WO2004072066A1 - Tri(cyclo) substituted amide glucokinase activator compounds - Google Patents

Tri(cyclo) substituted amide glucokinase activator compounds Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004072066A1
WO2004072066A1 PCT/US2004/003982 US2004003982W WO2004072066A1 WO 2004072066 A1 WO2004072066 A1 WO 2004072066A1 US 2004003982 W US2004003982 W US 2004003982W WO 2004072066 A1 WO2004072066 A1 WO 2004072066A1
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Prior art keywords
cyclopentyl
alkyl
thiazol
group
ylacrylamide
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PCT/US2004/003982
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French (fr)
Inventor
Matthew Colin Thor Fyfe
Lisa Sarah Gardner
Masao Nawano
Martin James Procter
Geoffrey Martyn Williams
David Witter
Kosuke Yasuda
Chrystelle Marie Rasamison
Arlindo Castelhano
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Prosidion Limited
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Priority to JP2006503484A priority Critical patent/JP4621198B2/en
Priority to EP04709897A priority patent/EP1594863A1/en
Publication of WO2004072066A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004072066A1/en

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings directly linked by a ring-member-to-ring-member bond
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P3/00—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism
    • A61P3/08—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis
    • A61P3/10—Drugs for disorders of the metabolism for glucose homeostasis for hyperglycaemia, e.g. antidiabetics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/54—Radicals substituted by carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals
    • C07D213/55—Acids; Esters
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/61—Halogen atoms or nitro radicals
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/62—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
    • C07D213/70—Sulfur atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
    • C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
    • C07D213/75—Amino or imino radicals, acylated by carboxylic or carbonic acids, or by sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof, e.g. carbamates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D239/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings
    • C07D239/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings
    • C07D239/24—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
    • C07D239/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazine or hydrogenated 1,3-diazine rings not condensed with other rings having three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
    • C07D239/32—One oxygen, sulfur or nitrogen atom
    • C07D239/38—One sulfur atom
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D401/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom
    • C07D401/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings
    • C07D401/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, at least one ring being a six-membered ring with only one nitrogen atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D413/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
    • C07D413/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings
    • C07D413/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings
    • C07D417/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07D417/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00
    • C07D417/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing two or more hetero rings, at least one ring having nitrogen and sulfur atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by group C07D415/00 containing three or more hetero rings

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to tri(cyclo) substituted amide compounds.
  • the present invention is directed to amide compounds substituted i) at the carbonyl carbon with an ethyl/ethenyl attached to a nitrogen-containing six- membered heteroaryl ring and a saturated or unsaturated ring, and ii) at the amino with a nitrogen bearing heteroaryl ring, which are modulators of glucokinase and are useful in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia and type II diabetes.
  • GK Glucokinase
  • GK Activation of GK can lead to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia.
  • type II maturity-onset diabetes of the young is caused by the loss of function mutations in the GK gene, suggesting that GK operates as a glucose sensor in humans.
  • compounds that activate GK increase the sensitivity of the GK sensory system and would be useful in the treatment of hyperglycemia - particularly the hyperglycemia associated with type II diabetes. It is therefore desirable to provide novel compounds that activate GK to treat diabetes.
  • WO2002048106 and U.S. Patent No. 6,482,951 describe isoindolin-1-one GK activators.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2001085706 describes substituted phenylacetamide GK activators for treating type II diabetes.
  • U.S. Patent No. 6,384,220 describes para-aryl or heteroaryl substituted phenyl GK activators.
  • French Patent No. 2,834,295 describes methods for the purification and crystal structure of human GK and discloses 3-cyclopentyl-2-pyridin-4-yl-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide as a GK ligand.
  • WO2003095438 published after the priority date of the present application, describes N-heteroaryl phenylacetamides and related compounds as GK activators for the treatment of type II diabetes.
  • U.S. Patent No. 6,610,846 describes the preparation of cycloalkylheteroaryl propionamides as GK activators.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2003000262 describes vinyl phenyl GK activators.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2003000267 describes aminonicotinate derivatives as GK modulators.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2003015774 published after the priority date of the present application, describes compounds as GK modulators.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2003015774 published after the priority date of the present application, describes compounds as GK modulators.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2003015774 published after the priority date of the present application, describes compounds as GK modulators.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2003015774 published after the priority date
  • WO2003047626 published after the priority date of the present application, describes the use of a GK activator in combination with a glucagon antagonist for treating type II diabetes.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2003055482 published after the priority date of the present application, describes amide derivatives as GK activators.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2003080585 published after the priority date of the present application, describes aminobenzamide derivatives with GK activity for the treatment of diabetes and obesity.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2003097824 published after the priority date of the present application, describes human liver GK crystals and their used for structure- based drug design.
  • International Patent Publication No. WO2004002481 published after the priority date of the present application, discloses arylcarbonyl derivatives as GK activators.
  • the present invention is directed to a compound of Formula (I):
  • R 1 and R 2 each independently are hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, vinyl, ethynyl, methoxy, OCF n H 3 _ architect, -N(C 0 _ 4 alkyl)(C 0 - 4 alkyl), CHO, or C ⁇ - 2 alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 independent halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, -N(Co- 2 alkyl)(Co_ 2 alkyl), SOCH 3 , or SO 2 CH 3 substituents; or R 1 and R 2 together form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; or R 1 and R 2 may be taken together to represent an oxygen atom attached to the ring via a double bond;
  • R 3 and R 4 each independently are hydrogen, halogen, OCF n H 3 _ n , methoxy, CO 2 R 77 , cyano, nitro, CHO, CONR 99 R 100 , CON(OCH 3 )CH 3 , or C ⁇ - 2 alkyl, heteroaryl, or C 3 -- 7 cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 independent halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, -NHCO 2 CH 3 , or -N(Co- 2 alkyl)(Co- 2 alkyl) substituents; or R 3 and R 4 together form a 5-8-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, carbocyclic, or heterocyclic ring;
  • R 7 and R 77 each independently are hydrogen, or C 1 . alkyl group, C 2 - 4 alkenyl group, C 2 . 4 alkynyl group, C 3 - 7 cycloalkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, or 4-7- membered heterocyclic group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C ⁇ _ 2 alkoxy, -N(Co_ 2 alkyl)(Co- 2 alkyl), C ⁇ _ 2 alkyl, C 3 _ 7 cycloalkyl, 4-7-membered heterocyclic ring, CF n H 3 _ n , aryl, heteroaryl,
  • R 8 is group, C 2 - 4 alkenyl group, C 2 - 4 alkynyl group, C 3 - cycloalkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl groun. or 4-7-membered heterocyclic group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C 1 _ 2 alkoxy, -N(Co_ 2 alkyl)(C 0 - 2 alkyl), C ⁇ _ 2 alkyl, C 3 _ 7 cycloalkyl, 4-7- membered heterocyclic ring, CF n H 3 _ n , aryl, heteroaryl, CO 2 H, -COC ⁇ _ 2 alkyl, -CON(Co- 2 alkyl)(Co- 2 alkyl), SOCH 3 , SO 2 CH 3 , or -SO 2 N(Co- 2 alkyl)(Co- 2 alkyl) substituents;
  • R 9 , R 10 , R 99 , and R 100 each independently are hydrogen, or C ⁇ - alkyl group, C 3 - 7 cycloalkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, or 4-7-membered heterocyclic group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C ⁇ _ 2 alkoxy, -N(Co- 2 alkyl)(Co_ 2 alkyl), C t ⁇ alkyl, C 3 _ 7 cycloalkyl, 4-7-membered heterocyclic ring, CF n H 3 _ Struktur, aryl, heteroaryl, -COC ⁇ _
  • R 9 and R 10 or R 99 and R 100 together form a 6-8-membered heterobicyclic ring system or a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally is substituted with 1-2 independent C ⁇ _ 2 alkyl, CH 2 OCH 3 , COCo- 2 alkyl, hydroxy, or SO 2 CH 3 substituents; n is i, 2 or 3; m is 0 or 1 ; the dotted line together with the solid line forms an optional double bond, and ⁇ indicates that the double bond has the (E)-configuration; and with the proviso that Formula (I) does not represent 3-cyclopentyl-2-pyridin-
  • the carbon atom linking the aryl ring and Q-bearing sidechain to the carbonyl carbon is a chiral centre. Accordingly, the compound may be present either as a racemate or as a single enantiomer in the (R)- or (S)-configuration. The (R)-enantiomers are preferred.
  • the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia):
  • the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
  • a 3 is C-R 5
  • a 4 is C-R 6
  • one of A 1 , A 2 and A 5 is ⁇ , and the other two are CH.
  • the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
  • a 3 is C-R 5
  • a 4 is C-R 6
  • one of A 1 , A 2 and A 5 is ⁇ , and the other two are CH;
  • the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
  • a 3 is C-R 5
  • a 4 is C-R 6
  • one of A 1 , A 2 and A 5 is ⁇ , and the other two are CH;
  • Q is a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
  • a 3 is C-R 5 , A 4 is ⁇ , one of A 1 , A 2 and A 5 is ⁇ , and the other two are CH.
  • the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
  • a 3 is C-R 5 , A 4 is ⁇ , one of A 1 , A 2 and A 5 is ⁇ , and the other two are CH; Q is a C 3 - 8 cycloalkyl ring.
  • the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (lb):
  • the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
  • a 3 is C-R 5
  • a 4 is C-R 6
  • one of A 1 , A 2 and A 5 is ⁇
  • the other two are CH.
  • the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein:
  • a 3 is C-R 5
  • a 4 is C-R 6
  • one of A 1 , A 2 and A 5 is ⁇ , and the other two are CH;
  • Q is a C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl ring.
  • the molecular weight of the compounds of Formula (I) is preferably less than 800, more preferably less than 600, most preferably less than 500.
  • a 1 and A 5 are preferably CH.
  • a 2 is preferably ⁇ .
  • A is preferably C-R .
  • a 4 is preferably C-R 6 or ⁇ ; more preferably C-R 6 .
  • Q is preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-oxo-tetrahydrothiopyranyl or 1,1-dioxo- tetrahydrothiopyranyl; more preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 4-tetrahydropyranyl, or 4-tetrahydrothiopyranyl; most preferably cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl.
  • Q is a heteroaryl or heterocyclic group it is preferably linked to the - (CH 2 ) m - group through a carbon atom.
  • Q is a heteroaryl group it preferably does not have a substituent R 1 or R 2 other than hydrogen at a position adjacent to point of attachment to the -(CH 2 ) m - group.
  • 2-thiazolyl e.g. 2-thiazolyl where R 3 is 5-halo such as 5-fluoro, and R 4 is hydrogen.
  • R and R are preferably hydrogen.
  • R 3 is preferably hydrogen, halogen, C ⁇ _ 2 alkyl, or trifluoromethyl; more preferably hydrogen, methyl, fluoro, chloro or bromo; even more preferably hydrogen, fluoro, or chloro; most preferably hydrogen or fluoro.
  • R 4 is preferably hydrogen or methyl; more preferably hydrogen.
  • R 5 is preferably CF 3 , SOR 8 , SO 2 R 8 , SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , NHSO 2 R 8 , triazolyl, or tetrazolyl; more preferably SOR 8 , SO 2 R 8 , SO 2 NR 9 R 10 , or NHSO 2 R 8 ; most preferably SOR 8 or SO 2 R 8 .
  • R 6 is preferably hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, or trifluoromethyl; more preferably hydrogen.
  • R 7 , R 77 , and R 8 are preferably C ⁇ - 4 alkyl, C 3 _ 7 cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or 4-8-membered heterocyclic group; more preferably C ⁇ _ 4 alkyl or C 3 - cycloalkyl.
  • R 9 and R 10 are preferably Co- alkyl or combine to form a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring.
  • R 99 and R 100 are preferably Co- ⁇ alkyl.
  • m is preferably 0.
  • n is preferably 2 or 3.
  • preferred compounds of this invention include those in which several or each variable in Formula (I) is selected from the preferred, more preferred, most preferred, especially or particularly listed groups for each variable. Therefore, this invention is intended to include all combinations of preferred, more preferred, most preferred, especially and particularly listed groups.
  • alkyl as well as other groups having the prefix “alk” such as, for example, alkoxy, alkanyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and the like, means carbon chains which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and the like. "Alkenyl”, “alkynyl” and other like terms include carbon chains having at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond.
  • Co- 4 alkyl is used to mean an alkyl having 0-4 carbons - that is, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbons in a straight or branched configuration.
  • An alkyl having no carbon is hydrogen when the alkyl is a terminal group.
  • An alkyl having no carbon is a direct bond when the alkyl is a bridging (connecting) group.
  • cycloalkyl and “carbocyclic ring” mean carbocycles containing no heteroatoms, and include mono-, bi-, and tricyclic saturated carbocycles, as well as fused and bridged systems.
  • fused ring systems can include one ring that is partially or fully unsaturated, such as a benzene ring, to form fused ring systems, such as benzofused carbocycles.
  • Cycloalkyl includes such fused ring systems as spirofused ring systems.
  • cycloalkyl and carbocyclic rings include C - 8 cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and decahydronaphthalene, adamantane, indanyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahvdronanhthalene and the like.
  • halogen includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms.
  • aryl includes, for example, phenyl and naphthyl.
  • heterocyclic ring includes 4-8-membered saturated rings containing one or two heteroatoms chosen from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
  • heterocyclic rings include oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, oxepane, oxocane, thietane, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiopyran, thiepane, thiocane, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane, [l,3]dioxane, oxazolidine, piperazine, and the like.
  • Other examples of heterocyclic rings include the oxidised forms of the sulfur-containing rings.
  • tetrahydrothiophene 1 -oxide tetrahydrothiophene 1,1 -dioxide
  • tetrahydrothiopyran 1 -oxide tetrahydrothiopyran 1,1 -dioxide
  • tetrahydrothiopyran 1,1 -dioxide tetrahydrothiophene 1,1 -dioxide
  • heteroaryl includes 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl rings containing 1-4 heteroatoms chosen from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen.
  • heteroaryl rings are flxryl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or triazinyl.
  • the above formulas are shown without a definitive stereochemistry at certain positions.
  • the present invention includes all stereoisomers (e.g. geometric isomers, optical isomers, diastereoisomers, etc.) and pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxides thereof, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise. Further, mixtures of stereoisomers as well as isolated specific stereoisomers are also included, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise.
  • stereoisomers e.g. geometric isomers, optical isomers, diastereoisomers, etc.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxides thereof except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise.
  • mixtures of stereoisomers as well as isolated specific stereoisomers are also included, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise.
  • the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers.
  • the present invention includes any possible tautomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, and mixtures thereof, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise.
  • the compound of the above formulas and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof exist in the form of solvates or polymorphic forms
  • the present invention includes any possible solvates and polymorphic forms.
  • a type of a solvent that forms the solvate is not particularly limited so long as the solvent is pharmacologically acceptable. For example, water, ethanol, propanol, acetone or the like can be used.
  • the compounds of formula (I) are intended for pharmaceutical use they are preferably provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 60% pure, more suitably at least 75% pure, especially at least 98% pure (% are on a weight for weight basis).
  • the invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition that is comprised of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
  • composition is comprised of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
  • the invention encompasses a pharmaceutical composition for the prophylaxis or treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes by the activation of GK, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of compound of Formula (I) as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention are effective for treating hyperglycemia in mammals such as, for example, humans.
  • the invention also provides a method of prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a condition where activation of GK is desirable comprising a step of administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also provides a method of prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia or diabetes comprising a step of administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also provides a method of prevention of diabetes in a human demonstrating pre-diabetic hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance comprising a step of administering an effective prophylactic amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as a GK activator.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia or diabetes.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the prevention of diabetes in a human demonstrating pre-diabetic hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the activation of GK.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia or diabetes.
  • the invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention of diabetes in a human demonstrating pre-diabetic hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance.
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention may be optionally employed in combination with one or more other anti-diabetic agents or anti- hyperglycemic agents, which include, for example, sulfonylureas (e.g. glyburide, glimepiride, glipyride, glipizide, chlorpropamide, gliclazide, glisoxepid, acetohexamide, glibornuride, tolbutamide, tolazamide, carbutamide, gliquidone, glyhexamide, phenbutamide, tolcyclamide, etc.), biguanides (e.g. metformin, phenformin, buformin, etc.), glucagon antagonists (e.g.
  • sulfonylureas e.g. glyburide, glimepiride, glipyride, glipizide, chlorpropamide, gliclazide, glisoxepid, acetohexamide,
  • glucosidase inhibitors e.g. acarbose, miglitol, etc.
  • insulin secetagogues e.g. insulin sensitizers (e.g. troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, etc.) and the like; or anti-obesity agents (e.g. sibutramine, orlistat, etc.) and the like.
  • anti-obesity agents e.g. sibutramine, orlistat, etc.
  • the compounds and compositions of the present invention and the other anti-diabetic agents or anti-hyperglycemic agents may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately.
  • salts refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases including inorganic bases and organic bases.
  • Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, cupric, cuprous, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like salts. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts.
  • Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such as naturally occurring and synthetic amines.
  • organic non-toxic bases from which salts can be formed include, for example, arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N',N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2- diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N- ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
  • the compound of the present invention When the compound of the present invention is basic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids.
  • acids include, for example, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like.
  • compositions of the present invention comprise a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants.
  • the compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, as well as admimstration through inhaling, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
  • compositions according to the invention are preferably adapted for oral administration.
  • the compounds represented by Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, of this invention can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques.
  • the carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g. oral or parenteral (including intravenous).
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient.
  • compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as an oil-in-water emulsion, or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion.
  • the compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices.
  • the compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy, hi general, such methods include a step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier that constitutes one or more necessary ingredients.
  • the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. The product can then be conveniently shaped into the desired presentation.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
  • the compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include a pharmaceutically acceptable liposomal formulation containing a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
  • the pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas.
  • solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid.
  • liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water.
  • gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
  • oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions
  • carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like may be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets.
  • oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets.
  • tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed.
  • tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
  • a tablet containing the composition of this invention may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants.
  • Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent or other such excipient.
  • excipients may be, for example, inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc.
  • the tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer time.
  • a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be used.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin.
  • the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil.
  • Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.
  • Each tablet preferably contains from about 0.05mg to about 5g of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule preferably containing from about 0.05mg to about 5g of the active ingredient.
  • a formulation intended for the oral administration to humans may contain from about 0.5mg to about 5g of active agent, compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material wliich may vary from about 5 to about 95 percent of the total composition.
  • Unit dosage forms will generally contain between from about lmg to about 2g of the active ingredient, typically 25mg, 50mg, lOOmg, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg, 500mg, 600mg, 800mg, or lOOOmg.
  • compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration maybe prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water.
  • a suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose.
  • Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms.
  • compositions of the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions.
  • the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
  • the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi.
  • the carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g. glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof.
  • compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, or the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations may be prepared, utilizing a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by admixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5wt% to about 10wt% of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency.
  • a cream or ointment is prepared by admixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5wt% to about 10wt% of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency.
  • compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It is preferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. The suppositories may be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
  • compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for inhaled administration. Such administration can be in forms and utilizing carriers described in, for example, 1) Particulate interactions in Dry Powder Formulations for inhalation, Xian Zeng et al, 2000, Taylor and Francis, 2) Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, Anthony Hickey, 1992, Marcel Dekker, 3) Respiratory Drug Delivery. 1990, Editor: P.R. Byron, CRC Press.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions described above may include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like.
  • other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood
  • (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, may also be prepared in powder or liquid concentrate form.
  • dosage levels on the order of from about O.Olmg/kg to about 150mg/kg of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about lOg per patient per day.
  • diabetes may be effectively treated by the administration of from about 0.01 to lOOmg of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about 7g per patient per day.
  • the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the disease in the particular diabetic patient undergoing therapy. Further, it is understood that the compounds and salt or N-oxides thereof of this invention can be administered at subtherapeutic levels prophylactically in anticipation of a hyperglycemic condition.
  • the compounds of the present invention can be administered in prophylactically effective amounts to prevent the onset of diabetes.
  • the present invention includes a method of treatment of hyperglycemia by administering an effective amount - and a method of prevention of diabetes in a human demonstrating pre-diabetic hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance by administering an effective prophylactic amount - of the compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) may exhibit advantageous properties compared to known GK activators.
  • a ⁇ A 5 , Q, T, R ⁇ R 4 , m and ⁇ are as described above;
  • R 11 is C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl
  • X 1 and X 2 each independently are bromo or iodo.
  • the 2-haloacrylate esters II are readily prepared by halogenation of the syn addition product formed by reaction of an organocopper compound with a lower alkyl ester of propiolic acid (R. Rossi et ah, J. Organomet. Chem., 1993, 451, 33-43).
  • the halogenated heteroaromatic species III are either commercially available or readily made utilising known synthetic procedures (See, for example: R. N. Guthikonda & F. P. DiNinno, US Patent 5,409,920; X. Wang et al, Tetrahedron Lett, 2000, 41, 4335-4338).
  • the ⁇ ,/?-unsaturated carboxylic acids IV may be condensed with heteroaromatic amines V, many of which are commercially available, using a variety of coupling conditions, e.g. polymer supported carbodiimide- 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in NN-dimethylformamide at 20°C (for representative procedures, see https://www.argotech.com/PDF/resins/ps_carbodiimide.pdf and available from Argonaut Technologies, Inc., Foster City, California), to give (Ia).
  • polymer supported carbodiimide- 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in NN-dimethylformamide at 20°C for representative procedures, see https://www.argotech.com/PDF/resins/ps_carbodiimide.pdf and available from Argonaut Technologies, Inc., Foster City, California
  • a ⁇ A 5 , Q, T, R -R 4 and m are as described above;
  • V is CO 2 R ⁇ , CO 2 CH 2 Ph, or CN;
  • X 3 is chloro, bromo, iodo, or OSO R 12 ; wherein R 11 is as described above and R 12 is C 1 -C 4 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more fluorines, or optionally substituted aryl.
  • halides and sulfonate esters VI are commercially available or are readily prepared using known techniques. These alkylating agents maybe reacted with the a- carbanions of acetic esters or acetonitriles VII, generated at -78°C in tefrahydrofuran by a strong base, such as lithium diisopropylamide (WO 00/58293), to give a- substituted esters and nitriles.
  • a strong base such as lithium diisopropylamide (WO 00/58293)
  • the carboxylic acids VIII can be obtained by saponification of the ⁇ -substituted esters with, for example, sodium hydroxide in aqueous methanol at 20°C to reflux and by hydrolysis of the ⁇ -substituted nitriles with, for example, aqueous sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures (R. Adams and A. F. Thai, Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. 1, 436).
  • the carboxylic acids VIII may be condensed with heteroaromatic amines V, many of which are commercially available, using a variety of coupling conditions, e.g. O-(lH-benzotriazol-l-yl)-N,N,N',N-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (R. Knorr et al, Tetrahedron Lett., 1989, 30, 1927-1930) in NN-dimethylformamide at 20°C, to give (lb).
  • O-(lH-benzotriazol-l-yl)-N,N,N',N-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate R. Knorr et al, Tetrahedron Lett., 1989, 30, 1927-1930
  • the compound of Formula (lb) has an asymmetric carbon atom which interlinks the amide carbonyl carbon, the aryl ring, and the Q-containing sidechain.
  • the preferred stereoconfiguration at the asymmetric centre is (R). If one desires to isolate the pure (R)- or (S)-stereoisomers of the compound of
  • a racemic mixture of amides of Formula (lb) can be separated by means of chiral high performance liquid chromatography employing a chiral stationary phase which can be purchased from, for example, Daicel Chemical industries, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. Further details for the preparation of the compounds of Formula (I) are found in the examples.
  • the compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared singly or as compound libraries comprising at least 2, for example 5 to 1,000, compounds and more preferably 10 to 100 compounds of Formula (I).
  • Compound libraries may be prepared by a combinatorial "split and mix” approach or by multiple parallel synthesis using either solution or solid phase chemistry, using procedures known to those skilled in the art.
  • labile functional groups in the intermediate compounds e.g. hydroxy, carboxy and amino groups, may be protected.
  • the protecting groups may be removed at any stage in the synthesis of the compounds of Formula (I) or may be present on the final compound of Formula (I).
  • the mass spectra for both Methods A and B were obtained employing an electrospray ionisation source in either the positive ion (ES + ) or negative ion (ES " ) mode.
  • Atmospheric Pressure Chemical lonisation (APCI) spectra were obtained on a FinniganMat SSQ 7000C instrument.
  • Hexamethylphosphoramide; HOBt 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole; IH: Isohexane; KHMDS: Potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; LDA: Lithium diisopropylamide; LHMDS: Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; mCPBA: 3-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid; Me: Methyl; Ms: Methanesulfonyl; ⁇ ADP(H): adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced); Ph: Phenyl; »-Pr: n-Propyl; PS: Polymer supported; RP-HPLC:
  • RT Retention time
  • RT A Retention time with Method A
  • RT B Retention time with Method B
  • TBTU O-(1H- Benzotriazol-l-y ⁇ -NNN' ⁇ N-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate
  • Tf Trifluoromethanesulfonyl
  • TFA Trifluoroacetic acid
  • TFAA Trifluoroacetic anhydride
  • T ⁇ F Tetrahydrofuran
  • TMSC1 Chlorotrimethylsilane.
  • Step 1 KHMDS (30.9mL of a lmmol mL - - " 1 1 solution in THF, 30.9mmol) was added to a stirred solution of (6-chloropyridm-3-yl)acetonitrile (4.40g, 28.9mmol) in anhydrous THF-HMPA (3:1, 72mL) at -78°C. After 30min, iodomethylcyclopentane (l-46g, 6.9mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at -78°C for 4.5h, before being allowed to warm to 20°C over 16h. The reaction mixture was carefully quenched with saturated aqueous NH C1 (20mL), then H 2 O (lOOmL) was added.
  • Step 1 LDA (5.1mL of a 1.5mmol mL l solution in c-C 6 H ⁇ 2 , 7.6mmol) was added to a stirred solution of ethyl 3-pyridylacetate (1.15g, 6.9mmol) in anhydrous
  • Step 1 DB ⁇ (345 ⁇ L, 4.0mmol) was added to a suspension of Zn dust (2.62g, 40.0mmol) in anhydrous THF (4mL). The mixture was heated to boiling, then allowed to cool down to 20°C. This process was repeated three times, then the mixture was stirred at 20°C for 2h, before being treated with TMSC1 (380 ⁇ L, 3.0mmol). Stirring was continued for 1.5h, then a solution of (Z)-methyl 3- cyclopentyl-2-iodoacrylate (2.52g, 9.0mmol) in anhydrous THF (8mL) was added over 3min. The mixture was stirred at 40°C for 2h, before being stirred at 20°C for
  • Step 1 NaN 3 (13.69g, 210.6mmol) and Tf 2 O (33mL, 196.5mmol) were added to a stirred solution of N-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)acetamide (8.3 lg, 38.6mmol) in anhydrous MeC ⁇ (200mL) at 0°C. After 2.5h, the temperature was increased to 45 °C, then stirring was continued for 16h. The solvents were evaporated off under reduced pressure, then the remainder was partitioned between CH 2 C1 2 (250mL) and saturated aqueous ⁇ aHCO 3 (250mL).
  • Step 1 A mixture of 5-bromo-2,3-dichloropyridine (4.47g, 19.7mmol) and NaOH (867mg, 21.7mmol) in DMSO (50mL) was treated with sufficient H 2 O to effect dissolution. n-PrSH (1.96mL, 21.7mmol) was added, then the reaction was stirred at 20°C for 4h. The mixture was poured onto crushed ice (200g) and then extracted with CH 2 C1 2 (2 x lOOmL). The combined CH C1 2 extracts were washed with H 2 O (3 x lOOmL) and brine (3 x lOOmL), before being dried (MgSO 4 ).
  • Step 3 Saponification of this ester (770mg, 2.3mmol), using a similar protocol to that described by Step 2 of Preparation 3, furnished the title compound: ⁇ n (CDC1 3 ): 1.05 (t, 3H), 1.40-1.85 (m, 10H), 2.45-2.60 (m, IH), 3.20 (t, 2H), 7.15 (d, IH), 7.40 (d, IH), 8.15 (d, IH).
  • Step 1 n-BuLi (32.9mL of a 2.6M solution in hexanes, 102mmol) was added over 15min to a stirred solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (23.7g, lOOmmol) in ⁇ t 2 O (800mL) at -78°C. After 20min, diethyl oxalate (16.4mL, 120mmol) was added over 15min, then stirring was continued at -78°C for 30min and then at 0°C for 3h. The reaction was poured into ice cold saturated aqueous NH 4 C1, before being extracted with Et 2 O.
  • Step 3 LHMDS (6.25mL of a 1.0M solution in THF, 6.3mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of triphenyl(tetrahydropyran-4- ylmethyl)phosphonium iodide (Preparation 13, 3.18g, 8.5mmol) in THF (lOmL) at 0°C. After lh, a solution of ethyl (6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)glyoxylate (1.13g,
  • NEt 3 (63.4mL, 455mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 5- bromothiazol-2-ylamine hydrobromide (102.7g, 379mmol) in CH 2 C1 (1.5L). After lh, TFAA (64.2mL, 455mmol) was added dropwise at 0°C over 15min. The mixture was allowed to warm to 20°C over lh, before being stirred for an additional 2h. H 2 O (600mL) was added and the resulting precipitate was collected. The aqueous layer of the filtrate was separated and extracted with CHC1 3 (3 x 300mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na 2 SO ), filtered and concentrated.
  • N-(5-bromothiazol-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide ⁇ a (CDC1 3 ): 7.45 (s, IH), 13.05 (br, IH).
  • n-BuLi (253mL of a 1.58M solution in hexanes, 403mmol) was added dropwise over 50min to a stirred solution of the above amide (50.0g, 183mmol) in anhydrous THF (1.3L) at -78°C.
  • Step 1 Mel (44 ⁇ L of a 2.3M solution in anhydrous DMF, 102/zmol) and K 2 CO 3 (14mg, 102 mo ⁇ ) were added to a stirred solution of 3-cyclopentyl-2-(6- mercaptopyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide (EXAMPLE 66, 34mg, 102 anol) in anhydrous DMF (ImL). After 16h, the solvents were evaporated off under reduced pressure, then the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (12mL) and H 2 O (5mL). The organic layer was washed with H O (5mL) and brine (5mL), before being dried (MgSO 4 ).
  • Step 2 Oxidation of this thioether, employing the protocol described in EXAMPLE 35, provided tert-butyl ⁇ 5-[2- cyclopentyl- 1 -(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)-ethyl] ⁇ yridine-2-sulfonyl ⁇ acetate: ⁇ 5 H (CDC1 3 ) : 1.05-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.85 (m, 7H), 1.90-2.00 (m, IH), 2.30-2.40 (m, IH), 3.90-4.00 (m, IH), 4.30-4.45 (m, 2H), 7.10 (d, IH), 7.55 (d, IH), 8.05 (d, IH), 8.10 (dd, IH), 8.70 (d, IH).
  • GK activity was assayed by coupling the production of G6P by GST-GK to the generation of NADPH with G6PDH as the coupling enzyme.
  • the GK assay was performed at 30°C in a flat bottom 96-well assay plate from Costar with a final incubation volume of 100 L.
  • the assay buffer contained: 25mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.4), 12.5mM KC1, 5mM D-Glc, 5mM ATP, 6.25mM NADP, 25mM MgCl 2 , lmM dithiothreitol, test compound or 5% DMSO, 3.0unit/mL G6PDH, and 0.4 tL/mL GST-GK, derived from human liver GK.
  • ATP, G6PDH, and NADP were purchased from Roche Diagnostics.
  • the other reagents were >98% pure and were purchased from Kanto Chemicals.
  • test compounds were dissolved in DMSO, before being added to the assay buffer without ATP. This mix was preincubated in the temperature controlled chamber of a SPECTRAmax 250 microplate spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA) for lOmin, then the reaction was started by the addition of lO L ATP solution.
  • SPECTRAmax 250 microplate spectrophotometer Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA
  • mice were dosed orally with 7.5mL formulation per kg of body weight to equal a 50mg/kg dose, h mediately prior to dosing, a pre-dose (time zero) blood Glc reading was acquired by snipping off a small portion of the animals' tails ( ⁇ 1 mm) and collecting 15 ⁇ L blood for analysis. After GK activator treatment, further blood Glc readings were taken at 1, 2, 4, and 6h post-dose from the same tail wound. Results were interpreted by comparing the mean blood Glc values of 5 vehicle treated mice with the 5 GK activator treated mice over the 6h study duration. Compounds were considered active when they exhibited a statistically significant decrease in blood Glc compared to vehicle for 2 consecutive assay time points.

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Abstract

Compounds of Formula (I): (I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, are useful in the prophylactic and therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes.

Description

TITLE OF THE INVENTION
TRI(CYCLO) SUBSTITUTED AMIDE GLUCOKTNASE ACTIVATOR COMPOUNDS
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to tri(cyclo) substituted amide compounds. In particular, the present invention is directed to amide compounds substituted i) at the carbonyl carbon with an ethyl/ethenyl attached to a nitrogen-containing six- membered heteroaryl ring and a saturated or unsaturated ring, and ii) at the amino with a nitrogen bearing heteroaryl ring, which are modulators of glucokinase and are useful in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia and type II diabetes.
Glucokinase ("GK") is believed to be important in the body's regulation of its plasma glucose level. GK, found principally in the liver and pancreas, is one of four hexo inases that catalyze the initial metabolism of glucose. The GK pathway is saturated at higher glucose levels than the other hexokinase pathways (See R.L. Printz et al., Annu. Rev. Nutr., 13:463-496(1993)). GK is critical to maintaining the glucose balance in mammals. Animals that do not express GK die soon after birth with diabetes, while animals that overexpress GK have improved glucose tolerance.
Activation of GK can lead to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia. (See, for example, H.B.T. Christesen et al., Diabetes, 51:1240-1246(2002)). Additionally, type II maturity-onset diabetes of the young is caused by the loss of function mutations in the GK gene, suggesting that GK operates as a glucose sensor in humans. (Y. Liang et al., Biochem. J. 309:167-173(1995)). Thus, compounds that activate GK increase the sensitivity of the GK sensory system and would be useful in the treatment of hyperglycemia - particularly the hyperglycemia associated with type II diabetes. It is therefore desirable to provide novel compounds that activate GK to treat diabetes.
International Patent Publication No. WO2001044216 and U.S. Patent No. 6,353,111 describe (E)-2,3-disubstituted-N-heteroarylacrylamides as GK activators. International Patent Publication No. WO2002014312 and U.S. Patent Nos. 6,369,232, 6,388,088, and 6,441,180 describe tetrazolylphenylacetamide GK activators. International Patent Publication No. WO2000058293, European Patent Application No. EP 1169312 and U.S. Patent No. 6,320,050 describe arylcycloalkylpropionamide GK activators. International Patent Publication No. 2002008209 and U.S. Patent No. 6,486,184 describe alpha-acyl and alpha- heteroatom-substituted benzene acetamide GK activators as anti-diabetic agents. International Patent Publication No. WO2001083478 describes hydantoin-containing GK activators. International Patent Publication No. WO2001083465 and U.S. Patent
No. 6,388,071 describe alkynylphenyl heteroaromatic GK activators. International Patent Publication No. WO2001085707 and U.S. Patent No. 6,489,485 describe para- amine substituted phenylamide GK activators. International Patent Publication No. WO2002046173 and U.S. Patent Nos. 6,433,188, 6,441,184, and 6,448,399 describe fused heteroaromatic GK activators. International Patent Publication No.
WO2002048106 and U.S. Patent No. 6,482,951 describe isoindolin-1-one GK activators. International Patent Publication No. WO2001085706 describes substituted phenylacetamide GK activators for treating type II diabetes. U.S. Patent No. 6,384,220 describes para-aryl or heteroaryl substituted phenyl GK activators. French Patent No. 2,834,295 describes methods for the purification and crystal structure of human GK and discloses 3-cyclopentyl-2-pyridin-4-yl-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide as a GK ligand. International Patent Publication No. WO2003095438, published after the priority date of the present application, describes N-heteroaryl phenylacetamides and related compounds as GK activators for the treatment of type II diabetes. U.S. Patent No. 6,610,846 describes the preparation of cycloalkylheteroaryl propionamides as GK activators. International Patent Publication No. WO2003000262 describes vinyl phenyl GK activators. International Patent Publication No. WO2003000267 describes aminonicotinate derivatives as GK modulators. International Patent Publication No. WO2003015774, published after the priority date of the present application, describes compounds as GK modulators. International Patent Publication
No. WO2003047626, published after the priority date of the present application, describes the use of a GK activator in combination with a glucagon antagonist for treating type II diabetes. International Patent Publication No. WO2003055482, published after the priority date of the present application, describes amide derivatives as GK activators. International Patent Publication No. WO2003080585, published after the priority date of the present application, describes aminobenzamide derivatives with GK activity for the treatment of diabetes and obesity. International Patent Publication No. WO2003097824, published after the priority date of the present application, describes human liver GK crystals and their used for structure- based drug design. International Patent Publication No. WO2004002481, published after the priority date of the present application, discloses arylcarbonyl derivatives as GK activators.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Compounds represented by Formula (I):
Figure imgf000005_0001
(I) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, are useful in the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia and type II diabetes.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
The present invention is directed to a compound of Formula (I):
Figure imgf000005_0002
(I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein: one of A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 is Ν, another of them is C-R5, another of them is C-R6, and the other two are independently either Ν or CH; Q is a C3-8cycloalkyl, a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring;
T together with the -N=C- to which it is attached forms a heteroaryl ring, or a heterocyclic ring where the N=C bond is the only site of unsaturation; R1 and R2 each independently are hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, vinyl, ethynyl, methoxy, OCFnH3_„, -N(C0_4alkyl)(C0-4alkyl), CHO, or Cι-2alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 independent halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, -N(Co-2alkyl)(Co_2alkyl), SOCH3, or SO2CH3 substituents; or R1 and R2 together form a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; or R1 and R2 may be taken together to represent an oxygen atom attached to the ring via a double bond;
R3 and R4 each independently are hydrogen, halogen, OCFnH3_n, methoxy, CO2R77, cyano, nitro, CHO, CONR99R100, CON(OCH3)CH3, or Cι-2alkyl, heteroaryl, or C3--7cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 independent halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, -NHCO2CH3, or -N(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl) substituents; or R3 and R4 together form a 5-8-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, carbocyclic, or heterocyclic ring;
R5 and R6 each independently are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, CO2R7, CHO, COR8, C(OH)R7R8, C(=NOR7)R8, CONR9R10, SR7, SOR8, SO2R8, SO2NR9R10, CH2NR9R10, NR9R10, N(Co^alkyl)SO2R8, NHCOR7, or Cι-4alkyl group, C2- alkenyl group, C2-4alkynyl group, Cι- alkoxy group, aryl group, or heteroaryl group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, Cι_2alkoxy, -N(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl), Cι_2alkyl, CFnH3_n, aryl, heteroaryl, -COCι_2alkyl, -CON(C0-2alkyl)(C0-2alkyl), SCH3, SOCH3, SO2CH3, or -SO2N(Co_2alkyl)(Co_2alkyl) substituents; or R5 and R6 together form a 5-8- membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
R7 and R77 each independently are hydrogen, or C1. alkyl group, C2-4alkenyl group, C2.4alkynyl group, C3-7cycloalkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, or 4-7- membered heterocyclic group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, Cι_2alkoxy, -N(Co_2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl), Cι_2alkyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, 4-7-membered heterocyclic ring, CFnH3_n, aryl, heteroaryl,
CO2H, -COCι_2alkyl, -CON(Co-2alkyl)(Co--2alkyl), SOCH3, SO2CH3, or -SO2N(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl) substituents;
R8 is
Figure imgf000006_0001
group, C2-4alkenyl group, C2-4alkynyl group, C3- cycloalkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl groun. or 4-7-membered heterocyclic group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1_2alkoxy, -N(Co_2alkyl)(C0-2alkyl), Cι_2alkyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, 4-7- membered heterocyclic ring, CFnH3_n, aryl, heteroaryl, CO2H, -COCι_2alkyl, -CON(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl), SOCH3, SO2CH3, or -SO2N(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl) substituents;
R9, R10, R99, and R100 each independently are hydrogen, or Cι- alkyl group, C3-7cycloalkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, or 4-7-membered heterocyclic group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, Cι_2alkoxy, -N(Co-2alkyl)(Co_2alkyl), Ct^alkyl, C3_ 7cycloalkyl, 4-7-membered heterocyclic ring, CFnH3_„, aryl, heteroaryl, -COCι_
2alkyl, -CON(C0-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl), SOCH3, SO2CH3, or -SO2N(Co--2alkyl)(C0-2alkyl) substituents; or R9 and R10 or R99 and R100 together form a 6-8-membered heterobicyclic ring system or a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally is substituted with 1-2 independent Cι_2alkyl, CH2OCH3, COCo-2alkyl, hydroxy, or SO2CH3 substituents; n is i, 2 or 3; m is 0 or 1 ; the dotted line together with the solid line forms an optional double bond, and Δ indicates that the double bond has the (E)-configuration; and with the proviso that Formula (I) does not represent 3-cyclopentyl-2-pyridin-
4-yl-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide.
If the dotted line together with the solid line forms a single bond, the carbon atom linking the aryl ring and Q-bearing sidechain to the carbonyl carbon is a chiral centre. Accordingly, the compound may be present either as a racemate or as a single enantiomer in the (R)- or (S)-configuration. The (R)-enantiomers are preferred.
In the first aspect, the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia):
Figure imgf000008_0001
(Ia) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein A -A5, Q, T, R^R4, m and Δ are as defined above in Formula (I).
In an embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
A3 is C-R5, A4 is C-R6, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH.
In another embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
A3 is C-R5, A4 is C-R6, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH;
Q is a C3.8cycloalkyl ring. In another embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
A3 is C-R5, A4 is C-R6, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH;
Q is a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring.
In another embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
A3 is C-R5, A4 is Ν, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH.
In another embodiment of the first aspect, the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (Ia), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
A3 is C-R5, A4 is Ν, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH; Q is a C3-8cycloalkyl ring.
In the second aspect, the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (lb):
Figure imgf000009_0001
(lb) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein A'-A5, Q, T, R -R4 and m are as defined above in Formula (I).
In an embodiment of the second aspect, the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, wherein:
A3 is C-R5, A4 is C-R6, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH. hi another embodiment of the second aspect, the present invention is directed to a compound represented by Formula (lb), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein:
A3 is C-R5, A4 is C-R6, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH;
Q is a C3.8cycloalkyl ring.
The molecular weight of the compounds of Formula (I) is preferably less than 800, more preferably less than 600, most preferably less than 500.
In the present invention, A1 and A5 are preferably CH.
In the present invention, A2 is preferably Ν.
In the present invention, A is preferably C-R .
In the present invention, A4 is preferably C-R6 or Ν; more preferably C-R6.
In the present invention, Q is preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-oxo-tetrahydrothiopyranyl or 1,1-dioxo- tetrahydrothiopyranyl; more preferably cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, 4-tetrahydropyranyl, or 4-tetrahydrothiopyranyl; most preferably cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl. When Q is a heteroaryl or heterocyclic group it is preferably linked to the - (CH2)m- group through a carbon atom.
When Q is a heteroaryl group it preferably does not have a substituent R1 or R2 other than hydrogen at a position adjacent to point of attachment to the -(CH2)m- group.
In the present invention, the group of formula
Figure imgf000010_0001
is preferably a monocyclic heteroaryl group. More preferably it is thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or pyridyl; more preferably 2-thiazolyl, 5-[l,2,4]thiadiazolyl, 2-[l,3,4]thiadiazolyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3- isoxazolyl, or 2-pyridyl; most preferably 2-thiazolyl, 5-[l,2,4]thiadiazolyl, or 2- pyridyl.
More preferably the group of formula
Figure imgf000010_0002
is 2-thiazolyl, e.g. 2-thiazolyl where R3 is 5-halo such as 5-fluoro, and R4 is hydrogen.
In the present invention, R and R are preferably hydrogen. In the present invention, R3 is preferably hydrogen, halogen, Cι_2alkyl, or trifluoromethyl; more preferably hydrogen, methyl, fluoro, chloro or bromo; even more preferably hydrogen, fluoro, or chloro; most preferably hydrogen or fluoro. In the present invention, R4 is preferably hydrogen or methyl; more preferably hydrogen. hi the present invention, R5 is preferably CF3, SOR8, SO2R8, SO2NR9R10, NHSO2R8, triazolyl, or tetrazolyl; more preferably SOR8, SO2R8, SO2NR9R10, or NHSO2R8; most preferably SOR8 or SO2R8. In the present invention, R6 is preferably hydrogen, chloro, fluoro, or trifluoromethyl; more preferably hydrogen. In the present invention, R7, R77, and R8 are preferably Cι-4alkyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, or 4-8-membered heterocyclic group; more preferably Cι_ 4alkyl or C3- cycloalkyl.
In the present invention, R9 and R10 are preferably Co- alkyl or combine to form a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring.
In the present invention, R99 and R100 are preferably Co-^alkyl.
In the present invention, m is preferably 0.
In the present invention, n is preferably 2 or 3.
Specific compounds of the invention which may be mentioned are those described in the Examples and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof.
While the preferred groups for each variable have generally been listed above separately for each variable, preferred compounds of this invention include those in which several or each variable in Formula (I) is selected from the preferred, more preferred, most preferred, especially or particularly listed groups for each variable. Therefore, this invention is intended to include all combinations of preferred, more preferred, most preferred, especially and particularly listed groups.
As used herein, unless stated otherwise, "alkyl" as well as other groups having the prefix "alk" such as, for example, alkoxy, alkanyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, and the like, means carbon chains which may be linear or branched or combinations thereof. Examples of alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec- and tert-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl and the like. "Alkenyl", "alkynyl" and other like terms include carbon chains having at least one unsaturated carbon-carbon bond.
As used herein, for example, "Co-4alkyl" is used to mean an alkyl having 0-4 carbons - that is, 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4 carbons in a straight or branched configuration. An alkyl having no carbon is hydrogen when the alkyl is a terminal group. An alkyl having no carbon is a direct bond when the alkyl is a bridging (connecting) group.
The terms "cycloalkyl" and "carbocyclic ring" mean carbocycles containing no heteroatoms, and include mono-, bi-, and tricyclic saturated carbocycles, as well as fused and bridged systems. Such fused ring systems can include one ring that is partially or fully unsaturated, such as a benzene ring, to form fused ring systems, such as benzofused carbocycles. Cycloalkyl includes such fused ring systems as spirofused ring systems. Examples of cycloalkyl and carbocyclic rings include C -8cycloalkyl such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and decahydronaphthalene, adamantane, indanyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahvdronanhthalene and the like. The term "halogen" includes fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine atoms. The term "aryl" includes, for example, phenyl and naphthyl. Unless otherwise stated, the term "heterocyclic ring" includes 4-8-membered saturated rings containing one or two heteroatoms chosen from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. The heteroatoms are not directly attached to one another. Examples of heterocyclic rings include oxetane, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, oxepane, oxocane, thietane, tetrahydrothiophene, tetrahydrothiopyran, thiepane, thiocane, azetidine, pyrrolidine, piperidine, azepane, azocane, [l,3]dioxane, oxazolidine, piperazine, and the like. Other examples of heterocyclic rings include the oxidised forms of the sulfur-containing rings. Thus, tetrahydrothiophene 1 -oxide, tetrahydrothiophene 1,1 -dioxide, tetrahydrothiopyran 1 -oxide, and tetrahydrothiopyran 1,1 -dioxide are also considered to be heterocyclic rings.
Unless otherwise stated, the term "heteroaryl" includes 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl rings containing 1-4 heteroatoms chosen from oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen. Examples of such heteroaryl rings are flxryl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, tetrazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, or triazinyl.
The above formulas are shown without a definitive stereochemistry at certain positions. The present invention includes all stereoisomers (e.g. geometric isomers, optical isomers, diastereoisomers, etc.) and pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxides thereof, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise. Further, mixtures of stereoisomers as well as isolated specific stereoisomers are also included, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise. During the course of the synthetic procedures used to prepare such compounds, or in using racemization or epimerization procedures known to those skilled in the art, the products of such procedures can be a mixture of stereoisomers. When a tautomer of the compound of the above formulas exists, the present invention includes any possible tautomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, and mixtures thereof, except where specifically drawn or stated otherwise. When the compound of the above formulas and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof exist in the form of solvates or polymorphic forms, the present invention includes any possible solvates and polymorphic forms. A type of a solvent that forms the solvate is not particularly limited so long as the solvent is pharmacologically acceptable. For example, water, ethanol, propanol, acetone or the like can be used. Since the compounds of formula (I) are intended for pharmaceutical use they are preferably provided in substantially pure form, for example at least 60% pure, more suitably at least 75% pure, especially at least 98% pure (% are on a weight for weight basis). The invention also encompasses a pharmaceutical composition that is comprised of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
Preferably the composition is comprised of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of a compound of Formula (I) as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
Moreover, within this preferred embodiment, the invention encompasses a pharmaceutical composition for the prophylaxis or treatment of hyperglycemia and diabetes by the activation of GK, comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a non-toxic therapeutically effective amount of compound of Formula (I) as described above, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
The compounds and compositions of the present invention are effective for treating hyperglycemia in mammals such as, for example, humans.
The invention also provides a method of prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of a condition where activation of GK is desirable comprising a step of administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The invention also provides a method of prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia or diabetes comprising a step of administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The invention also provides a method of prevention of diabetes in a human demonstrating pre-diabetic hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance comprising a step of administering an effective prophylactic amount of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, as a GK activator.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia or diabetes. The invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for the prevention of diabetes in a human demonstrating pre-diabetic hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the activation of GK.
The invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia or diabetes. The invention also provides the use of a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, in the manufacture of a medicament for the prevention of diabetes in a human demonstrating pre-diabetic hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance.
The compounds and compositions of the present invention may be optionally employed in combination with one or more other anti-diabetic agents or anti- hyperglycemic agents, which include, for example, sulfonylureas (e.g. glyburide, glimepiride, glipyride, glipizide, chlorpropamide, gliclazide, glisoxepid, acetohexamide, glibornuride, tolbutamide, tolazamide, carbutamide, gliquidone, glyhexamide, phenbutamide, tolcyclamide, etc.), biguanides (e.g. metformin, phenformin, buformin, etc.), glucagon antagonists (e.g. a peptide or non-peptide glucagon antagonist), glucosidase inhibitors (e.g. acarbose, miglitol, etc.), insulin secetagogues, insulin sensitizers (e.g. troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, etc.) and the like; or anti-obesity agents (e.g. sibutramine, orlistat, etc.) and the like. The compounds and compositions of the present invention and the other anti-diabetic agents or anti-hyperglycemic agents may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately.
The term "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids. When the compound of the present invention is acidic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases, including inorganic bases and organic bases. Salts derived from such inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, cupric, cuprous, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc and the like salts. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts. Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, as well as cyclic amines and substituted amines such as naturally occurring and synthetic amines. Other pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases from which salts can be formed include, for example, arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N',N'-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2- diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N- ethylmorpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, isopropylamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine and the like.
When the compound of the present invention is basic, its corresponding salt can be conveniently prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include, for example, acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid and the like. Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric, methanesulfonic, and tartaric acids. The pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention comprise a compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N- oxide thereof, as an active ingredient, a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and optionally other therapeutic ingredients or adjuvants. The compositions include compositions suitable for oral, rectal, topical, and parenteral (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous) administration, as well as admimstration through inhaling, although the most suitable route in any given case will depend on the particular host, and nature and severity of the conditions for which the active ingredient is being administered. The pharmaceutical compositions may be conveniently presented in unit dosage form and prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy.
The pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are preferably adapted for oral administration.
In practice, the compounds represented by Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, of this invention can be combined as the active ingredient in intimate admixture with a pharmaceutical carrier according to conventional pharmaceutical compounding techniques. The carrier may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration, e.g. oral or parenteral (including intravenous). Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be presented as discrete units suitable for oral administration such as capsules, cachets or tablets each containing a predetermined amount of the active ingredient. Further, the compositions can be presented as a powder, as granules, as a solution, as a suspension in an aqueous liquid, as a non-aqueous liquid, as an oil-in-water emulsion, or as a water-in-oil liquid emulsion. In addition to the common dosage forms set out above, the compound represented by Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, may also be administered by controlled release means and/or delivery devices. The compositions may be prepared by any of the methods of pharmacy, hi general, such methods include a step of bringing into association the active ingredient with the carrier that constitutes one or more necessary ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately admixing the active ingredient with liquid carriers or finely divided solid carriers or both. The product can then be conveniently shaped into the desired presentation.
Thus, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof. The compounds of Formula (I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, can also be included in pharmaceutical compositions in combination with one or more other therapeutically active compounds. The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include a pharmaceutically acceptable liposomal formulation containing a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
The pharmaceutical carrier employed can be, for example, a solid, liquid, or gas. Examples of solid carriers include lactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia, magnesium stearate, and stearic acid. Examples of liquid carriers are sugar syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, and water. Examples of gaseous carriers include carbon dioxide and nitrogen. hi preparing the compositions for oral dosage form, any convenient pharmaceutical media may be emnloved. For example, water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, and the like may be used to form oral liquid preparations such as suspensions, elixirs and solutions; while carriers such as starches, sugars, microcrystalline cellulose, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents, and the like may be used to form oral solid preparations such as powders, capsules and tablets. Because of their ease of administration, tablets and capsules are the preferred oral dosage units whereby solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. Optionally, tablets may be coated by standard aqueous or nonaqueous techniques.
A tablet containing the composition of this invention may be prepared by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients or adjuvants. Compressed tablets may be prepared by compressing, in a suitable machine, the active ingredient in a free-flowing form such as powder or granules, optionally mixed with a binder, lubricant, inert diluent, surface active or dispersing agent or other such excipient. These excipients may be, for example, inert diluents such as calcium carbonate, sodium carbonate, lactose, calcium phosphate or sodium phosphate; granulating and disintegrating agents, for example, corn starch, or alginic acid; binding agents, for example, starch, gelatin or acacia; and lubricating agents, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid or talc. The tablets may be uncoated or they may be coated by known techniques to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract and thereby provide a sustained action over a longer time. For example, a time delay material such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate may be used.
In hard gelatin capsules, the active ingredient is mixed with an inert solid diluent, for example, calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate or kaolin. In soft gelatin capsules, the active ingredient is mixed with water or an oil medium, for example, peanut oil, liquid paraffin or olive oil. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine, a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent. Each tablet preferably contains from about 0.05mg to about 5g of the active ingredient and each cachet or capsule preferably containing from about 0.05mg to about 5g of the active ingredient.
For example, a formulation intended for the oral administration to humans may contain from about 0.5mg to about 5g of active agent, compounded with an appropriate and convenient amount of carrier material wliich may vary from about 5 to about 95 percent of the total composition. Unit dosage forms will generally contain between from about lmg to about 2g of the active ingredient, typically 25mg, 50mg, lOOmg, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg, 500mg, 600mg, 800mg, or lOOOmg.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for parenteral administration maybe prepared as solutions or suspensions of the active compounds in water. A suitable surfactant can be included such as, for example, hydroxypropylcellulose. Dispersions can also be prepared in glycerol, liquid polyethylene glycols, and mixtures thereof in oils. Further, a preservative can be included to prevent the detrimental growth of microorganisms.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention suitable for injectable use include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions. Furthermore, the compositions can be in the form of sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of such sterile injectable solutions or dispersions. In all cases, the final injectable form must be sterile and must be effectively fluid for easy syringability. The pharmaceutical compositions must be stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage; thus, preferably should be preserved against the contaminating action of microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (e.g. glycerol, propylene glycol and liquid polyethylene glycol), vegetable oils, and suitable mixtures thereof.
Pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be in a form suitable for topical use such as, for example, an aerosol, cream, ointment, lotion, dusting powder, or the like. Further, the compositions can be in a form suitable for use in transdermal devices. These formulations may be prepared, utilizing a compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, via conventional processing methods. As an example, a cream or ointment is prepared by admixing hydrophilic material and water, together with about 5wt% to about 10wt% of the compound, to produce a cream or ointment having a desired consistency.
Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for rectal administration wherein the carrier is a solid. It is preferable that the mixture forms unit dose suppositories. Suitable carriers include cocoa butter and other materials commonly used in the art. The suppositories may be conveniently formed by first admixing the composition with the softened or melted carrier(s) followed by chilling and shaping in molds.
Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be in a form suitable for inhaled administration. Such administration can be in forms and utilizing carriers described in, for example, 1) Particulate interactions in Dry Powder Formulations for inhalation, Xian Zeng et al, 2000, Taylor and Francis, 2) Pharmaceutical Inhalation Aerosol Technology, Anthony Hickey, 1992, Marcel Dekker, 3) Respiratory Drug Delivery. 1990, Editor: P.R. Byron, CRC Press. In addition to the aforementioned carrier ingredients, the pharmaceutical compositions described above may include, as appropriate, one or more additional carrier ingredients such as diluents, buffers, flavoring agents, binders, surface-active agents, thickeners, lubricants, preservatives (including anti-oxidants) and the like. Furthermore, other adjuvants can be included to render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient. Compositions containing a compound of Formula
(I), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, may also be prepared in powder or liquid concentrate form.
Generally, dosage levels on the order of from about O.Olmg/kg to about 150mg/kg of body weight per day are useful in the treatment of the above-indicated conditions, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about lOg per patient per day. For example, diabetes may be effectively treated by the administration of from about 0.01 to lOOmg of the compound per kilogram of body weight per day, or alternatively about 0.5mg to about 7g per patient per day.
It is understood, however, that the specific dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, route of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination and the severity of the disease in the particular diabetic patient undergoing therapy. Further, it is understood that the compounds and salt or N-oxides thereof of this invention can be administered at subtherapeutic levels prophylactically in anticipation of a hyperglycemic condition.
It is known in the field of diabetes that persons likely to develop diabetes typically demonstrate impaired glucose tolerance or demonstrate hyperglycemia. Thus, the compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts or N-oxides thereof, can be administered in prophylactically effective amounts to prevent the onset of diabetes. Accordingly, the present invention includes a method of treatment of hyperglycemia by administering an effective amount - and a method of prevention of diabetes in a human demonstrating pre-diabetic hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance by administering an effective prophylactic amount - of the compound of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
The compounds of Formula (I) may exhibit advantageous properties compared to known GK activators.
EXPERIMENTAL
In accordance with this invention, the α, ?-unsaturated enamides of Formula (Ia) can be prepared following the protocol illustrated in Scheme 1 below:
SCHEME 1
Figure imgf000020_0001
wherein:
A^A5, Q, T, R^R4, m and Δ are as described above;
R11 is Cι-C4 alkyl; and
X1 and X2 each independently are bromo or iodo.
The 2-haloacrylate esters II are readily prepared by halogenation of the syn addition product formed by reaction of an organocopper compound with a lower alkyl ester of propiolic acid (R. Rossi et ah, J. Organomet. Chem., 1993, 451, 33-43). The halogenated heteroaromatic species III are either commercially available or readily made utilising known synthetic procedures (See, for example: R. N. Guthikonda & F. P. DiNinno, US Patent 5,409,920; X. Wang et al, Tetrahedron Lett, 2000, 41, 4335-4338). Compound II is reacted with activated zinc to generate an alkenylzinc species that is then cross-coupled with the halide III in the presence of a source of palladium(O) in a suitable solvent, such as tetrahydrofuran, at around 40°C (WO 01/44216). Saponification of the resultant (E)-enoate ester, employing, for example, sodium hydroxide in aqueous methanol at 20°C to reflux, leads to the (E)-a,β- unsaturated carboxylic acid IV.
The α,/?-unsaturated carboxylic acids IV may be condensed with heteroaromatic amines V, many of which are commercially available, using a variety of coupling conditions, e.g. polymer supported carbodiimide- 1-hydroxybenzotriazole in NN-dimethylformamide at 20°C (for representative procedures, see https://www.argotech.com/PDF/resins/ps_carbodiimide.pdf and available from Argonaut Technologies, Inc., Foster City, California), to give (Ia).
The saturated amides of Formula (lb) can be made employing the protocol shown in Scheme 2 below:
SCHEME 2
Figure imgf000021_0001
wherein:
A^A5, Q, T, R -R4 and m are as described above;
V is CO2Rπ, CO2CH2Ph, or CN; and
X3 is chloro, bromo, iodo, or OSO R12; wherein R11 is as described above and R12 is C1-C4 alkyl, optionally substituted with one or more fluorines, or optionally substituted aryl.
The halides and sulfonate esters VI are commercially available or are readily prepared using known techniques. These alkylating agents maybe reacted with the a- carbanions of acetic esters or acetonitriles VII, generated at -78°C in tefrahydrofuran by a strong base, such as lithium diisopropylamide (WO 00/58293), to give a- substituted esters and nitriles. The carboxylic acids VIII can be obtained by saponification of the α-substituted esters with, for example, sodium hydroxide in aqueous methanol at 20°C to reflux and by hydrolysis of the α-substituted nitriles with, for example, aqueous sulfuric acid at elevated temperatures (R. Adams and A. F. Thai, Org. Synth. Coll. Vol. 1, 436).
The carboxylic acids VIII may be condensed with heteroaromatic amines V, many of which are commercially available, using a variety of coupling conditions, e.g. O-(lH-benzotriazol-l-yl)-N,N,N',N-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate (R. Knorr et al, Tetrahedron Lett., 1989, 30, 1927-1930) in NN-dimethylformamide at 20°C, to give (lb).
The compound of Formula (lb) has an asymmetric carbon atom which interlinks the amide carbonyl carbon, the aryl ring, and the Q-containing sidechain. In accordance with this invention, the preferred stereoconfiguration at the asymmetric centre is (R). If one desires to isolate the pure (R)- or (S)-stereoisomers of the compound of
Formula (lb), it is possible to resolve a racemic mixture of the chiral carboxylic acid precursor VIII by any conventional chemical means and then condense the enantiopure carboxylic acids with an amine of formula V using a reagent that causes negligible racemisation. By way of illustration, racemic VIII can be condensed with a chiral oxazolidinone derivative (see, for instance, F. T. Bizzarro et al.
WO 00/58293) to generate a mixture of diastereoisomeric imides that are separable by any conventional method, e.g. column chromatography. Hydrolysis of the pure imides affords the stereopure (R)- and (S)-carboxylic acids that can then be condensed with heterocyclic amines V, employing a reagent that minimises racemisation of the chiral centre, e.g. benzotriazol-l-yloxytris(pyrrolidino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (J. Coste et al. Tetrahedron Lett. 1990, 31, 205-208), to furnish enantiopure (R)- or (S)-amides of Formula (lb). Alternatively, a racemic mixture of amides of Formula (lb) can be separated by means of chiral high performance liquid chromatography employing a chiral stationary phase which can be purchased from, for example, Daicel Chemical industries, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan. Further details for the preparation of the compounds of Formula (I) are found in the examples.
The compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared singly or as compound libraries comprising at least 2, for example 5 to 1,000, compounds and more preferably 10 to 100 compounds of Formula (I). Compound libraries may be prepared by a combinatorial "split and mix" approach or by multiple parallel synthesis using either solution or solid phase chemistry, using procedures known to those skilled in the art. During the synthesis of the compounds of Formula (I), labile functional groups in the intermediate compounds, e.g. hydroxy, carboxy and amino groups, may be protected. The protecting groups may be removed at any stage in the synthesis of the compounds of Formula (I) or may be present on the final compound of Formula (I). A comprehensive discussion of the ways in which various labile functional groups may be protected and methods for cleaving the resulting protected derivatives is given in, for example, Protective Groups in Organic Chemistry, T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, (1991) Wiley-I-nterscience, New York, 2nd edition.
Any novel intermediates as defined above are also included within the scope of the invention. According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of
Formula (IV):
Figure imgf000023_0001
IV wherein A!-A5, Q, R1, R2, m and Δ are as described for Formula (I). According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a compound of Formula (VIII):
Figure imgf000024_0001
VIII wherein A^A5, Q, R1, R2 and m are as described for Formula (I). The preferences for the various substituent groups in the compounds of Formulae (IV) and (VIII) are as described above for the compounds of Formula (I). ' Specific compounds of Formulae (IV) and (VIII) include those described in the Preparations.
All publications, including, but not limited to, patents and patent application cited in this specification, are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as fully set forth.
Materials and methods
Microwave reactions were performed in a CEM Explorer system at 100 W. Column chromatography was carried out on SiO2 (40-63 mesh). LCMS data were obtained employing one of two methods: Method A: Waters Symmetry 3.5 t C18 column (2.1 x 30.0mm, flow rate = 0.8mL min-1) eluting with a (5% MeCN in H2O)- MeCN solution containing 0.1% HCO2H over 6min and UV detection at 220nm. Gradient information: 0.0-1.2min: 100% (5% MeCN in H2O); 1.2-3.8min: Ramp up to 10% (5% MeCN in H2O)-90% MeCN; 3.8-4.4min: Hold at 10% (5% MeCN in H2O)-90% MeCN; 4.4-5.5min: Ramp up to 100% MeCN; 5.5-6.0min: Return to
100% (5% MeCN in H2O). Method B: Phenomenex Mercury Luna 3μ C\S column (2.0 x 10.0mm, flow rate = 1.5mL/min), eluting with a (5% MeCN in H2O)-MeCN solution (4:1 to 1:4) containing 0.1% HCO2H over 2.95min, & employing diode array detection. The mass spectra for both Methods A and B were obtained employing an electrospray ionisation source in either the positive ion (ES+) or negative ion (ES") mode. Atmospheric Pressure Chemical lonisation (APCI) spectra were obtained on a FinniganMat SSQ 7000C instrument. The syntheses of the following compounds have been reported previously: Bis(tert-butyl) (5-bromo-2- pyridinyl)imidodicarbonate: D. J. P. Pinto et al, U.S. Patent No. 6,020,357; 5-Bromo- 2,3-dichloropyridine: EP 0136593; 5-Bromo-2-ethylsulfanylpyridine: WO 01/44243;
2-Bromo-5-methylsulfanylpyridine: WO 01/64669; 5-Bromo-2- methylsulfanylpyridine: X. Wang et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 2000, 41, 4335-4338; N- (5-Bromopyridin-2-yl)acetamide: M. Sollogoub et al, Tetrahedron Lett. 2002, 43, 3121-3123; 5-Bromo-2-[l,2,4]triazol-l-ylpyridine: WO 01/94342; tert-Butyl (5- bromopyridin-2-yl)methylcarbamate: WO 99/30709; (6-Chloropyridin-3- yl)acetonitrile: WO 01/83475; Cyclopentylmethyltriphenylphosphonium iodide: WO 01/44216; Dicyclopropyldisulfide: E. Block et al, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 3492-3499; (Z)-Methyl 3-cyclopentyl-2-iodoacrylate: WO 01/44216.
Abbreviations and acronyms: Ac: Acetyl; ATP: Adenosine 5 '-triphosphate; BINAP : 2,2 -Bis(diphenylphosphino)- 1 , 1 -binaphthyl; n-Bu: «-Butyl; dba: dibenzylideneacetone; DBE: 1,2-dibromoethane; DMF: N,N-Dimethylformamide; DMSO: Dimethylsulfoxide; EDCI: l-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride; Et: Ethyl; FA: Fold activation; GK: Glucokinase; Glc: Glucose; G6P: Glucose-6-phosphate; G6PDH: Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase; GST-GK: Glutathione S-transferase-Glucokinase fusion protein; HMPA:
Hexamethylphosphoramide; HOBt: 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole; IH: Isohexane; KHMDS: Potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; LDA: Lithium diisopropylamide; LHMDS: Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide; mCPBA: 3-Chloroperoxybenzoic acid; Me: Methyl; Ms: Methanesulfonyl; ΝADP(H):
Figure imgf000025_0001
adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced); Ph: Phenyl; »-Pr: n-Propyl; PS: Polymer supported; RP-HPLC:
Reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography; RT: Retention time; RTA: Retention time with Method A; RTB: Retention time with Method B; TBTU: O-(1H- Benzotriazol-l-y^-NNN'^N-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate; Tf: Trifluoromethanesulfonyl; TFA: Trifluoroacetic acid; TFAA: Trifluoroacetic anhydride; TΗF: Tetrahydrofuran; TMSC1: Chlorotrimethylsilane.
Preparation 1: 2-(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropionic acid
Figure imgf000026_0001
Step 1: KHMDS (30.9mL of a lmmol mL - -"11 solution in THF, 30.9mmol) was added to a stirred solution of (6-chloropyridm-3-yl)acetonitrile (4.40g, 28.9mmol) in anhydrous THF-HMPA (3:1, 72mL) at -78°C. After 30min, iodomethylcyclopentane (l-46g, 6.9mmol) was added. The solution was stirred at -78°C for 4.5h, before being allowed to warm to 20°C over 16h. The reaction mixture was carefully quenched with saturated aqueous NH C1 (20mL), then H2O (lOOmL) was added. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50mL), then the extracts were dried (Na SO4). Filtration, solvent evaporation, and column chromatography (ra-C6Hι4-EtOAc) furnished 2-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropionitrile: m/z (ES+) = 235.1
[M+ H]+. Step 2: This compound (2.30g, 9.8mmol) was heated with 50% aqueous H2SO (lOmL) at 130°C for 2h with stirring. The mixture was allowed to cool down to 20°C over 16h, before being neutralised with saturated aqueous Na2CO and extracted with CHC13. The organic extracts were dried (Na2SO4), before being filtered and concentrated to give the title compound: m/z (ES+) = 254.2 [M+ H]+.
Preparation 2: 3-Cyclopentyl-2-pyridin-3-ylpropionic acid
Figure imgf000026_0002
Step 1: LDA (5.1mL of a 1.5mmol mL l solution in c-C6Hι2, 7.6mmol) was added to a stirred solution of ethyl 3-pyridylacetate (1.15g, 6.9mmol) in anhydrous
THF-HMPA (3:1, 260mL) at -78°C. After 30min, iodomethylcyclopentane (1.46g, 6.9mmol) was added, then stirring was continued at -78°C for 4.5h. The mixture was allowed to warm to 20°C, before being stirred for 16h. The reaction mixture was carefully quenched with saturated aqueous NH4C1 (20mL), then H2O (lOOmL) was added. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50mL), then the extracts were dried (Na2SO4). Filtration, solvent evaporation, and column chromatography (ra-C6H14-EtOAc) furnished ethyl 3-cyclopentyl-2-pyridin-3-ylpropionate: m/z (ES"1") = 248.3 [M+ H]+. Step 2: A stirred solution of this compound (0.73g, 3.0mmol) in THF (3mL) was treated with 2M NaOH (3mL, 6.0mmol). After 16h at 20°C, the organic solvent was removed under reduced pressure, then the pH of the remaining solution was adjusted to 6.5, before being extracted with EtOAc. The EtOAc extracts were dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated to give the title compound: m/z (ES+) = 220.2 [ + H]+.
Preparation 3: (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid
Figure imgf000027_0001
Step 1: DBΕ (345μL, 4.0mmol) was added to a suspension of Zn dust (2.62g, 40.0mmol) in anhydrous THF (4mL). The mixture was heated to boiling, then allowed to cool down to 20°C. This process was repeated three times, then the mixture was stirred at 20°C for 2h, before being treated with TMSC1 (380μL, 3.0mmol). Stirring was continued for 1.5h, then a solution of (Z)-methyl 3- cyclopentyl-2-iodoacrylate (2.52g, 9.0mmol) in anhydrous THF (8mL) was added over 3min. The mixture was stirred at 40°C for 2h, before being stirred at 20°C for
16h, and finally allowed to stand for 4h. In a separate reaction vessel, a solution of PPh3 (315mg, 1.2mmol) and Pd2(dba)3 (150mg, 0.5mmol) in anhydrous THF (15mL) was stirred for 2h at 20°C, before being treated with a solution of 5-bromo-2- methylsulfanylpyridine (2.76g, 13.5mmol) in anhydrous THF (lOmL). The solution of the freshly prepared organozinc compound was then added via cannula, and the mixture was stirred at 40°C for 68h. Solvent evaporation and column chromatography (4:1 IH-Εt2O) yielded methyl 3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylate: m/z (ES+) = 278.1 [M+ H]+. Step 2: A solution of this compound (1.12g, 4.0mmol) in MeOH (5.5mL) was treated with 1M NaOH (8.9mL, 8.9mmol). The mixture was heated at 65°C for 3h, before being stirred at 20°C for 16h. The MeOH was removed under reduced pressure, then H2O (lOmL) and 1M NaOH (lOmL) were added. The resulting mixture was washed with Et2O (25mL), before being acidified with 2M HCl to adjust the pH to 1. The suspension produced was extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50mL), then the extracts were washed with brine (20mL), before being dried (MgSO4). Filtration, solvent evaporation, and recrystallisation (EtOAc-IH) furnished the title compound: m/z (ES+) = 264.1 [M+ H]+. The compounds listed in TABLE 1 were prepared from (Z)-methyl 3- cyclopentyl-2-iodoacrylate and the appropriate heteroaryl bromide employing the protocol described in Preparation 3, unless noted otherwise.
TABLE 1
Figure imgf000028_0001
of Preparation 9.
Preparation 9: (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-[6-(5-methyltetrazol-l-yl)pyridin-3-yl]acrylic acid
Figure imgf000029_0001
Step 1: NaN3 (13.69g, 210.6mmol) and Tf2O (33mL, 196.5mmol) were added to a stirred solution of N-(5-bromopyridin-2-yl)acetamide (8.3 lg, 38.6mmol) in anhydrous MeCΝ (200mL) at 0°C. After 2.5h, the temperature was increased to 45 °C, then stirring was continued for 16h. The solvents were evaporated off under reduced pressure, then the remainder was partitioned between CH2C12 (250mL) and saturated aqueous ΝaHCO3 (250mL). The aqueous phase was extracted further with CH2C12 (250mL), the the combined organic extracts were washed with H O (200mL) and brine (200mL), before being dried (MgSO ). Filtration and solvent evaporation gave a residue that was purified by flash chromatography (CH C12-THF, 1 :0 to 15 : 1).
A second flash chromatographic purification (IH-EtOAc, 10:1 to 3:2) of the material thus obtained afforded 5-bromo-2-(5-methyltetrazol-l-yl)pyridine: SΆ (CDC13): 2.95 (s, 3H), 7.95 (d, 1H), 8.10 (dd, 1H), 8.65 (d, 1H). Step 2: DBE (310 L, 3.5mmol) was added to a suspension of Zn dust (1.49g, 22.5mmol) in anhydrous THF (4mL). The mixture was heated to boiling, then allowed to cool down to 20°C. This process was repeated three times, then TMSC1 (300μL, 2.3mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at 20°C for 70min, then a solution of (Z)-methyl 3-cyclopentyl-2- iodoacrylate (1.31g, 5.0mmol) in anhydrous DMF (6mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 45°C (bath) for 65min, before being left at 25°C for 16h. Anhydrous THF (13 mL) was added, then the mixture was allowed to settle. The organozinc solution was added with stirring to a suspension of Pd(PPh3) Cl2 (0.38g, 0.5mmol) and 5-bromo-2-(5-methyltetrazol-l-yl)pyridine (1.58g, 7.0mmol) in anhydrous DMF (lOmL). The mixture was stirred at 45°C (bath) for 72h, before being quenched with a small amount of MeOH and partitioned between EtOAc (75mL) and saturated aqueous NH4C1 (50mL). The aqueous layer was extracted further with EtOAc
(75mL). The combined organic extracts were filtered, before being washed with H2O (50mL) and brine (50mL). After drying (MgSO4), the solution was filtered and concentrated to give a residue that was purified by flash chromatography (CH2C12- THF, 1:0 to 16:1) to provide (E)-methyl 3-cyclopentyl-2-[6-(5-methyltetrazol-l- yl)pyridin-3-yι]acrylate: m/z (ΕS+) = 314.1 [M+ H]+. Step 3: This ester (271mg, 865 anol) was saponified, using the procedure exemplified by Step 2 of Preparation 3, to fϊirnish the title compound: m/z (ES+) = 300.1 [M+ H] .
Preparation 10: (E)-2-(5-Chloro-6-propylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentylacrylic acid
Figure imgf000030_0001
Step 1: A mixture of 5-bromo-2,3-dichloropyridine (4.47g, 19.7mmol) and NaOH (867mg, 21.7mmol) in DMSO (50mL) was treated with sufficient H2O to effect dissolution. n-PrSH (1.96mL, 21.7mmol) was added, then the reaction was stirred at 20°C for 4h. The mixture was poured onto crushed ice (200g) and then extracted with CH2C12 (2 x lOOmL). The combined CH C12 extracts were washed with H2O (3 x lOOmL) and brine (3 x lOOmL), before being dried (MgSO4). Filtration, solvent evaporation, and column chromatography (IH) provided 5-bromo- 3-chloro-2-propylsulfanylpyridine: m/z (ΕS+) = 268.0 [M+ H]+. Step 2: Reaction of this bromopyridine (2.73g, 10.2mmol) with (Z)-methyl 3-cyclopentyl-2-iodoacrylate (1.84g, 6.6mmol), according to the cross-coupling conditions described in Step 2 of Preparation 9, gave (E)-methyl 2-(5-chloro-6-propylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-3- cyclopentylacrylate: m/z (ΕS+) = 340.1 [M+ H]+. Step 3: Saponification of this ester (770mg, 2.3mmol), using a similar protocol to that described by Step 2 of Preparation 3, furnished the title compound: δn (CDC13): 1.05 (t, 3H), 1.40-1.85 (m, 10H), 2.45-2.60 (m, IH), 3.20 (t, 2H), 7.15 (d, IH), 7.40 (d, IH), 8.15 (d, IH).
The compounds listed in TABLE 2 were made using the procedures described in Preparation 10.
TABLE 2
Figure imgf000030_0002
(£)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(2-
12 propylsulfanylpyrimidin- 293.1 [ + H 5-yl)acrylic acid
Figure imgf000031_0001
Preparation 13: Triphenyl(tetrahydropyran-4-ylmethyl)phosphonium iodide
Figure imgf000031_0002
A stirred solution of 4-iodomethyltetrahydropyran (3.43g, 15.2mmol) and PPh3 (3.98g, 15.2mmol) in anhydrous MeCN (lOmL) was heated under reflux for 19h. On cooling to 20°C, Et2O (50mL) was added. The precipitate formed was collected, washed with Et2O (150mL), and recrystallised (MeCN) to give the title compound: m/z (ES+) = 361.2 [M]+.
Preparation 14: (E)-3-(Tetrahydropyranyl)-2-(6-methanesulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid
Figure imgf000031_0003
Step 1: n-BuLi (32.9mL of a 2.6M solution in hexanes, 102mmol) was added over 15min to a stirred solution of 2,5-dibromopyridine (23.7g, lOOmmol) in Εt2O (800mL) at -78°C. After 20min, diethyl oxalate (16.4mL, 120mmol) was added over 15min, then stirring was continued at -78°C for 30min and then at 0°C for 3h. The reaction was poured into ice cold saturated aqueous NH4C1, before being extracted with Et2O. The organic layer was washed with H O and brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatographic purification (EtOAc-n-C6Hι4, 1:6) provided ethyl (6-bromopyridin-3-yl)glyoxylate: m/z (APCI1") = 276 [M+ H2O + H]+. Step 2: To a solution of this compound (11.6g, 44.9mmol) in DMF (200mL) was added NaSMe (3.15g, 44.9mmol) at 0°C over 5min. The mixture was stirred at 20°C for 24 h, before being concentrated in vacuo. The residue was partitioned between EtOAc and H O. The organic layer was washed with H2O and brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated. Chromatographic purification (EtOAc-n-C6Hι , 1:10) yielded ethyl (6-methanesulfanylpyridin-3-yl)glyoxylate: m/z (APCΫ) = 226 [M+ H]+. Step 3: LHMDS (6.25mL of a 1.0M solution in THF, 6.3mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of triphenyl(tetrahydropyran-4- ylmethyl)phosphonium iodide (Preparation 13, 3.18g, 8.5mmol) in THF (lOmL) at 0°C. After lh, a solution of ethyl (6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)glyoxylate (1.13g,
5.0mmol) in THF (4mL) was added over 5min. The reaction was stirred at 0°C for lh, before being treated with H O followed by 10% aqueous HCl to adjust the pH to 6. The mixture was stirred at 20°C for lh, then the THF was removed in vacuo. The remainder was treated with Et2O (50mL) and filtered. The precipitate collected was washed with Et2O. The filtrate and washings were extracted with Et O (3 x lOmL).
The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na2SO ), filtered, and concentrated. Chromatographic purification of the residue (EtOAc-«-C6Hι4, 1:3) afforded ethyl 3-(4-tetrahydropyranyl)-2-(6-methanesulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylate as a 2:1 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers: m/z (APCI4) = 308 [M+ H]+. Step 4: 2M NaOH (1.5mL, 3.0mmol) was added to a solution of this ester (615mg, 2.0mmol) in EtOH
(3mL) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 20°C for 24h, before being concentrated in vacuo. The residue was diluted with H2O (5mL), acidified with 2M HCl, and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Recrystallisation (EtOAc) gave the title compound: m/z (EST) = 278 [M - H]~
Preparation 15: (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid
Figure imgf000032_0001
SO2Cl2 (9.8mL, 122.0mmol) was added slowly at 0°C to dicyclopropyldisulfide (17.0g, 116.2mmol). The mixture was stirred at 20°C for 2h, before being diluted with anhydrous PhMe (lOOmL) to give a PhMe solution of cyclopropanesulfenyl chloride. In a separate vessel, ra-BuLi (153mL of a 1.6M solution in hexanes, 244.8mmol) was added to a stirred solution of 2,5- dibromopyridine (55. lg, 232.4mmol) in anhydrous PhMe (IL) at -78°C. After 3h at -78°C, the abovementioned cyclopropanesulfenyl chloride solution was added slowly to the mixture. After lh, the mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous NH4C1 (IL) at -20°C, before being stirred at 20°C for 16h. The organic layer was separated, then the aqueous phase was extracted with Et2O (3 x 500mL). The organic extracts were combined, dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated, and purified by flash column chromatography (IH-Et O, 98.5:1.5) to furnish 5-bromo-2- cyclopropylsulfanylpyridine: m/z (ES+) = 232.0 [M+ H]+. Bromine-lithium exchange on this compound (22.0g, 95.6mmol) followed by reaction with diethyl oxalate, as described in Step 1 of Preparation 14, gave ethyl (6-cyclopropylsulfanylpyridin-3- yl)oxoacetate: m/z (ES+) = 252.2 [M+ H]+. Reaction of this oxoester (11.09g, 44.1mnιoι) with cyclopentylmethyltriphenylphosphonium iodide (33.00g, 75.0mmol), employing the protocol outlined in Step 3 of Preparation 14, provided ethyl 3- cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylate as a ca. 2:1 mixture of (E)- and (Z)-isomers: m/z (ES+) = 318.2 [M+ H]+. Using a similar procedure to that described in Step 4 of Preparation 14, this ester (13.21g, 41.6mmol) was hydrolysed to give the title compound: m/z (ES+) = 290.3 [M + H]+.
Preparation 16: 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)propionic acid
Figure imgf000033_0001
Step 1: Reaction of 5-bromo-2-fluoropyridine (1.50g, 8.5mmol) with (Z)- methyl 3-cyclopentyl-2-iodoacrylate (2.60g, 9.3mmol), according to the cross- coupling conditions described above in Step 2 of Preparation 9, gave (E)-methyl 3- cyclopentyl-2-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)acrylate: m/z (ΕS+) = 250.1 [M+ H]+. Step 2: A solution of this α,/?-unsaturated ester (1.50g, 6.0mmol) in EtOAc was treated with a suspension of Pd (10% on C, 300mg, 0.3mmol) in EtOH (0.5mL). The reaction was stirred under a H2 atmosphere for 4d and then filtered through Celite. The solvents were removed under reduced pressure, then the residue was purified by column chromatography to give methyl 3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)propionate: m/z (ES+) = 252.2 [M+ H]+. Step 3: A solution of this ester (1.48g, 5.9mmol) and LiOH-H2O (0.49g, 11.8mmol) in THF-H2O (5:1, 24mL) was stirred at 20°C for 18h. The THF was removed in vacuo, then the remainder was partitioned between saturated aqueous Na2CO3 (150mL) and Et2O (75mL). The pH of the aqueous layer was adjusted to 3 with 2M HCl. The remainder was extracted with EtOAc (lOOmL + 75mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), filtered, and concentrated to give the title compound: m/z (ES+) = 238.1 [M+ H] .
Preparation 17: 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)propionic acid
Figure imgf000034_0001
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid (Preparation 15, 9.63g, 33.3mmol) was oxidised, using the procedure described in EXAMPLE 35, to provide (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)propionic acid: o (CDC13): 1.05-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.35-1.85 (m, 10H), 2.40-2.50 (m, IH), 2.80-2.90 (m, IH), 7.25 (d, IH), 7.80 (dd, IH), 8.05 (d, IH), 8.60 (d, IH). Reduction of this α, ?-unsaturated carboxylic acid, employing a procedure similar to that described in Step 2 of Preparation 16, afforded the title compound: m/z (ΕS+) = 324.2 [ + H]+.
The compounds shown in TABLE 3 were prepared by coupling the appropriate carboxylic acid with a thiazol-2-ylamine employing the protocol described in EXAMPLE 5.
TABLE 3
Figure imgf000034_0002
(£)-tert-Butyl {5-[2-cyclopentyl-
20 l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)vinyl]- 429.1 [ + H]+ pyridin-2-yl}methylcarbamate
Figure imgf000035_0001
Preparation 21: 5-Fluorothiazol-2-ylamine hydrochloride
Figure imgf000035_0002
NEt3 (63.4mL, 455mmol) was added to a stirred suspension of 5- bromothiazol-2-ylamine hydrobromide (102.7g, 379mmol) in CH2C1 (1.5L). After lh, TFAA (64.2mL, 455mmol) was added dropwise at 0°C over 15min. The mixture was allowed to warm to 20°C over lh, before being stirred for an additional 2h. H2O (600mL) was added and the resulting precipitate was collected. The aqueous layer of the filtrate was separated and extracted with CHC13 (3 x 300mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried (Na2SO ), filtered and concentrated. The collected precipitate and residual solid were combined and triturated with EtOAc-n-C6Hι4 to give N-(5-bromothiazol-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide: δa (CDC13): 7.45 (s, IH), 13.05 (br, IH). n-BuLi (253mL of a 1.58M solution in hexanes, 403mmol) was added dropwise over 50min to a stirred solution of the above amide (50.0g, 183mmol) in anhydrous THF (1.3L) at -78°C. After 1.5h, a solution of N-fluoroberizenesulfonimide (86.0g, 275mmol) in anhydrous THF (250mL) was added dropwise over 30min. The mixture was stirred for 3h, before being warmed up to -30°C. H2O (300mL) was added and the mixture was filtered through a Celite pad. The solid collected and Celite were washed with Et2O (400mL) and H2O (400mL). The organic layer of the filtrate was separated and extracted with water (2 x 400mL). The combined aqueous layers were washed with Et2O (400mL), before being acidified to pH 6.5 with 2M HCl and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 400mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with H O (2 x 400mL) and brine, before being dried (MgSO4), filtered and concentrated. Column chromatography (EtOAc- R-C6HI4, 1:3 to 1:2) gave N-(5-fluorothiazol-2-yl)-2,2,2-trifluoroacetamide: ό (CDC13): 7.13 (d, IH). AcCl (12.6mL, 175mmol) was added dropwise to a stirred solution of this amide (15.7g, 73mmol) in MeOH (300mL) at 0°C. The mixture was stirred at 20°C for 30min, heated under reflux for lh, and finally concentrated in vacuo. The residual solid was triturated with THF to give the title compound: δ (D2O): 7.00 (d, IH).
EXAMPLE 1
2-(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide
Figure imgf000036_0001
A solution of 2-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentylpropionic acid (Preparation 1, 0.56g, 2.2mmol), TBTU (1.41g, 4.4mmol), HOBt (0.45g, 3.3mmol), ΝEt3 (0.3 ImL, 2.2mmol), and thiazol-2-ylamine (0.44g, 4.4mmol) in anhydrous DMF
(23mL) was stirred at 20°C for 16h. The reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc, before being washed with 2 M Na2CO3, H2O, and brine. After drying (Na2SO4), the organic phase was filtered and concentrated to give the title compound: RTA =
3.82min; m/z (ES+) = 336.1 [M+ H]+.
EXAMPLE 2
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide
Figure imgf000036_0002
A mixture of 2-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-N-thiazol-2- ylpropionamide (EXAMPLE 1, lOOmg, 297/anol), Pd(PPh3)4 (5mg, 4/πnol), (R)-(+)-
BIΝAP (5mg, 8μmol), K2CO3 (lOOmg, 724μmol), and benzeneboronic acid (lOOmg, 820 mol) in DMF (ImL) was heated at 150°C for 48h with stirring. The cooled reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (50mL), before being washed with H2O (3 x 20mL). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure, then the residue was purified by RP-HPLC to give the title compound: RTA = 3.93min; m/z (ES+) = 378.2
[ + H]+.
EXAMPLE 3 3-Cyclopentyl-N-tlnazol-2-yl-2-(6-thiophen-3-ylpyridin-3-yl)propionamide
Figure imgf000037_0001
Cross-coupling of 2-(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-N-thiazol-2- ylpropionamide (EXAMPLE 1, lOOmg, 297μmol) with thiophene-3-boronic acid (lOOmg, 781μmol), utilising a procedure similar to that described above for
EXAMPLE 2, furnished the title compound: RTA = 3.83min; m/z. (ES+) = 384.2 [ + H]+.
EXAMPLE 4 3-Cyclopentyl-2-pyridin-3-yl-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide
Figure imgf000037_0002
Employing the protocol described in EXAMPLE 1, 3-cyclopentyl-2-pyridin- 3-ylpropionic acid (Preparation 2, 0.96g, 4.4mmol) was condensed with thiazol-2- ylamine (0.88g, 8.8mmol) to give the title compound: RTA = 3.05min; m/z (ES+) = 302.0 [M+ Η +.
EXAMPLE 5
(E -3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide
Figure imgf000037_0003
A suspension of PS-carbodiimide (1.08g, loading 1.32mmol g"1, 1.42mmol),
(E)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid (Preparation 3, 125mg, 475 mol), and HOBt (128mg, 949μmol) in anhydrous DMF (8mL) was stirred for 15min at 20°C. Thiazol-2-ylamine (48mg, 475μmol) was added, then the mixture was stirred for 14h at 20°C. LCMS indicated that the reaction had not gone to completion, so more thiazol-2-ylamine (95mg, 950μmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for an additional 64h, before being filtered. The resin collected was washed with CH2C12, then the combined filtrate and washings were concentrated under reduced pressure. Column chromatography (2:1 IH-EtOAc) provided the title compound: RTA = 3.85min; m/z (ES+) = 346.1 [M+ H]+.
The procedure described in EXAMPLE 5 was utilised to prepare the compounds listed in TABLE 4.
TABLE 4
Figure imgf000038_0001
EXAMPLE 12 (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(5-methylsulfanylpyridin-2-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide
Figure imgf000039_0001
A solution of (E)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(5-methylsulfanylpyridin-2-yl)acrylic acid (Preparation 5, l.OOg, 3.8mmol), ΕDCI (0.95g, 4.9mmol), HOBt (0.67g, 4.9mmol) and thiazol-2-ylamine (1.52g, 15.2mmol) in anhydrous THF (62mL) and DMF (50mL) was stirred at 20°C for 4d. The solvents were evaporated off under reduced pressure, then the residue was partitioned between CH2C12 and saturated aqueous Na2CO . The organic layer was washed with H2O and brine, before being dried (MgSO ). Filtration, solvent evaporation, and column chromatography (7:3 ΕH- ΕtOAc) provided the title compound: RTA = 3.96min; m/z (ΕS+) = 346.1 [M+ H]+.
The compounds listed in TABLE 5 were synthesised using the method described in EXAMPLE 12.
TABLE 5
Figure imgf000039_0002
EXAMPLE 16
(E)-3-(4-Tetiahydropyranyl)-2-(6-methanesulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide
Figure imgf000040_0001
A solution of (E)-3-(4-tetrahydropyranyl)-2-(6-methanesulfanylpyridin-3- yl)acrylic acid (Preparation 14, 280mg, l.Ommol) in THF (4mL) was added to a suspension of DMF (126 tL, 1.6mmol) and oxalyl chloride (280mg, l.Ommol) in THF (3mL) at -25°C. The mixture was stirred at 0°C for 1 h and then at 20°C for lh. A solution of thiazol-2-ylamine (320mg, 3.2mmol) and NΕt3 (446 μ , 3.2mmol) in THF (2mL) was added at -45°C over lOmin, then the mixture was stirred at 0°C for lh. Saturated aqueous NaHCO3 was added and the mixture was filtered through Celite. The aqueous layer of the filtrate was extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers were washed with brine, dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Column chromatographic purification (EtOAc-«-C6Hι , 1:3 to 1:1, then CHC1 - MeOH, 99:1) gave the title compound: o (CDC13): 1.46-1.56 (m, 4H), 2.22-2.40 (m, IH), 2.54 (s, 3H), 3.17-3.29 (m, 2H), 3.80 (dt, 2H), 6.78 (d, IH), 7.22 (d, IH), 7.34 (dd, IH), 7.50 (d, IH), 7.52 (dd, IH), 8.27 (dd, IH), 12.19 (s, IH); m/z (APCI4) = 362 [ + H]+.
Procedures similar to those described in EXAMPLE 16 were employed to synthesise the compounds listed in TABLE 6.
TABLE 6
Figure imgf000040_0002
Figure imgf000041_0001
Figure imgf000042_0001
EXAMPLE 35
(E)-3-Cyclopen1 l-2-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide
Figure imgf000043_0001
mCPBA (65% pure, 60mg, 226μmol) was added to a stirred solution of (E)-3- cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide (EXAMPLE 5, 39mg, 113 mol) in CH2C12 (3mL). After 16h, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. EtOAc (15mL) and saturated aqueous
ΝaHCO3 (5mL) were added, then the mixture was stirred vigourously for 20min. The organic layer was separated, before being washed with brine (5mL) and dried (MgSO4). Filtration, solvent evaporation, and column chromatography (1:1 IH-EtOAc) afforded the title compound: RTA = 3.49min; m/z (ES+) = 419.2 [ + MeCN + H]+.
The procedure described in EXAMPLE 35 was utilised to synthesise the compounds listed in TABLE 7.
TABLE 7
Figure imgf000044_0001
EXAMPLE 40
(E)-N-(5-Bromothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)acrylamide
Figure imgf000044_0002
Condensation of (E)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid (Preparation 3, 64mg, 0.24mmol) with 5-bromothiazol-2-ylamine (218mg, 1.22mmol), by the protocol described in EXAMPLE 5, yielded (E)-N-(5- bromothiazol-2-yl)-3 -cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3 -yl)acrylamide : RTA : 4.28min; m/z (ΕS+) = 426.2 [M+ H]+. This compound (61mg, 144 mol) was oxidised, employing the procedure described in EXAMPLE 35, to give the title compound: RTA = 3.91min; m/z (ES+) = 499.2 [M+ MeCΝ + H]+. The protocols described in EXAMPLES 12 and 35 were combined for the construction of the compounds listed in TABLE 8.
TABLE 8
Figure imgf000045_0002
EXAMPLE 44
(E)-2-[3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)acryloylamino]thiazole-
5 -carboxylic acid methylamide
Figure imgf000045_0001
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid (Preparation 15, 250mg, 0.86mmol) was condensed with ethyl 2-aminothiazole-5- carboxylate (297mg, 1.73mmol), using the method described in EXAMPLE 12, to furnish ethyl 2-[3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropylsulfanylpyridin-3- yl)acryloylamino]thiazole-5-carboxylate: m/z (ES+) = 444.3 [M+ H]+. This ester was saponified, employing a procedure similar to that described in Step 3 of Preparation 16, to give 2-[3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropylsulfanylpyridin-3- yl)acryloylamino]thiazole-5-carboxylic acid: m/z (ES+) = 416.1 [M+ H]+. Oxidation of this thioether, utilising an approach similar to that described in EXAMPLE 35, afforded 2-[3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)acryloylamino]thiazole-5-carboxylic acid: m/z (ES+) = 448.2 [M+ H]+. This carboxylic acid (52mg, 116μmoϊ) was condensed with MeNH2ΗCl in the presence of NEt3, utilising the general procedure described in EXAMPLE 12, to give the title compound: RTA = 3.29min; m/z (ES+) = 461.3 [M+ H]+.
EXAMPLES 45 AND 46
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(5-methanesulfonylpyridin-2- yl)acrylamide and (E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(5- methanesulfinylpyridin-2-yl)acrylamide
Figure imgf000046_0001
mCPBA (60% pure, 158rng, 548 -mol) was added to a solution of (E)-N-(5- chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(5-methylsulfanylpyridin-2-yl)acrylamide (EXAMPLE 13, 200mg, 525μmol) in CH2C12 (lOmL). The mixture was stirred at 20°C for 16h, then more mCPBA (60% pure, 53rng, 184μrnol) was added. After 30min, the reaction was quenched with saturated aqueous Νa2CO3. The organic layer was washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3, before being dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated, and purified by column chromatography. The title sulfone was obtained by eluting the column with 3:2 IH-EtOAc: RTA = 3.90min; m/z (ES+) = 412.0 [M+ H]+. The title sulfoxide was obtained when the column was eluted with 1 :9 MeOH-EtOAc: Further purification was achieved by diffusing IH vapour into an EtOAc solution of this compound. RTA = 3.73min; m/z (ES"1) = 396.0 [M+ H]+.
Protocols similar to that described for EXAMPLE 5 were combined with the one used to prepare EXAMPLES 45 and 46 for the synthesis of the compounds listed in TABLE 9. TABLE 9
Figure imgf000047_0001
EXAMPLE 55
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfιnylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide
Figure imgf000048_0001
A solution of mCPBA (85% pure, 64rng, 318μrnol) in CH C12 (ImL) was added over 5min to a stirred solution of (E)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6- methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide (EXAMPLE 5, HOmg, 318μmol) in CH2C12 (5mL) at 0°C. After 4.5h at 0°C, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc (40mL). The resulting solution was washed with H2O-saturated aqueous ΝaHCO3 (1 : 1, 2 x 20mL) and brine (20mL), before being dried (MgSO4). Filtration, solvent evaporation, and column chromatography (EtOAc then THF) provided the title compound: RTA = 3.32min; m/z (ES+) = 362.1 [M+ H]+.
TABLE 10 lists the compounds which were made utilising the protocol described in EXAMPLE 55.
TABLE 10
Figure imgf000048_0002
Figure imgf000049_0001
EXAMPLE 60
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-fluorothiazol-2- yl)acrylamide
Figure imgf000049_0002
Condensation of (E)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)acrylic acid (Preparation 4, 215mg, 0.78mmol) with 5-fluorothiazol-2-ylamine hydrochloride (Preparation 21, 240mg, 1.55mmol), by the protocol described in EXAMPLE 5, yielded (E)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-fluorothiazol-2- yl)acrylamide: m/z (ΕS+) = 378.2 [M+ H]+. Oxidation of this thioether (22mg, 60 anol), by the protocol described in EXAMPLE 55, gave the title compound: RTA = 3.50min; m/z (ES"") = 394.2 [M+ H]+.
Protocols similar to those described in EXAMPLE 60 were employed for the synthesis of the compounds listed in TABLE 11.
TABLE 11
Figure imgf000049_0003
Figure imgf000050_0001
EXAMPLE 64
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-chlorothiazol-2- yl)acrylamide
Figure imgf000050_0002
A solution of oxone® (190mg, 0.98mmol) in H O (2mL) was added to a stirred solution of (E)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-chlorothiazol- 2-yl)acrylamide (EXAMPLE 6, 120mg, 0.32mmol) in THF-MeOH (1:1, 6mL) at 0°C. After 15min, saturated aqueous ΝaHCO3 (5mL) and 10% aqueous Na2S O (5mL) were added, then the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 x lOmL). The combined organic layers were washed with H2O (lOmL) and brine (lOmL), dried (Na2SO4), filtered, and concentrated in vacuo. Chromatographic purification (EtOAc- n-C6Hι4, 2:1) of the residue gave the title compound: δn (CDC13): 1.40-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.70-1.82 (m, 4H), 2.27-2.42 (m, IH), 2.96 (s, 3H), 7.19 (d, IH), 7.24 (s, IH), 7.86 (dd, IH), 8.14 (d, IH), 8.52 (dd, IH), 8.72 (br s, IH); m/z (APCI ) = 396, 398 [ + H]+.
EXAMPLE 65
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide
Figure imgf000050_0003
A mixture of (E)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol- 2-ylacrylamide (EXAMPLE 35, 500mg, 1.3mmol), ammonium formate (500mg, 7.9mmol), and 10% palladium on charcoal (50% H2O, 500mg) in MeOH (20mL) was stirred at 80°C for 20h. The solvent was removed in vacuo, then the residue was diluted with EtOAc and filtered through Celite. The filtrate was concentrated and once again diluted with EtOAc, filtered through Celite and concentrated. Purification of the crude product by column chromatography (EtOAc-w-C6H14, 3:7 to 1:1) afforded the title compound: δ (CDC13): 1.05-1.22 (m, 2H), 1.40-1.85 (m, 7H), 1.95 (dt, IH), 2.29 (dt, IH), 3.21 (s, 3H), 3.82 (t, IH), 7.09 (d, IH), 7.53 (d, IH), 8.06 (d, 2H), 8.58 (t, IH); m/z (APCI4) = 380 [ + H]+.
EXAMPLE 66
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-mercaptopyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide
Figure imgf000051_0001
A solution of 3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylpropionamide (EXAMPLE 14, 350mg, l.lmmol) and ΝaSMe (1.53g, 22.0mmol) in anhydrous, degassed DMSO (4mL) was stirred at 160°C (bath) for lh. On cooling, the mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (50mL) and 1M HCl (50mL). The organic layer was washed with H O (20mL) and brine (50mL). The solvent was evaporated and the residue recrystallised (EtOAc-IH) to give the title compound: RTA = 3.24min; m/z (ES+) = 334.2 [M+ H]+.
EXAMPLE 67
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide
Figure imgf000051_0002
Step 1: Mel (44μL of a 2.3M solution in anhydrous DMF, 102/zmol) and K2CO3 (14mg, 102 moι) were added to a stirred solution of 3-cyclopentyl-2-(6- mercaptopyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide (EXAMPLE 66, 34mg, 102 anol) in anhydrous DMF (ImL). After 16h, the solvents were evaporated off under reduced pressure, then the residue was partitioned between EtOAc (12mL) and H2O (5mL). The organic layer was washed with H O (5mL) and brine (5mL), before being dried (MgSO4). The solution was filtered, passed tlirough a short SiO2 plug, and evaporated to give 3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide: m/z (ES+) = 348.2 [M+ H]+. Step 2: Oxidation of this thioether (52mg, 150/nnol), by the protocol described in EXAMPLE 55, gave the title compound: RTA = 3.17min; m/z (ES+) = 364.2 [ + H]+.
The compounds listed in TABLE 12 were prepared employing the protocols described in EXAMPLE 67.
TABLE 12
Figure imgf000052_0002
EXAMPLE 70
3- {5-[2-Cyclopentyl- 1 -(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]ρyridin-2-ylsulfanyl}propionic acid
Figure imgf000052_0001
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-mercaptopyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide (EXAMPLE 66, lOOmg, 300 mol) was reacted with 3-iodopropionic acid (60mg, 300 mol), employing the procedure described in Step 1 of EXAMPLE 67, to furnish the title compound: RTA = 3.61min; m/z (ES4) = 406.4 [M+ H]4". EXAMPLE 71
3-{5-[2-Cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridine-2-sulfonyl}propionic acid
Figure imgf000053_0001
3- {5-[2-Cyclopentyl-l -(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridin-2- ylsulfanyl}propionic acid (EXAMPLE 70, 49mg, 121 tmol) was oxidised, employing the protocol described in EXAMPLE 35, to afford the title compound: RTA = 3.37min; m/z (ES4) = 438.2 [M+ H]+.
EXAMPLE 72
{5-[2-Cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl} acetic acid
Figure imgf000053_0002
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-mercaρtopyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide (EXAMPLE 66, 50mg, 150 Λnol) was added to a stirred suspension of ΝaH (12mg of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 300 anol) in anhydrous DMF (0.8mL). After 5min, a solution of chloroacetic acid (14mg, 150 zmol) in anhydrous DMF (0.4mL) was added. The reaction was stirred for 15min, then more ΝaH (lOmg of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil, 250 mol) and chloroacetic acid (14mg, 150 tmol) were added. After 15min, the reaction mixture was partitioned between EtOAc (lOmL) and saturated aqueous Νa2CO -H2O (1:1, 15mL). The aqueous phase was acidified to pH 2.5 with 2M HCl, then the resulting precipitate was extracted into EtOAc (15mL). The EtOAc solution was washed with brine (5mL), dried (MgSO4), filtered, concentrated, and recrystallised (CH2C1 -IH) to give the title compound: RTA = 3.52min; m/z (ES4) = 392.2 [M+ H]+. EXAMPLE 73
{5-[2-Cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridine-2-sulfonyl} acetic acid
Figure imgf000054_0001
Step 1: 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-mercaptopyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylpropionamide (EXAMPLE 66, 94mg, 283 mol) was alkylated with tert-butyl bromoacetate (55mg, 283 Λnol), using the procedure described in EXAMPLE 72, to give tert-butyl {5-[2-cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridin-2- ylsulfanyl} acetate: m/z (ES4) = 448.3 [M+ H]+. Step 2: Oxidation of this thioether, employing the protocol described in EXAMPLE 35, provided tert-butyl {5-[2- cyclopentyl- 1 -(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)-ethyl]ρyridine-2-sulfonyl} acetate: <5H (CDC13) : 1.05-1.20 (m, 2H), 1.25 (s, 9H), 1.45-1.85 (m, 7H), 1.90-2.00 (m, IH), 2.30-2.40 (m, IH), 3.90-4.00 (m, IH), 4.30-4.45 (m, 2H), 7.10 (d, IH), 7.55 (d, IH), 8.05 (d, IH), 8.10 (dd, IH), 8.70 (d, IH). Step 3: A solution of this compound (48mg, 100/mol) in CH2C12-TFA (1 :3, 4mL) was stirred at 20°C for 2h. Ths solvents were evaporated, then the remainder was treated with saturated aqueous ΝaHCO3 (5mL). The resulting solution was acidified with 2M HCl to pH 2, then the mixture was extracted with EtOAc (lOmL + 5mL). The organic layer was concentrated and chromatographed (MeOH-CH2Cl2-AcOH, 2:18:1) to furnish the title compound: RTA = 3.37min; m/z (ES4) = 424.1 [M + H]+.
EXAMPLE 74
{5-[2-Cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridine-2-sulfinyl} acetic acid
Figure imgf000054_0002
- Oxidation of tert-butyl {5-[2-cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2- ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl} acetate (see EXAMPLE 73, 61mg, 136/zmol), by the method described in EXAMPLE 55, gave tert-butyl {5-[2- cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridine-2-sulfinyl}acetate: 4t (CDCl3): 1.10-1.25 (m, 2H), 1.35 (s, 4.5H), 1.40 (s,,4.5H), 1.45-1.85 (m, 7H), 1.90-2.00 (m, IH), 2.30-2.40 (m, IH), 3.70-3.80 (m, IH), 3.90-3.95 (m, IH), 4.00-4.05 (m, IH), 7.05 (d, IH), 7.50 (d, IH), 8.00-8.15 (m, 2H), 8.60 (m, IH). Removal of the tert- butyl group, employing the conditions described in Step 3 of EXAMPLE 73, afforded the title compound: RTA = 3.15min; m/z (ES4) = 408.1 [M+ H]+.
EXAMPLE 75
(E)-2-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentylacrylamide
Figure imgf000055_0001
A stirred solution of (E)-tert-butyl {5-[l-(5-chlorothiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)-2- cyclopentylvinyl]pyridin-2-yl}carbamate (Preparation 18, 212mg, 473μmol) in CH C12 (5mL) was treated with TFA (5mL, 65. lmmol). After 2h, the mixture was evaporated to dryness, then ΕtOAc (60mL) was added. The ΕtOAc solution was washed with H2O-saturated aqueous ΝaHCO3 (1:1, 20mL) and brine (20mL), before being dried (MgSO4). Filtration and solvent evaporation gave a residue that was dissolved in a minimal amount of Εt2O. IH was added to the Et2O solution to precipitate a solid, which was collected and dried to furnish the title compound: RTA = 3.07min; m/z (ES4) = 349.2 [M+ H]+.
The procedure described for EXAMPLE 75 was used to synthesise the compounds listed in TABLE 13.
TABLE 13
Figure imgf000055_0002
Figure imgf000056_0002
[A] RT measured with Method A. [B] RT measured with Method B.
EXAMPLE 78
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfonylaminopyridin-3- yl)acrylamide
Figure imgf000056_0001
A solution of (E)-2-(6-aminopyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3- cyclopentylacrylamide (EXAMPLE 75, 50mg, 143μmol) in anhydrous CH2C12 (3mL) was treated with pyridine (510μL, 7.1mmol) and MsCl (HOμL, 2.2mmol). After stirring for 3d at 20°C, the reaction mixture was diluted with Et O (40mL), before being extracted with IM ΝaOH-saturated aqueous ΝaHCO3 (1:1, 2 x 15mL). The combined aqueous extracts were neutralised with 2M HCl, before being extracted with EtOAc (2 x 50mL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine (20mL), before being dried (MgSO4). Filtration, solvent evaporation, and column chromatography (1:1 IH-EtOAc) furnished the title compound: RTA = 3.73min; m/z (ES+) = 427.2 [ + H]+.
The sulfonamides listed in TABLE 14 were prepared from the appropriate aminopyridine using the protocol described in EXAMPLE 78.
TABLE 14
Figure imgf000056_0003
Figure imgf000057_0001
In vitro GK activity
Using a protocol similar to that described in WO 00/58293, GK activity was assayed by coupling the production of G6P by GST-GK to the generation of NADPH with G6PDH as the coupling enzyme.
The GK assay was performed at 30°C in a flat bottom 96-well assay plate from Costar with a final incubation volume of 100 L. The assay buffer contained: 25mM Hepes buffer (pH 7.4), 12.5mM KC1, 5mM D-Glc, 5mM ATP, 6.25mM NADP, 25mM MgCl2, lmM dithiothreitol, test compound or 5% DMSO, 3.0unit/mL G6PDH, and 0.4 tL/mL GST-GK, derived from human liver GK. ATP, G6PDH, and NADP were purchased from Roche Diagnostics. The other reagents were >98% pure and were purchased from Kanto Chemicals. The test compounds were dissolved in DMSO, before being added to the assay buffer without ATP. This mix was preincubated in the temperature controlled chamber of a SPECTRAmax 250 microplate spectrophotometer (Molecular Devices Corporation, Sunnyvale, CA) for lOmin, then the reaction was started by the addition of lO L ATP solution.
After starting the reaction, the increase in optical density (OD) at 340nm was monitored over a lOmin incubation period as a measure of GK activity. Sufficient GST-GK was added to produce an increase in OD340 over the lOmin incubation period in wells containing 5% DMSO, but no test compound. Preliminary experiments established that the GK reaction was linear over this period of time, even in the presence of activators that produced an 8-fold increase in GK activity. The GK activity in control wells was compared with the activity in wells containing test GK activators. The compound concentrations that produced a 50% increase in GK activity (i.e. FA1.5) were calculated. GK activators achieved FA1.5 at < 30 μM.
The above EXAMPLES 1-80 produced EC50s ranging from 0.1 to 23.0/ with max FAs from 1.7 to 6.7. In vivo GK activity
Following an 18h fasting period, C57BL/6J mice were dosed orally via gavage with GK activator at 50mg/kg body weight. Blood Glc determinations were made 5 times during the 6h post-dose study period. Mice (n = 5) were weighed and fasted for 18h before oral treatment. GK activators were dissolved in the Gelucire vehicle described in WO 00/58293 (EtOH:Gelucire44/14:PEG400q.s. 4:66:30 v/v/v) at a concentration of 13.3mg/mL. Mice were dosed orally with 7.5mL formulation per kg of body weight to equal a 50mg/kg dose, h mediately prior to dosing, a pre-dose (time zero) blood Glc reading was acquired by snipping off a small portion of the animals' tails (<1 mm) and collecting 15μL blood for analysis. After GK activator treatment, further blood Glc readings were taken at 1, 2, 4, and 6h post-dose from the same tail wound. Results were interpreted by comparing the mean blood Glc values of 5 vehicle treated mice with the 5 GK activator treated mice over the 6h study duration. Compounds were considered active when they exhibited a statistically significant decrease in blood Glc compared to vehicle for 2 consecutive assay time points.
Several of the GK activators exemplified above showed strong GK activator effects in vivo when administered orally following the abovementioned protocol.

Claims

WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:
1. A compound of Formula (I):
Figure imgf000059_0001
(I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein: one of A1, A2, A3, A4 and A5 is Ν, another of them is C-R5, another of them is C-R6, and the other two are independently either Ν or CH;
Q is a C3.8cycloalkyl, a 5- or 6-membered heteroaryl, or a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring;
T together with the -Ν=C- to which it is attached forms a heteroaryl ring, or a heterocyclic ring where the N=C bond is the only site of unsaturation;
1
R and R each independently are hydrogen, halogen, hydroxy, cyano, nitro, vinyl, ethynyl, methoxy, OCFnH3_n, -N(C(Malkyl)(C0^alkyl), CHO, or Cι-2alkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 independent halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, -N(Co-2alkyl)(C0-2alkyl), SOCH3, or SO2CH3 substituents; or R1 and R2 together form
1 9 a carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; or R and R may be taken together to represent an oxygen atom attached to the ring via a double bond;
R3 and R4 each independently are hydrogen, halogen, OCFnH3_n, methoxy, CO2R77, cyano, nitro, CHO, CONR99R100, CON(OCH3)CH3, or Cι-2alkyl, heteroaryl, or C3_7cycloalkyl optionally substituted with 1-5 independent halogen, hydroxy, cyano, methoxy, -NHCO2CH3, or -N(Co_2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl) substituents; or R3 and R4 together form a 5-8-membered aromatic, heteroaromatic, carbocyclic, or heterocyclic ring;
R5 and R6 each independently are hydrogen, hydroxy, halogen, cyano, nitro, CO2R7, CHO, COR8, C(OH)R7R8, C(=NOR7)R8, CONR9R10, SR7, SOR8, SO2R8, SO2NR9R10, CH2NR9R10, NR9R10, N(Co^aιkyl)SO2R8, NHCOR7, or Cι-4alkyl group, C2-4alkenyl group, C2-4alkynyl group, C^alkoxy group, aryl group, or heteroaryl group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C1_-2alkoxy, -N(C0-2alkyl)(C(>- alkyl), C1_2alkyl, CFnH3_n, aryl, heteroaryl, -COCι_2alkyl, -CON(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl), SCH3, SOCH3, SO2CH3, or
-Sθ2N(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl) substituents; or R5 and R6 together form a 5-8- membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring;
R7 and R77 each independently are hydrogen, or Cι-4alkyl group, C2-4alkenyl group, C2-4alkynyl group, C3.7cycloalkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, or 4-7- membered heterocyclic group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, C^alkoxy, — N(Co_2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl), C1_2alkyl, C3_7cycloalkyl, 4-7-membered heterocyclic ring, CFnH3_n, aryl, heteroaryl, CO2H, -COCi--2alkyl, -CON(Co-2alkyl)(C0-2alkyl), SOCH3, SO2CH3, or -SO2N(Co--2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl) substituents; R is C^alkyl group, C2-4alkenyl group, C2- alkynyl group, C3-7cycloalkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, or 4-7-membered heterocyclic group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, Cι_2alkoxy, -N(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl), Cι_2alkyl, C3-7cycloalkyl, 4-7- membered heterocyclic ring, CFnH3_n, aryl, heteroaryl, CO2H, -COCι--2alkyl, -CON(Co-2alkyl)(Co_2alkyl), SOCH3, SO2CH3, or -SO2N(Cα-2alkyl)(C0-2alkyl) substituents;
R9, R10, R99, and R100 each independently are hydrogen, or C^alkyl group, C3-7cycloalkyl group, aryl group, heteroaryl group, or 4-7-membered heterocyclic group, wherein any group optionally is substituted with 1-6 independent halogen, cyano, nitro, hydroxy, Cι_2alkoxy, -N(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl), Cι_2alkyl, C3_
7cycloalkyl, 4-7-membered heterocyclic ring, CFnH3_n, aryl, heteroaryl, -COCι_ 2alkyl, -CON(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl), SOCH3, SO2CH3, or -SO2N(Co-2alkyl)(Co-2alkyl) substituents; or R9 and R10 or R99 and R100 together form a 6-8-membered heterobicyclic ring system or a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring which optionally is substituted with 1-2 independent C1_2alkyl, CH2OCH3, COCo-2alkyl, hydroxy, or
SO2CH3 substituents; n is 1, 2 or 3; m is 0 or 1; the dotted line together with the solid line forms an optional double bond, and Δ indicates that the double bond has the (E)-configuration; and with the proviso that Formula (I) does not represent 3-cyclopentyl-2-pyridin- 4-yl-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide.
2. A compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein the dotted line together with the solid line forms a double bond;
A3 is C-R5, A4 is C-R6, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH.
3. A compound according to claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein Q is a C3.8cycloalkyl ring.
4. A compound according to claim 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein Q is a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring.
5. A compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein the dotted line together with the solid line forms a double bond; A3 is C-R5, A4 is Ν, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH.
6. A compound according to claim 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein Q is a C3.8cycloalkyl ring.
7. A compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
N-oxide thereof, wherein the dotted line together with the solid line forms a single bond;
A3 is C-R5, A4 is C-R6, one of A1, A2 and A5 is Ν, and the other two are CH.
8. A compound according to claim 7, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or
N-oxide thereof, wherein Q is a C3.8cycloalkyl ring.
9. A compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein Q is a C3.8cycloalkyl or a 4-8-membered heterocyclic ring.
10. A compound according to claim 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein Q is cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl, 1-oxo-tetrahydrothiopyranyl or 1,1-dioxo- tetrahydrothiopyranyl.
11. A compound according to any of the preceding claims, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein the group of formula
Figure imgf000062_0001
is 2-pyridyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 3-(lH-pyrazolyl), 2-(lH- imidazolyl), 5-[l,2,4]thiadiazolyl, 2-[l,3,4]thiadiazolyl, 2-(4,5-dihydrothiazolyl), 3-isoxazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, or 2-thiazolyl.
12. A compound according to any of claims 1, 7, 8, 9, 10, or 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, wherein the dotted line together with the solid line forms a single bond, and the absolute configuration at the asymmetric centre a to the amide carbonyl carbon is (R).
13. A compound according to any one of the preceding claims wherein R3 is hydrogen, halogen, Cι--2alkyl, or trifluoromethyl; and R4 is hydrogen or methyl.
14. A compound selected from: 2-(6-Chloropyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-phenylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-N-thiazol-2-yl-2-(6-thiophen-3-ylpyridin-3-yl)propionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-pyridin-3-yl-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide; (E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylsulfanylpyridin-3-
-v4)acrylamide; (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethylsulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide;
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethylsulfanylpyridin-3- yl)acrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-[6-(5-methyltefrazol-l-yl)pyridm-3-yl]-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-N-thiazol-2-yl-2-(6-[ 1 ,2,4]triazol- 1 -ylρyridin-3 - yl)acrylamide;
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-[ 1 ,2,4]triazol- 1 -ylpyridin-3- yl)acrylamide; (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(5-methylsulfanylpyridin-2-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide;
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(5-methylsulfanylpyridin-2- yl)acrylamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-fluoropyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(2-propylsulfanylpyrimidin-5-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide;
(E)-3-(4-Tefrahydropyranyl)-2-(6-methanesulfanylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide;
N-(5-Chloropyridin-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)propionamide; 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-[l,2,4]thiadiazol-5- ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-furan-2-yl- [ 1 ,3 ,4]thiadiazol-2-yl)propionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-[l,3,4]thiadiazol-2- ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-pyrimidin-2- ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-methyloxazol-2- yl)propionamide; 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(4-methylpyridin-2- yl)propionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(6-methylpyridin-2- yl)propionamide; 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-isoxazol-3- ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-fluoropyridin-2- yl)propionamide; 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(l-methyl-lH- pyrazol-3 -yl)propionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-methylpyridin-2- yl)propionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-pyridin-2- ylpropionamide;
N-Benzothiazol-2-yl-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)propionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-pyrazin-2- ylpropionamide; N-(6-Chloropyrazin-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)propionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-pyrimidin-4- ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(3-methyl- [ 1 ,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)propionamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide;
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)acrylamide; (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide;
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)acrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(5-methanesulfonylpyridin-2-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide; (E)-N-(5-Bromothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)acrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide; (E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin- 3-yl)acrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-fluorothiazol- 2-yl)acrylamide; (E)-2-[3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)acryloylamino]thiazole-5-carboxylic acid methylamide;
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(5-methanesulfonylpyridin-2- yl)acrylamide;
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(5-methanesulfinylpyridin-2- yl)acrylamide;
(E)-2-[5-Chloro-6-(propane-l-sulfonyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-cyclopentyl-N-thiazol- 2-ylacrylamide;
(E)-2-[5-Chloro-6-(propane-l-sulfinyl)pyridin-3-yl]-3-cyclopentyl-N-thiazol- 2-ylacrylamide; (E)-2-(5-Chloro-6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide;
(E)-2-(5-Chloro-6-methanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide;
(E)-2-(5-Chloro-6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3- cyclopentylacrylamide;
(E)-2-(5-Chloro-6-methanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3- cyclopentylacrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-N-(5-fluorothiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3- yl)acrylamide; (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-N-(5-fluorothiazol-2-yl)-2-(6-methanesulfinylpyridin-3- yl)acrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide; (E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethanesulfinylpyridin-3- yl)acrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(5-methanesulfinylpyridin-2-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide; (E -3-Cyclopentyl-2-[2-(propane-l-sulfinyl)pyrihιidin-5-yl]-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-ethanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-fluorothiazol-2- yl)acrylamide; (E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide;
(E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfinylpyridin- 3-yl)acrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-cyclopropanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-fluorothiazol- 2-yl)acrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-chlorothiazol-2- yl)acrylamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfonylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylpropionamide; 3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-mercaptopyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methoxymethanesulfinylpyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylpropionamide;
3-Cyclopentyl-2-[6-(propane-2-sulfinyl)pyridin-3-yl]-N-thiazol-2- ylpropionamide;
3- {5-[2-Cyclopentyl- 1 -(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridin-2- ylsulfanyl}propionic acid;
3-{5-[2-Cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridine-2- sulfonyl}propionic acid; {5-[2-Cyclopentyl-l -(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl} acetic acid;
{5-[2-Cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridine-2-sulfonyl}acetic acid;
{5-[2-Cyclopentyl-l-(thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)ethyl]pyridine-2-sulfinyl} acetic acid;
(E)-2-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-N-(5-chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3- cyclopentylacrylamide;
(E)-2-(6-Aminopyridin-3-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methylaminopyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2-ylacrylamide; (E)-N-(5-Chlorothiazol-2-yl)-3-cyclopentyl-2-(6- methanesulfonylaminopyridin-3-yl)acrylamide;
(E)-3-Cyclopentyl-2-(6-methanesulfonylaminopyridin-3-yl)-N-thiazol-2- ylacrylamide; (R)-3 -Cyclopentyl-2- [6-(methanesulfonylmethylamino)pyridin-3 -yl] -N- thiazol-2-ylacrylamide; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
15. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound according to any of claims 1 to 14, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
16. A method of prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of hyperglycemia or diabetes comprising a step of administering an effective amount of the compound according to any of claims 1 to 14, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide . thereof.
17. A method of prevention of diabetes in a human demonstrating pre- diabetic hyperglycemia or impaired glucose tolerance comprising a step of administering an effective prophylactic amount of the compound according to any of claims 1 to 14, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or N-oxide thereof.
18. A process for the preparation of a compound of Formula (Ia):
Figure imgf000067_0001
(Ia) said process comprising a step of the condensation of a compound of Formula (IV):
Figure imgf000068_0001
IV with a compound of Formula (V):
Figure imgf000068_0002
wherein A -A , Q, T, R .1 - rR>4 , m and Δ are as defined in claim 1.
19. A process for the preparation of a compound of Formula (lb):
Figure imgf000068_0003
(lb) said process comprising a step of the condensation of a compound of Formula (VIII):
Figure imgf000069_0001
VIII with a compound of Formula (V):
Figure imgf000069_0002
wherein A^A5, Q, T, R -R4 and m are as defined in claim 1.
20. A compound of Formula (TV):
Figure imgf000069_0003
IV wherein A -A , Q, R , R , m and Δ are as defined in claim 1.
21. A compound of Formula (VITJ):
Figure imgf000070_0001
VIII wherein A -A5, Q, R1, R2 and m are as defined in claim 1.
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