US3912650A - Hydrated zinc borate, dimethyl silicone resin arc extinguishing material - Google Patents

Hydrated zinc borate, dimethyl silicone resin arc extinguishing material Download PDF

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US3912650A
US3912650A US364597A US36459773A US3912650A US 3912650 A US3912650 A US 3912650A US 364597 A US364597 A US 364597A US 36459773 A US36459773 A US 36459773A US 3912650 A US3912650 A US 3912650A
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Prior art keywords
arc
extinguishing material
zinc borate
dimethyl silicone
silicone resin
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Expired - Lifetime
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US364597A
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Joseph M Khalid
Richard W Niccolls
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Schneider Electric USA Inc
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Square D Co
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Priority to US364597A priority Critical patent/US3912650A/en
Priority to CA196,060A priority patent/CA1029542A/en
Priority to GB1925674A priority patent/GB1476241A/en
Priority to AU68829/74A priority patent/AU494140B2/en
Priority to IT68651/74A priority patent/IT1011885B/en
Priority to FR7418352A priority patent/FR2232058B1/fr
Priority to DE2539013A priority patent/DE2539013C3/en
Priority claimed from DE2539013A external-priority patent/DE2539013C3/en
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Publication of US3912650A publication Critical patent/US3912650A/en
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/70—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid
    • H01H33/76—Switches with separate means for directing, obtaining, or increasing flow of arc-extinguishing fluid wherein arc-extinguishing gas is evolved from stationary parts; Selection of material therefor
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C—FIRE-FIGHTING
    • A62C3/00—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places
    • A62C3/16—Fire prevention, containment or extinguishing specially adapted for particular objects or places in electrical installations, e.g. cableways

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT Arc-extinguishing materials are selected in accordance Cl 200/144 with criteria such as first ionization potential of each 37 252/637 of the constituents, carbon content, boiling, sublima- [51] Int. Cl. H01B 3/46 tion or decompgsition temperature, endothermic Field of Search character of decomposition, electronegativity of de- 260/37 200/144 C composition products, rate of reformation, dimensional and chemical stability, ease of application, cost, [56] R f r s Cited toxicity, and coefficient of thermal conductivity.
  • This invention relates to arc-extinguishing materials usable as molding compositions for molding arc shields, arc chute frame components, cases of electrical devices, and the like and also usable in coating form for coating surface portions of a member wholly' or partly defining an arc chamber in which separablecontacts of an electrical circuit interrupting device are disposed.
  • Arc interruption requires the'establishment of conditions promoting a higher rate of recombination than the rate of ionization.
  • the problem reduces to one of recognizing the basic factors that control these two rates.
  • the first ionization potential of an element is the amount of energy required'to remove one electron away to infinity from a neutral atom of that element.
  • the first ionization potential is 7.54 electron volts
  • the firstioniz ation potential for aluminum is 5.98 electron volts.
  • Another factor which should be considered in the selection of arc-extinguishing materials is electronegativity of decomposition products. This is a measure of the affinity of an atom of an element for electrons. As an arc current approaches zero it would be desirable to have an electronegative gas in the arc chamber that would capture the cooling and slowing electrons. Such electrons would otherwise be accelerated by the rising recovery voltage and cause further ionization and possible reignition.
  • Endothermic processes have their primary importance at current zero, particularly in the mode of arc interruption wherein a post-arc current flows. Under this latter condition the energy being absorbed in an endothermic process taking place in the arc chamber on a modest scale may approximate the energy being put into the chamber by the post-arc current. This effect, complemented by a favorable boiling temperature, significantly contributes to.the success of arc extinction.
  • an arc-extinguishing material decomposes to yield free carbon, this carbon may be oxidized to carbon dioxide.
  • the process is exothermic, and its timing is bad, because it is as the arc current approaches zero and the temperature drops and recombination of ions and dissociated molecules starts to take place that the exothermic formation of carbon dioxide occurs.
  • Deposits of free carbon can'also cause tracking and dielectric failure.
  • to limit arc-extinguishing materials to those containing no carbon would too severely limit the choice of materials.
  • hydrogen has been thermic on formation. Therefore it is desirable to select materials having formulas such that the probability of reformation after decomposition is small.
  • Aluminum oxide (M 0 and boron oxide (B 0 are materials with such formulas, because the probability of two aluminum or boron atoms'colliding simultaneously with three oxygen atoms, or with one molecule and one atom of oxygen, is small.
  • aluminum oxide is I undesirable as an arc-extinguishing material because the ionization potential of aluminum is low and the boiling temperature of aluminum oxide is too high.
  • the present invention is a departure from the prior art as represented by U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,768,264, and 3,071,666 which tout aluminum oxide as a good arcextinguishing material.
  • the first ionization potential of each of the constituents of a suitable arcextinguishing material should be equal to or greater than 7.54 electron volts, which is the first ionization potential of silver.
  • the atomic concentration of carbon in the material should not be greater than about fifteen per cent.
  • the boiling, sublimation, or decomposition temperature of the material should be as low as possible consistent with other requirements, preferably below two thousand degrees Centigrade. Decomposition of the material should be a strongly endothermic process, the more endothermic the better.
  • the products of decomposition of the material should be as electronegative as possible consistent with other requirements.
  • the material should have a formula such that the rate of reformation after decomposition is vanishingly small near the zero point of the alternating current, such as that for B 0 or H
  • the material should be non-toxic, non-caustic, non-inflammable, easy to process and apply, and dimensionally and chemically stable under operating conditions. Further, it should have good thermal conductivity for an electrically insulating material, preferably greater than 0.001 calories per second per square centimeter per degree Centigrade per centimeter.
  • the oxides, borides, borates, silicates, and the ammonium complexes of the elements having a first ionization potential equal to or greater than that of silver (7.54eV) are suitable arc-extinguishing materials, and so are their hydrated forms.
  • a preferred selection of such elements, with their first ionization potentials shown in parentheses, is tantalum (7.70eV), copper (7.72eV), cobalt (7.86eV), rhenium (7.87eV), iron (7.90eV), tungsten (7.98eV), silicon (8.l5eV), boron (8.29eV), palladium (8.30eV), antimony (8.64eV),
  • suitable resins may also be used as fillers in suitable resins provided that the atomic carbon concentration does not exceed the nominal limit of percent.
  • Silicone resins are suitable. The use of resins becomes mandatory when the filler material cannot be used in its pure form. For example, pure silicon dioxide cannot be used because its boiling temperature is too high, and pure boric acid cannot be used because it is water soluble and therefore dimensionally unstable, but these materials are suitable when used in suitable resins.
  • Beryllium (9.32eV), arsenic (9.8leV), and mercury (10.43eV) have first ionization potentials higher than that of silver, but these elements are toxic and therefore undesirable. Sulphates, phosphates, nitrates, and halogens are also undesirable as toxic.
  • Firebrake ZB is made by United States Borax and Chemical Corporation of Los Angeles, Calif, and has a formula 2ZnO.3B O .3%H O.
  • Sylgard 182 is made by Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, Mich. and is a dimethyl silicone resin having a basic monomer represented by the following structural formula:

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  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)

Abstract

Arc-extinguishing materials are selected in accordance with criteria such as first ionization potential of each of the constituents, carbon content, boiling, sublimation, or decomposition temperature, endothermic character of decomposition, electronegativity of decomposition products, rate of reformation, dimensional and chemical stability, ease of application, cost, toxicity, and coefficient of thermal conductivity.

Description

United States Patent 1 [111 3,912,650 Khalid et a1. Oct. 14, 1975 .[54] HYDRATED ZINC BORATE, DINIETHYL 3,328,481 6/ 1967 Vincent 260/37 SB SILICONE RESIN ARC EXTINGUISHING 3,525,707 8/ 1970 Bobear 260/37 SB MATERIAL [75] Inventors: Joseph M. Khalid; Richard W. Primary Examl'iler Ben-lamfn Padgett Niccons, both of Cedar Rapids Iowa Assistant Exammer-losephme Lloyd Attorney, Agent, or Fzrm-Harold J. Rathbun; Ernest [73] Assignee: Square D Company, Park Ridge, 111. S Kettelson [22] Filed: May 29, 1973 [21] Appl. No.: 364,597 [57] ABSTRACT Arc-extinguishing materials are selected in accordance Cl 200/144 with criteria such as first ionization potential of each 37 252/637 of the constituents, carbon content, boiling, sublima- [51] Int. Cl. H01B 3/46 tion or decompgsition temperature, endothermic Field of Search character of decomposition, electronegativity of de- 260/37 200/144 C composition products, rate of reformation, dimensional and chemical stability, ease of application, cost, [56] R f r s Cited toxicity, and coefficient of thermal conductivity.
5 Claims, N0 Drawings IIYDRATED ZINC BORATE, DIMETI-IYL SILICONE RESIN ARC EXTINGUISIIING MATERIAL This invention relates to arc-extinguishing materials usable as molding compositions for molding arc shields, arc chute frame components, cases of electrical devices, and the like and also usable in coating form for coating surface portions of a member wholly' or partly defining an arc chamber in which separablecontacts of an electrical circuit interrupting device are disposed.
Arc interruption requires the'establishment of conditions promoting a higher rate of recombination than the rate of ionization. The problem reduces to one of recognizing the basic factors that control these two rates.
One of the factors which should be considered in the selection of arc-extinguishingimaterials is the first ionization potential of each of the constituents of the material The first ionization potential of an element is the amount of energy required'to remove one electron away to infinity from a neutral atom of that element. For silver, the first ionization potential is 7.54 electron volts, while the firstioniz ation potential for aluminum is 5.98 electron volts. To appreciate the significance of a difference of one electron voltbetween the first ionization potentials of two elem ent s, consider that the temperature difference between two particles having an energy difference of one'electroh volt'is 7,730 Centigrade.
Another factor which should be considered in the selection of arc-extinguishing materials is electronegativity of decomposition products. This is a measure of the affinity of an atom of an element for electrons. As an arc current approaches zero it would be desirable to have an electronegative gas in the arc chamber that would capture the cooling and slowing electrons. Such electrons would otherwise be accelerated by the rising recovery voltage and cause further ionization and possible reignition.
Yet another factor which should be considered in the selection of arc-extinguishing materials is the boiling sublimation, or decomposition temperature. During the few microseconds preceding and following the passing of the current through zero in an alternating current system, the arc column temperature decreases rapidly until it reaches the temperature of the arc chamber walls, which act as a constant temperature sink. The higher the boiling temperature of the material of the arc chamber walls is, the lower the recombination rates will be.
Endothermic processes have their primary importance at current zero, particularly in the mode of arc interruption wherein a post-arc current flows. Under this latter condition the energy being absorbed in an endothermic process taking place in the arc chamber on a modest scale may approximate the energy being put into the chamber by the post-arc current. This effect, complemented by a favorable boiling temperature, significantly contributes to.the success of arc extinction.
If an arc-extinguishing material decomposes to yield free carbon, this carbon may be oxidized to carbon dioxide. The process is exothermic, and its timing is bad, because it is as the arc current approaches zero and the temperature drops and recombination of ions and dissociated molecules starts to take place that the exothermic formation of carbon dioxide occurs. Deposits of free carboncan'also cause tracking and dielectric failure. However, to limit arc-extinguishing materials to those containing no carbon would too severely limit the choice of materials. Moreover, hydrogen has been thermic on formation. Therefore it is desirable to select materials having formulas such that the probability of reformation after decomposition is small. Aluminum oxide (M 0 and boron oxide (B 0 are materials with such formulas, because the probability of two aluminum or boron atoms'colliding simultaneously with three oxygen atoms, or with one molecule and one atom of oxygen, is small. However, aluminum oxide is I undesirable as an arc-extinguishing material because the ionization potential of aluminum is low and the boiling temperature of aluminum oxide is too high. In this respect, the present invention is a departure from the prior art as represented by U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,768,264, and 3,071,666 which tout aluminum oxide as a good arcextinguishing material.
SUMMARY OF CRITERIA In accordance with the invention, the first ionization potential of each of the constituents of a suitable arcextinguishing material, should be equal to or greater than 7.54 electron volts, which is the first ionization potential of silver. The atomic concentration of carbon in the material should not be greater than about fifteen per cent. The boiling, sublimation, or decomposition temperature of the material should be as low as possible consistent with other requirements, preferably below two thousand degrees Centigrade. Decomposition of the material should be a strongly endothermic process, the more endothermic the better. The products of decomposition of the material should be as electronegative as possible consistent with other requirements. The material should have a formula such that the rate of reformation after decomposition is vanishingly small near the zero point of the alternating current, such as that for B 0 or H The material should be non-toxic, non-caustic, non-inflammable, easy to process and apply, and dimensionally and chemically stable under operating conditions. Further, it should have good thermal conductivity for an electrically insulating material, preferably greater than 0.001 calories per second per square centimeter per degree Centigrade per centimeter.
REPRESENTATIVE MATERIALS In general the oxides, borides, borates, silicates, and the ammonium complexes of the elements having a first ionization potential equal to or greater than that of silver (7.54eV) are suitable arc-extinguishing materials, and so are their hydrated forms. A preferred selection of such elements, with their first ionization potentials shown in parentheses, is tantalum (7.70eV), copper (7.72eV), cobalt (7.86eV), rhenium (7.87eV), iron (7.90eV), tungsten (7.98eV), silicon (8.l5eV), boron (8.29eV), palladium (8.30eV), antimony (8.64eV),
tellurium (9.0leV), zinc (9.39), and selenium (9.75eV). These substances may also be used as fillers in suitable resins provided that the atomic carbon concentration does not exceed the nominal limit of percent. Silicone resins are suitable. The use of resins becomes mandatory when the filler material cannot be used in its pure form. For example, pure silicon dioxide cannot be used because its boiling temperature is too high, and pure boric acid cannot be used because it is water soluble and therefore dimensionally unstable, but these materials are suitable when used in suitable resins.
Beryllium (9.32eV), arsenic (9.8leV), and mercury (10.43eV) have first ionization potentials higher than that of silver, but these elements are toxic and therefore undesirable. Sulphates, phosphates, nitrates, and halogens are also undesirable as toxic.
Silver, platinum. and gold oxides, borates and silicates, with or without ammonium complexes, would be suitable arc-extinguishing materials except for high cost.
In particular, a material composed of 55.8 per cent by weight Firebrake ZB and 44.2 per cent Sylgard 182 has been found to be a very suitable arc-extinguishing material. Firebrake ZB is made by United States Borax and Chemical Corporation of Los Angeles, Calif, and has a formula 2ZnO.3B O .3%H O. Sylgard 182 is made by Dow Corning Corporation of Midland, Mich. and is a dimethyl silicone resin having a basic monomer represented by the following structural formula:
SiO
3. An arc-extinguishing material as claimed in claim 1 wherein the filler comprises at least 40 percent by weight of the material.
4. An arc-extinguishing material as claimed in claim 1 wherein the filler comprises at least 55 percent by weight of the material.
5. An arc-extinguishing material as claimed in claim 1 wherein the filler comprises about 56 percent by weight of the material.

Claims (5)

1. AN ARC-EXTENGUISHING MATERIAL COMPRISNG A FILLER OF HYDRATED ZINC BORATE IN A DIMETHYL SILICONE RESIN, THE CARBON ATOMS IN SAID RESIN BEING NO GREATER THAN 15 PERCENT OF THE TOTAL NUMBER OF ATOMS IN SAID HYDRATED ZINC BORATE AND DIMETHYL SILICONE COMBINED.
2. An arc-extinguishing material as claimed in claim 1 wherein the filler has the formula 2ZnO.3B2O3.3 1/2 H2O and the resin has a basic monomer represented by the structural formula
3. An arc-extinguishing material as claimed in claim 1 wherein the filler comprises at least 40 percent by weight of the material.
4. An arc-extinguishing material as claimed in claim 1 wherein the filler comprises at least 55 percent by weight of the material.
5. An arc-extinguishing material as claimed in claim 1 wherein the filler comprises about 56 percent by weight of the material.
US364597A 1973-05-29 1973-05-29 Hydrated zinc borate, dimethyl silicone resin arc extinguishing material Expired - Lifetime US3912650A (en)

Priority Applications (7)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US364597A US3912650A (en) 1973-05-29 1973-05-29 Hydrated zinc borate, dimethyl silicone resin arc extinguishing material
CA196,060A CA1029542A (en) 1973-05-29 1974-03-26 Arc extinguishing materials
GB1925674A GB1476241A (en) 1973-05-29 1974-05-02 Arc-extinguishing materials
AU68829/74A AU494140B2 (en) 1974-05-10 Electrical device containing arc-extinguishing materials
IT68651/74A IT1011885B (en) 1973-05-29 1974-05-27 MATERIAL FOR THE EXTINCTION OF ELECTRIC AR CHI
FR7418352A FR2232058B1 (en) 1973-05-29 1974-05-28
DE2539013A DE2539013C3 (en) 1973-05-29 1975-09-02 Material for extinguishing chambers

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US364597A US3912650A (en) 1973-05-29 1973-05-29 Hydrated zinc borate, dimethyl silicone resin arc extinguishing material
DE2539013A DE2539013C3 (en) 1973-05-29 1975-09-02 Material for extinguishing chambers

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Cited By (15)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4172737A (en) * 1977-01-03 1979-10-30 Stauffer Chemical Company Composition containing polymeric alkoxysilane and zinc dust
US4177322A (en) * 1978-04-28 1979-12-04 Dow Corning Corporation Method of improving high voltage insulating devices
US4426549A (en) 1981-01-19 1984-01-17 High Voltage Engineering Corporation Track and erosion resistant electrical insulation comprising zinc borate and ethylene polymer
GB2193216A (en) * 1986-07-28 1988-02-03 Gen Electric Zinc borate as a smoke suppressant
US4833190A (en) * 1986-07-28 1989-05-23 General Electric Company Zinc borate as a smoke suppressant
US4981894A (en) * 1989-07-27 1991-01-01 General Electric Company Halogen-free melt processable silicon-imide wire coating compositions having low smoke values
US6645637B2 (en) * 2000-06-07 2003-11-11 Abb Research Ltd Extinguishing medium for quenching electric arcs scope
US20060068201A1 (en) * 2002-10-17 2006-03-30 Graeme Alexander Fire resistant polymeric compositions
US20060155039A1 (en) * 2002-08-01 2006-07-13 Graeme Alexander Fire-resistant silicone polymer compositions
US20070246240A1 (en) * 2004-03-31 2007-10-25 Ceram Polymerik Pty Ltd. Ceramifying Composition for Fire Protection
US20160343531A1 (en) * 2014-12-02 2016-11-24 Cooper Technologies Company Power fuse and fabrication methods with enhanced arc mitigation and thermal management
US10442899B2 (en) 2014-11-17 2019-10-15 Silbond Corporation Stable ethylsilicate polymers and method of making the same
US11610935B2 (en) 2019-03-29 2023-03-21 Lumileds Llc Fan-out light-emitting diode (LED) device substrate with embedded backplane, lighting system and method of manufacture
US12002923B2 (en) 2019-06-10 2024-06-04 Rogers Corporation Intumescent battery pad
US12119467B2 (en) 2021-03-09 2024-10-15 Rogers Corporation Composite thermal management sheet, method of manufacture, and articles using the same

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3213048A (en) * 1965-10-19 Process for preparing organo- polysiloxane compositions
US3328481A (en) * 1964-04-20 1967-06-27 Dow Corning Organosilicon resins
US3525707A (en) * 1969-08-05 1970-08-25 Gen Electric Organopolysiloxane compositions containing boron - oxygen compound,phosphorous polyether,and filler

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3213048A (en) * 1965-10-19 Process for preparing organo- polysiloxane compositions
US3328481A (en) * 1964-04-20 1967-06-27 Dow Corning Organosilicon resins
US3525707A (en) * 1969-08-05 1970-08-25 Gen Electric Organopolysiloxane compositions containing boron - oxygen compound,phosphorous polyether,and filler

Cited By (22)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4172737A (en) * 1977-01-03 1979-10-30 Stauffer Chemical Company Composition containing polymeric alkoxysilane and zinc dust
US4177322A (en) * 1978-04-28 1979-12-04 Dow Corning Corporation Method of improving high voltage insulating devices
US4426549A (en) 1981-01-19 1984-01-17 High Voltage Engineering Corporation Track and erosion resistant electrical insulation comprising zinc borate and ethylene polymer
GB2193216A (en) * 1986-07-28 1988-02-03 Gen Electric Zinc borate as a smoke suppressant
DE3720769A1 (en) * 1986-07-28 1988-02-11 Gen Electric PREPARATION WITH REDUCED SMOKE DEVELOPMENT
US4833190A (en) * 1986-07-28 1989-05-23 General Electric Company Zinc borate as a smoke suppressant
GB2193216B (en) * 1986-07-28 1991-03-20 Gen Electric Zinc borate as a smoke suppressant
US4981894A (en) * 1989-07-27 1991-01-01 General Electric Company Halogen-free melt processable silicon-imide wire coating compositions having low smoke values
US6645637B2 (en) * 2000-06-07 2003-11-11 Abb Research Ltd Extinguishing medium for quenching electric arcs scope
US20060155039A1 (en) * 2002-08-01 2006-07-13 Graeme Alexander Fire-resistant silicone polymer compositions
US7652090B2 (en) * 2002-08-01 2010-01-26 Ceram Polymorik Pty Limited Fire-resistant silicone polymer compositions
US20060068201A1 (en) * 2002-10-17 2006-03-30 Graeme Alexander Fire resistant polymeric compositions
US20070246240A1 (en) * 2004-03-31 2007-10-25 Ceram Polymerik Pty Ltd. Ceramifying Composition for Fire Protection
US8409479B2 (en) 2004-03-31 2013-04-02 Olex Australia Pty Ltd Ceramifying composition for fire protection
US10442899B2 (en) 2014-11-17 2019-10-15 Silbond Corporation Stable ethylsilicate polymers and method of making the same
US11161941B2 (en) 2014-11-17 2021-11-02 Silbond Corporation Stable ethylsilicate polymers and method of making the same
US20160343531A1 (en) * 2014-12-02 2016-11-24 Cooper Technologies Company Power fuse and fabrication methods with enhanced arc mitigation and thermal management
US10446357B2 (en) * 2014-12-02 2019-10-15 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited Power fuse and fabrication methods with enhanced arc mitigation and thermal management
US10650998B2 (en) 2014-12-02 2020-05-12 Eaton Intelligent Power Limited Power fuse and fabrication methods with enhanced arc mitigation and thermal management
US11610935B2 (en) 2019-03-29 2023-03-21 Lumileds Llc Fan-out light-emitting diode (LED) device substrate with embedded backplane, lighting system and method of manufacture
US12002923B2 (en) 2019-06-10 2024-06-04 Rogers Corporation Intumescent battery pad
US12119467B2 (en) 2021-03-09 2024-10-15 Rogers Corporation Composite thermal management sheet, method of manufacture, and articles using the same

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