh on_bkemh_ xkelnb `qqhphiqjncn rho` m` D`bj`ge. —
K:, № 4.
;hdghk_ <. B., Ujnbemjn S. <. 1974:
Dhllephiqjhe oncpeaemh_ <{qnjni lnchk{. — K:, № 1.
;naphmqjni :. :. 1902:
Hrwer n p`qjnoj`u b Qepj`qqjnl h Qhchphmqjnl segde Dhebqjni cspaepmhh
b 1901 cnds. —B:D 4.
;njhi G. F., =npask =. I., Hrpnyemjn <. <. 1991: Dhllephiqjhe g`unpnmemh_ m` Dhpnbncp`dyhme. — K:, № 1.
;njhi G. F., Hk|unbqjhi <. K. 1994: J`mmeqjhtqjhi jspc`m m` dmeopnbqjnl Ip`bnaepef|e. — J:, № 2.
<`k|w`j K. ;. 1994:
D bnopnqs n d`rhpnbje jnlokejq` hg Qepmncnpnbqjncn jspc`m`. — J:, № 2.
<`k|w`j K. ;. 1997:
Ipedqjhtqj`_ sgd` <nqrnwmni ?bpno{: sgdewm{e jnlokejr{ q rpeuoerek|w`r{lh oq`kh_lh (jk`qqhthj`vh_ h upnmnknch_). — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh
(Fnqjb`).
<`k|w`j K. ;. 1997`:
Ipedqjhtqjhe jnkeqmhv{ h «mnbnwepj`qqjhe jk`d{» (mejnrnp{e dnonkmemh_ j opnakele). — <: I`l_rmhjh opedqjhtqjncn h qjhtqjncn bpelemh
m` ~ce <nqrnwmni ?bpno{ = F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh
Jnqqhh 1 (Fnqjb`).
<`k|w`j K. ;., F`lnmrnb <. B., K`gnmnb :. :. 1996: J`mmhe o`l_rmhjh wepmncnpnbqjncn }r`o` b <nqrnwmni
288
?bpnoe: opnhqunfdemhe h upnmnknch_. — <: Bqrnphjn-`puenknchweqjhi
`k|l`m`u 2 (:pl`bhp, Fnqjb`).
<`k|w`j K. ;., Spkhu <. J. 1993:
?ye p`g n jnlokejq`u rho` Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. — <: <rnp`_ Dsa`mqj`_ `puenknchweqj`_ jnmtepemvh_. Leghq{ dnjk`dnb (Dp`qmnd`p).
<`pemnb :. <. 1992:
D opnakele jhr`iqjn-j`bj`gqjhu jnmr`jrnb (m` l`reph`ke apnmgnb{u
xkelnb). — <: Kebepm`_ ?bp`gh_ nr dpebmnqrh dn qpedmebejnb|_. Leghq{
jnmtepemvhh j 90-kerh~ qn dm_ pnfdemh_ F. I. =p_gmnb` (K`mjrIerepaspc).
<hmncp`dnb <. ;. 1972:
Pemrp`k|m{i h Kebepn-<nqrnwm{i D`bj`g b qjhtqjne bpel_ (VII–IV bb.
dn m. }.) (Fnqjb`).
<hmncp`dnb <. ;., >sd`peb K. E., Jsmhw :. I. 1980: Dhllephiqjn-j`bj`gqjhe qb_gh. — <: Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb).
<hmncp`dnb <. ;., Jsmhw :. I., Fhu`iknb G. G. 1976: Gnbne n jna`mqjni jsk|rspe Pemrp`k|mncn Ipedj`bj`g|_. —
<: :puenkncn-}rmncp`thweqjhi qanpmhj 4 (=pngm{i).
<hmqjh A. 1955:
«Lp`wjn-jhlephjqjh» m`k`g :d`xebvh s Kphjels. — J`d <njbnY`mqjhu
lsgej` 4.
<hxmebqj`_ H. :. 1973:
Dsk|rsp` q`jqjhu okelem mhgnb|eb K{pd`p|h b VII–V bb. dn m. }. on l`reph`k`l Mic`p`j` = Lpsd{ Onpeglqjni `puenkncn-}rmncp`thweqjni
}jqoedhvhh 8 (Fnqjb`).
<npnmnb T. G. 1969:
:puenknchweqj`_ j`pr` :au`ghh (Ksuslh).
<npnmnb T. G. 1980:
H upnmnknchweqjhu qb_g_u jhllephiqjn-qjhtqjni h jnkuhdqjni jsk|rsp. — <: Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb).
<npnmnb T. G., <ngm~j :. K. 1975:
Gnb{e `puenknchweqjhe m`undjh b =sd`srqjnl p`inme :au`gqjni :KKJ. —
K:, № 2.
<_g|lhrhm` F. B. 1963:
J`mmhe o`l_rmhjh qjhtqjncn gbephmncn qrhk_. — K:, № 2.
=`k`mhm` E. D. 1983:
J`mmeqjhtqjhe sgdewm{e m`anp{. — :K=S 24.
=`k`mhm` E. D. 1991:
Dnmr`jr{ qjhtnb q akhfmebnqrnwm{l lhpnl (on l`reph`k`l Dekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb). — :K=S 31.
=`k`mhm` E. D. 1995:
J`mmeqjhtqjhe qrpekjnb{e m`anp{ hg Dekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb. — :K=S 32.
=`k`mhm` E. D. 1997:
Dekepleqqjhe jspc`m{. «P`pqjhe» oncpeaemh_ p`mmeqjhtqjni }onuh =
Kreom{e m`pnd{ ?bp`ghh I (Fnqjb`).
=`k`mhm` E. D., :kejqeeb :. T. 1990: Gnb{e l`reph`k{ j hqrnphh A`jsa`m|_ b p`mmeqjhtqjne bpel_. —
:K=S 30.
=emmhmc <. N. 1977:
Fnchk|mhj Khmr`xr` h opnakel` p`mmhu hp`mqjhu okelem. — K:, № 4.
=emmhmc <. N., Ad`mnbhw =. ;., =emmhmc <. <. 1992: Khmr`xr` = :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh `phiqjhu okelem
Mp`kn-D`g`uqr`mqjhu qreoei 1 (Qek_ahmqj).
=npekhj F. <. 1987:
J`mmee qjsk|orspmne hgnap`femhe qjhtqjncn bnhm`. — <: Dhllephiv{ h
qjht{. Leghq{ dnjk`dnb <qeqn~gmncn qelhm`p`, onqb_yemmncn o`l_rh
:. B. Lepemnfjhm`. L. I (Dhpnbncp`d).
=npekhj F. <. 1993:
Hpsfhe dpebmecn <nqrnj` (Fnqjb`).
=npixmii I. :. 1978:
;pnmgnbi bsdhk` g q. Lepelvi. — :puenknci_ 27.
=npndvnb <. :. 1928:
D bnopnqs n jhllephiqjni jsk|rspe = LK: J:GBHG 3.
=p`mrnbqjhi S. :. 1970:
J`mm__ hqrnph_ hp`mqjhu okelem Iepedmei :ghh (Fnqjb`).
=p`mrnbqjhi S. :. 1994:
H upnmnknchh opea{b`mh_ jhllephiveb h qjhtnb b Iepedmei :ghh. — J:,
№ 3.
=phmebhw D. S. 1951:
Gnb{e d`mm{e on `puenknchh D`a`pd{. — <: F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_
on `puenknchh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` = FB: 23 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).
=p_gmnb F. I. 1980:
:pf`m. P`pqjhi jspc`m p`mmeqjhtqjncn bpelemh (Eemhmcp`d).
>`md`l`eb F. :. 1977:
Gnb{e d`mm{e b`bhknmqjhu dnjslemrnb VI–V bb. dn m. }. n q`j`u. — <>B,
№ 1.
>`mhek_m H. :. 1973:
D upnmnknchh mejnrnp{u jspc`mnb :gepa`idf`m`. — <: F`reph`k|m`_
jsk|rsp` :gepa`idf`m` 7.
>ebedf_m K. =. 1981:
Enph-aepd. I. Jegsk|r`r{ p`qjnonj 1969 – 1973 cc. (?peb`m).
>f`o`phdge H. F. 1953:
;pnmgnb{e rnonp{ g`o`dmni =psghh (D bnopnqs n bedsyhu rho`u npsdhi
ongdmeapnmgnbni jsk|rsp{). — K: 18.
>nl`mqjhi U. <. 1979:
Gnb{i jnlokejq Dnkuhdqjni jsk|rsp{ b :au`ghh. — L=S 20.
289
>sanbqj`_ H. J. 1989:
>sd`peb K. E. 1991:
D hmrepoper`vhh jnlokejqnb rho` Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. — K:, № 1.
Bg hqrnphh qb_gei m`qekemh_ D`bj`g` q jhllephiqjn-qjhtqjhl lhpnl
(=pngm{i).
>sd`peb K. E. 1995:
D opnakele bg`hlndeiqrbh_ okelem Kebepmncn D`bj`g` q p`mmhlh jnwebmhj`lh b opedqjhtqjs~ }onus (:pl`bhp).
>sd`peb K. E., F`unpr{u K. <. 1981:
D rnkjnb`mh~ hjnmncp`thh mejnrnp{u `mrhwm{u hgnap`femhi jhllephiveb. — <: :mrhwm{e cnqsd`pqrb` h b`pb`pqjhi lhp (Hpdfnmhjhdge).
>|_jnmnb B. F. 1951:
Inqkedmhe cnd{ sp`prqjncn cnqsd`pqrb` on `qqhpn-b`bhknmqjhl hqrnwmhj`l. — <>B, № 2.
>|_jnmnb B. F. 1951`:
:qqhpn-b`bhknmqjhe hqrnwmhjh on hqrnphh Mp`prs. — <>B, № 2.
>|_jnmnb B. F. 1956:
Bqrnph_ Fhdhh (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).
>|_jnmnb B. F. 1994:
Dhllephiv{ h qjht{ m` >pebmel <nqrnje. — J:, № 1.
?cnpnb G. F. 1955:
Fnchk|mhj qjhtqjncn bpelemh akhg c. Fhmep`k|m{e bnd{. — DKB: 58.
?q`_m K. :. 1966:
Hpsfhe h bnemmne dekn dpebmei :plemhh (?peb`m).
?q`_m K. :. 1976:
>pebm__ jsk|rsp` okelem Kebepn-bnqrnwmni :plemhh (?peb`m).
?q`_m K. :., Incpeanb` F. G. 1985:
Kjhtqjhe o`l_rmhjh A`j`bj`g|_ (Fnqjb`).
A`dmeopnbqjhi T. :. 1962:
>pebmegelkedek|weqj`_ jsk|rsp` Nepc`m{ = FB: 118 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).
Aapseb` :. <. 1952:
Bqrnph_ m`qekemh_ Iphj`l|_ b :m`m|hmqjs~ }onus = FB: 30 (Fnqjb`).
Aseb <. T. 1993:
Bgswemhe f`anrhmqjhu cp`bhpnbnj h opnakel` p`gbhrh_ gbephmncn qrhk_ b
ebpnoeiqjni Kjhthh m` psaefe VII–VI bb. dn J. Op. — Ierepaspcqjhi
`puenknchweqjhi beqrmhj 6.
Bb`mwhj :. B. 1996:
Dhllephiv{. >pebmebnqrnwm{e vhbhkhg`vhh h qreom{e jnwebmhjh b
VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. (Fnqjb`).
Bb`mwhj :. B., b oew`rh:
G`j`msme jnknmhg`vhh. Kebepmne Iphwepmnlnp|e h qreom{e jnwebmhjh
VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. b `mrhwmni rp`dhvhh (Fnqjb`).
Beqqem :. :. 1941:
:puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh D`a`pdhmn-;`kj`phh. — <: F`reph`k{ on
`puenknchh D`a`pdhmn-;`kj`phh = FB: 3 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).
Beqqem :. :. 1953:
D bnopnqs n o`l_rmhj`u VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. m` ~ce ?bpnoeiqjni w`qrh
KKKJ (Gnbnwepj`qqjhi jk`d 1939 c.). — K: 18.
Beqqem :. :. 1954:
Gejnrnp{e o`l_rmhjh VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge. — <:
<nopnq{ qjhtn-q`pl`rqjni `puenknchh (Fnqjb`).
Beqqem :. :. 1965:
Bg hqrnphweqjncn opnxkncn Fhk|qjn-D`p`a`uqjni qreoh. — <: Lpsd{
:gepa`idf`mqjni `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh. L. II (1956 – 1960) = FB:
125.
Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1968:
Kjht{ >meopnbqjncn keqnqreomncn Eebnaepef|_ (Dheb).
Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1971:
Hap`g jnx`w|ecn uhymhj` b p`mmeqjhtqjnl hqjsqqrbe. — K:, № 2.
Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1973:
Hrmnqhrek|m`_ upnmnknch_ p`mmeqjhtqjhu jspc`mnb a`qqeim` pejh
L_qlhm. — K:, № 3.
Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1975:
J`mmeqjhtqjhe jspc`m{ a`qqeim` pejh L_qlhm (Dheb).
Bk|hmqj`_ <. :. 1982:
Bgnap`femh_ qjhtnb bpelemh oepedme`gh`rqjhu onundnb. — <: >pebmnqrh
qreomni Kjhthh (Dheb).
Bk|hmqj`_ <. :., Fngnkebqjhi ;. G., Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1980: Dspc`m{ VI b. dn m. }. s qek` F`rsqnb`. — <: Kjhth_
h D`bj`g (Dheb).
Bk|hmqj`_ <. :., Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1987:
Kjhth_ VII–V bb. dn m. }. (Dheb).
Bql`chknb J. <. 1988:
Incpeaemhe ;nk|xncn =sl`pnbqjncn jspc`m` b Tfmnl Iphsp`k|e h opnakel` opnhqunfdemh_ qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. — :K=S 29.
Brhm` F. :., Uaknmqjhi E. L. 1997:
K`jh Ghfmei K{pd`p|h (on l`reph`k`l lnchk|mhj` Tfm{i L`chqjem)
(Fnqjb`).
Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1951:
Dspc`m Kr`px` Fnchk` — o`l’_rj` `pu`VwmnV KjitiV. — :puenknci_ 5.
Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1961:
Kjitq|ji qnjhph. — :puenknci_ 12.
Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1961`:
Kjitq|j` bsgd` VI qr. dn m. e. (g` l`repi`k`li Inqskk_). — :puenknci_ 13.
Ikkimq|j` <. :. 1973:
;pnmgnbi m`jnmewmhjh qrpik r`j gb`mncn f`anrhmq|jncn i mnbnwepj`q|jncn
rhoib. — :puenknci_ 12.
D`k`md`dge :. G. 1980:
K`lr`bpn. :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh dn`mrhwmni }onuh. — <: Fvuer`.
290
Jegsk|r`r{ `puenknchweqjhu hqqkednb`mhi 4 (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl
_g{je.
D`r`knc 1993:
D`r`knc qksw`im{u m`undnj hg `puenknchweqjhu qnap`mhi >nmevjni nak`qrh = :puenknchweqjhi `k|l`m`u 1 (>nmevj).
Delemveh L. 1986:
Ipedqjhtqj`_ }onu` b bnqrnwmni <emcphh. — <: :puenknch_ <emcphh.
Dnmev II r{q. dn m. }. – I r{q. dn m. }. (Fnqjb`).
Dhqek| <. :. 1994:
Geqjnk|jn g`lew`mhi na nap`ge jnx`w|ecn uhymhj` b p`mmel qjhtqjnl
hqjsqqrbe. — <: Skhrm{e jspc`m{ qreoei ?bp`ghh b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjs~
}onus (K`mjr-Ierepaspc).
Dknwjn <. B., Fspghm <. T. 1987
H bg`hlndeiqrbhh leqrm{u h ophbmeqemm{u }kelemrnb qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{. — <: Kjht{ Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ (Dheb).
Dknwjn <. B., Fspghm <. T. 1989:
H upnmnknchh dpebmnqrei wepmncnpnbqjn-mnbnwepj`qqjncn rho`. — <:
Ipnakel{ `puenknchh Indmeopnb|_ (>meopnoerpnbqj).
Dknwjn, <. I., Kjnphi 1993:
Dspc`m № 15 aik_ Kreakeb` s Inpnqqi. — :puenknci_, № 2.
Dnb`keb` B. N., <nkjnani K. K., Dnqremjn <. B., R`knasdnb <. G. 1978:
:puenknchweqjhe hqqkednb`mh_ b gnme
qrpnhrek|qrb` npnqhrek|mni qhqrel{ swung` «K`l`pqjhi» (>meopnoerpnbqjncn qek|qjnung_iqrbemmncn hmqrhrsr`). — <: Dspc`mm{e dpebmnqrh
qreomncn Indmeopnb|_ (III–I r{q. dn m. }.) (>meopnoerpnbqj).
Dnb`keb` B. N., <nkjnani K. K., F`phm` A. I., Dnqremjn <. B., Inovnb <. :., Jnl`xjn <. :. 1978: J`qjnojh jspc`mnb b a`qqeime K`l`p{. — <: :H 1977 (Fnqjb`).
Dnb`keb` B. N., Fsuno`d K. ?. 1982:
Kjhtqjne oncpeaemhe jnmv` VI–V bb. dn m. }. s q. :kejq`mdpnbj`. — <:
>pebmnqrh qreomni Kjhthh (Dheb).
Dnbo`memjn =. L. 1962:
Incpeaemhe VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. b a`qqeime p. <npqjk`. — DKB:M 12.
Dnbo`memjn =. L. 1966:
Gnq`wibq|jhi jspc`m VIII–VII qr. dn m. e. — :puenknci_ 20.
Dnbo`memjn =. L., =so`kn G. >. 1984: Incpeaemhe bnhm` s q. Dbhrjh b Inpnq|e. — <: <nnpsfemhe qjhtnb h q`pl`rnb (Dheb).
Dngemjnb` <. B. 1975:
Kb_gh qebepmncn D`bj`g` q j`po`rn-dsm`iqjhl lhpnl (mejnrnp{e `puenknchweqjhe o`p`kkekh). — <: Kjhtqjhi lhp (Dheb).
Dngemjnb` <. B. 1986:
Iqed`uqjhi lnchk|mhj Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{ (on p`qjnoj`l 1976 –
1977 cc.). — <: Gnbne b `puenknchh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` (Fnqjb`).
Dngemjnb` <. B. 1990:
Opnmnknch_ Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{: dnqrhfemh_, no{r srnwmemh_, mepexemm{e opnakel{. — K:, № 3.
Dngemjnb` <. B. 1995:
Hpsfhe, bnhmqjne h jnmqjne qm`p_femhe okelem Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{
(qhqrel`rhg`vh_ h upnmnknch_). A`o`dm{i b`ph`mr = K:B, < 2 –5, b{o. 4
(Fnqjb`).
Dngemjnb` <. B. 1996:
Dsk|rspmn-hqrnphweqjhe opnveqq{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge b }onus ongdmei
apnmg{ h b p`mmel fekegmnl beje (Mgknb{e opnakel{ opnhqunfdemh_ h
p`gbhrh_ Dna`mqjni jsk|rsp{) (Fnqjb`).
Dnlhqq`pnb K. :. 1988:
Dnlokejq bnnpsfemh_ dpebmecn Dhr`_. Sonu` ongdmei apnmg{ (Gnbnqhahpqj).
Dnpem_jn <. :., Esj|_xjn K. B. 1982: Gnb{e l`reph`k{ p`mmeqjhtqjncn bpelemh m` kebnaepef|e Ghfmecn
>nm`. — K:, № 3.
Dnphdge >. E. 1965:
D hqrnphh jnkuqjni jsk|rsp{ (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl _g{je.
Dnqhjnb <. :. 1992:
Leumhj` hgcnrnbkemh_ usdnfeqrbemm{u apnmgnb{u opedlernb jnmqjncn
qm`p_femh_ qjhtqjni }onuh. — <: >nmevjhi `puenknchweqjhi qanpmhj 2.
Dnrnbhw <. =., >`bsdnb H. F. 1980:
H oephndhg`vhh h upnmnknchh o`l_rmhjnb ongdmei apnmg{ – p`mmecn
fekeg` m` qebepn-bnqrnwmnl D`bj`ge. — K:, № 4.
Dpsomnb ?. B. 1951:
F`reph`k{ on `puenknchh Kebepmni Hqerhh dnjna`mqjncn oephnd` (no{r
oephndhg`vhh o`l_rmhjnb }onuh }menkhr` h apnmg{). — <: F`reph`k{
h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` = FB: 23 (Fnqjb`,
Eemhmcp`d).
Dpsomnb ?. B. 1960:
>pebm__ hqrnph_ Kebepmncn D`bj`g` (Fnqjb`).
Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1974:
Dnkeqm{i rp`mqonpr h opnakel` }rmhweqjni h qnvh`k|mni hqrnphh dpebmecn m`qekemh_ ~fmnpsqqjhu qreoei. — <>B, № 4.
Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1975:
Jev.: <hxmebqj`_ H. :. Dsk|rsp` q`jqjhu okelem mhgnb|eb K{pd`p|h b
291
VII–V bb. dn m. }. (Fnqjb` 1973). — K:, № 2.
?ye p`g n dhqjnbhdm{u oq`kh_u ebp`ghiqjhu qreoei. — DKB: 161.
Fer`kkspch_ <nkcn-D`l|_ b p`mmel fekegmnl beje. Fed| h apnmg`
(Fnqjb`).
Dspnwjhm =. G. 1982:
O`g`mks h qjht{. — IA 17.
Dspnwjhm =. G. 1990:
Anknrni qnqsd hg F`pkhj`. — K:, № 2.
Dspnwjhm =. G. 1993:
Kbepmsbxhiq_ b jnk|vn uhymhj h «ker_yhi» nkem|. — <: :mrhwm`_
vhbhkhg`vh_ h b`pb`pqjhi lhp. II (Gnbnwepj`qqj).
Dspnwjhm =. G. 1993`:
:puenknchweqjhi onhqj `phiveb m` >pebmel <nqrnje: «v`pqjhi» lnchk|mhj F`pkhj b Kebepmnl Bp`me (bnopnq{ upnmnknchh, jsk|rspncemeg` h
}rmhweqjni `rphasvhh). — Ierepaspcqjhi `puenknchweqjhi beqrmhj 7.
Dspnwjhm =. G. 1994:
Opnmnknch_ oepedme`gh`rqjhu onundnb qjhtnb on ohq|lemm{l h
`puenknchweqjhl d`mm{l. — J:, № 1.
Dspnwjhm =. G., Ksaanrhm :. <. 1993: ;neb{e wej`m{ (jkebv{) q cnknbjni uhymni orhv{ lefds anijnl h
brskjni b `gh`rqjni h ebpnoeiqjni w`qr_u qjhtqjncn lhp` (j opnakele
opnhqunfdemh_ h p`qopnqrp`memh_). — <: :mrhwm`_ vhbhkhg`vh_ h
b`pb`pqjhi lhp. II (Gnbnwepj`qqj).
Dstrhm ;. :. 1941:
:puenknchweqjhe p`qjnojh b Lph`kerh. I. Ho{r oephndhg`vhh o`l_rmhjnb
(Lahkhqh).
Dstrhm ;. :. 1949:
F`reph`k{ j `puenknchh Dnkuhd{. I (Lahkhqh).
Dsxm`peb` D. O. 1957:
Gejnrnp{e o`l_rmhjh }onuh ongdmei apnmg{ b G`cnpmnl D`p`a`ue. — K:
27.
Dsxm`peb` D. O. 1959:
:puenknchweqjhe p`anr{ 1954 c. b njpeqrmnqr_u qek` Ondf`k{. — <: Lpsd{
:gepa`idf`mqjni (Hpem-j`khmqjni) `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh. L. I =
FB: 67 (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).
Eeqjnb :. F. 1964:
>pebmeixhe pncnb{e oq`khh hg Lp`urelhpnb`. — K:, № 1.
Eeqjnb :. F. 1972:
Gnb{e qnjpnbhy` jspc`mnb Mjp`hm{ (Eemhmcp`d).
Eeqjnb :. F. 1981:
Dspc`m{: m`undjh, opnakel{ (Eemhmcp`d).
Eeqjnb :. F. 1984:
H upnmnknchweqjnl qnnrmnxemhh o`l_rmhjnb m`w`k` fekegmncn bej` m`
~ce ebpnoeiqjni w`qrh KKKJ. — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh b qjhtnq`pl`rqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`).
Enfjhm F. G., Ierpemjn <. =. 1981:
Mgdewm{i m`anp hg Dp`qmnd`pqjncn jp`_. — DKB: 167.
Enlr`rhdge =. :. 1955:
:puenknchweqjhe p`qjnojh b dpebmecpsghmqjni qrnkhve Fvuer` (Lahkhqh).
Esj`xnb :. <. 1984:
Gnb{i o`l_rmhj VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. b A`bnkf|e. — <: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh
b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`).
F`pq`dnknb E. K. 1988:
>emdpnupnmnknch_ ank|xhu jspc`mnb K`_mn-:kr`_ I r{q. dn m. }. — :K=S
29.
F`pq`dnknb E. K., A`iveb` =. B., Eeaedeb` E. F. 1994:
Dnppek_vh_ demdpnupnmnknchweqjhu h p`dhnsckepndm{u
nopedekemhi dk_ ank|xhu jspc`mnb K`_mn-:kr`_. — <: Skhrm{e jspc`m{
qreoei ?bp`ghh b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjs~ }onus (K`mjr-Ierepaspc).
F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1954:
H dpebmel onqekemhh h lnchk|mhje akhg Eemhm`j`m`. — DKB: 55.
F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1961:
=npnd Leixea`hmh. In p`qjnoj`l 1947 – 1958 cc. (?peb`m).
F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1964:
:plemh_ b }onus apnmg{ h p`mmecn fekeg` (?peb`m).
F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1967:
J`qjnojh :pchxrhuhmhkh. — K:, № 4.
F`prhpnq_m :. :. 1974:
:pchxrhuhmhkh (?peb`m).
F`prhpnq_m :. :., Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1958:
Mp`prqjhi jnksla`phi Gnp-:pex`. — Bgbeqrh_ :G :pl. KKJ 10, m`
`pl_mqjnl _g{je.
F`unprhu K. <. 1992:
I`l’_rjh rhos Gnbnwepj`q|jncn qj`pas (g` l`repi`k`lh Iibmiwmncn
D`bj`gs). — :puenknci_, № 1.
F`unpr{u K. <. 1991:
Kjht{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge (Dheb).
F`unpr{u K. <. 1994:
Dhllephiv{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge (Dheb).
F`unpr{u K. <. 1994`:
Ha sgdewm{u ophm`dkefmnqr_u ~c` <nqrnwmni ?bpno{ opedqjhtqjncn
bpelemh. — <: Leghq{ dnjk`dnb lefdsm`pndmni jnmtepemvhh «Ipnakel{
qjhtn-q`pl`rqjni `puenknchh Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_», onqb_yemmni
95-kerh~ qn dm_ pnfdemh_ ;. G. =p`jnb`. II (A`onpnf|e).
Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1980:
Dsg|lhm{u K. <. 1983:
292
F`unpr{u K. <. 1996:
Jev.: Chochorowski J. Ekspansja kimmeryjska na tereny Europy Środkowej
(Kraków 1993). — J:, № 1.
F`unpr{u K. <., Qepmemjn ?. <. 1994:
Jev.: >sd`peb K. E. Bg hqrnphh qb_gei m`qekemh_ D`bj`g` q jhllephiqjnqjhtqjhl lhpnl (=pngm{i 1991). — :puenknci_, № 1.
H j`bj`gqjhu «oejrnp`k_u» VIII–VII bb. dn m. }. — J:, № 2.
Gejnrnp{e bnopnq{ upnmnknchh apnmgnb{u m`jnmewmhjnb qrpek Kpedmei
:ghh h D`g`uqr`m`. — K:, № 3.
Dnmqjhi sanp hg lnchk|mhj` Kh`kj B. — IA 18.
Iephndhg`vh_ qjhtqjni `pu`hjh h dpebmhi <nqrnj. — J:, № 3.
A`jk~wemhe on dhqjsqqhh. — J:, № 1.
Gejnrnp{e der`kh jnmqjni sop_fh jhllephiqjncn bpelemh (:jq`iqjhi
jk`d). — DKB: 112.
<nnpsfemhe qjhtnb = K:B > 1– 4 (Fnqjb`).
;sqhm` q jkhmnohq|~ hg Ondf`khmqjncn lnchk|mhj`. — Bgbeqrh_ Hayeqrb` naqkednb`mh_ h hgswemh_ :gepa`idf`m` 2.
D bnopnqs na `qqhphiqjni asqhme hg Ondf`khmqjncn lnchk|mhj`. — Bgbeqrh_ Hayeqrb` naqkednb`mh_ h hgswemh_ :gepa`idf`m` 3.
Dp`rjhe qbedemh_ n p`anr`u `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh b G`cnpm{i
D`p`a`u h G`uhweb`mqjhi jp`i, qm`p_femmni b 1926 c. Hayeqrbnl hgswemh_ :gepa`idf`m`. — K=:BFD 1.
H d`rhpnbje h upnmnknchweqjhu }r`o`u mejnrnp{u o`l_rmhjnb :gepa`idf`m` }onuh ongdmei apnmg{ h p`mmecn fekeg`. — F`reph`k|m`_ jsk|rsp`
:gepa`idf`m` 4.
G`undjh opedlernb apnmgnbncn bej` b qekemhh Lnknpq (b A`mcegspe)
:pl_mqjni KKJ. — DKBBFD 54.
>pebmhe onbngjh hg jspc`mnb apnmgnbncn bej` m` onaepef|e ng. Keb`m. —
K:, № 2.
Ew`xemqjhe jspc`m{ (p`qjnojh 1956 c.). — DKB: 85.
Incpea`k|m{i nap_d qjhtnb b VII–V bb. dn m. }. — <: >pebmnqrh qreomni
Kjhthh (Dheb).
Kjhtqj`_ `pu`hj` Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ (Dheb).
Ipnhqunfdemhe qjhtnb: nqmnbm{e }r`o{ tnplhpnb`mh_ qjhtqjncn }rmnq`
(Dheb).
J`mmeqjhtqjhe oncpea`k|m{e qnnpsfemh_ on =epndnrs h `puenknchweqjhl
d`mm{l. — K:, № 4.
Ondf`khmqjhi jspc`m № 11. — Bgbeqrh_ nayeqrb` naqkednb`mh_ h hgswemh_ :gepa`idf`m` 2.
H q~fer`u m` asrepnk_u `jhm`jnb `uelemhdqjncn bpelemh. — <>B, № 3.
<nqopnhgbedemhe bhd` fhbnrmncn b qjhtqjnl gbephmnl qrhke. — DKB:
186.
Ug{j gbephm{u nap`gnb. Hwepjh hqjsqqrb` ?bp`ghiqjhu qreoei qjhtqjni
}onuh (Fnqjb`).
Bgnap`femhe anchmh Bxr`p hg jspc`m` b Kr`bpnonk|e. — DKB: 162.
Kjhtqj`_ jsk|rsp` m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge. — :K=S 23.
Kjht{ m` Kebepmnl D`bj`ge. — <: :puenknch_ KKKJ. Kreoh ebpnoeiqjni
w`qrh KKKJ b qjhtn-q`pl`rqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`).
D bnopnqs n upnmnknchh p`mmeqjhtqjhu jspc`mnb Pemrp`k|mncn Ipedj`bj`g|_. — <: Ipnakel{ qjhtn-q`pl`rqjni `puenknchh (Fnqjb`).
Dp`qmngm`lemqjhe jspc`m{ (Fnqjb`).
>n onunfdemm_ lhmep`k|mni qhpnbimi o`l_rmhjib III – I rhq. dn m. e. g
a`qeims piwjh Bmcskev|. — :puenknci_ 22.
D`plhp-;ksp. L. I (?peb`m).
D`plhp-;ksp. L. II (?peb`m).
Kjht{ h dpebmhi <nqrnj. — K: 19.
F`unpr{u K. <., Qepmemjn ?. <. 1995:
Fedbedqj`_ B. G. 1972:
Fedbedqj`_ B. G. 1983:
Fedbedqj`_ B. G. 1992:
Fedbedqj`_ B. G. 1994:
Fekemr|eb :. G. 1967:
Fek~jnb` :. B. 1964:
Fey`mhmnb B. B. 1926:
Fey`mhmnb B. B. 1926`:
Fey`mhmnb B. B. 1926b:
Fhmjebhw-Fsqr`t`eb` G. <. 1962:
Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1954:
Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1960:
Fm`vj`m_m :. H. 1961:
Fspghm <. T. 1982:
Fspghm <. T. 1984:
Fspghm <. T. 1990:
Hk|unbqjhi <. K. 1978:
I`qqej L. K., E`r{mhm ;. :. 1926:
Iepebndwhjnb` ?. <. 1983:
Iepebndwhjnb` ?. <. 1986:
Iepebndwhjnb` ?. <. 1994:
Ierpemjn <. =. 1980:
Ierpemjn <. =. 1983:
Ierpemjn <. =. 1989:
Ierpemjn <. =. 1990:
Ierpemjn <. =., b oew`rh:
Ierpsm| <. N. 1969:
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1950:
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1952:
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1954:
293
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1955:
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1959:
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1959`:
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1962:
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1963:
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1970:
Ihnrpnbqjhi ;. ;. 1989:
Ihvuek`sph D. G. 1969:
D`plhp-;ksp. L. III (?peb`m).
<`mqjne v`pqrbn (Fnqjb`).
=npnd anc` Leixea{ (D`plhp-;ksp). — K:, № 2.
Bqjsqqrbn Mp`prs VIII–VI bb. dn m. }. (Eemhmcp`d).
Ipedhqknbhe. — <: MI>.
D`plhp-;ksp (Eemhmcp`d).
Kjht{ h Mp`prs. — <>B, № 4.
Enj`khg`vh_ `puenknchweqjhu jsk|rsp m` repphrnphh <nqrnwmni =psghh. —
<: Lpsd{ D`uerqjni `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh 1 (Lahkhqh).
Ihvuek`sph D. G. 1979:
<nqrnwm`_ =psgh_ b jnmve apnmgnbncn bej` = Lpsd{ D`uerqjni `puenknchweqjni }jqoedhvhh 3 (Lahkhqh).
Ihvuek`sph D. G., Fem`ade K. G. 1982: :puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh q. =`dpejhkh (Lahkhqh), m` cpsghmqjnl _g{je.
Incpeanb` F. G. 1977:
Bp`m h A`j`bj`g|e b p`mmel fekegmnl beje (Fnqjb`).
Incpeanb` F. G. 1984:
A`j`bj`g|e h ecn qb_gh q Iepedmei :ghei b qjhtqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`).
Incpeanb` F. G. 1993:
H ophmvho`u d`rhpnbjh qjhtqjni `pu`hjh. — J:, № 2.
Incpeanb` F. G., J`ebqjhi >. K. 1992: J`mmhe qjht{ h dpebmhi <nqrnj. D hqrnphh qr`mnbkemh_ qjhtqjni jsk|rsp{ (Fnqjb`).
Indnaed <. :. 1994:
D bnopnqs n ahler`kkhweqjhu wej`m`u. — <: >pebmeixhe naymnqrh gelkedek|veb h qjnrnbndnb Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ V r{q. dn m. }. – V b. m. }.
F`reph`k{ lefdsm`pndmni `puenknchweqjni jnmtepemvhh (Lhp`qonk|).
Inkhdnbhw T. ;. 1994:
H lnrhbe qbepmsbxecnq_ uhymhj` b qjhtqjnl «gbephmnl qrhke». — J:,
№ 4.
Inkhm K. <. 1994:
<nopnq{ upnmnknchh wepmncnpnbqjhu h mnbnwepj`qqjhu dpebmnqrei. — <:
Leghq{ dnjk`dnb lefdsm`pndmni jnmtepemvhh «Ipnakel{ qjhtnq`pl`rqjni `puenknchh Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_», onqb_yemmni 95kerh~ qn dm_ pnfdemh_ ;. G. =p`jnb`. II (A`onpnf|e).
Inkhm K. <. 1994`:
H upnmnknchh jhllephiqjhu dpebmnqrei. — <: >pebmeixhe naymnqrh
gelkedek|veb h qjnrnbndnb Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ V r{q. dn m. }. –
V b. m. }. F`reph`k{ lefdsm`pndmni `puenknchweqjni jnmtepemvhh
(Lhp`qonk|).
Inkim K. <. 1987:
Opnmnknci_ p`mmeqjitq|jhu o`l’_rnj. — :puenknci_ 59.
Inonb J. 1932:
Fnchkmhre cpnanbe oph q. ?mdfe. — B;:G 6 (1930 – 1931).
Ip_uhm :. >., ;eqedhm <. B. 1998:
Dnmqj`_ sgd` oephnd` qpedmei apnmg{ b bnqrnwmnebpnoeiqjni keqnqreoh h
qreoh. — J:, № 3.
I|_mjnb :. <., L`p`a`mnb <. :. 1997:
Fnchk|mhj opnrnlenrqjncn bpelemh D`g`gnbn 3 h dpsche m`undjh hg w`xh
Dp`qmnd`pqjncn bndnup`mhkhy`. — <: I`l_rmhjh opedqjhtqjncn h
qjhtqjncn bpelemh m` ~ce <nqrnwmni ?bpno{ = F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh Jnqqhh 1 (Fnqjb`).
J`ebqjhi >. K. 1993:
H knchje onqrpnemh_ p`mmeqjhtqjni upnmnknchh. — J:, № 2.
Jsdemjn K. B. 1960:
Dsk|rsp` m`qekemh_ Pemrp`k|mncn :kr`_ b qjhtqjne bpel_ (Fnqjb`,
Eemhmcp`d).
K`lnjb`qnb >. U. 1908:
Fnchk{ psqqjni gelkh (Fnqjb`).
Kelemnb E. I. 1955:
Rkel{ hg Kebepmni Hqerhh. — DKBBFD 57.
Kj`jnb :. T. 1997:
D bnopnqs na }bnk~vhh dejnp` jna`mn-jnkuhdqjhu apnmgnb{u rnonpnb. —
<: >pebmnqrh ?bp`ghh (Fnqjb`).
Kjnphi K. :. 1981:
Kjitq|ji dnbci lewi. — :puenknci_ 36.
Kjnphi K. :. 1991:
>n ohr`mm_ opn «jsk|rspms m`kefmiqr|» qr`pnfhrmnqrei rhos Gnbnwepj`q|jncn qj`pas 1939 p. — :puenknci_, № 3.
Klhpmnb D. N. 1961:
H dpebmhu bq`dmhj`u Inbnkfqjn-sp`k|qjhu qreoei. — K:, № 1.
Klhpmnb D. N. 1964:
K`bpnl`r{ (Fnqjb`).
Klhpmnb D. N., Dsg|lhm` ?. ?. 1977: Ipnhqunfdemhe hmdnhp`mveb b qbere mnbeixhu `puenknchweqjhu nrjp{rhi
(Fnqjb`).
Klhpmnb D. N., Ierpemjn <. =. 1963:
K`bpnl`r{ Inbnkf|_ h ~fmncn Iphsp`k|_ = K:B > 1– 9 (Fnqjb`).
Klhpmnb` =. B. 1985:
Hqmnb{ upnmnknchh opedqjhtqjhu o`l_rmhjnb ~cn-g`o`d` KKKJ. — K:,
№ 4.
294
Knpnjhm K. K. 1972:
Knpnjhm K. K. 1978:
Kbepmsbxhiq_ gbep| hg Ahbhe. — K=S 34.
Hrp`femhe lhpnbnggpemh_ p`mmhu jnwebmhjnb :ghh b o`l_rmhj`u l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{. — <: Dsk|rsp` <nqrnj`. >pebmnqr| h p`mmee qpedmebejnb|e (Eemhmcp`d).
Kohv{m :. :. 1902:
:puenknchweqjhe p`qjnojh S. Jeqkep` b ?khg`beronk|qjni csaepmhh b
1901 c. — B:D 16.
Krp`feb <. B. 1926:
;pnmgnb`_ jsk|rsp` b :au`ghh. — Bgbeqrh_ :au`gqjncn m`swmncn nayeqrb`
4.
Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1965:
Hqmnb{ upnmnknchh opedqjhtqjncn oephnd`. — K:, № 1.
Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1971:
>`r` Fhmcew`spqjhu sdhk. — K:, № 4.
Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1973:
D hqrnphh hgswemh_ opedqjhtqjncn oephnd`. — <: Kjhtqjhe dpebmnqrh
(Dheb).
Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1975:
Qepmncnpnbqj`_ h mnbnwepj`qqj`_ qrsoemh jhllephiqjni jsk|rsp{. — <:
Gnbeixhe nrjp{rh_ qnberqjhu `puenkncnb (reghq{ dnjk`dnb jnmtepemvhh).
Q`qr| 2 (Dheb).
Lepemnfjhm :. B. 1976:
Dhllephiv{ (Dheb).
Leunb ;. <. 1977:
Pemrp`k|m{i D`bj`g b XVI–X bb. dn m. }. (Fnqjb`).
Leunb ;. <. 1980:
Kjht{ h l`reph`k|m`_ jsk|rsp` vemrp`k|mncn D`bj`g` b VII–VI bb. dn m. }.
(on l`reph`k`l Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`). — <: Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb).
Leunb ;. <. 1980`:
Lkhiqjhi lnchk|mhj (jnlokejq{ XVI–X bb. dn m. }.) (Lahkhqh).
Lhp`v_m =. :. 1978:
Mp`prqjhi :pl`bhp (on d`mm{l `puenknchweqjhu p`qjnonj). — <: Dsk|rsp`
<nqrnj`. >pebmnqr| h p`mmee qpedmebejnb|e (Eemhmcp`d).
Lhremjn =. L. 1954:
A`j`bj`gqjhe sdhk`, m`idemm{e m` Inkr`byhme. — DKB:M 3.
Lnb :. :. 1989:
Ipnrnlenrqjhi lnchk|mhj Qhxun akhg `sk` L`siu`ak| b Leswefqjnl
p`inme. — <: Fenr{ — opedjh `d{cnb (F`ijno).
Lnkqrnb K. I., Brhm` F. :. 1966:
K`jh mhgnb|eb K{p-d`p|h (on l`reph`k`l L`chqjem`). — K:, № 2.
Lnur`q|eb K. J. 1993:
D upnmnknchh h }rmhweqjni `rphasvhh o`l_rmhjnb qjhtqjncn rho` m`
;khfmel <nqrnje h b F`kni :ghh. — J:, № 2.
Mb`pnb` I. K. 1900:
Fnchk|mhjh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` = F`reph`k{ on `puenknchh D`bj`g` 8
(Fnqjb`).
N`pj`x S. 1992:
F. B. Jnqrnbveb h qjhtqjne hqjsqqrbn. — <>B, № 3.
Nkhrrmep G. >. 1939:
Khpn-uerrqjhe o`l_rmhjh Splhr`f`. — <: Lpsd{ Hrdek` <nqrnj` =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Splhr`f` 1 (Eemhmcp`d).
Nnlemjn <. I. 1953:
=psmrnbne oncpeaemhe № 63. — F`reph`k|m`_ jsk|rsp` :gepa`idf`m` 3.
O`khknb >. :. 1971:
:puenknchweqjhe m`undjh «qjhtqjncn» nakhj` h bnopnq n «qjhtqjnl v`pqrbe» m` repphrnphh :gepa`idf`m`. — <: Ipnakel{ qjhtqjni `puenknchh =
FB: 177 (Fnqjb`).
O`mg`d_m ?. 1979:
Sk`p->`p`mh (?peb`m).
O`w`rp_m L. K. 1963:
F`reph`k|m`_ jsk|rsp` dpebmecn :prhj` (?peb`m).
O`w`rp_m L. K. 1975:
>pebm__ jsk|rsp` Rhp`j` III–I r{q. dn m. }. (?peb`m).
O`w`rp_m L. K. 1979:
:prhjqjhi mejpnonk|. D`r`knc (?peb`m).
Onunpnbqjh U. 1994:
Kjhtqjhe m`aech m` repphrnphh Kpedmei ?bpno{. — J:, № 3.
Onunpnbqjh U. 1994`:
Opnmnknch_ jhllephiqjhu o`l_rmhjnb b Kpedmei ?bpnoe. — <: >pebmeixhe naymnqrh gelkedek|veb h qjnrnbndnb Kebepmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_
V r{q. dn m. }.– V b. m. }. F`reph`k{ lefdsm`pndmni `puenknchweqjni
jnmtepemvhh (Lhp`qonk|).
Qefhm` ?. N. 1984:
Bgnap`femhe qbepmsbxecnq_ b jnk|vn uhymhj` b hqjsqqrbe mhfmecn
Inbnkf|_ h ~fmncn Iphsp`k|_ b qjhtqjs~ }onus. — :K=S 25.
Qepedmhwemjn G. G. 1976:
Dnkeqmhv{ ?bp`ghh }onuh ongdmei apnmg{. — <: Smenkhr h apnmgnb{i bej
Mjp`hm{. Bqqkednb`mh_ h l`reph`k{ (Dheb).
Qepedmhwemjn G. G., Isqrnb`knb K. @. 1991: ;neb{e jnkeqmhv{ h jnkeqmhwhe b nayeqrbe j`r`jnlamni jsk|rsp{
(on l`reph`k`l p`qjnonj b mhfmel Indmeqrpnb|e). — K:, № 4.
Qepmemjn ?. <. 1968:
Kjhtqjhi dnqoeu (Dheb).
Qepmemjn ?. <. 1980:
>pebmeixhe qjhtqjhe o`p`dm{e lewh (Fek|csmnb h Dekepleq). — <:
Kjhth_ h D`bj`g (Dheb).
295
Qepmemjn ?. <. 1981:
Qkemnb` G. E. 1967:
Qkemnb` G. E. 1975:
Qkemnb` G. E. 1981:
Qkemnb` G. E. 1984:
Qkemnb` G. E. 1988:
Qkemnb` G. E. 1993:
Qkemnb` G. E. 1997:
Qsa`mhxbhkh L. G. 1957:
R`onb`knb L. :. 1971:
Rjspjn :. B. 1969:
Spkhu <. J. 1990:
Spkhu <. J. 1990`:
Spkhu <. J. 1991:
Spkhu <. J. 1994:
Spkhu <. J. 1994`:
Spkhu <. J. 1994b:
Spkhu <. J. 1997:
Uaknmqjhi E. L. 1991:
Uaknmqjhi E. L. 1996:
Abramischwili R. und M. 1995:
Abramischwili R. 1995a:
Abu es-Soof B. 1963:
Aharoni Y. 1975:
Akurgal E. 1961:
Akurgal E. 1967:
Akurgal E. 1968:
Akurgal E. 1983:
Albenda P. 1986:
296
Kjhtqjhe kswmhjh (Dheb).
Ipnhqunfdemhe h p`mm__ hqrnph_ okelem L`c`pqjni jsk|rsp{ (Fnqjb`).
H qb_g_u qebepn-g`o`dmncn Iphwepmnlnp|_ h mhfmecn >sm`_ q <nqrnjnl b
jhllephiqjs~ }onus. — <: Studia Thracica 1. Np`jn-qjhtqjhe jsk|rspm{e
qb_gh (Knth_).
Kb_gh jsk|rsp A`o`dmni Khahph q jsk|rsp`lh Iphsp`k|_ h qpedmecn
Inbnkf|_ b jnmve }onuh apnmg{ h b m`w`ke fekegmncn bej`. — <: Ipnakel{
g`o`dmnqhahpqjni `puenknchh. Sonu` fekeg` (Gnbnqhahpqj).
Hkemm{e j`lmh j`j hqrnphweqjhi hqrnwmhj (m` ophlepe nkemm{u j`lmei
Kebepmncn D`bj`g`) (Gnbnqhahpqj).
H jsk|rspmni ophm`dkefmnqrh Kr`pxecn :ul{knbqjncn lnchk|mhj`, mnbnlnpdnbqjhu qrek`u h «nrdekhbxhuq_ qjht`u». — DKB: 194.
H qreoemh qundqrb` jnlonmemrnb l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ b opedek`u «qjhtqjncn lhp`». — Ierepaspcqjhi `puenknchweqjhi beqrmhj 7.
Pemrp`k|m`_ :gh_ h qjht{. I. >`r` jspc`m` :pf`m h ecn leqrn b qhqrele
jsk|rsp qjhtqjncn lhp` (Fnqjb`).
>pebmeixhe `puenknchweqjhe o`l_rmhjh Fvuer` (Lahkhqh).
Incpeaemhe opedqjhtqjncn bpelemh b jspc`me Krphfem` lnchk`. — <:
:puenknchweqjhe hqqkednb`mh_ m` Mjp`hme b 1968 c. (Dheb).
Ha hgnap`femhh qbepmsbxecnq_ b jnk|vn uhymhj` b hqjsqqrbe keqnqreomni
Kjhthh. — K:, № 1.
Dspc`m M`xuhrs h opnakel` hmrepoper`vhh mejnrnp{u jnlokejqnb rho`
Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. — <: XVI Dpsomnbqjhe wremh_ on `puenknchh
Kebepmncn D`bj`g` (Kr`bpnonk|).
D opnakele opnhqunfdemh_ orhvecnknb{u qjhoerpnb opedqjhtqjncn bpelemh. — K:, № 1.
;pnmgnb{e sgdewm{e m`anp{ h opnakel` upnmnknchh opedqjhtqjncn h
p`mmeqjhtqjncn bpelemh A`jsa`m|_. — <: >pebmnqrh Kebepmncn D`bj`g` h
Iphwepmnlnp|_ (Fnqjb`).
M hqrnjnb p`mmeqjhtqjncn jnlokejq` (Fnqjb`).
< g`yhrs rp`dhvhh n ophwepmnlnpqjnl opnhqunfdemhh jhllephiveb. —
<>B, № 3.
Ha hmrepoper`vhh mejnrnp{u jnlokejqnb rho` Gnbnwepj`qqjncn jk`d`. —
J:, № 2.
D opnakele qb_gei Ipedj`bj`g|_ h Kpedmei ?bpno{ b mnbnwepj`qqjhi
oephnd. — <: I`l_rmhjh opedqjhtqjncn h qjhtqjncn bpelemh m` ~ce
<nqrnwmni ?bpno{ = F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh Jnqqhh 1
(Fnqjb`).
Ipnakel` tnplhpnb`mh_ jsk|rsp{ q`jnb ~fmncn Iph`p`k|_. — K:, № 1.
K`jh Tfmncn Iph`p`k|_ (`puenknch_ h `mrpnonknch_ lnchk|mhjnb)
(Fnqjb`).
Archäologische Denkmäler in Tbilissi. — In: Unterwegs zum Goldenen Vlies.
Archäologische Funde aus Georgien. Hersg. von A. Miron und W. Orthmann
(Saarbrücken).
Neue Angaben über die Existenz des thrako-kimmerischen ethnischen Elements
und des sog. skythischen Reiches im Osten Transkaukasiens. — AA.
Further Investigations in Assur-nasir-pal’s Palace. — Sumer 19.
Investigations at Lachish. The Sanctuary and the Residency = Lachish 5 (Tel
Aviv).
Die Kunst der Hethiter (München).
Eine Silberschale aus dem Pontus. — Ant. Kunst 10.
Urartäische und Altiranische Kunstzentren (Ankara).
Alt-Smyrna. I. Wohnschichten und Athenatempel (Ankara).
The Palace of Sargon, King of Assyria. Monumental Wall Reliefs at Dur-Sharrukin, from Original Drawings Made at the Time of their Discovery in 1843 –1844
Albizzati C. s.a.:
Amandry P. 1965:
Anbar M. 1991:
Amiet P. 1972:
Andrae W. 1923:
Atzinger W. 1970:
Azarpay G. 1968:
Balkwill C. J. 1973:
Bammer A. 1973/1974:
Bammer A. 1978:
Bammer A. 1983/84:
Bammer A. 1984:
Bammer A. 1988:
Bammer A. 1988a:
Bammer A. 1988b:
Bammer A. 1990:
Bammer A. 1991:
Bammer A. 1991–1992:
Bammer A. 1992:
Bammer A. 1993:
Bammer A., Brein F., Wolff P. 1978:
Bammer A., Muss U. 1996:
Barbier J.-P. 1996:
Barnett R. D. 1948:
Barnett R. D. 1950:
Barnett R. D. 1962/1963:
Barnett R. D. 1963:
Barnett R. D. 1975:
Barnett R. D. 1976:
Barnett R. D., Curtis J. E. 1973:
Barnett R. D., Falkner M. 1962:
by Botta and Flandin = Synthèse 22 (Paris).
Vasi antichi dipinti del Vaticano (Città del Vaticano).
Un motif «scythe» en Iran et en Grèce. — JNES 24.
Les tribus amurrites de Mari = OBO 108 (Freiburg Schweiz, Göttingen).
Glyptique susienne des origines à l’époque des Perses Achéménides. Cachets,
Sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découvertes à Suse de 1913 à 1967 =
Mémoires de la délégation archéologique en Iran 43. Mission de Susiane (Paris).
Farbige Keramik aus Assur und ihre Vorstufen in Altassyrischen Wandmalereien
(Berlin).
Ephesos. B (Archäologischer Teil). — In: RE, Suppl. XII.
Urartian Art and Artifacts. A Chronological Study (Berkeley, Los Angeles).
The earliest horse-bits of western Europe. — PPS 39.
Die Entwicklung des Opferkultes am Altar der Artemis von Ephesos. — IM
23/24.
Der archaische und klassische Altar der Artemis von Ephesos. — In: The Proceedings of the Xth International Congress of Classical Archaeology. Ankara,
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Foes from the Northern Frontier. Invading Hordes from the Russian Steppes
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The Scythians: Invading Hordes from the Russian Steppes. — Biblical
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Urartäische Trensen. — Türk Tarih Kurumu. Belleten 200.
Burmageçit Urartu Miǧferleri. Fırat Üniversitesi Dergisi 2/2.
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Godin Tepe. — Iran 6.
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and Archaeology. Occasional Paper 17 (Toronto).
The Fall of Assyria and Median-Babylonian Relations in Light of the
Nabopalassar Chronicle (Poznan).
! ! '
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MI>
:puenknchweqjhe nrjp{rh_ b KKKJ (Fnqjb`).
:puenknchweqjhi qanpmhj =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Splhr`f` (Eemhmcp`d).
<eqrmhj =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Fsge_ =psghh (Lahkhqh).
<eqrmhj dpebmei hqrnphh (Fnqjb`).
Dp`rjhe qnnayemh_ Bmqrhrsr` `puenknchh :G KKKJ (Fnqjb`).
Dp`rjhe qnnayemh_ Bmqrhrsr` `puenknchh :G MKKJ (Dheb).
Dp`rjhe qnnayemh_ Bmqrhrsr` hqrnphh l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ :G KKKJ (Fnqjb`).
F`reph`k{ h hqqkednb`mh_ on `puenknchh KKKJ (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d).
Jnqqhiqj`_ `puenknch_ (Fnqjb`).
Knberqj`_ `puenknch_ (Fnqjb`).
Kbnd `puenknchweqjhu hqrnwmhjnb
Knnayemh_ =nqsd`pqrbemmni :j`delhh hqrnphh l`reph`k|mni jsk|rsp{ (Eemhmcp`d).
Knnayemh_ =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Splhr`f` (Eemhmcp`d).
Lpsd{ =nqsd`pqrbemmncn Splhr`f` (Eemhmcp`d).
Lpsd{ qejvhh `puenknchh Jnqqhiqjni :qqnvh`vhh G`swmn-hqqkednb`rek|qjhu hmqrhrsrnb on
nayeqrbemm{l m`sj`l.
Fekhjhxbhkh =. :. Mp`prqjhe jkhmnnap`gm{e m`dohqh (Fnqjb` 1960).
>|_jnmnb B. F. Mp`prqjhe ohq|l` h dnjslemr{ (Fnqjb`, Eemhmcp`d 1963).
AA
AAA
AAHung
AfO
AJA
AMI
AnS
BAR
BASOR
BAVA
BCH
BMQ
BSA
CT
ESA
IA
JDAI
JHS
JNES
JRGZM
MDOG
OBO
PBF
PPS
PZ
RA
RlA
Archäologischer Anzeiger. Beiblatt zum Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (Berlin).
Annals of Archaeology and Anthropology (Liverpool).
Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae (Budapest).
Archiv für Orientforschung (Graz, Berlin).
American Journal of Archaeology (Princeton).
Archäologische Mitteilungen aus Iran (Berlin).
Anatolian Studies. Journal of the British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara (London).
British Archaeological Reports (Oxford).
Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
Beiträge zur Allgemeinen und Vergleichenden Archäologie (München).
Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique (Athènes).
The British Museum Quarterly (London).
The Annual of the British School at Athens (London).
Cuneiform Texts from Babylonian Tablets in the British Museum (London).
Eurasia Septentrionalis Antiqua (Helsinki).
Iranica Antiqua (Leiden).
Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts (Berlin).
Journal of Hellenic Studies (London).
Journal of Near Eastern Studies (Chicago).
Jahrbuch des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums Mainz (Mainz).
Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft (Berlin).
Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis (Fribourg Suisse, Göttingen).
Prähistorische Bronzefunde (München, Stuttgart).
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society (London).
Prähistorische Zeitschrift (Berlin, London, New York).
Revue Archéologique (Paris).
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie (Berlin, Leipzig, New York 1928 ff).
310
SAA 4
SAA 10
ZA
Queries to the Sungod, ed. by I. Starr = State Archives of Assyria, vol. IV (Helsinki 1990).
Letters from Assyrian and Babylonian Scholars, ed by S. Parpola = State Archives of Assyria, vol. X
(Helsinki, 1993).
Zeitschrift für Assyriologie und vorderasiatische Geschichte (Berlin).
! +!" %
Jhq. 1
Ik`m oncpeaemh_ m` Gnpxsmreoe. Dnmh 1 h 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Jhq. 2
Ik`m oncpeaemh_ m` Gnpxsmreoe. Dnm| 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Jhq. 3
D`lep` brnpncn oncpeaemh_ m` Gnpxsmreoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Jhq. 4
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ m` Gnpxsmreoe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Jhq. 5
J`mmeqjhtqjhe g`qrefjh cnphrnb. 1. Kr`px`_ lnchk`; 2. ;eknckhmj`; 3. Ipsqq{; 4. @spnbj` 447; 5,
16. @spnbj` 432; 6, 19, 20. @spnbj` 406; 7. Lph ;p`r`; 8. Hqm_ch; 9, 10. >`p|ebj`; 11. Iepea{jnbv{; 12. Dniqsch;
13–15. Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 17. Esjh; 18. Dnl`pnbqjhi lnchk|mhj; 21. Sxj`jnm 4; 22. A`keq|e. Dnqr| . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Jhq. 6
:qqhphiqjhi pek|et hg dbnpv` K`pcnm` II b >sp-R`ppsjhme (onleyemhe 6) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Jhq. 7
;pnmgnb{e opedler{ hg oncpeaemh_ F`kncn jspc`m` (:gepa`idf`m) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Jhq. 8
@ekegm{e m`jnmewmhjh jnohi. 1. Lnop`jj`ke; 2. Opr`mnv; 3. G`bsp; 4. Qnp`r`m;
5, 6. >hkhf`m; 7. Kr`px`_ lnchk`; 8. Dekepleq; 9, 10. Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 11. F`jeebj` 491 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Jhq. 9
Jhq. 10
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ Β 10a, β 6 >hmu`-reoe II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Dnqr_m{e }kelemr{ jnmqjni sgd{ (opnmhgh h m`jnmewmhjh oq`khi)
hg Dekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb 1 h 2 <eqeknbqjncn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Jhq. 11
Bmbemr`p| ~fmncn oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 1 s usr. Dp`qmne Am`l_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Jhq. 12
Mgdewm{e m`anp{ h m`jnmewmhjh qrpek qjhtqjncn rho` q D`plhp-;ksp`.
1 – 6. Dnmqj`_ sgdewj` hg onleyemh_ 25; 7 – 10. Mgdewj` jnm_, onchaxecn oph xrsple jpeonqrh;
11 – 18. Dnmqj`_ sgdewj` hg onleyemh_ 18; 19. G`jnmewmhjh qrpek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Jhq. 13
;pnmgnb`_ opnmhg| hg lsge_ Ferpnonkhrem, G|~ Cnpj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Jhq. 14
Bgdekh_ «qjhtqjncn» rho` hg D`plhp-;ksp` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Jhq. 15
;pnmgnb{e jnk|v` q lstrni. 1, 2. «Ixhxqjhi jk`d» 1988 c.; 3. Osrnp :kejqeebqjhi;
4. Eeplnmrnbqjhi p`gzegd; 5. Fnchk|mhj Ixhx; 6. «:jq`iqjhi jk`d»; 7. Dbhrjh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Jhq. 16
Bmbemr`p| jspc`m` M`xuhrs b :d{cee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Jhq. 17
Jejnmqrpsjvh_ jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ K`k`lhm` (Dhop). 1. =pnamhv` 79, B; 2. =pnamhv` 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Jhq. 18
Dnk|v` nr _pl` jnkeqmhv hg mejpnonk_ K`k`lhm` (Dhop) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Jhq. 19
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Blhpkep` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Jhq. 20
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s Eeplnmrnbqjncn p`gzegd` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Jhq. 21
G`undjh hg lnchk|mhj` K`lr`bpn (=psgh_).
1 – 11. Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 106; 12 – 30. Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Jhq. 22
;neb{e jkebv{. 1. Fhmsqhmqj; 2. Ksk`j s Hpemaspc`; 3. :m`m|hmn; 4. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn,
Fsgei Ferpnonkhrem, G|~-Cnpj; 5. Iepj`k|qjhi lnchk|mhj s I_rhcnpqj`; 6. Fnchk|mhj =smdekem;
7. Fnchk|mhj Mic`p`j, jspc`m 84; 8. Incpeaemhe s Blhpkep`; 9. J`inm Fsx`; 10. Fnchk|mhj
K`j`p-w`c` 6, jspc`m 23; 11. Hpeunbn Esc`mqjni nak.; 12. :m`rnkh_, :puenknchweqjhi lsgei Kr`lask` . . . . . 46 – 47
Jhq. 23
G`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg p`gcp`akemmncn oncpeaemh_ lefds L`xnbni h E_dhjnl akhg :l`q|h . . . . . . . . . . 50 –54
Jhq. 24
;pnmgnb{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek q pek|etm{lh lerj`lh b bhde «qked` orhw|ei k`o{». 1 – 3. =sl`pnbn;
4. Gnb`_ ;ekncnpj`, jspc`m 2, oncpeaemhe 38; 5 – 7. J`gcp`akemmne oncpeaemhe lefds L`xnbni
h E_dhjnl; 8. ;nc`gj^i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
312
Jhq. 25
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 2 s q. @`anrhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Jhq. 26
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 16 lnchk|mhj` G`pr`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Jhq. 27
Dnqr_m{e oq`khh «qjhtqjncn» rho`. 1, 2. O`g`mks III; 3. D`ok`mrs; 4 – 5. Q`bsxreoe; 6. Gsx-h >f`m . . . . . . 65
Jhq. 28
;pnmgnb{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek hg ;nc`gj^_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Jhq. 29
Lpeuoerek|w`r{i fekegm{i oq`khi hg ;nc`gj^_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Jhq. 30
;pnmgnb{e m`jnmewmhjh qrpek. 1 – 4. Gsx-h >f`m; 5. F`x`r Os~j; 6. D`_k{depe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Jhq. 31
Dnqr_m`_ ok`qrhmj` hg K`pd q hgnap`femhel qbepmsbxecnq_ uhymhj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
Jhq. 32
Dnqr_m{e ok`qrhmjh hg K`pd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Jhq. 33
Bgnap`femh_ qbepmsbxecnq_ gbep_ b jnwebmhweqjnl gbephmnl qrhke. 1. ;srepnk| hg q. Jsj, Tfm`_
Hqerh_; 2. ;srepnk| hg oncpeaemh_ 164 Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`; 3. ;k_u` hg jspc`m` 482 s q. ;`qnbj`;
4. ;srepnk| hg jspc`m` 21 mejpnonk_ G`pr`m; 5. ;srepnk| hg oncpeaemh_ 216 Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`;
6. ;srepnk| hg jspc`m` 2 s >`p|ebjh; 7. ;srepnk| hg oncpeaemh_ 258 Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`; 8. ;srepnk|
hg N`qj`s, Hqerh_; 9. ;srepnk| hg jspc`m` s usr. Kreomni akhg =sdepleq`; 10. ;k_u` hg jspc`m` 499
s q. ;`qnbj`; 11. ;k_xj` hg jspc`m` 33 lnchk|mhj` Mic`p`j; 12. ;k_xj` hg jspc`m` 27 lnchk|mhj` Mic`p`j;
13. >er`k| ak_uh b bhde o`mrep{ hg Dekepleqqjncn jspc`m` 1 Rsk|v`; 14. ;k_u` hg jspc`m` :pf`m, Lsb`;
15. Jswj` gepj`k` hg p`inm` Dp`qmnd`pqjncn bndnup`mhkhy`; 16. ;k_u` hg Ahbhe, hp`mqjhi Dspdhqr`m;
17. ;k_u` hg Khahpqjni jnkkejvhh Ierp` I; 18. Jswj` gepj`k` hg Dekepleqqjncn jspc`m` 2 <eqeknbqjncn;
19. ;srepnk| hg jnkkejvhh ;`pa|e-F~kkep b @emebe, leqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 –79
Jhq. 34
1 – 3. Dnqr_m{e opnmhgh q hgnap`femhel qbepmsbxecnq_ uhymhj` hg Dekepleqqjhu jspc`mnb.
4 – 9. ;pnmgnb{e opnmhgh. 1. Dspc`m 2, p`qjnojh G. B. <eqeknbqjncn; 2, 3. Dspc`m 24, p`qjnojh
E. D. =`k`mhmni; 4, 5. K`pd{; 6 – 9. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn; 6. Q`qrmne qnap`mhe, =epl`mh_;
7. Fsgei hg_ym{u hqjsqqrb b ;nqrnme; 8, 9. Fsgei Ferpnonkhrem, G|~-Cnpj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Jhq. 35
1 – 7. Bgnap`femh_ cnknb{ uhymni orhv{ b jnwebmhweqjnl gbephmnl qrhke. 8 – 15. «Dk~bnbhdm{e»
h «jncrebhdm{e» opnmhgh. 1. G`jnmewmhj mnfem hg oncpeaemhe 8 jspc`m` 7 s q. Gnbn`kejq`mdpnbj`;
2. Ipnmhg| hg jspc`m` 9 s usr. Inonbj`; 3. >er`k| sgd{ hg jspc`m` 2 s q. >`p|ebj`; 4. G`jnmewmhj
mnfem hg jspc`m` 6 lnchk|mhj` G`pr`m; 5. ;k_xj` hg jspc`m` 2 s q. <nkjnbv{ (p`qjnojh 1897);
6. G`jnmewmhj mnfem hg oncpeaemh_ 246 Lkhiqjncn lnchk|mhj`; 7. G`jnmewmhj mnfem hg oncpeaemh_ 2
jspc`m` Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 8. Dspc`m 466 s q. :jq~rhmv{; 9. Dspc`m 478 s q. <nkjnbv{; 10. Dspc`m 38
s q. =sk_i cnpnd; 11. Incpeaemhe 1 jspc`m` A`u`peijnb` lnchk`; 12. Incpeaemhe 2 jspc`m`
Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`; 13. D`lemmnlnqrqjhi lnchk|mhj; 14, 15. Iepqeonk| . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
Jhq. 36
Bgnap`femh_ jnmei `uelemhdqjni }onuh. 1, 2. Iepqeonk|, pek|et{ `o`d`m{;
3. J`qohqm`_ w`x` hg F`x`r Os~j` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Jhq. 37
;pnmgnb{e ok`qrhmjh q hgnap`femh_lh cnpm{u jngknb h j`a`mnb. 1, 2. K`pd{;
3. Bglhr; 4. Lpn`d` (?), ;phr`mqjhi lsgei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Jhq. 38
;pnmgnb{e ok`qrhm{ h opnmhgh q hgnap`femh_lh cnpm{u jngknb. 1. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn,
P~phuqjne w`qrmne qnap`mhe; 2. Lspvh_, w`qrmne qnap`mhe, KR:; 3. Khph_, Esbp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
Jhq. 39
Bgnap`femh_ cnpm{u jngknb h j`a`mnb. 1, 2. Ipnmhgh hg F`kni :ghh (?), ;phr`mqjhi lsgei;
3. Ipnmhg| hg =ek{, Tfm`_ Khvhkh_; 4. Ik`qrhm` hg ;nc`gj^_; 5. Ipedler hg ;nc`gj^_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Jhq. 40
Ipnmhgh q hgnap`femh_lh cnpm{u jngknb h j`a`mnb. 1. Lspvh_, Fsgei hg_ym{u hqjsqqrb b ;nqrnme;
2. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn, Fsgei hg_ym{u hqjsqqrb b ;nqrnme; 3, 4. Steqqjhi :prelhqhi . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Jhq. 41
Ik`qrhm{ hg qknmnbni jnqrh q hgnap`femh_lh cnpmncn jngk` h a`p`m`. Steqqjhi :prelhqhi . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Jhq. 42
;k_xjh q hgnap`femh_lh j`a`mnb h cnpmncn jngk`. 1. Bp`m;
2. Dspc`m s q. :pu`mcek|qj`_ qknand`; 3. Dspc`m 6 s q. :kejq`mdpnbj`; 4. «Ahbhe» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Jhq. 43
G`undjh hg }teqqjncn :prelhqh_. 1. Anknr`_ ondbeqj` b bhde cnknb{ a{j`, sbemw`mmni cnknbni k|b`;
2. ;pnmgnb`_ ondbeqj`-asaemev; 3. Kr`rs}rj` anchmh hg qknmnbni jnqrh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Jhq. 44
Jek|et{ :xxspm`vhpo`k` II hg Ghlpsd`. 1. Jek|et B.M. 124559 (onleyemhe B, okhr` 27);
2. Jejnmqrpsjvh_ pek|etnb onleyemh_ B dbnpv` :xxspm`vhpo`k` II b Ghlpsde;
3. Jek|et m` okhre 28 hg rncn fe onleyemh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Jhq. 45
Bgnap`femh_ jnmm{u kswmhjnb m` `qqhphiqjhu oew`r_u
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
313
Jhq. 46
Bgnap`femh_ jnmm{u kswmhjnb m` sp`prqjhu apnmgnb{u on_q`u . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Jhq. 47
J`gcpnl `p`anb `qqhphiv`lh. Jek|et{ Kebepmncn dbnpv` :xxspa`mho`k` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Jhq. 48
;`r`k|m`_ qvem` m` apnmgnbnl `qqhphiqjnl bedepje . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 –107
Jhq. 49
Bgnap`femhe m` jk`gnlemqjnl q`pjnt`ce hg ;phr`mqjncn lsge_ (B.M. 96.6-15.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Jhq. 50
>er`k| hgnap`femh_ m` jk`gnlemqjnl q`pjnt`ce hg ;phr`mqjncn lsge_ (B.M. 96.6-15.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Jhq. 51
>er`kh hgnap`femhi m` jk`gnlemqjhu q`pjnt`c`u. 1. Bglhp, Basmahane 3493; 2. I`phf, Esbp, CA 1024 . . . . 110
Jhq. 52
«Srpsqqj`_» `ltnp` hg lsge_ <`rhj`m` (№231) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Jhq. 53
:rrhweqjhi dhmnq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Jhq. 54
>er`k| rncn fe dhmnq` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Jhq. 55
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ jspc`m` 15 s q. Kreakebn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 –117
Jhq. 56
1 – 5. Dk`d apnmgnb{u beyei hg Ksplsxh, =psgh_. 6 – 11. ;pnmgnb{e opedler{
hg oncpeaemh_ 39 Dsa`mqjncn lnchk|mhj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Jhq. 57
;hler`kkhweqjhe jhmf`k{. 1 – 12. Kebepm{i D`bj`g; 13 – 16. I`l_rmhjh «tp`jnjhllephiqjncn» jpsc` hg Pemrp`k|mni ?bpno{ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Jhq. 58
1 – 27. Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ s q. ;sremjh. 28 – 32. G`jnmewmhjh jnohi.
28. Dk`d :depmn, Khvhkh_; 29 – 31. Dk`d Dnlknd, <emcph_; 32. Gejpnonk| Dsl, Br`kh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Jhq. 59
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 35 lnchk|mhj` N`pq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Jhq. 60
Dk`d s dep. Ip~d|, <emcph_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
Jhq. 61
1 – 14. Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 186 lnchk|mhj` Dkhm-_p III s Dhqknbndqj`.
15, 16. G`undjh hg p`gpsxemmncn jspc`m` s q. J`dhnmnbj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
Jhq. 62
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 34 lnchk|mhj` m` repphrnphh Dhqknbndqjni leaek|mni t`aphjh . . . . . . . . . . . 134 –135
Jhq. 63 Mdhk` h oq`khh. 1. >hqjnbhdm{i oq`khi hg Fhjem; 2. >hqjnbhdm{i oq`khi
hg lnchk|mhj` Khmr`xr`; 3 – 5. Mdhk` q dhqjnbhdm{lh oq`kh_lh hg Ew`xemqjhu jspc`mnb;
6. Mdhk` q op_lnscnk|m{lh oq`kh_lh hg Fhjem; 7. Iq`khi hg Nhb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Jhq. 64
;pnmgnb{e opedler{ hg jk`d` b Dbeln-K`qhperh, =psgh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Jhq. 65
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 79 lnchk|mhj` :prhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Jhq. 66
;pnmgnb`_ jnmqj`_ oejrnp`k| `qqhphiqjni p`anr{ q a`r`k|mni qvemni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 –145
Jhq. 67
;pnmgnb{e sdhk` q m`osqjm{lh oq`kh_lh. 1 – 4. Gejpnonk| K`k`lhm` (Dhop); 5. :qru`dgnpqjhi
lnchk|mhj, :plemh_; 6. Iq`khi hg oncpeaemh_ 46 lnchk|mhj` L`j-Dhkhq`, Lph`kerh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Jhq. 68
;pnmgnb{e sdhk` q m`osqjm{lh oq`kh_lh. 1. Fnchk|mhj >hl`v s Dhpnb`j`m`; 2. Incpeaemhe 9
mejpnonk_ D`k`jemr s Dhpnb`a`d`; 3. Incpeaemhe 49 mejpnonk_ D`k`jemr s Dhpnb`a`d`; 4. Dspc`m 1
s :pw`dgnp`; 5. Dk`d hg Lnk`, =psgh_; 6. =pnamhv` 50 (XXI L) mejpnonk_ F`pkhj, Bp`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
Jhq. 69
G`undjh b oncpeaemhh 1 mejpnonk_ Gnp-:pex (Speasmh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148 –149
Jhq. 70
G`undjh b oncpeaemhh 2 mejpnonk_ Gnp-:pex (Speasmh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Jhq. 71
;pnmgnb{e thcspjh nkemei hg cpnamhv{ 50 (XXI L) mejpnonk_ F`pkhj, Bp`m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Jhq. 72
;pnmgnb`_ thcspj` nkem_ hg Lnknpqqjncn jspc`m`, :plemh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Jhq. 73
G`undjh hg Fhmcew`spqjhu jspc`mnb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Jhq. 74
;pnmgnb{e sdhk`. 1. Fnchk|mhj s q. Phmvj`pn, Lph`kerh; 2. O`g`mks IV;
3. Incpeaemhe 74 mejpnonk_ Kh`kj B; 4, 5. Bp`m, rnwmne leqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn;
6. Incpeaemhe 117 lnchk|mhj` Lpekh b Lahkhqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Jhq. 75
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 433 lnchk|mhj` :prhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Jhq. 76
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 218 lnchk|mhj` :prhj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Jhq. 77
;pnmgnb{e sdhk`. 1, 2. Incpeaemhe 112 mejpnonk_ D`k`jemr s Dhpnb`a`d`; 3. Incpeaemhe 10
mejpnonk_ L`j-Dhkhq`; 4. Gejpnonk| K`d`ukn b p`inme Lahkhqh; 5. Inqekemhe s Eemhm`j`m`;
6. Incpeaemhe 67 mejpnonk_ L`j-Dhkhq` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
314
Jhq. 78
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 13 mejpnonk_ ;exr`xemh, Lph`kerh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 –165
Jhq. 79
Dk`d apnmgnb{u hgdekhi hg E`ik`xh, Dnkuhd` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Jhq. 80
Dnmqj`_ sgd` hg O`g`mks IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
Jhq. 81
G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 15 mejpnonk_ Kh`kj B
Jhq. 82
G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 3 mejpnonk_ Leoe =h_m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Jhq. 83
Bmbemr`p| jspc`m` 23 lnchk|mhj` K`j`p-w`c` 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173–175
Jhq. 84
G`undjh hg jspc`m` 524 s q. @`anrhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Jhq. 85
1 – 8. G`undjh hg jspc`m` s usr. :kejqeebqjhi akhg Kr`bpnonk_.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9 – 17. G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 47 mejpnonk_ D`k`jemr s Dhpnb`a`d` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Jhq. 86
;pnmgnb{e sdhk` oepqhdqjncn rho`. 1. Iepqeonk|; 2. :thm{, qkni oepqhdqjncn p`gcpnl`;
3, 4. >ebe Os~j; 5, 6. Feqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn, Dhebqjhi hqrnphweqjhi lsgei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Jhq. 87
Mp`prqj`_ jnmqj`_ sgd`. 1, 3, 4. Mdhk` q m`dohq|~ v`p_ Fems`; 2, 5. Mdhk` q m`dohq|~ v`p_ K`pdsph II;
6 – 12. Mgd` aeg m`dohqei. 1, 2. D`plhp-;ksp; 3, 8, 9. Fsgei =`gh`mreo`; 4. Fsgei <`m`; 5. :gm`bspreoe;
6, 7. Fsgei Sk_g{c`; 10, 11. Fsgei :d`m{; 12. Nhk`dek|thiqjhi lsgei
Jhq. 88
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
1 – 3. Ipedler{ jnmqjni sgd{ hg p`gpsxemmncn oncpeaemh_ s q. F`j`pxem, :plemh_.
4 – 16. G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ m` g`o`dmni njp`hme Dhpnb`j`m`, p`qjnojh 1961 c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Jhq. 89
G`undjh hg «brnpncn jnlokejq`» qb_rhkhy` Fek``mh, bnqrnwm`_ =psgh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 –187
Jhq. 90
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 19 lnchk|mhj` G`a`cpeah akhg Fvuer{, =psgh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Jhq. 91
Dk`d apnmgnb{u hgdekhi hg Feuwhq-Phue, =psgh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
Jhq. 92
Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 16 lnchk|mhj` Lpekh II b Lahkhqh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 –193
Jhq. 93
Mdhk`. 1. ;ekhm (Jsl{mh_); 2, 3. =p`mqnm (Rbeiv`ph_); 4. Dnpqeker (Rbeiv`ph_);
5. Fephcem (Rbeiv`ph_); 6. P~phu-:k|oemje (Rbeiv`ph_) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Jhq. 94
Mdhk`. 1. :pmn`k|dh (Kebepm`_ Br`kh_); 2. Mcp` (<emcph_); 3. N~cnd (<emcph_);
4. <epumejna`mqjhi lnchk|mhj; 5, 6. Bp`m, leqrn m`undjh mehgbeqrmn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Jhq. 95
;pnmgnb{e sdhk` q feqrjnqjpeokemm{lh oq`kh_lh. 1. Kekn Lepelv{; 2. Feqrn m`undjh
mehgbeqrmn, Dhpnbncp`dqjhi lsgei; 3. Dspc`m 26 lnchk|mhj` Mic`p`j;
4. Dspc`m 55 lnchk|mhj` Tfm{i L`chqjem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
Jhq. 96
1 – 13. G`undjh hg jspc`m` 2 s q. ?mdf` (;nkc`ph_). 14 – 18. G`undjh hg jspc`m` 376 s q. Dnmqr`mrhmnbj` . . . 200
Jhq. 97
G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ m` bngb{xemmnqrh Qhxun b :d{cee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Jhq. 98
Iepedme`gh`rqjhe sdhk` hg q`lnqqjncn =ep`inm` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
Jhq. 99
>er`k| reu fe sdhk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Jhq. 100 Dnmqj`_ sgd` hg cpnamhv{ 3 :kr{mreoe, Lspvh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 –207
Jhq. 101 ;pnmgnb{e oq`khh hg cp`ahrek|qjhu p`qjnonj. 1. Ip`hqrnphweqjne cnqsd`pqrbemmneqnap`mhe, F~muem;
2, 3. Pemrp`k|m{i Jhlqjn-cepl`mqjhi lsgei, F`imv; 4. Mmhbepqhrerqjhi lsgei Nhk`dek|thh;
5. Fsgei Sk_g{c`; 6. Fsgei Ferpnonkhrem, G|~-Cnpj; 7. Fsgei Sxlnkhem, Hjqtnpd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
Jhq. 102 Bmbemr`p| Gnq`webqjncn jspc`m` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Jhq. 103 :qqhphiqjhi pek|et hg dbnpv` K`pcnm` II b >sp-R`ppsjhme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Jhq. 104 Kremm{e pnqohqh hg dbnpv` Lhk| ;`pqho` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
Jhq. 105 1 – 12. ;k_xjh. 13 – 19. A`qrefjh. 20, 21. Jejnmqrpsjvh_ jnmqjni sgd{ hg qkn_ p`gpsxemh_ O`g`mks IV.
1 – 6. Dspc`m :pf`m, j`lep` 26; 7. Dspc`m @hpmnjkeebqjhi 6; 8. Fephcem, Rbeiv`ph_;
9. Fekkemrhm, qebepn-bnqrnwm`_ =epl`mh_; 10. Dna`mqjhi lnchk|mhj, oncpeaemhe 31;
11. Dspc`m Krphfem` lnchk`, >nmevj`_ nak`qr|; 12. O`g`mks IV; 13 – 15. Dspc`m :pf`m,
j`lep` 1; 16. Dspc`m :pf`m, j`lep` 31; 17. Dspc`m <{qnj`_ lnchk`, cpnamhv` 2;
18. Dspc`m <{qnj`_ lnchk`, cpnamhv` 5; 19. Dspc`m s q. <`qhk|ebj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Jhq. 106 G`undjh hg jspc`m` s q. Dbhrjh b Inpnq|e
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 –219
315
Jhq. 107 Mp`prqjhe apnmgnb{e jnknjnk|whjh hg bnqrnwmni :m`rnkhh. 1. Dnknjnk|whj
q m`dohq|~ Fems`; 2. Dnknjnk|whj q m`dohq|~ :pchxrh I; 3, 4. Dnknjnk|whjh aeg m`dohqei . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Jhq. 108 ;pnmgnb{e asaemv{ hg Bp`m`. 1 – 3. O`g`mks IV; 4 – 8. =p`ahrek|qjhe p`qjnojh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Jhq. 109 ;pnmgnb{e asaemv{. 1 – 11. Fnchk|mhj :prhj. 1. Incpeaemhe 92; 2, 3. Incpeaemhe 180;
4, 5. Incpeaemhe 196; 6, 10. Incpeaemhe 203; 7, 8. Incpeaemhe 322; 9, 11. Incpeaemhe 360;
12 – 21. Fnchk|mhj Enph-aepd. 12 – 16. Incpeaemhe 2; 17 – 21. Incpeaemhe 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Jhq. 110 ;pnmgnb{e asaemv{. 1. J`d`m|_, F`jednmh_; 2. O`suhv`, F`jednmh_; 3. Srnq, Br`j`;
4. Ehmdnq, Jndnq; 5. Mcp`, <emcph_; 6. Lpfremn, ;ncelh_; 7 –10. Fnchk|mhj Jedjhm k`cep|;
11. ;nknm|_-K`bem`, oncpeaemhe 296; 12, 16 –18. Fhmcew`sp, cpsmrnb{i lnchk|mhj h oepb{i jspc`m;
13–15. ;nknm|_-K`bem`, oncpeaemhe 94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Jhq. 111 G`undjh hg p`gpsxemmncn oncpeaemh_ lnchk|mhj` Dkhm-_p III, p`qjnojh 1987 c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Jhq. 112 1. Rkel hg lnchk|mhj` N`qj`s (=`kh`r). 2 – 10. G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ b Iphlnpqjnl, :au`gh_ . . . . . . . . 231
Jhq. 113 Kuel`rhweqjhi ok`m oncpeaemh_ b jspc`me 1 s q. :pw`dgnp, phqsmnj S. Jeqkep` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Jhq. 114 ;hrb` `qqhphiveb q sp`pr`lh. Bgnap`femhe m` apnmgnbni nahbje «;`k`b`rqjhu bnpnr» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237
Jhq. 115 1. G`yewmhj sp`prqjncn xkel` q m`dohq|~ Bxoshmh. 2. Jejnmqrpsjvh_ xkel`
q }rhl m`yewmhjnl. 3, 4. Rkel{ hg O`g`mks IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Jhq. 116 Mp`prqjhe xkel{ q m`dohq_lh :pchxrh I. 1. Fnchk|mhj <epum__ Jsru`; 2. D`plhp-;ksp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Jhq. 117 Mp`prqjhe xkel{. 1. D`plhp-;ksp; 2. <nqrnwm`_ :m`rnkh_, ;`demqjhi Aelek|m{i lsgei, D`pkqps} . . . . . . 243
Jhq. 118 ;pnmgnb{e xkel{. 1. <nqrnwm`_ :m`rnkh_, =nqsd`pqrbemmne op`hqrnphweqjne
qnap`mhe, F~muem; 2, 3. O`g`mks IV; 4. I`ke-I`tnq, Dhop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244
Jhq. 119 Rkel{. 1. Ahmdfhpkh; 2 – 4. <nqrnwm`_ :m`rnkh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Jhq. 120 Dk`d s cnp{ ;exr`s s I_rhcnpqj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Jhq. 121 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 1 Kskr`mcnpqjncn lnchk|mhj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Jhq. 122 Bmbemr`p| oncpeaemh_ 14 lnchk|mhj` Dkhm-_p III
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
Jhq. 123 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ m` unkle <epey`chm` b Sxeph, :au`gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Jhq. 124 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ b q. :msub`, :au`gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 –253
Jhq. 125 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 11 ;exr`xemqjncn lnchk|mhj`, Lph`kerh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Jhq. 126 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ s D`a`m-cnp{ akhg Dhqknbndqj` . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
Jhq. 127 G`undjh hg oncpeaemh_ 4 lnchk|mhj` «Bmdsqrph_-1»
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Jhq. 128 I`mvhpm{e ok`qrhmjh. 1, 2. :kr{mreoe, Lspvh_; 3. O`g`mks IV; 4. D`plhp-;ksp; 5 – 7. ;nc`gj^i . . . . . . . . . 260
Jhq. 129 ;pnmgnb{i jnmqjhi m`mnqmhj q m`dohq|~ Bxoshmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
Jhq. 130 Ik`qrhmjh hg qknmnbni jnqrh. 1. Fechddn, I`keqrhm`; 2. Smjnlh, Dhop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Jhq. 131 1. :qqhphiqjhi pek|et B.M. 124544 hg dbnpv` :xxspm`vhpo`k` II b Ghlpsde.
2. :qqhphiqj`_ jnmmhv`. Bgnap`femhe m` apnmgnbni nahbje «;`k`b`rqjhu bnpnr» . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
Jhq. 132 :qqhphiqjhe pek|et{ hg dbnpv` Lhck`ro`k`q`p` III b Ghlpsde. 1. Ikhr` B.M. 118907;
2. Ikhr` B.M. 118905 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
Jhq. 133 Dnqr_m{e ok`qrhmjh hg O`g`mks IV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Jhq. 134 Bgnap`femh_ bq`dmhjnb. 1, 2. Jek|et{ hg Ahmdfhpkh; 3. ?choerqjhi pek|et hg Lsphm`;
4. Jek|et J`lqeq` II hg :as-Khlaek`; 5. Kpedme`qqhphiqj`_ oew`r| }onuh K`kl`m`q`p` I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Jhq. 135 :qqhphiqjhi pek|et hg dbnpv` Lhck`ro`k`q`p` III b Ghlpsde. Or. Dr. III. Central XXIII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275
D`pr` `puenknchweqjhu o`l_rmhjnb 1. <nqrnwm`_ ?bpno` h Iepedm__ :gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284 –285
D`pr` `puenknchweqjhu o`l_rmhjnb 2. Bp`m, Tfm{i Mp`k, Pemrp`k|m`_ :gh_ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286 –287
") &($
:ap`lhxbhkh, J.
190
:d`dmhp`ph I
154, 155
:d`dmhp`ph II
155
:d`dmhp`ph III
155
:jspc`k, S.
97
:kejq`mdp F`jednmqjhi
180
:kejqeeb, :. T.
49, 61, 214, 216
:kh`rr
18, 20, 57, 72, 76, 84, 94, 281
:l`mdph, I.
94
:mthlnb, G. <.
122
:pchxrh I
60, 158, 182, 184, 221, 222, 240 –243,
246, 257, 272
:pchxrh II
102, 190, 208
:pdhq
73
:prelhd` Steqqj`_
72, 73, 90, 96, 97
:puhknu
73
:q`pu`ddnm
16, 17, 18, 19, 56, 213
:qr`pr`
105, 272
:rvhmcep, <.
90
:thm`
71
:uelemhd{
16, 60, 105
:xxsp
100, 238, 264, 278
:xxspa`mho`k
16, 17, 57, 60, 100, 102, 143,
210, 212, 235 –237, 270, 282
:xxspm`vhpo`k II
98, 99, 100, 102, 105, 142, 143,
213, 214, 234, 235, 238, 240, 263, 266, 268, 270
;`llep, :.
72, 96, 97
;`pa|e-F~kkep
79, 80
;`udhkhl
272
;ekhmqjhi, :. ;.
234
;epph, ;.
81
;^lep, J.
70, 168
;njunphq
123, 124
;nsgej, U.
120
;pemr|eq, ;.
76
;}kjshkk, K.
277
<`idmep, ?.
154
<`k|da`sl, >f.
81
<`k|w`j, K. ;.
128, 220
<eaep, H.
100
<eqeknbqjhi, G. B.
31, 34, 48, 49, 57, 68, 77, 79, 82,
115, 118
<etkep, F.
98, 100, 213
<hgmep, C.
274
<npnmnb, T. G.
232, 247, 256
=`k`mhm`, E. D.
=epndnr
=eqhuhi
=hc
=hpxl`m, J.
=nd`p, :.
=npekhj, F. <.
=p`mrnbqjhi, S. :.
=p_gmnb, F. I.
=srl`m, :.
>`iqnm, J.
>`phi I
>hrv, M. E.
>nkaefeb, <. B.
>sd`peb, K. E.
>|_jnmnb, B. F.
A`idk|, M.
Ahlphkhl
Aseb, <. T.
Bepelh_
Beqqem, :. :.
Bxoshmh
Bxr`p
C{kd{p{l, J.
D`kkhl`u
D`kkhm
D`kkhqtem
D`k|leiep, I.
Dekk|mep, O.-C.
Dhaek`
Dhqek|, <. :.
Dknwjn, <. B.
Dnbo`memjn, =. L.
Dngemjnb`, <. B.
Dnqhjnb, <. :.
Dnqq`j, =.
188, 230, 255
Dpeg
Dpnk|, K.
Dspnwjhm, =. G.
Dstrhm, ;. :.
Dsxm`peb`, D. O.
D~ooep, @.-J.
Eejk`m, @.
Ehcd`lhq
82
16, 56, 73, 114
73
73
212, 266, 279, 280
172
118
60, 98, 102
172
241, 246
270, 275, 276
16
261
228
210, 234, 240
15, 18, 60, 155
241
272, 274
62
59, 60
120, 128, 247, 276, 277
184, 236, 239, 241, 242, 264, 265
282
182
72
73
73
168
102
84
76
118, 122, 132
125, 210, 214, 216
130, 230, 240, 255
119
18, 21, 24, 35, 48, 49, 124, 125, 154,
69, 72, 90
60
56, 119, 119, 154
230, 232 –234, 247
154
274
272
70 –73
317
Ehqhl`u
71
E}i_pd, =.
236
F`g`p`jh
81
F`prhpnq_m, :. :.
143, 153, 154, 158, 160, 184, 278
F`qj`pekk`, H.
152, 153, 270, 275, 276
F`unpr{u, K. <.
118, 119, 216, 234, 256, 282
Fedbedqj`_, B. G.
17, 27, 35, 57, 60, 62, 137, 155,
162, 170, 180, 210, 263, 264, 266, 270, 272, 274 –278
Fekemr|eb, :. G.
35, 36
Fems`
60, 143, 182 –184, 188, 221, 222, 241,
242, 246, 264
Fhmmq, S.
105
Fhrp`
261
Fnxhmqjhi, :.
230
Fspghm, <. T.
122, 132
Fsph, I.
180
F}dksl, L.
235
G`ano`k`q`p
59
G`bsundnmnqnp
58
Gek|qnm
172
Hlsp`, K.
67
H~m, ;.
152
I`pjep, ;.
100
Ierp I
79
Ihnrpnbqjhi, ;. ;.
232
Ikhmhi
72
Iksr`pu
102
Incpeanb`, F. G.
60, 97, 143, 153, 155, 256
Indnaed, <. :.
49
Inrp`v, C.
180, 194
J`ebqjhi, >. K.
60
J`lqeq II
257, 272, 273
J`lqeq III
257
J`qq`l, H.
59
J`qqek, >f.
236
Jel, S.
241
Jeledf, S.
73
Jeqkep, S.
233
Jnqrnbveb, F. B.
100, 105
Jsq` I
60, 62
Jsq` II
59, 60, 67, 282
Jsq` III, q{m Sphlem{
60, 243
K`kl`m`q`p I
273, 274
K`kl`m`q`p III
213, 236, 238, 240, 242, 263, 266
K`kl`m`q`p V
213, 214
K`pcnm II
26, 27, 71, 100, 143, 210, 212 –214, 234 –238,
263, 264, 266, 270, 275, 278
K`pdsph II
60, 170, 182 –184, 190, 203, 221,
242, 243
K`pdsph III
59, 60
K`pdsph, q{m K`pdsph
60
Khm`uuepha
Kj`jnb, :. T.
Kjnp{i, K. :.
Klhpmnb`, =. B.
Knpnjhm, K. K.
Krp`anm
Krpnm`u, >.
Kskhlhpqjh, L.
Leixea`
Lelmhvjhi
Lepemnfjhm, :. B.
154, 162, 190, 216
Lesxo`
Leunb, ;. <.
Lhck`ro`k`q`p I
Lhck`ro`k`q`p III
266, 269, 270, 274,
Lsjsk|rh-Ghmspr` II
L~pn->`mfem, N.
Mm`k, <.
Nk`md`m, S.
Nnkrhmh, K.
Nnpsch
O`kdh
O`mtl`mm, >f.
O`sorl`mm, O.
O`w`rp_m, L. K.
Obnijn, <. <.
Oepvtek|d, S.
Onc`pr, >.
Onkk, =.
Onunpnbqjh, U.
Opnsd`, ;.
O~rrek|, O.-=.
Q`khxj`m, F.
Qepmemjn, ?. <.
Qfns, A`o`dmne
R`l`x
R`lxh-hks
Rettep, >f.
Rrsjh, J.
Rsk|v, >. =.
Sphjqnm, S.
Sphlem`
Spkhu, <. J.
36, 120,
194, 196, 198, 202,
m Dug-dam-me-i
Sand/ta
m Sa-an-dak-KUR-ru
m Te-uš-pa-a
Λύγδαμις
102, 210, 212, 234 –237, 257, 270
255
118
124
74
70
153, 210
98
241
194
17, 120, 122 –125, 128, 130,
56
230
238, 264
143, 212, 213, 234 –237, 263, 264,
275
142, 238, 242
212, 213
42
26
278
182
241
69, 73
21, 23, 24, 27, 34, 42, 67, 81
142, 160
62
34, 81, 100
90
272
136
153, 236
194, 214, 216
42
256
76, 118
17, 18, 19, 56
213
73
94
34, 48, 77, 79, 118
266
60
128, 130, 132, 134, 137, 176, 178,
228, 234, 235, 261, 262, 277
15
15
15
15
15
") *"&!$ #&!$
$&!$ "1
:`cqr`, oncpeaemhe
255
:au`gh_
56, 230, 231, 251, 253, 255
:as-Khlaek
272, 273
:cp`a-reoe (158)
236
:d`m`, c.
172, 182, 183, 246
:d`xebv{
125
:depmn, jk`d
125, 127
:d{ce_
36, 39, 62, 94, 178, 198, 201
:gepa`idf`m
28, 283
208, 242
– hp`mqjhi
:gh_
20, 56
– F`k`_, qp. :m`rnkh_ 14, 15, 18, 21, 49, 55 –58, 69,
71, 81, 84, 86, 89, 94, 96, 97, 114, 118, 136, 176, 281,
282
– Iepedm__, qp. <nqrnj, Iepedmhi 12,13, 14, 16, 18,
20, 36, 48, 49, 57, 58, 62, 67, 84, 96, 98, 100, 118, 120,
137, 138, 142, 143, 180, 194, 196, 202, 205, 214, 220,
228, 236, 238, 240, 246, 256, 257, 261, 272, 276, 277,
281, 282, 283
115, 118, 172, 176
– Kpedm__
49, 122
– Pemrp`k|m`_
:gm`bspreoe (112)
182, 183
:jj`dv{
272
:jq`i, jk`d (31)
35, 38
:jq~rhmv{, q., jspc`m{ (17)
68, 83, 84, 119
:k`bepdh
151, 232
:kejq`mdpnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (23)
93, 94
:kejqeebqjhi, usr., jspc`m (47)
34, 35, 38, 176, 179, 203
:khx`p (124)
69, 70, 172
:kr`i
76, 94
:kr{mreoe (117)
190, 203, 204, 207, 208, 236, 260, 282
:k|ohiqjhi pechnm
194, 202
:k|ohiqjn-dsm`iqjhi pechnm
202
:k|o{
202
:l`gnmjh
97
:l`q|_ (122)
42, 49, 50 –54, 68, 281
:l`rnmr (Dhop) (141)
143
:lephj`
242
:lk`x
119
:m`m|hmn, lnchk|mhj (35)
47, 48
:m`m|hmqj`_ jsk|rsp`
49, 261
:m`rnkh_, qp. :gh_, F`k`_ 14, 18, 21, 42, 56, 67, 69, 115,
120, 221, 279, 281
172, 222, 236, 243 –245, 257, 264
– bnqrnwm`_
68
– vemrp`k|m`_
:mj`p`, c.
67, 84, 172, 203, 205
:msub` :pl_mqj`_, q., lnchk|mhj (64)247, 253, 255, 255,
256
:mrp`vhrnbqjhi p-m
48
:p`a{
102, 104
:pchxrhuhmhkh (90)
61, 62, 257
:pf`m, jspc`m (184) 76, 79, 80, 122, 176, 178, 203, 214,
214 –216, 316
:plemh_
27, 142, 146, 151, 152, 184, 185, 261, 278
:pmn`k|dh
194, 197
:pqk`m-r`x (148)
235
:prhj, lnchk|mhj (88)138, 141, 142, 154, 158 –161, 176,
221, 224, 232, 233, 277
:pu`mcek|qj`_ qknand`, q., jspc`m (27)
93, 94
:pw`dgnp, q., jspc`m{ (102)147, 151, 153, 154, 158, 160,
178, 232 –234, 238
:qqhphiv{
14, 16, 17, 18, 56, 57, 71, 98, 100, 102, 104,
105, 210, 237, 238, 243, 262, 263, 266, 275
:qqhph_
17, 19, 20, 57, 70, 71, 100, 115, 142, 143, 154,
210, 213, 214, 220, 221, 227, 232, 234, 237, 238, 240,
242, 261, 264, 275, 278
:qru`dgnp, lnchk|mhj (103)
143, 146, 153, 154
:thm{
143, 180, 181, 277
:xr`p`jqjhi p`inm
142
:xxsp (151)
70, 100, 221, 238, 264
:_mhq D`ke (108)
67
;`a`->f`m (164)
170
;`kj`m{, g`o`dm{e
96, 226
;`kksj`_
26
;`lanpqj`_ onk_m`, lnchk|mhj
255
;`qnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (16)
79, 80
;`qr`l (107)
27, 59, 60, 62, 67
;`rhmerhd`
71
;`x`d`p, ;`x`d`pqjhi jspc`m (181)
94
;ekhm
194, 195, 202
;eknckhmj`
26
;ekncp`dev, jspc`m (2)
119, 123, 203
1 < sj`g`rek| me bjk~wem{ onbqeleqrmn bqrpew`~yheq_ b p`anre m`gb`mh_: jhllephiv{, qjht{, Gnbnwepj`qqjhi jk`d, Gnbnwepj`qqj`_ jsk|rsp`, Qepmncnpnbqj`_ jsk|rsp`, p`mmeqjhtqj`_ jsk|rsp`, jekepleqqjhi }r`o (t`g`), f`anrhmqjhi }r`o (t`g`). <
qjnaj`u sj`g`m{ mnlep` m` j`pr`u.
319
;ephjkdeeah (75)
142
;epkhm, c.
76, 172, 228, 241, 246
;exr`s, cnp`, jk`d (50)
247, 248
;exr`xemh, lnchk|mhj (80) 26, 160, 165, 176, 232 –234,
238, 254, 255
;hfe (180)
176
;nc`gj^i (125)
49, 55, 66 – 68, 70, 89, 90, 96, 172, 221,
238, 260, 281, 282
;ncelh_
96, 225, 226
;nkc`ph_
198, 200, 202
;nknm|_-K`bem`, lnchk|mhj
225, 226
;nqrnm, c.
81, 82, 91, 242
;sjqemrk`qkn, jk`d
130
;spl`cewhr (116)
241
;sremjh, q., jspc`m (20)
35, 123, 125, 127, 283
;|emmqjne ng.
194
<`bhknm, qp. Gnbnb`bhknmqjne v`pqrbn
19
<`bhknm_me, qp. Gnbnb`bhknmqjne v`pqrbn
20, 58, 70
<`dem`
194
<`m, ng.
21, 48, 67
<`m, c. (110)
67, 183, 264
<`m D`ke
67
<`p-D`asd, lnchk|mhj (160)
170
<`qhk|ebj`, q., jspc`m (28)
215, 216
<`rhj`m
105, 111
<emcph_
96, 127, 131, 194, 197, 225, 226
<epumejna`mqjhi lnchk|mhj (58)
196, 197
<epum__ Jsru`, lnchk|mhj (56)
196, 228, 240 –242, 246
<hg`mrhiv{
20
<hthmh_
57
<n, j`mrnm
194
<nkjnbv{, q., jspc`m{ (15)
81, 83, 84, 119
<nqrnj, Iepedmhi, qp. :gh_, Iepedm__ 58, 210, 242, 256
<{qnj`_ lnchk`, jspc`m (25)
134, 215, 216
=`b`, jsk|rsp`
130
=`dpejhkh, q.
261
=`g`
138, 142
=`gh`mreo, c.
183, 184
=`kh`r, q. (57)
228, 231
=`k|xr`rrqj`_ jsk|rsp`
123, 124, 277
=`k|xr`rrqjhi lnchk|mhj
124
=`lhp, «qrp`m`»
56, 62
=egep
100, 142
=ek`
86, 89, 90
=epl`mh_
82
214, 215
– qebepn-bnqrnwm`_
=hjqnq{
257
=ndhm-reoe (162)
168
=npdhnm (127)
24, 69
=nph, c.
26, 138
69
=npnd Fhd`q` (Cité de Midas) (128)
=p`mqnm, onqekemhe
194, 195
=pejh
14, 16, 72, 97, 113, 119
=pevh_
58, 97, 125, 138, 142, 221, 226, 266, 274, 278
=psgh_
45, 120, 121, 138, 140, 142, 147, 188, 189, 191,
232, 261
154, 187
– bnqrnwm`_
151
– vemrp`k|m`_
320
=sd`sr` (68)
255
=sdepleq, c. (60)
77, 79
=sk_i cnpnd, q., jspc`m{ (11)
34, 83, 84
=sl`pnbn, q., jspc`m{ (177)
55, 203
=smdekem, q. (54)
47, 49, 56
=smm{
20
=spdf``mqjhi p`inm
261
>`k|bepghm (179)
172
>`p|ebj`, q. jspc`m{ (8)
24, 26, 77, 79, 81, 83
>bhm
154
>ebe Os~j (146)
97, 180, 181
>hgchmj`ke (113)
264
>hkhf`m (95)
27, 29
>hl`v (83)
147, 151
>hmu`-reoe (157)
30, 34, 168
>meopnoerpnbqj`_ nak.
94, 132
>napsdf`
125
>nmevj
48
>nmevj`_ nak.
214 –216
>pegdem, c.
134
>sp-R`ppsjhm, qp. Onpq`a`d (154)
26, 27, 210, 212
?bpno`
137, 180, 194, 202, 226, 241, 242, 276
12, 128, 176, 196, 202, 214
– <nqrnwm`_
214, 227
– A`o`dm`_
– Pemrp`k|m`_ 13, 96, 123, 125, 126, 134, 136, 196,
202, 226, 227, 276 –278, 283
96
– Tfm`_
?btp`r, p.
21, 241
?choer
60, 71, 105, 257, 272
?chor_me
272
?kememdnpt (99)
226
?mdf`, q., jspc`m (1)
123, 125, 198, 200, 203, 220, 283
?peb`m (92)
182
@`anrhm, q., jspc`m{ (13)
34, 62. 63, 176, 177, 178, 198
@emeb`, c.
79, 80
@hpmnjkeebqjhi, usr., jspc`m (33)
214 –216
@spnbj`, dep., jspc`m{ (10)
24, 26, 27, 34
A`bnkf|e
214
A`cpnq
98
A`j`bj`g|e 24, 26, 27, 42, 56, 114, 115, 120, 137, 138, 143,
151, 152, 154, 155, 158, 160, 162, 170, 176, 178, 180,
184, 190, 194, 196, 204, 220, 221, 226, 227, 234, 238,
240, 261, 262, 276, 277, 279, 282, 283
151
– g`o`dmne
56, 188
– vemrp`k|mne
A`j`po`r|e
277
A`jsa`m|e
128, 214
A`keq|e
26
A`onpnf|e
216
A`sp`k|e, ~fmne
138, 262
A`u`peijnb` lnchk`, jspc`m (9)
34, 83, 84
Aemd`m-h Kskeil`m
70
Ahbhe, «jk`d» (159)
67, 76, 79, 80, 93, 94, 266, 280
Ahmdfhpkh (138)
221, 242, 245, 257, 272, 273
Bglhr, c. (129)
86, 87
Bglhp, c.
110
Bepsq`khl (145)
58
Bl`lncks Os~j (119)
67
Blhpkep (121) 42 – 43, 47, 48, 49, 55, 56, 57, 68, 118, 172,
281
Bmdsqrph_, q., lnchk|mhj (51)
257, 259
Bnmh_
71, 94
Bp`jkhnm
102
Bp`m
24, 34, 58, 67, 80, 93, 94, 102, 114, 119, 137, 138,
147, 151–155, 157, 158, 170, 172, 176, 178, 182, 188,
194, 197, 202, 204, 208, 214, 216, 220, 221, 223, 226,
276, 277, 279, 280, 283
68, 210
– g`o`dm{i
27, 196, 208
– qebepm{i
208, 220, 241
– qebepn-g`o`dm{i
Bp`mv{
98, 262, 280
98
– g`o`dm{e
98
– qebepm{e
Bqhm
113
Bqo`mh_
226
Br`j`, n.
225
Br`kh_
124, 125, 127, 226
96, 194, 197
– Kebepm`_
D`a`m-cnp` (51)
257, 258
D`a`pdhmn-;`kj`ph_
21, 84
D`bj`g
13, 18, 49, 56, 118, 143, 152, 153, 178, 196, 228,
234, 237, 238, 240, 247, 256, 257, 280, 283
– Kebepm{i, qp. Ipedj`bj`g|e 24, 26, 35, 55, 115,
118, 126, 134, 180, 194, 196, 202, 228, 234, 240, 246,
247, 257, 261, 277, 279, 282, 283
55
– qebepn-bnqrnwm{i
152, 196
– Pemrp`k|m{i
D`bj`gqjhi upeaer
56, 178, 180, 196, 230, 247, 283
D`dex
272
D`g`uqr`m
115
76
– bnqrnwm{i
138
– qebepm{i
D`k`jemr, lnchk|mhj (97) 26, 27, 147, 151, 160, 163, 176,
178, 179, 226, 283
D`k`ondh
278
D`k`rc`u (157)
263, 278
D`l`m-D`ke Os~j (126)
67, 84
D`lemmnlnqrqjne, q., lnchk|mhj (53)
83, 84
D`ok`mrs (159)
65, 205
D`oo`dnjh_, bnqrnwm`_
138
D`p`a`uqjhe jspc`m{
153
D`p`ask`c (105)
26
D`pekh, dep. (75)
26
D`pkqps}, c.
241–243, 264
D`plhp-;ksp, qp. Leixea`hmh (92) 27, 33– 35, 37, 59, 60,
61, 70, 84, 120, 154, 183, 205, 208, 226, 240, 241, 243,
260, 272
D`po`rn-dsm`iqjhi pechnm
132
D`po`rqjhi pechnm
194
D`pqqj`_ nak`qr|
188
D`puelhx (146)
70, 71, 97, 105
D`qohiqjne lnpe
119
D`w`c`m, jspc`m, lnchk|mhj (84)
151, 170
D`_k{depe (114)
67, 68, 69, 153, 282
Dbeln-K`qhperh, jk`d (77)
138, 140, 160, 232
Dbhrjh, q., jspc`m (4) 35, 38, 123, 125, 216 –220, 227, 283
Dekepleqqj`_ qr`m., mejpnonk|, jspc`m{ (43) 27, 29, 31,
34, 48, 49, 57, 61, 62, 68, 76, 77, 79, 82, 96, 115, 118,
279, 282
Dheb, c.
181, 194
Dhkhjh_
57, 70
Dhop 26, 36, 40, 41, 142, 146, 194, 236, 243, 244, 266, 267
Dhpnb`a`d, c., jspc`m{ (98)
147, 153, 163, 178, 280
Dhpnb`j`m, c. (83)
147, 151, 184, 185, 188, 190
Dhpnbncp`d, c.
118, 198, 199
Dhqknbndqj, c. (51)
133–135, 228, 257, 258
Dhr`i
76, 118
118, 282, 283
– qebepm{i
Dk`gnlem{ (132)
105, 108 –110
Dkhm-_p, q., lnchk|mhj (51) 132, 133, 228, 229, 234, 235,
246, 247, 250, 256, 283
Dna`m, lnchk|mhj (58)
214, 215
Dna`mqj`_ jsk|rsp`
152, 196, 228, 230, 232, 234, 255,
256, 283
Dniqsch
26
Dnkuhd`
160, 166
Dnkuhdqj`_ jsk|rsp`
230, 255, 256, 283
Dnl`pnbqjhi lnchk|mhj
26
Dnlknd, jk`d
125, 127
Dnmqr`mrhmnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (6)
84, 198, 200, 283
Dnpqeker
194, 195
Dnqrpnlqj`_, qr`m.
160
Dp`qm`_ depebm_, q., jspc`m{ (34)
214
Dp`qmnd`p, c. (37)
196, 198
Dp`qmnd`pqjne bndnup`mhkhye
79, 80, 198
Dp`qmne gm`l_, usr., jspc`m{ (48)
24, 32, 34, 55, 282
Dp`qm{i l`_j, lnchk|mhj (65)
255
Dphr
102
Dp{l
55, 77
Dq`mqjne syek|e (71)
120
Dsa`mqjhi lnchk|mhj (40)
121, 122
Dsk`mspub`, lnchk|mhj (63)
255
Dslaskr`, q., lnchk|mhj (56)
196, 228
Dsl{
124, 125, 127, 226
Dspdhqr`m,
105
79, 94, 275, 280
– hp`mqjhi
98
– vemrp`k|m{i
Dsvebnknbj`, q., jspc`m{ (21)
118
Ds~mdfhj, qp. Ghmebh_ (153)
102, 210, 282
D~p->epe
255
E`ik`xh, jk`d (70)
160, 166
E`uhx (145)
221, 236, 257
Eeidem, c.
242
Eemhm`j`m, c., onqekemhe, mejpnonk| (86)
160, 162, 163
Eeplnmrnbqjhi p`gzegd, oncpeaemhe (52)
35, 38, 42, 44
Ehdhiv{
58, 72, 84
Ehdh_
18, 57, 71, 84, 94
Ehmdnq
225
Ehw, dep.
21
Enmdnm
100
Enph-aepd, lnchk|mhj (82)
138, 154, 221, 224, 226, 233
Esam{, q., jspc`m
194
Esc`mqj`_ nak.
47, 48
Esc`mqjne, q.
214
321
Esjh
26
Esphqr`m
17, 170, 188, 212, 256
Ew`xem, q., lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (94)
138, 139, 142,
154, 226, 232, 233, 238, 262
E_dhj
49, 50 –55
F`c`pnh, q.
261
F`ijno, c. (44)
77, 196
F`imv, c.
208, 209, 241
F`j`pxem, q., oncpeaemhe (83)
184, 185, 188, 190
F`jednmh_
96, 225, 226
F`jeebj`, q., jspc`m{
29
F`k`jk~, lnchk|mhj
256
F`k`r|_ (119)
21, 67
F`k`_ Phla`kj` (26)
134
F`k{i jspc`m (106)
26, 28, 42, 170, 172, 190
F`mm`
17, 18, 58, 115, 184, 257, 264, 278
F`mmeh
19, 238, 243, 263, 276
F`p`k{m >epeqh (76)
154
F`pd{
102
F`ph (150)
238, 272, 274
F`pkhj, lnchk|mhj (166)
147, 151–154, 221
F`x`r Os~j (123)
68, 69, 85
Fechddn (143)
261, 266, 267
Fedbhm
178
Fek``mh, qb_rhkhye (74)
187, 188, 190
Fekhd
56, 57
Fekh_ (134)
71, 72
Fekkemrhm
214, 215
Fek|csmnb (Ehrni), jspc`m (14)
48
Felthq
105
Fephcem
194, 195, 214, 215
Feqnonr`lh_
16, 58, 214, 238, 274
18, 19, 272
– Kebepm`_
19
– Tfm`_
Feuwhq-Phue, jk`d (85)
188, 191
Fhdhiv{
19, 70, 71
Fhdh_
17, 18, 58, 60
Fhd_me
98
Fhjem{
138, 139, 142
Fhker (136)
71, 142
Fhk|qjn-D`p`a`uqj`_ qreo|
26, 42, 170, 172, 190
Fhmcew`sp, c., jspc`m{, cpsmrnb{i lnchk|mhj (100) 2 6 ,
42, 154, 155, 156, 158, 162, 168, 170, 172, 176, 178,
190, 225, 226, 278,280, 283
Fhmep`k|m{e bnd{, c. (49)
49
Fhmsqhmqj, c. (183)
47, 48
Fhmsqhmqj`_ jnrknbhm`
48, 281
Fnkd`bh_
124
Fnmcnkh_
76
Fnpjb`xhmqjhi lnchk|mhj (36)
261
Fp`lnpmne lnpe
86
Fsx (115)
47, 48, 49, 57, 118
Fsxjh
56
Fvem, q., lnchk|mhj
151
Fvuer`, c. (78)
188, 189
F~muem, c.
209, 241, 242, 244, 246
G`a`cpeah, lnchk|mhj (78)
188, 189
G`bsp (96)
27, 29
322
G`d|g`mj, jk`d
130
G`pr`m, q., lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (55)
21, 64, 62, 77, 81,
83, 282
G`q`dcnl`ph, lnchk|mhj (73)
261
Geip`a
105
Geiqqe, p.
134
Gex`rek|qjne ng.
194
Ghcngerh, jk`d
188
Ghjnk`ebqjhi lnchk|mhj (39)
122
Ghlpsd, qp. D`k|us (152) 98, 99, 100, 232, 236, 257, 266,
268 –270, 275
Ghmebh_, qp. Ds~mdfhj (153)
210, 236
Gnb`_ ;ekncnpj` (175)
55
Gnbn`kejq`mdpnbj`, q., jspc`m{ (22)
81, 82
Gnbnb`bhknmqjne v`pqrbn, qp. <`bhknm, b`bhknmv{
20
Gnb{ ;`mnbhv{
125
Gnp-:pex (92)
143, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155, 158, 256
Gnp-;`_ger (93)
261
Gnpxsmreoe (118) 21, 22 –27, 34, 35, 36, 42, 55, 56, 57,
59, 68, 170, 172, 257, 282
Gnq`webn (7)
119, 123, 210 –212, 214, 216, 220
Gsahiv{
272
Gsgh (155)
261
Gsx-h >f`m (163)
65, 68, 69, 205, 210
G|~-Cnpj, c.
34, 35, 47, 81, 82, 182, 209, 242
Hdep, p.
134
Hjqtnpd, c.
208, 209, 264
Hpdnq
212
Hpemaspc, c. (176)
47, 48
Hpeunbn, q. (30)
47, 48
Hpunlem
138
Hqerhm{
56
Hqerh_
79
228
– Kebepm`_
77, 79
– Tfm`_
Hqm_ch
26
Hx`j`m
154
I`ke-I`tnq (Dhop) (142)
143, 244
I`keqrhm`
58, 67, 71, 221, 266, 267
I`mhnmhi
71
I`phf, c.
110
I`pmh-=eu (87)
138
I`rmnq, c.
21, 264
Iepea{jnbv{
26
Iepj`k|, lnchk|mhj (50)
47, 49
Iepqeonk| (170)
58, 83– 85, 119, 180, 181
Iepq{
72, 84, 97, 98, 113
Inbnkf|e
48, 118, 281
214, 280
– Ghfmee
Indsm`b|e, qp. Iphdsm`b|e
138, 277
202
– vemrp`k|mne
Inkr`bqj`_ nak.
125, 194
Inonbj`, usr., jspc`m{ (18)
34, 81, 83
Inpnq|e
115 –219
Ipedj`bj`g|e, qp. Kebepm{i D`bj`g 56, 114, 115, 118,
123, 178, 196, 198, 234, 257, 261, 277
55, 282
– vemrp`k|mne
Ipenap`femqjne
35
Iph`p`k|e
48, 49, 160, 172, 203, 281
49
– ~fmne
Iphdsm`b|e, qp. Indsm`b|e
277
Iphem`
71
Iphjsa`m|e
55, 122
Iphlnpqjne, q. (67)
230 –234, 238, 246, 247, 255, 256
Iphsp`k|e
49
48, 49, 203
– ~fmne
Iphwepmnlnp|e 20, 114, 119, 120, 122, 123, 137, 180, 257
– Kebepmne 16, 94, 114, 115, 118, 119, 125, 196, 220,
277
Ipsqq{
26
Ip~d|, dep., jk`d
130 –132, 283
It`rrem
194
Ixhx, jk`d, lnchk|mhj (38)
35, 38, 214
I_rhcnpqj, c. (50)
47, 49, 56, 248
J`d`m|_
225
J`dhnmnbj`, q. (24)
132, 133
J`glemm{i, jspc`m
160
J`q R`lp` (139)
138, 261
J`r`ie
226
Jedjhm k`cep|, lnchk|mhj (95)
225, 226
Jeo_unb`r`_ lnchk`, jspc`m (9) 24, 26, 27, 29, 34, 81, 83
Jndnq, n.
225
Jsj, q. (62)
77, 79, 80
Jsl{mh_
194, 195
K`bpnl`r{
97
K`d`ukn, lnchk|mhj (81)
160, 163
K`j`p-w`c`, lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (172)47,
49,
118,
172 –175
K`jh
16, 18, 19, 20, 97, 105, 113
K`k`lhm (Dhop) (140)
26, 36, 40, 41, 143, 146
K`l`ph_ (144)
70, 71
K`lnq, n. (135)
71, 96, 168, 204, 221
K`lqsm, c.
97
K`lr`bpn, lnchk|mhj (78)
42, 45, 62, 154, 196, 232
K`pd{ (130) 69, 73–77, 80 – 82, 84, 86, 87, 90, 94, 96, 282
K`u`pm`-Knknmwem{, cpsoo` o`l_rmhjnb
124
Keb`m, ng.
262
Kelhpew|e, bnqrnwmne
176
Kh`kj, lnchk|mhj (168)
132, 137, 155, 157, 158, 168 –
170, 172, 178, 180, 190, 212, 214, 221, 232, 274, 276
Khahp|
48, 80, 81
48, 115, 118
– ~fm`_
Khmr`xr`, lnchk|mhj (178)
138, 139, 262
Khoo`p
16
Khphiv{
98
Khph_
58, 86, 88, 105, 221, 272, 275
272, 275
– Kebepm`_
Khvhkh_
125, 127
86, 89
– Tfm`_
Kk`b_me
20
Kknb`jh_, g`o`dm`_
135
Kknbemh_
124
Klhpm` (131)
58, 72
Klnkemhve-Fnk|ohp
135
Knkndj`, jspc`m{ (17)
68
Knrhm
125
Kr`bpnonk|, c. (46)
179
Kr`bpnonk|e
176
Kr`lask
48, 49
Kr`px`_ lnchk`, jspc`m (17)
24, 26, 27, 29, 34, 48,
68, 119
Kreakebn, q., jspc`m{ (5)
115, 117, 281, 282
Kreomni, usr. (60)
77
Krphfem` lnchk`, jspc`m (29)
214 –216
Ksk`j (176)
47
Kskr`m-cnp`, lnchk|mhj (51)
247, 249
Ksplsxh, jk`d (69)
120, 121, 162
KR:
88
K{pd`p|_, p.
203
L`a`k
56, 70
L`c`pqj`_ jsk|rsp`
48
L`chqjem, Tfm{i (173)
118, 176, 199, 203
L`j-Dhkhq`, lnchk|mhj (80)
146, 155, 162, 163, 188
L`k{x
154
L`pq (137)
70
L`xnb`
49, 50 –55
Lahkhqh, c. (79)
138, 157, 160, 163, 188, 193, 234
Lecep`m, c.
266
Leixea`hmh, qp. D`plhp-;ksp (92)
59, 60, 61, 62, 115,
154, 158, 170, 172, 182, 184, 208, 210, 232, 241, 242,
246, 257
Lek|-:l`pm`
138, 142
Lek|-O`k`t (149)
272
Lelhp-cnp`, jspc`m
77
Lemerhmj`, q., jspc`m{ (12)
34, 176, 176, 178
Leoe =h_m (165)
168, 171, 221
Lepelv{, q. (3)
198, 199
Lhk| ;`pqho (147)
212, 213, 263, 264
Lhp
213
Lhphmt
138
Lhpnk|, Tfm{i
194
Lkh, lnchk|mhj (61)42, 42, 77, 80, 81, 83, 152, 196, 230,
255, 255, 256
Lnk`, jk`d
147, 151
Lnknpq, jspc`m (104)
151, 152
Lnl`df`m, dep. (169)
119
Lnop`jj`ke (109)
27, 29, 243
Lp`mqhk|b`mh_
194
Lp`urelhpnbn
138
Lpekh, lnchk|mhj (79) 157, 160, 188, 190, 193, 232, 234,
338
Lpfremn
225, 226
Lph`kerh
26, 146, 154, 155, 157, 160, 165, 188, 232,
238, 254, 255
Lph ;p`r`, jspc`m{
26
Lpn`d`
86, 87, 96
Lsb`
76, 79, 122, 203, 214
Lsmdfekh, c. (116)
241
Lspemc Leoe (171)
194
Lsphm, c.
272, 273
Lspvh_
48, 67, 80, 88, 86, 90, 91, 172, 182, 207, 242, 246,
260
241
– bnqrnwm`_
Lsxo` (110)
67
323
M`xuhrs, jspc`m (42)
35, 36, 39, 123, 128, 178, 257,
262, 283
Mcp`
194, 197, 225, 226
Mic`p`j, lnchk|mhj, jspc`m{ (174) 47, 48, 76, 79, 80,
118, 160, 172, 176, 199, 203
Mk_o, jspc`m{ (41)
94
Mmhe (120)
97
Mp
113, 238
Mp`prs
17, 18, 21, 24, 56, 59, 60, 67, 115, 138, 152, 153,
155, 182, 184, 190, 194, 196, 203, 204, 208, 220, 221,
226, 234, 236, 240, 242, 246, 256, 257, 261, 264, 272,
275, 276, 278, 282
Mp`pr{
14, 19, 57, 59, 61, 62, 84, 102, 138, 153, 172, 208,
236 –238, 242, 243, 262, 263, 276, 278
Mplh_, ng.
214
18
– ophsplhiqjhi p`inm
N`pq, lnchk|mhj (45)
129, 130
N`qj`s, lnchk|mhj (57)
77, 80, 196, 228, 230 –234, 240
Nepc`mqj`_ nak.
172
Nhb{
138, 139, 142
Nhk`dek|th_, c.
172, 183, 205, 209
Np`mvh_, bnqrnwm`_
226
Nphchiv{
57
Nphch_
57
N~cnd
194, 197
O`g`mks (156)
65, 67, 98, 152, 155, 157, 158, 162, 167,
168, 170, 172, 176, 182, 190, 194, 205, 210, 214 –216,
220, 221, 223, 236, 238, 239, 242, 244, 256 257, 260,
263, 264, 266, 270 –272, 274 –280, 283
O`idsanqqnplemh, jk`d
130
O`l`d`m
34
O`meiv{
272, 274
O`mk`p, jspc`m (99)
154, 154
O`qk`s-Jecek|qapsmm, jk`d
277
O`suhv`
225
Oepqnmqj`_ nak.
94
Ohk`jjs
70
Ondf`k{, c., jspc`m{, lnchk|mhj (101)
26, 151, 153,
154, 155, 158, 160, 178, 190
Onpb`rh_
96, 226
Onpq`a`d, qp. >sp-R`ppsjhm (154)
210, 212, 270
Opr`mnv, lnchk|mhj (95)
27, 29
Osasxjh_
18
Osasxm`
56
Ospphr{
274
Phmvj`pn, q., lnchk|mhj (80)
155, 157
Phrekh-cnpeah, q., jspc`m{ (72)
261
P~phu, c.
88
P~phu-:koemje
194, 195
Q`bsxreoe (111)
65, 67, 205, 210, 236
Qepmnkeqqj`_ jsk|rsp`
124
Qexleu-F`uh, lnchk|mhj (161)
170, 188
Qhxun, jspc`m (38)
62, 123, 196, 198, 201, 283
Qlh, q., lnchk|mhj (59)
228
Qnc` A`lahk (167)
142, 261
Qnp`r`m
27, 29
Qsqrqj`_ jsk|rsp`
172
R`lhp`l, jspc`m (89)
142
R`pemcp`d
226
R`pjhxk`
138
R`rr-}k|-:p`a, p.
26
R`ttu`sgem, c.
242
Rbeiv`ph_
194, 195, 214 –216
Ronk`, q. (8)
77, 81
Rsaph_
57
Rslem, c.
202
Scehd`
84
Sk`l
210
Sk`p, lnchk|mhj (91)
226
Sk_g{c, c.
172, 183, 209, 241
Sl`l, dep. (169)
119
Smjnlh (Dhop) (140)
266, 267
Speasmh, qp. :phm-;epd (92)62, 149, 150, 152, 154, 155,
158, 208, 210
Srnq
225
Steq (133)
72, 84, 86, 90 – 92, 94 – 97
Swlh`dghm
143
Sxeph, q., lnchk|mhj (66)
230, 247, 251, 255, 255, 256
255
– <epum__
Sxj`jnm
26
Tj`p{ :mg`t D`ke
67
Allemands
Benacci
Berlin
Bologna
Bombay
Brandebourgeois
Csákberény
Este
Franzosen
Gyula
Hasanlu
Ispánlak
Kisköszeg
Lyoner
Nagyenyed
kur Ni-kip-pa
Paris
Sakā
Somlyóhegy
Somlyóvásárhely
Stillfried
Székesfehérvár
Tarquinia
Ugra
kur Ú-pa-a
Vácszentlászló
Vetropácz
Zürich
18
124
235
124
235
18
125
124
18
125
279
125
125
18
125
266
235
16
125
125
125
125
123, 124
125
266
125
125
235