Papers by Martina Rajnović
SVEUČILIŠTE U RIJECI FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET Protiv pozicije jednakih vrijednosti i guranja činjenice... more SVEUČILIŠTE U RIJECI FILOZOFSKI FAKULTET Protiv pozicije jednakih vrijednosti i guranja činjenice o neslaganju ispod tepiha ESEJ STUDENT: Martina Rajnović STUDIJ: Poslijediplomski studij Filozofija i suvremenost KOLEGIJ: Teorije znanja MENTOR: dr.sc. Snjeţana Prijić-Samarţija U Rijeci, 23.rujna 2014.
In this essay, I will briefly present the difference between the regularity and necessity views o... more In this essay, I will briefly present the difference between the regularity and necessity views of laws of nature after which I will argue that laws of nature are metaphysically necessary which I will try to defend by advocating new essentialism.
First, I will explain what it means to be metaphysically necessary and whether there exist other kinds of necessities. After introducing different notions of necessity which are used in the present time (metaphysical, logical and nomological) I will explain the difference between them and emphasize that we will concentrate on metaphysical necessity. Also I will explain the notion of laws of nature and emphasize that they are real and objective phenomena in the world and not mere sentences about regularities that obtain in it. When the language frame is set, I will present some historical background which is needed to understand the topic; I will explain the Humean notion of causality which is the basis for the regularity views of laws that were considered dominant for quite some period of time. Hume shook some of the dogmatic beliefs of his time about causation, induction and necessity and managed to influence a great deal of upcoming philosophers to think of causality as something that is not necessary. Necessitarian views on the other hand have strengthened since Kripke in the early 1970s revealed his revolutionary idea that there are a posteriori necessities. In the main part of this essay I will present the view of dispositional essentialism which claims that laws of nature are metaphysically necessary because there are causal powers in the world i.e. dispositions, which constitute the essences of the natural kinds. I will explain what dispositions are and try to prove that they are not only predicates we use to describe objects of our concern and interactions between them but that they really exist in the world. Besides adopting dispositional realism and claiming that dispositions are essential properties of natural kinds I will argue that there is enough scientific evidence to support that claim. I will also argue that this implies the metaphysical necessity of laws of nature.
Cilj ovog eseja je usporediti teorije mentalnih modela s alternativnim teorijama te pokazati da t... more Cilj ovog eseja je usporediti teorije mentalnih modela s alternativnim teorijama te pokazati da teorija mentalnih modela nudi najbolje objašnjenje ljudskog kondicionalnog zaključivanja. Na početku eseja prikazat ću razliku u razinama teorija dedukcije (komputacijska i algoritamska) te ću ukratko iznjeti i usporediti tri glavne vrste teorija koje se javljaju na algoritamskoj razini: teoriju formalnih pravila zaključivanja, teoriju sadržajno ovisnih pravila zaključivanja (eng. content-specific rules) i teoriju mentalnih modela. U daljnjem dijelu rada koncentrirat ću se na teoriju mentalnih modela i objašnjavanje načina na koje ljudi zaključuju u susretu s kondicionalima. Nakon iznošenja teorije i upoznavanja s postupkom kreiranja modela objasnit ću tijek postupka izvoĎenja zaključaka i provjere njihove valjanosti. Pri kraju rada preko Wasonovog zadatka ukazat ću na utjecaj pozadinskog znanja na izvoĎenje zaključaka. Za sam kraj predstavit ću glavne rezultate Byrneinig istraživanja te ću zaključiti da teorija mentalnih modela, s obzirom na teorije koje su nam trenutno dostupne, nudi najbolje objašnjenje načina na koji ljudi kondicionalno zaključuju.
Uploads
Papers by Martina Rajnović
First, I will explain what it means to be metaphysically necessary and whether there exist other kinds of necessities. After introducing different notions of necessity which are used in the present time (metaphysical, logical and nomological) I will explain the difference between them and emphasize that we will concentrate on metaphysical necessity. Also I will explain the notion of laws of nature and emphasize that they are real and objective phenomena in the world and not mere sentences about regularities that obtain in it. When the language frame is set, I will present some historical background which is needed to understand the topic; I will explain the Humean notion of causality which is the basis for the regularity views of laws that were considered dominant for quite some period of time. Hume shook some of the dogmatic beliefs of his time about causation, induction and necessity and managed to influence a great deal of upcoming philosophers to think of causality as something that is not necessary. Necessitarian views on the other hand have strengthened since Kripke in the early 1970s revealed his revolutionary idea that there are a posteriori necessities. In the main part of this essay I will present the view of dispositional essentialism which claims that laws of nature are metaphysically necessary because there are causal powers in the world i.e. dispositions, which constitute the essences of the natural kinds. I will explain what dispositions are and try to prove that they are not only predicates we use to describe objects of our concern and interactions between them but that they really exist in the world. Besides adopting dispositional realism and claiming that dispositions are essential properties of natural kinds I will argue that there is enough scientific evidence to support that claim. I will also argue that this implies the metaphysical necessity of laws of nature.
First, I will explain what it means to be metaphysically necessary and whether there exist other kinds of necessities. After introducing different notions of necessity which are used in the present time (metaphysical, logical and nomological) I will explain the difference between them and emphasize that we will concentrate on metaphysical necessity. Also I will explain the notion of laws of nature and emphasize that they are real and objective phenomena in the world and not mere sentences about regularities that obtain in it. When the language frame is set, I will present some historical background which is needed to understand the topic; I will explain the Humean notion of causality which is the basis for the regularity views of laws that were considered dominant for quite some period of time. Hume shook some of the dogmatic beliefs of his time about causation, induction and necessity and managed to influence a great deal of upcoming philosophers to think of causality as something that is not necessary. Necessitarian views on the other hand have strengthened since Kripke in the early 1970s revealed his revolutionary idea that there are a posteriori necessities. In the main part of this essay I will present the view of dispositional essentialism which claims that laws of nature are metaphysically necessary because there are causal powers in the world i.e. dispositions, which constitute the essences of the natural kinds. I will explain what dispositions are and try to prove that they are not only predicates we use to describe objects of our concern and interactions between them but that they really exist in the world. Besides adopting dispositional realism and claiming that dispositions are essential properties of natural kinds I will argue that there is enough scientific evidence to support that claim. I will also argue that this implies the metaphysical necessity of laws of nature.