US3731313A - Van-atta array antenna device - Google Patents
Van-atta array antenna device Download PDFInfo
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- US3731313A US3731313A US00179053A US3731313DA US3731313A US 3731313 A US3731313 A US 3731313A US 00179053 A US00179053 A US 00179053A US 3731313D A US3731313D A US 3731313DA US 3731313 A US3731313 A US 3731313A
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/44—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the electric or magnetic characteristics of reflecting, refracting, or diffracting devices associated with the radiating element
- H01Q3/46—Active lenses or reflecting arrays
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- ABSTRACT In a Van-Atta array antenna device of the type wherein a plurality of equally spaced antenna elements are disposed in parallel and respective pairs of antenna elements disposed symmetrically with respect to the center of the antenna array are interconnected by feeders of substantially the same length, impedance matching stubs having an adjustable length are connected to substantially the center of respective feeders in order to enable incoming electromagnetic waves to be reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are receiving, with respect to the antenna boresight, without changing the characteristic impedance of feeders.
- This invention relates to a Van-Atta array antenna device and more particula rly to a Van-Atta array antenna device whichcan be mounted on artificial space satellites for communication with other artificial satellites or ground stations or can be utilized as dummy objects in radar systems.
- Prior art Van-Atta array antenna devices are ordinarily constructed as shown in FIG. 1.
- a plurality of equally spaced (d) antenna elements lLa and lRa; 2La and 2Ra; 3La and 3Ra are disposed in parallel.
- Each pair of antenna elements symmetrical with respect to the center of the array, i.e., antenna elements lLa and lRa; 2La and 2Ra; 3L0 and 3Ra are interconnected by antenna feeders la-Ia; 2a-2a; and 3a-3a having substantially the same length.
- Van-Atta array antenna device With such a type of Van-Atta array antenna device, it is necessary, as is well known, to adjust respective antenna elements such that incoming electromagnetic waves are reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received, with respect to the antenna boresight.
- Van-Atta array antenna device constructed as above described in order to cause part of the incoming waves to be reradiated either straight backward or in' an opposite direction to that in which they are received, with respect to the antenna boresight, it has been necessary to adjust the length of respective antenna feeders and the characteristic impedances thereof. However, such adjustment is very troublesome.
- FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a prior art Van-Atta array antenna device
- FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of a Van-Atta array antenna device constructed in accordance with the principle of this invention
- FIG. 3 shows one set of antenna elements shown in FIG. 2;
- FIG. 4A is an equivalent circuit of the antenna element shown in FIG. 3;
- FIG. 4B shows an equivalent circuit of the evenmode system when the circuit shown in FIG. 4A is subdivided into even-mode and odd-mode systems;
- FIG. 4C shows an equivalent circuit of the odd-mode system
- FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of another embodiment of a Van-Atta array antenna device constructed in accordance with the principle of this invention.
- FIG. 6 shows a set of antenna elements, illustrating the stub of a coaxial line.
- the Van-Atta array antenna device comprises a plurality of equally spaced antenna elements lLb, lRb; 2Lb, 2Rb; and 3Lb, 3Rb. Pairs of antenna elements symmetrically. disposed with respect to the center of the array, i.e., antenna elements 11.!) and lRb; ZLb and 2Rb; and 3Lb and 3Rb are interconnected by antenna feeders lblb, 2b-2b and 3b3b of substantially equal length, each consisting of two parallel lines, a coaxial line or a wave-guide.
- each of these stubs is comprised by two parallel lines, a coaxial line or a wave-guide.
- FIG. 3 a set of antenna elements as shown in FIG. 3 will now be considered.
- This set may be represented by an equivalent circuit as shown in FIG. 4A, wherein V L and V represent received open terminal voltages appearing at terminals of the left and right antenna elements lLb and lRb in the absence of antenna feeders lb-lb, Zr the impedance of antenna elements, Zt the impedance of stub 11 connected to the middle point of antenna feeder lb-lb and Land I represent antenna currents flowing in opposite directions through the feeder lb-- lb from antenna elements lLb and lRb.
- the receiving open terminal voltages V and V of the antenna elements lLb and lRb can be expressed as follows:
- the receiving open terminal voltages V and V can be expressed, respectively, by
- FIG. 4B shows an equivalent circuit of the evenmode system under these conditions and since source voltages V at opposite ends have the same magnitude and direction, the impedance Zt of stub 11 is divided into two parts respectively contributing as 2Zt for the source voltages V
- FIG. 4C shows an equivalent circuit for the odd-mode system under the same condition and since the source voltages V' at the opposite ends are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase, the middle portion is short circuited regardless of the presence or absence of impedance Zt provided by stub 11.
- Zm represents the mutual impedance between antenna elements lLb and IRb.
- the antenna currents I and I in equation (8) can be given by the following equations.
- each bracket of equation (10) is the term that represents the retrodirective characteristic while the first term in each bracket represents the wave reradiated in an opposite direction to that in which the incoming wave is received, relative to the boresight of respective antenna elements.
- the first term and the second term in respective brackets in equation have the same amplitude, which means that one half of the incident power is reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which the incoming wave is received.
- the antenna elements lLb and lRb are comprised by the dipole antenna, each having a length equal to half the wave length of the antenna current, and the antenna feeder lb-lb consisting of a coaxial line has a characteristic impedance of Z, 50(0), determination is made in the following manner of the concrete value of the length l of the feeder and that of the length I of the adjustable stub 11 having a characteristic impedance of Z,,2 25(0).
- the concrete value of the length l of the feeder and that of the length l of the stub 11 may be determined as follows:
- FIG. 5 represents a Van-Atta array antenna device according to another embodiment of the invention.
- the same parts of FIG. 5 as those of FIG. 2 are denoted by the same numerals and description thereof is omitted.
- this invention provides a Van-Atta array antenna device capable of causing incoming electromagnetic waves to be reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received relative to the boresight of respective antenna elements without varying the characteristic impedance of feeders interconnecting antenna elements symmetrically disposed on the opposite ends thereof as was necessary in the prior art arrangement, whereby it was heretofore necessary to adjust the length of each stub.
- a Van-Atta array antenna device comprising: a plurality of antenna elements juxtaposed at substantially equal distances from each other; every two of said elements being disposed in a symmetrical relationship with respect to the center of said antenna array; respective antenna feeders connecting said every two elements together being designed to have substantially the same length; and a number of pairs of impedance matching stubs, the stubs of each pair being parallely connected at substantially equally spaced points on either side of the center of respective antenna feeders in the lengthwise direction thereof, said stubs being so arranged and having a length such that incoming waves are reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received.
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Abstract
In a Van-Atta array antenna device of the type wherein a plurality of equally spaced antenna elements are disposed in parallel and respective pairs of antenna elements disposed symmetrically with respect to the center of the antenna array are interconnected by feeders of substantially the same length, impedance matching stubs having an adjustable length are connected to substantially the center of respective feeders in order to enable incoming electromagnetic waves to be reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are receiving, with respect to the antenna boresight, without changing the characteristic impedance of feeders.
Description
United States Patent n 1 Nagai I [54] VAN-ATTA ARRAY ANTENNA DEVICE [75] Inventor: Kiyoshi Nagal, Yokohama-shi,
Japan [73] Assignee: Tokyo Shlbaura Electric (20., Ltd
Kawasaki-shi, Japan 1 May 1,1973
3/1970 Adams ..343/705 9/ 195i Rabuteau ..343/864 Primary ExaminerEli Lieberman Attorney-R. D. Flynn et al.
571 ABSTRACT In a Van-Atta array antenna device of the type wherein a plurality of equally spaced antenna elements are disposed in parallel and respective pairs of antenna elements disposed symmetrically with respect to the center of the antenna array are interconnected by feeders of substantially the same length, impedance matching stubs having an adjustable length are connected to substantially the center of respective feeders in order to enable incoming electromagnetic waves to be reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are receiving, with respect to the antenna boresight, without changing the characteristic impedance of feeders.
2 Claims, 8 Drawing Figures Patented May 1, 1973 2 Sheets-Sheet 2 FIG. 5
FIG. 6
VAN-ATTAlARRA Y ANTENNA DEVICE CROSS-REFERENCE TO REL'ATED APPLICATION This is a continuation-impart of (1.8. Pat. application Ser. No. 868,415, filed-Oct. 22, 1969, now abandoned.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a Van-Atta array antenna device and more particula rly to a Van-Atta array antenna device whichcan be mounted on artificial space satellites for communication with other artificial satellites or ground stations or can be utilized as dummy objects in radar systems.
Prior art Van-Atta array antenna devices are ordinarily constructed as shown in FIG. 1. Thus a plurality of equally spaced (d) antenna elements lLa and lRa; 2La and 2Ra; 3La and 3Ra are disposed in parallel. Each pair of antenna elements symmetrical with respect to the center of the array, i.e., antenna elements lLa and lRa; 2La and 2Ra; 3L0 and 3Ra are interconnected by antenna feeders la-Ia; 2a-2a; and 3a-3a having substantially the same length. With such a type of Van-Atta array antenna device, it is necessary, as is well known, to adjust respective antenna elements such that incoming electromagnetic waves are reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received, with respect to the antenna boresight. However, with the prior art Van-Atta array antenna device constructed as above described, in order to cause part of the incoming waves to be reradiated either straight backward or in' an opposite direction to that in which they are received, with respect to the antenna boresight, it has been necessary to adjust the length of respective antenna feeders and the characteristic impedances thereof. However, such adjustment is very troublesome.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is, therefore, an object of this invention to provide a Van-Atta array antenna device wherein the waves radiated from the respective antenna elements are caused to be carried either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received, with respect tothe antenna boresight, without the necessity of adjusting characteristic impedances of antenna feeders.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the accompanying drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of a prior art Van-Atta array antenna device;
FIG. 2 is a diagrammatic representation of one embodiment of a Van-Atta array antenna device constructed in accordance with the principle of this invention;
FIG. 3 shows one set of antenna elements shown in FIG. 2;
FIG. 4A is an equivalent circuit of the antenna element shown in FIG. 3;
FIG. 4B shows an equivalent circuit of the evenmode system when the circuit shown in FIG. 4A is subdivided into even-mode and odd-mode systems;
FIG. 4C shows an equivalent circuit of the odd-mode system;
FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic representation of another embodiment of a Van-Atta array antenna device constructed in accordance with the principle of this invention; and
FIG. 6 shows a set of antenna elements, illustrating the stub of a coaxial line.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS As shown in FIG. 2, the Van-Atta array antenna device comprises a plurality of equally spaced antenna elements lLb, lRb; 2Lb, 2Rb; and 3Lb, 3Rb. Pairs of antenna elements symmetrically. disposed with respect to the center of the array, i.e., antenna elements 11.!) and lRb; ZLb and 2Rb; and 3Lb and 3Rb are interconnected by antenna feeders lblb, 2b-2b and 3b3b of substantially equal length, each consisting of two parallel lines, a coaxial line or a wave-guide. To substantially the middle points along the length of antenna feeders are connected parallel impedance matching stubs or traps ll, 12 and 13 whose lengths are adjustable. Each of these stubs is comprised by two parallel lines, a coaxial line or a wave-guide.
To have a better understanding of the operation of the Van-Atta array antenna device of this invention, a set of antenna elements as shown in FIG. 3 will now be considered. This set may be represented by an equivalent circuit as shown in FIG. 4A, wherein V L and V represent received open terminal voltages appearing at terminals of the left and right antenna elements lLb and lRb in the absence of antenna feeders lb-lb, Zr the impedance of antenna elements, Zt the impedance of stub 11 connected to the middle point of antenna feeder lb-lb and Land I represent antenna currents flowing in opposite directions through the feeder lb-- lb from antenna elements lLb and lRb.
Denoting the spacing between the antenna elements lLb and lRb by d, the angle of the incoming electromagnetic wave as viewed from the boresight of antenna elements lLb and lRb by 0,, and the effective length of respective antenna elements lLb and lRb by h then the receiving open terminal voltages V and V of the antenna elements lLb and lRb can be expressed as follows:
wavelength of the antenna current.
When these voltages V,, and V are decomposed into an even-mode voltage and an odd-mode voltage expressed by even-mode M61121 E271; i k l lsin 0,)
odd-mode voltage V" E e-h, sin(k(d/2) sin 0, 2)
then the receiving open terminal voltages V and V can be expressed, respectively, by
V V' jV V V +jV 3) FIG. 4B shows an equivalent circuit of the evenmode system under these conditions and since source voltages V at opposite ends have the same magnitude and direction, the impedance Zt of stub 11 is divided into two parts respectively contributing as 2Zt for the source voltages V Whereas FIG. 4C shows an equivalent circuit for the odd-mode system under the same condition and since the source voltages V' at the opposite ends are equal in magnitude but opposite in phase, the middle portion is short circuited regardless of the presence or absence of impedance Zt provided by stub 11. In both FIGS. 48 and 4C Zm represents the mutual impedance between antenna elements lLb and IRb.
Further, in FIGS. 3 and 6, let Zo denote the characteristic impedance of antenna feeder 1b--I b, l the length thereof, neglecting the transmission loss of the feeder, Brepresent the phase constant, and let Zo/2 represent the characteristic impedance of stub 11, I the length thereof and assuming open terminal in the even-mode system shown in FIG. 4B, regarding two closed loops 21 and 22' including the source voltages V the following equations hold.
For closed loop 21 For closed loop 22 V I, Zm I [Zr-jZ cot B((l/2) +1) 1 Accordingly, from equation (4) V0 +j- Zr-Zm +jZo tanB-2- Thus, by adjusting the length I of antenna feeder lblb and the length I of stub 11 such that the denominators of the first and second terms of equation (8) are equal to R,( lij) and R,( lij) respectively and that R, R it is possible to obtain a Van-Atta array antenna device in which incoming electromagnetic waves are reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction, with respect to the bore sigh t of both antenna elements lLb and lRb from which they are received.
In equation (8), when putting Zr= R +jX and Zm R jX then the real part of the denominator of the first term of equation (8) will become R R while that of the denominator of the second term will become R R It will thus be clear that it is necessary to adjust the length I of the feeder lb-lb and the length I of the stub 11 to satisfy the following relations.
The denominator of the first term of equation (8):
The denominator of the second term of equation (8):
Then, the antenna currents I and I in equation (8) can be given by the following equations.
The second term in each bracket of equation (10) is the term that represents the retrodirective characteristic while the first term in each bracket represents the wave reradiated in an opposite direction to that in which the incoming wave is received, relative to the boresight of respective antenna elements. The first term and the second term in respective brackets in equation have the same amplitude, which means that one half of the incident power is reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which the incoming wave is received.
In a concrete case where, in the Van-Atta array antenna device of FIGS. 3 and 6 the antenna elements lLb and lRb are comprised by the dipole antenna, each having a length equal to half the wave length of the antenna current, and the antenna feeder lb-lb consisting of a coaxial line has a characteristic impedance of Z, 50(0), determination is made in the following manner of the concrete value of the length l of the feeder and that of the length I of the adjustable stub 11 having a characteristic impedance of Z,,2 25(0).
Assuming Zm R +jX =l2.5 j29.5(0) then there result from the equation (9) above Z, tan 3(1/2) 14.1(0)
Since Z, amounts to 50(0), there result cot 5((1/2) +1) 0.962
tan B(l/2) 0282' Therefore, the concrete value of the length l of the feeder and that of the length l of the stub 11 may be determined as follows:
l=v)t+0.0875 A 0.0843 A where:
v integer A wave length of antenna current The above relation is also true for sets of antennas other than that shown in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 represents a Van-Atta array antenna device according to another embodiment of the invention. The same parts of FIG. 5 as those of FIG. 2 are denoted by the same numerals and description thereof is omitted.
In the foregoing embodiments, there were connected in parallel single stubs ll, 12 and 13, each consisting of two parallel lines, a coaxial line or a wave-guide near the substantially middle point of the respective antenna feeders lb1b, 2b-2b and 3b-3b. However, it is also possible to connect, as shown in FIG. 5, in parallel groups of two stubs llL-llR, l2L--12R and 13L- 13R, each displaying the same radiation characteristics as in the preceding embodiment to points equally spaced right and left from the centers 0,, O, and 0, of the respective antenna feeders in the lengthwise direction thereof.
Thus, this invention provides a Van-Atta array antenna device capable of causing incoming electromagnetic waves to be reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received relative to the boresight of respective antenna elements without varying the characteristic impedance of feeders interconnecting antenna elements symmetrically disposed on the opposite ends thereof as was necessary in the prior art arrangement, whereby it was heretofore necessary to adjust the length of each stub.
What is claimed is: l. A Van-Atta array antenna device comprising: a plurality of antenna elements juxtaposed at substantially equal distances from each other; every two of said elements being disposed in a symmetrical relationship with respect to the center of said antenna array; respective antenna feeders connecting said every two elements together being designed to have substantially the same length; and a number of pairs of impedance matching stubs, the stubs of each pair being parallely connected at substantially equally spaced points on either side of the center of respective antenna feeders in the lengthwise direction thereof, said stubs being so arranged and having a length such that incoming waves are reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received. 2. A Van-Atta array antenna device comprising: a plurality of equally spaced antenna elements; feeders of substantially equal length interconnecting respective pairs of said antenna elements which are symmetrically located with respect to the center of the antenna array; and a number of impedance matching stubs, each being connected to the corresponding feeder and having such a length that the incoming waves are reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received, without changing the characteristic impedance of said feeders, the length l of said stubs, when the characteristic impedance thereof is assumed to be Z, ,2 and the transmission loss of the feeders is neglected, being set to satisfy the equation: Zr Zm -jZ, cot B((l/2) +1) (R R +J(R 12) Zrj o tan u R12) u R12) where: Zr= the impedance of said antenna elements, Zm= the mutual impedance between said antenna elements, Z, the characteristic impedance of said feeders, R the real part of said Zr, R the real part of said Zm, B= the phase constant, and l= the length of said feeders.
Claims (2)
1. A Van-Atta array antenna device comprising: a plurality of antenna elements juxtaposed at substantially equal distances from each other; every two of said elements being disposed in a symmetrical relationship with respect to the center of said aNtenna array; respective antenna feeders connecting said every two elements together being designed to have substantially the same length; and a number of pairs of impedance matching stubs, the stubs of each pair being parallely connected at substantially equally spaced points on either side of the center of respective antenna feeders in the lengthwise direction thereof, said stubs being so arranged and having a length such that incoming waves are reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received.
2. A Van-Atta array antenna device comprising: a plurality of equally spaced antenna elements; feeders of substantially equal length interconnecting respective pairs of said antenna elements which are symmetrically located with respect to the center of the antenna array; and a number of impedance matching stubs, each being connected to the corresponding feeder and having such a length that the incoming waves are reradiated either straight backward or in an opposite direction to that in which they are received, without changing the characteristic impedance of said feeders, the length l'' of said stubs, when the characteristic impedance thereof is assumed to be Zo /2 and the transmission loss of the feeders is neglected, being set to satisfy the equation: Zr + Zm - jZo cot Beta ((l/2) + l'') (R11 + R12) + J(R11 + R12) Zr - Zm + jZo tan Beta .(l/2) (R11 - R12) - J(R11 - R12) where: Zr the impedance of said antenna elements, Zm the mutual impedance between said antenna elements, Zo the characteristic impedance of said feeders, R11 the real part of said Zr, R12 the real part of said Zm, Beta the phase constant, and l the length of said feeders.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US17905371A | 1971-09-09 | 1971-09-09 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| US3731313A true US3731313A (en) | 1973-05-01 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| US00179053A Expired - Lifetime US3731313A (en) | 1971-09-09 | 1971-09-09 | Van-atta array antenna device |
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Cited By (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4806938A (en) * | 1984-11-20 | 1989-02-21 | Raytheon Company | Integrated self-adaptive array repeater and electronically steered directional transponder |
| US5206656A (en) * | 1989-12-28 | 1993-04-27 | Hannan Peter W | Array antenna with forced excitation |
| US5254997A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1993-10-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Retrodirective interrogation responsive system |
| US5387916A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1995-02-07 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Automotive navigation system and method |
| US5945938A (en) * | 1996-11-14 | 1999-08-31 | National University Of Singapore | RF identification transponder |
| US6181914B1 (en) * | 1997-07-31 | 2001-01-30 | Alcatel | Active repeater for a transmission system |
| US20050030226A1 (en) * | 2003-08-05 | 2005-02-10 | Miyamoto Ryan Y. | Microwave self-phasing antenna arrays for secure data transmission & satellite network crosslinks |
| US20050200516A1 (en) * | 2004-01-26 | 2005-09-15 | Physical Domains | Retrodirective noise-correlating (RNC) radar methods and apparatus |
| WO2011154099A1 (en) | 2010-06-11 | 2011-12-15 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh | Active decoys against radar sources, and method for protecting objects using such decoys |
| EP2439813A1 (en) | 2010-10-07 | 2012-04-11 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH | Decoy for protecting objects |
| US20120146879A1 (en) * | 2010-12-08 | 2012-06-14 | Pintos Jean-Francois | System of Multi-Beam Antennas |
| US8674870B2 (en) | 2011-01-19 | 2014-03-18 | Photonic Systems, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for active reflection |
| US20150295328A1 (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2015-10-15 | Elta Systems Ltd | Rotatable transponder system |
| US11152698B2 (en) * | 2017-01-17 | 2021-10-19 | Norbit Its | Retrodirective wireless device and method |
| US20220278739A1 (en) * | 2019-08-01 | 2022-09-01 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Relay apparatus and relay method |
| WO2024034280A1 (en) * | 2022-08-10 | 2024-02-15 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | Retroreflective antenna, and object detecting system |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4806938A (en) * | 1984-11-20 | 1989-02-21 | Raytheon Company | Integrated self-adaptive array repeater and electronically steered directional transponder |
| US5206656A (en) * | 1989-12-28 | 1993-04-27 | Hannan Peter W | Array antenna with forced excitation |
| US5254997A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1993-10-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corp. | Retrodirective interrogation responsive system |
| US5387916A (en) * | 1992-07-31 | 1995-02-07 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Automotive navigation system and method |
| US5945938A (en) * | 1996-11-14 | 1999-08-31 | National University Of Singapore | RF identification transponder |
| US6181914B1 (en) * | 1997-07-31 | 2001-01-30 | Alcatel | Active repeater for a transmission system |
| US20050030226A1 (en) * | 2003-08-05 | 2005-02-10 | Miyamoto Ryan Y. | Microwave self-phasing antenna arrays for secure data transmission & satellite network crosslinks |
| WO2005020445A2 (en) * | 2003-08-05 | 2005-03-03 | University Of Hawai'i | Microwave self-phasing antenna arrays for secure data transmission & satellite network crosslinks |
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| EP2439813A1 (en) | 2010-10-07 | 2012-04-11 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition GmbH | Decoy for protecting objects |
| DE102010047860A1 (en) | 2010-10-07 | 2012-04-12 | Rheinmetall Waffe Munition Gmbh | Decoys to protect objects |
| US20120146879A1 (en) * | 2010-12-08 | 2012-06-14 | Pintos Jean-Francois | System of Multi-Beam Antennas |
| US8773318B2 (en) * | 2010-12-08 | 2014-07-08 | Thomson Licensing | System of multi-beam antennas |
| US8674870B2 (en) | 2011-01-19 | 2014-03-18 | Photonic Systems, Inc. | Methods and apparatus for active reflection |
| US20150295328A1 (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2015-10-15 | Elta Systems Ltd | Rotatable transponder system |
| US10998644B2 (en) * | 2012-12-04 | 2021-05-04 | Elta Systems Ltd. | Rotatable transponder system |
| US11152698B2 (en) * | 2017-01-17 | 2021-10-19 | Norbit Its | Retrodirective wireless device and method |
| US20220278739A1 (en) * | 2019-08-01 | 2022-09-01 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Relay apparatus and relay method |
| US11902005B2 (en) * | 2019-08-01 | 2024-02-13 | Nippon Telegraph And Telephone Corporation | Relay apparatus and relay method |
| WO2024034280A1 (en) * | 2022-08-10 | 2024-02-15 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | Retroreflective antenna, and object detecting system |
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