Romania
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Jan 1859 - Dec 1861
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Jan 1862 - 30 Jun 1866
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30 Jun 1866 - 8 Jan 1948
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30 Mar 1867 - 23 Mar 1872 Royal Flag
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23 Mar 1872 - 30 Dec 1947 Royal Flag
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8 Jan 1948 - 13 Apr 1948
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13 Apr 1948 - 24 Sep 1952
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24 Sep 1952 - 21 Aug 1965
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21 Aug 1965 - 27 Dec 1989
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Adopted 27 Dec 1989
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Map
of Romania
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Hear
National Anthem
"Desteaptate, Române"
(Wake up, Romanian)
Adopted 1990
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Former
National Anthem
"Trei Culori" (Three Colours)
(1977-1990)
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Constitution
(8 Dec 1991)
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Former
National Anthem
"Traiasca Regele"
(Long Live the King)
(1866-1947)
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Former
National Anthem
(1948 -1953)
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Former
National Anthem
"Te Slavim, Românie"
(We praise you, Romania)
(1953 -1977)
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Royal
Constitution
(29 Mar 1923-30 Dec 1947;
in French)
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Capital: Bucharest
(Iassy [Jassy] 1859-1862, 1916- 1918)
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Currency: New Leu (RON)
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National Holiday: 1 Dec (1918)
Unification Day
(of Romania and Transylvania)
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Population: 22,246,862 (2008)
16,126,000 (1941)
5,140,000 (1889)
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GDP: $271.2 billion (2008)
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Exports: $59.75 billion (2008) Imports: $92.09 billion (2008)
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Ethnic groups: Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%,
Roma (Gypsy) 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%,
Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002)
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Total Active Armed Forces: 69,600 (2006)
Merchant marine: 17 ships (2008)
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Religions: Romanian Orthodox 86.7%, Protestant
6.4%,
Roman Catholic 4.7%, Greek Orthodox 0.9%, Muslim 0.3%,
other and unaffiliated 1% (2002)
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International
Organizations/Treaties: AG, ANT, APM, BIS, BSEC, BTWC, CE, CEI,
CERN (candidate), CFE, CTBT, DC, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ENMOD, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC,
ICCt, ICRM, ICSID, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, Intersputnik, IOC,
IOM, IPU, IRENA, ISA, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, KP, LAIA (observer), LU, MIGA, NAM (guest), NATO,
NPT, NSG, NTBT, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PAM (associate), PCA, SECI, SECP, UN, UNCLOS, UNCTAD,
UNESCO, UNFCC, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
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Romania Index
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Chronology
1541
Moldavia and Walachia vassals of Ottoman Empire.
23 Dec 1861
United Rumanian Principalities
(in diplomatic usage by Ottoman suzerain
23 Dec 1861 - 13 Jul 1878: United Pricipalities
of Moldavia and Romanian Lands).
12 Jul 1866
Rumania
9 May 1877
Independence from Ottoman Empire declared.
13 Jul 1878
Independence recognized internationally.
26 Mar 1881
Kingdom of Rumania
2 Sep 1916 - 29 Nov 1918 Occupation of Rumania by the Central Powers
(Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and Ottoman
Empire); Dobruja occupied Oct 1916, Bucharest
on
6 Dec 1916, Central forces reach the lower
Danube and the Sereth in Jan 1917 and are in
occupation of two-thirds the country.
9 Apr 1918
Bessarabia (see Moldova) incorporated into
Rumania; (autonomous to 10 Dec 1918; annexation
internationally recognized from 20 Oct 1920).
31 Dec 1918
Bukovina and incorporated
into Rumania.
11 Jan 1919
Transylvania incorporated into Rumania.
27 Jun 1940
Bukovina and Bessarabia annexed by Soviet Union;
7 Sep 1940 Southern Dobruja restored to Bulgaria 30 Aug 1940
Under German pressure a major part of
Transylvania is retroceded to Hungary.
25 Jul 1941 - 24 Aug 1944 Rumania annexes
Bessarabia, Bukovina, and
Transnistria from the Soviet Union.
15 Sep 1947
Retroceded part of Transylvania is de jure
returned to Rumania (de facto since
11 Mar
1945).
31 Aug 1944 - 10 Feb 1947 Occupied by Soviet Union.
30 Dec 1947
Rumanian People's Republic
21 Aug 1965
Socialist Republic of Rumania
Feb 1966
English spelling officially changed to Romania.
29 Dec 1989
Romania |
Romania
(since 1861)
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Walachia
(1324-1861)
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Moldavia
(1352-1861)
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Transylvania
(1172-1919,
1952-1968)
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Allied
Occupation
(1944-1947)
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Banat
(1716-1779,
1918-19)
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Lugos Neutral
Zone
(1919)
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Dobruja
(1552-1919)
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Historic
Maps
of
Romania
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Orthodox
Church
of
Romania
(until 1925, of
Hungaro-Walachia)
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Romanian
Greek-
Catholic
Church
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Note: The country was usually known as Rumania
until the English spelling was officially changed
to Romania in Feb 1966. |
Walachia
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c.1593 - 22 Jun 1861 State Flag
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Feb-Jun 1821 Rebellion Flag
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24 Jun 1834 - 1858 Civil Ensign
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24
Jun 1834 - 1858 Naval Ensign
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14
Jun 1848 - 13/25 Sep 1848 National Flag
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1858 - 22 Jun 1861 Civil Ensign
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22 Jun 1861 - 11 Dec 1861
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Map of Walachia
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Capital: Bucharest (Curtea de Arges 1330-1430;
Targoviste 1430-1698)
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Currency: N/A
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Population: N/A
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1324
Principality of Hungaro-Walachia consolidated
(Ungrovlahia;
in Romanian commonly called Tara Romaneasca, and even
more colloquially Muntenia), under Hungarian suzerainty
to Nov 1330.
Oct 1394 - 23 Sep 1403 Turkish dependency.
Mar 1427 - 2 Sep 1442 Turkish dependency.
Jun 1541
Part of Ottoman Empire.
20 May 1595 - Dec 1596 Dependency of Transylvania.
16 Nov 1769 - 1770
Occupied by Russia.
1771 - 21 Jul 1774
Occupied by Russia.
15 Nov 1789 - 4 Aug 1791 Occupied by Austria (de facto to 19 Jun 1790).
28 Aug 1806 - 8 Aug 1807 Occupied by Russia (de facto to 1807).
28 Aug 1807 - 1 Mar 1808 Occupied by Russia.
Mar 1809 - 28 May 1812 Occupied by Russia.
22 Feb 1828 - 2 Apr 1834 Occupied by Russia.
Feb 1821 - Jun 182l Rebellion against the Phanariote rulers.
29 Oct 1853 - 31 Jul 1854 Occupied by Russia.
19 Aug 1854 - 5 Oct 1854 Occupied by Austria (de facto
to 25 Mar 1856).
23 Dec 1861
Merger with Moldavia into the
United Rumanian Principalities.
Princes¹
7 Sep 1688 - 4 Apr 1714 Constantin (II) Pavel
Basarab (b. 1654 - d. 1714)
Cantacuzino Brâncoveanu
5 Apr 1714 - 5 Jan 1716 Stefan (II) Constantin
(d. 1716)
Cantacuzino
5 Jan 1716 - 25 Nov 1716 Nicolae (II) Alexandru
(b. 1680 - d. 1730)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (1st time)
2 Dec 1716 - 6 Mar 1719 Ioan Alexandru Mavrocordat-
(b. 1684 - d. 1719)
Scarlati
Mar 1719 - 14 Sep 1730 Nicolae (II) Alexandru
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (2nd time)
14 Sep 1730 - 15 Oct 1730? Constantin (III) Nicolae
(b. 1711 - d. 1769)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (1st time)
1730 - 24 Oct 1731
Mihai (III) Ion Racovita (d. 1744)
(1st time)
24 Oct 1731 - 16 Apr 1733 Constantin (III) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (2nd time)
16 Apr 1733 - 27 Nov 1735 Grigore (II) Matei Ghica
(b. 1690 - d. 1752)
(1st time)
27 Nov 1735 - 1741
Constantin (III) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (3rd time)
16? Sep 1741 - Jul 1744 Mihai (III) Ion Racovita
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
Jul 1744 - Apr 1748 Constantin
(III) Nicolae (s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (4th time)
Apr 1748 - 3 Sep 1752 Grigore (II)
Matei Ghica (s.a.)
(2nd time)
4 Sep 1752 - 3 Jul 1753 Matei (II) Grigore Ghica
(b. 1715 - d. 1761)
3 Jul 1753 - 19 Feb 1756 Constantin (IV) Mihai Racovita
(d. 1764)
(1st time)
20 Feb 1756 - 1758
Constantin (III) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (5th time)
14?Aug 1758 - 16 Jun 1761 Scarlat (I) Grigore Ghica
(d. 1766)
(1st time)
16 Jun 1761 - 20 Mar 1763 Constantin (III) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (6th time)
20 Mar 1763 - 6 Feb 1764 Constantin (IV) Mihai Racovita
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
6 Feb 1764 - 29 Aug 1765 Stefan (III) Mihai Racovita
29 Aug 1765 - 13 Dec 1766 Scarlat (I) Grigore Ghica
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Dec 1766 - 28 Oct 1768 Alexandru (VI) Scarlat Ghica
28 Oct 1768 - 16 Nov 1769 Grigore (III) Alexandru Ghica
(b. 1724 - d. 1777)
16 Nov 1769 - 1770
Count Pytor Aleksandrovich (b.
1725 - d. 1796)
Rumyancev-Zadunaiski (1st time)
(Russian military administrator)
May 1770 - Oct 1771 Emanuel
Giani Ruset "Manole"
1771 - 21 Jul 1774
Count Pytor Aleksandrovich (s.a.)
Rumyancev-Zadunaiski (2nd time)
(Russian military administrator)
26 Sep 1774 - 15 Jan 1782 Alexandru (VII) Ioan Ipsilanti
(b. 1726 - d. 1807)
(1st time)
15 Jan 1782 - 17 Jul 1783 Nicolae Caragea
17 Jul 1783 - 1786
Mihai (IV) Dracon Sutu (1st time) (b. 1730 - d. 1803)
6 Apr 1786 - 19 Jun 1790 Nicolae (IV) Petru Mavroghieni
(b. 1738 - d. 1790)
19 Jun 1790 - 4 Aug 1791 Friedrich Josias Prinz von
Sachsen-Coburg-Saalfeld
(b. 1737 - d. 1815)
(Austrian military administrator;
de facto from 15 Nov 1789)
Mar 1791 - Jan 1793 Mihai
(IV) Dracon Sutu (2nd time) (s.a.)
Jan 1793 - 28 Aug 1796 Alexandru (VIII)
Constantin (b. 1740? - d. 1816)
Moruzi (1st time)
28 Aug 1796 - 9 Dec 1797 Alexandru (VII) Ioan Ipsilanti
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
9 Dec 1797 - 10 Feb 1799 Constantin (V) Hangerliu
(d. 1799)
10 Feb 1799 - 20 Oct 1801 Alexandru (VIII) Constantin
(s.a.)
Moruzi (2nd time)
20 Oct 1801 - 22 May 1802 Mihai Dracon Sutu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
2 Jul 1802 - 30 Aug 1802 Alexandru (IX) Nicolae Sutu
(b. 1758 - d. 1821)
(1st time) (Princely Lieutenant)
30 Aug 1802 - 24 Aug 1806 Constantin (VI) Alexandru
(b. 1760 - d. 1816)
Ipsilanti (1st time)
24 Aug 1806 - 13 Oct 1806 Alexandru (IX) Nicolae Sutu
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Oct 1806 - 31 May 1807 Constantin (VI) Alexandru
(s.a.)
Ipsilanti (2nd time)
28 Aug 1806 - 8 Aug 1807 Ivan Prosorovski (1st time)
(Russian military administrator;
de facto to 1807)
8 Aug 1807 - 28 Aug 1807 Constantin (VI) Alexandru
(s.a.)
Ipsilanti (3rd time)
28 Aug 1807 - 1 Mar 1808 Ivan Prosorovski (2nd time)
(Russian military administrator)
1 Mar 1808 - 18 Sep 1808 Princely Lieutenancy
18 Sep 1808 - Mar 1809 Committee of
Five
Mar 1809 - 28 May 1812 N.F. Engelhardt
(Russian military administrator)
8 Sep 1812 - 11 Oct 1818 Ioan Gheorghe Caragea
(b. 1745 - d. 1845)
16 Nov 1818-30/31Jan 1821 Alexandru (IX) Nicolae Sutu
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
Feb 1821 - Jun 1821 Scarlat
(II) Alexandru Callimachi (b. 1773 - d. 1821)
Feb 1821 - Jun 1821 Tudor
Constantin Vladimirescu (b. c.1770 - d. 1821)
(Conducator [Leader], in rebellion)
1821 - 21 Jun 1822
Stefan Vogorides (Ottoman governor)
12 Jul 1822 - 11 May 1828 Grigore IV Dimitrie Ghica
(b. 1755 - d. 1834)
Russian Military Administrators
22 Feb 1828 - 2 Feb 1829 Peter Christoph
Graf von der (b. 1771 - d. 1864)
Pahlen
2 Feb 1829 - 14 Sep 1829 Pyotr Zheltukhin
(b. 1777 - d. 1829)
24 Nov 1829 - 2 Apr 1834 Pavel Dmitriyevich
Kiselev (b. 1788
- d. 1872)
(Kisolyv)
Princes¹
2 Apr 1834 - 19 Oct 1842 Alexandru (X) Dimitrie Ghica
(b. 1795 - d. 1862)
(1st time)
1 Jan 1843 - 25 Jun 1848 Gheorghe Dimitrie Bibescu
(b. 1804 - d. 1873)
25 Jun 1848 - 10 Jul 1848 Neofit II (1st time)
(b. 1787 - d. 1850)
(President of the Provisional Government)
10 Jul 1848 - 12 Jul 1848 Princely Lieutenancy
- Teodor Vacarescu
- Emanoil Baleanu (1st time)
12 Jul 1848 - 9 Aug 1848 Neofit II (2nd time)
(s.a.)
(President of the Provisional Government)
9 Aug 1848 - 25 Sep 1848 Princely Lieutenancy
- Ioan Heliade Radulescu
(b. 1802 - d. 1872)
- Nicolae Constantin Golescu
(b. 1810 - d. 1878)
- Christian Tell
(b. 1807 - d. 1884)
25 Sep 1848 - Jun 1849 Constantin Cantacuzino
(b. 1800 - d. 1875)
(Princely Lieutenant)
28 Jun 1849 - 29 Oct 1853 Barbu Dimitrie Stirbey (1st time)
(b. 1799 - d. 1869)
29 Oct 1853 - 31 Jul 1854 Aleksandr Ivanovich Budberg
(b. 1798 - d. 1876)
(Russian military administrator)
Ottoman Military Administrators
8 Aug 1854 - Aug 1854 Halil Pasha
(acting)
Aug 1854 - 19 Aug 1854 Dervish Pasha
Princes¹
19 Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Johann Baptist Alexius Graf (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
Coronini-Cronberg
(Austrian Military
Governor)
19 Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Eduard Freiherr von Bach (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
(Austrian Civil Commissioner) 5 Oct 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Barbu Dimitrie Stirbey (2nd
time) (s.a.)
29 Jul 1856 - 30 Oct 1858 Alexandru (X) Dimitrie Ghica
(s.a.)
(2nd time)(Princely Lieutenant)
30 Oct 1858 - 5 Feb 1859 Princely Lieutenancy
- Ioan Manu
(b. 1803 - d. 1874)
- Emanoil Baleanu (2nd time)
- Ioan Alexandru Filipescu
(b. 1811 - d. 1863)
5 Feb 1859 - 23 Dec 1861 Alexandru (XI) Ioan Cuza Voievod
(b. 1820 - d. 1873)
Prime ministers
6 Feb 1859 - 8 Apr 1859 Ioan Alexandru Filipescu
(s.a.)
8 Apr 1859 - 18 Sep 1859 Constantin Alexandru Kretzulescu
(b. 1809 - d. 1884)
18 Sep 1859 - 23 Oct 1859 Nicolae A. Kretzulescu
(b. 1812 - d. 1900)
23 Oct 1859 - 9 Jun 1860 Prince Ion Ghica
(b. 1817 - d. 1897)
9 Jun 1860 - 25 Jul 1860 Nicolae Constantin Golescu
(b. 1810 - d. 1878)
25 Jul 1860 - 29 Apr 1861 Manolake Kostake Epureanu
(b. 1824 - d. 1880)
30 Apr 1861 - 24 May 1861 Barbu Catargiu
(b. 1807 - d. 1862)
24 May 1861 - 23 Jul 1861 Stefan Golescu
(b. 1809 - d. 1874)
31 Jul 1861 - 22 Jan 1862 Dimitrie Ghica
(b. 1816 - d. 1897)
¹Usual translation of the title Domn
(Lord), in full Din Mila lui Dumnezeu, Voievoda si Domn a toata Tara
Ungrovlahiei ("By the grace of God, Governor and Lord of all the Hungaro-Walachian
Land").
Moldavia
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c.1488 - 1861 State Flag
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8 Nov 1834 - 1858 Civil Ensign
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1858 - 22 Jun 1861 Civil Ensign
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22 Jun 1861 - 11 Dec 1861
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Map of Moldavia
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Capital: Iassy (Jassy) (Suceava 1388-1565)
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Currency: N/A
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Population: N/A
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1352
Principality of Moldavia founded.
26 Sep 1387
Under Polish suzerainty.
9 Jun 1456 - 1471
Turkish tributary.
12 Jul 1475
Under Hungarian suzerainty.
1479
Turkish tributary.
15 Sep 1485 - 1489
Under Polish suzerainty.
1541
Part of Ottoman Empire
14 Sep 1739 - Oct 1739 Occupied Russia.
8 Oct 1769 - Sep 1774 Occupied by Russia
(de facto to 15 Dec 1769).
Oct 1788 - Mar 1792 Occupied
by Russia in northern region, and Austria
in southern region (to 4 Aug 1791).
13 Feb 1828 - Apr 1834 Occupied by Russia.
30 Oct 1853 - 16 Sep 1854 Occupied by Russia.
Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Occupied by Austria.
23 Dec 1861
Merger with Walachia into the
United Rumanian Principalities.
Princes¹
18 Dec 1695 - 25 Sep 1700 Antioh Constantin Cantemir
(d. 1726)
(1st time)
25 Sep 1700 - 26 Jun 1703 Constantin (IV) Gheorghe Duca
"Duculet" (2nd time)
26 Jun 1703 - Sep 1703 Ioan Buhus
(Princely Lieutenant)(1st time)
Sep 1703 - 23 Feb 1705 Mihai Ion Racovita
(1st time) (d. 1744)
23 Feb 1705 - 31 Jul 1707 Antioh Constantin Cantemir (s.a.)
(2nd
time)
31 Jul 1707 - 5 Feb 1710 Ioan Buhus
(Princely Lieutenant)(2nd time)
5 Feb 1710 - 4 Dec 1710 Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat-
(b. 1680 - d. 1730)
Scarlati (1st time)
4 Dec 1710 - 22 Jul 1711 Dimitrie Constantin Cantemir
(b. 1671 - d. 1723)
(2nd time)(in rebellion from 29 Nov
1710)
12 Aug 1711 - 20 Sep 1711 Princely Lieutenancy
- Lupu Gavril Costache
- Maxut
- Antioh Jora
21 Sep 1711 - 7 Oct 1711 Gheorghe Apostol
(Princely Lieutenant)
7 Oct 1711 - 19 Nov 1711 Ioan Alexandru Mavrocordat-
(b. 1684 - d. 1719)
Scarlati (Princely Lieutenant)
19 Nov 1711 - 5 Jan 1716 Nicolae Alexandru Mavrocordat-
(s.a.)
Scarlati (2nd time)
5 Jan 1716 - 6 Oct 1726 Mihai Ion Racovita (2nd
time) (s.a.)
7 Oct 1726 - 16 Apr 1733 Grigore II Matei Ghica (1st
time) (b. 1690 - d. 1752)
16 Apr 1733 - 27 Nov 1735 Constantin (V) Nicolae
(b. 1711 - d. 1769)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (1st time)
27 Nov 1735 - 14 Sep 1739 Grigore II Matei Ghica (2nd time)
(s.a.)
14 Sep 1739 - Oct 1739 Münich (Russian
military administrator)
Oct 1739 - 24 Sep 1741 Grigore II Matei
Ghica (3rd time) (s.a.)
Sep 1741 - 31 Jul 1743 Constantin (V) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (2nd time)
31 Jul 1743 - May 1747 Ioan Nicolae Mavrocordat-Scarlati
(b. 1712 - d. 1747)
May 1747 - Apr 1748 Grigore
II Matei Ghica (4th time) (s.a.)
Apr 1748 - 31 Aug 1749 Constantin (V) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (3rd time)
31 Aug 1749 - 3 Jul 1753 Constantin (VI) Mihai Racovita
(d. 1764)
(1st time)
3 Jul 1753 - 19 Feb 1756 Matei Grigore Ghica
(b. 1715 - d. 1761)
19 Feb 1756 - 13 Mar 1757 Constantin (VI) Mihai Racovita
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
13 Mar 1757 - 1758
Scarlat Grigore Ghica
(d. 1766)
14? Aug 1758 - 1761 Ioan
Teodor Callimachi
(b. 1700 - d. 1762)
8? Jun 1761 - 29 Mar 1764 Grigore (II) Ioan Callimachi
(b. 1723 - d. 1769)
(1st time)
29 Mar 1764 - 3 Feb 1767 Grigore III Alexandru Ghica
(b. 1724 - d. 1777)
(1st time)
3 Feb 1767 - 14 Jun 1769 Grigore (II) Ioan Callimachi
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
29 Jun 1769 - 15 Dec 1769 Constantin (V) Nicolae
(s.a.)
Mavrocordat-Scarlati (4th time)
15 Dec 1769 - Sep 1774 Russian Military
Administration
(de facto from 8 Oct 1769)
18 Nov 1771 - Sep 1774 Meder (Russian administrator)
9? Oct 1774 - 12 Oct 1777 Grigore III Alexandru Ghica
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
12 Oct 1777 - 9 Jun 1782 Constantin (VII) Dimitrie
Moruzi (b. 1730 - d. 1787)
9 Jun 1782 - 12 Jan 1785 Alexandru (IX) Constantin
(b. 1742 - d. 1812)
Mavrocordat "Deli-bei"
12 Jan 1785 - 14 Dec 1786 Alexandru (X) Ioan Mavrocordat
(b. 1754 - d. 1819)
"Firaris," "Fugarul"
Dec 1786 - 19 Apr 1788 Alexandru (XI) Ioan
Ipsilanti (b. 1726 - d. 1807)
May 1788 - Oct 1788 Emanuel
Giani Ruset "Manole"
Oct 1788 - Mar 1792 Count
Aleksandr Vasiliyevich (b. 1729 - d.
1800)
Suvorov (Russian military
administrator in nothern region;
de facto to 9 Jan 1793)
- together with -
Oct 1788 - 4 Aug 1791 Austrian
Military Administration
(in southern region)
Mar 1792 - 10 Jan 1793 Alexandru (XII)
Constantin Moruzi (b. 1740? - d. 1816)
(1st time)
10 Jan 1793 - 6 May 1795 Mihai Dracon Sutu
(b. 1730 - d. 1803)
6 May 1795 - 18 Mar 1799 Alexandru (XIII) Callimachi
(b. 1737 - d. 1821)
18 Mar 1799 - 10 Jul 1801 Constantin (VIII) Alexandru
(b. 1760 - d. 1816)
Ipsilanti
10 Jul 1801 - 1 Oct 1802 Alexandru (XIV) Nicolae Sutu
(b. 1758 - d. 1821)
1 Oct 1802 - 9 Nov 1802 Iordache Canta
(Princely Lieutenant)
9 Nov 1802 - 24 Aug 1806 Alexandru (XII) Constantin
Moruzi (s.a.)
(2nd time)
24 Aug 1806 - 15 Oct 1806 Scarlat Alexandru Callimachi
(b. 1737 - d. 1821)
(1st time)
17 Oct 1806 - 19 Mar 1807 Alexandru (XII) Constantin Moruzi
(s.a.)
(3rd time)
19 Mar 1807 - 5 Aug 1807 Alexandru (XV) Hangerliu (d. 1854)
5 Aug 1807 - 7 Aug 1812 Veniamin Costache (1st
time) (b. 1768 - d. 1846)
(Princely Lieutenant)
8 Sep 1812 - 2 Jul 1819 Scarlat Alexandru Callimachi (s.a.)
(2nd time)
24 Jun 1819 - 10 Apr 1821 Mihai Grigore Sutu
(b. 1784 - d. 1864)
10 Apr 1821 - May 1821 Veniamin Costache
(2nd time) (s.a.)
(Princely Lieutenant)
May 1821 - Sep 1821 Alexandru
Ipsilanti
(b. 1792 - d. 1828)
(Princely Lieutenant)
Sep 1821 - 22 Jul 1822 Stefan Vogoride
(b. 1774 - d. 1869)
(Princely Lieutenant)
21 Jun 1822 - 5 May 1828 Ioan Alexandru Sturza
(b. 1761 - d. 1842)
Russian Military Administrator Apr 1829 - Apr 1834 Fyodor Yakovlevich Mirkovich (b. 1790 - d. 1866) Princes¹
Apr 1834 - Jun 1849 Mihai
Grigore Sturza
(b. 1795 - d. 1884)
14 Oct 1849 - 30 Oct 1853 Grigore IV Alexandru Ghica
(b. 1807 - d. 1857)
(1st time)
30 Oct 1853 - 31 Jul 1854 Mikhail Dmitrievich (b. 1795 - d. 1860)
(Russian Military Administrator)
19 Apr 1854 - Aug 1854 Omer Pasha
(Ottoman Military
Administrator)
Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Johann Baptist Alexius Graf (b. 1794 - d. 1880)
Coronini-Cronberg
(Austrian Military Governor)
Aug 1854 - 25 Mar 1856 Eduard Freiherr von Bach (b. 1815 - d. 1884)
(Austrian Civil Commissioner)
14 Oct 1854 - 8 Jul 1856 Grigore IV Alexandru Ghica
(s.a.)
(2nd time)
15 Jul 1856 - 22 Jul 1856 Extraordinary Administrative
Council
23 Jul 1856 - 1 Mar 1857 Teodor Bals (Princely Lieutenant)
(b. 1790 - d. 1857)
1 Mar 1857 - Oct 1858 Nicolae Stefan
Conachi-Vogoride (b. 1820 - d. 1863)
(Princely Lieutenant)
18 Oct 1858 - 18 Jan 1859 Princely Lieutenancy
- Stefan Catargiu (to 1 Nov 1858)
- Ioan Alexandru Cantacuzino
(from 1 Nov 1858)
- Vasile Sturza
(b. 1810 - d. 1870)
- Anastasie Panu
(b. 1810 - d. 1867)
18 Jan 1859 - 23 Dec 1861 Alexandru (XVI) Ioan Cuza Voievod
(b. 1820 - d. 1873)
Prime ministers
29 Jan 1859 - 18 Mar 1859 Vasile Sturdza
(s.a.)
18 Mar 1859 - 9 May 1859 Prince Ion Ghica
(b. 1817 - d. 1897)
9 May 1859 - 12 May 1860 Manolake Kostake Epureanu
(b. 1824 - d. 1880)
12 May 1860 - 29 Jan 1861 Mihail Kogalniceanu
(b. 1817 - d. 1891)
29 Jan 1861 - 5 Oct 1861 Anastasie Panu
(b. 1810 - d. 1867)
5 Oct 1861 - 22 Jan 1862 Alexandru Constantin Moruzi
(b. 1805 - d. 1873)
¹Usual translation of the title Domn (Lord),
in full Din Mila lui Dumnezeu, Voievod si Domn al Tarii Moldovei
("By the grace of God, Governor and Lord of the Moldavian Land").
Transylvania
-
-
1765 - 1 Dec 1918 Principality of Transyl.
-
|
-
-
1 Dec 1918 - 11 Jan 1919
-
|
Map of Transylvania
|
Capital: Alba Iulia
([Gyulafehérvár] 1541-1690, 1918; Sibiu [Hermannstadt] 1918-1919; Clausenburg [Cluj] 1690-1703, 1790-1848; Kronstadt [Brasov] 1848-1867)
|
Ethnic groups: Romanian 51.9%, Hungarian 30.6%,
German (Saxon) 10.4%, Jewish 3.4%, Szeklers, Gypsy, Serb, other 7% (1910)
|
Population: 5,446,326 (1910)
|
896
The Magyars (Hungarians) invade the
area; first dux
ultrasilvanus (Transylvanian prince) recorded.
1070 - 1170
Transylvania progressively attached to the Hungarian
kingdom
1176
First governor with the style vajvoda recorded; this style
becomes standard.
1176 - 1540
A political structure emerges in which the vajvoda, still
appointed by the Hungarian king, becomes
progressively
autonomous and an increasingly powerful
diet is formed in
which the "three nations" - Magyars,
Széklers, and Saxons -
are represented; the Magyars (i.e.,
the descendants of the
Hungarian invaders) include most of
the nobility; the
Széklers, although ethnically
related to the Magyars, are a
mystery regarding their origins; the
Saxons are the descendants
of (peaceful) German settlers; the
Romanian (mostly peasant)
majority population had no political
participation.
1211 - Aug 1225
German Teutonic Order asked to colonize and Christianize the
area by the Hungarian kings, colony
based in Kronstadt.
Apr 1241 - 1243
Mongol army invades, then withdraws.
24 Feb 1538 - 26 Jan 1699 Under suzerainty of Ottoman
Empire
Aug 1540
János Zsigmond Szapolyai (or Zápolya), king of Hungary (in
contention with Ferdinánd Habsburg),
inherits his father's
claim to the crown of Hungary, and
establishes his base in
Transylvania.
29 Dec 1541
Treaty of Gilau, János Zsigmond Szapolyai having relinquished his
claim to the Hungarian crown to the
Habsburgs gets the title
of a prince of Transylvania instead.
31 Dec 1551
Ferdinánd Habsburg (later Holy Roman emperor Ferdinand I)
also lays claim to Transylvania.
16 Aug 1570
János Zsigmond Szapolyai, having relinquished his claim to
the crown of Hungary, adopts the style
Erdélyi Fejedelem
(prince of Transylvania); Transylvania
becomes an elective
principality.
2 Nov 1765
Mária Terézia, queen of Hungary, princess of Transylvania,
transforms Transylvania into a hereditary
grand-principality
(Erdély Nagyhercegség, in German:
Grossfürstentum
Siebenbürgen).
29 May 1848
Diet decrees incorporation of Transylvania into the Hungarian
state (which had deposed the Habsburg
dynasty in Apr 1848).
10 Jun 1849
Union with Hungary formally sanctioned by the Emperor.
7 Feb 1867
As part of the Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich, Transylvania is
formally incorporated into the Kingdom
of Hungary,
the emperor-
king preserving the style of grand
prince of Transylvania.
27 Aug 1916 - 13 Oct 1916 Rumanian
occupation of eastern Transylvania.
7 May 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 Passes
of the Carpathian Mountains annexed by Austria-Hungary.
13 Nov 1918
Kingdom of Hungary enters into dissolution.
1 Dec 1918
Transylvania declares independence from Hungary.
11 Jan 1919
Transylvania incorporated into Rumania.
4 Jun 1920
Formally ceded to Romania by Hungary in the Treaty of Trianon
30 Aug 1940
Under German pressure a major part of Transylvania is
retroceded to Hungary.
21 Sep 1944 - 9 Apr 1945 Soviet occupation
of northern Transylvanian (German and Hungarian
forces expelled on 25 Oct 1944). .
15 Sep 1947
Retroceded part of Transylvania is de jure returned to Rumania
(de facto since 11 Mar 1945).
24 Sep 1952 - 16 Sep 1968 Autonomous Hungarian region in parts of Transylvania (see below).
Princes (title Erdélyi Fejedelem)
31 Dec 1551 - 1 Jan 1556 Ferdinánd Habsburg
(de facto) (b. 1503 - d. 1564)
16 Aug 1570 - 14 Mar 1571 János Zsigmond Szapolyai (b. 1540 - d. 1571)
(in opposition from Aug 1540)
25 May 1571 - 12 Dec 1586 István Báthory de
Somlyó
(b. 1533 - d. 1586)
(king of Poland/grand prince of Lithuania)
(acting to 28 Jan 1576)
1574 - 8 Jul 1575
Gáspár Békés de Kornyáta
(in dissidence)
12 Dec 1586 - 23 Mar 1598 Zsigmond Báthory de Somlyó (b. 1572 - d. 1613)
(acting to 8 Dec 1588)(1st time) (d.
1613)
8 Apr 1598 - 14 Apr 1598 Rudolf Habsburg (1st time)
(b. 1552 - d. 1612)
18 Apr 1598 - 22 Aug 1598 Mária Kriztierna Habsburg
-Princess
22 Aug 1598 - 21 Mar 1599 Zsigmond Báthory de Somlyó (s.a.)
(2nd time)
21 Mar 1599 - 3 Nov 1599 András Báthory
de Somlyó (b. 1562/66 - d. 1599)
30 Nov 1599 - 18 Sep 1600 János Mihály Basarab
-Governor (b. 1558 - d. 1601)
Oct 1600 - Mar 1601 Rudolf
Habsburg (2nd time) (s.a.)
3 Apr 1601 - 3 Aug 1601 Zsigmond Báthory
de Somlyó (s.a.)
(3rd time)
Aug 1601 - 1601
Rudolf Habsburg (3rd time)
(s.a.)
1601 - 26 Jul 1602
Zsigmond Báthory de Somlyó (s.a.)
(4th time)
29 Jun 1602 - Mar 1603 Rudolf Habsburg
(4th time) (s.a.)
(in dissidence to 26 Jul 1602)
Mar 1603 - 17 Jul 1603 Mózes Székely
de Siménfalva (b. 1550 - d. 1603)
(governor to 8 May 1603)
Jul 1603 - 1605
Rudolf Habsburg (5th time)
(s.a.)
21 Feb 1605 - 29 Dec 1606 István Bocskal de Bocskó
et (b. 1557 - d. 1606)
Kismarja
(elected prince of Hungary 20 Apr 1605,
resigns 9 Feb 1606)
17 Dec 1606 - 1607
Bálint Drugeth de Homonna
(in dissidence)
22 Jan 1607 - 5 Mar 1608 Zsigmond Rákóczy
de Felsövadász (b. 1544 - d. 1608)
(governor to 11 Feb 1607)
7 Mar 1608 - 22 Oct 1613 Gábor Báthory
de Báthor (b. 1589 - d. 1613)
23 Oct 1613 - 15 Nov 1629 Gábor Bethlen de Iktár
(b. 1580 - d. 1629)
(contender king of Hungary)
16 Nov 1629 - 21 Sep 1630 Katalin de Brandeburg -Princess (b. 1604 - d. 1649)
21 Sep 1630 - 26 Nov 1630 István Bethlen de Iktár
(b. 1582 - d. 1648)
(governor to 28 Sep 1630)
1 Dec 1630 - 11 Oct 1648 György Rákóczy
de Felsövadász I (b. 1591 - d. 1648) 11 Oct 1648 - 2 Nov 1657 György Rákóczy
de Felsövadász II (b. 1621 - d. 1660)
(1st time)
2 Nov 1657 - 14 Jan 1658 Ferenc Rhédey de Krisréde
(b. 1610 - d. 1667)
14 Jan 1658 - 7 Oct 1658 György Rákóczy
de Felsövadász II (s.a.)
(2nd time)
(continues in dissidence to 30 Mar
1659,
and 24 Sep 1659 - 7 Jun 1660)
7 Oct 1658 - 31 Dec 1660 Ákos Barcsay de Nagybarcsa (b. 1619 - d. 1661)
1 Jan 1661 - 22 Jan 1662 János Kemény
de Gyerö-monostor (b. 1607 - d. 1662)
22 Jan 1662 - 15 Apr 1690 Mihály Apafi de Apa-nagyfalva
I (b. 1632 - d. 1690)
(in dissidence from 14 Sep 1661)
15 Apr 1690 - 1 Jun 1696 Mihály Apafi de Apa-nagyfalva
II (b. 1676 - d. 1713)
8 Jun 1690 - 25 Oct 1690 Imre Thököly de
Késmárka
(b. 1657 - d. 1705)
(in opposition)
1 Jun 1696 - 8 Jul 1704 Lipót de Habsburg
(b. 1640 - d. 1705)
8 Jul 1704 - 14 Nov 1711 Ferenc Lipót Rákóczy
de (b.
1676 - d. 1735)
Felsövadász II
14 Nov 1711 - 20 Oct 1740 Károly József Ferenc
de Habsburg (b. 1685 - d. 1740)
Princess (title Erdélyi Fejedelemnö)
20 Oct 1740 - 2 Nov 1765 Mária Terézia
de Habsburg (b. 1717
- d. 1780)
Grand princes/princesses (title Erdélyi Nagyfejedelem/Nagyfejedelemnö)
2 Nov 1765 - 7 Feb 1867 the rulers of
Hungary
Governors
4 Dec 1690 - 15 Nov 1708 György gróf Bánffy
de Losoncz I (b. 1660? - d. 1708)
(acting to 7 Feb 1691)
15 Nov 1708 - 10 Aug 1709 .... (acting)
10 Aug 1709 - 2 May 1710 István gróf
Haller de Hallerkö (b. 16.. - d. 1710)
(president of the diet)
2 May 1710 - 31 Mar 1713 István báró
Wesselényi de Hadad (b. 1674 - d. 1734)
(1st time) (president of the diet)
31 Mar 1713 - 15 Dec 1731 Zsigmond gróf Kornis de
(b. 16.. - d. 1731)
Gönczruszka
15 Dec 1731 - Jul 1732 István báró
Wesselényi de Hadad (s.a.)
(2nd time) (president of the diet)
Jul 1732 - Jul 1734 Franz
Anton Paul Graf Wallis (b. 1677 - d.
1737)
(president of the government)
Jul 1734 - 2 Dec 1734 .... (acting)
2 Dec 1734 - 18 Oct 1755 János gróf Haller
de Hallerkö (d. 1756)
18 Oct 1755 - Dec 1755 .... (acting)
Dec 1755 - 6 Jul 1758 Franz Wenzel
Graf Wallis
(b. 1696 - d. 1770)
(president of the government)
6 Jul 1758 - 7 May 1762 László
gróf Kemény de
(d. 1774)
Gyerö-monostor
(president of the government)
7 May 1762 - 18 May 1764 Adolf Nicolaus Baron Buccow
(d. 1764)
(president of the government)
18 May 1764 - 21 Jul 1764 .... (acting)
21 Jul 1764 - 20 Oct 1767 András gróf Hadik
de Futak (b. 1710 - d.
1790)
(president of the government)
20 Oct 1767 - 14 Dec 1767 .... (acting)
14 Dec 1767 - 28 Sep 1770 Carl O'Donnell Graf von Tyrconnel
(b. 1715 - d. 1771)
(president of the government)
28 Sep 1770 - 13 Jan 1771 .... (acting)
13 Jan 1771 - 6 Jul 1774 Maria Joseph Graf Auersperg
(b. 17.. - d. 1806)
6 Jul 1774 - 9 Jan 1787 Samuel Brekner, Baron
von (b. 1721 - d.
1803)
Brukenthal
(president of the government to 16
Jul 1777)
9 Jan 1787 - 5 Jul 1822 György gróf
Bánffy de Losoncz II (b. 1747 - d. 1822)
(president of the government)
11 Sep 1822 - 15 Oct 1834 János báró
Jósika de Branyicska (d. 1843)
(president of the government)
15 Oct 1834 - 6 Feb 1835 .... (acting)
6 Feb 1835 - 30 Apr 1837 Ferdinand Karl Joseph Erzherzog
(b. 1781 - d. 1850)
von Österreich-Este
(president of the government)
30 Apr 1837 - 5 Oct 1838 .... (acting)
5 Oct 1838 - 15 Aug 1840 János gróf Kornis
de Gönczruszka (d. 1840)
15 Aug 1840 - 8 Jan 1842 .... (acting)
8 Jan 1842 - 14 Nov 1848 József gróf
Teleki de Szék (b.
1790 - d. 1855)
14 Nov 1848 - 22 Dec 1848 Imre gróf Mikó de
Hidvég (1st time)(b. 1805 - d. 1876)
(president of the government)
Military and Civil Governors
22 Dec 1848 - 11 Jul 1849 Anton Freiherr von Puchner
(b. 1779 - d. 1852)
11 Jul 1849 - 24 Feb 1851 Ludwig Baron Wohlgemuth
(b. 1788 - d. 1851)
29 Apr 1851 - 25 Jun 1858 Karl Borromäus Fürst
zu (b.
1802 - d. 1858)
Schwarzenberg
25 Jun 1858 - 26 Jul 1858 von Lebzeltein (acting)
26 Jul 1858 - 23 Apr 1861 Friedrich Prinz von Liechtenstein
(b. 1807 - d. 1885)
Governors
10 Dec 1860 - 26 Nov 1861 Imre gróf Mikó de
Hidvég (2nd time)(s.a.)
(president of the government)
26 Nov 1861 - 2 Apr 1867 Ludwig Graf Folliot de Crenneville
(b. 1813 - d. 1876)
(president of the government)
2 Apr 1867 - 1 Dec 1918 direct rule by Hungary
President of the Central Romanian National Council (at Arad)
31 Oct 1918 - 1 Dec 1918 Stefan Cicio-Pop
(b. 1865 - d. 1934)
President of the National Government of the Romanian Nation
1 Dec 1918 - 2 Dec 1918 Gheorghe Pop de Basesti
(b. 1835 - d. 1919)
President of the Directing Council
2
Dec 1918 - 11 Jan 1919 Iuliu Maniu
(b. 1873 - d. 1953) PRT
(continued to 4 Apr 1920)
Hungarian Government Commissioner for Northern Transylvania
12 Apr 1944 - Sep 1944 Béla Ricsóy-Uhlarik
Sep 1944 - Oct 1944 Béla gróf Bethlen (b. 1888 - d. 1979)
Romanian Commissioner Oct 1944 - 12 Nov 1944 Ionel
Pop
(b. 1889 - d. 1985) PNT
Chairmen of Executive Committee for Northern Transylvania Feb
1945 - 1945 Teofil T. Vescan
(b. 1913 - d. 1933)
+ Lajos Jordáky
(b. 1913 - d. 1974)
Romanian Commanders in Eastern Transylvania
28
Aug 1916 - Sep 1916 Ion Culcer
(b. 1853
- d. 1928)
Sep 1916 - 3 Oct 1916
Ion Dragalina
(b. 1860 - d. 1916)
28
Aug 1916 - 8 Oct 1916 Alexandru Averescu
(b. 1859
- d. 1938)
28 Aug 1916 - 14 Oct 1916 Constantin
Prezan
(b. 1861 - d. 1943)
Commander of Romanian Troops in Transylvania 16 Apr 1919
- 4 Aug 1919 Gheorghe D. Mardarescu
(b. 1866 - d. 1938)
Hungarian Autonomous Region
24 Sep 1952 Hungarian Autonomous Region (Regiunea Autonoma Maghiara)
created from Covasna, Harghita and part of Mures counties;
(remained an administrative notion).
24 Dec 1960
Renamed Mures-Hungarian Autonomous Region (Regiunea Mures-Autonoma
Maghiara); some counties are ceded to Brasov Region, some
counties are acquired from Cluj Region.
16 Feb 1968
Region dissolved.
First Secretaries of the Regional Committee of the Communist Party
19 Feb 1952 - 1953
....
1953 - Jan 1962 Ludovic
(Lajos) Csupor
(b. 1911 - d. 1985)
1962 - 1965
Iosif Banc
(b. 1921 - d. 2007)
1965 - 1968 Iosif (Jozsef) Uglar (b. 1920 - d. 2006)
Presidents of the Regional People's Council
19 Feb 1952 - 16 Feb 1968 ...
c.1960
László Lukács
PCR
19.. - 19.. Ludovic
(Lajos) Csupor (s.a.) PCR
Party abbreviations: PNT = Partidul National Taranese (National Peasants' Party, conservative, 1927-1948); PRT = Pational Român din
Transilvania (Romanian National Party of Transylvania, nationalist, pro-unification
with Romania); PCR = Partidul Communist Român
(Romanian Communist Party)
Romania
23 Dec 1861
United Rumanian Principalities
(in usage by Ottoman suzerain 23 Dec 1861 - 13
Jul 1878:
United Pricipalities of Moldavia and Romanian Lands).
12 Jul 1866
Rumania
26 Mar 1881
Kingdom of Rumania
6 Dec 1916 - 29 Nov 1918 Southern Romania (Walachia and Dobruja) occupied by
Austria-Hungary
and Germany.
30 Dec 1947
Rumanian People's Republic
21 Aug 1965
Socialist Republic of Rumania
Feb 1966
English spelling officially changed to Romania.
29 Dec 1989
Romania
General Secretaries of the Romanian Communist Party (PCR)(Feb 1948
- 19 Jul 1965,
Romanian Workers' Party [PMR]) Oct 1945 - 20 Apr 1954 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
(1st time) (b. 1901 - d. 1965)
First Secretaries
20 Apr 1954 - 30 Sep 1955 Gheorghe Apostol
(b. 1913 - d. 2010)
30 Sep 1955 - 19 Mar 1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (2nd time)
(s.a.)
22 Mar 1965 - 24 Jul 1965 Nicolae Ceausescu
(b. 1918 - d. 1989)
General Secretary
24 Jul 1965 - 22 Dec 1989 Nicolae Ceausescu
(s.a.)
Princes¹
23 Dec 1861 - 23 Feb 1866 Alexandru Ioan I
(b. 1820 - d. 1873)
23 Feb 1866 - 22 May 1866 Princely Lieutenancy
- Nicolae Constantin Golescu
(b. 1810 - d. 1878)
- Lascar Stefan Catargiu
(b. 1823 - d. 1899)
- Nicolae Constantin Haralambie (b. 1835 - d. 1908)
22 May 1866 - 26 Mar 1881 Carol I
(b. 1839 - d. 1914)
Kings¹
26 Mar 1881 - 10 Oct 1914 Carol I
(s.a.)
10 Oct 1914 - 20 Jul 1927 Ferdinand I
(b. 1865 - d. 1927)
(in refuge at Iassy 3 Dec 1916 - 29
Nov 1918)
Commander of German Forces in Rumania
29 Aug 1916 - 10 Nov 1918 Anton Ludwig August von Mackensen (b. 1849 - d. 1945)
Governor of Military Government in Rumania
(joint condominium of the Central Powers)
28 Sep 1916 - 22 May 1918 Erich Franz Tülff von Tschepe und (b. 1854 - d. 1934)
Weidenbach (Germany)
Kings¹
20 Jul 1927 - 8 Jun 1930 Mihai I (Michael I)(1st time)
(b. 1921)
20 Jul 1927 - 8 Jun 1930 Regency
- Prince Nicolae
(b. 1903 - d. 1978)
- Patriarch Miron Cristea
(b. 1868 - d. 1939)
- Gheorghe Buzdugan
(b. 1867 - d. 1929)
(to 7 Oct 1929)
- Constantin Sarateanu
(b. 1882 - d. 1935)
(from Oct 1929)
8 Jun 1930 - 6 Sep 1940 Carol II
(b. 1893 - d. 1953)
6 Sep 1940 - 30 Dec 1947 Mihai I (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Romanian People's Republic
30 Dec 1947
Petru Adam Groza (acting) (b. 1884 - d. 1958) PCR
(president of the council of ministers)
30 Dec 1947 - 9 Jan 1948 Constantin Ion Parhon
(b. 1874 - d. 1969) PCR
+ Mihail Alexandru Sadoveanu
(b. 1880 - d. 1961) PCR
+ Stefan Voitec
(b. 1900 - d. 1984) PCR
+ Gheorghe Constantin Stere (b. 1893 - d. 19..) PCR
+ Ion Niculi
(b. 1887 - d. 1979) PCR
(acting)
9 Jan 1948 - 13 Apr 1948 Constantin Ion
Parhon
(s.a.)
PCR;1948 PMR
Chairmen of the Presidium of the Grand National Assembly
13 Apr 1948 - 2 Jun 1952 Constantin Ion Parhon
(s.a.)
PMR
2 Jun 1952 - 7 Jan 1958 Petru Adam Groza
(s.a.)
PMR
7 Jan 1958 - 11 Jan 1958 Mihail Alexandru Sadoveanu
(s.a.) PMR
+ Anton Moisescu
(b. 1913)
PMR
(acting)
11 Jan 1958 - 21 Mar 1961 Ion Gheorghe Maurer
(b. 1902 - d. 2000) PMR
Presidents of the State Council
21 Mar 1961 - 19 Mar 1965 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
(s.a.)
PMR
19 Mar 1965 - 24 Mar 1965 Ion Gheorghe Maurer
(s.a.)
PMR
+ Stefan Voitec
(s.a.)
PMR
+ Avram Bunaciu
(b. 1909 - d. 1983) PMR
(acting)
24 Mar 1965 - 9 Dec 1967 Chivu Stoica
(b. 1908 - d. 1975) PMR;1965 PCR
9 Dec 1967 - 28 Mar 1974 Nicolae Ceausescu
(s.a.)
PCR
Presidents
28 Mar 1974 - 22 Dec 1989 Nicolae Ceausescu
(s.a.)
PCR
22 Dec 1989 - 26 Dec 1989 Council of the National Salvation
Front²
26 Dec 1989 - 29 Nov 1996 Ion Iliescu (1st time)
(b. 1930) FSN/FSDN/PDSR
(president of the Council of the National
Salvation Front
to 13 Feb 1990; president of the Provisional
National
Unity Council 13 Feb - 20 Jun 1990)
29 Nov 1996 - 20 Dec 2000 Emil Ion Constantinescu
(b. 1939)
PNT-CD
20 Dec 2000 - 20 Dec 2004 Ion Iliescu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PDSR;2001 PSD
20 Dec 2004 -
Traian Dumitru Basescu
(b. 1951)
PD
(suspended 20 Apr - 23 May 2007)
20 Apr 2007 - 23 May 2007 Nicolae
Vacaroiu
(b. 1943)
PSD
(acting for suspended Basescu)
Prime ministers
23 Dec 1861 - 15 Feb 1862 Alexandru Constantin Moruzi (b. 1805 - d. 1873)
15 Feb 1862 - 8 Jun 1862 Barbu Catargiu
(b. 1808 - d. 1862) Con
8 Jun 1862 - 24 Jun 1862 Apostol Arsache
(b. 1789 - d. 1869) Con
24 Jun 1862 - 24 Oct 1863 Nicolae Cretulescu (1st time)
(b. 1812 - d. 1900) Mod
24 Oct 1863 - 6 Feb 1865 Mihail Kogalniceanu
(b. 1817 - d. 1891) Lib
6 Feb 1865 - 24 May 1866 Nicolae Cretulescu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mod
24 May 1866 - 15 Jul 1866 Lascar Catargiu (1st time)
(s.a.)
Con
15 Jul 1866 - 16 Jul 1866 Constantin A. Rosetti (acting)
(b. 1816 - d. 1885)
16 Jul 1866 - 13 Mar 1867 Prince Ion Ghica (1st time)
(b. 1817 - d. 1898) Mod
13 Mar 1867 - 26 Nov 1867 Nicolae Cretulescu (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Mod
26 Nov 1867 - 12 May 1868 Stefan Golescu
(b. 1809 - d. 1874) Lib
12 May 1868 - Jul 1868 Nicolae Constantin
Golescu
(s.a.)
Lib
Jul 1868 - 28 Nov 1868 Ion Constantin Bratianu
(1st time) (b. 1821 - d. 1891) Lib
28 Nov 1868 - 14 Feb 1870 Prince Dimitrie Ghica
(b. 1816 - d. 1897) Mod
14 Feb 1870 - 1 May 1870 Alexandru G. Golescu
(b. 1819 - d. 1881)
1 May 1870 - 26 Dec 1870 Manolache Costache Epureanu
(b. 1824 - d. 1880) Lib
(1st time)
26 Dec 1870 - 24 Mar 1871 Prince Ion Ghica (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Mod
24 Mar 1871 - 17 Apr 1876 Lascar Catargiu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Con
17 Apr 1876 - 6 May 1876 Emanoil Ion Florescu (1st
time) (b. 1819 - d. 1893) Lib
6 May 1876 - 5 Aug 1876 Manolache Costache Epureanu
(s.a.)
Lib
(2nd time)
5 Aug 1876 - 19 Apr 1881 Ion Constantin Bratianu (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Lib
19 Apr 1881 - 21 Jun 1881 Dimitrie C. Bratianu
(b. 1818 - d. 1892) Lib
21 Jun 1881 - 13 Apr 1888 Ion Constantin Bratianu (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Lib
13 Apr 1888 - 11 Apr 1889 Teodor Rosetti
(b. 1837 - d. 1923) Con
11 Apr 1889 - 2 Mar 1891 Lascar Catargiu (3rd time)
(s.a.)
Con
2 Mar 1891 - 29 Dec 1891 Emanoil Ion Florescu (2nd
time) (s.a.)
Lib/Con
29 Dec 1891 - 15 Oct 1895 Lascar Catargiu (4th time)
(s.a.)
Con
15 Oct 1895 - 2 Dec 1896 Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza
(b. 1833 - d. 1914) Lib
(1st time)
2 Dec 1896 - 12 Apr 1897 Petre S. Aurelian
(b. 1833 - d. 1909) Lib
12 Apr 1897 - 23 Apr 1899 Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza
(s.a.)
Lib
(2nd time)
23 Apr 1899 - 19 Jul 1900 Prince Gheorghe Cantacuzino
(b. 1837 - d. 1913) Con
(1st time)
19 Jul 1900 - 27 Feb 1901 Petre P. Carp (1st time)
(b. 1837 - d. 1919) Con
27 Feb 1901 - 4 Jan 1906 Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza
(s.a.)
Lib
(3rd time)
4 Jan 1906 - 24 Mar 1907 Prince Gheorghe Cantacuzino
(s.a.)
Con
(2nd time)
24 Mar 1907 - 9 Jan 1909 Dimitrie Alexandru Sturdza
(s.a.)
Lib
(4th time)
9 Jan 1909 - 14 Jan 1911 Ion I. Constantin Bratianu
(b. 1864 - d. 1927) Lib
(1st time)
14 Jan 1911 - 10 Apr 1912 Petre P. Carp (2nd time)
(s.a.)
Con
10 Apr 1912 - 15 Jan 1914 Titu Liviu Maiorescu
(b. 1840 - d. 1917) Con
15 Jan 1914 - 9 Feb 1918 Ion I. Constantin Bratianu
(s.a.)
PNL
(2nd time)
(from 27 Nov 1916, in refuge at Iassy)
27 Nov 1916 - May 1918 Nicolae Lupu Kostake
(Home Affairs secretary general; de
facto chief official in occupied area)
9 Feb 1918 - 15 Mar 1918 Alexandru Avarescu (1st time)
(b. 1859 - d. 1938) Mil
(in refuge at Iassy)
15 Mar 1918 - 24 Oct 1918 Alexandru Marghiloman
(b. 1854 - d. 1925) PCP
(in refuge at Iassy)
24 Oct 1918 - 14 Dec 1918 Constantin Coanda
(b. 1857 - d. 1932) Mil
14 Dec 1918 - 1 Oct 1919 Ion I. Constantin Bratianu
(s.a.)
PNL
(3rd time)
1 Oct 1919 - 9 Dec 1919 Artur Vaitoianu
(b. 1864 - d. 1957) PNR
9 Dec 1919 - 19 Mar 1920 Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (1st
time) (b. 1872 - d. 1950) PNR
19 Mar 1920 - 18 Dec 1921 Alexandru Avarescu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PP
18 Dec 1921 - 19 Jan 1922 Dumitru Take Ionescu
(b. 1858 - d. 1922) PCD
19 Jan 1922 - 30 Mar 1926 Ion I. Constantin Bratianu
(s.a.)
PNL
(4th time)
30 Mar 1926 - 4 Jun 1927 Alexandru Avarescu (3rd time)
(s.a.)
PP
4 Jun 1927 - 21 Jun 1927 Prince Barbu Stirbey
(b. 1873 - d. 1946) Non-party
21 Jun 1927 - 24 Nov 1927 Ion I. Constantin Bratianu
(s.a.)
PNL
(5th time)
24 Nov 1927 - 11 Nov 1928 Vintila Bratianu
(b. 1867 - d. 1930) PNL
11 Nov 1928 - 8 Jun 1930 Iuliu Maniu (1st time)
(b. 1873 - d. 1953) PNT
8 Jun 1930 - 13 Jun 1930 Gheorghe G. Mironescu (1st
time) (b. 1874 - d. 1949) PNT
13 Jun 1930 - 10 Oct 1930 Iuliu Maniu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PNT
10 Oct 1930 - 19 Apr 1931 Gheorghe G. Mironescu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
PNT
19 Apr 1931 - 6 Jun 1932 Nicolae Iorga
(b. 1871 - d. 1940) PNT
6 Jun 1932 - 19 Oct 1932 Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (2nd
time) (s.a.)
PNT
19 Oct 1932 - 14 Jan 1933 Iuliu Maniu (3rd time)
(s.a.)
PNT
14 Jan 1933 - 14 Nov 1933 Alexandru Vaida-Voevod (3rd time)
(s.a.)
PNT
14 Nov 1933 - 29 Dec 1933 Ion Gheorghe Duca
(b. 1879 - d. 1933) PNL
29 Dec 1933 - 3 Jan 1934 Constantin Angelescu
(b. 1869 - d. 1948) PNL
3 Jan 1934 - 28 Dec 1937 Gheorghe Tatarescu (1st time)
(b. 1892 - d. 1957) PNL
28 Dec 1937 - 11 Feb 1938 Octavian Goga
(b. 1881 - d. 1938) PNC
11 Feb 1938 - 6 Mar 1939 Patriarch Miron Cristea
(s.a.)
Non-party
7 Mar 1939 - 21 Sep 1939 Armand Calinescu
(b. 1893 - d. 1939) FRN
21 Sep 1939 - 28 Sep 1939 Gheorghe Argesanu
(b. 1883 - d. 1940) FRN
28 Sep 1939 - 24 Nov 1939 Constantin Argetoianu
(b. 1871 - d. 1952) FRN
24 Nov 1939 - 4 Jul 1940 Gheorghe Tatarescu (2nd time)
(s.a.)
FRN/PN
4 Jul 1940 - 4 Sep 1940 Ion Gigurtu
(b. 1886 - d. 1959) PN
4 Sep 1940 - 23 Aug 1944 Ion Antonescu
(b. 1882 - d. 1946) Mil
(from 14 Sep 1940, styled Conducator al Statului
[Leader of the State])
23 Aug 1944 - 27 Aug 1944 Iuliu Maniu (4th time)
(s.a.)
PNT
24 Aug 1944 - 12 Apr 1945 Horia Sima
(b. 1903 - d. 1993) GF
(in opposition; in Germany exile)
27 Aug 1944 - 2 Dec 1944 Constantin Sanatescu
(b. 1885 - d. 1947) Mil
2 Dec 1944 - 6 Mar 1945 Nicolae Radescu
(b. 1874 - d. 1953) Mil
6 Mar 1945 - 30 Dec 1947 Petru Groza
(s.a.)
FP;1947 PCR
Chairmen of the Council of Ministers
1 Jan 1948 - 2 Jun 1952 Petru Groza
(s.a.)
PCR;1948 PMR
2 Jun 1952 - 2 Oct 1955 Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej
(s.a.)
PMR
2 Oct 1955 - 21 Mar 1961 Chivu Stoica
(s.a.)
PMR
21 Mar 1961 - 29 Mar 1974 Ion Gheorghe Maurer
(s.a.)
PMR;1965 PCR
29 Mar 1974 - 29 Mar 1979 Manea Manescu
(b. 1916 - d. 2009)
PCR
29 Mar 1979 - 21 May 1982 Ilie Verdet
(b. 1925 - d. 2001) PCR
21 May 1982 - 22 Dec 1989 Constantin Dascalescu
(b. 1923 - d. 2003) PCR
Prime ministers
26 Dec 1989 - 1 Oct 1991 Petre Roman
(b. 1946)
FSN
(interim to 20 Jun 1990)
1 Oct 1991 - 4 Nov 1992 Theodor Stolojan
(b. 1943)
Non-party
4 Nov 1992 - 12 Dec 1996 Nicolae Vacaroiu
(s.a.) Non-party;1996
PDSR
12 Dec 1996 - 30 Mar 1998 Victor Ciorbea
(b. 1954)
PNT-CD
30 Mar 1998 - 15 Apr 1998 Gavril Dejeu (interim)
(b. 1932)
PNT-CD
15 Apr 1998 - 14 Dec 1999 Radu Vasile
(b. 1942)
PNT-CD
14 Dec 1999 - 22 Dec 1999 Alexandru Athanasiu (interim)
(b. 1955)
PSDR
22 Dec 1999 - 28 Dec 2000 Constantin Mugur Isarescu
(b. 1949)
Non-party
28 Dec 2000 - 21 Dec 2004 Adrian Nastase
(b. 1950)
PDSR;2001 PSD
21 Dec 2004 - 29 Dec 2004 Eugen Bejinariu (interim)
(b. 1959)
PSD
29 Dec 2004 - 22 Dec 2008 Calin Popescu-Tariceanu
(b. 1952)
PNL 22 Dec 2008 -
Emil Boc
(b. 1966) PD-L
Allied Occupation
Soviet Military Commander
31 Aug 1944 - 12 Sep 1944 Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (b. 1898 - d. 1967)
Chairmen of the Allied Control Commission
12 Sep 1944 - Oct 1944 Rodion Yakovlevich Malinovsky
(s.a.)
(U.S.S.R.)
12 Sep 1944 - Oct 1944 Vladislav Petrovich Vinogradov (b. 1899 - d. 1962)
(acting for Malinovsky)
28 Oct 1944 - Apr 1946 Fyodor Ivanovich
Tolbukhin (s.a.)
(Soviet Union)
28 Oct 1944 - Apr 1946
Sergey Semyonovich Biriuzov (b.
1904 - d. 1964)
(acting for Tolbukhin)
(Soviet Union) Apr 1946
- 15 Sep 1947 Aleksandr Ivanovich
Cherepanov (b.
1895 - d. 1984)
(acting to ... 1947) (Soviet
Union)
¹The full style of the rulers:
(a) 23 Dec 1861 - 12 Jul 1866 (New Style): Cu mila lui Domnezeu
si Voina Nationala,
Domn [or Domnitor] Principatelor-Unite-Romane
("with
the Lord's Help and by the Will of
the Nation, Lord [or Ruler] of the United Romanian Principalities");
(b) 12 Jul 1866 - 26 Mar 1881 (New Style): Prin gratia lui Domnezeu
si Vointa
Nationala,
Domn al Romaniei ("by the Grace of the Lord and
by the Will of the Nation,
Lord of Romania") note: in this style, the word "Domn" is
often replaced by "Domnitor"
or by "Principe" (Prince); and the words "al Romaniei"
{of Romania} are sometimes
replaced by "al Romanilor" (of the Romanians). There was
no obvious rule to these
substitutions; they occur, i.e., on coins, state seals;
(c) 26 Mar 1881 (New Style) - 30 Dec 1947: Prin gratia lui Domnezeu
si Vointa Nationala, Rege al Romaniei ("by the Grace of the
Lord and by the Will of the Nation, King of
Romania") note: in this style, the words "al Romaniei" are sometimes replaced by
"al Romanilor" (of the Romanians).
² Members: Ion Iliescu (s.a.) (spokesman),
Doina Cornea (f) (b. 1929), Ana Blandiana (f) (b. 1942), Mircea Dinescu (b.
1950), László Tökes (b. 1952), Dumitru Mazilu (b. 1934),
Dan Desliu (b. 1927 - d. 1992), Aurel Dragos Munteanu (b. 1942 - d. 2005),
Corneliu Manescu (b. 1916 - d. 2000), Alexandru Birladeanu (b. 1911 - d.
1997), Silviu Brucan (b. 1916 - d. 2006), Petre Roman (s.a.), Ion Caramitru
(b. 1942), Sergiu Nicolaescu (b. 1930), Mihai Montanu (b. 1949), Mihai Ispas,
Gelu Voican Voiculescu (b. 1941), Dan Martian (b. 1935 - d. 2002), Vasile
Neacsa, Cristina Ciontu (f), Marian Baciu, Bujor-Bogdan Teodoriu
(b. 1953), Eugenia Iorga (f), Paul Negritiu, Gheorghe Manole (b. 1949), Vladimir
Ionescu, Adrian Sirbu, Constantin Cirjan, Géza Domokos (b. 1928),
Magdalena Ionescu (f), Marian Mierla, Constantin Ivanovici (b. 1947), Vlad
Ovidiu, Valeriu Bucurescu, Stefan Gusa (b. 1940 - d. 1994), Victor Stanculescu (b.
1928), Dan Voinea (b. 1959), Mihai Lupoi, Emil Dumitrescu (b. 1935).
Territorial Disputes: The ICJ gave Ukraine until Dec 2006
to reply, and Romania until Jun 2007 to issue a rejoinder, in their dispute
submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island
and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania also opposes Ukraine's
reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to
the Black Sea; Hungary amended the status law extending special social
and cultural benefits to ethnic Hungarians in Romania, to which Romania
had objected.
Party abbreviations: PD-L = Partidul Democrat-Liberal (Democratic Liberal Party, center-right); PNL = Partidul Nationale Liberal (National Liberal Party);
PNT-CD
=
Partidul National Taranese-Crestin Democrat (National Peasants' Party-Christian
Democratic, christian-
democratic; until 2001 Christian Democratic National Alliance);
PRM
= Partidul Romania Mare (Party of Great Romania, nationalist, C. Tudor
personalist); PSD = Partiul Social Democrat (Social Democrat Party,
social-democatic, est.2001 from FDSN, PSDR, and PDSR); PTUR = Partidul Taranesc Unitar din România (United
Taranesc Party of Romania); PUNR = Partidul Unitati Nationale Romane (National Unity
Party, nationalist); Mil = Military;
- Former parties: CDR = Democratic Convention
of Romania (alliance of parties, to 2000);
Con = Conservative; CP = Conservative Party; FP
= Frontul Plugarilor ("Ploughmen's/Plowmen's Front", communist front);
FRN
= Frontul Renasterii Nationale (Front of National Renasisance, 15 Dec 1938
founded, replaced by PN 22 Jun 1940 -only legal party); FDSN = Frontul
Democratiei Salvarii Nationale (Democratic National Salvation Front, renamed
1992-93, from 1993 PSDR);
FSN = Frontul Salvarii Nationale (National Salvation Front,
renamed FDSN 1992);
GF = Garda de Fier (Iron Guard, 1930 founded, Dec 1933 banned,
1935 refounded as Totul pentru tara/Everything for the country; fascist, anti-Semitic, 14 Sep 1940-23 Jan 1941-only legal party); Lib = Liberal;
Mod
= Moderate; PCD = Partidul Conservator-Democrat (Conservative Democratic
Party, Oct 1919 renamed); PCP = Partidul Conservator Progresist
(Conservative Progressive Party); PCR = Partidul Communist Român
(Romanian Communist Party -only legal party 1947-1990, named PMR Feb 1948-Jul 1965);
PD = Partidul Democrat (Democratic
Party, social-democratic, 2006-2008, merged into PD-L); PDSR = Partidul Democratiei Sociale
din Romania (Party of Social Democracy of Romania, ex-communist, 2001 merges
into PSD); PDU = Partidul Democratic Unionist (Democratic Unionist
Party, dissolved 1922);
PMR = Romanian Workers'
Party (communisty, only legal party, Feb 1948-Jul 1965, renamed PCR); PN = Partidul Natiunii (Party of the Nation, est.22 Jun
1940, abolished 14 Sep 1940 replaced by Iron Guard [GF] -only legal party);
PNR
= Partidul National Român (Romanian National Party, 1926 formed of
PTUR and Partidul National Român din Transilvania/Romanian National
Party of Transylvania); PNT = Partidul National Taranese (National Peasants' Party, conservative, 1927-1948); PP = Partidul Poporului (People's Party,
Averescu personalist, populist);
PSDR = Partidul Social Democrat Romania (Social Democratic
Party, social-democratic, 16 Jun 2001 merges with Romanian Social-Democratic
Party: renamed PSD)
Banat
1 Nov - 15 Nov 1918 Banat Republic flag?
10th cent.
Duchy of Banat
29 Apr 1091
Under rule by the Cumans.
31 Jul 1227
Part of Hungary.
1279
Part of Walachia.
9 Jan 1438
Part of Ottoman Empire (from 1485, Pashalik of
Temesvár).
17 Oct 1716
Austrian occupation.
2 Nov 1716
Under Austrian administration (Banat of Temes
[Temesch]).
23 Apr 1779
Incorporated into Hungary.
18 Nov 1849
Vojvodina autonomous within the Austrian Empire as
Governorate of Temesch and Serbian
Vojvodina
(see Vojvodina under Serbia).
27 Dec 1860
Autonomy abolished incorporation into Hungary.
21 Dec 1867
Part of the "Hungarian" half of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy
(i.e. of the "Lands of the Holy Hungarian
Crown").
31 Oct 1918
Independence declared as the Banat Republic (recognized only
by Hungary), with a capital at Temesvár (Timisoara).
15 Nov 1918 - 20 Feb 1919 Serbian occupation.
20 Feb 1919
Eastern Banat, around Temesvár (later Timisoara), annexed
by Romania; western Banat annexed by
Yugoslavia
(within Serbia [later as part of Vojvodina]).
23 Jul 1919 - 12 Aug 1919 Allied occupation.
Austrian Commander
17 Oct 1716 - 2 Nov 1716 François-Eugéne
Fürst von Savoie- (b. 1663 - d. 1736)
Soissons
Governors
2 Nov 1716 - 29 Jun 1734 Claudius Florimund, Count
Mercy (b. 1666 - d. 1734)
d'Argenteau
1719 - 1722
Franz Paul Graf von Wallis
(b. 1677 - d. 1737)
(acting for Mercy)(1st time)
1733 - 1734
Franz Paul Graf von Wallis
(s.a.)
(acting for Mercy)(2nd time)
1734 - 9 Jan 1738
Johann Andreas Graf Hamilton (b. 1679
- d. 1738)
9 Jan 1738 - 18 Feb 1738 Johann Jakob Benedikt von Neffzern
(acting)
18 Feb 1738 - 1740
Wilhelm Reinhard Graf von Neipperg (b. 1684 - d. 1774)
1740 - 1742
Scotti (acting)
1742 - 18 Oct 1753
Franz Leopold Anton Ponz Freiherr (b. 1692 - d. 1772)
von Engelshofen
219 Dec 1753 - Dec 1768
Francesco de Paula Ramón Graf (b. 1704 - d. 1773)
Vilana-Perlas, marchese de Rialpo
Jan 1769 - 1774 Karl Ignaz Reichsgraf von Clary (b. 1729 - d. 1791)
und Aldringen
1774 - 1779
Giovani Pompeo Graf von Brigido (b. 1729 - d. 1811)
und Bresowitz Chairman of the Executive Committee
31 Oct 1918 - 8 Nov 1918 Otto Roth
(b. 1884 - d. 1956)
Government Commissioners
8 Nov 1918 - 20 Nov 1918 Albert Bartha
(b. 1877 -
d. 1960)
20 Nov 1918 - 20 Feb 1919 Otto Roth
(s.a.)
Commander
16 Nov 1918 - 24 Nov 1918 Zhivojin Mishic (Serbia)
(b. 1855 - d. 1921)
Commandant
24 Nov 1918 - 20 Feb 1919 Grujic (Serbia)
Prefect
20 Feb 1919 - 23 Jul 1919 Martin Filipon (Serbia)
Allied Commander
23 Jul 1919 - 12 Aug 1919 Charles-Louis-Joseph de Tournadre (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
(France)
Lugos Neutral Zone
22 Mar 1919
Allied occupation of a neutral zone (called county of Lugos)
in eastern Banat.
23 Jul 1919
Incorporation into Romania.
Allied Commanders
22 Mar 1919 - 3 Jun 1919 Léon Farret (France)
(b. 1861 - d. 1928)
22 Mar 1919 - 3 Jun 1919 Papillon (1st time)
(acting for Farret)
3 Jun 1919 - 23 Jul 1919 Charles-Louis-Joseph de Tournadre (b. 1860 - d. 1938)
(France)
3 Jun 1919 - 18 Jul 1919 Papillon (2nd time)
(acting for de Tournadre)
18 Jul 1919 - 23 Jul 1919 Betrix (France)
(acting for de Tournadre)
Bukovina: see under Ukraine
Dobruja
109.
Part of Bulgaria.
1388
Ottoman rule (vilayet of Silistra).
17 Mar 1390 - Oct 1396 Part of Walachia
(Romanian: Dobrogea).
1404 - Oct 1419
Part of Walachia.
1810 - 1810
Russian occupation.
Apr 1828 - 1836
Russian occupation.
1864
Merged into the vilayet Tuna (see Bulgaria).
10 Jun 1877 - 8 Oct 1878 Russian occupation.
8 Oct 1878
Given by Russia to Romania in return for
the districts Cahul, Ismail and Bolgrad.
1908
Fully incorporated into Romania.
May 1913
Bulgaria cedes city of Silistra to Romania.
10 Jul 1913
Romania occupies southern extension of Dobruja, Silistra,
Cadrilater, with the counties Darstor
and Caliacra.
10 Aug 1913
Formally ceded to Romania by Bulgaria.
9 Oct 1916 Austro-Hungarian, Bulgarian,
German, and Ottoman occupation.
7 May 1918
Bulgaria annexes Southern Dobruja.
7 May 1918 - 25 Sep 1918 Joint Central Powers (Austria-Hungary,
Bulgaria, Germany, and
Ottoman Empire) condominium over Northern
Dobruja.
25 Sep 1918 - 2 Dec 1918 Bulgaria is ceded the former
condominium area.
2 Dec 1918 - 27 Nov 1919 Allied administration of all
of Dobruja (de facto Romanian
occupation under lose allied supervision).
8 Dec 1919
Dobruja ceded to Romania.
7 Sep 1940
Cadrilater restored to Bulgaria.
Walis (governors) of Silistra
1552
Mehmed Raves
1598
Ahmed Pasha
.... - 1621
Skender Pasha
1621 - 1625
Cantemir Mirza (1st time)
1625
Diak Mehmed
1628 - 1629
Cantemir Mirza (2nd time)
1629 - 1631
Murteza Pasha
1631 - 1633
Abaza Pasha
1638 - 1639
Nasuf Hüseyin
1639 - 1643
....
1643 - 16..
Dervish Mehmed Pasha (1st time)
16.. - 1649
....
1649 - 1651
Dervish Mehmed Pasha (2nd time)
1651 - 1656
....
1656
Sary Kenan Pasha
(d. 1659)
1656 - 1658
Sidi Hüseyin
1658 - 1660
Fazil Pasha
1660 - 1661
Kara Mustafa Pasha
1683 - af.Nov 1683
Fazil Mustafa Pasha Koprülü
af.Nov 1683 - 168. Huseyin Pasha
1686 - 1687 Arap Receb Pasha (1st time)
1687 - 1687 Kara Mustafa Pasha
1688 - 1689 Arap Receb Pasha (2nd time)
1689 Bosnak Huseyin Pasha
1689 - 1690 Misirli Mehmed Pasha
1690 Cerkes Ahmed
1690 Topal Huseyin Pasha
1690 - 169. ....
169. - 1695 ....
1695 Cetrefilzade Yusuf Pasha
1695/96 Cerkes Ibrahim Pasha
1696 Ibsir Hasan Pasha
1696/97 Kandilci Huseyin Pasha
1697 - .... Hazinedar Ibrahim
.... - .... ....
.... - 1703 ....
1704 - 17..
Yusuf Pasha
17.. - 1792
...
Jun 1792 - 179.
Kahya (Kethuda) Hasan Pasha
179. - 180.
....
180. - 1806
Bekir Pasha
1806 - 1806
Tirinikli Ismail Aga
(d. 1806)
1806 - 1806
Mehmed Hüsrev Pasha
(b. c.1756 - d. 1855)
1806 - 1807
Alemdar Mustafa Pasha "Bayrakdar" (b. 1755/56 - d. 1808)
180. - 1810
Ilik-ogly
1810 - 1812
Russian occupation
1812 - 1822
....
1822 - 182.
Mehmed Selim Pasha
182. - 1832
Mehmed Pasha
1828 - 1836
Russian occupation
Dec 1833 - Oct 1839 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (1st time)
Oct 1839 - Apr 1841 Gürcü Mehmed Vasif Pasha
Apr 1841 - Aug 1843 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (2nd time)
Oct 1843 - Sep 1844 Mühendis Hafiz Ahmed Pasha
Sep 1844 - Dec 1845 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (3rd time)
Dec 1845 - Jul 1847 Ibrahim Saib Pasha
Jul 1847 - Jul 1848 Cebel-i-Aktarzade Mehmed Sadik (d. 1848)
Pasha
Jul 1848 - Apr 1851 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (4th time)
Apr 1851 - Jun 1853 Gürümcü
Mehmed Salih Pasha (d. 1858)
Jun 1853 - Mar 1857 Mirza Mehmed Said Pasha (5th time)
Mar 1857 - Oct 1857 Ramazanoglu Mehmed Ismet Pasha
Nov 1857 - May 1858 Tepedenlizade Ismail Rahmi Pasha
May 1858 - Jun 1859 Özdemiroglu Mehmed Rifat Pasha
Jun 1859 - Mar 1861 Halil Kamili Pasha
Mar 1861 - Dec 1864 Mehmed Arif
Pasha
(d. 1866)
Russian commander
10 Jun 1877 - 1877
Zimmermann
German commanders
9 Oct 1916 - 19 Jan 1918 Robert Kosch
(b. 1866 - d. 1942)
19 Jan 1918 - 10 Nov 1918 ....
Allied administrator
Nov 1918 - 27 Nov 1919 ....
©2000 Ben Cahoon
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