US20070082268A1 - Chemical protection of metal surface - Google Patents

Chemical protection of metal surface Download PDF

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Publication number
US20070082268A1
US20070082268A1 US11/457,525 US45752506A US2007082268A1 US 20070082268 A1 US20070082268 A1 US 20070082268A1 US 45752506 A US45752506 A US 45752506A US 2007082268 A1 US2007082268 A1 US 2007082268A1
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United States
Prior art keywords
carbons
groups
anode
halogens
alkyl
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US11/457,525
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Kurt Star
John Muldoon
Filippo Marchioni
Fred Wudl
Bruce Dunn
Monique Richard
Kimber Stamm
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University of California
Toyota Motor Engineering and Manufacturing North America Inc
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Individual
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Priority to US11/457,525 priority Critical patent/US20070082268A1/en
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Assigned to THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA reassignment THE REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: DUNN, BRUCE S., MARCHIONI, FILIPPO, STAR, KURT, WUHL, FRED
Assigned to Toyota Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. reassignment Toyota Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: MULDOON, JOHN, RICHARD, MONIQUE, STAMM, KIMBER L.
Publication of US20070082268A1 publication Critical patent/US20070082268A1/en
Priority to PCT/US2007/012613 priority patent/WO2008008130A2/en
Priority to KR1020097002913A priority patent/KR101501565B1/en
Priority to CN2007800325285A priority patent/CN101542782B/en
Priority to JP2009519433A priority patent/JP5336363B2/en
Assigned to TOYOTA MOTOR ENGINEERING & MANUFACTURING NORTH AMERICA, INC. reassignment TOYOTA MOTOR ENGINEERING & MANUFACTURING NORTH AMERICA, INC. CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ASSIGNEE PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 018697 FRAME 0085. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE CORRECT NAME OF THE ASSIGNEE IS TOYOTA MOTOR ENGINEERING & MANUFACTURING NORTH AMERICA, INC.. Assignors: MULDOON, JOHN, RICHARD, MONIQUE, STAMM, KIMBER L.
Priority to US12/396,223 priority patent/US20090220857A1/en
Priority to US14/156,241 priority patent/US20140134488A1/en
Priority to US14/163,536 priority patent/US8840688B2/en
Priority to US14/513,507 priority patent/US20150026967A1/en
Abandoned legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05D5/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces to obtain special surface effects, finishes or structures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/04—Processes of manufacture in general
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
    • H01M4/134—Electrodes based on metals, Si or alloys
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
    • H01M4/382—Lithium
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
    • H01M2004/027—Negative electrodes
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
    • Y10T29/49115—Electric battery cell making including coating or impregnating

Definitions

  • the invention relates to chemical Protection of a metal surface.
  • Electrochemical cells containing a metallic anode, a cathode and a solid or solvent-containing electrolyte are known in the art. Such batteries have limitations over repeated charge/discharge cycles and may have drops in their charge and discharge capacity over repeated cycles as compared to their initial charge and discharge capacity. Additionally, an initial capacity of solid batteries is often less than desirable. There is therefore a need in the art for an improved battery having a high initial capacity and maintains such a capacity on repeated charge and discharge cycles.
  • Dendrites may be formed on the anode when the electrochemical cell is charged.
  • the dendrite may grow over repeated cycles and lead to a reduced performance of the battery or a short circuit not allowing the charge and discharge of the battery.
  • An electrochemical cell includes an anode having a metal material having an oxygen containing layer.
  • the electrochemical cell also includes a cathode and an electrolyte.
  • the anode includes a chemically bonded protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.
  • FIG. 1 is a IR spectroscopy plot of the wavelength versus the intensity for a lithium metal before and after application of the protective layer;
  • FIG. 2 is a differential scanning calorimetry plot for a lithium metal having the protective layer
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of an experimental setup for impedance testing
  • FIG. 4 is a plot of the impedance for chlorotrimethylsilane precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material
  • FIG. 5 is a plot of the impedance for chlorodiisopropylphosphine precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material
  • FIG. 6 is a plot of the impedance for chlorodiethylphosphine precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of the impedance for dromodimethylborane precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material
  • FIG. 8 is a plot of the resistance for chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorodiisopropylphosphine, chlorodiethylphosphine, dromodimethylborane precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material.
  • electrochemical cell refers to a device having an anode, cathode and an ion-conducting electrolyte interposed between the two.
  • the electrochemical cell may be a battery, capacitor or other such device.
  • the battery may be of a primary or secondary chemistry.
  • the battery may have a solid electrolyte or a liquid electrolyte.
  • anode as used herein refers to an electrode, which oxidizes during a discharge cycle.
  • an electrochemical cell having an anode including a metal material having an oxygen containing layer.
  • the anode metal material may be alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals as indicated in the periodic table.
  • metal materials include: lithium, aluminum, sodium, and magnesium.
  • the metal material is lithium.
  • the oxygen containing layer may be formed by exposing the metal material to the atmosphere or may otherwise be formed on the metal material.
  • the electrochemical cell also includes a cathode, which may be formed of any suitable material.
  • An electrolyte is interposed between the anode and cathode and may be of any suitable form including solid electrolytes liquid electrolytes and gel polymer electrolytes, which are a polymer matrix swollen with solvent and salt. Solid electrolytes could be polymer-type, inorganic layer or mixtures of these two. Examples of polymer electrolytes include, PEO-based, and PEG based polymers.
  • Inorganic electrolytes could be composed of sulfide glasses, phosphide glasses, oxide glasses and mixtures thereof
  • An example of a liquid electrolyte includes carbonate solvent with dissolved metal-ion salt, for example 1M LiPF6 in ethylene carbon/diethyl carbonate (EC/DEC).
  • the anode of the electrochemical cell includes a chemically bonded protective layer formed thereon by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.
  • D or P block precursor includes compounds that have elements in the D or P block of the periodic table. Examples of D or P block elements include phosphorus, boron, silicon, titanium, molybdenum, tantalum, vanadium to name a few.
  • the D or P block precursor may be an organo-metallic compound. Examples of organo-metallic compounds include: inter-metaltic compounds, alloys and metals having organic substituents bonded thereon. In a preferred aspect of the invention D or P block precursors may include silicon, boron or phosphorous.
  • the D or P block precursors react with the oxygen containing layer of the metal material to form the protective layer.
  • the D or P block precursor may be a chemical compound of the formula: AR 1 R 2 X wherein A is selected from phosphorous or boron, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R 1 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, R 2 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons.
  • the halogen may be chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.
  • the alkyl, alkoxy, and aromatic groups may be fluorinated or partially fluorinated.
  • the alcyl group may be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-pentyl, iso-octyl, tert-octyl, 2-ethyhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, and 1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexyl, although other alkyl groups not listed may be used by the invention.
  • the alkyl group may also be functionalized. Suitable functional groups include: ether, sulfide, sulfoxide to name a few.
  • the aromatic group may be phenyl groups, phenyl groups having alkyl substituents in the para, meta or ortho position, and polyaromatic compounds.
  • suitable polyaromatic compounds include naphthalene derivatives.
  • the D or P block precursor may be a chemical compound of the formula: AR 1 R 2 R 3 R 4 X wherein A is phosphorous, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R 1 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen R 2 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen, R3 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen, R4 is selected from halogens, alcyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen.
  • A is phosphorous
  • X is a hal
  • the number of R groups may be less than four total.
  • the D or P block precursor may be a chemical compound of the formula: SiR 1 R 2 R 3 X wherein, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R 1 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, R 2 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons R 3 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons.
  • lithium metal strips were exposed to various precursor compounds.
  • the lithium strips were placed in a sealed flask at room temperature in an inert atmosphere containing the precursor compound.
  • the strips were exposed to the precursor a suitable period of time for the precursor to react with the metal oxygen containing layer on the lithium to form the protective layer.
  • Various analysis procedures were performed including: impedance tests, IR spectroscopy tests, and differential scanning calorimetry tests on the various samples.
  • FIG. 1 An untreated sample of the lithium metal and a sample treated with chlorotrimethyl silane for 240 seconds according to the above procedure were analyzed using IR spectroscopy, as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • the peak correspond to a lithium hydroxide bond is shown in the 3600 cm ⁇ 1 range for the untreated sample. This peak is not shown for the treated sample which includes a peak in the 1100 cm ⁇ 1 range corresponding to a silicon oxygen bond. This relationship indicates the precursor compound has reacted with the metal oxygen containing to form a silicon oxygen bond.
  • An untreated sample of the lithium metal and a sample treated with chlorotrimethyl silane according to the above procedure were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, as shown in FIG. 2 .
  • the samples were placed in aluminum pans with nitrogen gas flowing around the samples. The samples were heated to above the melting point and cooled below the melting point repetitively to determine whether the lithium was protected from the environment.
  • the untreated lithium sample reacted with the aluminum pan and did not show melting and solidification representative of pure lithium metal.
  • the treated sample, as shown in FIG. 2 exhibits very clear melting and solidification of lithium at or very near the melting point of lithium (the slight amount of superheating or supercooling at the melting point is heating rate dependent). The narrow peaks indicate that the lithium metal is protected and has not reacted with its environment in contrast to the unprotected sample.
  • FIG. 4 shows the impedance plot for a sample treated with a chlorotrimethylsilane precursor forming a protective layer.
  • FIG. 5 is a plot of the impedance for a chlorodiisopropylphosphine precursor forming a protective layer.
  • FIG. 6 is a plot of the impedance for a chlorodiethylphosphine precursor forming a protective layer.
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of the impedance for a dibromodimethylborane precursor forming a protective layer.
  • the treated samples all have an impedance curve with a slope less than the reference samples. This behavior indicates an improved performance in comparison to the untreated samples.
  • the impedance values were used to calculate a resistance of the various samples, which are displayed in FIG. 8 for the various samples. As can be seen in the figure, the resistance for all the treated samples is less than the untreated reference.
  • the various elements and R groups of the precursor material has an affect on the resistance of the samples.
  • the chlorodiisopropylphosphine sample shows the lowest resistance of the treated samples. A lower resistance metal material is desirable for use as an anode in an electrochemical cell.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Secondary Cells (AREA)
  • Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
  • Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
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Abstract

An electrochemical cell includes an anode having a metal material having an oxygen containing layer. The electrochemical cell also includes a cathode and an electrolyte. The anode includes a chemically bonded protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.

Description

    RELATED APPLICATION
  • This application claims priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Applications Ser. No. 60/713,688 filed Sep. 2, 2005 and Ser. No. 60/739,499 filed Nov. 23, 2005, which are incorporated herein by reference.
    • FIELD OF THE INVENTION
  • The invention relates to chemical Protection of a metal surface.
    • BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
  • Electrochemical cells containing a metallic anode, a cathode and a solid or solvent-containing electrolyte are known in the art. Such batteries have limitations over repeated charge/discharge cycles and may have drops in their charge and discharge capacity over repeated cycles as compared to their initial charge and discharge capacity. Additionally, an initial capacity of solid batteries is often less than desirable. There is therefore a need in the art for an improved battery having a high initial capacity and maintains such a capacity on repeated charge and discharge cycles.
  • Another problem associated with electrochemical cells is the generation of dendrites over repeat charge and discharge cycles. Dendrites may be formed on the anode when the electrochemical cell is charged. The dendrite may grow over repeated cycles and lead to a reduced performance of the battery or a short circuit not allowing the charge and discharge of the battery. There is therefore a need in the art for a battery and electrode with an improved cycle life and limits the formation of a dendrite.
    • SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
  • An electrochemical cell includes an anode having a metal material having an oxygen containing layer. The electrochemical cell also includes a cathode and an electrolyte. The anode includes a chemically bonded protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.
    • BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
  • FIG. 1 is a IR spectroscopy plot of the wavelength versus the intensity for a lithium metal before and after application of the protective layer;
  • FIG. 2 is a differential scanning calorimetry plot for a lithium metal having the protective layer;
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram of an experimental setup for impedance testing;
  • FIG. 4 is a plot of the impedance for chlorotrimethylsilane precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material;
  • FIG. 5 is a plot of the impedance for chlorodiisopropylphosphine precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material;
  • FIG. 6 is a plot of the impedance for chlorodiethylphosphine precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material;
  • FIG. 7 is a plot of the impedance for dromodimethylborane precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material;
  • FIG. 8 is a plot of the resistance for chlorotrimethylsilane, chlorodiisopropylphosphine, chlorodiethylphosphine, dromodimethylborane precursor forming a protective layer and a reference material.
    • DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
  • The term electrochemical cell as used herein refers to a device having an anode, cathode and an ion-conducting electrolyte interposed between the two. The electrochemical cell may be a battery, capacitor or other such device. The battery may be of a primary or secondary chemistry. The battery may have a solid electrolyte or a liquid electrolyte. The term anode as used herein refers to an electrode, which oxidizes during a discharge cycle.
  • There is disclosed an electrochemical cell having an anode including a metal material having an oxygen containing layer. The anode metal material may be alkaline metals or alkaline earth metals as indicated in the periodic table. Non-limiting examples of metal materials include: lithium, aluminum, sodium, and magnesium. In a preferred aspect of the invention the metal material is lithium.
  • The oxygen containing layer may be formed by exposing the metal material to the atmosphere or may otherwise be formed on the metal material. The electrochemical cell also includes a cathode, which may be formed of any suitable material. An electrolyte is interposed between the anode and cathode and may be of any suitable form including solid electrolytes liquid electrolytes and gel polymer electrolytes, which are a polymer matrix swollen with solvent and salt. Solid electrolytes could be polymer-type, inorganic layer or mixtures of these two. Examples of polymer electrolytes include, PEO-based, and PEG based polymers. Inorganic electrolytes could be composed of sulfide glasses, phosphide glasses, oxide glasses and mixtures thereof An example of a liquid electrolyte includes carbonate solvent with dissolved metal-ion salt, for example 1M LiPF6 in ethylene carbon/diethyl carbonate (EC/DEC).
  • The anode of the electrochemical cell includes a chemically bonded protective layer formed thereon by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer. The term D or P block precursor includes compounds that have elements in the D or P block of the periodic table. Examples of D or P block elements include phosphorus, boron, silicon, titanium, molybdenum, tantalum, vanadium to name a few. The D or P block precursor may be an organo-metallic compound. Examples of organo-metallic compounds include: inter-metaltic compounds, alloys and metals having organic substituents bonded thereon. In a preferred aspect of the invention D or P block precursors may include silicon, boron or phosphorous. The D or P block precursors react with the oxygen containing layer of the metal material to form the protective layer.
  • In one embodiment, the D or P block precursor may be a chemical compound of the formula: AR1R2X wherein A is selected from phosphorous or boron, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R1 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, R2 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons.
  • The halogen may be chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine. The alkyl, alkoxy, and aromatic groups may be fluorinated or partially fluorinated.
  • The alcyl group may be methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-pentyl, iso-octyl, tert-octyl, 2-ethyhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, and 1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexyl, although other alkyl groups not listed may be used by the invention. The alkyl group may also be functionalized. Suitable functional groups include: ether, sulfide, sulfoxide to name a few.
  • The aromatic group may be phenyl groups, phenyl groups having alkyl substituents in the para, meta or ortho position, and polyaromatic compounds. Examples of suitable polyaromatic compounds include naphthalene derivatives.
  • In another embodiment of the invention, the D or P block precursor may be a chemical compound of the formula: AR1R2 R3 R4X wherein A is phosphorous, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R1 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen R2 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen, R3 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen, R4 is selected from halogens, alcyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen.
  • In the case where the compound includes double bonded oxygen or other double bonded substituent, the number of R groups may be less than four total.
  • As with the previously described embodiment, the description of the halogens, alkyl, alkoxy and aromatic groups are the same and are not repeated.
  • In another embodiment of the invention, the D or P block precursor may be a chemical compound of the formula: SiR1R2R3X wherein, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R1 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, R2 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons R3 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons.
  • As with the previously described embodiments, the description of the halogens, alkyl, alkoxy and aromatic groups are the same and are not repeated.
    • EXAMPLES
  • In the experiments detailed in the examples section, lithium metal strips were exposed to various precursor compounds. The lithium strips were placed in a sealed flask at room temperature in an inert atmosphere containing the precursor compound. The strips were exposed to the precursor a suitable period of time for the precursor to react with the metal oxygen containing layer on the lithium to form the protective layer. Various analysis procedures were performed including: impedance tests, IR spectroscopy tests, and differential scanning calorimetry tests on the various samples.
    • Example 1
  • An untreated sample of the lithium metal and a sample treated with chlorotrimethyl silane for 240 seconds according to the above procedure were analyzed using IR spectroscopy, as shown in FIG. 1. The peak correspond to a lithium hydroxide bond is shown in the 3600 cm−1 range for the untreated sample. This peak is not shown for the treated sample which includes a peak in the 1100 cm−1 range corresponding to a silicon oxygen bond. This relationship indicates the precursor compound has reacted with the metal oxygen containing to form a silicon oxygen bond.
    • Example 2
  • An untreated sample of the lithium metal and a sample treated with chlorotrimethyl silane according to the above procedure were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry, as shown in FIG. 2. The samples were placed in aluminum pans with nitrogen gas flowing around the samples. The samples were heated to above the melting point and cooled below the melting point repetitively to determine whether the lithium was protected from the environment. The untreated lithium sample reacted with the aluminum pan and did not show melting and solidification representative of pure lithium metal. The treated sample, as shown in FIG. 2, exhibits very clear melting and solidification of lithium at or very near the melting point of lithium (the slight amount of superheating or supercooling at the melting point is heating rate dependent). The narrow peaks indicate that the lithium metal is protected and has not reacted with its environment in contrast to the unprotected sample.
    • Example 3
  • Impedance tests were performed on various treated samples of lithium and untreated lithium as a reference. The experimental setup used is shown in FIG. 3. The various samples were formed using the procedure described above. The lithium samples were tested in the experimental setup with the sample placed in the positive electrode position. The impedance plots for various samples are shown in FIGS. 4-7. FIG. 4 shows the impedance plot for a sample treated with a chlorotrimethylsilane precursor forming a protective layer. FIG. 5 is a plot of the impedance for a chlorodiisopropylphosphine precursor forming a protective layer. FIG. 6 is a plot of the impedance for a chlorodiethylphosphine precursor forming a protective layer. FIG. 7 is a plot of the impedance for a dibromodimethylborane precursor forming a protective layer. As can be seen in the figures the treated samples all have an impedance curve with a slope less than the reference samples. This behavior indicates an improved performance in comparison to the untreated samples. The impedance values were used to calculate a resistance of the various samples, which are displayed in FIG. 8 for the various samples. As can be seen in the figure, the resistance for all the treated samples is less than the untreated reference. The various elements and R groups of the precursor material has an affect on the resistance of the samples. The chlorodiisopropylphosphine sample shows the lowest resistance of the treated samples. A lower resistance metal material is desirable for use as an anode in an electrochemical cell.
  • The invention has been described in an illustrative manner. It is to be understood that the terminology, which has been used, is intended to be in the nature of words of description rather than limitation. Many modifications and variations of the invention are possible in light of the above teachings. Therefore, within the scope of the appended claims, the invention may be practiced other than as specifically described.

Claims (24)

1. An anode for an electrochemical cell comprising:
a metal material having an oxygen containing layer;
a chemically bonded protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.
2. The anode of claim 1 wherein the D or P block precursor is an organo-metallic compound.
3. The anode of claim 1 wherein the metal material is selected from alkaline metals, and alkaline earth metals.
4. The anode of claim 1 wherein the metal material comprises lithium.
5. The anode of claim 1 wherein the D or P block precursor comprises a chemical compound of the formula: AR1R2X wherein A is selected from phosphorous or boron, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R1 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, R2 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons.
6. The anode of claim 5 wherein the halogen is selected from chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.
7. The anode of claim 5 wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, and aromatic groups may be fluorinated or partially fluorinated.
8. The anode of claim 5 wherein the alkyl group is functionalized.
9. The anode of claim 5 wherein the alkyl group is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-pentyl, iso-octyl, tert-octyl, 2-ethyhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, and 1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexyl.
10. The anode of claim 5 wherein the aromatic group is selected from phenyl groups, phenyl groups having alkyl substituents in the para, meta or ortho position, and polyaromatic compounds.
11. The anode of claim 1 wherein the D or P block precursor comprises a chemical compound of the formula: AR1R2R3R4X wherein A is phosphorous, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R1 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen R2 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen, R3 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen, R4 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen.
12. The anode of claim 11 wherein the halogen is selected from chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.
13. The anode of claim 11 wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, and aromatic groups may be fluorinated or partially fluorinated.
14. The anode of claim 11 wherein the alkyl group is functionalized.
15. The anode of claim 11 wherein the alkyl group is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-pentyl, iso-octyl, tert-octyl, 2-ethyhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, and 1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexyl.
16. The anode of claim 1 wherein the D or P block precursor comprises a chemical compound of the formula: SiR1 R2R3X wherein, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R1 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, R2 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons R3 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons.
17. The anode of claim 16 wherein the halogen is selected from chlorine, bromine, fluorine, and iodine.
18. The anode of claim 16 wherein the alkyl, alkoxy, and aromatic groups may be fluorinated or partially fluorinated.
19. The anode of claim 16 wherein the alkyl group is functionalized.
20. The anode of claim 16 wherein the alkyl group is selected from methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, tert-pentyl, iso-octyl, tert-octyl, 2-ethyhexyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, 1-methylcyclopentyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, 1-methylcyclohexyl, and 1-methyl-4-isopropylcyclohexyl.
21. An electrochemical cell comprising:
an anode including a metal material having an oxygen containing layer;
a cathode;
an electrolyte,;
the anode including a chemically bonded protective layer formed by reacting a D or P block precursor with the oxygen containing layer.
22. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 wherein the D or P block precursor comprises a chemical compound of the formula: AR1R2X wherein A is selected from phosphorous or boron, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R1 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, R2 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons.
23. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 wherein the D or P block precursor comprises a chemical compound of the formula: AR1R2R3R4X wherein A is phosphorous, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R1 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen R2 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen, R3 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen, R4 is selected from halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, or oxygen.
24. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 wherein the D or P block precursor comprises a chemical compound of the formula: SiR1R2R3X wherein, X is a halogen or halogen containing compound and R1 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, R2 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons R3 is selected from hydrogen, halogens, alkyl groups having from 1 to 20 carbons, alkoxy groups containing 1 to 20 carbons, or aromatic groups having from 1 to 20 carbons.
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US12/396,223 US20090220857A1 (en) 2005-09-02 2009-03-02 Chemical protection of metal surface
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