JPH0787675A - Charging device for battery set - Google Patents
Charging device for battery setInfo
- Publication number
- JPH0787675A JPH0787675A JP5255149A JP25514993A JPH0787675A JP H0787675 A JPH0787675 A JP H0787675A JP 5255149 A JP5255149 A JP 5255149A JP 25514993 A JP25514993 A JP 25514993A JP H0787675 A JPH0787675 A JP H0787675A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- battery
- charging
- voltage
- voltage value
- charge
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Landscapes
- Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【０００１】[0001]
【産業上の利用分野】本発明は、２次電池を２個直列接
続で使用する組電池を定電圧充電方式で充電する組電池
の充電装置に関するものである。BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a battery pack charging apparatus for charging a battery pack using two secondary batteries connected in series by a constant voltage charging method.
【０００２】[0002]
【従来技術】図４は組電池の充電の説明図である。図示
するように鉛電池やリチウムイオン電池等の２次電池Ｂ
−１と２次電池Ｂ−２を直列に接続してなる組電池Ｂの
充電を行う際は、規定電圧の定電圧値Ｅで過充電になら
ないよう監視しながら充電している。即ち、２次電池Ｂ
−１の電圧値Ｖ１と２次電池Ｂ−２の電圧Ｖ２及び組電
池Ｂの電圧値ＶＢを常時又は周期的に監視し、２個の２
次電池Ｂ−１、Ｂ−２の電圧Ｖ１、Ｖ２が規定以上のア
ンバランスになれば充電を中止し組電池Ｂとしては不良
と判定している。2. Description of the Related Art FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of charging an assembled battery. Secondary battery B such as lead battery or lithium-ion battery as shown
-1 and the secondary battery B-2 are connected in series, when charging the assembled battery B, the charging is performed while monitoring at the constant voltage value E of the specified voltage so as not to overcharge. That is, the secondary battery B
The voltage value V1 of −1, the voltage V2 of the secondary battery B-2, and the voltage value VB of the assembled battery B are constantly or periodically monitored and two 2
If the voltages V1 and V2 of the secondary batteries B-1 and B-2 become unbalanced more than the specified value, the charging is stopped and the assembled battery B is determined to be defective.
【０００３】[0003]
【発明が解決しようとする課題】しかしながら、２個の
２次電池は充電／放電を繰り返しているうちに特性の差
により電圧差や充電状態に差が生じてくる。従来の充電
装置では電池Ｂ−１と電池Ｂ−２に同じ充電電流を流し
ており、このままの状態で無理に充電／放電を繰り返せ
ば片方の電池が過充電となりその寿命を縮めることにな
ると同時に、他方の電池は充電不足になり電池としての
能力（容量）を充分発揮出来なくなる。また、単品の電
池としては良品でも組電池としては不良品となると云う
問題があった。However, two rechargeable batteries have a difference in voltage or a state of charge due to a difference in characteristics during repeated charging / discharging. In the conventional charging device, the same charging current is applied to the batteries B-1 and B-2, and if charging / discharging is forcibly repeated in this state, one battery will be overcharged and its life will be shortened. , The other battery is insufficiently charged and cannot fully exhibit its capacity (capacity). Further, there is a problem that a good battery as a single battery is a defective battery as an assembled battery.
【０００４】本発明は上述の点に鑑みてなされたもの
で、上記問題点を除去し、各電池の充電状態を自動的に
バランスをとりながら充電を行う組電池の充電装置を提
供することを目的とする。The present invention has been made in view of the above points, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a battery charger for an assembled battery which eliminates the above problems and charges while automatically balancing the charging states of the batteries. To aim.
【０００５】[0005]
【課題を解決するための手段】上記課題を解決するため
本発明は、２次電池を２個直列接続で使用する組電池を
定電圧充電方式で充電する組電池の充電装置において、
図１に示すように前記２個の直列に接続された２次電池
Ｂ−１、Ｂ−２の正極、負極及び接続点よりリ−ド線を
外部に引き出し各電池の電圧を監視するオペアンプＵ
１、Ｕ２を設け、更に各電池毎に充電電流を制御するス
イッチングトランジスタＱ２、Ｑ３を設け、前記オペア
ンプＵ１、Ｕ２で各電池の充電状態を監視しながら、そ
の出力信号で前記スイッチングトランジスタＱ２、Ｑ３
を作動させ充電電流を制御し、充電の遅れている方の電
池に対しては充電電流を充電の進んでいる方の電池より
多く流して各電池の充電状態のバランスをとりながら充
電を行うことを特徴とする組電池の充電装置。In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, the present invention provides a battery pack charging apparatus for charging a battery pack using two secondary batteries connected in series by a constant voltage charging method.
As shown in FIG. 1, an operational amplifier U for monitoring the voltage of each battery by drawing a lead wire to the outside from the positive and negative electrodes of the two secondary batteries B-1 and B-2 connected in series and the connection point.
1, U2, and switching transistors Q2, Q3 for controlling the charging current for each battery are provided, and the switching transistors Q2, Q3 are monitored by the output signals of the operational amplifiers U1, U2 while monitoring the charging state of each battery.
To control the charging current, and to charge the batteries that are delayed in charging more charging current than the batteries that are being advanced in charging while balancing the charging status of each battery. A battery charger for an assembled battery.
【０００６】[0006]
【作用】本発明では、図１に示すようにｄ点の電圧値＞
ｂ点の電圧値（Ｖ１＜Ｖ２）の時は、オペアンプＵ１の
出力はハイレベルとなるためスイッチングトランジスタ
Ｑ３はオンとなる。このため充電電流ｉは電池Ｂ−１を
充電した後、抵抗Ｒ７と電池Ｂ−２に分流される。従っ
て、電池Ｂ−１の電圧値Ｖ１は電池Ｂ−２の電圧値Ｖ２
の電圧に比べて急速に上昇する。また、ｄ点の電圧値＜
ｃ点の電圧値（Ｖ１＞Ｖ２）の時は、オペアンプＵ２の
出力はハイレベルとなるためスイッチングトランジスタ
Ｑ２がＯＮとなる。このため電池Ｂ−２の充電電流ｉ２
は電池Ｂ−１の充電電流ｉとスイッチングトランジスタ
より供給される電流ｉ１の和となる。従って、電池Ｂ−
２の電圧Ｖ２は電池Ｂ−１の電圧Ｖ１に較べ急速に上昇
する。これらはアンバランスが解消されれば（ｄ点の電
圧＜ｂ点の電圧）、通常の充電動作に戻る。このように
してアンバランスを充電中に自動的に修正し電池の寿命
を延ばし、電池としての能力（容量）を充分発揮するこ
とができる。In the present invention, as shown in FIG. 1, the voltage value at point d>
When the voltage value at point b (V1 <V2), the output of the operational amplifier U1 is at a high level, so that the switching transistor Q3 is turned on. Therefore, the charging current i charges the battery B-1, and then is divided into the resistor R7 and the battery B-2. Therefore, the voltage value V1 of the battery B-1 is equal to the voltage value V2 of the battery B-2.
Rises rapidly compared to the voltage of. Also, the voltage value at point d <
When the voltage value at the point c (V1> V2), the output of the operational amplifier U2 is at a high level, so that the switching transistor Q2 is turned on. Therefore, the charging current i2 of the battery B-2
Is the sum of the charging current i of the battery B-1 and the current i1 supplied from the switching transistor. Therefore, battery B-
The voltage V2 of 2 rises more rapidly than the voltage V1 of the battery B-1. When the imbalance is resolved (voltage at point d <voltage at point b), these return to normal charging operation. In this way, the imbalance can be automatically corrected during charging, the life of the battery can be extended, and the capacity (capacity) of the battery can be fully exerted.
【０００７】[0007]
【実施例】以下本発明の一実施例を図面に基づいて詳細
に説明する。図１は本発明の組電池充電装置の回路を示
す図である。図示するように本発明の組電池充電装置は
トランジスタＱ１、スイッチングトランジスタＱ２、Ｑ
３、オペアンプＵ１、Ｕ２、Ｕ３、抵抗器Ｒ１〜Ｒ７、
端子Ｔ１、Ｔ２、Ｔ３で構成され、２個の電池Ｂ−１と
電池Ｂ−２が直列に接続されてなる組電池Ｂを充電す
る。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS An embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a circuit of an assembled battery charging device of the present invention. As shown in the figure, the battery pack charger of the present invention includes a transistor Q1, switching transistors Q2 and Q.
3, operational amplifiers U1, U2, U3, resistors R1 to R7,
The battery pack B, which is composed of the terminals T1, T2, and T3 and has two batteries B-1 and B-2 connected in series, is charged.
【０００８】入力電圧Ｖｉは入力端子Ｔｉに入力され、
トランジスタＱ１の端子１１、出力端子１２を経て充電
用の端子Ｔ１に出力される。トランジスタＱ１の出力端
子１２の電圧は抵抗器Ｒ１、Ｒ２で分圧され、該分圧さ
れた電圧値はオペアンプＵ３で基準電圧値Ｖｒｅｆと比
較され差電圧がトランジスタＱ１の端子１３にフィ−ド
バックされ、出力端子１２の電圧、即ち端子Ｔ１の電圧
値は一定に維持される。The input voltage Vi is input to the input terminal Ti,
It is output to the charging terminal T1 via the terminal 11 and the output terminal 12 of the transistor Q1. The voltage at the output terminal 12 of the transistor Q1 is divided by the resistors R1 and R2, the divided voltage value is compared with the reference voltage value Vref by the operational amplifier U3, and the difference voltage is fed back to the terminal 13 of the transistor Q1. The voltage of the output terminal 12, that is, the voltage value of the terminal T1 is maintained constant.
【０００９】一方、入力端子Ｔｉに入力された入力電圧
Ｖｉは抵抗器Ｒ６、スイッチングトランジスタＱ２、抵
抗Ｒ７、スイッチングトランジスタＱ３よりなる直列回
路に印加される。スイッチングトランジスタＱ２がオン
になると電池Ｂ−２の充電電流ｉ２は電池Ｂ−１からの
充電電流ｉとスイッチングトランジスタＱ２からの充電
電流ｉ１の和となり、スイッチングトランジスタＱ３が
オンになると電池Ｂ−１を通った充電電流ｉは抵抗器Ｒ
７と電池Ｂ−２に分流するように制御される。On the other hand, the input voltage Vi input to the input terminal Ti is applied to a series circuit composed of a resistor R6, a switching transistor Q2, a resistor R7 and a switching transistor Q3. When the switching transistor Q2 is turned on, the charging current i2 of the battery B-2 becomes the sum of the charging current i from the battery B-1 and the charging current i1 from the switching transistor Q2, and when the switching transistor Q3 is turned on, the battery B-1 is charged. The charging current i passed is the resistor R
7 and the battery B-2 are controlled to be divided.
【００１０】ここで、抵抗器Ｒ３の抵抗値ｒ３と抵抗器
Ｒ５の抵抗値ｒ５を等しく、ｒ３≒ｒ５とし、抵抗器Ｒ
４の抵抗値ｒ４を適当な値に設定する。ｂ点の電圧値は
ａ点の一定の定電圧値を抵抗Ｒ３と抵抗器Ｒ４、Ｒ５の
直列回路で分圧した値であり、ｄ点の電圧値との差がオ
ペアンプＵ１に入力され、その出力でスイッチングトラ
ンジスタＱ３を制御する。また、ｃ点の電圧値はａ点の
一定の電圧値を抵抗器Ｒ３、Ｒ４の直列回路と抵抗器Ｒ
５で分圧した値であり、ｄ点の電圧値との差がオペアン
プＵ２に入力され、その出力でスイッチングトランジス
タＱ２を制御する。Here, the resistance value r3 of the resistor R3 and the resistance value r5 of the resistor R5 are made equal to each other, r3≈r5, and the resistor R
The resistance value r4 of 4 is set to an appropriate value. The voltage value at the point b is a value obtained by dividing the constant voltage value at the point a by the series circuit of the resistor R3 and the resistors R4 and R5, and the difference from the voltage value at the point d is input to the operational amplifier U1. The output controls the switching transistor Q3. Further, the voltage value at the point c is the constant voltage value at the point a at the series circuit of the resistors R3 and R4 and the resistor R
The voltage divided by 5, and the difference from the voltage value at the point d is input to the operational amplifier U2, and the output thereof controls the switching transistor Q2.
【００１１】組電池Ｂの電池Ｂ−１の電圧値Ｖ１と電池
Ｂ−２の電圧値のバランスがとれているときは、ｃ点の
電圧値＜ｄ点の電圧値＜ｂ点の電圧値（Ｖ１≒Ｖ２）と
なり、オペアンプＵ１及びＵ２の出力は共にロ−レベル
となり、スイッチングトランジスタＱ２及びＱ３は共に
オフとなる。このため電池Ｂ−１及びＢ−２は同じ充電
電流ｉで充電される。When the voltage value V1 of the battery B-1 of the assembled battery B and the voltage value of the battery B-2 are balanced, the voltage value at the point c <the voltage value at the point d <the voltage value at the point b ( V1≈V2), the outputs of the operational amplifiers U1 and U2 are both low level, and the switching transistors Q2 and Q3 are both off. Therefore, the batteries B-1 and B-2 are charged with the same charging current i.
【００１２】図２は電池Ｂ−１の電圧値Ｖ１と電池Ｂ−
２の電圧値Ｖ２の関係が、Ｖ１＜Ｖ２の時の充電電流の
流れを示す図である。Ｖ１＜Ｖ２の時、抵抗器Ｒ４の抵
抗値ｒ４を適当な値に設定すれば、ｄ点の電圧値＞ｂ点
の電圧値となり、オペアンプＵ１の出力はハイレベル
（オペアンプＵ２の出力はロ−レベル）となるためスイ
ッチングトランジスタＱ３はオンとなる（Ｑ２はオ
フ）。このため充電電流ｉは電池Ｂ−１を充電した後、
抵抗Ｒ７と電池Ｂ−２に分流される。従って電池Ｂ−１
の電圧Ｖ１は電池Ｂ−２の電圧Ｖ２に比べ急速に上昇す
る。組電池Ｂの電池Ｂ−１及び電池Ｂ−２の電圧のバラ
ンスがとれてＶ１≒Ｖ２になれば上記に述べたように同
じ充電電流ｉが流れる。FIG. 2 shows the voltage value V1 of battery B-1 and battery B-
It is a figure which shows the flow of the charging current when the relationship of the voltage value V2 of 2 is V1 <V2. When V1 <V2, if the resistance value r4 of the resistor R4 is set to an appropriate value, the voltage value at the point d> the voltage value at the point b, and the output of the operational amplifier U1 is high level (the output of the operational amplifier U2 is low). Level, the switching transistor Q3 is turned on (Q2 is turned off). Therefore, after charging the battery B-1 with the charging current i,
It is divided into the resistor R7 and the battery B-2. Therefore, battery B-1
Voltage V1 of the battery B-2 rises more rapidly than the voltage V2 of the battery B-2. If the voltages of the batteries B-1 and B-2 of the battery pack B are balanced and V1≈V2, the same charging current i flows as described above.
【００１３】図３は電池Ｂ−１の電圧値Ｖ１と電池Ｂ−
２の電圧値Ｖ２の関係が、Ｖ１＞Ｖ２の時の充電電流の
流れを示す図である。Ｖ１＞Ｖ２の時、ｄ点の電圧値＜
ｃ点の電圧値となり、オペアンプＵ２の出力はハイレベ
ル（Ｕ１の出力はロ−レベル）となるためスイッチング
トランジスタＱ２がＯＮとなる（Ｑ３はオフ）。このた
め電池Ｂ−２の充電電流ｉ２は電池Ｂ−１の充電電流ｉ
とスイッチングトランジスタより供給される電流ｉ１の
和となる。従って、電池Ｂ−２の電圧Ｖ２は電池Ｂ−１
の電圧Ｖ１に較べ急速に上昇する。組電池Ｂの電池Ｂ−
１及び電池Ｂ−２の電圧のバランスがとれてＶ１≒Ｖ２
になれば上記に述べたように同じ充電電流ｉが流れる。FIG. 3 shows the voltage value V1 of battery B-1 and battery B-
It is a figure which shows the flow of the charging current when the relationship of the voltage value V2 of 2 is V1> V2. When V1> V2, voltage value at point d <
The voltage value at the point c is reached, and the output of the operational amplifier U2 becomes high level (the output of U1 is low level), so that the switching transistor Q2 is turned on (Q3 is turned off). Therefore, the charging current i2 of the battery B-2 is equal to the charging current i2 of the battery B-1.
And the current i1 supplied from the switching transistor. Therefore, the voltage V2 of the battery B-2 is
The voltage V1 rises rapidly. Battery B of assembled battery B-
1 and the voltage of the battery B-2 are balanced and V1≈V2
Then, the same charging current i flows as described above.
【００１４】[0014]
【発明の効果】以上、詳細に説明したように本発明によ
れば、下記のような優れた効果が期待される。本装置を
使用して充電すれば組電池を構成する各電池の特性の
差、容量の差等により生じるアンバランスに対しても自
動的にバランスをとって充電されるので、過充電により
電池寿命を縮めることなく、また、充電の不足による容
量不足を起こすことなく電池容量を有効に使用すること
が出来る。As described in detail above, according to the present invention, the following excellent effects are expected. If you use this device to charge the battery, it will automatically be balanced against any unbalance caused by differences in the characteristics of the batteries that make up the battery pack, differences in capacity, etc. It is possible to effectively use the battery capacity without shortening the battery capacity and without causing a capacity shortage due to insufficient charging.
【図１】本発明の組電池充電装置の回路を示す図であ
る。FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a circuit of an assembled battery charging device of the present invention.
【図２】Ｖ１＜Ｖ２の時の充電電流の流れを示す図であ
る。FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a flow of a charging current when V1 <V2.
【図３】Ｖ１＞Ｖ２の時の充電電流の流れを示す図であ
る。FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a flow of a charging current when V1> V2.
【図４】組電池の充電の説明図である。FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram of charging an assembled battery.
Ｑ１ トランジスタ Ｑ２ トランジスタ Ｑ３ トランジスタ Ｕ１ オペアンプ Ｕ２ オペアンプ Ｕ３ オペアンプ Ｂ１ 電池 Ｂ２ 電池 Ｒ３ 抵抗 Ｒ４ 抵抗 Ｒ５ 抵抗 Ｒ６ 抵抗 Ｒ７ 抵抗 Ｔ１ 端子 Ｔ２ 端子 Q1 transistor Q2 transistor Q3 transistor U1 operational amplifier U2 operational amplifier U3 operational amplifier B1 battery B2 battery R3 resistance R4 resistance R5 resistance R6 resistance R7 resistance T1 terminal T2 terminal
Claims (1)
組電池を定電圧充電方式で充電する組電池の充電装置に
おいて、 前記直列に接続された２次電池の正極及び負極及び接続
点よりリ−ド線を外部に引き出し各電池の電圧を監視す
る監視手段を設け、 更に各電池毎に充電電流を制御する電流制御手段を設
け、 前記監視手段で各電池の充電状態を監視しながら、その
出力信号で前記電流制御手段を作動させ充電電流を制御
し、充電の遅れている方の電池に対しては充電電流を充
電の進んでいる方の電池よりも多く流して各電池の充電
状態のバランスをとりながら充電を行うことを特徴とす
る組電池の充電装置。1. A battery pack charging apparatus for charging a battery pack using two rechargeable batteries connected in series by a constant voltage charging method, comprising: a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a connection of the rechargeable batteries connected in series. A lead wire is drawn from the point to the outside to provide a monitoring means for monitoring the voltage of each battery, and a current control means for controlling the charging current for each battery is provided, and the monitoring means monitors the charging state of each battery. However, by controlling the charging current by operating the current control means by the output signal, the charging current is made to flow more to the battery which is delayed in charging than to the battery which is being advanced in charging. A battery charger for an assembled battery, which charges while balancing the charging states.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP25514993A JP3203533B2 (en) | 1993-09-17 | 1993-09-17 | Battery pack charging device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP25514993A JP3203533B2 (en) | 1993-09-17 | 1993-09-17 | Battery pack charging device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH0787675A true JPH0787675A (en) | 1995-03-31 |
| JP3203533B2 JP3203533B2 (en) | 2001-08-27 |
Family
ID=17274763
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP25514993A Expired - Fee Related JP3203533B2 (en) | 1993-09-17 | 1993-09-17 | Battery pack charging device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP3203533B2 (en) |
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000083327A (en) * | 1998-09-03 | 2000-03-21 | Denso Corp | Voltage adjusting equipment for combined battery and voltage adjusting method of combined battery |
| JP2010004730A (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2010-01-07 | Green Solution Technology Inc | Balanced charging controller for battery and its battery module |
| JP2010140731A (en) * | 2008-12-11 | 2010-06-24 | Shin Kobe Electric Mach Co Ltd | Battery controller |
| WO2013088695A2 (en) | 2011-12-12 | 2013-06-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki | Battery cell voltage equalization apparatus |
| CN115133147A (en) * | 2021-03-24 | 2022-09-30 | 邑达电子股份有限公司 | Battery pack and battery pack series connection structure |
-
1993
- 1993-09-17 JP JP25514993A patent/JP3203533B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2000083327A (en) * | 1998-09-03 | 2000-03-21 | Denso Corp | Voltage adjusting equipment for combined battery and voltage adjusting method of combined battery |
| JP2010004730A (en) * | 2008-06-20 | 2010-01-07 | Green Solution Technology Inc | Balanced charging controller for battery and its battery module |
| US8154250B2 (en) | 2008-06-20 | 2012-04-10 | Green Solution Technology Co., Ltd. | Battery charging controller and battery module using the same |
| JP2010140731A (en) * | 2008-12-11 | 2010-06-24 | Shin Kobe Electric Mach Co Ltd | Battery controller |
| WO2013088695A2 (en) | 2011-12-12 | 2013-06-20 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Jidoshokki | Battery cell voltage equalization apparatus |
| CN115133147A (en) * | 2021-03-24 | 2022-09-30 | 邑达电子股份有限公司 | Battery pack and battery pack series connection structure |
| JP2022151849A (en) * | 2021-03-24 | 2022-10-07 | 邑達電子股▲ふん▼有限公司 | Battery pack and serial structure of battery pack |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP3203533B2 (en) | 2001-08-27 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |