WO2015049841A1 - 太陽電池及びその製造方法、半導体素子及びその製造方法 - Google Patents
太陽電池及びその製造方法、半導体素子及びその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2015049841A1 WO2015049841A1 PCT/JP2014/004787 JP2014004787W WO2015049841A1 WO 2015049841 A1 WO2015049841 A1 WO 2015049841A1 JP 2014004787 W JP2014004787 W JP 2014004787W WO 2015049841 A1 WO2015049841 A1 WO 2015049841A1
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- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- semiconductor layer
- titanium oxide
- layer
- mass
- solar cell
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- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007480 spreading Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N stilbene Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PJANXHGTPQOBST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium titanate Chemical compound [Sr+2].[O-][Ti]([O-])=O VEALVRVVWBQVSL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229920003048 styrene butadiene rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfanylideneantimony Chemical compound [Sb]=S YPMOSINXXHVZIL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000542 sulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O sulfonium Chemical compound [SH3+] RWSOTUBLDIXVET-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001308 synthesis method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052714 tellurium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tellurium atom Chemical compound [Te] PORWMNRCUJJQNO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N terbium atom Chemical compound [Tb] GZCRRIHWUXGPOV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC3=CC4=CC=CC=C4C=C3C=C21 IFLREYGFSNHWGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003518 tetracenes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetramethylammonium Chemical compound C[N+](C)(C)C QEMXHQIAXOOASZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000036962 time dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin(ii) sulfide Chemical compound [Sn]=S AFNRRBXCCXDRPS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000349 titanium oxysulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GQUJEMVIKWQAEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium(III) oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]O[Ti]=O GQUJEMVIKWQAEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FMZQNTNMBORAJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N tri(propan-2-yl)-[2-[13-[2-tri(propan-2-yl)silylethynyl]pentacen-6-yl]ethynyl]silane Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C=C3C(C#C[Si](C(C)C)(C(C)C)C(C)C)=C(C=C4C(C=CC=C4)=C4)C4=C(C#C[Si](C(C)C)(C(C)C)C(C)C)C3=CC2=C1 FMZQNTNMBORAJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003918 triazines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000005641 tunneling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006337 unsaturated polyester resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002966 varnish Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N ytterbium Chemical compound [Yb] NAWDYIZEMPQZHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052727 yttrium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N yttrium atom Chemical compound [Y] VWQVUPCCIRVNHF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052984 zinc sulfide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N zinc;sulfide Chemical compound [S-2].[Zn+2] DRDVZXDWVBGGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/0029—Processes of manufacture
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/2031—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2027—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode
- H01G9/204—Light-sensitive devices comprising an oxide semiconductor electrode comprising zinc oxides, e.g. ZnO
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
- H01G9/00—Electrolytic capacitors, rectifiers, detectors, switching devices, light-sensitive or temperature-sensitive devices; Processes of their manufacture
- H01G9/20—Light-sensitive devices
- H01G9/2045—Light-sensitive devices comprising a semiconductor electrode comprising elements of the fourth group of the Periodic Table with or without impurities, e.g. doping materials
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/02—Details
- H01L31/0216—Coatings
- H01L31/02161—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier
- H01L31/02167—Coatings for devices characterised by at least one potential jump barrier or surface barrier for solar cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01L—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES NOT COVERED BY CLASS H10
- H01L31/00—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof
- H01L31/0248—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies
- H01L31/036—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes
- H01L31/0392—Semiconductor devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation and specially adapted either for the conversion of the energy of such radiation into electrical energy or for the control of electrical energy by such radiation; Processes or apparatus specially adapted for the manufacture or treatment thereof or of parts thereof; Details thereof characterised by their semiconductor bodies characterised by their crystalline structure or particular orientation of the crystalline planes including thin films deposited on metallic or insulating substrates ; characterised by specific substrate materials or substrate features or by the presence of intermediate layers, e.g. barrier layers, on the substrate
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/151—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising titanium oxide, e.g. TiO2
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/10—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation comprising heterojunctions between organic semiconductors and inorganic semiconductors
- H10K30/15—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2
- H10K30/152—Sensitised wide-bandgap semiconductor devices, e.g. dye-sensitised TiO2 the wide bandgap semiconductor comprising zinc oxide, e.g. ZnO
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10K—ORGANIC ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES
- H10K30/00—Organic devices sensitive to infrared radiation, light, electromagnetic radiation of shorter wavelength or corpuscular radiation
- H10K30/50—Photovoltaic [PV] devices
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/542—Dye sensitized solar cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/549—Organic PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solar cell and a manufacturing method thereof, a semiconductor element and a manufacturing method thereof.
- organic electroluminescence (organic EL) elements development of materials having high carrier mobility (hereinafter referred to as mobility) as semiconductor elements is required.
- mobility materials having high carrier mobility
- metal oxides such as indium, gallium, and zinc oxide, which are high mobility metal oxides, have been developed (Patent Document 1).
- the current semiconductor element is mainly silicon, and the process requires an expensive vacuum apparatus and a high temperature process.
- the current semiconductor element uses photolithography for its manufacture, and needs to go through a plurality of processes, and thus has a problem of high manufacturing cost.
- a non-vacuum process such as a coating method has been actively studied. Further, aiming at a process temperature at which a general-purpose resin substrate can be used, studies for reducing the process temperature are also actively conducted.
- a heterojunction solar cell including a layer made of a metal oxide on a silicon substrate is known as an existing technology.
- a vacuum process such as a plasma CVD method, a sputtering method, or a sputtering method is used.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a solar cell in which a metal oxide film containing indium is formed by a sputtering method and this film is provided as a semiconductor layer.
- non-vacuum processes have been actively studied.
- a method of forming a layer made of metal oxide particles on a silicon substrate by a coating method, which is a non-vacuum process, has been actively developed because of its excellent workability and easy cost reduction. Yes.
- investigations for reducing the temperature of the process are actively conducted aiming at a process temperature at which a general-purpose resin substrate can be used.
- an object of the present invention is to provide a solar cell that can be manufactured by a non-vacuum process and can exhibit more excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency, and a manufacturing method thereof.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a semiconductor device that can be manufactured by a non-vacuum process and can exhibit higher mobility, and a manufacturing method thereof.
- a solar cell according to one embodiment of the present invention includes at least a first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer, and the first semiconductor layer includes metal oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 1 nm to 500 nm. It is a layer containing a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- a solar cell according to another aspect of the present invention includes at least a first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer, and the first semiconductor layer has a metal oxide having an average particle diameter of 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less.
- a layer containing physical particles and an organic compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more and 1000 or less, and the content of the organic compound in the first semiconductor layer is 10% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less.
- a solar cell includes at least a first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer, and the first semiconductor layer is a metal having an average particle diameter of 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less. It is a layer containing oxide particles and an organic compound having a relative dielectric constant of 10 or more and 200 or less, and the content of the organic compound in the first semiconductor layer is 20% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less. It is characterized by that.
- a solar cell according to still another aspect of the present invention includes a first semiconductor layer containing anatase-type or rutile-type titanium oxide particles, a second semiconductor layer containing silicon, and the first semiconductor layer.
- a bonding interface layer positioned between the second semiconductor layer, the bonding interface layer is a layer containing a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more, and the titanium oxide particles are anatase type
- the half-value width obtained from a diffraction peak that appears when the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ is 24 ° or more and 26 ° or less, or a diffraction peak that appears when the diffraction angle 2 ⁇ is 26 ° or more and 28 ° or less when the titanium oxide particles are rutile, is 0.2. It is characterized by being not less than 5.0 ° and not more than 5.0 °.
- a semiconductor element includes at least one semiconductor layer including inorganic particles and an organic compound having a relative dielectric constant of 3 to 150, and the inorganic particles are metal oxide particles or silicon particles.
- the content of the inorganic particles in the semiconductor layer is 10% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less, and the carrier mobility of the semiconductor layer is 0.0001 cm 2 / Vs or more.
- a method for manufacturing a solar cell according to one embodiment of the present invention is a coating liquid containing inorganic particles, a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more, and one or more dispersants, and the inorganic particles are metal-oxidized.
- the temperature at which the coating solution is dried is 20 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower. It is characterized in.
- a method for manufacturing a semiconductor element according to one embodiment of the present invention is a coating liquid containing inorganic particles, a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more, and one or more dispersants, and the inorganic particles are oxidized by metal.
- the temperature at which the coating solution is dried is 20 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower. And wherein the Rukoto.
- the solar cell which can be manufactured with a non-vacuum system process and can express the more outstanding photoelectric conversion efficiency, and its manufacturing method can be provided.
- the solar cell according to the first embodiment of the present invention has at least a first semiconductor layer and a second semiconductor layer.
- the first semiconductor layer is a layer containing metal oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less (hereinafter 1 to 500 nm) and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- metal oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less (hereinafter 1 to 500 nm) and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- Metal oxide particles examples include copper oxide (I), copper oxide (II), iron oxide, zinc oxide, silver oxide, titanium oxide (rutile, anatase), and zinc oxide doped with aluminum (AZO).
- metal oxides such as SrCu 2 O 2 , LaCuOS, LaCuOSe, CuInO 2 , ZnRh 2 O 4 , 12CaO ⁇ 7Al 2 O 3 (C12A7), and Ga 2 O 3 .
- the oxide is titanium oxide (rutile, anatase) or zinc oxide, zinc oxide doped with aluminum (AZO), zinc oxide doped with gallium (GZO) from the viewpoint of transparency, carrier mobility, and low cost. Is preferred. Two or more of these oxides used for the metal oxide particles may be used in combination.
- titanium oxide particles for example, one kind or two or more kinds of particles made of titanium dioxide, titanium monoxide, dititanium trioxide or the like can be used.
- the titanium oxide particles those mainly composed of titanium dioxide are preferable. Titanium dioxide is highly sensitive to light, and electrons are excited more easily and reliably. For this reason, the titanium oxide layer mainly using titanium dioxide particles as titanium oxide particles can generate electrons more reliably (hereinafter, “titanium oxide” indicates titanium dioxide).
- the types of titanium oxide particles that can be used are ST-01, ST-21, ST-31, ST-41, ST-30L, STS-01, STS-02, STS-21, STS-100, ST-K211, ST-K101, ST-K102a, ST-K102b, ST-K300, ST-K211, ST-K102, PT-301, PT-401M, PT-401L, CR-EL, PT-501R, PT501A, MC-50, MC-90, MC-150, FTL-100, FTL-110, FTL-200, FTL-300, R-820, R-830, R-930, R-980, CR-Super70, CR-80, CR- 90, CR-90-2, CR-93, CR-95, CR-97, UT771, R-630, CR-50, CR-50-2, R-57, CR-953, R-630, CR-58, R-780, CR-58-2, R-780-2,
- Typical methods for producing titanium oxide particles include a chlorine method and a sulfuric acid method.
- a chlorine method raw materials (ilmenite ore) are reacted with coke and chlorine to form gaseous titanium tetrachloride. Titanium oxide particles are obtained by cooling gaseous titanium tetrachloride to a liquid state and then reacting with oxygen at a high temperature to separate chlorine gas.
- the sulfuric acid method a raw material (ilmenite ore) is dissolved in concentrated sulfuric acid, and iron as an impurity is separated as iron sulfate (FeSO 4 ), and once converted to titanium oxysulfate (TiOSO 4 ).
- titanium oxide When this is hydrolyzed, it becomes titanium oxyhydroxide (TiO (OH) 2 ) and precipitates. The precipitate is washed, dried and fired to obtain titanium oxide particles. Crystal forms of titanium oxide include anatase type, rutile type, and brookite type. The crystal form of titanium oxide can be identified by X-ray diffraction measurement because the lattice constant, intensity, and plane index differ depending on the anatase type, rutile type, and brookite type.
- the titanium oxide particles of the first embodiment of the present invention and the second embodiment described later are preferably anatase type, and preferably contain anatase type titanium oxide particles. Two or more types of titanium oxides having different crystal types may be mixed. From the viewpoint of developing photoconductivity, it is preferable that 30% by mass or more of anatase-type titanium oxide particles are contained, and 60% by mass or more are included. Is more preferable, 80% by mass or more is more preferable, 90% by mass or more is extremely preferable, and 100% by mass is most preferable.
- the half width of the main peak is a measure representing the crystallinity of the titanium oxide.
- a diffraction peak of (101) plane which is the main peak of anatase
- a diffraction angle of 2 ⁇ 24 to 26 °.
- the full width at half maximum can be measured from the main peak.
- the half width obtained from the X-ray diffraction showing the crystallinity of the titanium oxide is preferably 5.0 ° or less, more preferably 3.0 ° or less, and more preferably 2.0 ° or less from the viewpoint of carrier transport in the titanium oxide particles. Further preferred. Further, since the film formability is deteriorated when the crystallinity of the titanium oxide particles is too high, the half width is preferably 0.2 ° or more, more preferably 0.3 ° or more, and further preferably 0.4 ° or more.
- the types of zinc oxide particles that can be used are FZO-50 (manufactured by Ishihara Sangyo Co., Ltd.), MZ-300, MZY-303S, MZ-306X, MZ-500, MZY-505S, MZY-510M3S, MZ-506X, MZ. -510HPSX (above, manufactured by Teika), zinc oxide dispersion (product numbers: 720107, 721093, 721107, 72085, 633844, and more made by Aldrich). Further, a metal oxide produced by sputtering or the like may be used after being pulverized. The method for pulverization may be either dry pulverization or wet pulverization, and both methods may be used.
- a Hammar crusher or the like can be used for dry pulverization.
- a ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a bead mill, a homogenizer, or the like can be used for wet grinding.
- the solvent at the time of wet pulverization the following may be mentioned as in the method for producing silicon particles described later.
- the method for producing the metal oxide particles is not particularly limited, and can be produced, for example, by a sol-gel method.
- the surface of the metal oxide particles may be modified with an organic functional group. By modifying the surface with an organic functional group, dispersibility in an organic solvent is improved, and a uniform film can be produced. Examples of the method for modifying the organic functional group include cyanoethylation.
- the average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles is measured using a transmission electron microscope or a scanning electron microscope.
- the average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles is 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles is preferably 3 nm or more, and more preferably 5 nm or more, from the viewpoint of reduction in contact resistance between the particles and diffusion length. Further, from the same viewpoint, the average particle diameter is preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 80 nm or less, and further preferably 50 nm or less.
- the metal oxide particles used in the first embodiment of the present invention and the second embodiment to be described later preferably have a relative standard deviation ⁇ of the particle size distribution of 0.1 nm to 5.0 nm. From the viewpoint of reducing resistance, the relative standard deviation ⁇ is more preferably 3.0 nm or less, and further preferably 2.0 nm or less.
- the relative dielectric constant is a value measured by an impedance method with a measurement frequency of 1 kHz and a measurement temperature of 23 ° C.
- the preferable range of the relative dielectric constant is 2 or more from the viewpoint of improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell and improving the carrier mobility of the semiconductor element, preferably 3 or more, preferably 5 or more, more preferably 10 or more, 15 The above is more preferable.
- the relative dielectric constant is preferably 5000 or less, more preferably 1500 or less, preferably 200 or less, and more preferably 100 or less from the same viewpoint.
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency ⁇ can be obtained from the following equations [1] and [2].
- organic compounds having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more are roughly classified into organic compounds and inorganic compounds.
- organic compound as a general resin, polyvinylidene chloride, acrylic resin, acetyl cellulose, aniline resin, ABS resin, ebonite, vinyl chloride resin, acrylonitrile resin, aniline formaldehyde resin, aminoalkyl resin, urethane, AS resin, Epoxy resin, vinyl butyral resin, silicone resin, vinyl acetate resin, styrene butadiene rubber, silicone rubber, cellulose acetate, styrene resin, dextrin, nylon, soft vinyl butyral resin, fluorine resin, furfural resin, polyamide, polyester resin, polycarbonate Examples thereof include resins, phenol resins, furan resins, polyacetal resins, melamine resins, urea resins, polysulfide polymers, and polyethylene.
- the cyano group-containing organic compound is a compound containing one or more cyano groups.
- the cyano group-containing organic compound is more preferably a cyanoethyl group-containing organic compound.
- Specific examples of the cyano group-containing organic compound include cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl saccharose (cyanoethyl sucrose), cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl starch, cyanoethyl hydroxypropyl starch, cyanoethyl glycidol pullulan, cyanoethyl sorbitol and the like.
- fluororesins polymers having a skeleton of C 2 F 4-n H n (n is 0 to 3), specifically, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, etc. Can be mentioned. These may be copolymerized, or may be copolymerized with another resin based on the fluororesin. Further, a part of hydrogen in the chemical formula may be substituted with chlorine. Examples thereof include polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
- a fluorine ion exchange resin is mentioned as a specific example of a fluorine resin.
- a vinyl fluoride compound represented by the general formula CF 2 ⁇ CF—O (CF 2 CFX) n O— (CF 2 ) m —W a fluorinated olefin represented by the general formula CF 2 ⁇ CFZ, And those comprising at least a binary copolymer.
- X is F or a perfluoroalkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms
- n is an integer from 0 to 3
- m is an integer from 1 to 5
- Z is H, Cl, F, or a perfluoroalkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms It is a group.
- W is any one of the groups represented by COOH, SO 3 H, SO 2 F, SO 2 Cl, SO 2 Br, COF, COCl, COBr, CO 2 CH 3 , and CO 2 C 2 H 5 .
- an organic compound containing a highly polar atom or functional group is preferable because of its large dielectric constant.
- the dipole moment which is an index of polarity, can be estimated by the sum of the coupling moments.
- the substituent having a bond moment of 1.4D or more include OH, CF, CCl, C ⁇ O, N ⁇ O, and CN.
- organic compounds having these substituents and having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more include fluorine-based resins, glycerin, thioglycerol, and cyano group-containing organic compounds.
- inorganic compounds include calcium silicate, glass, alumina, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, selenium, barium titanate, bismuth silicate, lead niobate, titanium dioxide, urea, bakelite, pyrex (registered trademark), petrolatum, mica, Copper chloride, copper oxide, copper sulfate, iron oxide, potassium chlorate, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, silver chloride, potassium bromide, lithium fluoride, silicon oxide, magnesium oxide, calcium fluoride, zinc sulfide, NaI, NaF, Examples thereof include NaClO 3 and NaSO 4 .
- a composite oxide such as lead zirconate titanate, strontium titanate, calcium titanate, barium strontium titanate, or the like, or a composite oxide thereof as a main component, and further at the Ba site
- Perovskite complex oxides in which magnesium is substituted for tin and / or zirconium at the Ti site can also be used.
- what added 1 type, or 2 or more types of trace additive to the perovskite type complex oxide can also be used.
- Trace additives include tungsten, tantalum, niobium, iron, copper, magnesium, bismuth, yttrium, molybdenum, vanadium, sodium, potassium, aluminum, manganese, nickel, zinc, calcium, strontium, silicon, tin, selenium, neodymium, Erbenium, Thulium, Hofnium, Praseodymium, Promethium, Samarium, Eurobium, Gadolinium, Terbium, Dysprosium, Lithium, Scandium, Barium, Lanthanum, Actinium, Cerium, Ruthenium, Osium, Cobalt, Palladium, Silver, Cadnium, Boron, Gallium, Germanium, Examples thereof include phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, fluorine, tellurium, lutetium, ytterbium and the like.
- the trace additives include ionic liquids having cations such as imidazolium, pyridium, pyr
- the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more is preferably transparent to some extent from the viewpoint of absorbing light into the semiconductor layer.
- the transmittance of a film composed of a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more is preferably 35% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and 70% or more with respect to light having a wavelength of 550 nm. More preferably.
- the transmittance can be measured with a spectrophotometer.
- the upper limit of the transmittance is not particularly limited, but is 100% or less.
- the transmittance can be measured using a spectrophotometer.
- quartz glass or a resin substrate can be used as the measurement substrate.
- the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more is preferably an organic compound from the viewpoint of imparting film flexibility and film formability. Furthermore, an organic compound is preferable from the viewpoint of blocking oxygen by covering the surface of the semiconductor particles. In order to simplify the manufacturing method, one kind of compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more is good.
- the semiconductor layer of the first embodiment is a semiconductor layer composed of a semiconductor such as an inorganic semiconductor layer or an organic semiconductor layer, or a semiconductor layer composed of metal oxide particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- a semiconductor layer made of semiconductor is roughly classified into an inorganic semiconductor layer and an organic semiconductor layer.
- the inorganic semiconductor layer includes a silicon wafer obtained by slicing a silicon ingot, a silicon wafer obtained by polishing the silicon wafer, a vapor deposition method, a CVD method, a sputtering method, etc. on the substrate.
- an inorganic semiconductor layer formed from an inorganic semiconductor material using a vacuum apparatus or an inorganic semiconductor layer formed from an inorganic semiconductor material using a coating method is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 1 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of photoelectric conversion characteristics. Further, from the same viewpoint, the same layer thickness is preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 700 ⁇ m or less.
- the layer thickness of the semiconductor layer is measured by cross-sectional SEM or cross-sectional TEM observation.
- the organic semiconductor layer refers to an organic semiconductor layer formed from an organic semiconductor material using a coating method or a vapor deposition method.
- the layer thickness of such an organic semiconductor layer is preferably 0.01 ⁇ m or more, more preferably 0.05 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of photoelectric conversion characteristics. Further, from the same viewpoint, the same layer thickness is preferably 2 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 1 ⁇ m or less.
- the layer thickness of the semiconductor layer is measured by cross-sectional SEM or cross-sectional TEM observation.
- the semiconductor layer of the first embodiment is roughly divided into a p-type semiconductor layer and an n-type semiconductor layer.
- p-type refers to the case where the charge transferer in the semiconductor is holes.
- the n-type refers to the case where electrons are responsible for charge movement in a semiconductor. These holes and electrons are collectively referred to as carriers.
- the p-type semiconductor layer is, for example, a monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon wafer, an amorphous silicon film, a compound semiconductor layer such as CIS, CIGS, or CZTS, copper (I) oxide, nickel oxide, CuAlO 2 , CuGaO 2 , SrCu 2 O 2 , LaCuOS, LaCuOSe, CuInO 2 , ZnRh 2 O 4 and other metal oxide layers, layers made of silicon particles, copper oxide (I), silver oxide, tin monoxide, nickel oxide, A layer made of metal oxide particles such as CuAlO 2 , CuGaO 2 , SrCu 2 O 2 , LaCuOS, LaCuOSe, CuInO 2 , ZnRh 2 O 4 , a layer made of compound semiconductor particles such as CIS, CIGS, and CZTS, p And a layer made of a type organic semiconductor.
- a compound semiconductor layer such as CIS, CIGS, and CZTS, copper (I) oxide, nickel oxide,
- the layer containing silicon of the present invention is a single crystal silicon wafer, a polycrystalline silicon wafer, amorphous silicon, a layer containing silicon particles, or the like.
- a silicon wafer doped with boron, gallium or the like as an additive is used.
- a silicon wafer doped with phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic or the like as an additive is used.
- the concentration of these additives contained in the silicon wafer is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 12 atoms / cm 3 or more, and more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 13 atoms / cm 3 or more.
- the additive concentration 1 ⁇ preferably 10 21 atom / cm 3 or less, more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 20 atom / cm 3 or less.
- the resistivity of the silicon wafer is preferably 0.0001 ⁇ cm or more, and more preferably 0.001 ⁇ cm or more, from the viewpoint of charge transfer and depletion layer spreading in the semiconductor.
- the resistivity is preferably 1000 ⁇ cm or less, more preferably 100 ⁇ cm or less.
- Amorphous silicon can be produced by a glow discharge method, a reactive sputtering method, a chemical vapor deposition method (CVD method), or the like.
- the glow discharge method is a method for decomposing SiH 4 in plasma generated by glow discharge.
- the reactive sputtering method electric power is applied between electrodes placed in a low-pressure argon gas to cause a discharge, a crystalline silicon substrate (target) is placed on one electrode, and sputtering is performed. This is a method of forming a film on a substrate placed on the substrate.
- the chemical vapor deposition method is a method for producing amorphous silicon by thermally decomposing SiH 4 at 400 ° C.
- amorphous silicon doped with boron, gallium or the like as an additive is used.
- n-type amorphous silicon amorphous silicon doped with phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic or the like as an additive is used.
- the conductivity type can be controlled by diluting and introducing each dopant into hydrogen gas.
- the layer containing silicon particles is a layer containing silicon particles alone or a layer containing silicon particles and other compounds such as a solvent, a binder component, and a semiconductor component other than silicon particles.
- the content of silicon particles contained in the layer containing silicon particles is preferably 10% by mass to 100% by mass. When the content is at least 30% by mass or more, the function as the semiconductor layer is sufficiently exhibited.
- solvent examples include water, pentane, hexane, peptane, octane, nonane, decane, 2-methylhexane, decalin, tetralin, methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, 2-propanol, n-butanol, t-butanol, and ethylene glycol.
- Diethylene glycol ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol mono 2-ethylhexyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, dipropylene glycol n- Butyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether, dip Pyrene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, ketones such as glycerin acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, aromatics such as benzene, xylene, toluene, phenol, aniline, diphenyl ether, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, acetonitrile, methyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, Examples thereof include butyl lactate
- binder component examples include general-purpose resins and surfactants.
- general-purpose resins include epoxy resin, acrylic resin, phenol resin, melamine resin, urea resin, unsaturated polyester resin, alkyd resin, polyurethane, polyimide, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polyacetic acid.
- examples thereof include vinyl, polytetrafluoroethylene, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin (ABS resin), polyamide, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyester, cyclic polyolefin, and polysulfone.
- the surfactant examples include an anionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, and a nonionic surfactant.
- examples of the anionic surfactant include fatty acid sodium, monoalkyl sulfate, alkyl benzene sulfonate, and monoalkyl phosphate.
- examples of the cationic surfactant include alkyltrimethylammonium salts, dialkyldimethylammonium salts, and alkylbenzylmethylammonium salts.
- amphoteric surfactants examples include alkyl dimethylamine oxide and alkyl carboxybetaine.
- examples of the nonionic surfactant include polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, fatty acid sorbitan ester, alkyl polyglycoside, fatty acid ethanolamide, and alkyl monoglyceryl ether.
- the silicon particle production method is not particularly limited.
- a method using a highly crystalline semiconductor microparticle production apparatus using a pulse pressure applied orifice injection method a polycrystalline or single crystal silicon ingot or wafer is used. It can be produced by a grinding method or the like. Further, chips at the time of wafer fabrication can be used as silicon particles.
- a method of pulverizing the ingot or wafer either dry pulverization or wet pulverization may be used, or both methods may be used.
- a Hammar crusher or the like can be used.
- a ball mill, a planetary ball mill, a bead mill, a homogenizer, or the like can be used. The following are mentioned as a solvent at the time of wet grinding.
- ethylene glycol diethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether, ethylene glycol monoethyl ether, diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, ethylene glycol monobutyl ether, diethylene glycol diethyl ether, diethylene glycol dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol mono 2-ethylhexyl ether, propylene glycol n-butyl ether, di Propylene glycol n-butyl ether, tripropylene glycol n-butyl ether , Ketones such as dipropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropylene glycol methyl ether, tripropy
- the p-type silicon particles for example, silicon particles doped with boron, gallium or the like as an additive are used.
- silicon particles doped with phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic or the like as an additive are used.
- the concentration of these additives contained in the silicon particles is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 12 atoms / cm 3 or more, and more preferably 1 ⁇ 10 13 atoms / cm 3 or more.
- the resistivity of the silicon particles is preferably 0.0001 ⁇ cm or more, and more preferably 0.001 ⁇ cm or more, from the viewpoint of charge transfer in the semiconductor and the spread of the depletion layer.
- the resistivity is preferably 1000 ⁇ cm or less, more preferably 100 ⁇ cm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the silicon particles is preferably 400 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 200 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, and extremely preferably 70 ⁇ m or less from the viewpoint of reducing the contact resistance between the particles. Further, from the viewpoint of reducing the contact resistance between the particles and the electrode and the diffusion length, 0.001 ⁇ m or more is preferable, 0.01 ⁇ m or more is more preferable, and 1 ⁇ m or more is more preferable.
- the average particle diameter of particles such as silicon particles is measured by an image processing method using a microscope.
- a method for forming a film-like semiconductor layer from silicon particles a method using a vacuum system such as a vapor deposition method, a sputtering method, a CVD method, a printing method such as screen printing, gravure printing, letterpress printing, blade coating, etc.
- non-vacuum methods such as a wet coating method such as a spin coating method.
- the layer containing silicon particles a layer made of a plurality of types of inorganic semiconductor particles containing silicon particles can be employed.
- a method of forming a film-like semiconductor layer from these plural types of inorganic semiconductor particles for example, a method of co-evaporating a plurality of materials and depositing on a substrate with an electrode, a single coating solution containing a plurality of materials
- a method of preparing and producing a semiconductor layer by various printing methods using the coating liquid is mentioned.
- the compounds used for the compound semiconductor include silicon germanium compounds, CIS compounds, CIGS compounds, CZTS compounds, CGS compounds, CdTe compounds, InP compounds, GaAs compounds, and GaSb compounds. , GaP compound, InSb compound, InAs compound, ZnTe compound, ZnSe compound, FeS compound, CuS compound, tin sulfide, antimony sulfide and the like.
- the CIS-based compound is a compound composed of Cu, In, and S, Cu, In, S, and Se, or Cu, In, and Se, and includes an aspect in which both compounds are used in combination.
- the CIGS compound is a compound composed of Cu, In, Ga and S, or Cu, In, Ga, S and Se, or Cu, In, Ga and Se, and includes an embodiment in which both compounds are used in combination. It is.
- the CZTS compound is a compound composed of Cu, Zn, Sn and S, or Cu, Zn, Sn, S and Se, or Cu, Zn, Sn and Se, and includes an embodiment in which both compounds are used in combination.
- the CGS-based compound is a compound composed of Cu, Ga, and S, or Cu, Ga, S, and Se, and includes an aspect in which both compounds are used in combination. In addition, these compounds used for compound semiconductor particles may use 2 or more types together.
- Examples of p-type organic semiconductors include pentacene derivatives such as pentacene and 6,13-bis (triisopropylsilylethynyl) pentacene, tetracene derivatives such as tetracene and 2-hexyltetracene, and N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′-bis.
- NPD (1-naphthyl) -1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine
- NPD N, N′-diphenyl-N, N′-bis (3-methylphenyl) -1,1′-biphenyl-
- aromatic amine materials such as 4,4′-diamine (TPD) and 1,3,5-tris (3-methyldiphenylamino) benzene (m-MTDATA).
- p-type organic semiconductors include phthalocyanine complexes such as copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc), polyphyrin compounds, perylene derivatives, imidazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, pyrazoline derivatives, oxazole derivatives, An oxadiazole derivative, a stilbene derivative, a polyarylalkane derivative, graphene oxide, and the like can be given.
- examples of the p-type organic semiconductor include thiophene derivatives and polyphenylene vinylene (PPV) derivatives.
- thiophene derivatives include P3HT (Poly (3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl)), P3OT (Poly (3-octylthiophene-2,5-diyl)), P3DDT (Poly (3-dodecylthiophene- 2,5-diyl)) and PEDOT polymers.
- the dopant of the PEDOT polymer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include PSS (Poly (styrene sulfonate)), PVS (polyvinyl sulfonic acid), dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid or a salt thereof. They are used as PEDOT: PSS or PEDOT: PVS.
- clevios manufactured by Heraeus
- two or more of the p-type semiconductors may be mixed.
- a monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon wafer is preferable from the viewpoint of carrier movement and cost.
- a p-type metal oxide is preferable from the viewpoint of manufacturing a transparent solar cell.
- the n-type semiconductor layer is, for example, a monocrystalline or polycrystalline silicon wafer, an amorphous silicon film, zinc oxide, titanium oxide (rutile, anatase), zinc doped with aluminum (AZO), zinc oxide doped with gallium (GZO) ) Indium tin oxide (ITO), tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium oxide, indium gallium zinc oxide, CuInO 2 , 12CaO ⁇ 7Al 2 O 3 (C12A7), Ga 2 O 3, etc.
- a layer made of metal oxide a layer made of silicon particles, zinc oxide, titanium oxide (rutile, anatase), zinc oxide doped with aluminum (AZO), zinc oxide doped with gallium (GZO), indium tin oxide (ITO), Tin oxide, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium oxide Indium gallium zinc oxide, CuInO 2, 12CaO ⁇ 7Al 2 O 3 (C12A7), a layer composed of metal oxide particles, such as Ga 2 O 3, include a layer made of n-type organic semiconductor.
- n-type organic semiconductor examples include fluorinated acene compounds, fullerenes, fullerenes such as 60 PCBM ([6,6] -phenylC 61 methyl acid methyl ester), 70 PCBM ([6,6] -phenyl C 71 methyl acid ester).
- PCBM [6,6] -phenyl C 71 methyl acid ester
- examples thereof include compounds, naphthalene derivatives, anthracene derivatives, phenanthrene derivatives, pyrene derivatives, perylene derivatives, perylene tetracarboxylic acid diimide derivatives, oxadiazole derivatives, triazole derivatives, triazine derivatives, quinoline derivatives, and the like.
- the n-type semiconductor layer is preferably a single crystal or polycrystalline silicon wafer, a metal oxide, or a layer made of metal oxide particles from the viewpoint of carrier movement and cost.
- the solar cell according to the first embodiment preferably has a layer made of silicon or a layer made of a metal oxide.
- silicon is an n-type semiconductor, for example, silicon doped with phosphorus, nitrogen, arsenic, or the like as an additive is used.
- the open circuit voltage is improved by forming a silicon oxide film on the back side of the layer made of silicon, that is, on the electrode side.
- the thickness of the silicon oxide film is preferably 1 nm or more, and more preferably 2 nm or more. In addition, the thickness is preferably less than 15 nm, and more preferably 10 nm or less, from the viewpoint of current extraction.
- the silicon oxide film may have a shape covering the entire surface of the electrode side surface of the layer made of silicon, or may be a shape covering the islands.
- a method for producing the silicon oxide film a method of forming an extremely thin oxide film on the surface of the substrate by immersing the silicon substrate in an oxidizing liquid and performing oxidation treatment can be given.
- the oxidizing liquid examples include nitric acid, hydrogen peroxide solution, hydrochloric acid, ozone-dissolved water, perchloric acid, ammonia and hydrogen peroxide solution mixture, hydrochloric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution mixture, sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide solution It is preferable that it is at least 1 sort (s) chosen from these liquid mixture.
- it is preferable to perform heat treatment in an inert gas after treatment with an oxidizing liquid. As heating temperature, 300 degreeC or more is preferable and 500 degreeC or more is more preferable.
- the surface of the silicon layer on which light enters that is, the surface in contact with the other semiconductor layer reduces the light reflectance, so that the surface is made of a liquid such as an alkali or acid. It may be etched. Thereby, a pyramid structure can be formed on the surface of the layer made of silicon.
- Liquids used for etching include sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, cesium hydroxide aqueous solution, mixed solution of potassium hydroxide and alcohol such as 2 propanol, mixed solution of sodium hydroxide and alcohol such as 2 propanol.
- this semiconductor layer is a layer composed of only metal oxide particles 51 and a compound 52 having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- this semiconductor layer is a layer comprised from the metal oxide particle 51, the compound 52 whose relative dielectric constant is 2 or more, and other components (not shown). Examples of other components include any one or more of a solvent, a binder component, and an inorganic component. Examples of the metal oxide particles include the aforementioned p-type metal oxide particles and n-type metal oxide particles.
- the problem is that defects present on the surface of the particle become trap levels, and the characteristics of the particle as a semiconductor deteriorate. For example, as shown in FIG. 2, when the semiconductor layer is composed of the metal oxide particles 56 alone, defects existing on the surface of the metal oxide particles 56 become trap levels, and carriers (for example, electrons (e)) are trapped.
- the high-temperature sintering makes it difficult to develop particle-specific physical properties (that is, the quantum size effect, large surface area), and the high-temperature process is expensive. Become.
- a film made of particles produced by a low-temperature process has non-uniform contact between the particles and is not sintered, so that the movement of carriers is slow. Therefore, a technique for controlling defects on the particle surface, control of conduction paths, electronic state, and the like in a low temperature process is required.
- inorganic particles at least one of metal oxide particles and silicon particles
- a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more are mixed. That is, by mixing inorganic particles with a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more, the amount of defects on the surface of the inorganic particles can be reduced, and as a result, inhibition of carrier movement and recombination of carriers due to defect levels are prevented. it can. Therefore, the electrical resistance of the semiconductor layer can be reduced, or the density and mobility of carriers can be improved as compared with the case where the semiconductor layer is formed of inorganic particles alone. Improvement of carrier mobility in the semiconductor layer is advantageous for the transistor element. Moreover, the resistance of the semiconductor layer is reduced, so that the fill factor of the solar cell is improved and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is increased. Furthermore, the open circuit voltage of the solar cell is improved by preventing carrier recombination.
- mixing inorganic particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more has an effect of increasing the carrier conduction path.
- a semiconductor layer is formed with only inorganic particles, a large number of locations where the inorganic particles are not connected to each other are generated.
- a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more pseudo-contact between inorganic particles increases.
- a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more enters the semiconductor layer at intervals of several nm, so that carriers can pass through the semiconductor layer. Presumed to be. Therefore, the amount of carriers flowing in the semiconductor layer is increased, and the time for carriers to flow in the semiconductor layer is also shortened.
- peripheral oxygen that is, air existing on the empty wall at the particle interface
- carriers deactivated by oxygen can be reduced, which contributes to improvement in carrier density and mobility.
- the electronic state of the semiconductor can be controlled by mixing inorganic particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- the dielectric constant of the inorganic particles is close to the dielectric constant of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more around the inorganic particles, or the ratio around the inorganic particles is higher than the dielectric constant of the inorganic particles.
- the dielectric constant of a compound having a dielectric constant of 2 or higher is higher, increasing the electron density of the conduction level has a positive effect on carrier movement. The effect becomes more prominent when the dielectric constant of the inorganic particles and the dielectric constant of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more around the inorganic particles have the same value.
- inorganic particles for example, metal oxide particles 56
- inorganic particles for example, metal oxide particles 51
- a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more that is, a dielectric
- a composite film of inorganic particles and dielectric is formed.
- this composite film there are many electron conduction paths, and defects are further reduced, so that carrier trapping and recombination are suppressed.
- this composite film can block oxygen of semiconductor particles.
- the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more controls the electronic state of the surface of titanium oxide particles (an example of metal oxide particles). .
- the content of the metal oxide particles in the above-mentioned “semiconductor layer composed of a metal oxide particle and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more” is the viewpoint of photoelectric conversion characteristics when this semiconductor layer is used in a solar cell.
- the content is preferably 99.5% by mass or less, more preferably 99% by mass or less, further preferably 90% by mass or less, further preferably 80% by mass or less, and extremely preferably 70% by mass or less. preferable.
- the content of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more in the semiconductor layer is preferably 0.5% by mass or more, more preferably 1% by mass or more, further preferably 10% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of photoelectric conversion characteristics.
- the mass% or more is very preferable, 30 mass% or more is further preferable, and 40 mass% or more is very preferable.
- the content is preferably 90% by mass or less, more preferably 80% by mass or less, further preferably 70% by mass or less, further preferably 65% by mass or less, and most preferably 60% by mass or less.
- the thickness of the semiconductor layer is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more, preferably 0.2 ⁇ m or more, and more preferably 0.5 ⁇ m or more from the viewpoint of photoelectric conversion characteristics. Further, from the same viewpoint, the same layer thickness is preferably 1000 ⁇ m or less, and more preferably 500 ⁇ m or less.
- the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more in the semiconductor layer is preferably an organic compound from the viewpoint of functioning as a binder for metal oxide particles.
- the mass% of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more mixed in the “semiconductor layer composed of metal oxide particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more” changes. Therefore, the volume% of a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more in the film is also important.
- the content of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more in the film is preferably 10% by volume or more, and more preferably 20% by volume or more. Further, from the same viewpoint, the content of the same compound is preferably 90% by volume or less, and very preferably 80% by volume or less.
- the content of the metal oxide particles in the film is preferably 10% by volume or more, and more preferably 20% by volume or more. Further, from the same viewpoint, the content of the metal oxide particles is preferably 90% by volume or less, and very preferably 80% by volume or less.
- the semiconductor layer composed of metal oxide particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more and the metal oxide particles are preferably uniformly distributed. By making it uniform, the anisotropy of electrical characteristics is eliminated and the stability of the solar cell is increased. That is, the semiconductor layer is preferably a uniform dispersion film.
- the uniform dispersion film in the present invention will be specifically described.
- the uniform dispersion film is a film in which inorganic particles in the film and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more are uniformly dispersed.
- the uniformity in the film thickness direction can be measured by cutting the cross section and comparing the contrast with a scanning electron microscope.
- the average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles contained in the semiconductor layer is 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less.
- the average particle diameter of the metal oxide particles is preferably 3 nm or more, and more preferably 5 nm or more, from the viewpoint of reduction in contact resistance between the particles and diffusion length. Further, from the same viewpoint, the average particle diameter is preferably 100 nm or less, more preferably 80 nm or less, and further preferably 50 nm or less.
- the metal oxide particles preferably have a relative standard deviation ⁇ of the particle size distribution of 0.1 nm to 5.0 nm. From the viewpoint of reducing resistance, the relative standard deviation ⁇ is more preferably 3.0 nm or less, and further preferably 2.0 nm or less.
- Said "semiconductor layer comprised from a metal oxide particle and a compound with a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more" is obtained by the following method, for example. That is, a step of mixing a metal oxide particle and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more to obtain a coating solution for forming a semiconductor layer, and a step of applying the coating solution to a substrate on which an electrode is formed to obtain a coating film (Or a step of applying a coating liquid for forming a semiconductor layer on the semiconductor layer to obtain a coating film).
- the coating solution for forming the semiconductor layer may contain one or more dispersants.
- This dispersant is a liquid (that is, a solvent or a dispersion medium) for controlling the viscosity of the coating liquid and dissolving or dispersing a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- the coating liquid for forming a semiconductor contains a dispersant, it may further include a step of drying the coating film and removing at least a part of the dispersant from the coating film after the step of obtaining the coating film.
- the temperature range for drying the coating film is 20 ° C. or more and 500 ° C. or less.
- the temperature range for drying the coating film is preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower, more preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C. or lower, further preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 200 ° C. or lower, and most preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower. preferable.
- dispersant examples include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and hexanol; glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol; cellosolves such as cellosolve, methyl cellosolve (2 methoxyethanol), ethyl cellosolve and butyl cellosolve; Ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; ethers such as dioxane and tetrahydrofuran; amides such as N, N-dimethylformamide; benzene, toluene, xylene, trimethylbenzene, hexane, heptane, Hydrocarbons such as octane, nonane, decane, cyclohexane, decahydronaphthalene (decalin), tetralin; water and the like.
- the content of the dispersant contained in the coating liquid for forming the semiconductor layer is set to 0. From the viewpoint of making the coating liquid easy to handle by controlling the viscosity and adjusting the solubility or dispersibility of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more. 2 mass% or more is preferable and 5 mass% or more is preferable. Moreover, 99.8 mass% or less is preferable, and it is preferable that it is 98.5 mass% or less.
- the content of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more contained in the coating liquid for forming the semiconductor layer is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and more preferably 0.5% by mass. Moreover, 49.9 mass% or less is preferable and 40 mass% or less is preferable.
- the content of the metal oxide particles contained in the coating liquid for forming the semiconductor layer is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and more preferably 0.5% by mass. Moreover, 49.9 mass% or less is preferable and 40 mass% or less is preferable.
- a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more is a liquid, it itself functions as a dispersant. In this case, it is possible to adjust the viscosity without adding a dispersant.
- the “semiconductor layer composed of metal oxide particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more” is preferably transparent to some extent from the viewpoint of allowing the semiconductor layer to absorb light.
- the transmittance of this semiconductor layer is preferably 35% or more, more preferably 50% or more, and further preferably 70% or more with respect to light having a wavelength of 550 nm.
- the transmittance can be measured with a spectrophotometer.
- the upper limit of the transmittance is not particularly limited, but is 100% or less.
- the transmittance can be measured using a spectrophotometer.
- quartz glass or a resin substrate can be used as the measurement substrate.
- the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more is preferably a material that does not absorb visible light.
- the light transmittance is preferably 30% or more, and more preferably 50% or more with respect to the light wavelength of 550 nm.
- the above-mentioned “semiconductor layer composed of a metal oxide particle and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more” is a non-vacuum method other than the coating method, such as screen printing, gravure printing, letterpress printing, etc. The printing method may be used.
- a bonding interface layer made of a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more between two semiconductor layers By providing a bonding interface layer made of a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more between two semiconductor layers, a solar cell that is superior in power generation efficiency can be easily produced.
- a bonding interface layer made of a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more is provided at the bonding interface between the layer made of silicon and the “semiconductor layer made of a metal oxide particle and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more”. It is preferable.
- the bonding interface layer is preferably made of an organic compound from the viewpoints of flexibility, film formability, and the like.
- the organic compound preferably has OH, CF, CCl, C ⁇ O, N ⁇ O, CN or the like as a substituent.
- the specific organic compound is preferably a fluorine-based resin, glycerin, thioglycerol, or a cyano group-containing organic compound.
- a cyano group-containing organic compound is a compound containing one or more cyano groups.
- the cyano group-containing organic compound is more preferably a cyanoethyl group-containing organic compound.
- cyano group-containing organic compound examples include cyanoethyl pullulan, cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol, cyanoethyl saccharose (cyanoethyl sucrose), cyanoethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl hydroxyethyl cellulose, cyanoethyl starch, cyanoethyl hydroxypropyl starch, cyanoethyl glycidol pullulan, cyanoethyl sorbitol and the like.
- the fluororesin include polymers having a skeleton of C 2 F 4-n H n (n is 0 to 3), and specifically, polyvinyl fluoride, polyvinylidene fluoride, polytetrafluoroethylene, and the like. It is done. These may be copolymerized, or may be copolymerized with another resin based on the fluororesin. Further, a part of hydrogen in the chemical formula may be substituted with chlorine. Examples thereof include polychlorotrifluoroethylene.
- a preferable range of the relative dielectric constant of the bonding interface layer is 2 or more from the viewpoint of photoelectric conversion efficiency, preferably 5 or more, and more preferably 10 or more.
- the relative dielectric constant is preferably 5000 or less, more preferably 1500 or less, and further preferably 200 or less from the same viewpoint.
- the content of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more in the bonding interface layer is preferably 50% by mass or more, more preferably 80% by mass or more, further preferably 90% by mass or more, and 95% by mass from the viewpoint of photoelectric conversion efficiency. The above is extremely preferable.
- the bonding interface layer is preferably a layer composed of a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- the bonding interface layer is preferably filled without containing air from the viewpoint of the performance of the solar cell.
- the bonding interface layer may contain a general-purpose resin, a surfactant, a dispersant and the like as a binder component as long as the characteristics are not impaired.
- dispersant examples include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and hexanol; glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol; cellosolves such as cellosolve, ethyl cellosolve and butyl cellosolve; ketones such as acetone and methylethylketone; Esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; ethers such as dioxane and tetrahydrofuran; amides such as N, N-dimethylformamide; benzene, toluene, xylene, trimethylbenzene, hexane, heptane, octane, nonane, decane, cyclohexane, Hydrocarbons such as decahydronaphthalene (decalin) and tetralin; water and the like.
- alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propano
- the content of the dispersant contained in the coating liquid for forming the bonding interface layer is preferably 1% by mass or more and 98.5% by mass or less from the viewpoint of making the coating liquid easy to handle by adjusting the viscosity. It is preferable that The addition amount of the surfactant added for the purpose of improving the dispersion stability of the coating liquid for forming the bonding interface layer is preferably 0.0001% by mass or more and 10% by mass or less from the viewpoint of dispersion stability. Is preferred.
- the surfactant is not particularly limited, and for example, an anionic surfactant, a nonionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an amphoteric surfactant, and a polymer surfactant can be used.
- surfactant examples include fatty acid salts such as sodium lauryl sulfate, higher alcohol sulfate esters, alkylbenzene sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates, and polyoxyethylene polycyclic phenyl.
- fatty acid salts such as sodium lauryl sulfate, higher alcohol sulfate esters, alkylbenzene sulfonates such as sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether sulfates, and polyoxyethylene polycyclic phenyl.
- Anionic surfactants such as surfactants; polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl phenyl ether, sorbitan fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene-polyoxy Reactive blocker having a polymerizable unsaturated double bond in the molecule of propylene block copolymer, these "polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkylphenyl ether, sorbitan fatty acid ester or polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester"
- Nonionic surfactants such as; cationic surfactants such as alkylamine salts and quaternary ammonium salts; (modified) poly
- the junction interface layer may not be introduced to the entire junction interface between the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer (that is, the entire junction interface). From the viewpoint of power generation efficiency, the bonding interface layer preferably covers 30% or more of the entire surface of the bonding interface, more preferably 50% or more, and even more preferably 100%. . Further, the bonding interface layer may be scattered in an island shape.
- the average thickness of the bonding interface layer is preferably 1 nm or more, more preferably 20 nm or more, further preferably 30 nm or more, and extremely preferably 50 nm or more from the viewpoint of power generation efficiency and carrier movement.
- the thickness is preferably 500 ⁇ m or less, more preferably 100 ⁇ m or less, further preferably 50 ⁇ m or less, extremely preferably 10 ⁇ m or less, and most preferably 5 ⁇ m or less.
- This bonding interface layer is characterized in that it has a high photoelectric conversion characteristic even with a thickness of 30 nm or more in which a current due to tunneling is difficult to flow.
- the layer thickness of the bonding interface layer is measured by vertscan 2.0 (manufactured by Ryoka System Co., Ltd.) or cross-sectional TEM observation.
- the bonding interface layer is preferably transparent to some extent from the viewpoint of allowing the semiconductor layer to absorb light.
- the transmittance of the bonding interface layer is preferably 35% or more with respect to light having a wavelength of 550 nm, more preferably 50% or more, and further preferably 70% or more.
- the transmittance can be measured with a spectrophotometer.
- the upper limit of the transmittance is not particularly limited, but is 100% or less.
- the transmittance can be measured using a spectrophotometer.
- quartz glass or a resin substrate can be used as the measurement substrate.
- the resistivity of the bonding interface layer is preferably 10 ⁇ cm or more, more preferably 100 ⁇ cm or more, further preferably 1000 ⁇ cm or more, extremely preferably 10,000 ⁇ cm or more, and most preferably 1000000 ⁇ cm or more.
- the upper limit of the resistivity is not particularly limited, but is preferably 1 ⁇ 10 19 ⁇ cm or less.
- the resistivity in the first embodiment and the second embodiment is a measure of the ease of conducting electricity and is a resistivity per unit volume.
- This value is a value unique to the substance, and is obtained by passing a constant current I through the cross-sectional area W of the substance and measuring the potential difference V between the electrodes separated by a distance L. That is, it is obtained from the following formula [3].
- Resistivity (V / I) ⁇ (W / L) ... [3] Since the bonding interface layer can be reduced in cost, it is effective to produce it using a printing method. At this time, a flexible electrode substrate having flexibility is preferably used as the substrate on which the bonding interface layer is formed. Thereby, since the electrode substrate provided with the joining interface layer can be wound up in a roll shape, the manufacturing speed can be improved.
- the solar cell according to the first embodiment includes at least a first semiconductor layer, a second semiconductor layer, an electrode, and a substrate, and generates power with light.
- the semiconductor constituting the solar cell may be a pp junction type or an nn junction type, but is preferably a pn junction type.
- the first semiconductor layer is the “semiconductor layer composed of a metal oxide particle and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more”. Examples of the metal oxide particles contained in the semiconductor layer include those described above in terms of their types, but titanium oxide or zinc oxide is preferable from the viewpoint of transparency and carrier mobility.
- the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more is preferably an organic compound from the viewpoint of flexibility.
- the first semiconductor layer is preferably a layer composed of only a single metal oxide particle and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- the second semiconductor layer is preferably a material that is not used for the first semiconductor layer, and is composed of a metal oxide particle different from the first semiconductor layer and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more. It may be a semiconductor layer. By using different metal oxides for the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer, a solar cell having high photoelectric conversion efficiency and transparent in visible light can be manufactured.
- the second semiconductor layer of the present invention is preferably a semiconductor layer made of a semiconductor, and more preferably a layer made of silicon, from the viewpoint of carrier movement and light absorption capability.
- the layer made of silicon is preferably a layer made of the above-described single crystal silicon wafer, polycrystalline silicon wafer, amorphous silicon, or silicon particles.
- the solar cell is preferably flexible. By making it flexible, roll-to-roll is possible at the time of manufacturing, which can contribute to reduction in manufacturing cost and can be used for applications that can be bent.
- a flexible solar cell refers to an element that can be bent over 30 degrees on a horizontal table.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of the solar cell 100 according to the first embodiment.
- this solar cell 100 includes a substrate 110, an anode layer 120 formed on the substrate 110, a second semiconductor layer 130 formed on the anode layer 120, and a second semiconductor layer.
- the first semiconductor layer 140 is the above-described “semiconductor layer composed of metal oxide particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more”.
- the second semiconductor layer 130 is the above-described “semiconductor layer made of a semiconductor”.
- both the first semiconductor layer 140 and the second semiconductor layer 130 are p-type semiconductor layers, and the second semiconductor layer 130 is a first semiconductor layer.
- the p-type concentration is higher than that of the layer 140.
- the first semiconductor layer 140 and the second semiconductor layer 130 are both n-type semiconductor layers, and the first semiconductor layer 140 is more than the second semiconductor layer 130.
- the first semiconductor layer 140 is an n-type semiconductor layer
- the second semiconductor layer 130 is a p-type semiconductor layer.
- the first semiconductor layer 140 and the second semiconductor layer 130 may be arranged in reverse. That is, the first semiconductor layer 140 may be formed on the anode layer 120, and the second semiconductor layer 130 may be formed on the first semiconductor layer 140. In that case, the first semiconductor layer 140 has a higher p-type concentration than the second semiconductor layer 130 in the pp junction type, and the second semiconductor layer 130 has the first semiconductor layer in the nn junction type. The n-type concentration is higher than that of the layer 140. In the pn junction type, the first semiconductor layer 140 is a p-type semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer 130 is an n-type semiconductor layer.
- each layer can be further subdivided to provide a plurality of layers.
- an electron extraction layer (not shown) can be provided between the first semiconductor layer 140 and the cathode layer 150.
- a hole extraction layer (not shown) can be provided between the second semiconductor layer 130 and the anode layer 120.
- a light absorption layer (not shown) can be provided between the second semiconductor layer 130 and the first semiconductor layer 140.
- the second semiconductor layer 130 and the first semiconductor layer 140 may have a bulk heterostructure mixed with each other.
- Either the anode layer 120 or the cathode layer 150 is preferably transparent.
- the substrate 110 may be on the cathode layer 150 side instead of the anode layer 120 side, or may be on both the anode layer 120 side and the cathode layer 150 side.
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of the solar cell 200 according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- a solar cell 200 shown in FIG. 4 is formed on a substrate 210, an anode layer 220 formed on the substrate 210, a second semiconductor layer 230 formed on the anode layer 220, and a second semiconductor layer 230.
- the bonded interface layer 260, the first semiconductor layer 240 formed on the bonded interface layer 260, and the cathode layer 250 formed on the first semiconductor layer 240 are provided.
- the bonding interface layer 260 includes a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- the first semiconductor layer 240 is the above-described “semiconductor layer composed of metal oxide particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more”.
- the second semiconductor layer 230 is the above-described “semiconductor layer made of a semiconductor”.
- both the first semiconductor layer 240 and the second semiconductor layer 230 are p-type semiconductor layers, and the second semiconductor layer 230 is a first semiconductor layer.
- the p-type concentration is higher than that of the layer 240.
- the first semiconductor layer 240 and the second semiconductor layer 230 are both n-type semiconductor layers, and the first semiconductor layer 240 is formed from the second semiconductor layer 230.
- the first semiconductor layer 240 is an n-type semiconductor layer
- the second semiconductor layer 230 is a p-type semiconductor layer.
- the first semiconductor layer 240 and the second semiconductor layer 230 may be arranged in reverse. That is, the first semiconductor layer 240 is formed on the anode layer 220, the bonding interface layer 260 is formed on the first semiconductor layer 240, and the second semiconductor layer 230 is formed on the bonding interface layer 260. Also good. In that case, in the pp junction type, the first semiconductor layer 240 has a higher p-type concentration than the second semiconductor layer 230, and in the nn junction type, the second semiconductor layer 230 is the first semiconductor layer. The n-type concentration is higher than that of the layer 240.
- the first semiconductor layer 240 is a p-type semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer 230 is an n-type semiconductor layer.
- each layer can be further subdivided to provide a plurality of layers.
- an electron extraction layer (not shown) can be provided between the first semiconductor layer 240 and the cathode layer 250.
- a hole extraction layer (not shown) may be provided between the second semiconductor layer 230 and the anode layer 220.
- the substrate 210 may be on the cathode layer 250 side instead of the anode layer 220 side, or may be on both the anode layer 220 side and the cathode layer 250 side. Either the anode layer 220 or the cathode layer 250 is preferably transparent.
- the solar cell according to the first embodiment may have a tandem structure in which two or more structures shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 are stacked in series.
- the anode layer 120 shown in FIG. 3 the second semiconductor layer 130 formed on the anode layer 120, the first semiconductor layer 140 formed on the second semiconductor layer 130,
- the cathode layer 150 formed on the semiconductor layer 140 is a first unit cell.
- the first semiconductor layer 240 formed on the first semiconductor layer 240 and the cathode layer 250 formed on the first semiconductor layer 240 serve as a second unit cell.
- the solar cell according to the first embodiment may have a structure in which two or more first unit cells are stacked in series, or may have a structure in which two or more second unit cells are stacked in series. Alternatively, a structure in which one or more first unit cells and one or more second unit cells are stacked in series may be used.
- substrates 110 and 210 glass substrate, PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PC (polycarbonate), PEN (polyethylene naphthalate), PP (polypropylene), polyethersulfone, polyimide, cycloolefin
- plastic substrates such as polymers, acrylic resins, fluorine resins, melamine resins, phenol resins, aluminum substrates, stainless steel (SUS) substrates, clay substrates, and paper substrates can be used.
- cathode layers 150 and 250 aluminum, SUS, gold, silver, an alloy of indium and gallium, ITO (indium tin oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), zinc oxide, aluminum dope Commonly used metals or metal oxides such as zinc oxide can be used. Further, a conductive polymer, graphene, or the like can be used. As anode layers 120 and 220, aluminum, SUS, gold, silver, an alloy of indium and gallium, ITO (indium tin oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), IZO (indium zinc oxide), zinc oxide, aluminum dope Commonly used metals or metal oxides such as zinc oxide can be used. Further, a conductive polymer, graphene, or the like can be used.
- the sheet resistance is preferably 0.1 to 100 ⁇ / ⁇ , more preferably 1 to 50 ⁇ / ⁇ from the viewpoint of further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency.
- the thickness of each of the substrates 110 and 210, the cathode layers 150 and 250, and the anode layers 120 and 220 is not particularly limited, but should be about 0.1 mm to 100 mm, 0.01 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, and 0.01 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m, respectively. Can do.
- FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a solar cell 300 according to a comparative example.
- a solar cell 300 shown in FIG. 5 is a general pn junction solar cell.
- An anode layer 320, a p-type semiconductor layer 330, an n-type semiconductor layer 340, and a cathode layer 350 are provided on the substrate 310.
- Neither the p-type semiconductor layer 330 nor the n-type semiconductor layer 340 is “a semiconductor layer composed of a metal oxide particle and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more”.
- the solar cell 300 is different from the solar cells 100 and 200.
- the first embodiment of the present invention has the following effects (1) to (5).
- the 1st semiconductor layer which comprises a solar cell contains a metal oxide particle with an average particle diameter of 1 nm or more and 500 nm or less, and a compound with a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- the inhibition of carrier movement due to the defect level on the surface of the metal oxide particles and the air gap between the particles, and the recombination of carriers. Can be prevented.
- the electrical resistance of the first semiconductor layer can be reduced, the fill factor of the solar cell can be improved, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency can be increased.
- the open circuit voltage of a solar cell can be improved by preventing carrier recombination.
- the first semiconductor layer and the second semiconductor layer do not require a vacuum process or the like, and can be manufactured at a low cost and a low temperature process. It can be formed by a system process. Thereby, the solar cell which can be manufactured with a non-vacuum system process and can express the more outstanding photoelectric conversion efficiency, and its manufacturing method can be provided.
- the second semiconductor layer preferably further contains a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- This compound is more preferably an organic compound having a relative dielectric constant of 3 or more and 150 or less.
- the content of the inorganic particles in the second semiconductor layer is preferably 10% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less.
- the second semiconductor layer contains inorganic particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more, the surface of the inorganic particles in the second semiconductor layer can be compared with the case where the second semiconductor layer is composed of inorganic particles alone. The effect of suppressing the carrier trap / recombination of the second semiconductor layer can be obtained, and the mobility of the second semiconductor layer can be improved, which can contribute to the improvement of the performance of the solar cell.
- the semiconductor element according to the second embodiment of the present invention has at least one semiconductor layer including inorganic particles and a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 3 or more and 150 or less (hereinafter referred to as an organic compound).
- the inorganic particles are metal oxide particles or silicon particles.
- the content of inorganic particles in the semiconductor layer is 10% by mass or more and 90% by mass or less, and the carrier mobility of the semiconductor layer is 0.0001 cm 2 / Vs or more.
- Examples of the semiconductor element according to the second embodiment include a diode, a transistor, a thin film transistor, a memory, a photodiode, a light emitting diode, a light emitting transistor, and a sensor.
- Transistors and thin film transistors can be used in various display devices such as active matrix display, liquid crystal display, dispersive liquid crystal display, electrophoretic display, particle rotating display element, electrochromic display, organic light emitting display, and electronic paper. is there.
- the transistor and the thin film transistor are used as a switching transistor, a signal driver circuit element, a memory circuit element, a signal processing circuit element, and the like of a display pixel.
- the switching transistor of the display device is arranged in each pixel of the display device and switches the display of each pixel. Since such an active drive element does not require patterning of the opposing conductive substrate, depending on the circuit configuration, pixel wiring can be simplified as compared with a passive drive element that does not have a transistor for switching pixels. Usually, one to several switching transistors are arranged per pixel.
- Such a display device has a structure in which a data line and a gate line which are two-dimensionally formed on a substrate surface intersect each other, and the data line and the gate line are respectively joined to the gate electrode, the source electrode and the drain electrode of the transistor. ing. It is possible to divide the data line and the gate line, and to add a current supply line and a signal line. *
- a capacitor can be provided in addition to the pixel of the display device, so that a signal recording function can be given.
- a data line and gate line driver, a pixel signal memory, a pulse generator, a signal divider, a controller, and the like can be mounted on the substrate over which the display device is formed.
- the element structure may be, for example, a structure of substrate / gate electrode / insulator layer (dielectric layer) / source electrode / drain electrode / semiconductor layer (bottom contact structure), substrate / Semiconductor layer / source electrode / drain electrode / insulator layer (dielectric layer) / gate electrode structure (top gate structure), substrate / gate electrode / insulator layer (dielectric layer) / semiconductor layer / source electrode / drain electrode (Top contact structure) and the like.
- a plurality of source electrodes, drain electrodes, and gate electrodes may be provided.
- a plurality of semiconductor layers may be provided in the same plane or may be provided in a stacked manner.
- a “semiconductor layer composed of inorganic particles and an organic compound” is used for the semiconductor layer of the thin film transistor. That is, the semiconductor layer of the semiconductor element is a layer composed only of metal oxide particles and an organic compound, or a layer composed of metal oxide particles and an organic compound and other components. Examples of other components include any one or more of a solvent, a binder component, and an inorganic component. Usable inorganic particles (metal oxide particles, silicon particles) and organic compounds are as exemplified in the first embodiment. Moreover, the mobility of the semiconductor layer is 0.0001 cm 2 / Vs or more, preferably at least 0.001 cm 2 / Vs, more preferably not less than 0.01 cm 2 / Vs. Thereby, a semiconductor element can be used suitably for the display apparatus which displays an image.
- any of a MOS (metal-oxide (insulator layer) -semiconductor) type transistor and a bipolar type transistor can be adopted as its configuration.
- the element structure of the bipolar transistor include a structure of n-type semiconductor layer / p-type semiconductor layer / n-type semiconductor layer and a structure of p-type semiconductor layer / n-type semiconductor layer / p-type semiconductor layer.
- An electrode is connected to the semiconductor layer.
- the above-mentioned “semiconductor layer composed of inorganic particles and an organic compound” is used for at least one of the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer.
- the element structure includes, for example, a structure of electrode / n-type semiconductor layer / p-type semiconductor layer / electrode.
- the above-mentioned “semiconductor layer composed of inorganic particles and an organic compound” is used for at least one of the p-type semiconductor layer and the n-type semiconductor layer.
- At least a part of the bonding surface between the semiconductor layer composed of inorganic particles and the organic compound and the electrode can be a Schottky junction and / or a tunnel junction.
- a junction structure include, for example, an electrode / Schottky junction (tunnel junction) / semiconductor layer / electrode structure, an electrode / semiconductor layer / tunnel junction / semiconductor layer / electrode structure, and an electrode / Schottky junction ( (Tunnel junction) / semiconductor layer / tunnel junction / semiconductor layer / electrode.
- a diode can be formed only by applying a Schottky junction and / or a tunnel junction to a semiconductor composed of the metal oxide particles or silicon particles of the present invention and an organic compound.
- a semiconductor element having such a junction structure is preferable because a diode or a transistor can be formed with a simple structure.
- a plurality of semiconductor elements having such a junction structure can be joined to form a semiconductor element such as an inverter, an oscillator, a memory, or a sensor.
- these Schottky junctions and tunnel junctions are not only usable for adjustment of diode characteristics and tunnel junction elements. If a magnetic material and a photoresponsive material are used for the Schottky junction and the tunnel junction, a higher-performance semiconductor element can be manufactured.
- FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a configuration example of the semiconductor element 400 according to the second embodiment.
- the semiconductor element 400 is a bottom contact thin film transistor, and includes a substrate 410, a gate electrode 420 formed on the substrate 410, and an insulation formed on the substrate 410 to cover the gate electrode 420.
- the layer 430, the source electrode 440, the drain electrode 450, and the semiconductor layer 460 are included.
- the source electrode 440 is formed on the substrate 410 and covers one end of the gate electrode 420 with the insulating layer 430 interposed therebetween.
- the drain electrode 450 is formed on the substrate 410 and covers the other end of the gate electrode 420 with the insulating layer 430 interposed therebetween.
- the semiconductor layer 460 is formed over the gate electrode 420 with the insulating layer 430 interposed therebetween, and fills between the source electrode 440 and the gate electrode 420 (that is, a gap).
- the material of the substrate 410 includes glass or resin. Further, examples of materials for the gate electrode 420, the source electrode 440, and the drain electrode 450 include metals, conductive ceramic materials, carbon, and conductive organic materials. Each material of the gate electrode 420, the source electrode 440, and the drain electrode 450 is more preferably gold, silver, aluminum, copper, or indium tin oxide (ITO) from the viewpoint of obtaining good bonding and adhesion with metal oxide or silicon. Or an indium-gallium alloy.
- ITO indium tin oxide
- a semiconductor thin film is formed by applying a coating liquid for forming a semiconductor layer in a predetermined pattern on each predetermined region of an electrode, a semiconductor, and an insulator layer that are patterned in advance on a substrate.
- the method of forming is mentioned.
- Another method for manufacturing a semiconductor device includes a method of forming a semiconductor thin film on a substrate, and then patterning the semiconductor thin film, forming an electrode, and forming an insulator layer.
- a method of forming a pattern using a method such as screen printing, gravure printing, offset printing, ink jet printing, or spraying can be employed.
- the semiconductor element of the present invention can be manufactured by forming a semiconductor thin film on a substrate such as glass or resin.
- the semiconductor thin film can be formed by a simple method such as solution printing or coating. Therefore, a large number of semiconductor elements can be easily formed on a large-area substrate at a time. Therefore, a semiconductor element and a device using the semiconductor element (the above-described display device, arithmetic element, storage element, and the like) can be manufactured at low cost.
- manufacturing a semiconductor element using a semiconductor thin film is effective in reducing the thickness and weight of an apparatus using the semiconductor element.
- the semiconductor element of the present invention can also be used as an arithmetic element and a storage element in electronic devices such as an IC card, a smart card, and an electronic tag. In that case, even if these are a contact type or a non-contact type, they can be applied without any problem.
- These IC cards, smart cards, and electronic tags are composed of a memory, a pulse generator, a signal divider, a controller, a capacitor, and the like, and may further include an antenna and a battery.
- the semiconductor element of the present invention can be used as a sensor, and can be applied to various sensors such as a gas sensor, a biosensor, a blood sensor, an immune sensor, an artificial retina, and a taste sensor.
- the semiconductor layer of the semiconductor element does not require a vacuum process or the like, can be manufactured at a low cost and at a low temperature process, and can be formed by a non-vacuum process such as a coating method or a printing method.
- a non-vacuum process such as a coating method or a printing method.
- the temperature range for drying the semiconductor layer is preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 400 ° C. or lower, more preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 300 ° C.
- the dispersant is different from a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- the dispersant include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol and hexanol; glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol; cellosolves such as cellosolve, methyl cellosolve (2 methoxyethanol), ethyl cellosolve and butyl cellosolve; Ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; esters such as ethyl acetate and butyl acetate; ethers such as dioxane and tetrahydrofuran; amides such as N, N-dimethylformamide; benzene, toluene, xylene, trimethylbenzene, hexane, heptane, Hydrocarbons such as octane, nonane, decane, cyclohexanol; glyco
- the content of the dispersant contained in the coating liquid for forming the semiconductor layer is set to 0. From the viewpoint of making the coating liquid easy to handle by controlling the viscosity and adjusting the solubility or dispersibility of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more. 2 mass% or more is preferable and 5 mass% or more is preferable. Further, the content is preferably 99.8% by mass or less, and more preferably 98.5% by mass or less.
- the content of the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more contained in the coating liquid for forming the semiconductor layer is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and more preferably 0.5% by mass. The content is preferably 49.9% by mass or less, and more preferably 40% by mass or less.
- the content of the metal oxide particles contained in the coating liquid for forming the semiconductor layer is preferably 0.1% by mass or more, and more preferably 0.5% by mass. The content is preferably 49.9% by mass or less, and more preferably 40% by mass or less.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- a titanium oxide dispersion TKS201 anatase type, manufactured by Teika Co., Ltd., solid content: 33% by mass
- the titanium oxide dispersion was diluted to 2000 times, this diluted dispersion was ultrasonically dispersed, and the soaked mesh was freeze-dried to obtain a sample for TEM measurement.
- This titanium oxide sample for TEM measurement was magnified up to 570000 times by TEM and observed.
- the half width by X-ray diffraction was measured using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD) RINT-2500 (manufactured by Rigaku Corporation) using CuK ⁇ rays as an X-ray source. Titanium oxide particles for measurement were coated on a quartz substrate under the same conditions as those for fabricating the device. The half width is obtained by X-ray diffraction measurement of the titanium oxide particles.
- XRD X-ray diffractometer
- RINT-2500 manufactured by Rigaku Corporation
- the half width of the titanium oxide particles used in the examples is 0.48 ° for AMT400, 0.29 ° for AMT600, 1.04 ° for TKS201, and 0.60 ° for P90, and the rutile type.
- MT150A was 0.50 °.
- the measurement was performed with the solar cell fixed.
- a specific method for preparing the measurement sample will be described with reference to FIG.
- the solar cell 4 is placed on a metal jig 5 coated with an insulating material.
- the evaluation of the IV characteristics of the solar cell was performed by adjusting the solar cell so that the amount of light was 1 sun.
- indium and gallium alloy paste were used to bond the conductive tape or copper tape and the silicon crystal wafer. Moreover, the layer which consists of a conductive tape and a titanium oxide particle was joined to the layer side which consists of a titanium oxide particle using the ITO electrode and the silver paste. Terminals for IV measurement were taken from conductive tape.
- Imax is a current when the output of the solar cell is maximized
- Vmax is a voltage when the output of the solar cell is maximized.
- FF fill factor
- photoelectric conversion efficiency was calculated from the IV characteristic graph.
- the short-circuit current density (Isc) is a current density when the voltage is 0, and the open circuit voltage (Voc) is a voltage when the current is 0.
- FF can be obtained from the following equation [6].
- FF (Vmax ⁇ Imax) / (Voc ⁇ Isc) [6]
- the photoelectric conversion efficiency ⁇ can be obtained from the following formula [7].
- ⁇ (output of solar cell) / 100 ⁇ 100 ... [7]
- the output of the solar cell can be obtained from the following formula [8].
- Output of solar cell short circuit current density ⁇ open circuit voltage
- FF Vmax ⁇ Imax [8]
- the relative permittivity is a value measured by an impedance method with a measurement frequency of 1 kHz and a measurement temperature of 23 ° C. Specifically, it calculated
- required from following formula [9] using the LCR meter (Agilent 4284A PRESION LCR meter). Dielectric constant of sample (distance between electrodes ⁇ capacitance) / (area of electrode ⁇ dielectric constant of vacuum) ... [9] (However, the dielectric constant of vacuum is 8.854 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 12 (F / m).)
- the dielectric constant is measured by inserting an electrode into the liquid using a liquid measuring jig (16452 ALIQUID TEST FIXTURE manufactured by Agilent).
- a liquid measuring jig 16452 ALIQUID TEST FIXTURE manufactured by Agilent
- the dielectric constant is measured by forming a film on an electrode plate using a film measurement jig (manufactured by Agilent, 16451B DIEECTRIC TEST FIXTURE) and sandwiching the film with one electrode.
- the layer thickness of the semiconductor layer and the bonding interface layer was measured by vertscan 2.0 (manufactured by Ryoka System Co., Ltd.).
- a semiconductor layer or a bonding interface layer for measurement was prepared by coating on a substrate under the same conditions as in the device preparation. For these layers, the layer thickness was arbitrarily measured at five locations, and the average was calculated as the average layer thickness.
- the layer thicknesses of the semiconductor layer and the bonding interface layer after the solar cell was manufactured were measured by cross-sectional TEM observation or cross-sectional SEM observation. The measurement was performed after the cross section of the solar cell was cut by a focused ion beam (FIB) method. The cross-sectional SEM observation method was described in (10) below.
- FIB focused ion beam
- Ga ions accelerated at 30 to 40 kV were focused to 0.01 to 0.1 ⁇ m and sputtered while scanning the cross section of the solar cell.
- a carbon film or a tungsten film was deposited as the protective film on the outermost surface of the sputtering.
- cross-sectional TEM observation was performed at two locations, and the five-point layer thickness was measured at equal intervals per location. The average value of the layer thicknesses of a total of 10 points was calculated and taken as the average layer thickness. It was confirmed that the average layer thickness obtained by the cross-sectional TEM observation was a value almost equal to the result of the layer thickness measurement.
- Spectral Sensitivity Measurement is to measure the output from a solar cell by irradiating the solar cell with light extracted for each wavelength from a light source by a spectroscope. The external quantum efficiency is calculated from the incident light intensity and the output current.
- a xenon lamp light source xenon lamp: L2274 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Ltd., lamp house: E7536 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Ltd., power source: C4263 manufactured by Hamamatsu Photonics Co., Ltd.
- GRATING MONOCHROMATOR MODEL 77250 manufactured by ORIEL was used as the spectroscope.
- SHOT-204-MS and SGSP-60YAW manufactured by Sigma Koki Co., Ltd. were used, and FMV-C8240 manufactured by Fujitsu Ltd. was used as a control PC.
- the current was measured using a digital electrometer TR8652 manufactured by ADVANTEST. This evaluation was performed only for Example 5 described later.
- the voltage and current were measured with a 6241A (manufactured by ADMT) as a DC voltage power supply device and displayed on a personal computer (IV measuring system manufactured by ADMTT).
- a 6241A manufactured by ADMT
- IV measuring system manufactured by ADMTT IV measuring system manufactured by ADMTT
- FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of the TOF device.
- the TOF device is a device that measures the time for which excited electrons flow by irradiating light with a YAG laser (355 nm, pulse width 4 to 6 ns, model MINITIA I manufactured by HOYA-Continuum).
- the mobility is obtained by the following equation [10].
- ⁇ L 2 / V ⁇ Tr (cm 2 /Vs)...[10] Travel time: Tr, distance between electrodes (film thickness): L, electric field applied to thin film: V / L (applied voltage / film thickness), mobility (unit electric field, charge transfer speed per second): ⁇ expressed.
- the measurement cell and the load resistance RL were connected in series with the DC power source 11.
- a pulse laser beam was irradiated to the measurement cell, and the time change of the voltage due to the transient current caused by the carrier movement flowing through the load resistance RL was recorded with a digital oscilloscope (Tektronix, model TDS3032) 12.
- Data of the digital oscilloscope 12 was taken into a personal computer (PC), and a running time Tr was obtained from a log-log plot of transient current and time.
- PC personal computer
- the load resistance RL is set too large, the transient current signal may be distorted due to the CR time constant. Therefore, when the carrier mobility was high, the load resistance RL was set to 51 ⁇ and the measurement was performed. At this time, when the signal level on the digital oscilloscope 12 was weak, the measurement was performed by amplifying the signal from the load resistor RL with the voltage amplifier 13.
- a semiconductor element is placed on the metal jig 5 coated with an insulating material instead of the solar cell 4.
- Example 1 In 1.0 g of an aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm (anatase type, manufactured by Teica, TKS201, solid content: 33% by mass), a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution (with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) 1.05 g) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution A. On the other hand, a PET film with ITO (manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was washed with methanol, and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 10 minutes.
- ITO manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇
- titanium oxide-containing layer a layer composed of titanium oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose (titanium oxide-containing layer) is prepared on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution A. did. Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 1 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was ultrasonically cleaned with methanol for 5 minutes.
- the silicon crystal wafer dried after washing and the titanium oxide-containing layer were bonded together.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion.
- Example 2 1.0 g of an aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm (anatase type, manufactured by Teika, TKS201, solid content 33% by mass) is adjusted to a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (solid content 20% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent). ) 1.05 g was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution A.
- a PET film with ITO manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was produced on the ITO surface side of this ITO-attached PET film by using the mixed solution A by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds). Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 1 ⁇ m. The mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide-containing layer is 61 mass%. Further, on the titanium oxide-containing layer, a film in which cyanoethyl saccharose was diluted with 2-methoxyethanol and the content of cyanoethyl saccharose was adjusted to 1% by mass was formed by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds). This was dried at 120 ° C. for 1 minute. The thickness of the cyanoethyl saccharose layer after drying was 20 nm.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was ultrasonically cleaned with methanol for 5 minutes.
- a silicon crystal wafer dried after washing and a titanium oxide-containing layer coated with cyanoethyl saccharose were bonded together.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) with a hole of 4 mm ⁇ was sandwiched between them so that the cyanoethyl saccharose layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other only at the holed portion.
- it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- a cyanoethyl saccharose layer exists as a bonding interface layer between the silicon crystal wafer and the titanium oxide-containing layer.
- Example 3 To 1.0 g of an aqueous dispersion (solid content 33% by mass) containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 14 nm (anatase type, manufactured by Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., VP TiO 2 P90) and hydrochloric acid, a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (with 2 methoxyethanol solvent). 1.05 g) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution B. On the other hand, a PET film with ITO (manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was washed with methanol, and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 10 minutes.
- ITO manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was produced on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution B. Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 1.1 ⁇ m. The mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide-containing layer is 61 mass%.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was ultrasonically cleaned with methanol for 5 minutes.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a hole of 4 mm ⁇ was sandwiched between them, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other only in the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 4 An aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm (anatase type, manufactured by Teika, TKS201, solid content: 33% by mass) is adjusted to 1.0 g with a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (2 methoxyethanol solvent to a solid content of 20% by mass). 1.58 g was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution C. On the other hand, a PET film with ITO (sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatek Co.) was washed with methanol and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 10 minutes.
- ITO sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatek Co.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was prepared on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution C.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 0.7 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, and further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water.
- the silicon crystal wafer was washed and dried. Immediately after drying, the silicon crystal wafer and the ITO-coated PET film were bonded together so that the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- AMT400 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass To 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 1.58 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution D. The mixed solution D was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution D.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.7 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- the washed PET film and the silicon crystal wafer are pasted so that the ITO surface is in contact with the titanium oxide-containing layer side.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a hole of 4 mm ⁇ was sandwiched between them, and the ITO and the titanium oxide-containing layer were in contact with each other only in the holed portion.
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 30 nm (AMT600, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- AMT600 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass To 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 1.58 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with a 2-methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution E. The mixed solution E was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by using the mixed solution E by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds).
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.8 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (MT150A, rutile type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with a 2-methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution F.
- the mixed solution F was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution F.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.7 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- Example 8 Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass. To 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 1.58 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (adjusted to a solid content of 6.59% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution G. The mixed solution G was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- AMT400 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution G.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide-containing layer is 76 mass%.
- the ITO surface of the cleaned PET film with ITO and the silicon crystal wafer are in contact with the titanium oxide-containing thin film side. Pasted together.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a hole of 4 mm ⁇ was sandwiched between them, and the ITO and the titanium oxide-containing thin film were in contact with each other only in the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- AMT400 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass To 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 1.58 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with a 2-methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution H. The mixed solution H was left for 1 day, and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a PET film with ITO (sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatek Co.) was washed with methanol and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 10 minutes.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was prepared on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution H.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.8 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, and further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water. After washing and drying, immediately after drying, the silicon crystal wafer and the PET film with ITO were bonded together so that the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 10 Production of heterojunction solar cell using silicon crystal wafer Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (MT150A, rutile type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol, and the solid content was 33% by mass. A dispersion was prepared. To 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 1.58 g of a glycerin (relative dielectric constant: 48) solution (adjusted glycerin content to 20% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution I. . The mixed solution I was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a glycerin relative dielectric constant: 48
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by using the mixed solution I by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds).
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.7 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- the ITO surface of the washed PET film with ITO and the silicon crystal wafer are in contact with the titanium oxide-containing layer side. Pasted together.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) with a hole of 3 mm ⁇ was sandwiched between them, and the ITO and the titanium oxide-containing layer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 11 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer
- the solar cell was obtained in the same manner as in Example 6 except that the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more was changed from cyanoethyl saccharose to cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol (relative dielectric constant: 15). Battery 4 was produced.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.9 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- Example 12 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer Solar cell 4 as in Example 6 except that the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more was changed from cyanoethyl saccharose to glycerin (relative dielectric constant: 15). was made.
- the glycerin solution was used by adjusting the content ratio of glycerin to 20% by mass with a 2 methoxyethanol solvent.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.6 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- Example 13 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer Solar cell as in Example 6 except that the compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more was changed from cyanoethyl saccharose to thioglycerol (relative dielectric constant: 132). 4 was produced. However, since glycerin is liquid, the glycerin solution was used by adjusting the content ratio of glycerin to 20% by mass with a 2 methoxyethanol solvent. The thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.5 ⁇ m. The mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- Example 14 Cyanoethylated titanium oxide was synthesized. The synthesis method will be described in detail below. To a four-necked flask, 250 g of acetonitrile and 25 g of titanium oxide (AMT600, manufactured by Teika) were added and stirred at room temperature. Thereafter, 1.3 g of a 40 mass% potassium hydroxide aqueous solution is charged into the four-necked flask. The internal temperature of this four-necked flask is controlled at 50 ° C. and stirred for 18 hours. The dispersion in the four-necked flask is allowed to cool and filtered, and the filtrate is washed with acetone, chloroform, and heptane.
- AMT600 titanium oxide
- the filtrate after washing was dried under reduced pressure to obtain cyanoethylated titanium oxide.
- cyanoethylated titanium oxide particles were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution Y.
- the mixed solution Y was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution Y.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.2 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide containing layer is 51 mass%.
- the washed PET film and the silicon crystal wafer are pasted so that the ITO surface is in contact with the titanium oxide-containing layer side.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a hole of 4 mm ⁇ was sandwiched between them, and the ITO and the titanium oxide-containing layer were in contact with each other only in the holed portion.
- Example 15 Production of heterojunction solar cell using silicon crystal wafer Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol, and the solid content was 33% by mass. A dispersion was prepared. 3.16 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with a 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added to 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, and the mixture was stirred to prepare a mixed solution Z. The mixed solution Z was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- AMT400 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution Z.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.3 ⁇ m.
- the mass% of titanium oxide in the titanium oxide-containing layer is 34% by mass.
- the ITO surface of the cleaned PET film with ITO and the silicon crystal wafer are in contact with the titanium oxide-containing thin film side. Pasted together.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a hole of 4 mm ⁇ was sandwiched between them, and the ITO and the titanium oxide-containing thin film were in contact with each other only in the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 16 Production of heterojunction solar cell using silicon crystal wafer
- a PET film with ITO manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇
- titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm (anatase type) Manufactured by Teica Co., Ltd., TKS201, solid content of 33% by mass
- this coating film was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- a solution prepared by diluting cyanoethyl saccharose with 2-methoxyethanol and adjusting to 18% by mass on the layer made of titanium oxide particles was applied by spin coating, and this was dried at 80 ° C. for 30 seconds.
- a hydrofluoric acid treatment described later was performed on a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm.
- a silicon crystal wafer and a PET film with ITO coated with a layer composed of cyanoethyl saccharose and titanium oxide particles were bonded together to produce a laminate.
- a solar cell was fabricated using this laminate.
- the thickness of the layer made of titanium oxide particles after production of the solar cell was 1200 nm
- the thickness of the layer made of cyanoethyl saccharose was 150 nm
- the thickness of the silicon layer was 500 ⁇ m.
- Example 17 Production of heterojunction solar cell using silicon crystal wafer Except for changing to titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 14 nm (anatase type, Nippon Aerosil Co., Ltd., VPTiO2 P90, solid content 20% by mass) A solar cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the thickness of the layer made of titanium oxide particles after production of the solar cell was 900 nm
- the thickness of the layer made of cyanoethyl saccharose was 150 nm
- the thickness of the silicon layer was 500 ⁇ m.
- Example 18 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer PET film with ITO (manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇ ), titanium oxide particle dispersion liquid having an average particle diameter of 6 nm (anatase type, manufactured by Teika) , TKS201, solid content of 33% by mass), and a coating film was prepared by a spin coating method. After spin coating, this coating film was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes.
- a solution prepared by diluting cyanoethyl saccharose with 2-methoxyethanol and adjusting the content of cyanoethyl saccharose (relative dielectric constant 25) to 18% by mass on the titanium oxide particle layer is spin-coated (rotation speed is (2500 rpm) and dried at 120 ° C. for 1 minute.
- a nitric acid treatment described later was performed on a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm.
- the hydrofluoric acid treatment described later was performed only on the surface to be the pn junction surface. The surface of the silicon crystal wafer treated with hydrofluoric acid and the cyanoethyl saccharose layer were bonded together to produce a solar cell.
- the solar cell was fixed using a jig as shown in FIG.
- the thickness of the silicon oxide film on the side facing the electrode of the silicon crystal wafer was 2.9 nm.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide layer was 1500 nm, and the thickness of the cyanoethyl saccharose layer was 150 nm.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched so that the bonded interface layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other only at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO.
- “Nitric acid treatment” A silicon crystal wafer was washed with acetone to remove dirt on the wafer surface, and then immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water. Then, it was immersed in hot concentrated nitric acid at 113 ° C. for 10 minutes. Thereafter, it was washed with ultrapure water.
- “Hydrofluoric acid treatment” A protective film was applied to one side of a silicon crystal wafer, immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water. Thereafter, it was washed with methanol.
- Example 19 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer
- an aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm anatase type, manufactured by Teica, TKS201, solid content: 33% by mass
- a cyanoethyl saccharose (relative dielectric constant: 25) solution was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution J.
- a PET film with ITO manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇
- titanium oxide-containing layer a layer composed of titanium oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose (titanium oxide-containing layer) is produced on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution J. did. Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.8 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, and further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water. After cleaning, the silicon crystal wafer was stored in a vacuum desiccator. The silicon crystal wafer taken out from the vacuum desiccator and the titanium oxide-containing layer were bonded together. A 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 20 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer
- an aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 m anatase type, manufactured by Teica, TKS201, solid content: 33% by mass
- 0.53 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose (relative dielectric constant: 25) solution was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution K.
- a PET film with ITO manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇
- titanium oxide-containing layer a layer composed of titanium oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose (titanium oxide-containing layer) is prepared on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating using mixed solution K (2000 rpm, 30 seconds). did. Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.8 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, and further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water. After cleaning, the silicon crystal wafer was stored in a vacuum desiccator. The silicon crystal wafer taken out from the vacuum desiccator and the titanium oxide-containing layer were bonded together. A 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 21 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer
- an aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm anatase type, manufactured by Teica, TKS201, solid content 33% by mass
- 1.58 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose (relative dielectric constant: 25) solution was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution L.
- a PET film with ITO manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇
- titanium oxide-containing layer a layer composed of titanium oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose (titanium oxide-containing layer) is produced on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating using the mixed solution L (2000 rpm, 30 seconds). did. Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.7 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, and further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water. After cleaning, the silicon crystal wafer was stored in a vacuum desiccator. The silicon crystal wafer taken out from the vacuum desiccator and the titanium oxide-containing layer were bonded together. A 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 22 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer 1.0 g of an aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm (anatase type, manufactured by Teica, TKS201, solid content: 33% by mass) 1.58 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution M. On the other hand, a PET film with ITO (manufactured by Geomat Co., Ltd., sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was washed with methanol and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 10 minutes.
- titanium oxide-containing layer a layer composed of titanium oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose (titanium oxide-containing layer) is prepared on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution M. did. Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.7 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, and further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water. After cleaning, the silicon crystal wafer was stored in a vacuum desiccator. The silicon crystal wafer taken out from the vacuum desiccator and the titanium oxide-containing layer were bonded together. A 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 23 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer
- an aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm anatase type, manufactured by Teica, TKS201, solid content: 33% by mass
- 2.02 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution N.
- a PET film with ITO manufactured by Geomat Co., Ltd., sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇
- titanium oxide-containing layer a layer composed of titanium oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose (titanium oxide-containing layer) is prepared on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by a spin coating method (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution N. did. Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.6 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, and further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water. After cleaning, the silicon crystal wafer was stored in a vacuum desiccator. The silicon crystal wafer taken out from the vacuum desiccator and the titanium oxide-containing layer were bonded together. A 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 24 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer
- an aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm anatase type, manufactured by Teica, TKS201, solid content: 33% by mass
- 3.16 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution O.
- a PET film with ITO manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇
- titanium oxide-containing layer a layer composed of titanium oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose (titanium oxide-containing layer) is prepared on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating using mixed solution O (2000 rpm, 30 seconds). did. Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.6 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, and further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water. After cleaning, the silicon crystal wafer was stored in a vacuum desiccator. The silicon crystal wafer taken out from the vacuum desiccator and the titanium oxide-containing layer were bonded together. A 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 25 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer 1.0 g of an aqueous dispersion containing zinc oxide particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less (Aldrich, product number: 721077, solid content: 50% by mass) Then, 0.27 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution (adjusted to a solid content of 40% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution P. On the other hand, a PET film with ITO (manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was washed with methanol, and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 10 minutes.
- a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution adjusted to a solid content of 40% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent
- a layer (zinc oxide-containing layer) composed of zinc oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose is produced on the ITO surface side of this PET film with ITO by spin coating using the mixed solution P (2000 rpm, 30 seconds). did. Thereafter, the zinc oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the zinc oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.5 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- the washed silicon crystal wafer and the zinc oxide-containing layer were bonded together.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the zinc oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other only at the holed portion.
- it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 26 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer 1.0 g of an aqueous dispersion containing zinc oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 100 nm or less (manufactured by Aldrich, product number: 721077, solid content 50% by mass) Then, 0.82 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution (adjusted to a solid content of 40% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution Q. On the other hand, a PET film with ITO (manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was washed with methanol, and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 10 minutes.
- a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution adjusted to a solid content of 40% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent
- a layer (zinc oxide-containing layer) composed of zinc oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose is produced on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution Q. did. Thereafter, the zinc oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the zinc oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.4 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- the washed silicon crystal wafer and the zinc oxide-containing layer were bonded together.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the zinc oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other only at the holed portion.
- it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 27 Production of solar cell using silicon crystal wafer 1.0 g of aqueous dispersion containing zinc oxide particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less (Aldrich, product number: 721077, solid content: 50% by mass) 1.37 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution (adjusted to a solid content of 40% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution R. On the other hand, a PET film with ITO (manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was washed with methanol, and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 10 minutes.
- aqueous dispersion containing zinc oxide particles having an average particle size of 100 nm or less Aldrich, product number: 721077, solid content: 50% by mass
- a cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric constant: 25) solution (adjusted to a solid
- a layer (zinc oxide-containing layer) composed of zinc oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose is prepared on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution R. did. Thereafter, the zinc oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the zinc oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.4 ⁇ m.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- the washed silicon crystal wafer and the zinc oxide-containing layer were bonded together.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the zinc oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other only at the holed portion.
- it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Example 28 Production of transparent solar cell using nickel oxide
- an aqueous dispersion containing titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 6 nm anatase type, manufactured by Teika, TKS201, solid content: 33% by mass
- 1.58 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose (relative dielectric constant: 25) solution was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution S.
- a PET film with ITO manufactured by Geomat Co., Ltd., sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇
- titanium oxide-containing layer a layer composed of titanium oxide particles and cyanoethyl saccharose (titanium oxide-containing layer) is produced on the ITO surface side of the PET film with ITO by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution S. did. Thereafter, the titanium oxide-containing layer was dried at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes. The thickness of the titanium oxide-containing layer after drying was 0.7 ⁇ m.
- a nickel oxide film having a thickness of 100 nm is formed by sputtering (RF magnetron sputtering, film formation temperature is not heated, film formation pressure is 5 mmTorr).
- sputtering RF magnetron sputtering, film formation temperature is not heated, film formation pressure is 5 mmTorr.
- the PET film with ITO which produced the titanium oxide content layer and the PET film with ITO which formed nickel oxide into a film were bonded together so that nickel oxide and a titanium oxide content layer may touch. After bonding, both sides were fixed with Kapton tape.
- the electrode was sandwiched directly between ITO with an alligator clip, and a simple solar cell evaluation of a solar cell composed of a nickel oxide and titanium oxide-containing layer was performed.
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle size of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 4.6% by mass.
- AMT400 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a PVDF solution adjusted to a solid content of 4% by mass with an NMP solvent
- the mixed solution T was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution T. The thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 0.2 ⁇ m.
- the PET film with ITO (sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatek) was washed with methanol, and then the PET film with ITO and the silicon crystal wafer were bonded so that the ITO surface was in contact with the titanium oxide-containing layer side. .
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- AMT400 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass To 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 1.58 g of a cyanoethyl polyvinyl alcohol solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with a 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution U. The mixed solution U was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was produced on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution U. The thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the PET film with ITO (sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatek) was washed with methanol, and then the PET film with ITO and the silicon crystal wafer were bonded so that the ITO surface was in contact with the titanium oxide-containing layer side.
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- AMT400 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass To 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 1.58 g of a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution V. The mixed solution V was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution V. The thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.6 ⁇ m.
- the PET film with ITO (sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatek) was washed with methanol, and then the PET film with ITO and the silicon crystal wafer were bonded so that the ITO surface was in contact with the titanium oxide-containing layer side.
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- AMT400 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass To 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 1.58 g of a glycerin solution (adjusted to a glycerin content of 20% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution W. The mixed solution W was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution W. The thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the PET film with ITO (sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatek) was washed with methanol, and then the PET film with ITO and the silicon crystal wafer were bonded so that the ITO surface was in contact with the titanium oxide-containing layer side.
- Example 33 Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass. To 1.0 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 1.58 g of a thioglycerol solution (adjusted to a thioglycerol content of 20% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) was added and stirred to prepare a mixed solution X. The mixed solution X was left for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- AMT400 anatase type, manufactured by Teica
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide-containing layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the mixed solution X. The thickness of the titanium oxide containing layer was 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the PET film with ITO (sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatek) was washed with methanol, and then the PET film with ITO and the silicon crystal wafer were bonded so that the ITO surface was in contact with the titanium oxide-containing layer side.
- a film was formed by spin coating using a liquid in which cyanoethyl saccharose was diluted with 2-methoxyethanol and the content of cyanoethyl saccharose was adjusted to 0.1% by mass. This was dried at 120 ° C. for 1 minute. The thickness of the cyanoethyl saccharose layer was 20 nm.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with methanol.
- a silicon crystal wafer that had been washed and dried and a layer composed of titanium oxide particles coated with cyanoethyl saccharose were bonded together to produce a solar cell.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with methanol.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- a solution prepared by diluting cyanoethyl saccharose with 2-methoxyethanol and adjusting the content of cyanoethyl saccharose to 18% by mass on the layer composed of the titanium oxide particles was applied by a spin coating method (rotation speed 2500 rpm), This was dried at 120 ° C. for 1 minute.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm and a cyanoethyl saccharose layer were bonded together to produce a solar cell.
- the solar cell was fixed using a jig as shown in FIG.
- the thickness of the silicon oxide film on the side facing the electrode of the silicon crystal wafer was 0.8 nm.
- the thickness of the titanium oxide layer was 1500 nm, and the thickness of the cyanoethyl saccharose layer was 150 nm.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, and further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes and washed with ultrapure water. After cleaning, the silicon crystal wafer was stored in a vacuum desiccator. The silicon crystal wafer taken out from the vacuum desiccator and the titanium oxide-containing layer were bonded together. A 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the titanium oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other at the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- the washed silicon crystal wafer and the zinc oxide-containing layer were bonded together.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho Co., Ltd.) with a 4 mm ⁇ hole at the time of bonding was sandwiched, and the zinc oxide-containing layer and the silicon crystal wafer were in contact with each other only at the holed portion.
- it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a titanium oxide dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- the titanium oxide dispersion was allowed to stand for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 20% ammonium fluoride solution for 20 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using a titanium oxide dispersion. The thickness of the titanium oxide layer was 1.5 ⁇ m.
- the PET film with ITO (sheet resistance 30 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatic Co., Ltd.) was washed with methanol, and then the PET film with ITO and the silicon crystal wafer were bonded so that the ITO surface was in contact with the titanium oxide layer side.
- Titanium oxide particles having an average particle diameter of 15 nm (AMT400, anatase type, manufactured by Teica) were dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a titanium oxide dispersion having a solid content of 33% by mass.
- the titanium oxide dispersion was allowed to stand for 1 day and then stirred for 10 seconds immediately before spin coating.
- a p-type silicon crystal wafer having a thickness of 500 ⁇ m and a resistivity of 3 ⁇ cm was washed with acetone for 5 minutes, further immersed in a 5% hydrofluoric acid solution for 5 minutes, and washed with ultrapure water.
- a titanium oxide layer was formed on the surface of the silicon crystal wafer by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using a titanium oxide dispersion. The thickness of the titanium oxide layer was 1.5 ⁇ m.
- a PET film with ITO (sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇ , manufactured by Geomatek) was washed with methanol, and then the PET film with ITO and a silicon crystal wafer were bonded so that the ITO surface was in contact with the titanium oxide layer side.
- a 9 ⁇ m thick polyester film (manufactured by Teraoka Seisakusho) with a hole of 4 mm ⁇ was sandwiched between them, and the ITO and the titanium oxide-containing layer were in contact with each other only in the holed portion. Furthermore, it was set as the mask by sticking the aluminum vapor deposition film which opened the hole of 2 mmphi on the PET surface side of PET film with ITO. Thereby, the solar cell 4 was produced.
- Table 1 shows the evaluation results of Examples 1 to 15 and Comparative Examples 1, 2, 5, and 8. As can be seen from the evaluation results, it was confirmed that the battery characteristics (performance) of the solar cell were significantly improved by using a mixed layer of a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more and metal oxide particles.
- FIG. 9 indicates the wavelength of incident light incident on the solar cell, and the vertical axis in FIG. 9 indicates the quantum efficiency (QE).
- the solar cell prepared in Example 5 was evaluated as 2) p-Si / TiO 2 + dielectric.
- p-Si / TiO 2 + dielectrics generate power for light up to 1100 nm
- 1) p-Si / TiO 2 generates power only with ultraviolet light and visible light.
- Titanium oxide develops photoconductivity when it is irradiated with ultraviolet rays and carries carriers, but does not carry carriers unless irradiated with ultraviolet rays. Therefore, 1) In p-Si / TiO 2 , it is not possible to take out a current photoelectrically converted in the visible light region.
- Table 2 shows the evaluation results of the solar cells of Examples 16 and 17 and Comparative Example 3.
- the cell structure of each of these solar cells is substantially the same as the structure shown in FIG.
- the IV characteristics of each solar cell were adjusted and measured so that the amount of light of 1 sun was applied to each solar cell.
- the conductive tape and the silicon crystal wafer were bonded to each other using indium and gallium alloy paste on the silicon crystal wafer side.
- the conductive tape and the layer (titanium oxide layer) which consisted of titanium oxide particles were joined to the layer (titanium oxide layer) side which consists of titanium oxide particles using the ITO electrode and the silver paste. Terminals for IV measurement were taken from conductive tape.
- Table 2 shows the evaluation results of the solar cells of Example 18 and Comparative Example 4.
- the evaluation of the IV characteristics of each solar cell was performed by adjusting each solar cell so that the amount of light was 1 sun.
- a small amount of indium and gallium alloy paste was applied to the end surface of the wafer on the silicon crystal wafer side to bond the conductive tape and the silicon crystal wafer.
- the conductive tape was attached to the edge side.
- a conductive tape was attached to the ITO electrode on the layer side made of titanium oxide particles, and the ITO electrode and the conductive tape were joined using a silver paste. Terminals for IV measurement were taken from conductive tape.
- Table 3 shows the evaluation results of the solar cells of Examples 19 to 24 and Comparative Example 5. These were fabricated and evaluated under the same conditions. The evaluation of the IV characteristics of each solar cell was performed by adjusting each solar cell so that the amount of light was 1 sun. In both Examples 19 to 24 and Comparative Example 5, a small amount of indium and a gallium alloy paste were applied to the end surface of the wafer on the silicon crystal wafer side to bond the conductive tape and the silicon crystal wafer.
- the conductive tape was attached to the edge side. Further, a conductive tape was attached to the ITO electrode on the layer side made of titanium oxide particles, and the ITO electrode and the conductive tape were joined using a silver paste. Terminals for IV measurement were taken from conductive tape.
- Table 5 shows the evaluation results of the solar cells of Examples 25 to 27 and Comparative Example 6. These were fabricated and evaluated under the same conditions. The evaluation of the IV characteristics of each solar cell was performed by adjusting each solar cell so that the amount of light was 1 sun. In both Examples 25 to 27 and Comparative Example 6, a small amount of indium and a gallium alloy paste were applied to the end face of the wafer on the silicon crystal wafer side to bond the conductive tape and the silicon crystal wafer. The conductive tape was attached to the edge side.
- a conductive tape was attached to the ITO electrode on the layer side made of titanium oxide particles, and the ITO electrode and the conductive tape were joined using a silver paste. Terminals for IV measurement were taken from conductive tape. From these results, it was confirmed that the performance as a composite was improved even when zinc oxide was used as the semiconductor. Therefore, it turns out that this technique is not limited to a specific oxide but a versatile technique. Even in the zinc oxide system, it was found that the organic compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more is 10% by mass to 60% by mass and the solar cell characteristics are good.
- the photograph shown in FIG. 10 (b) is an actual photograph of the solar cell of Example 28, and the characters written on the paper placed under the solar cell can be clearly seen through the solar cell. (That is, it is transparent). Moreover, this solar cell is produced with the film, and turns into a flexible solar cell. For example, it was confirmed that power generation was possible even when bent at an angle of 35 ° five times.
- FIG. 11 shows the elapsed time from the start of pseudo-sunlight irradiation, and the vertical axis shows the short-circuit current density.
- FIG. 11 what evaluated the solar cell created in Example 5 is 2) cyanoethyl saccharose.
- 3) thioglycerol is an evaluation of a solar cell produced by the same method as in Example 5 except that thioglycerol is used as a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- thioglycerol is used as a compound having a relative dielectric constant of 2 or more.
- only the titanium oxide was dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol, and a solar cell prepared in the same manner as in Example 5 was evaluated except that a 33% by mass dispersion was applied to the silicon crystal wafer.
- Table 6 shows the values of the short circuit current density and the open circuit voltage of Examples 29 to 33 and Comparative Example 7.
- FIG. 12 is a graph plotting the relationship between the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric shown in Table 6 and the open circuit voltage of the solar cell.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 12 indicates the relative dielectric constant, and the vertical axis indicates the open circuit voltage.
- the open circuit voltage is high when the relative dielectric constant is 3 or more and 200 or less.
- the relative dielectric constant is 10 or more and 50 or less, the maximum is the open circuit voltage. Since the open circuit voltage is a value resulting from carrier recombination, a recombination suppression effect can be expected when the relative dielectric constant is 3 to 200.
- Example 34 titanium oxide AMT400 (manufactured by Teika) was dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a 33% by mass titanium oxide dispersion. Next, sucrose was mixed with 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a 20 mass% solution. To 1 g of the titanium oxide dispersion, 2.01 g of the above solution was added and stirred for 10 minutes. After stirring, the solution was allowed to stand for 1 day to obtain a coating solution. The glass substrate with ITO (10 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was washed with acetone and then subjected to UV ozone treatment. Two layers of Kapton tape (50 ⁇ m thick) were attached to both sides of the ITO-attached glass substrate as a guard.
- the said coating liquid was dripped at the ITO surface side of the glass substrate with ITO, and it extended
- a blocking layer preparation of a blocking layer is demonstrated.
- a film was formed by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) on the ITO surface side of a PET substrate with ITO (60 ⁇ / ⁇ product manufactured by Aldrich). After spin coating, this ITO-attached PET substrate was placed on a hot plate and dried at 80 ° C. for 20 seconds. The film thickness of cellulose acetate was 232 nm.
- An ITO substrate having a semiconductor layer and an ITO substrate having a blocking layer were bonded together and fixed with an aluminum plate to obtain an element.
- Example 35 to 37 A device was obtained in the same manner as in Example 30 except that the organic compounds shown in Table 7 were used instead of sucrose.
- Example 38 First, titanium oxide AMT400 (manufactured by Teika) was dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a 33% by mass titanium oxide dispersion. Next, glycerin was mixed with 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a 20 mass% solution. 1.601 g of the above solution was added to 1 g of the titanium oxide dispersion and stirred for 10 minutes. After stirring, the solution was allowed to stand for 1 day to obtain a coating solution. The glass substrate with ITO (10 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was washed with acetone and then subjected to UV ozone treatment.
- Both sides of the ITO-attached glass substrate were attached with two layers of Kapton tape (50 ⁇ m thick) to serve as guards.
- the said coating liquid was dripped at the ITO surface side of the glass substrate with ITO, and it extended
- Example 39 A device was obtained in the same manner as in Example 38 except that thioglycerol was used instead of glycerin.
- Comparative Example 9 A device was obtained in the same manner as in Example 34 except that the coating solution was composed of only the titanium oxide dispersion. Cellulose acetate was used for the blocking layer.
- FIGS. 15 to 20 are diagrams in which the travel times (Tr) corresponding to Examples 34 to 39 are measured using the elements of Examples 34 to 39 and Comparative Example 9, and FIGS.
- This figure is shown in FIG. 15 to 21, the horizontal axis indicates the logarithm of elapsed time (Time, the unit is seconds (s)), and the vertical axis indicates the logarithm of the photocurrent (Photocurrent, the unit is milliampere (mA)). It is what was displayed.
- the mobility was evaluated from these Trs. The results are shown in Table 7. As can be seen from Table 7, the present inventor has found that the mobility is increased by mixing an organic compound with the titanium oxide dispersion.
- the mobility is improved by mixing an organic compound having a relative dielectric constant of 3 or more and 200 or less. Furthermore, the result that the mobility was the highest when the relative dielectric constant was 10 or more and 50 or less was obtained. From this result, the present invention is also effective in a semiconductor element and is suitable for a transistor element or the like. In addition, solar cells are effective because they are involved in the reduction of series resistance.
- Example 40 Flexible solar cell A p-type silicon wafer (3 ⁇ cm) is pulverized in an ethanol solvent in a mortar. The liquid thus obtained is stirred, and the liquid is filtered through a nylon mesh having a mesh size of 37 ⁇ m while removing large particles that initially settle to obtain silicon particles (filtered material) having a size of 37 ⁇ m or more and 150 ⁇ m or less. Three times the amount of glycerin / ethanol solution (glycerin is 20% by mass) was added to the silicon particles, and stirred for 5 minutes to obtain a coating solution. The coating solution was dropped onto a SUS foil and spread using a glass rod. Thereafter, the spread coating solution was heated at 150 ° C. for 3 minutes to remove ethanol.
- a cyanoethyl saccharose solution (adjusted to a solid content of 20% by mass with 2 methoxyethanol solvent) is added to 1 g of titanium oxide dispersion (manufactured by Teika, TKS201, 33% by mass), and stirred to prepare a coating solution BB. did.
- a PET film with ITO (manufactured by Aldrich, sheet resistance 60 ⁇ / ⁇ ) was washed with methanol and then subjected to UV ozone treatment for 10 minutes.
- a layer made of titanium oxide particles and a dielectric was formed on the ITO surface side of the PET film subjected to the UV ozone treatment by spin coating (2000 rpm, 30 seconds) using the coating liquid BB. Thereafter, this PET film was annealed at 120 ° C. for 10 minutes, and 2 methoxyethanol and water were removed from the produced layer.
- a PET film was bonded so that the dielectric surface on the silicon particle side and the titanium oxide / dielectric composite film face each other.
- the bonded product was fixed with Kapton tape.
- the test of bending this element at an angle of 35 degrees was repeated 5 times, and the change in the current value with and without light irradiation was measured by simple solar cell evaluation.
- the light irradiation area was measured at 1.2 cm ⁇ .
- the measurement results are shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 22 indicates the irradiation time of the pseudo sunlight, the vertical axis indicates the current value output from the solar cell, and is a result of repeating ON / OFF of the light irradiation at regular time intervals. It can be seen from FIG. 22 that power is generated even when a bending test is performed.
- FIG. 14 shows a Cole-Cole plot in which AC impedance measurement was performed while irradiating light (1 SUN) at a voltage of 1 V with the element of Example 31 and the element of Comparative Example 7 sandwiched between the jigs of FIG. Show.
- FIG. 14B is an enlarged view of a part (part A) of FIG.
- the horizontal axis represents the real impedance (Z ′), and the vertical axis represents the imaginary impedance (Z ′′).
- the element of Comparative Example 7 TiO 2
- a composite layer with a dielectric is introduced. It was found that the resistance was lower than that of the titanium oxide layer.
- ⁇ Simulation> The electronic state was analyzed by simulation using titanium oxide as the semiconductor and the dielectric constant of the dielectric around it.
- a cluster model was used, and Gaussian 09 was used to calculate molecular orbitals in the presence of solvents having various dielectric constants.
- CIF Crystalographic Interchange FILE
- the unit cell of anatase is 3 units in the a-axis direction, 3 units in the b-axis direction, and 1 unit in the c-axis direction.
- a unit size cluster model was used in the calculations.
- FIG. 23A is a graph showing the density of states when a dielectric having a relative dielectric constant of 1 is present around titanium oxide, the horizontal axis indicates energy (eV), and the vertical axis indicates the density of states (DOS). .
- FIG. 23B shows a HOMO state in a titanium oxide crystal under an environment with a relative dielectric constant of 1
- FIG. 23C shows an LUMO state in a titanium oxide crystal under an environment with a relative dielectric constant of 1.
- FIG. 24A is a graph showing the density of states when there is a dielectric having a relative dielectric constant of 25.6 around titanium oxide, the horizontal axis indicates energy (eV), and the vertical axis indicates the density of states. Indicates.
- FIG. 24B shows the HOMO state in the titanium oxide crystal under an environment with a relative dielectric constant of 25.6
- FIG. 24C shows the LUMO state in the titanium oxide crystal under an environment with a relative dielectric constant of 25.6. Indicates the state.
- FIG. 25 is a graph showing HOMO-LUMO energy levels for each dielectric constant.
- the horizontal axis indicates the relative dielectric constant, and the vertical axis indicates the energy level.
- the LUMO energy levels are discrete, whereas in FIG. 24 (a), the LUMO energy levels are concentrated. This means that when the relative dielectric constant of the dielectric is 25.6, electrons move more easily.
- the band gap is wide, shows an energy level closer to that of titanium oxide, and is stabilized.
- ESR measurement was performed using E-500 (manufactured by Buruker). The measurement temperature was 108K for silicon and 100K for titanium oxide.
- the silicon sample will be described. Silicon particles are obtained by grinding a p-type silicon wafer (3 ⁇ cm) in an ethanol solvent in a mortar. The liquid thus obtained is stirred, and the liquid is filtered through a nylon mesh having a mesh size of 37 ⁇ m while removing large particles that initially settle to obtain silicon particles (filtered material) having a size of 37 ⁇ m or more and 150 ⁇ m or less. The silicon particles were heated at 150 ° C. for 2 minutes to remove ethanol. This is designated as sample 1.
- sample 2 The results of ESR of sample 1 and sample 2 are shown in FIG.
- the horizontal axis in FIG. 26 indicates the intensity (G) of the electromagnetic wave, and the vertical axis indicates the signal intensity.
- the measurement result of FIG. 26 was converted by the measured sample amount, and the radical amount of silicon was calculated from the double integral of the peak of FIG. As a result of this calculation, when the radical amount of sample 1 was 1, the radical amount of sample 2 was 0.86, and it was confirmed that the defect amount was reduced by mixing the dielectric.
- the titanium oxide sample will be described. Titanium oxide (AMT400, manufactured by Teica) was dispersed in 2 methoxyethanol, and a film was formed on a quartz substrate by a casting method. This is designated as sample 3.
- cyanoethyl saccharose (dielectric) was dissolved in 2 methoxyethanol to prepare a 20% by mass solution and mixed with 2 methoxyethanol of titanium oxide (the ratio of cyanoethyl saccharose and titanium oxide was mixed at a weight ratio of 49:51). ).
- This mixed solution was deposited on a quartz substrate by a casting method. This is designated as sample 4.
- the results of ESR of sample 3 and sample 4 are shown in FIG. In FIG. 27, the horizontal axis indicates the intensity (G) of the electromagnetic wave, and the vertical axis indicates the signal intensity.
- the measurement results in FIG. 27 were converted with the measured sample amounts, and the radical amounts of titanium and oxygen were calculated from the double integration of the peaks in FIG. As a result of this calculation, when the radical amount of sample 3 is 1, the radical amount of sample 4 is 0.35 for Ti 3+ and 0.34 for oxygen, and the amount of defects is about 30% by mixing dielectrics. It was confirmed that it was reduced to This result shows that this technique is effective for a semiconductor element as a technique for reducing defects in semiconductor particles. Defect reduction is a technical problem common to all transistors, solar cell elements, diode elements, etc., and has proven to be a technique that can reduce them.
- FIG. 28 shows the measurement result of an element made of 1) silicon / titanium oxide.
- FIG. 2B shows the measurement results of 2) silicon / titanium oxide + dielectric (Example 6).
- the element of 1) was produced by the same method except that the mixed solution E of Example 6 was replaced with a titanium oxide dispersion (AMT600, manufactured by Teica).
- AMT600 titanium oxide dispersion
- Those solar cells (A) measure current-voltage characteristics without light irradiation, then (B) measure current-voltage characteristics under light irradiation, and then (C) current without light irradiation- Voltage characteristics were measured.
- FTIR Fast Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrophotometer
- FT / IR-4200 manufactured by JASCO Corporation
- a composite film of titanium oxide and cyanoethyl saccharose was measured to evaluate whether there was any decomposition of organic matter (cyanoethyl saccharose).
- the film was produced in the same manner as in Example 5. The measurement was performed at three points before irradiation with pseudo-sunlight, after irradiation for 30 minutes, and after irradiation for 90 minutes. As a result, no change was observed in the peak derived from the organic matter by irradiation with light for 30 minutes or 90 minutes on IR.
- the present invention is not limited to the first and second embodiments described above and Examples 1 to 40. Based on the knowledge of those skilled in the art, design changes may be added to the first and second embodiments and examples 1 to 40, and any combination of the first and second embodiments and examples 1 to 40 may be used. Embodiments to which such changes and the like are added are also included in the scope of the present invention.
- the present invention it is possible to provide a low-cost semiconductor element that can be manufactured by, for example, a printing method, and to provide an element with improved mobility.
- the solar cell which is excellent in power generation efficiency can be provided by providing the semiconductor layer used suitably for a solar cell.
- the present invention can provide a solar cell that is excellent in power generation efficiency and low in cost.
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Abstract
Description
また、現在の半導体素子はシリコンが中心であり、プロセスは高価な真空装置と高温プロセスを必要とする。また、現在の半導体素子は、その製造にフォトリソグラフィーを用いており、複数の工程を経る必要があるため、製造コストが高いという問題がある。そこで、移動度の高い無機半導体粒子からなる層を形成する方法として、塗布法のような非真空系のプロセスの検討も盛んに行われている。さらに汎用樹脂基板が使用できるプロセス温度を目指して、プロセスの低温化の検討も盛んである。
また、太陽電池分野においても汎用樹脂基板が使用できるプロセス温度を目指して、プロセスの低温化の検討も盛んである。
そこで、本発明は、非真空系プロセスで製造可能であり、より優れた光電変換効率を発現することができる太陽電池及びその製造方法を提供することを目的の一つとする。また本発明は、非真空系プロセスで製造可能であり、より高い移動度を発現することができる半導体素子及びその製造方法を提供することを目的の一つとする。
本発明の一態様に係る太陽電池は、少なくとも第一の半導体層及び第二の半導体層を有し、前記第一の半導体層が、平均粒子径が1nm以上、500nm以下の金属酸化物粒子と比誘電率が2以上の化合物とを含む層であることを特徴とする。
また、本発明の別の態様に係る太陽電池は、少なくとも第一の半導体層及び第二の半導体層を有し、前記第一の半導体層が、平均粒子径が1nm以上、500nm以下の金属酸化物粒子と比誘電率が2以上、1000以下の有機化合物とを含む層であり、前記第一の半導体層中の前記有機化合物の含有量が10質量%以上、90質量%以下であることを特徴とする。
また、本発明のさらに別の態様に係る太陽電池は、アナターゼ型又はルチル型の酸化チタン粒子を含む第一の半導体層と、シリコンを含む第二の半導体層と、前記第一の半導体層と前記第二の半導体層との間に位置する接合界面層と、を備え、前記接合界面層が、比誘電率が2以上の化合物を含む層であり、前記酸化チタン粒子がアナターゼ型の場合は回折角2θが24°以上26°以下で現れる回折ピーク、前記酸化チタン粒子がルチル型の場合は回折角2θが26°以上28°以下で現れる回折ピーク、から得られる半値幅が、0.2°以上5.0°以下であることを特徴とする。
また、本発明によれば、非真空系プロセスで製造可能であり、より高い移動度を発現することができる半導体素子及びその製造方法を提供することができる。
<第1実施形態>
本発明の第1実施形態に係る太陽電池は、少なくとも第一の半導体層及び第二の半導体層を有する。第一の半導体層は、平均粒子径が1nm以上、500nm以下(以下、1~500nm)の金属酸化物粒子と、比誘電率が2以上の化合物とを含む層である。
まず、金属酸化物粒子、比誘電率が2以上の化合物、半導体層、接合界面層について、その材料や物性についてそれぞれ説明する。次に、太陽電池の構造について、説明する。
金属酸化物粒子に用いられる酸化物としては、酸化銅(I)、酸化銅(II)、酸化鉄、酸化亜鉛、酸化銀、酸化チタン(ルチル、アナターゼ)、アルミニウムをドープした酸化亜鉛(AZO)、ガリウムをドープした酸化亜鉛(GZO)、酸化インジウムスズ(ITO)、酸化スズ、フッ素ドープの酸化スズ(FTO)、酸化インジウム、インジウム・ガリウム・亜鉛酸化物、酸化ニッケル、CuAlO2、CuGaO2、SrCu2O2、LaCuOS、LaCuOSe、CuInO2、ZnRh2O4、12CaO・7Al2O3(C12A7)、Ga2O3等の金属酸化物が挙げられる。酸化物は透明性、キャリアの移動度、低コストの観点から、酸化チタン(ルチル、アナターゼ)又は酸化亜鉛、アルミニウムをドープした酸化亜鉛(AZO)、ガリウムをドープした酸化亜鉛(GZO)であることが好ましい。金属酸化物粒子に用いられるこれらの酸化物は、二種以上を併用してもよい。
酸化チタンの結晶型は、アナターゼ型、ルチル型、ブルッカイト型がある。酸化チタンの結晶型はアナターゼ型、ルチル型、ブルッカイト型により、格子定数、強度及び面指数が異なるため、X線回折測定により同定することできる。
酸化チタンは、結晶型の異なるものを2種類以上混合しても良く、光導電性を発現する観点からアナターゼ型酸化チタン粒子が30質量%以上含まれることが好ましく、60質量%以上含まれることがより好ましく、80質量%以上含まれることがさらに好ましく、90質量%以上含まれることが極めて好ましく、100質量%含まれることが最も好ましい。
また、金属酸化物をスパッタ法などで作製したものを、粉砕して使用しても良い。粉砕する方法としては、乾式粉砕でも湿式粉砕でもよく、双方の方法を用いてもよい。乾式粉砕には、ハンマークラッシャ等が利用できる。湿式粉砕には、ボールミル、遊星ボールミル、ビーズミル、ホモジナイザー等が利用できる。湿式粉砕時の溶媒としては、後述のシリコン粒子の製造方法と同様に下記が挙げられる。
金属酸化物粒子の表面を有機官能基で修飾しても良い。表面を有機官能基で修飾することで、有機溶媒への分散性が向上し、均一な膜が作製できる。有機官能基の修飾方法として例えばシアノエチル化などがあげられる。
金属酸化物粒子の平均粒子径は、透過型電子顕微鏡、もしくは、走査型電子顕微鏡を用いて測定される。
本発明の第1実施形態及び後述の第2実施形態で用いる金属酸化物粒子は、粒子径分布の相対標準偏差σが0.1nm以上5.0nm以下であることが好ましい。なお、低抵抗化の観点から、この相対標準偏差σは3.0nm以下がより好ましく、2.0nm以下が更に好ましい。
比誘電率とは、測定周波数を1kHz、測定温度を23℃とし、インピーダンス法で測定した値をいう。比誘電率の好ましい範囲としては、太陽電池の光電変換効率向上や、半導体素子のキャリア移動度向上の観点から2以上であり、3以上が好ましく、5以上が好ましく、10以上がより好ましく、15以上がさらに好ましい。また、比誘電率は、同様の観点から5000以下が好ましく、1500以下がより好ましく、200以下が好ましく、100以下がさらに好ましい。
なお、光電変換効率ηは下記式[1]、式[2]より求めることができる。
η=(太陽電池の出力)/100×100…[1]
太陽電池の出力=短絡電流密度×開放電圧×FF=Vmax・Imax…[2]
(Imaxとは、太陽電池の出力が最大となるときの電流である。Vmaxとは、太陽電池の出力が最大となるときの電圧である。)
有機化合物としては、一般的な樹脂として、ポリ塩化ビニリデン、アクリル樹脂、アセチルセルロース、アニリン樹脂、ABS樹脂、エボナイト、塩化ビニル樹脂、アクリルニトリル樹脂、アニリンホルムアルデヒド樹脂、アミノアルキル樹脂、ウレタン、AS樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、ビニルブチラール樹脂、シリコン樹脂、酢酸ビニル樹脂、スチレンブタジェンゴム、シリコーンゴム、酢酸セルロース、スチレン樹脂、デキストリン、ナイロン、軟質ビニルブチラール樹脂、フッ素系樹脂、フルフラル樹脂、ポリアミド、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリカーボネート樹脂、フェノール樹脂、フラン樹脂、ポリアセタール樹脂、メラミン樹脂、ユリア樹脂、ポリサルファイドポリマー、ポリエチレン等が挙げられる。また、アセトン、メチルアルコール、イソブチルアルコール、エチルアルコール、アニリン、イソブチルメチルケトン、エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール、ポリエチレングリコール、ポリプロピレングリコール、グリセリン、クレゾールグリコール、ジアレルフタレート、デキストリン、ピラノール、フェノール、ベークライトワニス、ホルマリン、チオグリセロール、クロロピレン、コハク酸、コハク酸ニトリル、ニトロセルロース、エチルセルロース、ヒドロキシエチルセルロース、デンプン、ヒドロキシプロピルデンプン、プルラン、グルシドールプルラン、ポリビニルアルコール、シュクロース、ソルビトール、シアノ基含有有機化合物等が挙げられる。
なお、フッ素系樹脂の具体例として、C2F4-nHn(nは0から3)を骨格とするポリマーで、具体的にはポリフッ化ビニル、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリテトラフルオロエチレンなどが挙げられる。またこれらを共重合させてもよく、前記フッ素系樹脂を基本とし、別な樹脂と共重合させても良い。また、前記化学式の水素の一部を塩素に置換しても良い。たとえばポリクロロトリフルオロエチレンなどが挙げられる。
無機化合物としては、上記のほかに、チタン酸ジルコン酸鉛、チタン酸ストロンチウム、チタン酸カルシウム、チタン酸バリウムストロンチウム等の複合酸化物、又は、これらの複合酸化物を主成分とし、さらにBaサイトにマグネシウムを、Tiサイトにスズ及び/又はジルコニウムを置換したペロブスカイト型複合酸化物等も使用できる。さらにペロブスカイト型複合酸化物に、微量添加物を1種又は2種以上加えたものも使用できる。
微量添加物としては、上記のほかに、イミダゾリウム、ピリジウム、ピロロリジニウム、ホスホニウム、アンモニウム、スルフォニウム等をカチオンとするイオン性液体等がある。
なお、比誘電率が2以上の化合物は、膜の柔軟性、成膜性を付与する観点から有機化合物が好ましい。さらに、半導体粒子の表面を覆うことで酸素を遮断させられる点からも有機化合物が好ましい。
また、製造方法を簡略化するため、比誘電率が2以上の化合物は1種類が良い。
第1実施形態の半導体層は、無機半導体の層、又は有機半導体の層などの半導体からなる半導体層や、金属酸化物粒子と比誘電率が2以上の化合物とから構成される半導体層のことをいう。
(1)半導体からなる半導体層
半導体からなる半導体層は、無機半導体の層と有機半導体の層に大別される。
無機半導体の層としては、具体的には、シリコンインゴットをスライスカットすることで得られるシリコンウエハ、そのシリコンウエハを研磨して得られるシリコンウエハ、基板の上に蒸着法、CVD法、スパッタ法等の真空装置を用いて無機半導体材料から形成された無機半導体の層、又は塗布法用いて無機半導体材料から形成された無機半導体の層などが挙げられる。このような無機半導体層の層厚は、光電変換特性の観点から0.1μm以上が好ましく、1μm以上がより好ましい。また、同様の観点から、同層厚は、1000μm以下が好ましく、700μm以下がより好ましい。半導体層の層厚は断面SEMや断面TEM観察で測定される。
第1実施形態の半導体層は、p型半導体層及びn型半導体層に大別される。ここで、p型とは半導体中における電荷の移動の担い手が正孔の場合である。n型とは、半導体中における電荷の移動の担い手が電子の場合である。これら正孔及び電子をまとめてキャリアという。
p型シリコンウエハの場合、例えば、ホウ素、ガリウム等を添加物としてドープしたシリコンウエハが使用される。n型シリコンウエハの場合、リン、窒素、砒素等を添加物としてドープしたシリコンウエハが使用される。シリコンウエハに含まれるこれらの添加物濃度は、1×1012atom/cm3以上が好ましく、1×1013atom/cm3以上がより好ましい。また、同添加物濃度は、1×1021atom/cm3以下が好ましく、1×1020atom/cm3以下がより好ましい。
シリコンウエハの抵抗率は、半導体中における電荷の移動及び空乏層の広がりの観点から、0.0001Ωcm以上が好ましく、0.001Ωcm以上がより好ましい。また、同抵抗率は、1000Ωcm以下が好ましく、100Ωcm以下がより好ましい。
p型のアモルファスシリコンの場合、ホウ素、ガリウム等を添加剤としてドープしたアモルファスシリコンが使用される。n型のアモルファスシリコンの場合、リン、窒素、砒素等を添加剤としてドープしたアモルファスシリコンが使用される。アモルファスシリコンの場合、それぞれのドーパントを水素ガスに希釈して導入することで、導電型を制御できる。
シリコン粒子の抵抗率は、半導体中における電荷の移動及び空乏層の広がりの観点から、0.0001Ωcm以上が好ましく、0.001Ωcm以上がより好ましい。また、同抵抗率は、1000Ωcm以下が好ましく、100Ωcm以下がより好ましい。
シリコン粒子の平均粒子径は、粒子間の接触抵抗の低減の観点から、400μm以下が好ましく、200μm以下がより好ましく、100μm以下がさらに好ましく、70μm以下が極めて好ましい。また、粒子と電極との接触抵抗の低減及び拡散長の観点から、0.001μm以上が好ましく、0.01μm以上がより好ましく、1μm以上がさらに好ましい。
なお、シリコン粒子から膜状の半導体層を形成する方法としては、蒸着法やスパッタ法、CVD法などの真空系を用いた方法や、スクリーン印刷やグラビア印刷、凸版印刷などの印刷法、ブレードコート、スピンコート法などの湿式の塗布法といった非真空系の方法などが挙げられる。また、シリコン粒子を含有する層として、シリコン粒子を含む複数種類の無機半導体粒子からなる層を採用することもできる。これら複数種類の無機半導体粒子から膜状の半導体層を形成する方法としては、例えば、複数の材料を共蒸着させ、電極付きの基板に堆積する方法、複数の材料を含む一つの塗工液を準備し、その塗工液を用いて種々の印刷法で半導体層を作製する方法などが挙げられる。
n型半導体層は、例えば、単結晶又は多結晶のシリコンウエハ、アモルファスシリコン膜、酸化亜鉛、酸化チタン(ルチル、アナターゼ)、アルミニウムをドープした酸化亜鉛(AZO)、ガリウムをドープした酸化亜鉛(GZO)酸化インジウムスズ(ITO)、酸化スズ、フッ素ドープの酸化スズ(FTO)、酸化インジウム、インジウム・ガリウム・亜鉛酸化物、CuInO2、12CaO・7Al2O3(C12A7)、Ga2O3等の金属酸化物からなる層、シリコン粒子からなる層、酸化亜鉛、酸化チタン(ルチル、アナターゼ)、アルミニウムをドープした酸化亜鉛(AZO)、ガリウムをドープした酸化亜鉛(GZO)酸化インジウムスズ(ITO)、酸化スズ、フッ素ドープの酸化スズ(FTO)、酸化インジウム、インジウム・ガリウム・亜鉛酸化物、CuInO2、12CaO・7Al2O3(C12A7)、Ga2O3等の金属酸化物粒子からなる層、n型有機半導体からなる層が挙げられる。
また、酸化膜の形成方法においては、酸化性の液体による処理後に不活性ガス中で熱処理することが好ましい。加熱温度としては300℃以上が好ましく、500℃以上がより好ましい。
ヘテロ接合の場合は、シリコンからなる層の光が入る側の表面、つまりもう1方の半導体層と接する面が、光の反射率を低減するため、アルカリや酸などの液体を用いて表面がエッチングされていてもよい。これにより、シリコンからなる層の表面にピラミッド構造を形成することができる。エッチングに用いられる液体としては、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液、水酸化カリウム水溶液、水酸化セシウム水溶液、水酸化カリウムと2プロパノールなどのアルコールとの混合液、水酸化ナトリウムと2プロパノールなどのアルコールとの混合液、水酸化セシウムと2プロパノールなどのアルコールとの混合液、硝酸とフッ酸の混合液、フッ化アンモニウム水溶液、フッ化アンモニウム水溶液とフッ酸との混合液、テトラメチルアンモニウム水溶液、SUN-Xシリーズ(和光純薬工業(株)社製)などが挙げられる。
次に、「金属酸化物粒子及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物から構成される半導体層」について説明する。
図1に示すように、この半導体層は、金属酸化物粒子51及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物52のみから構成される層である。又は、この半導体層は、金属酸化物粒子51及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物52とその他の成分(図示せず)とから構成される層である。その他の成分としては、例えば、溶媒、バインダー成分、又は無機成分等の何れか一つ以上が挙げられる。
金属酸化物粒子としては前述したp型金属酸化物粒子、又はn型金属酸化物粒子が挙げられる。また、この半導体層の中には、p型の金属酸化物粒子が単独で含まれる構成、n型の金属酸化物粒子が単独で含まれる構成、又は、p型及びn型の金属酸化物粒子の両方が含まれる構成が挙げられる。
すなわち、無機粒子と比誘電率が2以上の化合物とを混合することで、無機粒子表面の欠陥量を低減させることができ、その結果欠陥準位によるキャリア移動の阻害やキャリアの再結合を防止できる。よって、無機粒子単独で半導体層を構成する場合と比べて、半導体層の電気抵抗を低減することができ、又はキャリアの密度や移動度を向上させることができる。半導体層におけるキャリアの移動度向上は、トランジスタ素子にとって有利である。また、半導体層の抵抗が低減することで、太陽電池の曲線因子が向上し光電変換効率が高くなる。さらにキャリアの再結合を防止することで太陽電池の開放電圧が向上する。
また、無機粒子と比誘電率が2以上の化合物とを混合することで、周辺酸素(即ち、粒子界面の空壁に存在する空気)を遮断することができる。その結果、酸素で失活するキャリアを減らすことができるため、キャリア密度の向上や移動度の向上に寄与する。
なお、比誘電率が2以上の化合物が、酸化チタン粒子(金属酸化物粒子の一例)表面の電子状態を制御することは、後述の実験結果(図9、図11参照)からも確認された。
上記の「金属酸化物粒子及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物から構成される半導体層」において、比誘電率が2以上の化合物と金属酸化物粒子は均一に分布していることが好ましい。均一にすることで、電気特性の異方性がなくなり、太陽電池の安定性が高まる。即ち、半導体層は、均一分散膜であることが好ましい。
半導体層に含まれる金属酸化物粒子の平均粒子径は1nm以上、500nm以下である。金属酸化物粒子の平均粒子径としては、粒子間の接触抵抗の低減と拡散長の観点から、3nm以上が好ましく、5nm以上がより好ましい。また、同様の観点から、同平均粒子径は、100nm以下が好ましく、80nm以下がより好ましく、50nm以下がさらに好ましい。また、この金属酸化物粒子は、粒子径分布の相対標準偏差σが0.1nm以上5.0nm以下であることが好ましい。なお、低抵抗化の観点から、この相対標準偏差σは3.0nm以下がより好ましく、2.0nm以下が更に好ましい。
また、上記の半導体層形成用の塗布液は、1種以上の分散剤を含んでいてもよい。この分散剤は、塗布液の粘度の制御や、比誘電率2以上の化合物を溶解又は分散するための液体(即ち、溶媒又は分散媒)である。半導体形成用の塗布液が分散剤を含む場合は、塗布膜を得る工程の後で、塗布膜を乾燥させて、この塗布膜から分散剤の少なくとも一部を除去する工程、をさらに含むことが好ましい。この塗布膜を乾燥する温度の範囲は20℃以上500℃以下である。
ここで、下記の通り、分散剤は、比誘電率が2以上の化合物とは異なるものである。
半導体層形成用の塗布液に含まれる比誘電率が2以上の化合物の含有量としては、0.1質量%以上が好ましく、0.5質量%がさらに好ましい。また、49.9質量%以下が好ましく、40質量%以下が好ましい。
半導体層形成用の塗布液に含まれる金属酸化物粒子の含有量としては、0.1質量%以上が好ましく、0.5質量%がさらに好ましい。また、49.9質量%以下が好ましく、40質量%以下が好ましい。
比誘電率が2以上の化合物が液体である場合は、それ自身が分散剤としても機能する。この場合、さらに分散剤を加えなくても、粘度を調整することが可能である。
比誘電率が2以上の化合物自身が、可視光に吸収がない材料であることが好ましい。具体的には、実際に太陽電池として使用する厚みにおいて、550nmの光の波長に対して、光の透過率が30%以上が好ましく、50%以上がさらに好ましい。
また、上記の「金属酸化物粒子及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物から構成される半導体層」は、塗布法のほかに、非真空系の方法である、スクリーン印刷やグラビア印刷、凸版印刷などの印刷法で行ってもよい。
二つの半導体層の間に比誘電率が2以上の化合物からなる接合界面層を設けることで、発電効率により優れる太陽電池を簡便に作製できる。特に、シリコンからなる層と、「金属酸化物粒子及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物から構成される半導体層」との接合界面に、比誘電率が2以上の化合物からなる接合界面層を設けることが好ましい。
接合界面層における比誘電率が2以上の化合物の含有量は、光電変換効率の観点から、50質量%以上が好ましく、80質量%以上がより好ましく、90質量%以上がさらに好ましく、95質量%以上が極めて好ましい。一方、同含有量の上限は、太陽電池特性を向上させるという観点から、100質量%、すなわち接合界面層が比誘電率が2以上の化合物から構成される層であることが好ましい。前記接合界面層は太陽電池の性能の観点から、空気を含まず充填されていることが好ましい。前記接合界面層は、特性を損なわない範囲で、バインダー成分として一般汎用性樹脂、さらに界面活性剤、分散剤等を含んでも構わない。
接合界面層を形成するための塗布液の分散安定性の向上の目的で加えられる界面活性剤の添加量は、分散安定性の観点から0.0001質量%以上が好ましく、また、10質量%以下が好ましい。
界面活性剤としては、特に限定はなく、例えばアニオン性界面活性剤、ノニオン性界面活性剤、カチオン性界面活性剤、両性界面活性剤、高分子界面活性剤等を使用することができる。
なお、接合界面層の平均厚みは、発電効率とキャリアの移動の観点から、1nm以上が好ましく、20nm以上がより好ましく、30nm以上がさらに好ましく、50nm以上が極めて好ましい。また、同様の観点から、同厚みは、500μm以下が好ましく、100μm以下がより好ましく、50μm以下がさらに好ましく、10μm以下が極めて好ましく、5μm以下が最も好ましい。本接合界面層はトンネリングによる電流が流れにくい30nm以上の厚みでも高い光電変換特性を有することが特徴である。接合界面層の層厚は、vertscan2.0(株式会社菱化システム製)や断面TEM観察により測定される。
抵抗率=(V/I)×(W/L)…[3]
接合界面層は、低コスト化が可能なことから印刷法を用いて作製することが効果的である。この際、接合界面層が形成される基板には、柔軟性を有するフレキシブル性電極基板を用いることが好ましい。これにより、接合界面層を備えた電極基板をロール状に巻き取ることができるため、製造スピードを向上することができる。
第1実施形態に係る太陽電池は、少なくとも第一の半導体層と、第二の半導体層と、電極と、基板と、を備え、光によって発電するものである。太陽電池を構成する半導体はp-p接合型及びn-n接合型であっても良いが、好ましくはp-n接合型である。
第一の半導体層は、上記の「金属酸化物粒子及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物から構成される半導体層」である。この半導体層に含まれる金属酸化物粒子は、その種類に前述したものが挙げられるが、透明性及びキャリア移動度の観点から酸化チタン又は酸化亜鉛であることが好ましい。また、比誘電率が2以上の化合物は、柔軟性の観点から有機化合物であることが好ましい。特にキャリア移動の観点から、第一の半導体層は、単一の金属酸化物粒子と比誘電率2以上の化合物のみから構成される層であることが好ましい。
太陽電池はフレキシブルな方が好ましい。フレキシブルにすることで、製造時にロールツーロールが可能となり、製造コスト低減に寄与できるとともに、曲げて使える用途へ展開可能となる。フレキシブル太陽電池とは水平の台の上で30度以上曲げることができる素子をいう。
(1)第1の例
図3は、第1実施形態に係る太陽電池100の構成例を模式的に示す断面図である。
図3に示すように、この太陽電池100は、基板110と、基板110上に形成された陽極層120と、陽極層120上に形成された第二の半導体層130と、第二の半導体層130上に形成された第一の半導体層140と、第一の半導体層140上に形成された陰極層150と、を備える。第一の半導体層140は、上述した「金属酸化物粒子及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物から構成される半導体層」である。また、第二の半導体層130は、上述した「半導体からなる半導体層」である。
図4は、本発明の第1実施形態に係る太陽電池200の構成例を模式的に示す断面図である。
図4に示す太陽電池200は、基板210と、基板210上に形成された陽極層220と、陽極層220上に形成された第二の半導体層230と、第二の半導体層230上に形成された接合界面層260と、接合界面層260上に形成された第一の半導体層240と、第一の半導体層240上に形成された陰極層250と、を備える。接合界面層260は、比誘電率が2以上の化合物を含む。また、第一の半導体層240は、上述した「金属酸化物粒子及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物から構成される半導体層」である。第二の半導体層230は、上述した「半導体からなる半導体層」である。
また、この太陽電池100では、各層をさらに細分化し複数層を設けることも可能である。例えば、第一の半導体層240と陰極層250との間に電子取り出し層(図示せず)を設けることもできる。第二の半導体層230と陽極層220との間にホール取出し層(図示せず)を設けることもできる。また、基板210は陽極層220側ではなく陰極層250側にあってもよく、あるいは、陽極層220側と陰極層250側の両方にあってもよい。陽極層220又は陰極層250のどちらか一方が透明であることが好ましい。
また図示しないが、第1実施形態に係る太陽電池は、上記の図3、図4に示した構造を2つ以上直列に積み上げたタンデム構造であってもよい。
例えば、図3に示した陽極層120と、陽極層120上に形成された第二の半導体層130と、第二の半導体層130上に形成された第一の半導体層140と、第一の半導体層140上に形成された陰極層150とを第1の単位セルとする。また、図4に示した陽極層220と、陽極層220上に形成された第二の半導体層230と、第二の半導体層230上に形成された接合界面層260と、接合界面層260上に形成された第一の半導体層240と、第一の半導体層240上に形成された陰極層250とを第2の単位セルとする。
第1実施形態に係る太陽電池は、第1の単位セルを2つ以上直列に積み上げた構造でもよく、第2の単位セルを2つ以上直列に積み上げた構造でもよい。あるいは、第1の単位セルと、第2の単位セルとをそれぞれ1つ以上、直列に積み上げた構造でもよい。
基板110、210としては、ガラス基板、PET(ポリエチレンテレフタレート)、PC(ポリカーボネート)、PEN(ポリエチレンナフタレート)、PP(ポリプロピレン)、ポリエーテルスルホン、ポリイミド、シクロオレフィンポリマー、アクリル樹脂、フッ素系樹脂、メラミン樹脂、フェノール樹脂等のプラスチック基板、アルミニウム基板、ステンレス(SUS)基板、粘土からなる基板、紙基板などの通常用いられるあらゆる基板が使用できる。
陽極層120、220としては、アルミニウム、SUS、金、銀、インジウムとガリウムの合金、ITO(酸化インジウムスズ)、FTO(フッ素ドープ酸化スズ)、IZO(インジウム亜鉛酸化物)、酸化亜鉛、アルミニウムドープ酸化亜鉛等の通常使用される金属又は金属酸化物が使用できる。また、導電性高分子、グラフェン等も使用できる。
なお、基板110、210、陰極層150、250及び陽極層120、220の各厚さは特に制限されないが、それぞれ0.1mm~100mm、0.01μm~1000μm及び0.01μm~1000μm程度とすることができる。
図5は、比較例に係る太陽電池300を模式的に示す断面図である。図5に示す太陽電池300は、一般的なpn接合の太陽電池である。基板310の上に、陽極層320、p型半導体層330、n型半導体層340、及び陰極層350を備える。p型半導体層330及びn型半導体層340のいずれも、「金属酸化物粒子及び比誘電率が2以上の化合物から構成される半導体層」ではない。この点で、太陽電池300は、太陽電池100、200とは異なる。
本発明の第1実施形態は、以下の効果(1)~(5)を奏する。
(1)太陽電池を構成する第一の半導体層は、平均粒子径が1nm以上、500nm以下の金属酸化物粒子と、比誘電率が2以上の化合物とを含む。これにより、第一の半導体層を金属酸化物粒子単独で構成する場合と比べて、金属酸化物粒子表面の欠陥準位や粒子間のエアギャップによるキャリア移動の阻害、及び、キャリアの再結合を防止できる。その結果、第一の半導体層の電気抵抗を低減することができ、太陽電池の曲線因子が向上し光電変換効率を高めることができる。さらにキャリアの再結合を防止することで太陽電池の開放電圧を向上させることができる。
(3)また、金属酸化物粒子に比誘電率が2以上の化合物を混合することで、周辺酸素を遮断することができる。これにより、酸素で失活するキャリアを減らすことができるため、第一の半導体層内でのキャリア密度の向上や移動度の向上に寄与する。
(4)また、第一の半導体層及び第二の半導体層は、真空系プロセス等を必要とせず、低コストかつ低温プロセスでの製造が可能であり、塗布法又は印刷法のように非真空系プロセスで形成することができる。これにより、非真空系プロセスで製造可能であり、より優れた光電変換効率を発現することができる太陽電池及びその製造方法を提供することができる。
次に、半導体素子について説明する。
本発明の第2実施形態に係る半導体素子は、無機粒子と、比誘電率が3以上150以下の化合物(以下、有機化合物)と、を含む半導体層を少なくとも1層有する。無機粒子は金属酸化物粒子又はシリコン粒子である。また、半導体層中の無機粒子の含有量が10質量%以上、90質量%以下であり、半導体層のキャリア移動度が0.0001cm2/Vs以上である。
第2実施形態に係る半導体素子としては、ダイオード、トランジスタ、薄膜トランジスタ、メモリ、フォトダイオード、発光ダイオード、発光トランジスタ、センサ等が挙げられる。 トランジスタ及び薄膜トランジスタは、アクティブマトリックス駆動方式ディスプレイ、液晶ディスプレイ、分散型液晶ディスプレイ、電気泳動型ディスプレイ、粒子回転型表示素子、エレクトロクロミックディスプレイ、有機発光ディスプレイ、電子ペーパー等の種々の表示装置に利用可能である。
トランジスタ及び薄膜トランジスタは、これらの表示装置において表示画素のスイッチング用トランジスタ、信号ドライバー回路素子、メモリ回路素子、信号処理回路素子等に利用される。
半導体素子が薄膜トランジスタである場合には、その素子構造としては、例えば、基板/ゲート電極/絶縁体層(誘電体層)/ソース電極・ドレイン電極/半導体層という構造(ボトムコンタクト構造)、基板/半導体層/ソース電極・ドレイン電極/絶縁体層(誘電体層)/ゲート電極という構造(トップゲート構造)、基板/ゲート電極/絶縁体層(誘電体層)/半導体層/ソース電極・ドレイン電極という構造(トップコンタクト構造)等が挙げられる。このとき、ソース電極、ドレイン電極、ゲート電極は、それぞれ複数設けてもよい。また、複数の半導体層を同一平面内に設けてもよいし、積層して設けてもよい。
また、半導体素子がダイオードである場合には、その素子構造としては、例えば、電極/n型半導体層/p型半導体層/電極という構造があげられる。そして、p型半導体層やn型半導体層の少なくとも一つに、上記の「無機粒子及び有機化合物から構成される半導体層」が使用される。
また、これらのショットキー接合、トンネル接合は、ダイオード特性の調整やトンネル接合素子に利用できるばかりではない。ショットキー接合部、トンネル接合部に磁性材料、光応答性材料を用いれば、より高機能な半導体素子を製造することができる。
図6は、第2実施形態に係る半導体素子400の構成例を模式的に示す断面図である。図6に示すように、この半導体素子400は、ボトムコンタクト構造の薄膜トランジスタであり、基板410と、基板410上に形成されたゲート電極420と、基板410上に形成されてゲート電極420を覆う絶縁層430と、ソース電極440と、ドレイン電極450と、半導体層460とを有する。ソース電極440は基板410上に形成されおり、絶縁層430を介してゲート電極420の一方の端部上を覆っている。また、ドレイン電極450は基板410上に形成されており、絶縁層430を介してゲート電極420の他方の端部上を覆っている。半導体層460は絶縁層430を介してゲート電極420上に形成されており、ソース電極440とゲート電極420との間(すなわち、ギャップ)を埋め込んでいる。
半導体素子の製造方法としては、例えば、基板上に予めパターン形成された電極、半導体、絶縁体層の各所定領域上に、半導体層形成用の塗布液を所定のパターンで塗布して半導体薄膜を形成する方法が挙げられる。また、半導体素子の他の製造方法として、基板上に半導体薄膜を形成、その後、この半導体薄膜のパターニング、電極形成、絶縁体層の形成を行う方法が挙げられる。このときの半導体薄膜のパターニング方法としては、例えば、スクリーン印刷、グラビア印刷、オフセット印刷、インクジェット印刷、スプレイ法等の方法を用いてパターンを形成する方法が採用可能である。
本発明の半導体素子は、ガラス、樹脂等の基板に半導体薄膜を形成することにより製造することができる。しかも、半導体薄膜は溶液の印刷、塗布等の簡便な方法で成膜することができる。このため、大面積の基板上に多数の半導体素子を一度に、容易に形成することができる。よって、半導体素子や、この半導体素子を用いた装置(前述の表示装置、演算素子、記憶素子等)を安価に製造することができる。また、半導体薄膜を用いて半導体素子を製造することは、半導体素子を用いた装置の薄型化、軽量化にも有効である。
また、本発明の半導体素子は、ICカード、スマートカード、及び電子タグ等の電子機器における演算素子、記憶素子としても利用することができる。その場合、これらが接触型であっても非接触型であっても、問題なく適用可能である。
これらICカード、スマートカード、及び電子タグは、メモリ、パルスジェネレータ、信号分割器、コントローラ、キャパシタ等で構成されており、さらにアンテナ、バッテリを備えていてもよい。
さらに、本発明の半導体素子はセンサとして利用することができ、ガスセンサ、バイオセンサ、血液センサ、免疫センサ、人工網膜、味覚センサ等、種々のセンサに応用することができる。
本発明の第2実施形態によれば、移動度が高く、空気中で安定な半導体素子を提供することができる。また、半導体素子の半導体層は真空系プロセス等を必要とせず、低コストかつ低温プロセスでの製造が可能であり、塗布法又は印刷法のように非真空系プロセスで形成することができる。このように、本発明の第2実施形態によれば、非真空系プロセスで製造可能であり、より高い移動度を発現することができる半導体素子を提供することができる。
また、この半導体層を乾燥する温度の範囲は、20℃以上400℃以下が好ましく、20℃以上300℃以下がさらに好ましく、20℃以上200℃以下がさらに好ましく、20℃以上150℃以下が最も好ましい。半導体層形成用の塗布液に比誘電率が2以上の化合物を混合することで、半導体層を形成する際に今まで必要であった高温焼成が不要となり、半導体層を低温プロセスで作製することができる。高温焼成が不要となる理由は、比誘電率2以上の化合物がキャリアトラップなどを抑制するためである。
分散剤の例としては、メタノール、エタノール、プロパノール、ブタノール、ヘキサノール等のアルコール類;エチレングリコール、プロピレングリコール等のグリコール類;セロソルブ、メチルセロソルブ(2メトキシエタノール)、エチルセロソルブ、ブチルセロソルブ等のセロソルブ類;アセトン、メチルエチルケトン等のケトン類;酢酸エチル、酢酸ブチル等のエステル類;ジオキサン、テトラヒドロフラン等のエーテル類;N,N-ジメチルホルムアミド等のアミド類;ベンゼン、トルエン、キシレン、トリメチルベンゼン、ヘキサン、ヘプタン、オクタン、ノナン、デカン、シクロヘキサン、デカヒドロナフタレン(デカリン)、テトラリン等の炭化水素類;水などが挙げられる。
半導体層形成用の塗布液に含まれる比誘電率が2以上の化合物の含有量としては、0.1質量%以上が好ましく、0.5質量%がさらに好ましい。また、同含有量は49.9質量%以下が好ましく、40質量%以下がさらに好ましい。
半導体層形成用の塗布液に含まれる金属酸化物粒子の含有量としては、0.1質量%以上が好ましく、0.5質量%がさらに好ましい。また、同含有量は49.9質量%以下が好ましく、40質量%以下がさらに好ましい。
<評価方法>
以下、特に断りのない場合は、25℃、湿度45%の条件で評価を行った。
(1)平均粒子径
平均粒子径は、粒子径が1μm以上の場合は、卓上走査顕微鏡CarryScopeJCM5100(JEOL社製)を用いて測定した。合計10点の粒子径を測定し、その平均値を、平均粒子径とした。
真円換算半径=(Pixel数/π)2…[4]
真円換算直径=真円換算半径×0.22×2…[5]
上記の方法で合計100点(現状の点数)の粒子の真円換算直径を測定し、その平均値を、平均粒子径とした。
X線回折による半値幅は、CuKα線をX線源とするX線回折装置(XRD)RINT-2500(株式会社リガク社製)を用いて測定した。測定用の酸化チタン粒子は、石英基板に素子作製時と同じ条件で基板に塗工し作製した。半値幅は、酸化チタン粒子をX線回折測定することにより得られ、結晶型がアナターゼ型の場合は、アナターゼ型である酸化チタン粒子の(101)面のピーク(すなわち、2θ=24~26°(25°付近)に現れるピーク)から測定した。また、結晶型がルチル型の場合は、ルチル型である酸化チタン粒子の(110)面のピーク(すなわち、2θ=26~28°(27°付近)に現れるピーク)から半値値を測定した。実施例で使用した酸化チタン粒子の半値幅は、アナターゼ型の場合、AMT400は0.48°,AMT600は0.29°,TKS201は1.04°,P90は0.60°であり、ルチル型の場合、MT150Aは0.50°であった。
コンピューター(ADCMT社製I-V測定システム)で制御した直流電圧・電流源(6241A、ADCMT社製)、並びに簡易型ソーラーシミュレーター(Abet Technologies,Inc社製)を用いて光起電力特性の測定をし、I-V特性の評価を行った。光量(AM1.5G、100mW/cm2)の検定には、BS-500Si系フォトダイオード検出器(結晶Si太陽電池用、分光計器(株)社製、二次基準太陽電池)を用いた。
太陽電池のI-V特性の評価は、太陽電池に対し1sunの光量があたるように調整し測定した。シリコン結晶ウエハ側にはインジウム及びガリウム合金ペーストを用いて、導電テープ又は銅テープとシリコン結晶ウエハを接合させた。また、酸化チタン粒子からなる層側にはITO電極及び銀ペーストを用いて、導電テープと酸化チタン粒子からなる層を接合させた。I-V測定時の端子は導電テープからとった。
そして、I-V特性のグラフから短絡電流密度、開放電圧、曲線因子(FF)及び光電変換効率を算出した。なお、短絡電流密度(Isc)は電圧が0の時の電流密度であり、開放電圧(Voc)は電流が0の時の電圧である。
FF=(Vmax・Imax)/(Voc・Isc)…[6]
光電変換効率ηは下記式[7]より求めることができる。
η=(太陽電池の出力)/100×100…[7]
太陽電池の出力は下記式[8]より求めることができる。
太陽電池の出力=短絡電流密度×開放電圧×FF=Vmax・Imax…[8]
比誘電率は、測定周波数を1kHz、測定温度を23℃とし、インピーダンス法で測定した値をいう。具体的には、LCRメーター(Agilent製4284AのPRESISIONLCRメーター)を用いて、下記式[9]より求めた。
サンプルの誘電率=(電極間距離×静電容量)/(電極の面積×真空の誘電率)…[9]
(ただし、真空の誘電率は8.854×10-12(F/m)である。)
サンプルが固体の場合、誘電率は、膜測定用の治具(Agilent製16451B DIELECTRIC TEST FIXTURE)を用いて、電極板上に膜を作製し、片方の電極で挟んで測定する。
半導体層と接合界面層の層厚は、vertscan2.0(株式会社菱化システム製)で測定した。測定用の半導体層又は接合界面層は、素子作製時と同じ条件で基板に塗工し作製した。これらの層について任意に5か所の層厚を測定し、その平均を計算し、平均層厚とした。
太陽電池を作製後の半導体層及び接合界面層の層厚は、断面TEM観察又は断面SEM観察で測定した。測定は、集束イオンビーム(FIB:Focused Ion Beam)法により、太陽電池の断面を切断した後に行った。断面SEM観察方法は以下(10)に記載した。
分光感度測定は、分光器によって光源から波長毎に取り出した光を太陽電池に照射し、太陽電池からの出力を計測するものである。入射光強度と出力電流によって、外部量子効率が算出される。光源にはキセノンランプ光源(キセノンランプ:浜松ホトニクス社製L2274、ランプハウス:浜松ホトニクス社製E7536、電源:浜松ホトニクス社製C4263)を用い、分光器にはORIEL社製GRATING MONOCHROMATOR MODEL77250を用いた。分光器駆動源としては、シグマ光機社製のSHOT-204-MS、SGSP-60YAWを用い、制御PCとして富士通社製のFMV-C8240を使い制御した。電流はADVANTEST社製デジタル・エレクトロメーターTR8652を用いて測定した。なお、この評価は、後述する実施例5についてのみ行った。
分析はシリコンを集束イオンビーム加工(FIB加工)により薄片化し、断面構造を透過電子顕微鏡(TEM)を用いて直接観察する。今回用いた顕微鏡はFEI社製のTITAN80―300である。
(8)簡易太陽電池評価(短絡電流密度、開放電圧測定)
キセノン光源ランプとしてXEF152S(株式会社ケンコー・トキナー社製)に石英ライトガイドを取り付けたものを疑似太陽光の光源として用いた。また、直流電圧電源装置として6241A(ADCMT社製)で電圧と電流を計測しパソコン上(ADCMT社製I-V測定システム)で表示させた。
本装置により、短絡電流の経時変化の測定、誘電率ごとの開放電圧の測定、透明太陽電池の発電のデータ、フレキシブル太陽電池の発電データを取得した。
測定は、太陽電池を固定した状態で行った。測定試料の具体的な準備方法を、図7を用いて説明する。先ず、絶縁処理材をコートした金属製治具5の上に太陽電池4を置く。その上に、厚さ2mmのシリコーンゴムシート3、厚さ3mmの石英板2、絶縁処理材をコートした金属製治具1(中心に光10を透過させるための光透過孔が設けられている)の順で重ね、金属製治具1、5の互いに対向する4隅同士をネジ9で固定した。
移動度はTOF(Time of flight)測定により求めた。
図8にTOF装置の概略図を示す。TOF装置はYAGレーザー(355nm、パルス幅4~6ns、HOYA-Continuum社製型式Minilite I)で光を照射し、励起された電子が流れる時間を測定する装置である。移動度は次の式[10]で求められる。
μ= L2/V・Tr (cm2/Vs)…[10]
走行時間:Tr、電極間距離(膜厚):L、薄膜に与えた電界:V/L(印加電圧/膜厚)、移動度(単位電界、1秒あたりの電荷の移動速度): μで表される。
デジタルオシロスコープ12のデータをパーソナルコンピュータ(PC)に取り込み、過渡電流と時間とのlog-logプロットから走行時間Trを求めた。キャリア移動度が高い場合は、数百nsから数μsの時間域の過渡電流変化が観測された。このとき負荷抵抗RLを大きく設定しすぎると、CR時定数に影響されて過渡電流信号に歪みが生じる可能性がある。そこでキャリア移動度が高い場合は負荷抵抗RLを51Ωとして測定を行った。このときデジタルオシロスコープ12上の信号レベルが弱い場合は、負荷抵抗RLからの信号を電圧増幅器13で増幅することによって測定を行った。
測定は、素子を固定した状態で行った。測定試料の具体的な準備方法を、図7を用いて説明する。先ず、絶縁処理材をコートした金属製治具5の上に太陽電池4の代わりに半導体素子を置く。その上に、厚さ2mmのシリコーンゴムシート3、厚さ3mmの石英板2、絶縁処理材をコートした金属製治具1(中心に光10を透過させるための光透過孔が設けられている)の順で重ね、金属製治具1、5の互いに対向する4隅同士をネジ9で固定した。
試料を適切なサイズに切り出し、試料台に積載後、冷却BIB(Broad Ion Beam)加工により観察断面を作製した。これに導電処理として、OsO4を1nm程度コーティングして検鏡用試料とした。BIB加工はE-3500(日立ハイテクノロジーズ)を用いて、加速電圧4kVで実施した。また、SEM観察はS-4800(日立ハイテクノロジーズ株式会社)を用い加速電圧1.0kVで実施した。
(11)交流インピーダンス測定
LCRメーター6510P(Waynekerr社製)と、東陽テクニカ社製の計測・制御ソフトウェアを用いてインピーダンス測定を行った。測定周波数は20~1MHzで行った。
平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.05gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Aを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Aを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化チタン含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は、(1.0×0.33)/(1.0×0.33+1.05×0.2)×100=61質量%である。
平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.05gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Aを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Aを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン含有層を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は61質量%である。
さらにその酸化チタン含有層の上に、シアノエチルサッカロースを2-メトキシエタノールで希釈してシアノエチルサッカロースの含有量を1質量%に調整した液を用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)で製膜し、これを120℃で1分間乾燥した。乾燥した後のシアノエチルサッカロースの層の厚みは20nmであった。
この実施例2では、シリコン結晶ウエハと酸化チタン含有層との間に、接合界面層としてシアノエチルサッカロースの層が存在する。
平均粒子径14nmの酸化チタン粒子(アナターゼタイプ、日本エアロジル社製、VP TiO2 P90)と塩酸とを含む水分散液(固形分33質量%)1.0gにシアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.05gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Bを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Bを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン含有層を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.1μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は61質量%である。
平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Cを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(シート抵抗30Ω/□、ジオマテック社製)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Cを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは0.7μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにシアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Dを作製した。その混合溶液Dを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に、混合溶液Dを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.7μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
平均粒子径30nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT600、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにシアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Eを作製した。その混合溶液Eを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に、混合溶液Eを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.8μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(MT150A、ルチルタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにシアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Fを作製した。その混合溶液Fを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に、混合溶液Fを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.7μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにシアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分6.59質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Gを作製した。その混合溶液Gを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に、混合溶液Gを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.5μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は76質量%である。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにシアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Hを作製した。その混合溶液Hを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(シート抵抗30Ω/□、ジオマテック社製)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Hを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.8μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(MT150A、ルチルタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにグリセリン(比誘電率:48)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒でグリセリンの含有割合を20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Iを作製した。その混合溶液Iを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に、混合溶液Iを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.7μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
比誘電率2以上の化合物をシアノエチルサッカロースからシアノエチルポリビニルアルコール(比誘電率:15)に変更した以外は、実施例6と同様に太陽電池4を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.9μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
[実施例12]:シリコン結晶ウエハを用いた太陽電池の作製
比誘電率2以上の化合物をシアノエチルサッカロースからグリセリン(比誘電率:15)に変更した以外は、実施例6と同様に太陽電池4を作製した。ただしグリセリンは液体のため、グリセリン溶液は2メトキシエタノール溶媒でグリセリンの含有割合を20質量%に調整し使用した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.6μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
比誘電率2以上の化合物をシアノエチルサッカロースからチオグリセロール(比誘電率:132)に変更した外は、実施例6と同様に太陽電池4を作製した。ただしグリセリンは液体のため、グリセリン溶液は2メトキシエタノール溶媒でグリセリンの含有割合を20質量%に調整し使用した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.5μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
シアノエチル化酸化チタンを合成した。以下に合成方法について詳細に説明する。
四つ口フラスコにアセトニトリル250g、酸化チタン(AMT600、テイカ社製)25g加え室温で撹拌した。その後、この四つ口フラスコに40質量%水酸化カリウム水溶液1.3gを投入する。この四つ口フラスコの内温を50℃に制御し、18時間撹拌する。この四つ口フラスコ内の分散液を放冷し、ろ過を行い、ろ物をアセトン、クロロホルム、へプタンで洗浄する。洗浄後のろ物に減圧乾燥を行い、シアノエチル化酸化チタンを得た。このシアノエチル化酸化チタンについて、TgDTA測定の結果、酸化チタンのみに対し、6質量%の有機物が結合されたことがわかった。
前記シアノエチル化酸化チタン粒子を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにシアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Yを作製した。その混合溶液Yを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに20%フッ化アンモニウム溶液に20分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に、混合溶液Yを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.2μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は51質量%である。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにシアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)3.16gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Zを作製した。その混合溶液Zを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に、混合溶液Zを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.3μmであった。酸化チタン含有層中における酸化チタンの質量%は34質量%である。
ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)のITO面側に、平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)を含む塗膜をスピンコート法にて作製した。スピンコート後、この塗膜を120℃、10分間乾燥した。さらにその酸化チタン粒子からなる層の上に、シアノエチルサッカロースを2-メトキシエタノールで希釈し、18質量%に調整した液をスピンコートで塗工し、これを80℃で30秒間乾燥した。
貼り合わせ時に4mmφの穴をあけた9μm厚のポリエステルフィルム(寺岡製作所社製)を挟み、穴をあけた部分だけ接合界面層とシリコン結晶ウエハが接するようにした。さらにITO付きPETフィルムのPET面側に2mmφの穴をあけたアルミ蒸着フィルムを貼ることで、マスクとした。これにより太陽電池4を作製した。
「フッ酸処理」:前記p型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトン洗浄してウエハ表面の汚れを除いた後、5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。その後、メタノールで洗浄した。洗浄後、このシリコン結晶ウエハを室温、真空下で1時間乾燥した。
平均粒子径14nmの酸化チタン粒子(アナターゼタイプ、日本アエロジル社製、VPTiO2 P90、固形分20質量%)に変更したこと以外は、実施例1と同様に太陽電池を作製した。太陽電池を作製後の酸化チタン粒子からなる層の厚みは900nm、シアノエチルサッカロースからなる層の厚みは150nm、シリコン層の厚みは500μmであった。
ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)、に平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)を用いて、スピンコート法により塗膜を作製した。スピンコート後、この塗膜を120℃、10分間乾燥した。さらにその酸化チタン粒子からなる層の上に、シアノエチルサッカロースを2-メトキシエタノールで希釈してシアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率25)の含有量を18質量%に調整した液をスピンコート法(回転数は2500rpm)で塗工し、これを120℃で1分間乾燥した。
一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハに対し、後述の硝酸処理を行った。さらにpn接合面となる面に対してのみ後述のフッ酸処理を行った。シリコン結晶ウエハのフッ酸処理をした面とシアノエチルサッカロースの層とを貼りあわせて、太陽電池を作製した。
貼り合わせ時に4mmφの穴をあけた9μm厚のポリエステルフィルム(寺岡製作所社製)を挟み、穴をあけた部分だけ接合界面層とシリコン結晶ウエハとが接するようにした。さらにITO付きPETフィルムのPET面側に2mmφの穴をあけたアルミ蒸着フィルムを貼ることで、マスクとした。これにより太陽電池4を作製した。
「硝酸処理」:シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトン洗浄して、ウエハ表面の汚れを除いた後、5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。その後、113℃の熱濃硝酸に10分間浸漬した。その後超純水で洗浄した。
「フッ酸処理」:シリコン結晶ウエハの片側に保護膜を貼り、5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。その後、メタノールで洗浄した。
平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)0.25gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Jを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Jを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化チタン含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは0.8μmであった。
平均粒子径6mの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)0.53gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Kを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Kを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化チタン含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは0.8μmであった。
平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Lを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Lを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化チタン含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは0.7μmであった。
平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Mを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(ジオマテック社製、シート抵抗30Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Mを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化チタン含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは0.7μmであった。
平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)2.02gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Nを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(ジオマテック社製、シート抵抗30Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Nを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化チタン含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは0.6μmであった。
平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)3.16gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Oを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Oを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化チタン含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは0.6μmであった。
平均粒子径100nm以下の酸化亜鉛粒子を含む水分散液(アルドリッチ社製、製品番号:721077、固形分50質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分40質量%に調整)0.27gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Pを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Pを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化亜鉛粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化亜鉛含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化亜鉛含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化亜鉛含有層の厚みは0.5μmであった。
平均粒子径100nm以下の酸化亜鉛粒子を含む水分散液(アルドリッチ社製、製品番号:721077、固形分50質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分40質量%に調整)0.82gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Qを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Qを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化亜鉛粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化亜鉛含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化亜鉛含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化亜鉛含有層の厚みは0.4μmであった。
平均粒子径100nm以下の酸化亜鉛粒子を含む水分散液(アルドリッチ社製、製品番号:721077、固形分50質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分40質量%に調整)1.37gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Rを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Rを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化亜鉛粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化亜鉛含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化亜鉛含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化亜鉛含有層の厚みは0.4μmであった。
平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)1.0gに、シアノエチルサッカロース(比誘電率:25)溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Sを作製した。一方、ITO付きPETフィルム(ジオマテック社製、シート抵抗30Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。
次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、混合溶液Sを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン粒子及びシアノエチルサッカロースから構成される層(酸化チタン含有層)を作製した。その後、酸化チタン含有層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン含有層の厚みは0.7μmであった。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が4.6質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにPVDF溶液(NMP溶媒で固形分4質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Tを作製した。その混合溶液Tを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに20%フッ化アンモニウム溶液に20分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に、混合溶液Tを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは0.2μmであった。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにシアノエチルポリビニルアルコール溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Uを作製した。その混合溶液Uを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに20%フッ化アンモニウム溶液に20分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に混合溶液Uを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.5μmであった。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにシアノエチルサッカロース溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒で固形分20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Vを作製した。その混合溶液Vを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに20%フッ化アンモニウム溶液に20分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。
洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に混合溶液Vを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.6μmであった。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにグリセリン溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒でグリセリン含有量で20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Wを作製した。その混合溶液Wを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに20%フッ化アンモニウム溶液に20分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に混合溶液Wを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.5μmであった。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gにチオグリセロール溶液(2メトキシエタノール溶媒でチオグリセロール含有量で20質量%に調整)1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液Xを作製した。その混合溶液Xを1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに20%フッ化アンモニウム溶液に20分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に混合溶液Xを用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン含有層を作製した。酸化チタン含有層の厚みは1.5μmであった。
ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)のITO面上に、平均粒子径14nmの酸化チタン粒子(アナターゼタイプ、日本エアロジル社製、VP TiO2 P90)と塩酸とを含む水分散液を用いて、酸化チタン粒子を含む塗膜をスピンコート法にて作製した。スピンコート後、この塗膜を120℃、10分間乾燥した。乾燥後の酸化チタン粒子から構成される層の厚みは1.1μmであった。
さらにその酸化チタン粒子から構成される層の上に、シアノエチルサッカロースを2-メトキシエタノールで希釈してシアノエチルサッカロースの含有量を0.1質量%に調整した液を用いてスピンコート法で製膜し、これを120℃で1分間乾燥した。シアノエチルサッカロースの層の厚みは20nmであった。
ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)のITO面上に、平均粒子径14nmの酸化チタン粒子(アナターゼタイプ、日本エアロジル社製、VP TiO2 P90)と塩酸を含む水分散液を用いて、酸化チタン粒子を含む塗膜をスピンコート法にて作製した。なお、スピンコート後、この塗膜を120℃、10分間乾燥した。乾燥後の酸化チタン粒子から構成される層の厚みは1.1μmであった。
厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmの前記フッ酸処理を施したp型シリコン結晶ウエハにシアノエチルサッカロースをアセトンで希釈し、2質量%に調整した液をスピンコートで塗工し、これを80℃で30秒間乾燥した。さらにそのシアノエチルサッカロース層の上に、酸化チタンをスパッタ成膜(基板温度100℃)により作製した。スパッタ成膜した酸化チタン層の上にITOをスパッタ製膜(基板温度100℃)することで積層体を作製した。この積層体を用いて太陽電池を作製した。太陽電池を作製後の酸化チタン層の厚みは200nm、シアノエチルサッカロースからなる層の厚みは20nm、シリコン層の厚みは500μmであった。
ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)のITO面上に、平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)を用いて、スピンコート法により塗膜を作製した。スピンコート後、この塗膜を120℃、10分間乾燥した。さらにその酸化チタン粒子からなる層の上に、シアノエチルサッカロースを2-メトキシエタノールで希釈してシアノエチルサッカロースの含有量を18質量%に調整した液をスピンコート法(回転数2500rpm)で塗工し、これを120℃で1分間乾燥した。
貼り合わせ時に4mmφの穴をあけた9μm厚のポリエステルフィルム(寺岡製作所社製)を挟み、穴をあけた部分だけ酸化チタン含有層とシリコン結晶ウエハとが接するようにした。さらにITO付きPETフィルムのPET面側に2mmφの穴をあけたアルミ蒸着フィルムを貼ることで、マスクとした。これにより太陽電池4を作製した。
ITO付きPETフィルム(ジオマテック社製、シート抵抗30Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、平均粒子径6nmの酸化チタン粒子を含む水分散液(アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製、TKS201、固形分33質量%)を用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化チタン粒子から構成される層を作製した。その後、この作製した層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化チタン層の厚みは0.9μmであった。
ITO付きPETフィルム(アルドリッチ社製、シート抵抗60Ω/□)をメタノールで洗浄後、UVオゾン処理を10分間実施した。次に、このITO付きPETフィルムのITO面側に、平均粒子径100nm以下の酸化亜鉛粒子を含む水分散液((アルドリッチ社製、製品番号:721077、固形分50質量%)を用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により、酸化亜鉛粒子から構成される層を作製した。その後、この作製した層を120℃で10分間乾燥した。乾燥した後の酸化亜鉛層の厚みは0.5μmであった。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の酸化チタン分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液を1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに20%フッ化アンモニウム溶液に20分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に酸化チタン分散液を用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン層を作製した。酸化チタン層の厚みは1.5μmであった。
平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の酸化チタン分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液を1日放置した後、スピンコート直前に10秒間撹拌した。一方、厚みが500μm、抵抗率が3Ωcmのp型シリコン結晶ウエハをアセトンで5分間洗浄し、さらに5%フッ酸溶液に5分間浸漬し超純水で洗浄した。洗浄後すぐに、このシリコン結晶ウエハの表面に酸化チタン分散液を用いてスピンコート法(2000rpm、30秒)により酸化チタン層を作製した。酸化チタン層の厚みは1.5μmであった。
実施例1~15及び、比較例1、2、5、8の評価結果を表1に示す。この評価結果からもわかるように、比誘電率が2以上の化合物と金属酸化物粒子との混合層を用いることで、太陽電池の電池特性(性能)が大幅に向上することが確認された。
図9において、実施例5で作成した太陽電池を評価したものが、2)p-Si/TiO2+誘電体である。また、比較のため、混合溶液Dを下記混合溶液AAとしたこと以外は実施例5と同様にして作製した太陽電池を評価したものが、1)p-Si/TiO2である。
混合溶液AA:平均粒子径15nmの酸化チタン粒子(AMT400、アナターゼタイプ、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、固形分が33質量%の分散液を作製した。その酸化チタン分散液1.0gに2メトキシエタノール溶媒1.58gを添加し、撹拌し混合溶液AAを作製した。
次に、実施例18と比較例4の各太陽電池の評価結果を表3に示す。これら各太陽電池のI-V特性の評価は、各太陽電池に対し1sunの光量があたるように調整し測定した。また、実施例18、比較例4ともにシリコン結晶ウエハ側にはウエハの端面にインジウムとガリウム合金ペーストを少量つけて、導電テープとシリコン結晶ウエハとを接合させた。導電テープはエッジ側にとりつけた。また、酸化チタン粒子からなる層側にはITO電極に導電テープを貼り、銀ペーストを用いて、ITO電極と導電テープとを接合させた。I-V測定時の端子は導電テープからとった。
次に、実施例19~24、比較例5の各太陽電池の評価結果を表4に示す。これらは同一の条件下で素子作製、評価を行った。各太陽電池のI-V特性の評価は、各太陽電池に対し1sunの光量があたるように調整し測定した。また、実施例19~24、比較例5ともにシリコン結晶ウエハ側にはウエハの端面にインジウムとガリウム合金ペーストを少量つけて、導電テープとシリコン結晶ウエハとを接合させた。導電テープはエッジ側にとりつけた。また、酸化チタン粒子からなる層側にはITO電極に導電テープを貼り、銀ペーストを用いて、ITO電極と導電テープとを接合させた。I-V測定時の端子は導電テープからとった。
次に、実施例25~27、比較例6の各太陽電池の評価結果を表5に示す。これらは同一の条件下で素子作製、評価を行った。各太陽電池のI-V特性の評価は、各太陽電池に対し1sunの光量があたるように調整し測定した。また、実施例25~27、比較例6ともに、シリコン結晶ウエハ側にはウエハの端面にインジウムとガリウム合金ペーストとを少量つけて、導電テープとシリコン結晶ウエハとを接合させた。導電テープはエッジ側にとりつけた。また、酸化チタン粒子からなる層側にはITO電極に導電テープを貼り、銀ペーストを用いて、ITO電極と導電テープとを接合させた。I-V測定時の端子は導電テープからとった。本結果から半導体として酸化亜鉛を用いた場合でもコンポジットとして性能が向上することが確認された。よって、本技術は特定の酸化物に限らず、汎用性のある技術であることがわかる。酸化亜鉛系においても比誘電率が2以上の有機化合物が10質量%以上から60質量%以下で、太陽電池特性が良好となることがわかった。
上述した評価系(即ち、貼り合せた太陽電池を、上述した簡易太陽電池評価装置)を用いて実施例28の透明太陽電池が電池として駆動することを確認した。
図10(a)及び(b)は、実施例28で作成した太陽電池の発電の評価結果と、この太陽電池が透明太陽電池であることを示す写真図である。図10の横軸は疑似太陽光の照射時間を、縦軸は太陽電池から出力された電流値を示し、一定時間毎に光照射のONとOFFを繰り返した結果である。
図10(a)に示すように、実施例28の太陽電池は、透明にもかかわらず発電していることがわかる。また、図10(b)に示す写真図は、実施例28の太陽電池を実際に撮影したものであり、太陽電池の下に置いた紙に書いてある文字が、太陽電池を通して明確に視認できる(すなわち、透明である)ことがわかる。また、本太陽電池はフィルムで作製されており、フレキシブル太陽電池となる。例えば、35°の角度に5回曲げても発電することを確認した。
短絡電流密度の経時変化の測定結果を図11に示す。図11の横軸は疑似太陽光の照射を開始してからの経過時間を示し、縦軸は短絡電流密度を示す。図11において、実施例5で作成した太陽電池を評価したものが、2)シアノエチルサッカロースである。また、比誘電率2以上の化合物としてチオグリセロールを使用し、それ以外は実施例5と同様の方法で作成した太陽電池を評価したものが、3)チオグリセロールである。また、比較のため、酸化チタンのみを2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、33質量%の分散液をシリコン結晶ウエハに塗布した以外は実施例5と同様の方法で作成した太陽電池を評価したものが、1)誘電体なしである。
実施例29~33と比較例7の短絡電流密度と開放電圧の値を表6に示す。
[実施例34]
まず酸化チタンAMT400(テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、33質量%の酸化チタン分散液を調整した。次にスクロースを2メトキシエタノールと混合し、20質量%の溶液を作製した。酸化チタン分散液1gに対し、前記溶液を2.01g加え、10分間撹拌した。撹拌後1日静置し、塗布液を得た。
ITO付きガラス基板(10Ω/□)をアセトンで洗浄した後、UVオゾン処理を行った。このITO付きガラス基板の両側を、カプトンテープ(50μm厚)2層を張り付けガードとした。前記塗布液をITO付きガラス基板のITO面側に滴下し、ガラス棒でガードに沿ってのばして製膜した後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた。その後、ホットプレート120℃で2分乾燥し、半導体層を有するITO基板を得た。
半導体層を有するITO基板と、ブロッキング層を有するITO基板とを貼り合せ、アルミニウムの板で固定して素子を得た。
スクロースに代えて、表7に記載の有機化合物を用いた以外は実施例30と同様の方法で素子を得た。
[実施例38]
まず酸化チタンAMT400(テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、33質量%の酸化チタン分散液を調整した。次にグリセリンを2メトキシエタノールと混合し、20質量%の溶液を作製した。酸化チタン分散液1gに対し、前記溶液を1.601g加え、10分間撹拌した。撹拌後1日静置し、塗布液を得た。
ITO付きガラス基板(10Ω/□)をアセトンで洗浄した後、UVオゾン処理を行った。このITO付きガラス基板の両側を、カプトンテープ(50μm厚)2層で貼り付けガードとした。前記塗布液をITO付きガラス基板のITO面側に滴下し、ガラス棒でガードに沿ってのばして製膜した後、室温で溶媒を乾燥させた。その後、ITO付きガラス基板をホットプレートに載せて、120℃で2分乾燥し、半導体層を有するITO基板を得た。
半導体層を有するITO基板と、ブロッキング層を有するITO基板とを貼り合せ、アルミニウムの板で固定して素子を得た。
グリセリンに代えて、チオグリセロールを用いた以外は実施例38と同様の方法で素子を得た。
[比較例9]
塗布液が酸化チタン分散液のみで構成された以外は実施例34と同様の方法で素子を得た。ブロッキング層は酢酸セルロースを用いた。
実施例34~39、比較例9の各素子を用いて、実施例34~39に対応した走行時間(Tr)を測定した図を図15~図20に、比較例9に対応したTrを測定した図を図21に示す。図15~21の各図において、横軸は経過時間(Time、単位は秒(s))の対数をとり表示したもの、縦軸は光電流(Photocurrent、単位はミリアンペア(mA))の対数をとり表示したものである。これらのTrから移動度の評価を行った。その結果を表7に示す。表7からわかるように、本発明者は、酸化チタン分散液に有機化合物を混合することで移動度が上がることを見出した。本結果から比誘電率が3以上、200以下の有機化合物を混合することで移動度が向上することがわかる。さらに比誘電率が10以上、50以下のときに移動度がもっとも高いという結果を得た。本結果から、本発明は半導体素子においても有効であり、トランジスタ素子などに好適である。また、太陽電池においても直列抵抗の減少などに関与するため有効である。
p型シリコンウエハ(3Ωcm)を乳鉢の中でエタノール溶媒中で粉砕する。これにより得た液を撹拌し、初期に沈降する大きい粒子を除きながら、その液を目開き37μmのナイロンメッシュでろ過し、37μm以上150μm以下のシリコン粒子(ろ物)を得る。このシリコン粒子に対し、3倍量のグリセリン/エタノール溶液(グリセリンが20質量%)を加え、5分間撹拌し塗布液を得た。SUS箔上に前記塗布液を滴下し、ガラス棒を用いて塗り広げた。その後、この塗り広げた塗布液を150℃、3分間加熱し、エタノールを除去した。次にシアノエチルポリビニルアルコール20質量%(2メトキシエタノール)をシリコン粒子とグリセリンからなる膜の上にコートし、150℃1分間加熱し、2メトキシエタノールを除去した。この2メトキシエタノールを除去した後の膜のトータル膜厚は500μmであった。
実施例21の酸化チタン含有層の断面SEM写真を図13に示す。図13(b)は図13(a)の一部を拡大した写真である。図13(a)及び(b)に示すように、酸化チタン含有層では、誘電体と酸化チタン粒子とがきれいに(即ち、ほぼ均一に)分散していることが確認された。
<交流インピーダンス測定>
実施例31の素子と比較例7の素子を図9の治具で挟んだ状態で、1Vの電圧で光照射(1SUN)を行いながら交流インピーダンス測定を行った、cole-coleプロットを図14に示す。図14(b)は図14(a)の一部(Aの部分)を拡大した図である。図14(a)及び(b)において、横軸は実数のインピーダンス(Z‘)示し、縦軸は虚数のインピーダンス(Z“)を示す。図14に示す結果から、実施例31の素子(TiO2コンポジット)の抵抗が8.9×102Ωであるのに対し、比較例7の素子(TiO2)は8.2×104Ωであった。誘電体とのコンポジット層を導入することで、酸化チタン層に比べ抵抗が下がることがわかった。
半導体に酸化チタンを用い、その周辺に誘電体の誘電率を変化させた時の電子状態をシミュレーションを用いて解析した。解析方法はクラスターモデルを用い、Gaussian09を使って、種々の誘電率を有する溶媒存在下で分子軌道計算を行った。酸化チタンのクラスターモデルの作製においては、アナターゼ結晶のCIF (Crystallographic Interchange FILE)形式のデータを使用し、アナターゼの単位格子をa軸方向に3単位、b軸方向に3単位、c軸方向に1単位の大きさのクラスターモデルを計算に使用した。種々の誘電率を有する溶媒存在下での電子状態の検討を、種々の溶媒を指定したPCM(分極連続体モデル:polarizable continuum models)によって、RHF/3-21G法を用いたシングルポイントエネルギー計算によって行った。それらの計算結果に対して、Mulliken密度解析による状態密度(Density of states,DOS)スペクトルの計算を行った。
E-500(Buruker社製)を用いてESR測定を行った。測定温度はシリコン系では108K、酸化チタン系では100Kで行った。
シリコン系サンプルについて説明する。シリコン粒子はp型シリコンウエハ(3Ωcm)を乳鉢の中でエタノール溶媒中で粉砕する。これにより得られた液を撹拌し、初期に沈降する大きい粒子を除きながら、その液を目開き37μmのナイロンメッシュでろ過し、37μm以上150μm以下のシリコン粒子(ろ物)を得る。このシリコン粒子を150℃で2分加熱し、エタノールを除去した。これをサンプル1とする。次に前記シリコン粒子をグリセリン/エタノール混合液(重量比1/4)に混合する。次に、このシリコン粒子を混合した液を150℃で2分乾燥させ、エタノールを揮発させ、シリコンとグリセリン(誘電体)の混合体を作製する。これをサンプル2とする。サンプル1とサンプル2のESRの結果を図26に示す。図26の横軸は電磁波の強度(G)を示し、縦軸は信号強度を示す。
酸化チタン系サンプルについて説明する。酸化チタン(AMT400、テイカ社製)を2メトキシエタノールに分散させ、石英基板にキャスト法で成膜した。これをサンプル3とする。次にシアノエチルサッカロース(誘電体)を2メトキシエタノールに溶かし、20質量%の溶液を作製し、酸化チタンの2メトキシエタノールと混合した(シアノエチルサッカロースと酸化チタンの割合が重量比で49:51で混合)。この混合液を石英基板にキャスト法で成膜した。これをサンプル4とする。サンプル3とサンプル4のESRの結果を図27に示す。図27の横軸は電磁波の強度(G)を示し、縦軸は信号強度を示す。
簡易太陽電池評価装置を用いて、光照射前の電流電圧特性を評価した。測定結果を図28に示す。図28(a)は、1)シリコン/酸化チタンからなる素子の測定結果である。図2(b)は、2)シリコン/酸化チタン+誘電体(実施例6)の測定結果である。1)の素子は実施例6の混合溶液Eを酸化チタン分散液(AMT600、テイカ社製)に替えた以外は同じ方法で作製した。
それらの太陽電池をはじめ(A)光照射無しで電流―電圧特性を測定し、次に、(B)光照射下で電流―電圧特性を測定し、その後、(C)光照射無しで電流―電圧特性を測定した。その結果、1)の素子では(A)と(C)では電流が流れず、(B)のみ電流が流れるのに対し、2)の素子は(A)では電流が流れないが、(C)では電流が流れるようになった。即ち、1)の素子では(B)のみ電流が流れ、2)の素子では(B)と(C)で電流が流れた。これは誘電体とコンポジットにすることで、一度光を照射すると、酸化チタン層の導電性が発現することを示唆する結果である。
FT/IR-4200(日本分光株式会社製)を用いて、酸化チタンとシアノエチルサッカロースのコンポジット膜を測定し、有機物(シアノエチルサッカロース)の分解がないかを評価した。膜の作製方法は実施例5と同様に作製した。測定は疑似太陽光を照射する前と30分照射後、90分照射後の3点を測定した。その結果、IR上では30分、90分の光照射により、有機物由来のピークに変化が見られなかった。よって、光によって有機物が分解していないことが確認された。
<その他>
本発明は、以上に記載した第1、第2実施形態や、実施例1~40に限定されるものではない。当業者の知識に基づいて第1、第2実施形態や実施例1~40に設計の変更等を加えてもよく、また、第1、第2実施形態や実施例1~40を任意に組み合わせてもよく、そのような変更等を加えた態様も本発明の範囲に含まれる。
2 石英板
3 シリコーンゴムシート
9 ネジ
4、100、200、300 太陽電池
11 直流電源
12 デジタルオシロスコープ
13 電圧増幅器
51、56 金属酸化物粒子
52 比誘電率が2以上の化合物(誘電体)
110、210、310 基板
120、220、320 陽極層
130、230 第二の半導体層
140、240 第一の半導体層
150、250、350 陰極層
260 接合界面層
330 p型半導体層
340 n型半導体層
400 半導体素子
410 基板
420 ゲート電極
430 絶縁層
440 ソース電極
450 ドレイン電極
460 半導体層
Claims (15)
- 少なくとも第一の半導体層及び第二の半導体層を有し、
前記第一の半導体層が、平均粒子径が1nm以上、500nm以下の金属酸化物粒子と比誘電率が2以上の化合物とを含む層である、太陽電池。 - 少なくとも第一の半導体層及び第二の半導体層を有し、
前記第一の半導体層が、平均粒子径が1nm以上、500nm以下の金属酸化物粒子と比誘電率が2以上、1000以下の有機化合物とを含む層であり、
前記第一の半導体層中の前記有機化合物の含有量が10質量%以上、90質量%以下である、太陽電池。 - 少なくとも第一の半導体層及び第二の半導体層を有し、
前記第一の半導体層が、平均粒子径が1nm以上、500nm以下の金属酸化物粒子と、比誘電率が10以上、200以下の有機化合物とを含む層であり、
前記第一の半導体層中の前記有機化合物の含有量が20質量%以上、70質量%以下である、太陽電池。 - 前記金属酸化物の粒子径が1nm以上、100nm以下である、請求項1~3のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記第二の半導体層がシリコンを含む層である、請求項1~4のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記金属酸化物粒子が酸化チタン粒子又は酸化亜鉛粒子である、請求項1~5のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記第一の半導体層と前記第二の半導体層との間に位置し、比誘電率が2以上の化合物を含む接合界面層をさらに有する、請求項1~6のいずれか1項記載の太陽電池。
- 前記金属酸化物粒子が酸化チタン粒子であり、該酸化チタン粒子のX線回折スペクトルにおいて、前記酸化チタン粒子がアナターゼ型の場合は回折角2θが24°以上26°以下で現れる回折ピーク、前記酸化チタン粒子がルチル型の場合は回折角2θが26°以上28°以下で現れる回折ピーク、から得られる半値幅が、0.2°以上5.0°以下である、請求項1~7のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池。
- アナターゼ型又はルチル型の酸化チタン粒子を含む第一の半導体層と、
シリコンを含む第二の半導体層と、
前記第一の半導体層と前記第二の半導体層との間に位置する接合界面層と、を備え、
前記接合界面層が、比誘電率が2以上の化合物を含む層であり、
前記第一の半導体層に対するX線回折スペクトルにおいて、前記酸化チタン粒子がアナターゼ型の場合は回折角2θが24°以上26°以下で現れる回折ピーク、前記酸化チタン粒子がルチル型の場合は回折角2θが26°以上28°以下で現れる回折ピーク、から得られる半値幅が、0.2°以上5.0°以下である、太陽電池。 - 前記酸化チタン粒子がアナターゼ型ある、請求項8又は請求項9に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記第一の半導体層の、波長550nmの光に対する透過率が50%以上100%未満である、請求項9又は10に記載の太陽電池。
- 前記第二の半導体層は、前記第一の半導体層と対向する面とは反対の面側に、厚みが1nm以上のシリコン酸化膜を備えた、請求項1~11のいずれか1項に記載の太陽電池。
- 無機粒子と、比誘電率が3以上150以下の有機化合物と、を含む半導体層を少なくとも1層有し、
前記無機粒子は金属酸化物粒子又はシリコン粒子であり、
前記半導体層中の前記無機粒子の含有量が10質量%以上、90質量%以下であり、
前記半導体層のキャリア移動度が0.0001cm2/Vs以上である、半導体素子。 - 無機粒子と、比誘電率が2以上の化合物と、1種以上の分散剤とを含む塗布液であり、且つ、
前記無機粒子が金属酸化物粒子又はシリコン粒子であり、
前記塗布液中の前記無機粒子の含有量が0.1質量%以上、49.9質量%以下であり、
前記塗布液中の前記化合物の含有量が0.1質量%以上、49.9質量%以下であり、
前記塗布液中の前記分散剤の含有量が0.2質量%以上、99.8質量%以下である塗布液を用意し、
用意した前記塗布液を半導体層又は、電極を有する基板に塗布する工程と、
塗布した前記塗布液に乾燥させて該塗布液から前記分散剤の少なくとも一部を除去する工程と、を含み、
前記塗布液を乾燥させる温度が20℃以上、150℃以下である、太陽電池の製造方法。 - 無機粒子と、比誘電率が2以上の化合物と、1種以上の分散剤とを含む塗布液であり、且つ、
前記無機粒子が金属酸化物粒子又はシリコン粒子であり、
前記塗布液中の前記無機粒子の含有量が0.1質量%以上、49.9質量%以下であり、
前記塗布液中の前記化合物の含有量が0.1質量%以上、49.9質量%以下であり、
前記塗布液中の前記分散剤の含有量が0.2質量%以上、99.8質量%以下である塗布液を用意し、
用意した前記塗布液を半導体層又は、電極を有する基板に塗布する工程と、
塗布した前記塗布液に乾燥させて該塗布液から前記分散剤の少なくとも一部を除去する工程と、を含み、
前記塗布液を乾燥させる温度が20℃以上、150℃以下である、半導体素子の製造方法。
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CN105556681A (zh) | 2016-05-04 |
CN106887335B (zh) | 2019-03-26 |
US10566144B2 (en) | 2020-02-18 |
US20180374652A1 (en) | 2018-12-27 |
JPWO2015049841A1 (ja) | 2017-03-09 |
CN105556681B (zh) | 2017-11-17 |
EP3528270A1 (en) | 2019-08-21 |
US10109429B2 (en) | 2018-10-23 |
EP3054488B1 (en) | 2019-05-08 |
JP6497755B2 (ja) | 2019-04-10 |
JP2017191942A (ja) | 2017-10-19 |
EP3054488A1 (en) | 2016-08-10 |
CN106887335A (zh) | 2017-06-23 |
KR20160048137A (ko) | 2016-05-03 |
EP3054488A4 (en) | 2016-10-12 |
KR101920127B1 (ko) | 2018-11-19 |
US20160293342A1 (en) | 2016-10-06 |
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JP6183760B2 (ja) | 2017-08-23 |
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