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Benin asonse akataso

Ɛfi Wikipedia

Benin asonse akataso no yɛ Idia, afeha a ɛto so 16 Benin Ahemman no mu Iyoba ( Ɔhemmaa Ɛna ) a odi kan no mfonini ketewaa bi a wɔde asonse ayɛ a ɛfa Afrikafo amammerɛ akataso su . Britaniafo fow akataso no fii Oba a ofi Benin ahemfie wɔ Benin Akwantu a wɔyɛe wɔ 1897 mu no mu .

Ɛkame ayɛ sɛ wɔde akataso abien a ɛyɛ pɛ asie wɔ Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ London ne Metropolitan Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ New York Kuropɔn mu .[1] Wɔn baanu nyinaa da Ɔhemmaa Ɛna no anim a ɛhɔ yɛ komm a ɔhyɛ ti nhwi a wɔde nhwiren ayɛ, choker a wɔde nhwiren ayɛ wɔ ne kɔn mu, scarification a wɔde dade a wɔde adura ne moma so asi so dua, a ne nyinaa yɛ tiara a wɔabue mu flange ne sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so abɔde kɔla, ne nhama abien wɔ ɔfa biara ma wɔde bata pendant no ho.

Ɛde besi bere a wɔsan de maa Nigeria wɔ afe 2022 mu no, na Linden Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ Germany no wɔ akataso a ɛte saa wɔ nea wɔaboaboa ano no mu. Bio nso, akatawia a ɛte saa ara nso wɔ Seattle Art Museum ne biako wɔ ankorankoro nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano.

Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae nhwɛso titiriw nso abɛyɛ nnɛyi Nigeria amammerɛ agyiraehyɛde fi bere a FESTAC 77, Afrika nyinaa amammerɛ afahyɛ kɛse bi a wɔyɛe wɔ Lagos, Nigeria wɔ 1977 mu, a ɛpaw sɛnea aban agyiraehyɛde no yɛ akataso a Erhabor Emokpae yɛe no nsɛso.[2]

Mfiase

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Asonse akataso no mu abiɛsa

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Benin Ahemman no

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Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 16 mfiase no, Esigie a ɛyɛ nnam no dii Edofo Benin Ahemman no so sɛ ne Oba . Odii tumi bere a Portugalfo akwantufo dii kan ne ahemman no dii nkitaho no. Ahemman no de ɛmo, asonse, ɛhɔnom ntama, ne nkoa sesaa kɔbere ne akorade. Esigie de ne ho hyɛɛ ntawntawdi akɛse abien mu. Nea edi kan no, ne nuabarima no ko ɔmanko a ɛkyɛe wɔ ɔkwan a wɔbɛfa so adi ade a ɛbɛma Esigie, abakan no abotiri so no ho. Nea ɛto so abien no, Esigie dii nkonim wɔ ntua bi a efi Igala Ahemman no atifi fam no ho na ɔkyeree wɔn kannifo no. [8] Esigie de abodin Iyoba ( Ɔhemmaa Ɛna ) tuaa n’amammui ne ahintasɛm ho ɔfotufo titiriw wɔ saa sɔhwɛ ahorow yi mu, ne maame Idia, —nea edi kan wɔ Ɔhemmaa Ɛna afotufo atetesɛm mu. [9] Oba Akenzua II na ɔde ne ho hyɛɛ Idia mu wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so aduonu mfimfini. [10]

Amanne kwan so de a wɔde di dwuma

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Oba a ofi Benin no hyɛɛ ne kuw a wɔyɛ asonse ne nnua adwumfo, Igbesanmwan, hɔ sɛ wɔnyɛ adwuma. Wɔyɛɛ wɔn adwuma no sɛnea wɔpɛ wɔn sodifo no, wɔ honam fam ntease ahorow a ɛwɔ asonse ne nneɛma a wotumi hu wɔ nsusuwso ahorow no mu no ntam. [11] Anyɛ yiye koraa no, akatawia no mu abien da Portugalfo mfonini adi (ɛwom sɛ saa mfonini yi kyɛe sen Portugalfo a na wɔwɔ hɔ ankasa de) [3][4] na enti ɛbɛyɛ sɛ wɔbɔɔ no wɔ Esigie afeha a ɛto so 16 mfiase nniso no mu (ebia bɛyɛ afe 1520 [5], wɔ Idia nkwa nna mu anaasɛ ne wu akyi bere tiaa bi. [8] Nsɛdi a ɛwɔ akatawia no ntam no kyerɛ sɛ ɛbɛyɛ sɛ mfoniniyɛfo koro no ara na ɔbɔɔ no bere koro mu [15] . [8] Wɔn nsɛm no ne adwini su ahorow a wɔde toto ho a ɛwɔ asonse nkankyee ne nkyene akorae a wɔhyɛɛ sɛ wɔnyɛ wɔ bere koro no ara mu, [8] Benin adwinni mfiase bere, ɔfa a na ɛne Ife anaa Yoruba adwinni wɔ abusuabɔ a emu yɛ den sen biara no hyia. [16] [6] Na asonse adwuma a efi Benin no yɛ nea Obafo de di dwuma titiriw wɔ amanne kwan so. [18] Ebia na wɔde akatawia no dii dwuma wɔ guasodeyɛ ahorow a Ugie Iyoba nkae Oba maame, ne Emobofo ahotew guasodeyɛ a wɔde pam ahonhom bɔne fi asase no so ka ho. [8] [19] [7] Wɔde akatawia a ɛte saa ara a wɔde pendant di dwuma titiriw wɔ nnɛyi Emobofo amanne ahorow a wɔde wɔn adwene si ahonhom bɔne so, ɛwom sɛ ebia Emobofo atetesɛm asesa wɔ abakɔsɛm nyinaa mu de. [19]

Ntrɛwmu anan a ɛwɔ akataso no nkyɛn, aso biara atifi ne ase no ma akataso no sɛn hɔ a ɛsensɛn hɔ [8] na ɛkyerɛ sɛ wɔde akataso no sɛn hama bi so, [15] ɛwom sɛ abenfo adwene nhyia wɔ sɛnea wɔhyɛɛ no ho de. [8] [15] Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae adwinni ho abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo William Fagg de baa awiei sɛ nea ɛnte sɛ kɔbere akataso nketewa a wɔde sɛn so a nnɛyi ahene hyɛ wɔ asen mu no, ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na asonse akataso no hyɛ kɔn mu. 1830 mfe no mu mfonini bi a ɛkyerɛ akatawia a ɛte saa ara a sodifo bi a ɔbɛn no hyɛ nufu no si Fagg nsusuwii no so dua. [15] Ɛgyinaa gyinabea a rungs no wɔ so, Metropolitan curator Alisa LaGamma nso sii nsusuwii no so dua. [8] Nanso, Benin ho ɔbenfo ne nnipa ho ɔbenfo Paula Ben-Amos kyerɛwee sɛ na wɔhyɛ akatawia no wɔ asen mu sɛ pendants wɔ Ugie Iyoba ne Emobo guasodeyɛ ahorow no mu. [8] Ɛbɛyɛ sɛ na akatawia a ɛwɔ tokuru no yɛ amuletic nkuku. [8] Wɔ akataso no kɔla ase no, nhama nketewa a ɛyɛ nhama no yɛ mmeae a wɔde crotal dɔn ahorow bata ho .[8]

Nkyerɛkyerɛmu ne nkyerɛase

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Wɔde asonse na ɛyɛ, atenten na ɛte sɛ ovular, [22] na wɔasen no teateaa, ɛbɛn semiopaqueness. [11] Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae ne Metropolitan akataso a ɛte saa ara a wɔde asɛn so no wɔ agude a ɛyɛ fɛ wɔ wɔn ti nhwi ne wɔn kɔla ho. Wɔde dade a wɔde akata n’aniwa ne n’aniwa ase n’ani so asi akataso biara ani so dua, na aniwa no anim no dannan aniwa no kakra. [22] [23] Saa inlay a wɔde dii dwuma yi twee ne ho fii akwan a Europafo fa so de asonse dii dwuma no ho. [15] Wɔ aniwa no atifi no, supraorbital agyiraehyɛde anan no ne Benin mmea wɔ abusuabɔ. [24] Akatasoɔ no anim yɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ na ɛyɛ pɛpɛɛpɛ wɔ ahokokwaw mu. [15] Wɔn anofafa mu apaapae, wɔn hwene mu ntokuru ayɛ mmerɛw kakra, na wɔn ti nhwi ayɛ den a nsensanee nketenkete ne nwi a ɛyɛ tẽẽ. [8] Akatawia no a wɔdaa no adi sɛ "onwini a enni nipasu" no daa Oba asonse adwumfo kuw no ɔkwan a wɔfa so yɛ nneɛma ho amanne ahorow adi, a abɔde ho adwene a ɛyɛ nsaanodwuma a ɛyɛ nwonwa wɔ Benin adwinni a edi kan mu ka ho. [15]

Ɔbea a ɔwɔ tumi

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Mmea ho mfonini no ho yɛ na wɔ Benin adwinni mu,[1] ɛwom sɛ gyinabea a Idia, a Edo atetesɛm nim no sɛ "ɔbea koro pɛ a ɔkɔɔ ɔko" no yɛ soronko, na wɔbɔɔ Iyoba anaa Ɔhemmaa Ɛna abodin ankasa maa no . Ti nhwi no yɛ ukpe-okhue ("akɔre ano") ti nhwi a ɔde bae no fa, na wohu no pefee kɛse wɔ Ɔhemmaa Idia Kɔbere Ti no so .[9] Akorade a ɛsom bo a wɔayɛ ho mfonini a ɛwɔ ti nhwi ne choker no mu no yɛ ileke ("ahemfo") nhwiren a ɛyɛ kurukuruwa, a na ɛyɛ hokwan titiriw a wɔde maa Ɔhemmaa Ɛna no sɛ ɔbɛhyɛ, a na wɔtaa de sie ma Oba ne Edogun (ɔko mu panyin ).[9][10][11][12] Linden Tete Nneɛma Akorae akataso no nso wɔ akorade a ɛyɛ ikiele nhwiren ankasa a wɔde abɔ ne moma so.[13] Saa nhwiren kɔkɔɔ ne ntama kɔkɔɔ yi a bere bi na wɔde ama akannifo no, wɔ nnɛyi mmere yi mu no, agye din sɛ Edofo amammerɛ mu ntadehyɛ mu nneɛma bi.

Nnɛyi Edofo mmea a wɔhyɛ ileke -style nhwiren.

Wɔde cicatrices anan a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ akyerɛw akataso abien no nyinaa moma so wɔ aniwa biara so, na wɔde dade nhama abien a wɔde ahyɛ mu a ɛtwe adwene si scarification no so .[14] Wɔde dade nso di dwuma wɔ aniwa no anim ne ano.[5]

Aguadi ho sɛnkyerɛnnede

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Portugalfo aguadifo ti ne atɛkyɛ mpataa ho nsɛm a ɛkɔ akyiri

Asonse, saa bere no ne mprempren nyinaa, kyerɛ adehye ahonyade, tumi, ne ahotew. [11] Asonse a ɛyɛ aguade a ɛyɛ fɛ dedaw wɔ Afrika no bɛyɛɛ nea wɔpɛ kɛse bere a Europa asonse aguadi nyaa nkɔanim no . [32] Bere a wokum asono bi wɔ Benin no, Obafo no nsa kaa akutu biako sɛ akyɛde na wɔde foforo no maa wɔn sɛ wɔntɔn. Enti, na Obafo no wɔ ntini pii na na wodi asonse aguadi so. [33] Wɔde asonse bata Edo orisha a ɛwɔ po mu, Olokun . Sɛnea orisha yi ma ahonyade ne awo no, ɛyɛ ahonhom wiase a ɛne Benin Oba yɛ pɛ. Ivory de ahonyade a ɛte sɛ Olokun mae, bere a ɛdaadaa Portugalfo aguadifo a wɔn nso, wɔsan de ahonyade kɔmaa Benin no. [33] Na Portugalfoɔ yɛ Olokun dea, ɛfiri sɛ wɔfiri po mu na wɔbaa hɔ. [18] Asonse fitaa nso da sɛnkyerɛnne kwan so a ɛyɛ chalk fitaa adi, a ne amanne kwan so ahotew ne Olokun wɔ abusuabɔ. [33] [15][16]

Tiara ne kɔla a wɔabue ano no gyina hɔ ma Portugalfo mmarima ti nketewa a wɔhyɛ Met ne Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae nhwɛsode no nyinaa tiara mu, a mfonini dumien wɔ Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae akataso no mu, na wɔ Met akataso no mu no, Portugalfo mmarima mfonini ason a wɔsesa wɔn ho wɔn ho mfonini asia atɛkyɛ, Afrika Atɔe Fam ahurututu mu mpataa .[13] Na Portugalfo a na wɔbaa mpɔtam hɔ nkyɛe no yɛ tumi ne ahonyade ho sɛnkyerɛnne ma adehye ahemfie no. [8] Wɔn mfoniniyɛ no yɛ nea wotumi hu denam wɔn ti nhwi atenten, abɔgyesɛ a ɛsensɛn hɔ (wɔtaa ka ho asɛm sɛ ɛyɛ abɔgyesɛ), ne kyɛw a ɛyɛ domed. [11] Benin adwinni ho abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Barbara Blackmun kyerɛ saa abotiri asiesie yi ase sɛ ɛkyerɛ sɛnea Idia tumi di Portugal tumidi ho dwuma ma ne babarima no ani gye ho. [9] Na atɛkyɛ mpataa yɛ asɛmti a wɔtaa de di dwuma wɔ Benin ahemfo adwinni mu, [8] na ɛda Obafo nyamesu adi. [18] Edo amansan ho adesua gye dii sɛ ahonhom twa po no kɔ owu akyi asetra mu, baabi a wɔn akannifo te sɛ anyame. Sɛ́ abɔde a wotumi tra asase ne po so no, na atɛkyɛ mpataa no yɛ abien a ehia ma ɔkannifo no akwantu a etwa to no ho sɛnkyerɛnne, [8] na saa abien yi gyina hɔ ma Portugalfo a wɔte po so hyɛn mu nso.[1][17] Atɛkyɛ mpataa no nso pue wɔ nsusuwso bi mu wɔ Linden Tete Nneɛma Akorae akataso no abotiri so, bere a kokoam nneɛma a wɔboaboa ano akataso no abotiri no wɔ nnomaa nneɛma, a kan no nso na ɛwɔ Seattle Art Museum akataso a ɛte saa ara so. [15] Akatasoɔ no nso gu ahodoɔ wɔ nhyehyɛɛ mu wɔ wɔn ase, kɔla anoano. Saa ara na wɔde Portugalfo mmarima dumien asiesie Met nhwɛso no kɔla (a asɛe wɔ ne nifa a ɛfata), bere a Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae akataso no kɔla yɛ guilloché latticework a enni adwene mmom . [8] [15]

Faako a efi bae

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Wɔ 1897 Benin Akwantu a wɔde asotwe bae no mu no, Britaniafo fow asonse akataso kuw bi a ɛte saa ara wɔ Oba ahemfie mpa mu . Akwantufo no ɔmanfo kannifo Ralph Moor faa akataso abien a eye sen biara no, na akyiri yi Britania nnipa ho ɔdenimfo Charles Gabriel Seligman boaboaa ano na ɔde kɔɔ London Tete Nneɛma Akorae (mprempren Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae ) ne New York Tete Nneɛma Akorae a Ɛhwɛ Tete Nneɛma So (mprempren ɛyɛ Metropolitan Museum of Adwinni ). Britaniafo faa akataso foforo abien a efi mpaboa kuw no mu na mprempren ɛte Seattle Adwinni Tete Nneɛma Akorae (kan no na ɛyɛ Aduruyɛ Ho Ɔpanyin Robert Allman) ne Linden Tete Nneɛma Akorae a ɛwɔ Stuttgart (kan no na wɔfrɛ no W. D. Webster [18] ne afei Augustus Pitt Rivers ) nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano no mu., [16] na biako wɔ Henry Galway adedifo kokoam nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano mu.

Wohuu akatawia anum kosi asia a ɛte sɛɛ [19] wɔ adaka kɛse bi mu wɔ 1897 mu wɔ Oba Ovonramwen, a na odi tumi saa bere no, sodifo wɔ Benin ahemfie no mpa mu. Wɔfaa wɔn wɔ bere a na ɔmanfo basabasayɛ kɛse wɔ mu wɔ Britaniafo asotwe Benin Akwantu a wɔyɛe wɔ 1897 mu no mu, Britaniafo hyew Oba ne Ɔhemmaa Ɛna no ahemfie na wɔfow asonse, kɔbere ne nnua adwinni mpempem pii fii nananom afɔremuka ahorow so, kokoam adan ne wɔtɔn nneɛma akorae ne pii wɔ England maa atɔe fam tete nneɛma akorae ne wɔn a wɔboaboa nneɛma ano de tuaa akwantu no ho ka.[20] Wɔtɔɔ Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae no pendant no wɔ 1910 mu fii Britania nnipa ho ɔbenfo Ɔbenfo Charles Gabriel Seligman hɔ .[4]

Wonyaa Met akataso no wɔ 1972 mu sɛ akyɛde a Nelson Rockefeller de mae .[1] Ɔhyehyɛɛ Tete Nneɛma Akorae a Ɛhwɛ Tete Nneɛma So wɔ 1954 mu bere a Metropolitan Tete Nneɛma Akorae no annye n'anigye a ɔwɔ wɔ Precolumbian adwinni ho no antom no . Tete nneɛma akorae no boaboaa adwuma ahorow ano esiane wɔn adwinni—na ɛnyɛ nnipa ho—botae nti, [40] a ɛne Afrikafo adwinni ho abakɔsɛm a edi kan a ɛwɔ Atɔe Famfo nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano mu no bɔ abira . Queens College adwinni ho abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Robert Goldwater bɛyɛɛ ne kwankyerɛfo na ɔkamfoo kyerɛe sɛ wɔmfa ntɔ. [41] N’akyinnyegye a ɔde boaboaa asonse pendant akataso no ano no ka nea ɛware sen biara no ho, wɔ 1957 awiei. Ɔfrɛɛ no "ade a eye sen biara wɔ ne su a wonim, na saa ara nso na afoforo biara renba da". Goldwater kyerɛwee sɛ na akataso no su korɔn sen nea ɛte saa ara a agye din a Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae no wɔ no. Ɔhyɛɛ nkɔm sɛ akataso no bɛsan akyerɛkyerɛ nneɛma a wɔaboaboa ano no mu na wɔde akyerɛ daa, na ɛne Museum of Modern Art ’s Sleeping Gypsy (1897) a agye din a Henri Rousseau kyerɛwee no bɛyɛ pɛ. Rockefeller tɔɔ akatawia no bo a ɛsen biara na ɔdaa no adi wɔ September 1958 mu. Adetɔ no maa nhyehyɛe bi a na Goldwater gye di sɛ ɛsɛ sɛ tete nneɛma akorae no gyina adwinni ahorow a wɔaboaboa ano daa so no yɛɛ den . [42]

Agyapadeɛ

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Festac 77, amammerɛ afahyɛ kɛse bi a wɔyɛ wɔ Nigeria, kaa Afrika aman boom wɔ Idia akataso agyiraehyɛde (mfonini a ɛwɔ nifa so) ase .

Benin Pendant Mask no abɛyɛ Benin adwinni ho mfonini a ɛyɛ agyiraehyɛde, na wɔde Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae no titiriw no kyerɛe wɔ Nigeriafo biako Naira sika nkrataa so wɔ 1973 mu,[21] na wɔpaw no sɛ aban agyiraehyɛde a ɛwɔ pan-Africanist FESTAC 77 amammerɛ afahyɛ no mu wɔ 1977, ma enti wɔtaa frɛ saa adwini yi wɔ nnɛyi Nigeria sɛ FESTAC Mask.[22][23] Nigeria aban no antumi annye adwuma no bosea afi Britania Tete Nneɛma Akorae hɔ, na wɔmaa Edo mfoniniyɛfo Erhabor Emokpae adwuma sɛ ɔnsan nyɛ akataso no sɛ kɔbere mfinimfini ade a ne tenten yɛ anammɔn 20 mma afahyɛ no (wɔde akyerɛ wɔ Ɔman Adwinni Agodibea fi 1979).[2] Ɔsan nso yɛɛ FESTAC frankaa [24] a akatasoɔ no yɛ mfinimfini charge wɔ tuntum-sika kɔkɔɔ-tuntum a ɛda hɔ gyina hɔ a ɛnyɛ pɛ so, na ɔno na ɔhwɛɛ adeyɛ no mfonini a ɛtrɛw no so.[25] Wɔmaa Edo mfoniniyɛfo foforo, Felix Idubor, adwuma sɛ ɔnyɛ akataso abien a wɔayɛ no sɛnea ɛte wɔ asonse mu mma Nigeria Ɔman Tete Nneɛma Akorae . A 150 na ɛwɔ hɔ kg kɔbere a wɔawo no nso de maa UNESCO wɔ afe 2005.

Wobu Met ’s Queen Mother pendant mask no sɛ ɛka tete nneɛma akorae no adwuma a wɔadi ho afahyɛ sen biara no ho. [42] Afrikani adwinni ho abakɔsɛm kyerɛwfo Ezio Bassani kyerɛwee sɛ Met akataso no ho nsɛm yɛ "prɛko pɛ na ɛyɛ mmerɛw na ɛyɛ den" a "nnwom mu nnyigyei" wom, na sɛnea wɔde dade ne kɔbere a wɔde ahyɛ mu no yɛ "anifere na ɛyɛ adwuma". [15] Ɔkyerɛwee sɛ Metropolitan ne British Museum akatawia no ka asonse a ɛyɛ fɛ sen biara a wɔasen wɔ Benin no ho, na wɔn mfoniniyɛfo no yɛ nea wɔayɛ no yiye na ɛyɛ nea ɛte nka. [15] Kate Ezra kyerɛwee sɛ akatasoɔ no teateaa no da "nkateɛ ne anibereɛ" a ɛwɔ Benin adwini a ɛdi kan no mu adi. [11]

Hwɛ nso

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Nsɛm a wɔde gyinaa so

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Metropolitan Museum Collection Queen Mother Pendant Mask: Iyoba, MetMuseum, retrieved 1 November 2014
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Falola, Toyin; Ann Genova, eds. (2009-07-01). "World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture". Historical Dictionary of Nigeria. Scarecrow Press. p. 369. ISBN 978-0-8108-6316-3.
  3. ↑ Ezra, Kate (1992-01-01). Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (in English). Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870996337.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 British Museum Collection, British Museum, retrieved 1 November 2014
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hansen, Valerie; Curtis, Ken (2016-01-01). Voyages in World History (in English). Cengage Learning. ISBN 9781305888418.
  6. ↑ Goldwater, Robert (1969-06-01). Art of Oceania, Africa, and the Americas from the Museum of Primitive Art (in English). Metropolitan Museum of Art.
  7. ↑ Ezra, Kate (1987). The Pacific Islands, Africa, and the Americas. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 84. ISBN 0870994611. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  8. ↑ Ezra, Kate (1992-01-01). Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (in English). Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870996337.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Smith, Bonnie G. (2008-01-01). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History: 4 Volume Set (in English). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195148909.
  10. ↑ Ezra, Kate (1992-01-01). Royal Art of Benin: The Perls Collection in the Metropolitan Museum of Art (in English). Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9780870996337.
  11. ↑ The Art of Benin (in English). British Museum Press. 2010-01-01. p. 13. ISBN 9780714125916.
  12. ↑ Meade, Teresa A.; Wiesner-Hanks, Merry E. (2008-04-15). A Companion to Gender History (in English). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9780470692820.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Luschan, Felix von; Ankermann, B; Arthur Baessler-Stiftung (1919-01-01). Die Altertümer von Benin (in German). Berlin; Leipzig: De Gruyter. Archived from the original on 2017-03-07. Retrieved 2023-03-24.
  14. ↑ Africa (in English). Prestel. 2001-01-01. p. 74. ISBN 9783791325804.
  15. ↑ Ezra, the Metropolitan Museum of Art; introductions by Douglas Newton, Julie Jones, Kate (1987). The Pacific Islands, Africa, and the Americas. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 84. ISBN 0870994611. Retrieved 1 November 2014.
  16. ↑ Asante, Molefi Kete; Mazama, Ama (2008-11-26). Encyclopedia of African Religion (in English). SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781506317861.
  17. ↑ Clarke, Christa; Arkenberg, Rebecca (2006-01-01). The Art of Africa: A Resource for Educators (in English). Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588391902.
  18. ↑ Cunard, Nancy (1934-01-01). Negro. Anthology made by N. Cunard, 1931-1933. [With illustrations (in English). London: Nancy Cunard. Archived from the original on 2017-03-07. Retrieved 2023-03-24.
  19. ↑ Fagg, William Buller (1978-01-01). Divine Kingship in Africa (in English). Trustees of the British Museum. p. 29. ISBN 9780714115443.
  20. ↑ Kaplan, Flora Edouwaye S. (2014). "Sacrifice and Sanctity in Benin". In Olupona, Jacob Kẹhinde (ed.). Beyond Primitivism: Indigenous Religious Traditions and Modernity (in English). Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415273190.
  21. ↑ The wealth of Africa, British Museum, retrieved 1 November 2014
  22. ↑ Hauser-Schäublin, Brigitta; Prott, Lyndel V. (2016-06-10). Cultural Property and Contested Ownership: The Trafficking of Artefacts and the Quest for Restitution (in English). Routledge. ISBN 9781317281832.
  23. ↑ Salami, Gitti; Visona, Monica Blackmun (2013-10-22). A Companion to Modern African Art (in English). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 9781118515051.
  24. ↑ Apter, Andrew (2008-10-01). The Pan-African Nation: Oil and the Spectacle of Culture in Nigeria (in English). University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226023564.
  25. ↑ Kelly, Bernice M.; Stanley, Janet L.; Smithsonian Institution. Libraries. National Museum of African Art Branch (1993-01-01). Nigerian artists : a who's who and bibliography. London; New York : Published for the National Museum of African Art Branch, Smithsonian Institution Libraries, Washington, DC [by] Hans Zell.
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