US20150284802A1 - ncRNA AND USES THEREOF - Google Patents

ncRNA AND USES THEREOF Download PDF

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US20150284802A1
US20150284802A1 US13/299,000 US201113299000A US2015284802A1 US 20150284802 A1 US20150284802 A1 US 20150284802A1 US 201113299000 A US201113299000 A US 201113299000A US 2015284802 A1 US2015284802 A1 US 2015284802A1
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rna
seq
mctp
ncrnas
transcripts
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Arul Chinnaiyan
John Prensner
Matthew Iyer
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Howard Hughes Medical Institute
University of Michigan
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University of Michigan
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Assigned to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN reassignment THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: IYER, MATTHEW, PRENSNER, JOHN
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Assigned to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN reassignment THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: HOWARD HUGHES MEDICAL INSTITUTE ("HHMI")
Assigned to NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT reassignment NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH (NIH), U.S. DEPT. OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES (DHHS), U.S. GOVERNMENT CONFIRMATORY LICENSE (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN
Priority to US13/797,106 priority patent/US20130267443A1/en
Publication of US20150284802A1 publication Critical patent/US20150284802A1/en
Priority to US15/064,266 priority patent/US20160251729A1/en
Priority to US15/156,936 priority patent/US10407735B2/en
Priority to US16/453,195 priority patent/US11390923B2/en
Priority to US16/523,008 priority patent/US20200224276A1/en
Priority to US17/813,193 priority patent/US20230016456A1/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12Q1/00—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions
    • C12Q1/68—Measuring or testing processes involving enzymes, nucleic acids or microorganisms; Compositions therefor; Processes of preparing such compositions involving nucleic acids
    • C12Q1/6876—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes
    • C12Q1/6883—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material
    • C12Q1/6886—Nucleic acid products used in the analysis of nucleic acids, e.g. primers or probes for diseases caused by alterations of genetic material for cancer
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    • C12N15/00—Mutation or genetic engineering; DNA or RNA concerning genetic engineering, vectors, e.g. plasmids, or their isolation, preparation or purification; Use of hosts therefor
    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/118—Prognosis of disease development
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/158—Expression markers
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    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/16—Primer sets for multiplex assays
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C12Q2600/00—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use
    • C12Q2600/178—Oligonucleotides characterized by their use miRNA, siRNA or ncRNA

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to compositions and methods for cancer diagnosis, research and therapy, including but not limited to, cancer markers.
  • the present invention relates to ncRNAs as diagnostic markers and clinical targets for prostate, lung, breast and pancreatic cancer.
  • a central aim in cancer research is to identify altered genes that are causally implicated in oncogenesis.
  • Several types of somatic mutations have been identified including base substitutions, insertions, deletions, translocations, and chromosomal gains and losses, all of which result in altered activity of an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.
  • base substitutions e.g., base substitutions, insertions, deletions, translocations, and chromosomal gains and losses, all of which result in altered activity of an oncogene or tumor suppressor gene.
  • Epithelial tumors which are much more common and contribute to a relatively large fraction of the morbidity and mortality associated with human cancer, comprise less than 1% of the known, disease-specific chromosomal rearrangements (Mitelman, Mutat Res 462: 247 (2000)). While hematological malignancies are often characterized by balanced, disease-specific chromosomal rearrangements, most solid tumors have a plethora of non-specific chromosomal aberrations. It is thought that the karyotypic complexity of solid tumors is due to secondary alterations acquired through cancer evolution or progression.
  • chromosomal rearrangements Two primary mechanisms of chromosomal rearrangements have been described.
  • promoter/enhancer elements of one gene are rearranged adjacent to a proto-oncogene, thus causing altered expression of an oncogenic protein.
  • This type of translocation is exemplified by the apposition of immunoglobulin (IG) and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes to MYC leading to activation of this oncogene in B- and T-cell malignancies, respectively (Rabbitts, Nature 372: 143 (1994)).
  • IG immunoglobulin
  • TCR T-cell receptor
  • the present invention relates to compositions and methods for cancer diagnosis, research and therapy, including but not limited to, cancer markers.
  • the present invention relates to ncRNAs as diagnostic markers and clinical targets for prostate, lung, breast and pancreatic cancer.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide compositions, kits, and methods useful in the detection and screening of prostate cancer. Experiments conducted during the course of development of embodiments of the present invention identified upreguation of non-coding RNAs in prostate cancer. Some embodiments of the present invention provide compositons and methods for detecting expression levels of such ncRNAs. Identification of ncRNAs finds use in screening, diagnostic and research uses.
  • the present invention provides a method of screening for the presence of prostate cancer in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from a subject with a reagent for detecting the level of expression of one or more non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) (e.g., PCAT1, PCAT14, PCAT43 and PCAT 109); and detecting the level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample, for example, using an in vitro assay, wherein an increased level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample (e.g., relative to the level in normal prostate cells, increase in level relative to a prior time point, increase relative to a pre-established threshold level, etc.) is indicative of prostate cancer in the subject.
  • ncRNA non-coding RNAs
  • the ncRNAs are described by SEQ ID NOs: 1-9.
  • the sample is tissue, blood, plasma, serum, urine, urine supernatant, urine cell pellet, semen, prostatic secretions or prostate cells.
  • the detection is carried out utilizing a sequencing technique, a nucleic acid hybridization technique, a nucleic acid amplification technique, or an immunoassay.
  • the nucleic acid amplification technique is polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, transcription-mediated amplification, ligase chain reaction, strand displacement amplification or nucleic acid sequence based amplification.
  • the prostate cancer is localized prostate cancer or metastatic prostate cancer.
  • the reagent is a pair of amplification oligonucleotides or an oligonucleotide probe.
  • Additional embodiments provide a method of screening for the presence of prostate cancer in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from a subject with a reagent for detecting the level of expression of two or more (e.g., 10 or more, 25 or more, 50 or more, 100 or more or all 121) non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) selected from, for example, PCAT1, PCAT2, PCAT3, PCAT4, PCAT5, PCAT6, PCAT7, PCAT8, PCAT9, PCAT10, PCAT11, PCAT12, PCAT13, PCAT14, PCAT15, PCAT16, PCAT17, PCAT18, PCAT19, PCAT20, PCAT21, PCAT22, PCAT23, PCAT24, PCAT25, PCAT26, PCAT27, PCAT28, PCAT29, PCAT30, PCAT31, PCAT32, PCAT33, PCAT34, PCAT35, PCAT36, PCAT37, PCAT38, PCAT39, PCAT40, PCAT41, PCAT42, PCAT
  • RNAs selected from, for example, PCAT1, PCAT2, PCAT3, PCAT4, PCAT5, PCAT6, PCAT7, PCAT8, PCAT9, PCAT10, PCAT11, PCAT12, PCAT13, PCAT14, PCAT15, PCAT16, PCAT17, PCAT18, PCAT19, PCAT20, PCAT21, PCAT22, PCAT23, PCAT24, PCAT25, PCAT26, PCAT27, PCAT28, PCAT29, PCAT30, PCAT31, PCAT32, PCAT33, PCAT34, PCAT35, PCAT36, PCAT37, PCAT38, PCAT39, PCAT40, PCAT41, PCAT42, PCAT43, PCAT44, PCAT45, PCAT46, PCAT47, PCAT
  • the present invention provides a method for screening for the presence of lung cancer in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from a subject with a reagent for detecting the level of expression of one or more non-coding RNAs (e.g., M41 or ENST-75); and detecting the level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample, for example, using an in vitro assay, wherein an increased level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample (e.g., relative to the level in normal lung cells, increase in level relative to a prior time point, increase relative to a pre-established threshold level, etc.) is indicative of lung cancer in the subject.
  • a reagent for detecting the level of expression of one or more non-coding RNAs e.g., M41 or ENST-75
  • an increased level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample e.g., relative to the level in normal lung cells, increase in level relative to a prior time point, increase relative to a pre-established threshold level, etc.
  • the present invention provides a method for screening for the presence of breast cancer in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from a subject with a reagent for detecting the level of expression of one or more non-coding RNAs (e.g., TU0011194, TU0019356, or TU0024146); and detecting the level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample, for example, using an in vitro assay, wherein an increased level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample (e.g., relative to the level in normal breast cells, increase in level relative to a prior time point, increase relative to a pre-established threshold level, etc.) is indicative of breast cancer in the subject.
  • a reagent for detecting the level of expression of one or more non-coding RNAs e.g., TU0011194, TU0019356, or TU0024146
  • an increased level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample e.g., relative to the level in normal breast cells, increase in
  • the present invention provides a method for screening for the presence of pancreatic cancer in a subject, comprising contacting a biological sample from a subject with a reagent for detecting the level of expression of one or more non-coding RNAs (e.g., TU0009141, TU0062051, or TU0021861); and detecting the level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample, for example, using an in vitro assay, wherein an increased level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample (e.g., relative to the level in normal pancreatic cells, increase in level relative to a prior time point, increase relative to a pre-established threshold level, etc.) is indicative of pancreatic cancer in the subject.
  • a reagent for detecting the level of expression of one or more non-coding RNAs e.g., TU0009141, TU0062051, or TU0021861
  • an increased level of expression of the ncRNA in the sample e.g., relative to the
  • FIG. 1 shows that prostate cancer transcriptome sequencing reveals dysregulation of exemplary transcripts identified herein.
  • a A global overview of transcription in prostate cancer.
  • b A line graph showing the cumulative fraction of genes that are expressed at a given RPKM level.
  • c Conservation analysis comparing unannotated transcripts to known genes and intronic controls shows a low but detectable degree of purifying selection among intergenic and intronic unannotated transcripts.
  • FIG. 2 shows that unannotated intergenic transcripts differentiate prostate cancer and benign prostate samples.
  • a A histogram plotting the genomic distance between an unannotated ncRNA and the nearest protein-coding gene.
  • b A Circos plot displaying the location of annotated transcripts and unannotated transcripts on Chr15q.
  • c A heatmap of differentially expressed or outlier unannotated intergenic transcripts clusters benign samples, localized tumors, and metastatic cancers by unsupervised clustering analyses.
  • COPA Cancer outlier profile analysis
  • FIG. 3 shows validation of tissue-specific prostate cancer-associated non-coding RNAs.
  • a-c Quantitative real-time PCR was performed on a panel of prostate and non-prostate samples to measure expression levels of three nominated non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), PCAT-43, PCAT-109, and PCAT-14, upregulated in prostate cancer compared to normal prostate tissues.
  • ncRNAs nominated non-coding RNAs
  • PCAT-43 is a 20 kb ncRNA located 40 kb upstream of PMEPA1 on chr20q13.31.
  • PCAT-109 located in a large, 0.5 Mb gene desert region on chr2q31.3 displays widespread transcription in prostate tissues, particularly metastases.
  • PCAT-14 a genomic region on chr22q11.23 encompassing a human endogenous retrovirus exhibits marked upregulation in prostate tumors but not metastases.
  • FIG. 4 shows that prostate cancer ncRNAs populate the Chr8q24 gene desert.
  • a A schematic of the chr8q24 region.
  • b Comprehensive analysis of the chr8q24 region by RNA-Seq and ChIP-Seq reveals numerous transcripts supported by histone modifications, such as Acetyl-H3 and H3K4me3, demarcating active chromatin.
  • c RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing validation of the PCAT-1 exon-exon junction.
  • d The genomic location of PCAT-1 determined by 5′ and 3′ RACE.
  • PCAT-1 is a viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter splicing to a marniner family transposase that has been bisected by an Alu repeat (SEQ ID NOS. 10-13).
  • LTR viral long terminal repeat
  • SEQ ID NOS. 10-13 Alu repeat
  • qPCR on a panel of prostate and non-prostate samples shows prostate-specific expression and upregulation in prostate cancers and metastases compared to benign prostate samples.
  • FIG. 5 shows that ncRNAs serve as urine biomarkers for prostate cancer.
  • a-c Three ncRNAs displaying biomarker status in prostate cancer tissues were evaluated on a cohort of urine samples from 77 patients with prostate cancer and 31 controls with negative prostate biopsy results and absence of the TMPRSS2-ERG fusion transcript.
  • PCA3 (a); PCAT-1 (b); and PCAT-14 (c).
  • ncRNA non-coding RNA
  • FIG. 6 shows Ab initio assembly of the prostate cancer transcriptome.
  • FIG. 7 shows classification tree results for Chromosome 1.
  • the recursive regression and partitioning trees (rpart) machine learning algorithm was used to predict expressed transcripts versus background signal.
  • FIG. 8 shows transcript assembly of known genes. ab initio transcript assembly on prostate transcriptome sequencing data was used to reconstruct the known prostate transcriptome. a. SPINK1, a biomarker for prostate cancer. b. PRUNE2 with the PCA3 non-coding RNA within its intronic regions. c. NFKB1. d. COL9A2.
  • FIG. 9 shows analysis of EST support for exemplary transcripts.
  • ESTs from the UCSC database table “Human ESTs” were used to evaluate the amount of overlap between ESTs and novel transcripts.
  • a. A line graph showing the fraction of genes whose transcripts are supported by a particular fraction of ESTs.
  • b. A table displaying the number of ESTs supporting each class of transcripts
  • FIG. 10 shows analysis of coding potential of unannotated transcripts.
  • DNA sequences for each transcript were extracted and searched for open reading frames (ORFs) using the txCdsPredict program from the UCSC source tool set.
  • ORFs open reading frames
  • FIG. 11 shows repetitive content of novel transcripts. The percentage of repetitive sequences was assessed in all transcripts by calculating the percentage of repeat masked nucleotides in each sequence.
  • FIG. 12 shows distinct ChIP-Seq signatures for repeat-associated and nonrepeat novel ncRNAs. Unannotated transcripts were divided into two groups, repeat-associated and non-repeat, and intersected with ChIP-Seq data for Acetyl-H3 and H3K4me3, two histone modifications strongly associated with transcriptional start sites (TSS), in two prostate cancer cell lines.
  • a Acetyl-H3 in LNCaP cells.
  • H3K4me3 in LNCaP cells c.
  • H3K4me3 in VCaP cells aP cells.
  • FIG. 13 shows overlap of unannotated transcripts with ChIP-Seq data in VCaP cells.
  • Previously published ChIP-Seq data for VCaP prostate cancer cells were intersected with unannotated prostate cancer transcripts and annotated control genes.
  • a. H3K4me1 b. H3K36me3.
  • FIG. 14 shows overlap of unannotated transcripts with ChIP-Seq data in LNCaP cells.
  • ChIP-Seq data for LNCaP prostate cancer cells were intersected with unannotated transcripts and annotated control genes.
  • ncRNAs were divided into intergenic and intronic. a. H3K4me1 b. H3K4me2 c. H3K4me3 d. Acetyl-H3 e. H3K36me3 f. RNA polymerase II.
  • FIG. 15 shows validation of a novel transcript on chromosome 15.
  • a Coverage maps showing the average expression levels (RPKM) across the benign, localized tumor, and metastatic samples shows upregulation of a novel transcript downstream of TLE3.
  • b Several predicted isoforms of this transcript were nominated which retained common exons 1 and 2.
  • c The exon-exon boundary between exons 1 and 2, as well as an internal portion of exon 3, was validated by RT-PCR in prostate cell line models.
  • FIG. 16 shows clustering of prostate cancer with outliers. Transcripts with outlier profile scores in the top 10% were clustered using hierarchical trees.
  • FIG. 17 shows validation of novel transcripts in prostate cell lines. 11/14 unannotated transcripts selected for validation by RT-PCR and qPCR were confirmed in cell line models.
  • a RT-PCR gels showing expected bands for the 11 transcripts that validated.
  • b Representative qPCR results using primers selected from a. The primers used in b are indicated by a red asterisk in a.
  • FIG. 18 shows that PCAT-14 is upregulated by androgen signaling.
  • VCaP and LNCaP cells were treated 5 nM R1881 or vehicle (ethanol) control.
  • FIG. 19 shows that PCAT-14 is upregulated in matched tumor tissues.
  • Four matched tumor-normal patient tissue samples were assayed for PCAT-14 expression by qPCR.
  • FIG. 20 shows analysis of PCAT-14 transcript structure.
  • a Representative 5′RACE results using a 3′ primer confirms the presence of the sense transcript PCAT-14. Predicted novel transcripts are displayed above the RACE results.
  • b DNA sequence analysis of PCAT-14 indicates expected splice donor sites, splice acceptor sites, and a polyadenylation site (SEQ ID NOS. 14-17).
  • FIG. 21 shows analysis of PCAT-1 transcript structure. 5′ and 3′ RACE experiments showed a ncRNA transcript containing two exons (SEQ ID NOS. 18-19).
  • FIG. 22 shows that knockdown of PCAT-1 does not affect invasion or proliferation of VCaP cells.
  • VCaP cells were transfected with custom-made siRNAs targeting PCAT-1 or non-targeting controls.
  • b.-d. siRNAs 2-4 were tested for functional effect due to their higher efficiency of knockdown.
  • b. A cell proliferation assay performed with a Coulter counter shows no significant difference in cell proliferation following knockdown of PCAT-1.
  • a WST-1 assay indicates no change in VCaP cell viability following PCAT-1 knockdown.
  • a transmembrane invasion assay shows no change in VCaP cell invasiveness following PCAT-1 knockdown.
  • FIG. 23 shows transcription of two Alu elements in a CACNA1D intron.
  • a Coverage maps representing average expression in RPKM in benign samples, localized tumors, and prostate metastases.
  • b RPKM expression values for the CACNA1D Alu transcript across the prostate transcriptome sequencing cohort.
  • c RT-PCR validation of the Alu transcript in cell line models.
  • d Sanger sequencing confirmation of RT-PCR fragments verifies the presence of AluSp transcript sequence (SEQ ID NO. 20).
  • e Raw sequencing data of a portion of the AluSp sequence.
  • FIG. 24 shows transcription of numerous repeat elements at the SChLAP1 locus.
  • a Coverage maps representing repeat elements transcribed at the chr2q31.3 locus.
  • b RPKM expression expression values for the LINE-1 repeat region on chr2q31.3 across the prostate transcriptome sequencing cohort.
  • c RTPCR validation of the LINE-1 repetitive element in cell line models. A 402 by fragment was amplified.
  • d Sanger sequencing of the PCR fragment confirms identity of the LINE-1 amplicon (SEQ ID NO. 21).
  • FIG. 25 shows a heatmap of repeats clusters prostate cancer samples. Unannotated transcripts that contained repeat elements were used to cluster prostate cancer samples in an unsupervised manner.
  • FIG. 26 shows that the SChLAP1 locus spans >500 kb. Visualization of transcriptome sequencing data in the UCSC genome browser indicates that a large, almost 1 Mb section of chromosome 2 is highly activated in cancer, contributing to many individual transcripts regulated in a coordinated fashion.
  • FIG. 27 shows that the SChLAP1 locus is associated with ETS positive tumors.
  • FIG. 28 shows the sequence of PCAT-1 and PCAT-14 (SEQ ID NOS. 1-9).
  • FIG. 29 shows that PCAT-1 expression sensitizes prostate cancer cells to treatment with PARP-1 inhibitors.
  • (a-d) treatment with the PARP1 inhibitor olaparib (e-h) treatment with the PARP1 inhibitor ABT-888.
  • Stable PCAT-1 knockdown in LNCAP prostate cells reduces sensitivity to olaparib (a) and ABT-888 (e).
  • Stable overexpression in Du145 prostate cancer and RWPE benign prostate cells increases sensitivity to olaparib (b,c) and ABT-888 (f,g).
  • Overexpression of PCAT-1 in MCF7 breast cancer cells does not recapitulate this effect (d,h).
  • FIG. 30 shows that PCAT-1 expression sensitizes prostate cancer cells to radiation treatment.
  • Stable PCAT-1 knockdown in LNCAP prostate cells reduces sensitivity to radiation.
  • Stable overexpression in Du145 prostate cancer and RWPE benign prostate cells increases sensitivity to radiation.
  • Stable overexpression in MCF7 breast cancer cells does not recapitulate this effect.
  • FIG. 31 shows that unannotated intergenic transcripts differentiate prostate cancer and benign samples.
  • SChLAP-1 The genomic location and exon structure of SChLAP-1.
  • SChLAP-1 is located on chromosome 2 in a previously unannotated region.
  • Cell fractionation into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions demonstrates that SChLAP-1 is predominantly nuclear in its localization.
  • SChLAP-1 is a prostate cancer outlier associated with cancers.
  • FIG. 32 shows that SChLAP-1 is required for prostate cancer cell invasion and proliferation.
  • FIG. 33 shows that deletion analysis of SChLAP-1 identifies a region essential for its function.
  • RWPE cells overexpressing SChLAP-1 deletion constructs or full-length isoform #1 were generated as shown in the schematic of the constructs.
  • RWPE cells overexpressing SChLAP-1 deletion constructs demonstrated an impaired ability to invade through Matrigel, while the other deletion constructs showed no reduction in their ability to induce RWPE cell invasion compared to the wild type SChLAP-1.
  • FIG. 34 shows detection of prostate cancer RNAs in patient urine samples.
  • (a-e). (a) PCA3 (b) PCAT-14 (c) PCAT-1 (d) SChLAP-1 (e) PDLIM5
  • FIG. 35 shows multiplexing urine SChLAP-1 measurements with serum PSA improves prostate cancer risk stratification.
  • FIG. 36 shows analysis of the lung cancer transcriptome.
  • FIG. 37 shows discovery of M41 and ENST-75 in lung cancer.
  • M41 The genomic location of M41, which resides in an intron of DSCAM. M41 is poorly conserved across species.
  • qPCR of M41 demonstrates outlier expression in 15-20% of lung adenocarcinomas as well as high expression in breast cells.
  • ENST-75 The genomic location of ENST-75, which demonstrates high conservation across species.
  • qPCR of ENST-75 shows up-regulation in lung cancer but not breast or prostate cancers. High expression is observed in normal testis.
  • FIG. 38 shows lncRNAs are drivers and biomarkers in lung cancer.
  • Knockdown of ENST-75 in H1299 cells impairs cell proliferation. Error bars represent s.e.m.
  • (c) ENST-75 expression in lung adenocarcinomas stratifies patient overall survival.
  • FIG. 39 shows nomination of cancer-associated lncRNAs in breast and pancreatic cancer.
  • (a-c) (a) TU0011194 (b) TU0019356 (c) TU0024146 (d-f) Three novel pancreatic cancer lncRNAs nominated from RNA-Seq data. All show outlier expression patterns in pancreatic cancer samples but not benign samples.
  • detect may describe either the general act of discovering or discerning or the specific observation of a detectably labeled composition.
  • the term “subject” refers to any organisms that are screened using the diagnostic methods described herein. Such organisms preferably include, but are not limited to, mammals (e.g., murines, simians, equines, bovines, porcines, canines, felines, and the like), and most preferably includes humans.
  • mammals e.g., murines, simians, equines, bovines, porcines, canines, felines, and the like
  • diagnosis refers to the recognition of a disease by its signs and symptoms, or genetic analysis, pathological analysis, histological analysis, and the like.
  • a “subject suspected of having cancer” encompasses an individual who has received an initial diagnosis (e.g., a CT scan showing a mass or increased PSA level) but for whom the stage of cancer or presence or absence of ncRNAs indicative of cancer is not known. The term further includes people who once had cancer (e.g., an individual in remission). In some embodiments, “subjects” are control subjects that are suspected of having cancer or diagnosed with cancer.
  • the term “characterizing cancer in a subject” refers to the identification of one or more properties of a cancer sample in a subject, including but not limited to, the presence of benign, pre-cancerous or cancerous tissue, the stage of the cancer, and the subject's prognosis.
  • Cancers may be characterized by the identification of the expression of one or more cancer marker genes, including but not limited to, the ncRNAs disclosed herein.
  • the term “characterizing prostate tissue in a subject” refers to the identification of one or more properties of a prostate tissue sample (e.g., including but not limited to, the presence of cancerous tissue, the presence or absence of ncRNAs, the presence of pre-cancerous tissue that is likely to become cancerous, and the presence of cancerous tissue that is likely to metastasize).
  • tissues are characterized by the identification of the expression of one or more cancer marker genes, including but not limited to, the cancer markers disclosed herein.
  • stage of cancer refers to a qualitative or quantitative assessment of the level of advancement of a cancer. Criteria used to determine the stage of a cancer include, but are not limited to, the size of the tumor and the extent of metastases (e.g., localized or distant).
  • nucleic acid molecule refers to any nucleic acid containing molecule, including but not limited to, DNA or RNA.
  • the term encompasses sequences that include any of the known base analogs of DNA and RNA including, but not limited to, 4-acetylcytosine, 8-hydroxy-N6-methyladenosine, aziridinylcytosine, pseudoisocytosine, 5-(carboxyhydroxylmethyl) uracil, 5-fluorouracil, 5-bromouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouracil, 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluracil, dihydrouracil, inosine, N6-isopentenyladenine, 1-methyladenine, 1-methylpseudouracil, 1-methylguanine, 1-methylinosine, 2,2-dimethylguanine, 2-methyladenine, 2-methylguanine, 3-methylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenine,
  • gene refers to a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA) sequence that comprises coding sequences necessary for the production of a polypeptide, precursor, or RNA (e.g., rRNA, tRNA).
  • the polypeptide can be encoded by a full length coding sequence or by any portion of the coding sequence so long as the desired activity or functional properties (e.g., enzymatic activity, ligand binding, signal transduction, immunogenicity, etc.) of the full-length or fragments are retained.
  • the term also encompasses the coding region of a structural gene and the sequences located adjacent to the coding region on both the 5′ and 3′ ends for a distance of about 1 kb or more on either end such that the gene corresponds to the length of the full-length mRNA. Sequences located 5′ of the coding region and present on the mRNA are referred to as 5′ non-translated sequences. Sequences located 3′ or downstream of the coding region and present on the mRNA are referred to as 3′ non-translated sequences.
  • the term “gene” encompasses both cDNA and genomic forms of a gene.
  • a genomic form or clone of a gene contains the coding region interrupted with non-coding sequences termed “introns” or “intervening regions” or “intervening sequences.”
  • Introns are segments of a gene that are transcribed into nuclear RNA (hnRNA); introns may contain regulatory elements such as enhancers. Introns are removed or “spliced out” from the nuclear or primary transcript; introns therefore are absent in the messenger RNA (mRNA) transcript.
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • oligonucleotide refers to a short length of single-stranded polynucleotide chain. Oligonucleotides are typically less than 200 residues long (e.g., between 15 and 100), however, as used herein, the term is also intended to encompass longer polynucleotide chains. Oligonucleotides are often referred to by their length. For example a 24 residue oligonucleotide is referred to as a “24-mer”. Oligonucleotides can form secondary and tertiary structures by self-hybridizing or by hybridizing to other polynucleotides. Such structures can include, but are not limited to, duplexes, hairpins, cruciforms, bends, and triplexes.
  • the terms “complementary” or “complementarity” are used in reference to polynucleotides (i.e., a sequence of nucleotides) related by the base-pairing rules. For example, the sequence “5′-A-G-T-3′,” is complementary to the sequence “3′-T-C-A-5′.”
  • Complementarity may be “partial,” in which only some of the nucleic acids' bases are matched according to the base pairing rules. Or, there may be “complete” or “total” complementarity between the nucleic acids. The degree of complementarity between nucleic acid strands has significant effects on the efficiency and strength of hybridization between nucleic acid strands. This is of particular importance in amplification reactions, as well as detection methods that depend upon binding between nucleic acids.
  • a partially complementary sequence is a nucleic acid molecule that at least partially inhibits a completely complementary nucleic acid molecule from hybridizing to a target nucleic acid is “substantially homologous.”
  • the inhibition of hybridization of the completely complementary sequence to the target sequence may be examined using a hybridization assay (Southern or Northern blot, solution hybridization and the like) under conditions of low stringency.
  • a substantially homologous sequence or probe will compete for and inhibit the binding (i.e., the hybridization) of a completely homologous nucleic acid molecule to a target under conditions of low stringency.
  • low stringency conditions are such that non-specific binding is permitted; low stringency conditions require that the binding of two sequences to one another be a specific (i.e., selective) interaction.
  • the absence of non-specific binding may be tested by the use of a second target that is substantially non-complementary (e.g., less than about 30% identity); in the absence of non-specific binding the probe will not hybridize to the second non-complementary target.
  • hybridization is used in reference to the pairing of complementary nucleic acids. Hybridization and the strength of hybridization (i.e., the strength of the association between the nucleic acids) is impacted by such factors as the degree of complementary between the nucleic acids, stringency of the conditions involved, the T m of the formed hybrid, and the G:C ratio within the nucleic acids. A single molecule that contains pairing of complementary nucleic acids within its structure is said to be “self-hybridized.”
  • stringency is used in reference to the conditions of temperature, ionic strength, and the presence of other compounds such as organic solvents, under which nucleic acid hybridizations are conducted.
  • low stringency conditions a nucleic acid sequence of interest will hybridize to its exact complement, sequences with single base mismatches, closely related sequences (e.g., sequences with 90% or greater homology), and sequences having only partial homology (e.g., sequences with 50-90% homology).
  • intermediate stringency conditions a nucleic acid sequence of interest will hybridize only to its exact complement, sequences with single base mismatches, and closely relation sequences (e.g., 90% or greater homology).
  • a nucleic acid sequence of interest will hybridize only to its exact complement, and (depending on conditions such a temperature) sequences with single base mismatches. In other words, under conditions of high stringency the temperature can be raised so as to exclude hybridization to sequences with single base mismatches.
  • isolated when used in relation to a nucleic acid, as in “an isolated oligonucleotide” or “isolated polynucleotide” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that is identified and separated from at least one component or contaminant with which it is ordinarily associated in its natural source. Isolated nucleic acid is such present in a form or setting that is different from that in which it is found in nature. In contrast, non-isolated nucleic acids as nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA found in the state they exist in nature.
  • a given DNA sequence e.g., a gene
  • RNA sequences such as a specific mRNA sequence encoding a specific protein
  • isolated nucleic acid encoding a given protein includes, by way of example, such nucleic acid in cells ordinarily expressing the given protein where the nucleic acid is in a chromosomal location different from that of natural cells, or is otherwise flanked by a different nucleic acid sequence than that found in nature.
  • the isolated nucleic acid, oligonucleotide, or polynucleotide may be present in single-stranded or double-stranded form.
  • the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide will contain at a minimum the sense or coding strand (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may be single-stranded), but may contain both the sense and anti-sense strands (i.e., the oligonucleotide or polynucleotide may be double-stranded).
  • the term “purified” or “to purify” refers to the removal of components (e.g., contaminants) from a sample.
  • antibodies are purified by removal of contaminating non-immunoglobulin proteins; they are also purified by the removal of immunoglobulin that does not bind to the target molecule.
  • the removal of non-immunoglobulin proteins and/or the removal of immunoglobulins that do not bind to the target molecule results in an increase in the percent of target-reactive immunoglobulins in the sample.
  • recombinant polypeptides are expressed in bacterial host cells and the polypeptides are purified by the removal of host cell proteins; the percent of recombinant polypeptides is thereby increased in the sample.
  • sample is used in its broadest sense. In one sense, it is meant to include a specimen or culture obtained from any source, as well as biological and environmental samples. Biological samples may be obtained from animals (including humans) and encompass fluids, solids, tissues, and gases. Biological samples include blood products, such as plasma, serum and the like. Such examples are not however to be construed as limiting the sample types applicable to the present invention.
  • the present invention relates to compositions and methods for cancer diagnosis, research and therapy, including but not limited to, cancer markers.
  • the present invention relates to ncRNAs as diagnostic markers and clinical targets for prostate, lung, breast and pancreatic cancer.
  • RNA-Seq analyses of tissue samples and ab initio transcriptome assembly were utilized to predict the complete polyA+ transcriptome of prostate cancer. 6,144 novel ncRNAs found in prostate cancer were identified, including 121 ncRNAs that associated with disease progression ( FIGS. 1 , 2 , 16 and 25 ). These data demonstrate the global utility of RNA-Seq in defining functionally-important elements of the genome.
  • RNAs are activated in prostate cancer, enabling the transcription of numerous disease-specific and tissue-specific ncRNAs ( FIG. 5 g ).
  • these ncRNA signatures are suitable for urine-based assays to detect and diagnose prostate cancer in a non-invasive manner (See e.g., Example 1). It is further contemplated that specific ncRNA signatures occur universally in all disease states and applying these methodologies to other diseases reveals clinically important biomarkers, particularly for diseases that currently lack good protein biomarkers.
  • SChLAP1 locus which represents a >500 kb stretch of coordinately regulated expression
  • chr8q24 locus which contains a prostate specific region with the prostate cancer biomarker PCAT-1.
  • the fact that the SChLAP1 locus is almost exclusively expressed in prostate cancers harboring an ETS gene fusion further confirms the capacity of ncRNAs to identify patient disease subtypes.
  • these analyses reveal novel cancer-specific drivers of tumorigenesis.
  • the long ncRNA HOTAIR is known to direct cancer-promoting roles for EZH2 in breast cancer (Gupta et al., Nature 464 (7291), 1071 (2010)), while in the PC3 prostate cancer cell line a similar role has been proposed for the ANRIL ncRNA (Yap et al., Mol Cell 38 (5), 662 (2010)).
  • ncRNAs e.g., PCAT-1, PCAT-14, PCAT-43 and PCAT-109; SEQ ID NOs: 1-9. Exemplary, non-limiting methods are described below.
  • the sample may be tissue (e.g., a prostate biopsy sample or a tissue sample obtained by prostatectomy), blood, urine, semen, prostatic secretions or a fraction thereof (e.g., plasma, serum, urine supernatant, urine cell pellet or prostate cells).
  • a urine sample is preferably collected immediately following an attentive digital rectal examination (DRE), which causes prostate cells from the prostate gland to shed into the urinary tract.
  • DRE digital rectal examination
  • the patient sample is subjected to preliminary processing designed to isolate or enrich the sample for the ncRNAs or cells that contain the ncRNAs.
  • preliminary processing designed to isolate or enrich the sample for the ncRNAs or cells that contain the ncRNAs.
  • a variety of techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used for this purpose, including but not limited to: centrifugation; immunocapture; cell lysis; and, nucleic acid target capture (See, e.g., EP Pat. No. 1 409 727, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • ncRNAs may be detected along with other markers in a multiplex or panel format. Markers are selected for their predictive value alone or in combination with the gene fusions.
  • Exemplary prostate cancer markers include, but are not limited to: AMACR/P504S (U.S. Pat. No. 6,262,245); PCA3 (U.S. Pat. No. 7,008,765); PCGEM1 (U.S. Pat. No. 6,828,429); prostein/P501S, P503S, P504S, P509S, P510S, prostase/P703P, P710P (U.S. Publication No. 20030185830); RAS/KRAS (Bos, Cancer Res.
  • multiplex or array formats are utilized to detected multiple markers in combination.
  • the level of expression of two or more e.g., 10 or more, 25 or more, 50 or more, 100 or more or all 121) non-coding RNAs (ncRNA) selected from, for example, PCAT1, PCAT2, PCAT3, PCAT4, PCAT5, PCAT6, PCAT7, PCAT8, PCAT9, PCAT10, PCAT11, PCAT12, PCAT13, PCAT14, PCAT15, PCAT16, PCAT17, PCAT18, PCAT19, PCAT20, PCAT21, PCAT22, PCAT23, PCAT24, PCAT25, PCAT26, PCAT27, PCAT28, PCAT29, PCAT30, PCAT31, PCAT32, PCAT33, PCAT34, PCAT35, PCAT36, PCAT37, PCAT38, PCAT39, PCAT40, PCAT41, PCAT42, PCAT43, PCAT44, PCAT45, PCAT46, P
  • ncRNAs of the present invention are detected using a variety of nucleic acid techniques known to those of ordinary skill in the art, including but not limited to: nucleic acid sequencing; nucleic acid hybridization; and, nucleic acid amplification.
  • nucleic acid sequencing techniques include, but are not limited to, chain terminator (Sanger) sequencing and dye terminator sequencing.
  • chain terminator Sanger
  • dye terminator sequencing Those of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that because RNA is less stable in the cell and more prone to nuclease attack experimentally RNA is usually reverse transcribed to DNA before sequencing.
  • Chain terminator sequencing uses sequence-specific termination of a DNA synthesis reaction using modified nucleotide substrates. Extension is initiated at a specific site on the template DNA by using a short radioactive, or other labeled, oligonucleotide primer complementary to the template at that region.
  • the oligonucleotide primer is extended using a DNA polymerase, standard four deoxynucleotide bases, and a low concentration of one chain terminating nucleotide, most commonly a di-deoxynucleotide. This reaction is repeated in four separate tubes with each of the bases taking turns as the di-deoxynucleotide.
  • the DNA polymerase Limited incorporation of the chain terminating nucleotide by the DNA polymerase results in a series of related DNA fragments that are terminated only at positions where that particular di-deoxynucleotide is used.
  • the fragments are size-separated by electrophoresis in a slab polyacrylamide gel or a capillary tube filled with a viscous polymer. The sequence is determined by reading which lane produces a visualized mark from the labeled primer as you scan from the top of the gel to the bottom.
  • Dye terminator sequencing alternatively labels the terminators. Complete sequencing can be performed in a single reaction by labeling each of the di-deoxynucleotide chain-terminators with a separate fluorescent dye, which fluoresces at a different wavelength.
  • nucleic acid sequencing methods are contemplated for use in the methods of the present disclosure including, for example, chain terminator (Sanger) sequencing, dye terminator sequencing, and high-throughput sequencing methods. Many of these sequencing methods are well known in the art. See, e.g., Sanger et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:5463-5467 (1997); Maxam et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:560-564 (1977); Drmanac, et al., Nat. Biotechnol. 16:54-58 (1998); Kato, Int. J. Clin. Exp. Med.
  • nucleic acid hybridization techniques include, but are not limited to, in situ hybridization (ISH), microarray, and Southern or Northern blot.
  • In situ hybridization (ISH) is a type of hybridization that uses a labeled complementary DNA or RNA strand as a probe to localize a specific DNA or RNA sequence in a portion or section of tissue (in situ), or, if the tissue is small enough, the entire tissue (whole mount ISH).
  • DNA ISH can be used to determine the structure of chromosomes.
  • RNA ISH is used to measure and localize mRNAs and other transcripts (e.g., ncRNAs) within tissue sections or whole mounts.
  • ISH x-ray fluorescence microscopy
  • ISH can also use two or more probes, labeled with radioactivity or the other non-radioactive labels, to simultaneously detect two or more transcripts.
  • ncRNAs are detected using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).
  • FISH assays utilize bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs). These have been used extensively in the human genome sequencing project (see Nature 409: 953-958 (2001)) and clones containing specific BACs are available through distributors that can be located through many sources, e.g., NCBI. Each BAC clone from the human genome has been given a reference name that unambiguously identifies it. These names can be used to find a corresponding GenBank sequence and to order copies of the clone from a distributor.
  • BACs bacterial artificial chromosomes
  • the present invention further provides a method of performing a FISH assay on human prostate cells, human prostate tissue or on the fluid surrounding said human prostate cells or human prostate tissue.
  • Specific protocols are well known in the art and can be readily adapted for the present invention.
  • Guidance regarding methodology may be obtained from many references including: In situ Hybridization: Medical Applications (eds. G. R. Coulton and J. de Belleroche), Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston (1992); In situ Hybridization: In Neurobiology; Advances in Methodology (eds. J. H. Eberwine, K. L. Valentino, and J. D. Barchas), Oxford University Press Inc., England (1994); In situ Hybridization: A Practical Approach (ed. D. G.
  • kits that are commercially available and that provide protocols for performing FISH assays (available from e.g., Oncor, Inc., Gaithersburg, Md.).
  • Patents providing guidance on methodology include U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,326; 5,545,524; 6,121,489 and 6,573,043. All of these references are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety and may be used along with similar references in the art and with the information provided in the Examples section herein to establish procedural steps convenient for a particular laboratory.
  • DNA microarrays e.g., cDNA microarrays and oligonucleotide microarrays
  • protein microarrays e.g., cDNA microarrays and oligonucleotide microarrays
  • tissue microarrays e.g., tissue microarrays
  • transfection or cell microarrays e.g., cell microarrays
  • chemical compound microarrays e.g., antibody microarrays.
  • a DNA microarray commonly known as gene chip, DNA chip, or biochip, is a collection of microscopic DNA spots attached to a solid surface (e.g., glass, plastic or silicon chip) forming an array for the purpose of expression profiling or monitoring expression levels for thousands of genes simultaneously.
  • the affixed DNA segments are known as probes, thousands of which can be used in a single DNA microarray.
  • Microarrays can be used to identify disease genes or transcripts (e.g., ncRNAs) by comparing gene expression in disease and normal cells.
  • Microarrays can be fabricated using a variety of technologies, including but not limiting: printing with fine-pointed pins onto glass slides; photolithography using pre-made masks; photolithography using dynamic micromirror devices; ink-jet printing; or, electrochemistry on microelectrode arrays.
  • Southern and Northern blotting is used to detect specific DNA or RNA sequences, respectively.
  • DNA or RNA extracted from a sample is fragmented, electrophoretically separated on a matrix gel, and transferred to a membrane filter.
  • the filter bound DNA or RNA is subject to hybridization with a labeled probe complementary to the sequence of interest. Hybridized probe bound to the filter is detected.
  • a variant of the procedure is the reverse Northern blot, in which the substrate nucleic acid that is affixed to the membrane is a collection of isolated DNA fragments and the probe is RNA extracted from a tissue and labeled.
  • Nucleic acids may be amplified prior to or simultaneous with detection.
  • Illustrative non-limiting examples of nucleic acid amplification techniques include, but are not limited to, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), transcription-mediated amplification (TMA), ligase chain reaction (LCR), strand displacement amplification (SDA), and nucleic acid sequence based amplification (NASBA).
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • RT-PCR reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
  • TMA transcription-mediated amplification
  • LCR ligase chain reaction
  • SDA strand displacement amplification
  • NASBA nucleic acid sequence based amplification
  • RNA be reversed transcribed to DNA prior to amplification e.g., RT-PCR
  • other amplification techniques directly amplify RNA (e.g., TMA and NASBA).
  • PCR The polymerase chain reaction (U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,683,195, 4,683,202, 4,800,159 and 4,965,188, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), commonly referred to as PCR, uses multiple cycles of denaturation, annealing of primer pairs to opposite strands, and primer extension to exponentially increase copy numbers of a target nucleic acid sequence.
  • RT-PCR reverse transcriptase (RT) is used to make a complementary DNA (cDNA) from mRNA, and the cDNA is then amplified by PCR to produce multiple copies of DNA.
  • cDNA complementary DNA
  • TMA Transcription mediated amplification
  • a target nucleic acid sequence autocatalytically under conditions of substantially constant temperature, ionic strength, and pH in which multiple RNA copies of the target sequence autocatalytically generate additional copies.
  • TMA optionally incorporates the use of blocking moieties, terminating moieties, and other modifying moieties to improve TMA process sensitivity and accuracy.
  • the ligase chain reaction (Weiss, R., Science 254: 1292 (1991), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), commonly referred to as LCR, uses two sets of complementary DNA oligonucleotides that hybridize to adjacent regions of the target nucleic acid.
  • the DNA oligonucleotides are covalently linked by a DNA ligase in repeated cycles of thermal denaturation, hybridization and ligation to produce a detectable double-stranded ligated oligonucleotide product.
  • Strand displacement amplification (Walker, G. et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 392-396 (1992); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,270,184 and 5,455,166, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), commonly referred to as SDA, uses cycles of annealing pairs of primer sequences to opposite strands of a target sequence, primer extension in the presence of a dNTPaS to produce a duplex hemiphosphorothioated primer extension product, endonuclease-mediated nicking of a hemimodified restriction endonuclease recognition site, and polymerase-mediated primer extension from the 3′ end of the nick to displace an existing strand and produce a strand for the next round of primer annealing, nicking and strand displacement, resulting in geometric amplification of product.
  • Thermophilic SDA (tSDA) uses thermophilic endonucleases and polymer
  • amplification methods include, for example: nucleic acid sequence based amplification (U.S. Pat. No. 5,130,238, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), commonly referred to as NASBA; one that uses an RNA replicase to amplify the probe molecule itself (Lizardi et al., BioTechnol. 6: 1197 (1988), herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), commonly referred to as Q ⁇ replicase; a transcription based amplification method (Kwoh et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1173 (1989)); and, self-sustained sequence replication (Guatelli et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
  • Non-amplified or amplified nucleic acids can be detected by any conventional means.
  • the ncRNAs can be detected by hybridization with a detectably labeled probe and measurement of the resulting hybrids. Illustrative non-limiting examples of detection methods are described below.
  • Hybridization Protection Assay involves hybridizing a chemiluminescent oligonucleotide probe (e.g., an acridinium ester-labeled (AE) probe) to the target sequence, selectively hydrolyzing the chemiluminescent label present on unhybridized probe, and measuring the chemiluminescence produced from the remaining probe in a luminometer.
  • a chemiluminescent oligonucleotide probe e.g., an acridinium ester-labeled (AE) probe
  • AE acridinium ester-labeled
  • Another illustrative detection method provides for quantitative evaluation of the amplification process in real-time.
  • Evaluation of an amplification process in “real-time” involves determining the amount of amplicon in the reaction mixture either continuously or periodically during the amplification reaction, and using the determined values to calculate the amount of target sequence initially present in the sample.
  • a variety of methods for determining the amount of initial target sequence present in a sample based on real-time amplification are well known in the art. These include methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,303,305 and 6,541,205, each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Another method for determining the quantity of target sequence initially present in a sample, but which is not based on a real-time amplification is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,710,029, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Amplification products may be detected in real-time through the use of various self-hybridizing probes, most of which have a stem-loop structure.
  • Such self-hybridizing probes are labeled so that they emit differently detectable signals, depending on whether the probes are in a self-hybridized state or an altered state through hybridization to a target sequence.
  • “molecular torches” are a type of self-hybridizing probe that includes distinct regions of self-complementarity (referred to as “the target binding domain” and “the target closing domain”) which are connected by a joining region (e.g., non-nucleotide linker) and which hybridize to each other under predetermined hybridization assay conditions.
  • molecular torches contain single-stranded base regions in the target binding domain that are from 1 to about 20 bases in length and are accessible for hybridization to a target sequence present in an amplification reaction under strand displacement conditions.
  • hybridization of the two complementary regions, which may be fully or partially complementary, of the molecular torch is favored, except in the presence of the target sequence, which will bind to the single-stranded region present in the target binding domain and displace all or a portion of the target closing domain.
  • the target binding domain and the target closing domain of a molecular torch include a detectable label or a pair of interacting labels (e.g., luminescent/quencher) positioned so that a different signal is produced when the molecular torch is self-hybridized than when the molecular torch is hybridized to the target sequence, thereby permitting detection of probe:target duplexes in a test sample in the presence of unhybridized molecular torches.
  • a detectable label or a pair of interacting labels e.g., luminescent/quencher
  • Molecular beacons include nucleic acid molecules having a target complementary sequence, an affinity pair (or nucleic acid arms) holding the probe in a closed conformation in the absence of a target sequence present in an amplification reaction, and a label pair that interacts when the probe is in a closed conformation. Hybridization of the target sequence and the target complementary sequence separates the members of the affinity pair, thereby shifting the probe to an open conformation. The shift to the open conformation is detectable due to reduced interaction of the label pair, which may be, for example, a fluorophore and a quencher (e.g., DABCYL and EDANS).
  • Molecular beacons are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,925,517 and 6,150,097, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • probe binding pairs having interacting labels such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,862 (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety) might be adapted for use in the present invention.
  • Probe systems used to detect single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) might also be utilized in the present invention.
  • Additional detection systems include “molecular switches,” as disclosed in U.S. Publ. No. 20050042638, herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • Other probes, such as those comprising intercalating dyes and/or fluorochromes are also useful for detection of amplification products in the present invention. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,447 (herein incorporated by reference in its entirety).
  • a computer-based analysis program is used to translate the raw data generated by the detection assay (e.g., the presence, absence, or amount of a given marker or markers) into data of predictive value for a clinician.
  • the clinician can access the predictive data using any suitable means.
  • the present invention provides the further benefit that the clinician, who is not likely to be trained in genetics or molecular biology, need not understand the raw data.
  • the data is presented directly to the clinician in its most useful form. The clinician is then able to immediately utilize the information in order to optimize the care of the subject.
  • the present invention contemplates any method capable of receiving, processing, and transmitting the information to and from laboratories conducting the assays, information provides, medical personal, and subjects.
  • a sample e.g., a biopsy or a serum or urine sample
  • a profiling service e.g., clinical lab at a medical facility, genomic profiling business, etc.
  • any part of the world e.g., in a country different than the country where the subject resides or where the information is ultimately used
  • the subject may visit a medical center to have the sample obtained and sent to the profiling center, or subjects may collect the sample themselves (e.g., a urine sample) and directly send it to a profiling center.
  • the sample comprises previously determined biological information
  • the information may be directly sent to the profiling service by the subject (e.g., an information card containing the information may be scanned by a computer and the data transmitted to a computer of the profiling center using an electronic communication systems).
  • the profiling service Once received by the profiling service, the sample is processed and a profile is produced (i.e., expression data), specific for the diagnostic or prognostic information desired for the subject.
  • the profile data is then prepared in a format suitable for interpretation by a treating clinician.
  • the prepared format may represent a diagnosis or risk assessment (e.g., presence or absence of a ncRNA) for the subject, along with recommendations for particular treatment options.
  • the data may be displayed to the clinician by any suitable method.
  • the profiling service generates a report that can be printed for the clinician (e.g., at the point of care) or displayed to the clinician on a computer monitor.
  • the information is first analyzed at the point of care or at a regional facility.
  • the raw data is then sent to a central processing facility for further analysis and/or to convert the raw data to information useful for a clinician or patient.
  • the central processing facility provides the advantage of privacy (all data is stored in a central facility with uniform security protocols), speed, and uniformity of data analysis.
  • the central processing facility can then control the fate of the data following treatment of the subject. For example, using an electronic communication system, the central facility can provide data to the clinician, the subject, or researchers.
  • the subject is able to directly access the data using the electronic communication system.
  • the subject may chose further intervention or counseling based on the results.
  • the data is used for research use.
  • the data may be used to further optimize the inclusion or elimination of markers as useful indicators of a particular condition or stage of disease or as a companion diagnostic to determine a treatment course of action.
  • ncRNAs may also be detected using in vivo imaging techniques, including but not limited to: radionuclide imaging; positron emission tomography (PET); computerized axial tomography, X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging method, fluorescence detection, and chemiluminescent detection.
  • in vivo imaging techniques are used to visualize the presence of or expression of cancer markers in an animal (e.g., a human or non-human mammal).
  • cancer marker mRNA or protein is labeled using a labeled antibody specific for the cancer marker.
  • a specifically bound and labeled antibody can be detected in an individual using an in vivo imaging method, including, but not limited to, radionuclide imaging, positron emission tomography, computerized axial tomography, X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging method, fluorescence detection, and chemiluminescent detection.
  • an in vivo imaging method including, but not limited to, radionuclide imaging, positron emission tomography, computerized axial tomography, X-ray or magnetic resonance imaging method, fluorescence detection, and chemiluminescent detection.
  • the in vivo imaging methods of embodiments of the present invention are useful in the identification of cancers that express ncRNAs (e.g., prostate cancer). In vivo imaging is used to visualize the presence or level of expression of a ncRNA. Such techniques allow for diagnosis without the use of an unpleasant biopsy.
  • the in vivo imaging methods of embodiments of the present invention can further be used to detect metastatic cancers in other parts of the body.
  • reagents e.g., antibodies
  • specific for the cancer markers of the present invention are fluorescently labeled.
  • the labeled antibodies are introduced into a subject (e.g., orally or parenterally). Fluorescently labeled antibodies are detected using any suitable method (e.g., using the apparatus described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,198,107, herein incorporated by reference).
  • antibodies are radioactively labeled.
  • the use of antibodies for in vivo diagnosis is well known in the art. Sumerdon et al., (Nucl. Med. Biol 17:247-254 [1990] have described an optimized antibody-chelator for the radioimmunoscintographic imaging of tumors using Indium-111 as the label. Griffin et al., (J Clin Onc 9:631-640 [1991]) have described the use of this agent in detecting tumors in patients suspected of having recurrent colorectal cancer. The use of similar agents with paramagnetic ions as labels for magnetic resonance imaging is known in the art (Lauffer, Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 22:339-342 [1991]).
  • Radioactive labels such as Indium-111, Technetium-99m, or Iodine-131 can be used for planar scans or single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).
  • Positron emitting labels such as Fluorine-19 can also be used for positron emission tomography (PET).
  • PET positron emission tomography
  • paramagnetic ions such as Gadolinium (III) or Manganese (II) can be used.
  • Radioactive metals with half-lives ranging from 1 hour to 3.5 days are available for conjugation to antibodies, such as scandium-47 (3.5 days) gallium-67 (2.8 days), gallium-68 (68 minutes), technetiium-99m (6 hours), and indium-111 (3.2 days), of which gallium-67, technetium-99m, and indium-111 are preferable for gamma camera imaging, gallium-68 is preferable for positron emission tomography.
  • a useful method of labeling antibodies with such radiometals is by means of a bifunctional chelating agent, such as diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), as described, for example, by Khaw et al. (Science 209:295 [1980]) for In-111 and Tc-99m, and by Scheinberg et al. (Science 215:1511 [1982]).
  • DTPA diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid
  • Other chelating agents may also be used, but the 1-(p-carboxymethoxybenzyl)EDTA and the carboxycarbonic anhydride of DTPA are advantageous because their use permits conjugation without affecting the antibody's immunoreactivity substantially.
  • Another method for coupling DPTA to proteins is by use of the cyclic anhydride of DTPA, as described by Hnatowich et al. (Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 33:327 [1982]) for labeling of albumin with In-111, but which can be adapted for labeling of antibodies.
  • a suitable method of labeling antibodies with Tc-99m which does not use chelation with DPTA is the pretinning method of Crockford et al., (U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,546, herein incorporated by reference).
  • a method of labeling immunoglobulins with Tc-99m is that described by Wong et al. (Int. J. Appl. Radiat. Isot., 29:251 [1978]) for plasma protein, and recently applied successfully by Wong et al. (J. Nucl. Med., 23:229 [1981]) for labeling antibodies.
  • radiometals conjugated to the specific antibody it is likewise desirable to introduce as high a proportion of the radiolabel as possible into the antibody molecule without destroying its immunospecificity.
  • a further improvement may be achieved by effecting radiolabeling in the presence of the ncRNA, to insure that the antigen binding site on the antibody will be protected. The antigen is separated after labeling.
  • in vivo biophotonic imaging (Xenogen, Almeda, Calif.) is utilized for in vivo imaging.
  • This real-time in vivo imaging utilizes luciferase.
  • the luciferase gene is incorporated into cells, microorganisms, and animals (e.g., as a fusion protein with a cancer marker of the present invention). When active, it leads to a reaction that emits light.
  • a CCD camera and software is used to capture the image and analyze it.
  • compositions for use in the diagnostic methods described herein include, but are not limited to, probes, amplification oligonucleotides, and the like.
  • the probe and antibody compositions of the present invention may also be provided in the form of an array.
  • the present invention provides drug screening assays (e.g., to screen for anticancer drugs).
  • the screening methods of the present invention utilize ncRNAs.
  • the present invention provides methods of screening for compounds that alter (e.g., decrease) the expression or activity of ncRNAs.
  • the compounds or agents may interfere with transcription, by interacting, for example, with the promoter region.
  • the compounds or agents may interfere with mRNA (e.g., by RNA interference, antisense technologies, etc.).
  • the compounds or agents may interfere with pathways that are upstream or downstream of the biological activity of ncRNAs.
  • candidate compounds are antisense or interfering RNA agents (e.g., oligonucleotides) directed against ncRNAs.
  • candidate compounds are antibodies or small molecules that specifically bind to a ncRNAs regulator or expression products inhibit its biological function.
  • candidate compounds are evaluated for their ability to alter ncRNAs expression by contacting a compound with a cell expressing a ncRNA and then assaying for the effect of the candidate compounds on expression.
  • the effect of candidate compounds on expression of ncRNAs is assayed for by detecting the level ncRNA expressed by the cell.
  • mRNA expression can be detected by any suitable method.
  • Unannotated transcripts were nominated based upon their absence in the UCSC, RefSeq, ENSEMBL, ENCODE, and Vega databases. Differential expression was determined using the Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) algorithm (Tusher et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98 (9), 5116 (2001)) on log 2 mean expression in benign, cancer, and metastatic samples. Cancer outlier profile analysis (COPA) was performed as previously described (Tomlins et al., Science 310 (5748), 644 (2005)) with slight modifications. PCR experiments were performed according to standard protocols, and RACE was performed with the GeneRacer Kit (Invitrogen) according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • SAM Significance Analysis of Microarrays
  • COPA Cancer outlier profile analysis
  • ChIP-seq data was obtained from previously published data (Yu et al., Cancer Cell 17 (5), 443).
  • siRNA knockdown was performed with custom siRNA oligos (Dharmacon) with Oligofectamine (Invitrogen).
  • Transmembrane invasion assays were performed with Matrigel (BD Biosciences) and cell proliferation assays were performed by cell count with a Coulter counter.
  • Urine analyses were performed as previously described (Laxman et al., Cancer Res 68 (3), 645 (2008)) with minor modifications.
  • the benign immortalized prostate cell line RWPE as well as PC3, Du145, LNCaP, VCaP, 22Rv1, CWR22, C4-2B, NCI-660, MDA PCa 2b, WPMY-1, and LAPC-4 prostate cell lines were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (Manassas, Va.). Benign non-immortalized prostate epithelial cells (PrEC) and prostate smooth muscle cells (PrSMC) were obtained from Lonza (Basel, Switzerland). Cell lines were maintained using standard media and conditions. For androgen treatment experiments, LNCaP and VCaP cells were grown in androgen depleted media lacking phenol red and supplemented with 10% charcoal-stripped serum and 1% penicillin-streptomycin.
  • LNCaP CDS 1, 2, and 3 are androgen-independent subclones derived from extended cell culture in androgendepleted media.
  • VCaP and WPMY-1 cells were grown in DMEM (Invitrogen) and supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) with 1% penicillin-streptomycin.
  • FBS fetal bovine serum
  • NCI-H660 cells were grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 0.005 mg/ml insulin, 0.01 mg/ml transferring, 30 nM sodium selenite, 10 nM hydrocortisone, 10 nM beta-estradiol, 5% FBS and an extra 2 mM of L-glutamine (for a final concentration of 4 mM).
  • MDA PCa 2b cells were grown in F-12K medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 20% FBS, 25 ng/ml cholera toxin, 10 ng/ml EGF, 0.005 mM phosphoethanolamine, 100 ⁇ g/ml hydrocortisone, 45 nM selenious acid, and 0.005 mg/ml insulin.
  • LAPC-4 cells were grown in Iscove's media (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% FBS and 1 nM R1881.
  • C4-2B cells were grown in 80% DMEM supplemented with 20% F12, 5% FBS, 3 g/L NaCo 3 , 5 ⁇ g/ml insulin, 13.6 pg/ml triiodothyonine, 5 ⁇ g/ml transferrin, 0.25 ⁇ g/ml biotin, and 25 ⁇ g/ml adenine.
  • PrEC cells were grown in PrEGM supplemented with 2 ml BPE, 0.5 ml hydrocortisone, 0.5 ml EGF, 0.5 ml epinephrine, 0.5 ml transferring, 0.5 ml insulin, 0.5 ml retinoic acid, and 0.5 ml triiodothyronine, as part of the PrEGM BulletKit (Lonza).
  • PrSMC cells were grown in SmGM-2 media supplemented with 2 ml BPE, 0.5 ml hydrocortisone, 0.5 ml EGF, 0.5 ml epinephrine, 0.5 ml transferring, 0.5 ml insulin, 0.5 ml retinoic acid, and 0.5 ml triiodothyronine, as part of the SmGM-2 BulletKit (Lonza).
  • RNA integrity was measured using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer, and only samples with a RIN score >7.0 were advanced for library generation.
  • RNA was polyA+ selected using the OligodT beads provided by Ilumina and fragmented with the Ambion Fragmentation Reagents kit (Ambion, Austin, Tex.).
  • cDNA synthesis, end-repair, A-base addition, and ligation of the Illumina PCR adaptors were performed according to Illumina's protocol.
  • Libraries were then size-selected for 250-300 bp cDNA fragments on a 3.5% agarose gel and PCR-amplified using Phusion DNA polymerase (Finnzymes) for 15-18 PCR cycles. PCR products were then purified on a 2% agarose gel and gel-extracted. Library quality was credentialed by assaying each library on an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer of product size and concentration. Libraries were sequenced as 36-45mers on an Illumina Genome Analyzer I or Genome Analyzer II flowcell according to Illumina's protocol. All single read samples were sequenced on a Genome Analyzer I, and all paired-end samples were sequenced on a Genome Analyzer II.
  • Quantitative Real-time PCR was performed using Power SYBR Green Mastermix (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.) on an Applied Biosystems 7900HT Real-Time PCR System. All oligonucleotide primers were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, Iowa) and are listed in Table 13. The housekeeping gene, GAPDH, was used as a loading control. Fold changes were calculated relative to GAPDH and normalized to the median value of the benign samples.
  • RT-PCR Reverse-transcription PCR
  • PCR products were resolved on a 2% agarose gel. PCR products were either sequenced directly (if only a single product was observed) or appropriate gel products were extracted using a Gel Extraction kit (Qiagen) and cloned into pcr4-TOPO vectors (Invitrogen). PCR products were bidirectionally sequenced at the University of Michigan Sequencing Core using either gene-specific primers or M13 forward and reverse primers for cloned PCR products. All oligonucleotide primers were obtained from Integrated DNA Technologies (Coralville, Iowa) and are listed in Table 13.
  • RACE 5′ and 3′ RACE was performed using the GeneRacer RLM-RACE kit (Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
  • RACE PCR products were obtained using Platinum Taq High Fidelity polymerase (Invitrogen), the supplied GeneRacer primers, and appropriate gene-specific primers indicated in Table 13.
  • RACEPCR products were separated on a 2% agarose gels. Gel products were extracted with a Gel Extraction kit (Qiagen), cloned into pcr4-TOPO vectors (Invitrogen), and sequenced bidirectionally using M13 forward and reverse primers at the University of Michigan Sequencing Core. At least three colonies were sequenced for every gel product that was purified.
  • RNA 2 ⁇ g total RNA was selected for polyA+RNA using Sera-Mag oligo(dT) beads (Thermo Scientific), and paired-end next-generation sequencing libraries were prepared as previously described (Maher et al., supra) using Illumina-supplied universal adaptor oligos and PCR primers (Illumina) Samples were sequenced in a single lane on an Illumina Genome Analyzer II flowcell using previously described protocols (Maher et al., supra). 36-45 mer paired-end reads were according to the protocol provided by Illumina.
  • Cells were plated in 100 mM plates at a desired concentration and transfected with 20 ⁇ M experimental siRNA oligos or non-targeting controls twice, at 12 hours and 36 hours post-plating. Knockdowns were performed with Oligofectamine and Optimem. Knockdown efficiency was determined by qPCR. 72 hours post-transfection, cells were trypsinized, counted with a Coulter counter, and diluted to 1 million cells/mL. For proliferation assays, 200,000 cells were plated in 24-well plates and grown in regular media. 48 and 96 hours post-plating, cells were harvested and counted using a Coulter counter.
  • Matrigel was diluted 1:4 in serum-free media and 100 ⁇ L of the diluted Matrigel was applied to a Boyden chamber transmembrane insert and allowed to settle overnight at 37° C. 200,000 cells suspended in serum-free media were applied per insert and 500 ⁇ L of serum-containing media was placed in the bottom of the Boyden (fetal bovine serum functioning as a chemoattractant). Cells were allowed to invade for 48 hours, at which time inserts were removed and noninvading cells and Matrigel were gently removed with a cotton swab. Invading cells were stained with crystal violet for 15 minutes and air-dried.
  • Boyden fetal bovine serum functioning as a chemoattractant
  • the inserts were treated with 200 ⁇ l of 10% acetic acid and the absorbance at 560 nm was measured using a spectrophotometer.
  • WST-1 assays 20,000 cells were plated into 96-well plates and grown in 100 ⁇ L of serum-containing media. 48 and 96 hours post-plating, cells were measured for viability by adding 10 ⁇ L of WST-1 reagent to the cell media, incubating for 2 hours at 37° C. and measuring the absorbance at 450 nM using a spectrophotomer.
  • Urine samples were collected from 120 patients with informed consent following a digital rectal exam before either needle biopsy or radical prostatectomy at the University of Michigan with Institutional Review Board approval as described previously (Laxman et al., Cancer Res 68 (3), 645 (2008)). Isolation of RNA from urine and TransPlex whole transcriptome amplification were performed as described previously (Laxman et al., Neoplasia 8 (10), 885 (2006)). qPCR on urine samples was performed for KLK3 (PSA), TMPRSS2-ERG, GAPDH, PCA3, PCAT-1 and PCAT-14 using Power SYBR Mastermix (Applied Biosystems) as described above.
  • Raw Ct values were extracted and normalized in the following manner First, samples with GAPDH Ct values >25 or KLK3 Ct values >30 were removed from analysis to ensure sufficient prostate cell collection, leaving 10 8 samples for analysis. The GAPDH and KLK3 raw Ct values were average for each sample. ⁇ Ct analysis was performed by measuring each value against the average of CtGAPDH and CtKLK3, and ⁇ Ct values were normalized to the median ⁇ Ct of the benign samples. Fold change was then calculated at 2- ⁇ Ct. Samples were considered to be prostate cancer if histopathological analysis observed cancer or if the TMPRSS2-ERG transcript achieved a Ct value ⁇ 37. Benign samples were defined as samples with normal histology and TMPRSS2-ERG transcript Ct values >37.
  • TopHat aligns reads to the human genome using Bowtie (Langmead et al., Genome Biol 10, R25 (2009)) to determine a set of “coverage islands” that may represent putative exons. TopHat uses these exons as well as the presence of GT-AG genomic splicing motifs to build a second set of reference sequences spanning exon-exon junctions.
  • the unmapped reads from the initial genome alignment step are then remapped against this splice junction reference to discover all the junction-spanning reads in the sample.
  • TopHat outputs the reads that successfully map to either the genome or the splice junction reference in SAM format for further analysis.
  • a maximum intron size of 500 kb corresponding to over 99.98% of RefSeq (Wheeler et al. Nucleic Acids Res 28, 10-4 (2000)) introns was used.
  • the insert size was determined using an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer prior to data analysis, and it was found that this insert size agreed closely with software predictions. An insert size standard deviation of 20 bases was chosen in order to match the most common band size cut from gels during library preparation.
  • Cufflinks Aligned reads from TopHat were assembled into sample-specific transcriptomes with Cufflinks version 0.8.2 (Mar. 26, 2010) (Trapnell et al., Nat Biotechnol 28, 511-5). Cufflinks assembles exonic and splice-junction reads into transcripts using their alignment coordinates. To limit false positive assemblies a maximum intronic length of 300 kb, corresponding to the 99.93% percentile of known introns was used. After assembling transcripts, Cufflinks computes isoform-level abundances by finding a parsimonious allocation of reads to the transcripts within a locus. Transcripts with abundance less than 15% of the major transcript in the locus, and minor isoforms with abundance less than 5% of the major isoform were filtered. Default settings were used for the remaining parameters.
  • the Cufflinks assembly stage yielded a set of transcript annotations for each of the sequenced libraries.
  • the transcripts were partitioned by chromosome and the Cuffcompare utility provided by Cufflinks was used to merge the transcripts into a combined set of annotations.
  • the Cuffcompare program performs a union of all transcripts by merging transcripts that share all introns and exons. The 5′ and 3′ exons of transcripts were allowed to vary by up to 100 nt during the comparison process.
  • Cuffcompare reported a total of 8.25 million distinct transcripts. Manual inspection of these transcripts in known protein coding gene regions indicated that most of the transcripts were likely to be poor quality reconstructions of overlapping larger transcripts. Also, many of the transcripts were unspliced and had a total length smaller than the size selected fragment length of approximately ⁇ 250 nt. Furthermore, many of these transcripts were only present in a single sample. A statistical classifier to predict transcripts over background signal was designed to identify highly recurrent transcripts that may be altered in prostate cancer. AceView (Gold-Mieg et al. Genome Biol 7 Suppl 1, S12 1-14 (2006)) were used.
  • the statistical classifier predicted a total 2.88 million (34.9%) transcript fragments as “expressed” transcripts.
  • a program was developed to extend and merge intron-redundant transcripts to produce a minimum set of transcripts that describes the assemblies produced by Cufflinks.
  • the merging step produced a total of 123,554 independent transcripts. Tanscript abundance levels were re-computed for these revised transcripts in Reads per Kilobase per Million (RPKM) units. These expression levels were used for the remainder of the study.
  • RPKM Kilobase per Million
  • Transcripts that lacked a completely unambiguous genomic DNA stretch of at least 40 nt were also removed. Genomic uniqueness was measured using the Rosetta uniqueness track downloaded from the UCSC genome browser website. Transcripts that were not present in at least 5% of the cohort (>5 samples) at more than 5.0 RPKM were retained.
  • transcripts were observed that were interrupted by poorly mappable genomic regions. Additionally, for low abundance genes fragmentation due to the lack of splice junction or paired-end read evidence needed to connect nearby fragments were observed.
  • the difference in the Pearson correlation between expression of randomly chosen exons on the same transcript versus expression of spatially proximal exons on different transcripts was measured and it was found that in the cohort, a Pearson correlation >0.8 had a positive predictive value (PPV) of >95% for distinct exons to be part of the same transcript.
  • PPV positive predictive value
  • transcripts produced by the bioinformatics pipeline were classified by comparison with a comprehensive list of “annotated” transcripts from UCSC, RefSeq, ENCODE, Vega, and Ensembl.
  • transcripts corresponding to processed pseudogenes were separated. This was done to circumvent a known source of bias in the TopHat read aligner.
  • TopHat maps reads to genomic DNA in its first step, predisposing exon-exon junction reads to align to their spliced retroposed pseudogene homologues.
  • transcripts with >1 bp of overlap with at least one annotated gene on the correct strand were designated “annotated”, and the remainder were deemed “unannotated”.
  • Transcripts with no overlap with protein coding genes were subdivided into intronic, intergenic, or partially intronic antisense categories based on their relative genomic locations.
  • transcripts into “repeat” and “non-repeat” transcripts the genomic DNA corresponding to the transcript exons was extracted and the fraction of repeat-masked nucleotides in each sequence were calculated.
  • RepMask 3.2.7 UCSC Genome Browser track was used. It was observed that transcripts enriched with repetitive DNA tended to be poorly conserved and lacked ChIP-seq marks of active chromatin ( FIG. 12 ). Transcripts containing >25% repetitive DNA ( FIG. 11 ) were separated for the purposes of the ChIP-seq and conservation analyses discussed below.
  • the SiPhy package (Garber et al. Bioinformatics 25, i54-62 (2009)) was used to estimate the locate rate of variation ( ⁇ ) of all non-repetitive transcript exons across 29 placental mammals. The program was run as described on the SiPhy website.
  • H3K4me3-H3K36me3 chromatin signature used to identify lincRNAs was determined from the peak coordinates by associating each H3K4me3 peak with the closest H3K36me3-enriched region up to a maximum of 10 kb away.
  • the enhancer signature was determined by subtracting the set of overlapping H3K4me3 peaks from the entire set of H3K4me1 peaks.
  • a modified COPA analysis was performed on the 81 tissue samples in the cohort. RPKM expression values were used and shifted by 1.0 in order to avoid division by zero.
  • the COPA analysis had the following steps (MacDonald & Ghosh, Bioinformatics 22, 2950-1 (2006); Tomlins et al. Science 310, 644-8 (2005)): 1) gene expression values were median centered, using the median expression value for the gene across the all samples in the cohort. This sets the gene's median to zero. 2) The median absolute deviation (MAD) was calculated for each gene, and then each gene expression value was scaled by its MAD. 3) The 80, 85, 90, 98 percentiles of the transformed expression values were calculated for each gene and the average of those four values was taken.
  • genes were rank ordered according to this “average percentile”, which generated a list of outliers genes arranged by importance. 4) Finally, genes showing an outlier profile in the benign samples were discarded.
  • Six novel transcripts ranked as both outliers and differentially-expressed genes in the analyses. These six were manually classified either as differentially-expressed or outlier status based on what each individual's distribution across samples indicated.
  • each exon was padded by ⁇ 0 bp, 50 bp, 100 bp, or 500 by of additional genomic sequence before intersecting the exons with repeat elements in the RepeatMasker 3.2.7 database. It was observed that padding by more than 50 bp did not improve enrichment results and padded exons by ⁇ 50 bp in subsequent analyses and tests (Table 9). Finally, the Shapiro-Wilk test for normality was performed and it was verified that the number of matches to highly abundant repetitive element types was approximately normally distributed.
  • RNA-Seq Transcriptome sequencing
  • transcriptome was compared to the UCSC, Ensembl, Refseq, Vega, and ENCODE gene databases to identify and categorize transcripts. While the majority of the transcripts (77.3%) corresponded to annotated protein coding genes (72.1%) and noncoding RNAs (5.2%), a significant percentage (19.8%) lacked any overlap and were designated “unannotated” ( FIG. 1 a ). These included partially intronic antisense (2.44%), totally intronic (12.1%), and intergenic transcripts (5.25%).
  • non-repeat transcripts showed strong enrichment for histone marks of active transcription at their putative transcriptional start sites (TSSs), repeat-associated transcripts showed virtually no enrichment ( FIG. 12 ), and for the remaining ChIP-Seq analyses non-repeat transcripts only were considered.
  • TSSs putative transcriptional start sites
  • FIG. 12 ChIP-Seq analyses non-repeat transcripts only were considered.
  • strong enrichment for histone modifications characterizing TSSs and active transcription including H3K4me2, H3K4me3, Acetyl-H3 and RNA Polymerase II ( FIG. 1 d - g ) but not H3K4me1 was observed, which characterizes enhancer regions ( FIGS. 13 and 14 ).
  • Intergenic ncRNAs performed much better in these analyses than intronic ncRNAs ( FIG.
  • ncRNAs represented 7.4% of differentially-expressed genes, including the ncRNA PCA334, which resides within an intron of the PRUNE2 gene and ranked #4 overall (12.2 fold change; adj. p ⁇ 2 ⁇ 10-4, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Benjamini-Hochberg correction) ( FIG. 8 ). Finally, 9.8% of differentially-expressed genes corresponded to unannotated ncRNAs, including 3.2% within gene introns and 6.6% in intergenic regions, indicating that these species contribute significantly to the complexity of the prostate cancer transcriptome.
  • RNA-Seq library generation Methods for RNA-Seq library generation.
  • PCAT-14 but not PCAT-109 or PCAT-43, also showed differential expression when tested on a panel of matched tumor-normal samples, indicating that this transcript, which is comprised of an endogenous retrovirus in the HERV-K family (Bannert and Kurth, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101 Suppl 2, 14572 (2004)), can be used as a somatic marker for prostate cancer ( FIG. 19 ).
  • 5′ and 3′ rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) at this locus revealed the presence of individual viral protein open reading frames (ORFs) and a transcript splicing together individual ORF 5′ untranslated region (UTR) sequences ( FIG. 20 ).
  • ncRNA resided in the chromosome 8q24 gene desert nearby to the c-Myc oncogene.
  • This ncRNA termed PCAT-1, is located on the edge of the prostate cancer susceptibility region 240-43 ( FIG. 4 a ) and is about 0.5 Mb away from c-Myc.
  • This transcript is supported by clear peaks in H3K4me3, Acetyl-H3, and RNA polymerase II ChIP-Seq data ( FIG. 4 b ).
  • the exon-exon junction in cell lines was validated by RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing of the junction ( FIG. 4 c ), and 5′ and 3′ RACE was performed to elucidate transcript structure ( FIG.
  • PCAT-1 is a mariner family transposase (Oosumi et al., Nature 378 (6558), 672 (1995); Robertson et al., Nat Genet 12 (4), 360 (1996)) interrupted by an Alu retrotransposon and regulated by a viral long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter region ( FIG. 4 d and FIG. 21 ).
  • LTR long terminal repeat
  • PCAT-1 expression is specific to prostate tissue, with striking upregulation in prostate cancers and metastases compared to benign prostate tissue ( FIG. 4 e ).
  • PCAT-1 ranks as the second best overall prostate cancer biomarker, just behind AMACR (Table 3), indicating that this transcript is a powerful discriminator of this disease.
  • RNA interference was performed in VCaP cells using custom siRNAs targeting PCAT-1 sequences and no change in the cell proliferation or invasion upon PCAT-1 knockdown was observed ( FIG. 22 )
  • RNA-Seq platforms enable discovery and quantification of specific transposable elements expressed in cancer. As described above, it was observed that >50% of unannotated exons in the assembly overlap with at least one repetitive element ( FIG. 11 ).
  • This locus termed Second Chromosome Locus Associated with Prostate-1 (SChLAP1), harbors transcripts that perform extremely well in outlier analyses for prostate cancer (Tables 6 and 7).
  • PCAT-109 discussed above, is one outlier transcript in this region.
  • the SChLAP1 locus is highly associated with patients positive for ETS gene fusions (p ⁇ 0.0001, Fisher's exact test, FIG. 27 ), whereas this association was not observed with other expressed repeats.
  • a direct regulatory role for ERG on this region was not identified using siRNA-mediated knockdown of ERG in the VCaP cell line.
  • FIG. 5 a - c qPCR analysis led to an observation of specificity in their ability to detect prostate cancer patients and not patients with normal prostates.
  • FIGS. 5 a and 5 c patients with ETS-negative prostate cancer that were misclassified as “benign” are clearly evident ( FIGS. 5 a and 5 c ).
  • FIG. 34 shows detection of prostate cancer RNAs in patient urine samples using qPCR. All RNA species were detectable in urine.
  • FIG. 35 shows that multiplexing urine SChLAP-1 measurements with serum PSA improves prostate cancer risk stratification. Individually, SChLAP-1 is a predictor for prostate cancers with intermediate or high clinical risk of aggressiveness. Multiplexing this measurement with serum PSA improves upon serum PSA's ability to predict for more aggressive disease.
  • FIG. 29 demonstrates that PCAT-1 expression sensitizes prostate cancer cells to treatment with PARP-1 inhibitors.
  • FIG. 30 demonstrates that PCAT-1 expression sensitizes prostate cells to radiation treatment.
  • FIG. 31 demonstrates that unannotated intergeic transcripts in SChLAP-1 differentiate prostate cancer and benign samples.
  • FIG. 32 demonstrates that SChLAP-1 is required for prostate cancer cell invasion and proliferation. Prostate cell lines, but not non-prostate cells, showed a reduction in invasion by Boyden chamber assays. EZH2 and non-targeting siRNAs served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Deletion analysis of SChLAP-1 was performed.
  • FIG. 33 shows that a regionessential for its function was identified.
  • FIG. 36 Analysis of the lung cancer transcriptome ( FIG. 36 ) was performed. 38 lung cell lines were analyzed by RNA-Seq and then lncRNA transcripts were reconstructed. Unannotated transcripts accounted for 27% of all transcripts. Novel transcripts well more highly expressed than annotated ncRNAs but not protein-coding transcripts. An outlier analyses of 13 unannotated transcripts shows novel lncRNAs in subtypes of lung cancer cell lines.
  • FIG. 37 shows discovery of M41 and ENST-75 ncRNAs in lung cancer.
  • FIG. 38 shows that lncRNAs are drivers and biomarkers in lung cancer.
  • FIG. 39 shows identification of cancer-associated lncRNAs in breast and pancreatic cancer.
  • RNA-Seq data Three novel breast cancer lncRNAs were nominated from RNA-Seq data (TU0011194, TU0019356, and TU0024146. All show outlier expression patterns in breast cancer samples but not benign samples.
  • Three novel pancreatic cancer lncRNAs were nominated from RNA-Seq data (TU0009141, TU0062051, and TU0021861). All show outlier expression patterns in pancreatic cancer samples but not benign samples.
  • TU_0078322_0 chr12 32280254-32260805 4.52 6.82 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0101270_0 chr21 41853044-41875166 9.82 6.79 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0027326_0 chrX 16874726-17077384 3.31 6.79 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0092114_0 chr11 60223535-60239968 7.48 6.65 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0044448_0 chr13 51509122-51537693 4.77 6.59 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0080728_0 chr12 120142512-120219979 3.26 6.13 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0123088_0 chr2 238164428-238165452 4.22 6.12
  • PROTEIN UPREG TU_0101111_0 chr21: 36989329-37045253 4.04 6.04
  • PROTEIN UPREG TU_0090152_0 chr11: 4965638-4969515 6.38 5.99
  • PROTEIN UPREG TU_0101113_0 chr21: 36994126-37045253 3.76 5.98 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0045026_0 chr13 94680907-94668260 3.68 5.97 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0101274_0 chr21 41869930-41870631 8.95 5.88 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0046239_0 chr4 1181913-1189142 4.28 5.87 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0101308_0 chr21 42605257-42608791 4.97 5.83 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0084137_0 chr5 13981150-13997615 3.91 5.80
  • TU_0084127_0 chr5 13882635-13892514 4.95
  • TU_0101119_0 chr21 37034016-37045253 3.56
  • TU_0054919_0 chr16 88188842-88191143 3.48
  • TU_0126563_0 chr2 172658361-172662549 27.56 5.88 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0044977_0 chr13 94524392-94621526 3.64 5.64 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0052614_0 chr16 20542057-20818514 8.85 5.63 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0084308_0 chr5 15839476-15955226 7.46 5.61
  • TU_0060406_0 chr1 28134091-28158290 3.03
  • TU_0060407_0 chr1 28155047-28175460 2.41 5.60 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0100252_0 chr9 96357168-96369978 5.00 5.58 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0034719_0 chr14 73490756-73555773 2.51 5.57 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0070457_0 chr20 2258975-2269890 6.49 5.56 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0114240_0 chr2 1534883-1538193 5.25 5.54
  • TU_0087676_0 chr5 138643394-138648458 2.75 5.50 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0084138_0 chr5 13976388-13981285 4.03 5.48 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0046237_0 chr4 1162036-1195588 4.29 5.47 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0060421_0 chr1 28157480-28158290 3.12 5.44 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0061436_0 chr1 37954250-37957136 2.66 5.41
  • TU_0044894_0 chr13 94476096-94752898 2.85 5.38 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0043059_0 chr13 94638351-94639152 2.93 5.28 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0075807_0 chr10 101676895-101680049 2.61 5.27
  • TU_0078255_0 chr12 32150992-32421799 3.02 5.26
  • TU_0103019_0 chr9 87826642-87905011 2.77 5.22
  • TU_0046244_0 chr4 1185645-1216291 3.51 5.21 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0075664_0 chr10 98752046-98935267 4.15 5.20 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0090949_0 chr11 24475021-25059245 3.50 5.19 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0099864_0 chr8 128094589-128103681 3.56 5.17
  • TU_0030278_0 chrX 106690714-106735138 3.52 5.16
  • TU_0090128_0 chr11 4654012-4675667 5.26 5.15 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0049368_0 chr4 106772318-106772770 3.40 5.03 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0115204_0 chr2 27175274-27195587 2.37 4.99
  • TU_0115205_0 chr2 27163593-27178264 2.49 4.98
  • TU_0062443_0 chr1 46418568-46424753 1.95 4.96
  • TU_0072027_0 chr20 35064872-36007156 3.91 4.95 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0086706_0 chr5 116818427-116835522 2.91 4.92 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0084136_0 chr5 13972327-13976415 3.37 4.91
  • TU_0042761_0 chr13 23200813-23363662 3.54 4.90
  • TU_0114168_0 chr15 99658271-99847175 2.25 4.89 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0018764_0 chr17 71650143-71652049 6.28 4.86 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0085832_0 chr5 76150810-78167655 3.54 4.86 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0030142_0 chr11 4748677-4760103 12.08 4.86 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0103018_0 chr9 87745936-87851451 2.41 4.83 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0096472_0 chr11 133844590-133862924 6.85 4.82 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0023229_0 chrX 70349443-70377690 2.34 4.81 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0084305_0 chr5 15836315-15947088 5.37 4.78 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0024934_0 chr19 54352845-54407356 1.88 4.77 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0095473_0 chr11 133844590-133852395 6.96 4.76 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0003239_0 chr7 7362390-7537552 3.00 4.73 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0000022_0 chr6 1567540-2190842 2.14 4.72 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0085193_0 chr1 145122471-145183544 2.72 4.72 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0061439_0 chr1 37954250-37971671 2.46 4.71 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0096470_0 chr11 133841573-133880753 6.44 4.70 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0046219_0 chr4 993725-995190 3.50 4.69 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0078788_0 chr12 32393283-32405731 2.47 4.67 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0101115_0 chr21 37000839-37005920 3.31 4.67 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0099884_0 chr8 128301493-128307578 2.65 4.56
  • TU_0008459_0 chr7 23885581-23708358 1.70 4.54
  • PROTEIN UPREG TU_0042767_0 chr13: 23186656-23204319 4.82 4.64 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0061430_0 chr1 37930752-37957012 2.30 4.64 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0079451_0 chr12 52696814-52736068 3.77 4.64 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0069545_0 chr2 226711356-226712534 2.36 4.63 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0045837_0 chr13 113151233-118151444 3.73 4.61 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0101138_0 chr21 38994126-37804810 3.54 4.61 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0049362_0 chr4 106693102-106771686 3.06 4.58 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0055044_0 chr16 88589437-88613428 2.23 4.55 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0038605_0 chr3 52689830-52704551 1.54 4.55 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0062653_0 chr1 51756544-51799759 2.52 4.54 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0080359_0 chr12 63512292-65558861 1.87 4.53 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0012481_0 chr7 111155336-111217889 2.04
  • TU_0076356_0 chr10 116970327-116995963 10.34
  • TU_0099892_0 chr8 128817416-128822629 2.33 4.51 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0060484_0 chr1 28766931-28707187 2.53 4.51 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0046732_0 chr4 1147069-1175181 2.75 4.50 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0107858_0 chr22 40664589-40573116 2.27 4.50 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0042794_0 chr13 23228583-25228659 3.47 4.49
  • TU_0057850_0 chr1 1523259-1525323 2.80 4.48
  • TU_0023156_0 chr19 40109515-40127909 2.56 4.48 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0102821_0 chr9 78263916-78312152 2.98 4.48 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0081653_0 chr12 108638297-108780791 2.90 4.47 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0049370_0 chr4 106776991-106847637 2.15 4.47 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0047672_0 chr4 41807710-41840313 2.51 4.47 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0114959_0 chr2 24865850-24869912 1.68 4.46 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0037043_0 chr3 13332730-13436812 1.77 4.46 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0087443_0 chr5 135257637-135247034 4.09 4.46 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0086635_0 chr5 114489075-114543906 2.02 4.43 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0107859_0 chr22 40664589-40665721 2.38 4.42 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0067165_0 chr1 160797907-160845987 1.81 4.40 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0020146_0 chr10 3728970-3737293 2.53 4.39 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0107642_0 chr22 39046992-39047479 1.69 4.38 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0016185_0 chr17 31415814-31422953 3.69 4.38 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0104717_0 chr9 130697833-130698832 2.79 4.36 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0052105_0 chr16 4785874-4786488 2.99 4.36 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0058663_0 chr1 21795295-21850855 1.99 4.35 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0108056_0 chr22 43527112-46638770 1.74 4.34 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0098781_0 chr11 67151991-67154057 2.48 4.33 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0085924_0 chr5 126233852-126241807 2.89 4.32 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0048191_0 chr4 72423780-72424347 2.93 4.32 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0034727_0 chr14 73508223-73508442 2.29 4.32 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0096297_0 chr11 128342286-128353900 1.84 4.31 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0007829_0 chr2 3625233-4275129 4.39 4.30 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0115216_0 chr2 27179274-27177799 2.02 4.27 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0018409_0 chr17 66013419-65059811 2.02 4.26 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0090847_0 chr8 126511614-126519830 2.75 4.25 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0035182_0 chr14 81062791-81063412 2.22 4.25 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0040936_0 chr3 155391785-155458298 2.10 4.26 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0027558_0 chrX 23595491-23614435 1.66 4.25 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0076460_0 chr10 121248954-121292235 1.68 4.24 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0067170_0 chr1 160826739-160826994 2.10 4.23 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0303050_0 chr9 89409881-89512477 2.30 4.23 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0090960_0 chr11 25059388-25060757 3.85 4.23 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0072165_0 chr20 40142077-40204030 4.69 4.22 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0044687_0 chr13 74756644-74954891 2.04 4.21 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0096477_0 chr11 133479414-133850753 4.43 4.21 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0093947_0 chr11 68208575-68215218 1.41 4.20 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0103253_0 chr9 96405246-96442373 1.69 4.20 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0091863_0 chr11 57008498-57039966 2.69 4.20 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0106199_0 chr22 18300042-15014411 3.94 4.20 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0090140_0 chr11 4748163-4759145 6.33 4.20 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0103051_0 chr9 89302442-89405899 2.37 4.19 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0078290_0 chr12 32594534-32410838 3.20 4.19 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0029336_0 chrX 70869659-70712461 1.70 4.18 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0092155_0 chr11 60871597-60886554 1.80 4.18 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0095597_0 chr11 114549577-114880335 1.75 4.18 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0079770_0 chr12 55040665-55042824 4.25 4.16 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0000263_0 chr6 4060929-4080831 1.56 4.16 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0040394_0 chr3 133418532-133441282 3.46 4.16 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0066594_0 chr1 154245443-154257368 1.40 4.15 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0099852_0 chr8 126515081-126519830 2.81 4.15 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0100363_0 chr8 144891741-144899588 2.24 4.14 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0095461_0 chr11 133751095-133757235 2.10 4.13 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0044488_0 chr13 51641093-51641310 2.76 4.13 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0048990_0 chr4 95592056-95804933 2.30 4.13 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0078293_0 chr12 32396393-32414822 2.90 4.13 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0046202_0 chr4 991841-1010686 2.57 4.12 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0091866_0 chr11 57008498-57010253 2.54 4.12 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0011133_0 chr7 94378726-94759741 1.77 4.12 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0122941_0 chr2 234410713-234427931 3.28 4.12 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0084131_0 chr5 13929880-13953380 2.62 4.12 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0084142_0 chr5 14017046-14021379 3.59 4.11 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0087955_0 chr5 140931545-140931565 2.00 4.10 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0085953_0 chr5 79410392-79410389 3.35 4.10
  • TU_0022288_0 chr19 18357973-18360121 2.75 4.09 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0085951_0 chr5 79366959-79414885 3.01 4.09 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0060849_0 chr1 32572021-32574435 1.81 4.09 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0087441_0 chr5 134934290-134942617 2.74 4.09 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0042725_0 chr13 23148223-23200551 4.96 4.09 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0039018_0 chr3 66510505-66634168 1.68 4.08 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0022290_0 chr19 18357973-18359195 2.64 4.07 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0100684_0 chr8 146190487-146191030 1.89 4.06 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0042974_0 chr13 26148671-26148967 2.81 4.06 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0084308_0 chr5 15938753-15949124 4.08 4.06 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0082746_0 chr12 120197102-120197416 4.97 4.06 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0014355_0 chr17 2650561-2887730 1.92 4.05 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0114110_0 chr15 99250537-99274351 2.01 4.05 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0096341_0 chr11 129534843-129585464 1.54 4.04 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0052083_0 chr16 4784094-4805339 2.71 4.04 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0078296_0 chr12 32394534-32405549 2.92 4.04 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0084126_0 chr5 13892443-13903812 3.64 4.03 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0047312_0 chr4 39217669-39222163 3.83 4.02 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0008287_0 chr7 8119340-8268973 1.65 4.02 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0018937_0 chr17 73714011-73714967 1.61 4.01 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0048995_0 chr4 95805027-95808417 2.47 4.00 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0038694_0 chr3 53810226-53855769 2.03 3.99 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0046233_0 chr4 1202157-1232168 2.45 3.99 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0019018_0 chr17 75372094-75381243 2.25 3.98 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0042326_0 chr 199123974-199125319 1.77 3.98 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0099893_0 chr8 128817416-128819105 2.23 3.98 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0012491_0 chr7 111304238-111362856 1.91 3.98 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0112385_0 chr15 70816880-70864494 1.71 3.97 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0042964_0 chr4 57020861-57038533 1.74 3.97 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0052565_0 chr1 19862784-19409995 1.98 3.96 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0042717_0 chr13 25149908-23200198 4.95 3.96 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0017374_0 chr17 43300055-43404182 1.53 3.96 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0071058_0 chr20 20318209-20549154 2.02 3.96 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0105741_0 chrY 6971017-6998339 2.20 3.95 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0018995_0 chr17 74491566-74517485 1.64 3.94
  • TU_0103055_0 chr9 89512509-8 513285 1.92 3.93
  • TU_0041139_0 chr3 171237964-171285906 1.91 3.93 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0042325_0 chr3 199124975-199143480 1.74 3.93 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0020688_0 chr19 8180054-8237335 1.80 3.93 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0118314_0 chr2 90086923-99100654 1.78 3.92 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0017875_0 chr17 54652767-54706896 2.33 3.92 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0037277_0 chr3 24134438-24511318 1.75 3.92 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_004759 _0 chr4 40445539-40457235 1.90 3.91 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0114108_0 chr15 99235494-99274389 2.00 3.91 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0024530_0 chr19 50889160-50909766 1.72 3.91 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0008957_0 chr7 88308886-38325338 2.62 3.91 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0043122_0 chr13 28983555-28989371 1.73 3.90 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0076644_0 chr10 127398227-127398596 2.06 3.90 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0045423_0 chr13 10055877-100125079 2.02 3.89 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0045495_0 chr13 107720446-107737194 2.08 3.88 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0088857_0 chr5 172259171-172275517 1.69 3.87 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0044453_0 chr13 51505777-51524522 2.95 3.86 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0047380_0 chr4 39217641-39222163 3.43 3.86 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0100838_0 chr21 30508275-30510244 2.43 3.86 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0100275_0 chr8 144520506-144537551 2.11 3.85 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0057466_0 chr18 72853744-72866791 1.58 3.84 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0040010_0 chr3 126331839-126412928 2.16 3.84 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0042800_0 chr13 23360816-23370548 2.73 3.84 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0112501_0 chr2 74065748-74174193 1.71 3.83 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0053389_0 chr1 45673980-45701001 2.66 3.83 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0087944_0 chr11 140874777-140978925 1.47 3.83 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0017393_0 chr17 43389397-43390800 1.90 3.82 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0008919_0 chr7 38257158-38271020 1.93 3.82 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0088393_0 chr14 50259793-50367616 1.51 3.82 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0049911_0 chr4 139304784-139382952 2.48 3.82 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0024366_0 chr19 50100808-50104487 1.88 3.82 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0070109_0 chr1 243979271-244159914 1.56 3.81 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0120975_0 chr2 182104651-182107832 1.89 3.80 NOVEL UPREG.
  • PROTEIN UPREG TU_0103689_0 chr9: 111019219-111122750 1.75 3.80 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0096460_0 chr11 133734857-133786962 2.09 3.79 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0071115_0 chr20 24934888-24986948 1.48 3.79 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0093788_0 chr11 67153661-67153870 2.48 3.79 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0112336_0 chr15 70880765-70838345 1.83 3.78 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0086664_0 chr1 154481433-154485049 2.29 3.78 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0018812_0 chr17 72119376-72151549 3.38 3.78 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0110225_0 chr15 48510091-48912722 3.60 3.78 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0054545_0 chr16 79431010-79431652 10.28 3.78 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0107643_0 chr22 39072496-39093168 1.36 3.78 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0112004_0 chr18 67644390-67650387 3.56 3.76 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0043118_0 chr13 28981555-29067829 1.76 3.76 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0112003_0 chr15 67645590-67775246 3.12 3.76 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0060448_0 chr1 28438629-28450150 2.23 3.75 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0122972_0 chr2 236068012-236482693 1.69 3.75 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0106545_0 chr22 22218478-22219162 3.99 3.74 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0087288_0 chr5 133755241-133766074 1.85 3.74 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0025312_0 chr19 57059515-57145170 1.89 3.74 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0079679_0 chr12 54760142-54783545 1.58 3.73 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0074564_0 chr10 64241786-64246112 2.62 3.73 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0106189_0 chr22 18235213-18328816 1.82 3.73 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0078994_0 chr12 49412412-49428706 1.41 3.72 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0003229_0 chr6 41598975-41621874 2.05 3.72 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0040937_0 chr3 155439710-155458293 1.96 3.72 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0040093_0 chr5 128880751-128874336 1.87 3.72 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0106542_0 chr22 22213315-22220505 3.77 3.71 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0019375_0 chr17 77608812-77816980 1.63 3.71 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0042568_0 chr15 20264762-20334986 1.85 3.71 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0103386_0 chr9 99895734-99118148 1.89 3.71 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0030004_0 chrX 100534013-100534540 1.84 3.71 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0089906_0 chr11 1042845-1045785 2.94 3.71 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0089014_0 chr9 176014905-176015351 2.01 3.71 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0056173_0 chr18 22525074-22557627 3.31 3.70 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0052880_0 chr16 28393117-28411069 1.48 3.70 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0100355_0 chr8 144884230-144910177 2.00 3.69 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0096216_0 chr11 125271293-125271517 2.08 3.69 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0092161_0 chr11 60884289-60892364 1.99 3.68
  • TU_0086926_0 chr5 126241958-126394149 2.27 3.68 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0088230_0 chr5 148864170-148864752 1.94 3.68 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0099940_0 chr8 129855546-129182684 1.61 3.68 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0089017_0 chr5 176222085-176240501 10.21 3.67 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0078586_0 chr12 46643629-46648944 1.47 3.67 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0053467_0 chr16 51028455-51138080 2.19 3.67 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0089452_0 chr5 179258704-179258997 1.62 3.67 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0076329_0 chr10 115501382-115531028 2.60 3.67 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0047688_0 chr4 42105164-42354144 1.68 3.67 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0059142_0 chr1 16203274-16206548 12.41 3.67 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0116906_0 chr2 63155968-53138462 2.81 3.66 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0000154_0 chr6 3063923-3099152 1.53 3.66 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0088782_0 chr5 170625426-170659598 1.78 3.66 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0089905_0 chr11 1042845-1045785 2.77 3.66 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0101704_0 chr9 3265495-3516005 2.33 3.64 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0044897_0 chr15 94746498-94760688 2.17 3.64 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0071059_0 chr20 20549245-20641260 2.39 3.64 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0046268_0 chr4 1199698-1211108 1.93 3.63 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0071601_0 chr20 32827590-32828002 1.75 3.62 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0100712_0 chr21 15258179-15359100 2.14 3.62 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0092158_0 chr11 60885030-60893249 1.45 3.62 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0091402_0 chr11 46255779-46299542 1.71 3.62 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0039019_0 chr3 66376322-66514060 1.50 3.62 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0100378_0 chr8 144899799-144900640 2.00 3.62 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0112025_0 chr15 67780574-67782345 3.42 3.62 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0106031_0 chr22 16336630-16412806 2.01 3.62 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0050785_0 chr4 174895560-174453821 2.38 3.61 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0058834_0 chr1 11768665-11783670 1.50 3.61 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0039496_0 chr3 106753939-106754201 1.99 3.61 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0098397_0 chr8 69379259-69406175 2.73 3.61 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0017847_0 chr17 54188675-54413808 2.82 3.61 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0108299_0 chr22 49267227-49270226 2.03 3.60 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0076846_0 chr10 135042714-155056670 2.27 3.59 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0096351_0 chr11 129611827-129689996 1.61 3.59 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0019298_0 chr17 77242472-77300154 1.51 3.59 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0057465_0 chr18 72830973-729737 9 1.55 3.59 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0013475_0 chr2 148137800-148212387 1.74 3.59 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_00 1426_0 chr6 28688044-28662198 2.58 3.59 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0089137_0 chr5 176814485-176815986 1.93 3.57 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0098700_0 chr8 87 06988-82333612 1.76 3.57 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0093785_0 chr11 67186209-67198838 3.74 3.57 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0067222_0 chr1 164063363-164147501 1.63 3.57 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0052172_0 chr16 8799176-8790379 1.61 3.57 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0008360_0 chr7 16852301-16712672 1.46 3.57 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0035610_0 chr14 935 0687-93582188 2.08 3.56 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0000168_0 chr6 3100128-3102765 2.10 3.56 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0039649_0 chr3 115180992-115164502 1.72 3.56 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0052843_0 chr16 27143818-27187907 1.42 3.56 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0024950_0 chr19 54450100-54432968 2.11 3.55 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0008504_0 chr7 24656812-24693891 1.99 3.55 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0061102_0 chr1 35571678-35795597 1.44 3.55 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0032850_0 chr14 36736878-36788106 2.36 3.55 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0045241_0 chr4 1198292-1167180 2.53 3.55 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_00 499_0 chr7 24236191-24236455 5.44 3.54 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0100172_0 chr8 142471307-142511866 1.79 3.54 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0085543_0 chr5 110311813-110312092 1.53 3.53 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0072450_0 chr20 44161989 -44747359 1.83 3.53 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0094972_0 chr15 94755980-94759735 2.15 3.53 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0093950_0 chr11 6 21474 -68215218 1.49 3.53 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0006239_0 chr6 138649313-138671427 2.22 3.53 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0063894_0 chr1 150944684-150070988 1.54 3.52 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0078675_0 chr12 47602047-47602939 1.58 3.52 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0052150_0 chr16 8799176-6564674 1.42 3.52 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0112021_0 chr15 67762926-67783593 2.66 3.52 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0041581_0 chr3 185450132-185459240 1.77 3.52 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0017269_0 chr17 42127174-421 9979 1.59 3.52 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0103138_0 chr9 94055563-94056963 1.61 3.52 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0078683_0 chr12 47503989-47604485 1.69 3.52 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0099209_0 chr11 6453771-6453210 1.44 3.51 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_00451 _0 chr15 97851959-97852689 1.98 3.51 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0050499_0 chr4 159862572-156862939 1.82 3.51 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0088025_0 chr5 142130154-142254088 1.89 3.51 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0052554_0 chr16 10329285-19424714 1.78 3.51 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0085663_0 chr5 70918890-75990273 2.39 3.51 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0101238_0 chr21 41610494-41851888 1.89 3.50
  • TU_0013258_0 chr7 139750340-139773086 1.85 3.49 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0122559_0 chr2 224338108-224338327 2.32 3.49 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0068947_0 chr1 212567070-212567723 1.74 3.48 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0105268_0 chr3 138238011-138277254 1.49 3.47 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0080269_0 chr12 62524730-62664317 2.05 3.47 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0051992_0 chr6 31939105-31955076 1.56 3.47 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0018485_0 chr17 76458432-70490451 1.58 3.47 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0050493_0 chr1 28705947-28706605 1.60 2.46 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0085975_0 chr5 79478814-79495113 1.91 3.46 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0018919_0 chr17 73678343-73714570 1.48 3.46 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0054534_0 chr16 79404014-79431652 9.85 3.46 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0076107_0 chr10 104464315-104488075 1.67 3.45 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0120387_0 chr2 170267824-170281385 2.10 3.45 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0013665_0 chr17 24073407-24077926 1.52 3.45 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0070414_0 chr20 3254059-1303172 1.68 3.45 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0072624_0 chr20 47335522-47338977 1.65 3.45 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0012495_0 chr7 111373031-111411626 2.29 3.45 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0076659_0 chr10 177514501-127576128 1.31 3.45 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0088525_0 chr5 156525701-156755173 1.53 3.45 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0046096_0 chr4 759449-809939 2.01 3.44 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0074332_0 chr10 43420869-43421283 1.52 3.44 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0082983_0 chr12 121778239-121779189 2.65 3.44 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0008361_0 chr2 16750923-16790805 1.58 3.44 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0081443_0 chr1 38032067-38039550 1.67 3.44 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0042715_0 chr13 25148223-23204319 3.68 3.43 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0119128_0 chr2 118310197-118313068 1.62 3.43 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0112349_0 chr15 70834440-70835126 1.67 3.43 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0027543_0 chrX 21921233-21922374 2.48 3.43 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0082552_0 chr1 47889058-47552320 1.83 3.43 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0080791_0 chr4 174322695-174323924 2.13 3.41 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0048346_0 chr4 77175264-77176185 2.48 3.41 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0093068_0 chr11 64956618-64961189 2.13 3.41 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0033869_0 chr14 60248258-60250801 1.71 3.41 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0000031_0 chr6 2190031-2190908 2.44 3.41 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0082131_0 chr12 111152572-111152227 1.89 3.40 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0038169_0 chr3 49035494-49041923 1.35 3.40 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0044898_0 chr13 94753009-94760688 2.11 3.40 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0089144_0 chrS 176814485-176815986 1.86 3.40 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0094504_0 chr11 74812477-74817273 2.40 3.40 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0035633_0 chr14 94304291-94305127 2.17 3.40 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0085819_0 chrS 75734806-76039614 1.64 3.40 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0061431_0 chr1 37961347-37973585 2.62 3.40 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0078299_0 chr12 32290896-32292169 3.67 3.39 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0004059_0 chr6 52976578-53054598 1.65 3.39 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0098927_0 chr8 95722432-95788870 1.48 3.39 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0013856_0 chr7 155957953-156090620 2.50 3.39 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0068377_0 chr1 201452418-201458956 1.84 3.39 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0101035_0 chr21 35419563-36421930 1.84 3.39 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0062957_0 chr1 54089897-54128073 1.43 3.39 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0099854_0 chr8 127633901-127639897 1.65 3.38 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0048743_0 chr4 87924751-87955166 1.47 3.38 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0086478_0 chr5 102510255-102521832 1.95 3.38 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0120565_0 chr2 172672776-172675279 4.31 3.38 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0122360_0 chr2 219554051-219557439 2.92 3.38 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0092154_0 chr11 60857271-60874474 1.44 3.37 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0015718_0 chr17 24095069-24100305 1.64 3.37 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0039284_0 chr3 95208686-95249573 2.23 3.37 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0082089_0 chr12 111082307-111187476 1.44 3.37 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0035148_0 chr14 81009021-81069951 1.64 3.37 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0054849_0 chr16 87403253-87406669 1.47 3.37 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0113376_0 chr15 87432650-87545107 2.13 3.36 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0007004_0 chr6 158396021-158440190 1.47 3.36 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0092190_0 chr11 60876795-60877493 1.85 3.36 ncRNA UPREG.
  • TU_0001996_0 chr6 31941546-31959679 1.43 3.36 NOVEL UPREG.
  • TU_0066689_0 chr1 154509233-154510967 1.61 3.36 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0035151_0 chr14 81015445-81021875 2.00 3.35 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0092866_0 chr11 55975211-63975675 3.20 3.35 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0050482_0 chr4 156807332-156877628 1.69 3.35 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0022391_0 chr19 19076718-19094443 1.60 3.35 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0048729_0 chr4 87734463-87924734 1.74 3.35 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0103472_0 chr9 100534124-100570357 1.61 3.35 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0087465_0 chr5 136431191-136431490 2.47 3.35 PROTEIN UPREG.
  • TU_0058833_0 chr1 11768665-11788581 1.45 3.34 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0009047_0 chr7 41967123-41970103 0.65 ⁇ 3.35
  • TU_0020039_0 chr19 2948637-2980244 0.65 ⁇ 3.36
  • TU_0120035_0 chr2 154042114-154043553 0.49 ⁇ 3.36 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0031101_0 chrX 134247418-134254372 0.69 ⁇ 3.37
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0063762_0 chr1: 87666944-87583813 0.66 ⁇ 3.38
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0107584_0 chr22: 38075931-38123808 0.66 ⁇ 3.38
  • TU_0102296_0 chr9 34979701-34988409 0.57 ⁇ 3.38
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0038485_0 chr3: 51981847-51958558 0.65 ⁇ 3.38 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0002739_0 chr6 35321958-35328561 0.55 ⁇ 3.39 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0030147_0 chrx 102727067-102729284 0.65 ⁇ 3.39 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0030209_0 chrx 103250961-103253228 0.68 ⁇ 3.39 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0068206_0 chr1 200132176-200134973 0.60 ⁇ 3.39 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0081627_0 chr12 108186419-108190411 0.63 ⁇ 3.40 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0088194_0 chr2 200132176-200182322 0.59 ⁇ 3.40 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0049308_0 chr4 104220026-104220361 0.46 ⁇ 3.40 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0068431_0 chr1 202350966-202363482 0.62 ⁇ 3.
  • TU_0054695_0 chr16 83411108-83499914 0.62 ⁇ 3.40 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0012556_0 chr7 115934290-115935899 0.50 ⁇ 3.41 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0018647_0 chr17 71259157-71294839 0.74 ⁇ 3.41 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0030577_0 chrX 118036531-118035860 0.43 ⁇ 3.41 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0000858_0 chr6 19947236-19950403 0.56 ⁇ 3.41 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0002212_0 chr8 32224073-32229328 0.58 ⁇ 3.41 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0024749_0 chr10 52937559-52939100 0.58 ⁇ 3.41 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0102225_0 chr21 40161189-10181418 0.52 ⁇ 3.41 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0102256_0 chr9 34356684-34366854 0.56 ⁇ 3.41 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0039040_0 chr3 69107066-69108860 0.62 ⁇ 3.42 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0115808_0 chr2 37722515-37725828 0.61 ⁇ 3.42 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0115807_0 chr2 37722515-37729828 0.61 ⁇ 3.42 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0107000_0 chr22 29790122-29830660 0.60 ⁇ 3.43 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0065120_0 chr1 144274405-144279906 0.53 ⁇ 3.43 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0065093_0 chr1 144167535-144181746 0.72 ⁇ 3.43 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0066887_0 chr1 158352167-158370985 0.56 ⁇ 3.44 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0034681_0 chr14 75248251-73250867 0.61 ⁇ 3.44 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0064872_0 chr1 115373945-115394701 0.60 ⁇ 3.44 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0115146_0 chr2 26806070-26809827 0.49 ⁇ 3.44 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0023552_0 chr19 43433715-43439100 0.52 ⁇ 3.44 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0013056_0 chr2 134269121-134268574 0.41 ⁇ 3.44 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0078015_0 chr12 21809160-21817495 0.61 ⁇ 3.45 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0010849_0 chr7: 84462824-84464278 0.41 ⁇ 3.45 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0073672_0 chr12 65272841-55276238 0.78 ⁇ 3.47 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0072214_0 chr20 42166331-42122501 0.45 ⁇ 3.47
  • TU_0069254_0 chr3 223745864-223750945 0.54 ⁇ 3.48
  • TU_0014474_0 chr17 4410320-4410814 0.34 ⁇ 3.48
  • TU_0082036_0 chr6 31975375-31977685 0.61 ⁇ 3.48 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0115605_0 chr2 37722515-37727509 0.64 ⁇ 3.48 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0106457_0 chr22 21742726-21732216 0.56 ⁇ 3.48
  • TU_0100880_0 chr21 32808766-62809639 0.62 ⁇ 3.48
  • TU_0183717_0 chr9 112675354-112576369 0.59 ⁇ 3.48 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0016732_0 chr17 37807991-37828819 0.65 ⁇ 3.48 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0075679_0 chr10 96987317-97040910 0.65 ⁇ 3.48
  • TU_0108979_0 chr15 34659121-34889737 0.68 ⁇ 3.48
  • TU_0039868_0 chr3 123526763-123543198 0.51 ⁇ 3.48 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0032236_0 chr14 22839081-22833882 0.61 ⁇ 3.48 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0103902_0 chr9 115957988-116128421 0.59 ⁇ 3.49 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0064251_0 chr6 71589234-71069482 0.38 ⁇ 3.49 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0116344_0 chr2 27568254-27571682 0.64 ⁇ 3.49 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0020914_0 chr19 9718612-9723799 0.47 ⁇ 3.49 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0014009_0 chr2 158823186-158930217 0.48 ⁇ 3.50 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0111467_0 chr15 62817064-62854842 0.58 ⁇ 3.50 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0058552_0 chr6 257103852-157120456 0.64 ⁇ 3.50 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0109820_0 chr15 41600571-41611159 0.56 ⁇ 3.51 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0083744_0 chr5 236838-297985 0.58 ⁇ 3.51 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0038899_0 chr3 58465926-58495812 0.58 ⁇ 3.51
  • TU_0018817_0 chr17 72185287-72184800 0.61 ⁇ 3.51
  • TU_0104765_0 chr9 131134480-131144297 0.53 ⁇ 3.51 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0047809_0 chr4 52581019-52582331 0.62 ⁇ 3.52 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0114638_0 chr2 11804195-11654972 0.68 ⁇ 3.52 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0110215_0 chr15 43246574-43254766 0.63 ⁇ 3.52 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0109004_0 chr15 39178588-35180010 0.39 ⁇ 3.53 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0114005_0 chr15 97462760-97493368 0.56 ⁇ 3.53 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0079534_0 chr12 53260191-53268540 0.41 ⁇ 3.53 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0068435_0 chr1 202366748-202385528 0.62 ⁇ 3.53 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0111099_0 chr15 57738640-57756015 0.70 ⁇ 3.54 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0079355_0 chr12 51906987-51912605 0.54 ⁇ 3.54 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0107389_0 chr22 36670710-36671784 0.59 ⁇ 3.54 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0105434_0 chr9 138991774-138996018 0.54 ⁇ 3.54 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0122441_0 chr2 220000172-220002664 0.38 ⁇ 3.54 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0074041_0 chr10 29785041-30865975 0.84 ⁇ 3.55 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0114819_0 chr2 23779564-23785016 0.65 ⁇ 3.55 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0013666_0 chr7 150180552-150189309 0.34 ⁇ 3.55 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0036844_0 chr3 9930878-9933062 0.54 ⁇ 3.56 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0086397_0 chr14 104617328-104624500 0.45 ⁇ 3.56 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0052454_0 chr16 15702084-15702374 0.40 ⁇ 3.57 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0004248_0 chr6 70983350-71069482 0.52 ⁇ 3.57 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0111118_0 chr15 58426685-58428568 0.59 ⁇ 3.58 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0047256_0 chr4 38781223-38804733 0.63 ⁇ 3.58 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0092308_0 chr11 61385022-61325568 0.62 ⁇ 3.58 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0038532_0 chr3 52258212-52287726 0.77 ⁇ 3.60 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0014418_0 chr17 3748115-3749717 0.39 ⁇ 3.
  • TU_0081986_0 chr6 31791087-31793378 0.48 ⁇ 3.61
  • TU_0111109_0 chr15 53426655-58477514 0.86 ⁇ 3.61
  • TU_0064151_0 chr1 98933815-98937074 0.46 ⁇ 3.61 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0111253_0 chr15 81121812-61151157 0.63 ⁇ 3.61 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0058947_0 chr1 13782811-13817026 0.61 ⁇ 3.62 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0031484_0 chrX 151890690-151832673 0.59 ⁇ 3.62 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0076212_0 chr10 105781059-105835687 0.47 ⁇ 3.62
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG TU_0062567_0 chr1: 47050692-47056967 0.47 ⁇ 3.62 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0103872_0 chr9 115178483-115203441 0.59 ⁇ 3.63 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0050244_0 chr4 148585059-148685550 0.63 ⁇ 3.63 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0031913_0 chr14 20554755-20563715 0.64 ⁇ 3.63 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0065343_0 chr1 148501147-148501585 0.37 ⁇ 3.63 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0084948_0 chr5 50715235-50726033 0.68 ⁇ 3.64 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0085256_0 chr5 59099579-55100724 0.53 ⁇ 3.65 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0038056_0 chr9 48563574-48623119 0.68 ⁇ 3.65 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0022088_0 chr10 16864798-16923718 0.55 ⁇ 3.65 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0059155_0 chr1 16397144-16405288 0.61 ⁇ 3.85 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0046595_0 chr4 3264594-3411502 0.68 ⁇ 3.65 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0039476_0 chr8 108331106-108578694 0.58 ⁇ 3.66 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0091498_0 chr11 46834081-46889744 0.65 ⁇ 3.
  • TU_0046627_0 chr4 3795533-3740037 0.45 ⁇ 3.67 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0103946_0 chr9 116821701-116822181 0.48 ⁇ 3.67 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0008057_0 chr7 5519816-5836775 0.62 ⁇ 3.67
  • TU_0180219_0 chr8 143549604-143556275 0.59 ⁇ 3.67
  • TU_0087532_0 chr5 157802644-137810548 0.53 ⁇ 3.68
  • TU_0066743_0 chr1 154859563-154862200 0.43 ⁇ 3.68 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0096978_0 chr8 22133174-22140355 0.47 ⁇ 3.70 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0054692_0 chr16 83411105-83900616 0.62 ⁇ 3.70 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0067818_0 chr1 180509414-180511335 0.72 ⁇ 3.71 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0121595_0 chr2 262193170-262196672 0.62 ⁇ 3.71 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0023218_0 chr19: 40679964-40694184 0.55 ⁇ 3.71 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0112386_0 chr15: 71818130-71820041 0.55 ⁇ 3.71 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0111315_0 chr15 61676589-61681634 0.55 ⁇ 3.72 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0111311_0 chr15 61676589-61681634 0.55 ⁇ 3.72 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0023241_0 chr19 40856254-40861198 0.41 ⁇ 3.72 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0102684_0 chr9 70336502-70344481 0.56 ⁇ 3.73 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0068764_0 chr1 207854842-207892483 0.49 ⁇ 3.73 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0053636_0 chr16 55846971-55853340 0.58 ⁇ 3.74 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0084025_0 chr5 6501949-6545706 0.54 ⁇ 3.74 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0014650_0 chr17 6295379-6305574 0.62 ⁇ 3.74 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0076124_0 chr10 104619299-104651033 0.60 ⁇ 3.75 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0085198_0 chr5 58300638-58305429 0.60 ⁇ 3.75
  • TU_0102686_0 chr9 70837677-70344573 0.55 ⁇ 3.76
  • TU_0112385_0 chr15 71818130-71831566 0.54 ⁇ 3.76
  • TU_0100875_0 chr21 32705500-32809639 0.61 ⁇ 3.78 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0085928_0 chr1 151800274-151855449 0.49 ⁇ 3.78 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0063298_0 chr1 62474433-62474872 0.36 ⁇ 3.78 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0100861_0 chr21 32604246-32608457 0.62 ⁇ 3.79 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0081086_0 chrX 133993992-133995935 0.73 ⁇ 3.79 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0068759_0 chr1 207669209-207672813 0.45 ⁇ 3.79 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0069253_0 chr1 223741202-223745600 0.62 ⁇ 3.79
  • TU_0020150_0 chr19 3877291-3879097 0.52 ⁇ 3.79
  • TU_0016922_0 chr17 38430856-38435173 0.51 ⁇ 3.80 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0013053_0 chr7 134114695-134205949 0.58 ⁇ 3.81 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0017406_0 chr17 43458534-43470076 0.58 ⁇ 3.81 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0014681_0 chr17 6295379-6305877 0.50 ⁇ 3.81 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0058447_0 chr1 9040090-9052238 0.36 ⁇ 3.81 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0085624_0 chr18 11872611-11875972 0.64 ⁇ 3.82 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0003717_0 chr6 43381215-43381963 0.49 ⁇ 3.82 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0016578_0 chr17 35883208-35884855 0.52 ⁇ 3.82 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0101224_0 chr21 40161189-40223184 0.50 ⁇ 3.82 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0084871_0 chr1 115391459-115433611 0.59 ⁇ 3.83 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0097462_0 chr8 37773618-37822041 0.55 ⁇ 3.83 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0066742_0 chr1 154860755-154862200 0.42 ⁇ 3.83 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0090638_0 chr11 14242208-14246823 0.55 ⁇ 3.83 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0046626_0 chr4 3735533-3740037 0.46 ⁇ 3.83 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0071146_0 chr20 25381375-25432639 0.58 ⁇ 3.84 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0080097_0 chr12 55301840-55307003 0.55 ⁇ 3.85 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0062615_0 chr1 48974664-48997227 0.51 ⁇ 3.85 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0013669_0 chr7 150272983-150305963 0.52 ⁇ 3.86
  • TU_0102682_0 chr9 70197177-70337519 0.56 ⁇ 3.
  • TU_0104855_0 chr9 131689287-131691419 0.64 ⁇ 3.86 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0116336_0 chr2 48677181-48685259 0.65 ⁇ 3.86
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0116619_0 chr2: 60532830-60533546 0.47 ⁇ 3.87
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0034462_0 chr14: 69415893-69568826 0.48 ⁇ 3.87
  • TU_0067213_0 chr1 163086189-163087684 0.59 ⁇ 3.87 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0065337_0 chr1 148457403-148475119 0.56 ⁇ 3.87 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0062461_0 chr1 46461750-46463004 0.51 ⁇ 3.88 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0080098_0 chr12 56302807-56307707 0.56 ⁇ 3.88 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0034421_0 chr14 68410559-68412495 0.62 ⁇ 3.88 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0079221_0 chr12 51194638-51200498 0.43 ⁇ 3.89 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0112752_0 chr15 76184009-76210733 0.55 ⁇ 3.90 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0028410_0 chrX 48910899-48929704 0.68 ⁇ 3.91
  • TU_0076498_0 chr10 123227854-123347940 0.55 ⁇ 3.92 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0078229_0 chr12 27016771-27017190 0.47 ⁇ 3.92 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0064620_0 chr1 111962071-112059304 0.61 ⁇ 3.92
  • TU_0005224_0 chr8 107917248-108088034 0.60 ⁇ 3.93
  • TU_0023668_0 chr19 44114820-44158190 0.56 ⁇ 3.
  • TU_0041856_0 chr3 190990156-191097717 0.44 ⁇ 3.93
  • TU_0107364_0 chr22 36658502-36671784 0.62 ⁇ 3.93 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0079224_0 chr12 51194638-51199100 0.43 ⁇ 3.94 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0027357_0 chrX 17728093-17737982 0.57 ⁇ 3.94
  • TU_0071013_0 chr20 19141491-19652034 0.55 ⁇ 3.95
  • TU_0060281_0 chr1 27204050-27211524 0.48 ⁇ 3.95 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0096007_0 chr11 119482708-119514087 0.45 ⁇ 3.95 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0058810_0 chr1 11631005-11637486 0.50 ⁇ 3.95 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0102668_0 chr9 67902293-67904671 0.52 ⁇ 3.96 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0103226_0 chr9 93524079-93559558 0.55 ⁇ 3.96 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0098384_0 chr8 68508843-68581618 0.43 ⁇ 3.96 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0084068_0 chr5 9602147-9603383 0.49 ⁇ 3.96 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0018887_0 chr17 73068191-73068655 0.29 ⁇ 3.97 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0020916_0 chr19 9720305-9727203 0.55 ⁇ 3.97 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0018819_0 chr17 72184546-72195820 0.59 ⁇ 3.97 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0042081_0 chr3 197374550-197376798 0.46 ⁇ 3.97 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0065864_0 chr1 149850009-149852238 0.46 ⁇ 3.98 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0046397_0 chr4 2032569-2050090 0.46 ⁇ 4.00 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0122440_0 chr2 219991398-219999705 0.53 ⁇ 4.01
  • TU_0011534_0 chr7 99083477-99096154 0.36 ⁇ 4.01
  • TU_0047205_0 chr4 37815997-37817190 0.59 ⁇ 4.02
  • TU_0017005_0 chr17 39308253-39337366 0.52 ⁇ 4.02 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0052436_0 chr16 15704459-15858435 0.54 ⁇ 4.03 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0014761_0 chr17 7128572-7131411 0.46 ⁇ 4.03 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0080075_0 chr12 56290183-56301803 0.53 ⁇ 4.03 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0062594_0 chr16 19775320-19780719 0.60 ⁇ 4.03 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0068168_0 chr1 199700556-199742901 0.61 ⁇ 4.04 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0102657_0 chr9 67902293-67908869 0.54 ⁇ 4.04
  • TU_0088729_0 chr8 43825496-43528789 0.55 ⁇ 4.04
  • TU_0071246_0 chr20 29913077-29921837 0.42 ⁇ 4.05 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0050224_0 chr4 147115887-147190781 0.25 ⁇ 4.06 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0110166_0 chr15 48172154-43198892 0.49 ⁇ 4.07 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0030085_0 chrX 101782933-101800062 0.56 ⁇ 4.07 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0021042_0 chr19 10435466-10441506 0.61 ⁇ 4.08 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0101681_0 chr9 734412-736069 0.67 ⁇ 4.08 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0030157_0 chrX 102750729-102751737 0.44 ⁇ 4.09 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0098190_0 chr8 61704765-61708199 0.40 ⁇ 4.09
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG TU_0082947_0 chr1: 53744955-53838542 0.42 ⁇ 4.09
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG TU_0078008_0 chr12: 21679541-21762042 0.57 ⁇ 4.09
  • TU_0017582_0 chr17 45858594-45907395 0.54 ⁇ 4.09 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0000021_0 chr6 1555144-1559122 0.53 ⁇ 4.09
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0031424_0 chrX: 149482223-149433104 0.47 ⁇ 4.
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0065603_0 chr1: 149275738-149286201 0.42 ⁇ 4.
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0037859_0 chr3: 45240966-45242817 0.49 ⁇ 4.11
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0102271_0 chr9: 34511045-34512853 0.50 ⁇ 4.11 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0035605_0 chr14 95254401-93273368 0.49 ⁇ 4.11 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0064621_0 chr1 112047963-1120 0.54 ⁇ 4.11 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0031098_0 chrX 134057388-134058604 0.47 ⁇ 4.11 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0011129_0 chr7 94135058-94136943 0.41 ⁇ 4.11 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0036396_0 chr14 104617328-104619095 0.41 ⁇ 4.12 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0056255_0 chr5 92944260-92956054 0.57 ⁇ 4.12 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0074501_0 chr10 60429298-60431031 0.42 ⁇ 4.12 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0015457_0 chr17 19581898-19587356 0.45 ⁇ 4.13 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0122402_0 chr2 219821926-219824741 0.61 ⁇ 4.13 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0116618_0 chr2 60932830-60633902 0.49 ⁇ 4.13 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0029963_0 chrX 100220537-100238005 0.51 ⁇ 4.15
  • TU_0028949_0 chrX 64504077-64878513 0.61 ⁇ 4.15
  • TU_0082443_0 chr5 154178336-164210363 0.57 ⁇ 4.16 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0080178_0 chr1 27192773-27200190 0.51 ⁇ 4.28
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0000013_0 chr6: 1257191-1259972 0.36 ⁇ 4.29
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0120707_0 chr2: 176865581-176869190 0.45 ⁇ 4.31
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG. TU_0016744_0 chr17: 37790358-37809206 0.54 ⁇ 4.31 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0016827_0 chr17 38085830-38071660 0.63 ⁇ 4.31 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0056190_0 chr18 26824024-26842486 0.43 ⁇ 4.33
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG TU_0096964_0 chr8: 22027917-22043914 0.47 ⁇ 4.35
  • PROTEIN DOWNREG TU_0030062_0 chrX: 101267701-101269091 0.41 ⁇ 4.35 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0120711_0 chr2 176690351-176696560 0.49 ⁇ 4.35
  • TU_0011537_0 chr7 99589728-99111736 0.39 ⁇ 4.39 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0062566_0 chr1 47037330-47057598 0.43 ⁇ 4.42 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0018825_0 chr17 72192513-72192794 0.47 ⁇ 4.43
  • TU_0002566_0 chr6 55797424-55798978 0.37 ⁇ 4.44
  • TU_0074074_0 chr10 29814868-29815135 0.26 ⁇ 4.44 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0110179_0 chr15 45196205-45255205 0.43 ⁇ 4.46 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0082372_0 chr12 116130336-116130610 0.41 ⁇ 4.47 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0102658_0 chr9 67902293-67908683 0.46 ⁇ 4.48
  • TU_0024160_0 chr19 48777171-48778386 0.51 ⁇ 4.
  • TU_0031081_0 chrX 133993992-134013925 0.64 ⁇ 4.49 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0015447_0 chr17 19421649-19423000 0.46 ⁇ 4.50 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0016834_0 chr17 38072130-38072515 0.54 ⁇ 4.50 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0120709_0 chr2 176677352-176697902 0.49 ⁇ 4.50 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0041205_0 chr3 171619688-171634575 0.48 ⁇ 4.53
  • TU_0084473_0 chr1 110000292-110079791 0.51 ⁇ 4.58 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0120715_0 chr2 176692475-176697902 0.50 ⁇ 4.58 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0110180_0 chr15 43196205-43243358 0.43 ⁇ 4.63 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0024922_0 chr19 54255568-54259943 0.42 ⁇ 4.64 ncRNA DOWNREG.
  • TU_0067289_0 chr1 166307141-166318970 0.48 ⁇ 4.69 NOVEL DOWNREG.
  • TU_0095765_0 chr11 117640504-117642734 0.36 ⁇ 4.69 PROTEIN DOWNREG.
  • TU_0058445_0 chr1 9017797-9040122 0.33 ⁇ 4.70
  • TU_0047068_0 chr4 23402764-23403824 0.41 ⁇ 4.72
  • Table 8 shows the number of cancer-associated lncRNAs nominated for four major cancer types. The number validated is indicated in the column on the right. This table reflects ongoing efforts.

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