KR100985049B1 - Pharming detecting system and Method for controlling this - Google Patents

Abstract

The present invention relates to a pharming detection system and a method for controlling the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and a control method for preventing pharming behavior by changing a hosts file in a terminal to move to an unexpected website. .

The pharming detection system according to the present invention detects a change in the hosts file, determines whether the change is correct when changed, and provides an appropriate response to the user accordingly. As a result, if you change the hosts file correctly, you can restore the changed contents without restoring the changed contents.

Pharming, hosts, DNS, domain name, computer, Internet,

Description

Pharming detecting system and method for controlling this

The present invention relates to a pharming detection system and a method for controlling the same. More particularly, the present invention relates to a system and a control method for preventing pharming behavior by changing a hosts file in a terminal to move to an unexpected website. .

DNS (domain name server or domain name system) refers to a system that converts a domain name into an IP address so that a domain name can be used without accessing a numerical IP address to access a specific site. . For example, an IP address is a 4-byte numeric address separated by periods, such as "111.112.113.114", whereas a domain name is composed of characters, such as "www.abc.co.kr". It is easier to understand or remember names than numbers.

Therefore, users do not need to remember the website's IP address when accessing a website, but remember to enter the domain name into the address bar of Explorer.

When a computer translates a domain name into an IP address, it does not look up DNS from the beginning, but instead refers to the hosts file inside the computer. There is a file called Hosts on the computer that users use. This file maps IP address and domain name. It performs the same function in UNIX system as well as Windows operating system. Therefore, if you find the desired host name in the hosts file, you no longer request an IP address from DNS.

If the user enters the bank's domain and the domain name and IP address match the hosts file, the computer will no longer call the dns server and will simply connect to the IP address found in the hosts file. Thus, a good use of the hosts file will bypass access to DNS, allowing you to navigate to your desired website more quickly.

However, there is a problem that exploits the characteristics of the hosts file, and a representative example is "Pharming". Hacking criminals move Internet traffic from one web site to another that looks the same and trick users into entering sensitive personal information, such as usernames and passwords, into a database of fake sites, called "pharming." Hacking criminals are seriously harmed by accessing a user's bank account based on personal information collected from a fake site, stealing money secretly, or stealing other personal information to commit another fraud. Similar to a real site, creating a fake site and encouraging a user to enter personal information is similar to a "phishing" scam, but it's a technical Have a difference.

This "pharming" modifies the hosts file of the user's computer due to hacking criminals' direct hacking or malware infection, and the hosts file is injected with the wrong site address. If a user attempts to access the Internet by entering the correct domain address, the computer will refer to the hosts file and redirect the Internet traffic to the wrong site address to show the user a fake site.

The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, the object of the present invention, if the host file of the user computer is changed to check whether this change is the correct change or the wrong change, and in the case of a wrong change the hosts file To provide a farming detection system and a control method for restoring the.

In accordance with an aspect of the present invention for achieving the above object, there is provided a control method of a pharming detection device installed inside the terminal to detect pharming: The pharming detection device, the IP address and domain name is mapped Checking whether the text file stored in the terminal is changed with information; Extracting the changed information from the text file by the pharming detection device when a change occurs in the check result; The pharming detection device receiving information corresponding to the extracted information from an external database storing an IP address and a domain name; And comparing, by the pharming detection device, information extracted from the text file with information received from the database.
Preferably, the extracting step is to extract the changed IP address and the corresponding domain name in the text file, the receiving step is to transmit the domain name of the information extracted in the extraction step to the database, and then the transmission Receiving an IP address mapped to a domain name, wherein the comparing step is characterized by comparing whether the IP address extracted from the text file and the IP address received from the database match.
Preferably, if the result of the comparison does not match, the pharming detection device outputs a warning message through the terminal; characterized in that it further comprises.
Preferably, if the comparison result is inconsistent, the pharming detection device further comprises the step of modifying the changed IP address of the text file to the received IP address.
Preferably, the database is two or more databases, and the comparing step includes all IP addresses received from the multiple databases being identical, and IP addresses extracted from the text file and IP received from the database. If there is a mismatch with the addresses, the pharming detection apparatus modifies the IP address of the text file to the received IP address. If the IP addresses received from the plurality of databases are not all the same, the pharming detection apparatus is configured to perform the paging detection. And outputting a message indicating that there is a possibility of modulation through the terminal.
Preferably, the text file is a hosts file, and the database is characterized in that the DNS.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharming detection device installed inside the terminal to detect pharming: the device, the integrity of checking whether the text file stored in the terminal has changed with the information mapped to the IP address and domain name Holding module; A domain query module for transmitting and receiving information from an external database that stores information in which IP addresses and domain names are mapped; And when the change of the text file is checked through the integrity maintaining module, extracting changed information from the text file, receiving information corresponding to the changed information from the database, and then changing the received information and the received information. It characterized in that it comprises a; control module for comparing with each other.
Preferably, the control module extracts the changed IP address and the corresponding domain name from the text file, transmits the extracted domain name to the database, and receives the IP address mapped to the transmitted domain name. After that, it is compared whether or not the extracted IP address and the received IP address match.
Preferably, the control module is characterized in that for modifying the IP address of the text file to the IP address received from the database, if there is a mismatch.
Preferably, the text file is a hosts file, and the database is characterized in that the DNS.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for detecting pharming using a pharming detection system including a client module, an operator server, and an authentication domain DB connected to each other via a network. Checking whether a text file stored in the terminal is changed with the domain name mapped information; Extracting changed information from the text file by the client module when a change occurs in the check result; Transmitting, by the client module, the extracted information to an operator server; Receiving, by the service provider server, an information corresponding to the received extraction information from an authentication domain DB that is managed and updated by the service provider and stores information mapped to an IP address and a domain name; And comparing, by the operator server, the extracted information with information received from the authentication domain DB.
Preferably, the text file is a hosts file, and the extracting step is to extract the changed IP address and the corresponding domain name from the hosts file, and the receiving step is to extract the domain name of the information extracted in the extracting step. After transmitting to the authentication domain DB, and receiving the IP address mapped to the transmitted domain name, the comparing step is characterized in that whether the IP address of the extracted information and the received IP address is matched or not. .
Preferably, the operator server transmitting the comparison result and the received information to the client module; And if the comparison result is inconsistent, the client module modifies the changed IP address of the hosts file to the received IP address.
Preferably, the operator server further comprises the step of loading the extracted information, the received information and the comparison result.
Preferably, the service provider server further includes comparing the information of the authentication domain DB with information of one or more external DNS. When the comparison result is that the information of the authentication domain DB is different from the information of the external DNS, And displaying, by the operator server, a message indicating that the information of the authentication domain DB has been changed.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a pharming detection system comprising a client module, an operator server, and an authentication domain DB connected to each other via a network: wherein the client module is installed in a user's terminal, and has an IP address and a domain. An integrity maintaining module for checking whether a text file stored in the terminal is changed with the name mapped information; And a client control module which extracts the changed information from the text file and transmits the changed information to the service provider server when the change of the text file is checked through the integrity maintenance module. It is characterized in that the DB form that is managed and updated and stores the information mapped to the IP address and domain name, the server of the operator receives the change information from the client module, the information corresponding to the received change information After receiving from the authentication domain DB, the server control module for comparing the change information and the received information and transmits a comparison result to the client module; characterized in that it comprises a.
According to yet another aspect of the present invention, a computer-readable recording medium is provided. The recording medium checks whether a pharming detection device changes a text file stored in a terminal with information mapped to an IP address and a domain name. Making; Extracting the changed information from the text file by the pharming detection device when a change occurs in the check result; Receiving information corresponding to the extracted information from a database storing an IP address and a domain name; And comparing the information extracted from the text file with the information received from the database.

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As described above, the pharming detection system according to the present invention detects a change in the hosts file, determines whether the change is correct when changed, and provides an appropriate response to the user accordingly.

As a result, if the hosts file is correctly changed, the changed contents can be restored, but the wrong file can be restored.

Hereinafter, with reference to the drawings will be described the present invention in more detail.

1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a process of making an Internet connection through a hosts file and DNS. The hosts file 110 exists inside the user's computer 100 (in FIG. 1, the Hosts file 110 is shown outside the computer 100, but this is for convenience in the city, and the Hosts file is actually The computer 100 is connected to the DNS 120 and two sites 140 and 150 via the Internet.

In this case, suppose a user connects to www.def.com. In this case, you can enter 111.112.123.124 directly into the address bar of Explorer, but in most cases you will enter www.def.com because you cannot remember the IP address. In this case, the computer 100 first searches whether the IP address corresponding to www.def.com is entered in the hosts file 110. Hosts file (110) does not have an IP address corresponding to www.def.com. Again, DNS (120) sends a query for the corresponding IP address, and then responds with the address 111.112.123.124. ). Although only one DNS 120 is shown in FIG. 1, this is for convenience of description and actually exists in the form of several distributed databases. In other words, the domain name entered by the user is queried to the local DNS set in the user's computer and waits for an IP address response. Local DNS inquires about the queried domain name in its database table, and if there is a paired IP address, it responds to the client. If the relevant information cannot be found, the local DNS sends a query to the Root Name Server to look up again. Will be

On the other hand, in case of connecting to www.abc.com site, it has 111.112.113.114 as its IP address in the hosts file, so it does not need to query DNS (120). You can connect. As a result, the traffic load on the DNS is reduced, and the user's computer can bypass the DNS query procedure, thereby enabling faster internet access.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a process in which a connection is made to a phishing server 160 (a phishing server used for a purpose of extracting personal information, etc., a phishing server) due to a modified Hosts file. to be.

Looking at the Hosts file, the IP address for www.abc.com is not a normal address, but a phishing server 160 address. Therefore, if the user enters www.abc.com in the address bar, the addresses are in the hosts file, and the DNS server moves directly to the phishing server 160 without looking up.

3 is a block diagram of a pharming detection device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

As shown in FIG. 3, the pharming detection device 200 includes an integrity maintaining module 210, a control module 220, and a domain lookup module 230.

The farming detecting device 200 is installed in the user's computer 100. Thereafter, the integrity maintenance module 210 checks whether the hosts file 110 in the computer 100 is changed in real time.

The domain lookup module 230 performs a function of inquiring and receiving information including a domain and an IP from the DNS 120 connected to the outside network under the control of the control module 220.

The control module 220 controls the overall function of the pharming detection device 200, and in particular, when the host file is checked to be changed through the integrity maintaining module 210, the control module 220 controls the domain query module 230 to display the DNS 120 Retrieve information from Then, the changed information of the hosts file is compared with the information queried from the DNS 120, and if there is a mismatch, the host file is restored.

These functions will be described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 4.

4 is a flowchart provided to explain a control method of the farming detection apparatus 200 shown in FIG. 3.

First, the integrity maintaining module 210 of the farming detection apparatus 200 checks whether the hosts file has been changed (S410). The detection process of the integrity maintaining module 210 resides in the user's computer 100, and checks whether the hosts file has been changed at regular intervals or periodically, or directly accesses or modifies unauthorized processes. If the host file changes, the control module 220 immediately notifies.

When the change of the hosts file is detected (S420-Y), the change information corresponding to the changed part of the hosts file is collected (S430).

5 is a diagram illustrating an example of data in a hosts file and DNS. Suppose that the IP address of www.abc.com is changed to 111.112.113.115 in FIG. In this case, the modified information of the hosts file will be "111.112.113.115, www.abc.com".

Afterwards, the farming detection apparatus 200 inquires the information corresponding to the domain name of the changed information from the DNS 120 (S440). In the case of FIG. 5, the inquiry information will be “111.112.113.114, www.abc.com”.

After extracting the change information and the inquiry information as described above, both information is compared (S450). 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of change information of a hosts file and inquiry information of a DNS. As shown, if the IP information of the change information and the inquiry information does not match (S460-N), a warning is performed to inform the user that there is a wrong tampering with the hosts file (S470).

And restores the changed information of the hosts file in accordance with the inquiry information (S480).

7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a modulated hosts file 710 and a restored hosts file 720. As a result, the IP address corresponding to www.abc.com in the modulated hosts file 710 was inconsistent, and restored to match the data 620 retrieved from DNS.

Of course, it is also possible to omit the user warning step (S470) and restore immediately according to the setting. It is also possible to delete the information from the hosts file instead of restoring it. It is also possible to open a selection window to the user when inconsistencies occur, allowing the user to choose whether to keep, restore, or delete the changes.

On the other hand, in the present embodiment, the DNS 120 is generally the DNS 120 where the computer queries the IP address, but is not limited thereto. DNS 120, which queries IP addresses, maintains a database of domain names and their corresponding IP addresses and provides them to the desired computer, as described above. It is impractical and inefficient to keep only one such list in the center. Because of this, the list of domain names and IP addresses is distributed throughout the Internet in institutional systems.

So your usual DNS is somewhere in the geographic vicinity of your users. In this way, the DNS used by a computer to convert an address into an Internet address is hereinafter referred to as local DNS.

On the other hand, local DNS can also be tampered with with the hosts file by hackers. It is also possible to build a separate DNS server for the farming detection system in case the local DNS has been altered along with the hosts file. Such DNS is hereinafter referred to as authentication DNS. That is, the pharming detection system has an embedded address of the authentication DNS. In step S440, the authentication information is entered into the authentication DNS without being connected to the DNS (that is, the local DNS) used at the time of inquiry. The authentication DNS will be more secure than the DNS that has been proven by the service provider of the pharming detection system of the present invention to ensure the stability of the data from time to time.

Alternatively, in step S440, information may be searched from both sides of the local DNS and the authentication DNS, and the change information, the local DNS lookup information, and the authentication DNS lookup information may be compared with each other to check whether there is a match.

On the other hand, you can embed DNS in your computer, as well as local DNS and authentication DNS.

Another way is to compare with multiple DNS. That is, as described above, it is not limited to comparing each of the local DNS or the authentication DNS managed by the service provider, or the two DNSs and the host file, but it is also possible to compare the three or more DNSs. That is, as described above, a plurality of DNS exists on the network, and thus has multiple DNS addresses. In step S440, a plurality of DNS addresses can be entered to determine whether or not all of them match and show these results. Do.

As a concrete method, assuming that this service is performed using three DNSs first, if the search results match between the plurality of DNS and match the change information of the host file, it is determined that it is a normal host file change.

If the search result is consistent between the plurality of DNS, and the information is inconsistent with the change information of the host file, it is determined that the host file has been tampered with.

On the contrary, if there is a mismatch between the plurality of DNS results, the user may be informed that there is a possibility of tampering or that the current DNS is in trouble.

8 is a block diagram of a farming detection system according to another embodiment of the present invention. The farming detection system shown in FIG. 8 includes a client module 800, an operator server 830, and an authentication domain DB that are largely installed in the terminal 100.

The terminal 100, the operator server 830, and the authentication domain DB 840 are connected to each other through the Internet. In the case of the operator server 830 and the authentication domain DB 840 are often configured separately as shown, it may be implemented in one physical server system.

First, the client module 800 is installed in the user terminal 100. The client module 800 installed as described above includes an integrity maintaining module 810 and a client control module 820.

 The integrity maintenance module performs a function of checking whether the hosts file 110 has been changed, and the client control module 820 extracts the changed information from the hosts file 110 and transmits the information to the operator server 830 or the hosts file. A function of modifying and deleting 110 is performed.

The operator server 830 is a server provided by the operator to perform this service, and is connected to a network with a plurality of client control modules 820. In this case, it is also possible for each user to log in by assigning an IP and password.

The operator server 830 receives the change information from the client module, inquires the information corresponding to the received change information in the authentication domain DB 840, and then compares the change information with the inquiry information. And a server control module 832 for transmitting the comparison result to the client module, and a statistics module 834 for loading and statistics the extracted information, the inquired information, and the comparison result.

In addition, various modules for running as a server, for example, a web service module, etc. are required, but those skilled in the art will be omitted.

In addition, the authentication domain DB 840 is a kind of DNS operated separately by a service provider to implement this farming detection system, in addition to the general LOCAL DNS that a user's computer uses when accessing the Internet. By operating DNS separately, hackers can prepare for cases where hackers have hacked LOCAL DNS as well as the hosts file in their computers.

Meanwhile, as one of methods for maintaining the authentication domain DB 840, a process of comparing with a plurality of DNS is performed at any time. That is, if the specific domain information and the information of the plurality of DNS are all matched in the authentication domain DB 840, it is maintained. If the specific domain information and the information of the plurality of DNS do not match in the authentication domain DB 840, the service provider A warning message is displayed to inform the user that the current authentication domain DB 840 is unreliable, thereby allowing the operator to go through the verification work.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart provided to explain a control method of the farming detection system 800 shown in FIG. 8.

Here, steps S910 to S930 are similar to steps S410 to S430 of FIG. 4, and thus detailed descriptions thereof are omitted.

After the change information is collected in step S930, the change information, that is, the changed IP address and the domain name mapped thereto are transmitted to the operator server 830 (S935).

Thereafter, the server control module 832 in the operator server 830 inquires the IP address corresponding to the domain name corresponding to the changed information in the authentication domain DB 840 (S940).

Thereafter, the operator server 830 compares the IP address of the changed information with the inquired IP address (S950). If it does not match (S960-N), the statistics module 834 loads the corresponding domain name, the changed information IP address and the inquired IP address, and creates statistical data (S965). This statistical data can be used for various additional services such as detecting current farming patterns and sending warning messages to users in advance.

Then, the server control module 832 transmits the comparison result and the inquired information to the client module of the client module 800 (S970).

Thereafter, the client control module 820 modifies the changed IP address of the hosts file to the inquired IP address received from the server control module 832 (S980).

At this point, it is advisable to display a warning to the user that the hosts file has been tampered with before modifying it, and also ask if you want to modify it before modifying it. It is also possible to delete the entire changed part of the hosts file instead of modifying a query window asking if you want to modify it or not.

So far, a process of searching for and restoring a modified hosts file using a pharming detection system has been described in detail with reference to a preferred embodiment.

In the present embodiment, a computer has been described as an example of a terminal, but the computer is merely an embodiment for convenience of description. Therefore, the present invention can be applied to any device that accesses a network using DNS and hosts files.

In addition, in the present embodiment, the file is called a hosts file, but this is not limited to a file named hosts. In the present invention, the host file refers to a data file consisting of a domain name and an IP address in order to omit the process of accessing the DNS. Therefore, even if the name of the file functioning in the operating system is changed from hosts to another name in the future, Of course, it can be applied.

In addition, while the above has been shown and described with respect to preferred embodiments of the present invention, the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, the technology to which the invention belongs without departing from the spirit of the invention claimed in the claims Various modifications can be made by those skilled in the art, and these modifications should not be individually understood from the technical spirit or the prospect of the present invention.

1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a process of making an Internet connection through a hosts file and DNS;

2 is a diagram illustrating an example of a process of making a connection to a phishing server due to a modulated Hosts file;

3 is a block diagram of a farming detection system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

4 is a flowchart provided to explain a control method of a pharming detection system according to an embodiment of the present invention;

5 is a diagram showing an example of data in a hosts file and DNS;

6 is a diagram illustrating an example of changed information of a hosts file and inquiry information of a DNS;

7 illustrates an example of a modulated hosts file and a restored hosts file;

8 is a block diagram of a farming detection system according to another embodiment of the present invention, and

9 is a flowchart provided to explain a control method of a pharming detection system according to another exemplary embodiment of the present invention.

Explanation of symbols on the main parts of the drawings

100: computer 110: hosts file

120: DNS 200: pharming detection device

210: integrity maintaining module 220: control module

230: domain lookup module

Claims (17)

In the control method of the farming detection device installed in the terminal to detect the farming, Checking, by the pharming detection device, whether or not the text file stored in the terminal is changed with information mapped to an IP address and a domain name; Extracting the changed information from the text file by the pharming detection device when a change occurs in the check result; The pharming detection device receiving information corresponding to the extracted information from an external database storing an IP address and a domain name; And And comparing, by the pharming device, the information extracted from the text file and the information received from the database. The method of claim 1, The extraction step Extracting the changed IP address and the corresponding domain name from the text file, The receiving step Transmitting the domain name of the information extracted in the extraction step to the database, and receiving an IP address mapped to the transmitted domain name, And the comparing step compares whether the IP address extracted from the text file matches the IP address received from the database. The method of claim 1, In case of inconsistency as a result of the comparison, The pharming detection device outputs a warning message through the terminal; Control method of a pharming detection device further comprising. The method of claim 1, In case of inconsistency as a result of the comparison, The pharming detection device further comprises the step of modifying the changed IP address of the text file to the received IP address. The method of claim 1, The database is two or more databases, The comparing step, If the IP addresses received from the plurality of databases are all the same, and there is a mismatch between the IP addresses extracted from the text file and the IP addresses received from the database, the pharming detection device reads the IP address of the text file. Modify to received IP address, And if the IP addresses received from the plurality of databases are not the same, outputting a message indicating that there is a possibility of tampering by the pharming device through the terminal; controlling the pharming device further comprising: Way. The method of claim 1, The text file is a hosts file, And the database is DNS. In the farming detection device installed in the terminal to detect the farming, An integrity maintaining module for checking whether a text file stored in the terminal is changed with information mapped to an IP address and a domain name; A domain query module for transmitting and receiving information from an external database that stores information in which IP addresses and domain names are mapped; And When the change of the text file is checked through the integrity maintaining module, the changed information is extracted from the text file, the information corresponding to the changed information is received from the database, and the changed information and the received information are received. Farming detecting device comprising a; control module for comparing with each other. The method of claim 7, wherein The control module Extract the changed IP address and corresponding domain name from the text file, transmit the extracted domain name to the database, receive an IP address mapped to the transmitted domain name, and then extract the extracted information. A pharming detection device comprising comparing an IP address with the received IP address. The method of claim 7, wherein The control module And a farming detection device, characterized in that the IP address of the text file is modified to an IP address received from the database, if there is a mismatch. The method of claim 7, wherein The text file is a hosts file, The farming detection device, characterized in that the database is DNS. In a method of detecting pharming using a pharming detection system including a client module, an operator server, and an authentication domain DB connected to each other through a network, Checking, by the client module, whether or not the text file stored in the terminal is changed with information mapped to an IP address and a domain name; Extracting changed information from the text file by the client module when a change occurs in the check result; Transmitting, by the client module, the extracted information to an operator server; Receiving, by the service provider server, an information corresponding to the received extraction information from an authentication domain DB that is managed and updated by the service provider and stores information mapped to an IP address and a domain name; And And a step in which the service provider server compares the extracted information with the information received from the authentication domain DB. The method of claim 11, The text file is a hosts file, The extraction step Extract the changed IP address and the corresponding domain name from the hosts file, The receiving step After transmitting the domain name of the information extracted in the extraction step to the authentication domain DB, and receives the IP address mapped to the transmitted domain name, The comparison step A pharming detection method comprising comparing whether the extracted IP address and the received IP address match. The method of claim 12, Transmitting, by the operator server, the comparison result and the received information to a client module; And And if the comparison result is inconsistent, the client module modifies the changed IP address of the hosts file to the received IP address. The method of claim 11, The operator server Farming detection method characterized in that it further comprises the step of loading the extracted information, the received information and the comparison result. The method of claim 11, The service provider server further comprises comparing the information of the authentication domain DB with information of one or more external DNS; And if the information of the authentication domain DB is different from the information of the external DNS as a result of the comparison, the operator server displaying a message indicating that the information of the authentication domain DB has been changed. In a pharming detection system including a client module, an operator server and an authentication domain DB connected to each other via a network, The client module is installed in the user's terminal, An integrity maintaining module for checking whether a text file stored in the terminal is changed with information mapped to an IP address and a domain name; And And a client control module for extracting the changed information from the text file and transmitting the changed information to the operator server when the change of the text file is checked through the integrity maintaining module. The authentication domain DB is managed and updated by the provider, characterized in that the DB form that stores the information mapped to the IP address and domain name, The server of the service provider, Server control for receiving the change information from the client module, receiving information corresponding to the received change information in the authentication domain DB, compares the change information and the received information and transmits the comparison result to the client module Farming detection system, characterized in that it comprises a module. Checking, by the pharming detection device, whether or not the text file stored in the terminal has been changed with information mapped to an IP address and a domain name; Extracting the changed information from the text file by the pharming detection device when a change occurs in the check result; Receiving information corresponding to the extracted information from a database storing an IP address and a domain name; And And comparing the information extracted from the text file with information received from the database. A computer-readable recording medium having recorded thereon a program capable of executing the program.

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