Vizualizare sursă pentru „Saṃsāra”

[[Fișier:The wheel of life, Buddhism Bhavachakra.jpg|miniatura|Roata vieții ]]
{{Budism}}
'''Saṃsāra''' (în {{sa|संसार}}) este un cuvânt [[Limba sanscrită|sanscrit]] care înseamnă „rătăcire”, cu sensul de ciclicitate nesfârșită a existenței în [[hinduism]], [[budism]], [[jainism]], [[sikhism]] și alte religii înrudite cu acestea.{{Sfn|Klaus Klostermaier|2010|p=604}}{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|pp=271-272}} El se referă, de asemenea, la conceptul de renaștere și de „ciclicitate a vieții, materiei, existenței”, o ipoteză fundamentală a majorității [[Religii dharmice|religiilor indiene]].<ref>{{Citation|last=Yadav|first=Garima|title=Abortion (Hinduism)|date=2018|url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1036-5_484-1|work=Hinduism and Tribal Religions|pages=1–3|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9789402410365|access-date=2019-02-24}}</ref><ref>[[Gavin Flood|Flood, Gavin D.]] (1996), ''An Introduction to Hinduism'', Cambridge University Press</ref> Pe scurt, este ciclul morții și al renașterii.{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|pp=271-272}}<ref name="Gross1993p148">{{cite book|author=Rita M. Gross |title=Buddhism After Patriarchy: A Feminist History, Analysis, and Reconstruction of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PK37AxCfxVEC  |year=1993|publisher=State University of New York Press|isbn=978-1-4384-0513-1 |pages=148 }}</ref> ''Saṃsāra'' este menționat uneori în asociere cu termeni sau expresii precum transmigrare, ciclu karmic, [[reîncarnare]] și „ciclul existenței pământești și al rătăcirii fără vreun scop”.{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|pp=271-272}}<ref name="Firth1997p106">{{cite book|author=Shirley Firth |title=Dying, Death and Bereavement in a British Hindu Community |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYNXC-HK1u0C |year=1997|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn=978-90-6831-976-7|pages=106, 29–43}}</ref>

Conceptul ''Saṃsāra'' își are rădăcinile în [[Vede|literatura postvedică]]; această teorie nu este însă discutată în Vede.<ref name=amboyer>A.M. Boyer (1901), „Etude sur l'origine de la doctrine du samsara”, ''Journal Asiatique'', vol. 9, nr. 18, pp. 451-453, 459-468</ref><ref name="Krishan1997p17">{{cite book|author=Yuvraj Krishan |title=The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC |year=1997|publisher= Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan|isbn=978-81-208-1233-8 |pages=17–27 }}</ref> El apare într-o formă dezvoltată, dar fără detalii mecanistice, în cele mai vechi texte ale [[Upanișade]]lor<ref name=amboyer/>{{sfn|Stephen J. Laumakis|2008|pp=90-99}} Expunerea completă a doctrinei ''Saṃsāra'' se regăsește în religiile [[Sramana|sramanice]] precum [[budism]]ul și [[jainism]]ul, precum și în diversele școli de [[filozofie hinduistă]] apărute în cea de-a doua jumătate a mileniului I î.e.n.{{sfn|Stephen J. Laumakis|2008|pp=90-99}}<ref name="Krishan1997p17"/> Doctrina ''Saṃsāra'' este asociată cu teoria [[Karma]] a religiilor indiene, iar eliberarea de ''Saṃsāra'' s-a aflat în centrul căutării spirituale a tradițiilor religioase indiene.{{Sfn|Obeyesekere|2005|p=1-2, 108, 126-128}}{{Sfn|Mark Juergensmeyer|Wade Clark Roof|2011|pp=272-273}} Eliberarea de ''Saṃsāra'' este numită [[Moksha]], [[Nirvana]], Mukti sau Kaivalya.<ref name="Firth1997p106"/>{{Sfn|Michael Myers|2013|p=36}}{{Sfn|Harold Coward|2008|p=103}}

Termenul de „samsara” este strâns legat de noțiunile de „[[avidya]]” și „[[karman]]”. Samsara desemnează circuitul existenței în lume pe baza formulei naștere-moarte-renaștere. Potrivit faptelor din viața anterioară, omul se reîncarnează, urmând ca și după această viață să urmeze o alta. Această lege fundamentală a transmigrației (samsara) are la bază gândirea religioasă și filozofia indiană.

==Note==
<references />

==Lectură suplimentară==
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author= John Geeverghese Arapura|title=Hermeneutical Essays on Vedāntic Topics |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xpycf4RxMjYC |year=1986|publisher= Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=978-81-208-0183-7 }}
* {{cite journal | last=Buitenen | first=J. A. B. Van | title=Dharma and Moksa | journal=Philosophy East and West | volume=7 | issue=1/2 | year=1957 | page=33 | doi=10.2307/1396832 | ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=John Bowker |title= God: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Te9wBAAAQBAJ |date=2014 |publisher= Oxford University Press|isbn= 978-0-19-870895-7}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Robert Buswell Jr. |author2=Donald Lopez Jr. |title=The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press |isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author= Harold Coward|title= The Perfectibility of Human Nature in Eastern and Western Thought: The Central Story|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=LkE_8uch5P0C |year=2008|publisher= State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-7336-8 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Harold Coward |title= Religious Understandings of a Good Death in Hospice Palliative Care |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oPeWqdoqJQC |year=2012|publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-1-4384-4275-4}}
* {{cite book|last= Dalal |first=Roshen |title=Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC |year=2010| publisher=Penguin Books| isbn=978-0-14-341421-6 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author= Mircea Eliade|title= The encyclopedia of religion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uMkAAAAYAAJ |date=1987 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn= 978-0-02-909480-8}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv |author=Jeaneane D. Fowler |title=Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RmGKHu20hA0C |year=1997 |publisher=Sussex Academic Press |isbn=978-1-898723-60-8 }}{{Legătură nefuncțională|date=ianuarie 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Jessica Frazier |author2=Gavin Flood |title= The Continuum Companion to Hindu Studies |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=Nv_a5cMEwngC |year=2011|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |isbn=978-0-8264-9966-0 }}
* {{Citation | last =Gethin | first =Rupert | year =1998 | title =Foundations of Buddhism | publisher =Oxford University Press | isbn =978-0192892232 | url =https://archive.org/details/foundationsofbud00rupe }}
* {{cite book|author = Padmanabh Jaini| editor=Wendy Doniger |title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WZTj3M71y0C |year=1980|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-03923-0 |ref=harv }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author1=Mark Juergensmeyer |author2=Wade Clark Roof |title=Encyclopedia of Global Religion |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=WwJzAwAAQBAJ |year=2011|publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-1-4522-6656-5 }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Damien Keown |title=A Dictionary of Buddhism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=985a1M7L1NcC |year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-157917-2 }}
* {{cite book|author=Klaus Klostermaier|year= 2010| title= A Survey of Hinduism: Third Edition|publisher= State University of New York Press|isbn= 978-0-7914-8011-3|ref=harv}}
* {{Citation| last =Dalai Lama| year =1992| title =The Meaning of Life, translated and edited by Jeffrey Hopkins| publisher =Wisdom|isbn=978-1459614505}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv| author= Stephen J. Laumakis|title=An Introduction to Buddhist Philosophy | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=_29ZDAcUEwYC |year=2008 |publisher= Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-46966-1 }}
* {{cite book|first= James|last= Lochtefeld|year= 2002|title= The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 2: N-Z|publisher= Rosen Publishing|isbn= 978-0-8239-2287-1|ref= harv|url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Michael Myers |title= Brahman: A Comparative Theology |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xfvaAAAAQBAJ |year=2013|publisher= Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-83565-0 }}
* {{cite book|editor=Wendy Doniger |last=Obeyesekere| first=Gananath|title=Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4WZTj3M71y0C |year=1980|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-03923-0|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book| last=Obeyesekere| first=Gananath| title=Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study |editor=Wendy Doniger | year=2005 | publisher=Motilal Banarsidass | isbn=978-8120826090| ref=harv}}
* {{cite book| author=Stephen Phillips |title= Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=cRg2AAAAQBAJ |year=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-51947-2 }}
* {{Citation| last= Williams |first=Paul | year =2002 | title =Buddhist Thought | publisher = Routledge |isbn= 0-415207010}}
* {{Citation|author1=Paul Williams |author2=Anthony Tribe |author3=Alexander Wynne |title=Buddhist Thought |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NOLfCgAAQBAJ |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-52088-4}}

==Legături externe==
* [https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/samsara-hinduism Samsara (Hinduism)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201104011641/https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/samsara-hinduism |date=2020-11-04 }}, Georgetown University
* [https://www.stephen-knapp.com/reincarnation_a_simple_explanation.htm Reincarnation: A Simple Explanation]
* [https://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/samsara.html The Wheel of Life], C. George Boeree, Shippensburg University
* [https://english.mnsu.edu/vwp/samplepapers/philosophy/phil100paper1.pdf The difference between Samsara and Nirvana], Minnesota State University, Mankato
* [https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195393521/obo-9780195393521-0141.xml Saṃsāra and Rebirth], Buddhism, Oxford Bibliographies

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[[Categorie:Concepte hinduiste]]
[[Categorie:Budism]]
[[Categorie:Jainism]]
[[Categorie:Sikhism]]
[[Categorie:Reîncarnare]]