JP6838966B2 - デスフェリチオシン類似体およびその使用 - Google Patents
デスフェリチオシン類似体およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6838966B2 JP6838966B2 JP2016533648A JP2016533648A JP6838966B2 JP 6838966 B2 JP6838966 B2 JP 6838966B2 JP 2016533648 A JP2016533648 A JP 2016533648A JP 2016533648 A JP2016533648 A JP 2016533648A JP 6838966 B2 JP6838966 B2 JP 6838966B2
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- 125000001834 xanthenyl group Chemical group C1=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3C(C12)* 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical class [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000002076 α-tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
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- FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-BYLHFPJWSA-N β-1,4-galactotrioside Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-BYLHFPJWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N β-Carotene Chemical compound CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Description
本出願は、35U.S.C.§119(e)のもと2013年11月22日に出願された米国仮出願U.S.S.N.61/907,913に対し優先権を主張し、参照によりこれを本明細書に組み込む。
本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所によって授与された承認番号R37DK049108のもと米国政府の支援を受けて行われた。米国政府は本発明において一定の権利を有する。
具体的な官能基および化学用語の定義は、より詳細に以下に記載する。本発明の目的のために、化学元素は、元素の周期表、CAS version、Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed.の内表紙に従って同定し、具体的な官能基はその中に記載されているとおり一般的に定義する。また、有機化学、ならびに具体的な官能部分および反応性の一般的な原理は、Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987に記載されている。
あるいは、1つの炭素上の2つのジェミナル水素が、=O、=S、=NN(Rbb)2、=NNRbbC(=O)Raa、=NNRbbC(=O)ORaa、=NNRbbS(=O)2Raa、=NRbbまたは=NORcc基で置き換えられ;
各Raaの例は、独立して、C1−10アルキル、C1−10パーハロアルキル、C2−10アルケニル、C2−10アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜14員のヘテロシクリル、C6−14アリールおよび5〜14員のヘテロアリールから選択され、または2つのRaa基が結合して3〜14員のヘテロシクリルもしくは5〜14員のヘテロアリール環を形成し、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRdd基で置換され;
各Rbbの例は、独立して、水素、−OH、−ORaa、−N(Rcc)2、−CN、−C(=O)Raa、−C(=O)N(Rcc)2、−CO2Raa、−SO2Raa、−C(=NRcc)ORaa、−C(=NRcc)N(Rcc)2、−SO2N(Rcc)2、−SO2Rcc、−SO2ORcc、−SORaa、−C(=S)N(Rcc)2、−C(=O)SRcc、−C(=S)SRcc、−P(=O)2Raa、−P(=O)(Raa)2、−P(=O)2N(Rcc)2、−P(=O)(NRcc)2、C1−10アルキル、C1−10パ−ハロアルキル、C2−10アルケニル、C2−10アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜14員のヘテロシクリル、C6−14アリ−ルおよび5〜14員のヘテロアリ−ルから選択され、または2つのRbb基が結合して3〜14員のヘテロシクリルもしくは5〜14員のヘテロアリール環を形成し、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRdd基で置換され;
各Rccの例は、独立して、水素、C1−10アルキル、C1−10パ−ハロアルキル、C2−10アルケニル、C2−10アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜14員のヘテロシクリル、C6−14アリ−ルおよび5〜14員のヘテロアリ−ルから選択され、または2つのRcc基が結合して3〜14員のヘテロシクリルもしくは5〜14員のヘテロアリール環を形成し、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRdd基で置換され;
各Rddの例は、独立して、水素、−CN、−NO2、−N3、−SO2H、−SO3H、−OH、−ORee、−ON(Rff)2、−N(Rff)2、−N(Rff)3 +X−、−N(ORee)Rff、−SH、−SRee、−SSRee、−C(=O)Ree、−CO2H、−CO2Ree、−OC(=O)Ree、−OCO2Ree、−C(=O)N(Rff)2、−OC(=O)N(Rff)2、−NRffC(=O)Ree、−NRffCO2Ree、−NRffC(=O)N(Rff)2、−C(=NRff)ORee、−OC(=NRff)Ree、−OC(=NRff)ORee、−C(=NRff)N(Rff)2、−OC(=NRff)N(Rff)2、−NRffC(=NRff)N(Rff)2、−NRffSO2Ree、−SO2N(Rff)2、−SO2Ree、−SO2ORee、−OSO2Ree、−S(=O)Ree、−Si(Ree)3、−OSi(Ree)3、−C(=S)N(Rff)2、−C(=O)SRee、−C(=S)SRee、−SC(=S)SRee、−P(=O)2Ree、−P(=O)(Ree)2、−OP(=O)(Ree)2、−OP(=O)(ORee)2、C1−6アルキル、C1−6パーハロアルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、C6−10アリール、5〜10員のヘテロアリール、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、C6−10アリールおよび5〜10員のヘテロアリールから選択され、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRgg基で置換されるか、または2つのジェミナルRdd置換基が、=Oまたは=Sを形成するために結合することができ;
各Reeの例は、独立して、C1−6アルキル、C1−6パ−ハロアルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、C6−10アリ−ル、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、および3〜10員のヘテロアリ−ルから選択され、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRgg基で置換され;
各Rffの例は、独立して、水素、C1−6アルキル、C1−6パ−ハロアルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、C6−10アリ−ル、および5〜10員のヘテロアリ−ルから選択され、または2つのRff基が結合して3〜14員のヘテロシクリルもしくは5〜14員のヘテロアリール環を形成し、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRgg基で置換され;
各Rggの例は、独立して、水素、−CN、−NO2、−N3、−SO2H、−SO3H、−OH、−OC1−6アルキル、−ON(C1−6アルキル)2、−N(C1−6アルキル)2、−N(C1−6アルキル)3 +X−、−NH(C1−6アルキル)2 +X−、−NH2(C1−6アルキル)+X−、−NH3 +X−、−N(OC1−6アルキル)(C1−6アルキル)、−N(OH)(C1−6アルキル)、−NH(OH)、−SH、−SC1−6アルキル、−SS(C1−6アルキル)、−C(=O)(C1−6アルキル)、−CO2H、−CO2(C1−6アルキル)、−OC(=O)(C1−6アルキル)、−OCO2(C1−6アルキル)、−C(=O)NH2、−C(=O)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−OC(=O)NH(C1−6アルキル)、−NHC(=O)(C1−6アルキル)、−N(C1−6アルキル)C(=O)(C1−6アルキル)、−NHCO2(C1−6アルキル)、−NHC(=O)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−NHC(=O)NH(C1−6アルキル)、−NHC(=O)NH2、−C(=NH)O(C1−6アルキル)、−OC(=NH)(C1−6アルキル)、−OC(=NH)OC1−6アルキル、−C(=NH)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−C(=NH)NH2、−OC(=NH)N(C1−6アルキル)2、OC(NH)NH(C1−6アルキル)、−OC(NH)NH2、−NHC(NH)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−NHC(=NH)NH2、−NHSO2(C1−6アルキル)、−SO2N(C1−6アルキル)2、−SO2NH(C1−6アルキル)、−SO2NH2、−SO2C1−6アルキル、−SO2OC1−6アルキル、−OSO2C1−6アルキル、−SOC1−6アルキル、−Si(C1−6アルキル)3、−OSi(C1−6アルキル)3、−C(=S)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−C(=S)NH(C1−6アルキル)、−C(=S)NH2、−C(=O)S(C1−6アルキル)、−C(=S)SC1−6アルキル、−SC(=S)SC1−6アルキル、−P(=O)2(C1−6アルキル)、−P(=O)(C1−6アルキル)2、−OP(=O)(C1−6アルキル)2、−OP(=O)(OC1−6アルキル)2、C1−6アルキル、C1−6パーハロアルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、C6−10アリール、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、5〜10員のヘテロアリールであるか;または2つのジェミナルRgg置換基が、=Oもしくは=Sを形成するために結合することができ;式中、X−は対イオンである。
輸血療法、高鉄分食、急性鉄摂取、または吸収不良に起因する鉄過剰負荷の処置における使用のために、種々のデサザデスフェリチオシン類似体が記載されている。かかる類似体は、特定の組織または臓器中の鉄の局所濃度が病的なプロセスに寄与する局所的な鉄過剰負荷を処置するためにも使用され得る。例えば、組織または臓器中の管理されないFe+2イオンは、組織もしくは細胞の損傷につながるヒドロキシルラジカルその他の活性酸素種の生産をもたらし得る。類似体のフェニル環をピリジニル環で置き換えることによるデサザデスフェリチオシン類似体の構造修飾は、デスフェリチオシン(1)などのデスフェリチオシン類似体を生じさせる。1への構造修飾で、とりわけ、1以上の炭水化物(例えば、α−D−、β−D−、α−L−およびβ−L−グルコースを含むグルコースなどの、糖)部分を、任意にリンカーを通じてでもよいが、1に付けることによるものは、式(A)または(J)で表される新規なデスフェリチオシン類似体を生じさせる。これらの本発明の化合物は、親化合物1および/または他のデスフェリチオシン類似体と比較して、1以上のより優れた特性(例えば、より大きな溶解性、透過性、および生物学的利用能;改善された分布性、吸収性、代謝性、および鉄除去効率;ならびに、減少したクリアランス、排出、および毒性など)を有し得る。本発明の化合物はまた、効率的に細胞内に届けられまたは細胞に取り込まれて細胞内に保持されるものであり得、そのことは本発明の化合物を使用して対象における病的状態の処置および/または予防をするうえで望ましい。例えば、炭水化物部分は親水性であり、これらの部分をもった本発明の化合物は、より溶解性がよくおよび/または細胞に入るためのより高い能力を有し得る。しかも、炭水化物部分は、本発明の化合物の細胞内への取り込みにつなげる膜輸送タンパク質によって認識され得る。その結果、炭水化物部分の付いた本発明の化合物は、より効率よく対象の細胞内に輸送され得る。加えて、炭水化物部分とデスフェリチオシン1とを接続するリンカーは、細胞内で加水分解して炭水化物部分なしのデスフェリチオシン類似体を生じさせ得る。この類似体は、それ以降は膜輸送タンパク質によって認識されなくなり得るので、したがって、細胞内に保持され得る。この類似体はまた、細胞から抜け出すために細胞膜を通過するにはあまりにも類似体に極性があるからという理由でも細胞内に留まり得る。生理学的条件下で加水分解可能な任意のリンカーが、本発明では使用され得る。例えば、−ポリエーテル−(例えば、PEG部分)がリンカーとして採用された場合、本発明の化合物は式:
デスフェリチオシン−ポリエーテル−炭水化物
で表されるものである。ある態様においては、ポリエーテルリンカーの酸素分子の1つが、炭水化物部分のアノマー炭素(すなわち、C1)に付いている。このポリエーテル−C1結合は、生理学的条件下で加水分解され得、加水分解生成物の、アルコールであるデスフェリチオシン−ポリエーテル−Hが生成し得る。
デスフェリチオシン−ポリエーテル−NHC(=O)O−炭水化物
で表されるものである。カルバマート部分−NHC(=O)O−は、生理学的条件下で加水分解され得、正に帯電した加水分解生成物のデスフェリチオシン−ポリエーテル−NH3 +が形成され得る。
デスフェリチオシン(DFT)1(図1A)は、Streptomyces antibioticusから単離された天然産物の鉄キレーターである(Naegeli et al., “Metabolites of Microorganisms. Part 193. Ferrithiocin.” Helv. Chim. Acta 1980, 63, 1400-1406)。それは、Fe(III)と2:1錯体を形成し、累積形成定数(cumulative formation constant)は4×1029M−1である(Hahn et al., “Coordination Chemistry of Microbial Iron Transport. 42. Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Diastereomeric Cr(III) and Co(III) Complexes of Desferriferrithiocin.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 1854-1860;Anderegg et al., “Metal Complex Formation of a New Siderophore Desferrithiocin and of Three Related Ligands.” J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1194-1196)。該化合物は、ラットに経口投与(po)したときに(Bergeron et al., “Evaluation of Desferrithiocin and Its Synthetic Analogs as Orally Effective Iron Chelators.” J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 2072-2078)、また霊長類においても(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Evaluation of Iron Clearance Models.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1990, 612, 378-393;Wolfe et al., “A Non-Human Primate Model for the Study of Oral Iron Chelators.” Br. J. Haematol. 1989, 72, 456-461)、優れた除鉄薬剤(deferration agent)であることが示されたが、ラットに重度の腎毒性を引き起こした(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Study of the Iron-Clearing Properties of Desferrithiocin Analogs with Desferrioxamine B in a Cebus Monkey Model.” Blood 1993, 81, 2166-2173)。それでもなお、該化合物の経口活性は、経口的に活性で安全なDFT類似体を同定することを狙いとするDFTプラットフォームに焦点を当てたSAR研究に拍車をかけた(Bergeron et al., “Effects of C-4 Stereochemistry and C-4' Hydroxylation on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Toxicity of Desferrithiocin Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2432-2440;Bergeron et al., “Methoxylation of Desazadesferrithiocin Analogs: Enhanced Iron Clearing Efficiency.” J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 1470-1477;Bergeron et al., “Desazadesmethyldesferrithiocin Analogs as Orally Effective Iron Chelators.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 95-108)。効果的にキレート化をして生物系から金属を取り除く種々のデサザデスフェリチオシン類似体が開発されてきた。PCT国際出願の、1997年10月9日発行のWO1997/036885号;2000年3月30日発行のWO2000/016763号;2000年3月9日発行のWO2000/012493号;2004年3月4日発行のWO2004/017959号;2005年4月21日発行のWO2005/034949号;2005年3月17日発行のWO2005/023310号;2006年10月12日発行のWO2006/107626号;2008年10月30日発行のWO2008/130395号;2008年9月25日発行のWO2008/115433号;2011年3月10日発行のWO2011/028255号;2013年6月20日発行のWO2013/090750号;および2013年6月20日発行のWO2013/090766号を参照、これらの各々を参照により本明細書に組み込む。また、米国特許US5,840,739号;US6,864,270号;US7,144,904号;US7,879,886号;USRE39,132号;USRE39,132号;US6,083,966号;US6,521,652号;US6,525,080号;US6,559,315号;US8,278,458号;およびUS8,324,397号を参照、これらの各々を参照により本明細書に組み込む。また、米国特許出願公開US2004/044220号;US2004/132789号;US2005/234113号;US2008/255081号;US2006/211746号;US2006/211773号;US2008/096974号;US2013/030028号;US2010/137346号;US2013/210870号;およびUS2012/184586号を参照、これらの各々を参照により本明細書に組み込む。
1におけるピリジン窒素を取り除いたことで、デサザデスフェリチオシン(DADFT)シリーズの親化合物である2が提供された(図1A)(Bergeron et al., “Desazadesmethyldesferrithiocin Analogs as Orally Effective Iron Chelators.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 95-108)。興味深いことに、2はあからさまに腎毒性ではなかったが、深刻な胃腸(GI)の問題を誘発した(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Study of the Iron-Clearing Properties of Desferrithiocin Analogs with Desferrioxamine B in a Cebus Monkey Model.” Blood 1993, 81, 2166-2173;Bergeron et al., “Effects of C-4 Stereochemistry and C-4' Hydroxylation on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Toxicity of Desferrithiocin Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2432-2440;Bergeron et al., “Desazadesmethyldesferrithiocin Analogs as Orally Effective Iron Chelators.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 95-108)。そのGI毒性にもかかわらず、該化合物の優れた鉄除去効率(ICE)、また、その腎毒性がないことは、このファーマコフォアを前提としたさらなるSAR研究を促した。これは、DADFT類似体の親油性(オクタノールと水との間で分配させ、オクタノール層中の分配率の対数logPappとして表現)(Sangster, Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry; John Wiley and Sons: West Sussex, England, 1997; Vol. 2)が、化合物のICE、臓器分布性、および毒性プロファイルに対して重大な効果を有する可能性があるという発見につながった(Bergeron et al., “Effects of C-4 Stereochemistry and C-4' Hydroxylation on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Toxicity of Desferrithiocin Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2432-2440;Bergeron et al., “Iron Chelators and Therapeutic Uses.” Abraham, ed. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry. 6th. Wileyより; New York: 2003. pp. 479-561;Bergeron et al., “Desferrithiocin Analogs and Nephrotoxicity.” J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 5993-6004)。デスフェリチオシン類似体は、鉄その他の金属をキレート化し取り除くと報告されている。PCT国際出願の、1997年10月9日発行のWO1997/036885号;2000年3月30日発行のWO2000/016763号;2000年3月9日発行のWO2000/012493号;および2004年3月4日発行のWO2004/017959号を参照、これらの各々を参照により本明細書に組み込む。また、米国特許US5,840,739号;US6,864,270号;US7,144,904号;US7,879,886号;USRE39,132号;USRE39,132号;US6,083,966号;US6,521,652号;US6,525,080号;およびUS6,559,315号を参照、これらの各々を参照により本明細書に組み込む。また、米国特許出願公開US2004/044220号;US2004/132789号;US2005/234113号;およびUS2008/255081号を参照、これらの各々を参照により本明細書に組み込む。
R1は、水素、アルキル、アシル、酸素保護基、
R2は、水素、アルキル、アシル、酸素保護基、−[(CH2)n−O]x−[(CH2)n−O]y−R”、または−[(CH2)n−O]x−[(CH2)n−O]y−(CH2)n−NR10−C(=O)O−R”であり;
各R3の出現は、独立して、アルキル、アリールアルキル、または−OR8であり;
R4は、水素またはアルキルであり;
R5は、水素またはアルキルであり;
R6は、水素またはアルキルであり;
R7は、−OR9または−SR9であり;
R8は、水素、アルキル、アシル、酸素保護基、
R9は、水素、アルキル、
R10は、水素、アルキル、アシル、または窒素保護基であり;
R’は、水素または酸素保護基であり;
R”は、水素、アルキル、アシル、酸素保護基、
各nの出現は、独立して1〜8の整数であり;
kは、0〜2の整数であり;
xは、1〜8の整数であり;および
yは、0〜8の整数である。
R3が−OR8であり、R8が
R2は、水素、アルキル、アシル、酸素保護基、−[(CH2)n−O]x−[(CH2)n−O]y−R”、または−[(CH2)n−O]x−[(CH2)n−O]y−(CH2)n−NR10−C(=O)O−R”であり;
各R3の出現は、独立して、アルキル、アリールアルキル、または−OR8であり;
R4、R5およびR6は、各々独立して、水素またはアルキルであり;
R7は、−OR9または−SR9であり;
R8は、水素、アルキル、アシル、または酸素保護基であり;
R9は、水素、アルキル、酸素保護基(酸素原子に付いている場合)、または硫黄保護基(硫黄原子に付いている場合)であり;
R10は、水素、アルキル、アシル、または窒素保護基であり;
R’は、水素または酸素保護基であり;
R”は、水素、アルキル、アシル、または酸素保護基であり;
各nの出現は、独立して1〜8の整数であり;
kは、0〜2の整数であり;
xは、1〜8の整数であり;および、
yは、0〜8の整数である。
ある態様において、R2は
ある態様において、R3の出現の少なくとも1つは
W1〜W3は、独立してCR22、NR23、酸素、または硫黄であり、ただし:
W3が窒素である場合、R23は空白であり、
R21がメチルまたは水素である場合、W1は硫黄ではなく;
Zは、−OR11、−NR12R13、モルホリン、または任意に置換されてもよいピペラジニルであり;
R11は、−[(CH2)p−O]u−[(CH2)q−O]v−R14、−[(CH2)p−NH]u−[(CH2)q−NR14]v−R15、または−[(CH2)p−O]u−[(CH2)q−NR14]v−R15であり ;
R12は、水素、アルキル、−[(CH2)p−O]u−[(CH2)q−O]v−R14、−[(CH2)p−NH]u−[(CH2)q−NR14]v−R15、または−[(CH2)p−O]u−[(CH2)q−NR14]v−R15であり ;
R13は、水素またはアルキルであり;
pおよびqは、独立して1〜8の整数であり;
uは、0〜8の整数であり;
vは、1〜8の整数であり;
R14およびR15は、独立して水素、アルキル、またはアシルであり;
R16は、水素、アルキル、またはアルコキシルであり;
R17は、−OR18または−N(OH)R19であり;
R18は、水素、アルキル、またはアリールアルキルであり;
R19は、アルキルまたは−(CH2)s−N(OH)C(=O)R20であり;
sは、1〜8の整数であり;
R20は、アルキルであり;
R21は、水素またはアルキルであり;
各R22の出現は、独立して空白、水素、またはアルキルであり;
各R23の出現は、独立して空白、水素、またはアルキルである;
で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、もしくは多形である。
ある態様において、R11は
ある態様において、R11は
ある態様において、R11は
本発明は、本発明の化合物およびその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、および多形、ならびに、任意に薬学的に許容し得る賦形剤を含む、医薬組成物を提供する。ある態様において、本発明の化合物またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩は、医薬組成物中に有効量で提供される。ある態様において、有効量は治療有効量である。ある態様において、有効量は予防有効量である。
本発明の化合物およびそれらの医薬組成物は、対象における病的状態の処置および/または予防に有用であることが期待される。ある側面では、本明細書では、対象における病的状態を処置および/または予防する方法が提供され、該方法は、治療有効量または予防有効量の、本発明の化合物またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、もしくは多形を、および任意に薬学的に許容し得る賦形剤を、対象に投与することを含む。
本明細書に記載の本発明がより完全に理解されるために、以下の例を示す。なお、これらの例は例示のみを目的としたものであり、いかなる方法でも本発明を限定するものとして解釈されるべきではないことが理解されるべきである。
(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−(3,5−ジヒドロキシ−2−ピリジニル)−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボン酸、((S)−5’−(HO)−DFT、I−1)、(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[3−ヒドロキシ−5−(3,6−ジオキサヘプチルオキシ)−2−ピリジニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボン酸、((S)−5’−(HO)−DFT−ノルPE、I−2)、および(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[3−ヒドロキシ−4−(3,6−ジオキサヘプチルオキシ)−2−ピリジニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボン酸、((S)−4’−(HO)−DFT−ノルPE、I−2)などの新規なDFT類似体が合成された(化学構造は図1Bに示す)。
AndereggとRaberによる、1についての以前の研究は、キレーターがFe(III)と2:1錯体を形成することを示した(Anderegg et al., “Metal Complex Formation of a New Siderophore Desferrithiocin and of Three Related Ligands.” J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1194-1196)。この錯体の累積形成定数(cumulative formation constant)は4×1029M−1であると決定された。Hahnらは、最終的にΔおよびλの1−Cr(III)錯体を両方とも、Fe(III)の代理として働くクロムを用いて単離することができた(Hahn et al., “Coordination Chemistry of Microbial Iron Transport. 42. Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Diastereomeric Cr(III) and Co(III) Complexes of Desferriferrithiocin.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 1854-1860)。期待されたとおり、錯体の結晶構造は、はっきりと2:1のリガンドの金属に対する比を実証した。以降の研究において、3(Bergeron et al., “Effects of C-4 Stereochemistry and C-4' Hydroxylation on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Toxicity of Desferrithiocin Analogues.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2432-2440)、およびその対応するデスメチル類似体(Bergeron et al., “Desazadesmethyldesferrithiocin Analogues as Orally Effective Iron Chelators.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 95-108)についてのジョブプロット(Job’s plot)もまた、これらのリガンドがFe(III)と2:1錯体を形成することを示した。それは、キレーターの供与基、芳香族ヒドロキシル、チアゾリン窒素、およびカルボン酸が1そのものにおけるものと同じであるという事実に沿っている。さらに、3の構造(Bergeron et al., “Iron Chelation Promoted by Desazadesferrithiocin Analogs: An Enantioselective Barrier.” Chirality 2003, 15, 593-599)の、1との比較は、配位部位の配置が本質的に同じであることを明らかにする。
オクタノールと水との間の分配値(pH7.4、トリス緩衝液において)は、logPAapp値を測定する「振盪フラスコ」の直接的な方法を使用して決定した(Sangster et al., Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients: Fundamentals and Physical Chemistry; John Wiley and Sons: West Sussex, England, 1997; Vol. 2)。オクタノール層中の化合物の分配率は、次いでlogPAappとして表現される。値は広範にわたって異なるが(表1)、一方、1つの観察結果が突出する:DFTおよびその類似体は、常にそれらのDADFTの対応物よりも、すなわち、1が2に対して、I−1が3に対して、I−2が7に対して、 およびI−3が9に対して、より親水性である。これは、DFT類似体上の、適度に良好な水素結合の受け手である芳香族窒素の存在による可能性が高い。DFTとDADFTとの間の親油性の差とは相対的に、ポリエーテル骨格をDFTまたはDADFTのファーマコフォアのいずれかに取り付けたことは、よりいっそう適度な効果を有した(表1)。
bICEは48時間の試料回収期間に基づく。
c霊長類[n=4(1、2、I−1、カプセル中の7、I−2、9、およびI−3),または6(3),または7(モノナトリウム塩としての7)]では、化合物はpoで75μmol/kg(2、I−1、7、I−2、9、およびI−3)または150μmol/kg(1,3)の投与量で与えられた。化合物I−3はまた霊長類にscで75μmol/kgの投与量でも与えられた。化合物はカプセルで投与され(7)、40%のクレモフォール(Cremophor)RH−40/水で可溶化され(1、2)、または、蒸留水中における遊離酸の懸濁液に1当量のNaOHを加えることで調製されたそれらのモノナトリウム塩として与えられた(1、2、3、I−1、I−2、9、およびI−3)。効率は、化合物の前4日の鉄の排出量を平均化し、それらの数値を化合物の投与後2日の鉄の除去から差し引いて、次いで理論上の排出量で割ることで算出した;結果は百分率で表現している。ICEのデータは:I−3についてはBergeron et al., “Effects of C-4 Stereochemistry and C-4' Hydroxylation on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Toxicity of Desferrithiocin Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2432-2440からであり;7についてはBergeron et al., “The Impact of Polyether Chain Length on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Physiochemical Properties of Desferrithiocin Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 2843-2853からであり;および9についてはBergeron et al., “Desferrithiocin Analog Iron Chelators: Iron Clearing Efficiency, Tissue Distribution, and Renal Toxicity.” Biometals, 2011, 24, 239-258からである。胆汁中および尿中の排出された鉄の相対的な百分率を、角括弧内に表している。
d性能比(PR)は、平均ICE霊長類/ICEげっ歯類として定義されている。
全ての動物実験処置プロトコルは、University of Florida’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committeeによってレビューされ認可された。
化合物3、I−1およびI−2を、0.1MのpD7.0のリン酸緩衝液に5.4mMの濃度で:3(1.1mg、4.34μmol)およびI−1(1.1mg、4.33μmol)を緩衝液(0.80mL)中に、ならびに、I−2(1.8mg、5.05μmol)を緩衝液(0.933mL)中に、溶解させた。[3](交換されなかった)の[3](元のもの)に対する比を、104分までの時点のδ6.39(d,H−5’,J=9.0)の積分に対する相対的なδ6.33(d,H−3’,J=2.3)の縮小によって測定した。[I−1](交換されなかった)の[I−1](元のもの)に対する比を、16時間までの時点のδ7.54(d,H−6’,J=2.3)の積分に対する相対的なδ6.41(d,H−4’,J=2.3)の縮小によって測定した。3およびI−1のための一次速度定数(表2)とともに、[化合物](交換されなかった)の自然対数の対時間のプロットは線形である。I−2のδ6.76(d,H−4’,J=2.0)のδ7.72(d,H−6’,J=2.3)に対する1:1の比は、17時間までに変わりがないことが観察された。
カニューレ挿管は以前に記載している(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Study of the Iron-Clearing Properties of Desferrithiocin Analogs with Desferrioxamine B in a Cebus Monkey Model.” Blood 1993, 81, 2166-2173;Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Evaluation of Iron Clearance Models.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1990, 612, 378-393)。胆汁の試料を雄のSprague-Dawleyラット(400〜450g)から3時間間隔で48時間まで回収した。尿の試料を24時間間隔で採った。試料の回収および取扱いは、以前に記載したとおりである(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Study of the Iron-Clearing Properties of Desferrithiocin Analogs with Desferrioxamine B in a Cebus Monkey Model.” Blood 1993, 81, 2166-2173;Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Evaluation of Iron Clearance Models.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1990, 612, 378-393)。
以前の文献(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Evaluation of Iron Clearance Models.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1990, 612, 378-393;Bergeron et al., “A Comparison of the Iron-Clearing Properties of 1,2-Dimethyl-3-Hydroxypyrid- 4-one, 1,2-Diethyl-3-Hydroxypyrid-4-one, and Deferoxamine.” Blood 1992, 79, 1882-1890)で特定したとおりに、静脈内へのデキストラン鉄により、サルに鉄過剰負荷をかけたことで、体重kgあたり約500mgの鉄を提供し;血清トランスフェリン鉄飽和度が70〜80%の間にまで上昇した。いずれかの動物を鉄キレート化薬剤の評価の実験に使用する前に、少なくとも20半減期である60日(Wood et al., “The Metabolism of Iron-Dextran Given As a Total-Dose Infusion to Iron Deficient Jamaican Subjects.” Br. J. Hamaetol. 1968, 14, 119-129)が経過した。
糞便および尿の試料を24時間間隔で回収し、以前に記載したとおりにプロセスした(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Study of the Iron-Clearing Properties of Desferrithiocin Analogs with Desferrioxamine B in a Cebus Monkey Model.” Blood 1993, 81, 2166-2173;Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Evaluation of Iron Clearance Models.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1990, 612, 378-393;Bergeron et al., “HBED: A Potential Alternative to Deferoxamine for Iron-Chelating Therapy.” Blood 1998, 91, 1446-1452)。簡単には、試験化合物の投与の4日前に回収が始まり、化合物が与えられた後で追加の5日間続けられた。鉄濃度を、他の文献に提示したとおり、フレーム吸光分析によって決定した(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Evaluation of Iron Clearance Models.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1990, 612, 378-393;Bergeron et al., “Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Naphthyldesferrithiocin Iron Chelators.” J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 1575-1581)。
鉄除去実験において、ラットには、I−1、I−2およびI−3がpoで300μmol/kgの投与量で与えられた。霊長類には、I−1、I−2およびI−3がpoで75μmol/kgの投与量で与えられ;化合物I−3はまたscで75μmol/kgの投与量でも与えられた。化合物は、それらのモノナトリウム塩(蒸留水中における遊離酸の懸濁液に1当量のNaOHを加えることで調製された)として、ラットおよび霊長類に投与された。1、I−1、I−2、およびI−3が関与するげっ歯類の尿中Kim−1排出の研究のための化合物の調製は、以下に記載するとおりである。
以下の文において、用語「鉄除去効率」(ICE)は、キレーターにより誘発された鉄排出の量を測定した大きさとして使用する。ICEは、百分率として表現され、(化合物に誘発された鉄排出/理論上の鉄排出)×100として算出されている。例証すると、Fe(III)と1:1錯体を形成する六座のキレーターであるデスフェリオキサミンBメシル酸(DFO)(図3)を1ミリモル投与した後の理論上の鉄排出は、1ミリ−g−原子(milli-g-atom)の鉄である。Fe(III)と2:1錯体を形成する三座の鉄キレーターであるデスフェリチオシン(DFT)(表1)の2ミリモルが、1ミリ−g−原子の鉄の理論上の排出のために必要である。キレーターの理論上の鉄の排出量は、2:1の化合物:鉄の錯体をベースとして生成された。ラットおよびサルにおける効率を、他の所で記載したとおりに算出した(Bergeron et al., “Effects of C-4 Stereochemistry and C-4' Hydroxylation on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Toxicity of Desferrithiocin Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2432-2440;Bergeron et al., “HBED: A Potential Alternative to Deferoxamine for Iron-Chelating Therapy.” Blood 1998, 91, 1446-1452)。データは平均±平均の標準誤差として提示される;p−値は分散の不均等性を想定した片側スチューデントのt検定(one-tailed Student's t-test)を介して生成された;および、p−値<0.05を有意と考えた。
化合物1、I−1、I−2、およびI−3の尿中Kim−1に及ぼす影響を、げっ歯類において評価した。化合物を、上記のとおりに調製したそれらのモノナトリウム塩としてpoでラットに、毎日2回、237μmol/kg/dose(474μmol/kg/d)の投与量で7日まで投与した。正常な鉄貯蔵のラットについて研究を実行した。ラットに一晩絶食させ、朝一番に化合物の初回投与を与えた。ラットには投与後およそ3時間で餌を与え、一晩絶食させる前に、食事へのアクセスをおよそ5時間有した。
ラットは個々の代謝ケージで飼育した。尿の試料を代謝ケージから24時間間隔で回収した。ベースライン(0日目)の尿の試料を回収し、そのKim−1含有量のために調べた;各動物が、それ自身のコントロールとされた。以前に記載したとおりに、尿を冷やして回収した(Bergeron et al., “Desferrithiocin Analog Iron Chelators: Iron Clearing Efficiency, Tissue Distribution, and Renal Toxicity.” Biometals, 2011, 24, 239-258)。
冷やした尿を回収し、ボルテックスし、室温まで温めた;試料中のいかなる沈殿物も沈殿させた。製造者の説明書に従ってRat Kim-1 Rapid Test Kitを使用してKim−1含有量を調べた。ReaScan Test Readerを使用して結果を読んだ。1日あたりの尿中に排出されたKim−1の量を、Kim−1の濃度(ng/ml尿)×24時間分の尿の体積の乗算をし、動物の重量で割ることによって算出した。結果は、尿中Kim−1(ng/kg/24h)として表現する。データは平均±平均の標準誤差として提示される;p−値は分散の不均等性を想定した片側スチューデントのt検定を介して生成された;および、p−値<0.05を有意と考えた。
キレーターにより誘発された鉄排出の量を測定した大きさは、その鉄除去効率(ICE)によって最も良く記載される。ICEは、百分率として表現され、(化合物に誘発された鉄排出/理論上の鉄排出)×100として算出されている。例証すると、Fe(III)と1:1錯体を形成する六座のキレーターであるDFO(図3)を1ミリモル投与した後の理論上の鉄排出は、1ミリ−g−原子の鉄である。Fe(III)と2:1錯体を形成する三座のキレーターであるデスフェリチオシン(DFT、1)(表1)の2ミリモルが、1ミリ−g−原子の鉄の理論上の排出のために必要である。
1と関連した重度の腎毒性は、1のピリジン窒素を取り除いて2を提供し、および2の芳香環の単純なヒドロキシル化により3が得られることによって(図1)、改善され得たことが、以前に実証されていた(Bergeron et al., “Effects of C-4 Stereochemistry and C-4' Hydroxylation on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Toxicity of Desferrithiocin Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2432-2440; Bergeron et al., “Iron Chelators and Therapeutic Uses.” Abraham, ed. Burger's Medicinal Chemistry. 6th. Wileyより; New York: 2003. pp. 479-561)。化合物をpoで237μmol/kgの毎日2回で与えたときに観察された3に誘発される腎毒性の、さらなる減少が、ポリエーテルフラグメントの付加によって、例えば、4、5および7で、達成された(図1および表1)()Further reduction in 3-induced nephrotoxicity, observed when the compound was given po at 237 μmol/kg twice daily, was accomplished by the addition of polyether fragments, e.g., 4, 5, and 7 (Figure 1 and Table 1)(Bergeron et al., “(S)-4,5-Dihydro-2-(2-hydroxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic Acid Polyethers: A Solution to Nephrotoxicity.” J. Med. Chem. 2006, 49, 2772-2783;Bergeron et al., “Design, Synthesis, and Testing of Non-Nephrotoxic Desazadesferrithiocin Polyether Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 2008, 51, 3913-3923;Bergeron et al., “The Impact of Polyether Chain Length on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Physiochemical Properties of Desferrithiocin Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 2010, 53, 2843-2853;Bergeron et al., “Desferrithiocin Analog Iron Chelators: Iron Clearing Efficiency, Tissue Distribution, and Renal Toxicity.” Biometals, 2011, 24, 239-258)。本研究の目的は、これらの同じ構造修飾をDFTそのものに行うことが、新たな化合物のICEおよび腎毒性にどう影響を及ぼすかを決定することであった。そのため、I−1、I−2およびI−3の3つのDFT類似体を合成して、それらの親油性、ラットおよび霊長類におけるICE特性、およびそれらのラットにおける毒性のために調べた。
クレームにおいて、「1つの(a)」、「1つの(an)」および「その(the)」などの冠詞は、逆が示されているかまたは文脈から別であることが明らかでない限り、1または1より多いことを意味することができる。1つの群の1つ以上のメンバー(members)の間に「または」を含む請求項や説明は、逆が示されているかまたは文脈から別であることが明らかでない限り、その群のメンバーのうちの1つ、1つより多く、または全てが、所与の物(product)もしくは方法(process)中に、存在するか、採用されるか、またはその他の関連の仕方をする場合には、満たされていると考えるものとする。本発明は、群のちょうど1つのメンバーが、所与の物もしくは方法中に、存在するか、採用されるか、またはその他の関連の仕方をする態様を含む。本発明は、群のメンバーのうちの1つより多く、または全てが、所与の物もしくは方法中に、存在するか、採用されるか、またはその他の関連の仕方をする態様を含む。
Claims (13)
- 式:
R7が、−OHまたは−O(C1−6アルキル)であり、および
bが、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8、9、または10である、
で表される化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、または多形。 - 化合物が、式:
- −(CH2)b−CO2Hに該当する部分が、−CH2−CO2H、−(CH2)3−CO2H、−(CH2)4−CO2H、−(CH2)5−CO2H、−(CH2)6−CO2H、または−(CH2)7−CO2Hである、請求項1または2に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、または多形。
- R4およびR5がそれぞれ水素である、請求項1または3に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、または多形。
- R6が−CH3である、請求項1、3および4のいずれか一項に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、または多形。
- R7が−OMe、−OEt、−OPr、または−OBuである、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、または多形。
- R7が−OHである、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、または多形。
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の化合物またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、または多形、および任意に薬学的に許容し得る賦形剤を含む、医薬組成物。
- 対象における、鉄過剰負荷、アルミニウム過剰負荷、ランタニド過剰負荷、アクチニド過剰負荷、酸化ストレス、輸血鉄過剰負荷、サラセミア、原発性ヘモクロマトーシス、二次性ヘモクロマトーシス、糖尿病、肝臓病、心臓病、がん、放射線損傷、神経学的または神経変性障害、フリードライヒ運動失調症(FRDA)、黄斑変性症、閉鎖性頭部損傷、過敏性腸疾患、再灌流損傷、および感染性疾患からなる群から選択される病的状態を処置する方法における使用のための、請求項10に記載の医薬組成物。
- 対象における、鉄過剰負荷、アルミニウム過剰負荷、ランタニド過剰負荷、アクチニド過剰負荷、酸化ストレス、輸血鉄過剰負荷、サラセミア、原発性ヘモクロマトーシス、二次性ヘモクロマトーシス、糖尿病、肝臓病、心臓病、がん、放射線損傷、神経学的または神経変性障害、フリードライヒ運動失調症(FRDA)、黄斑変性症、閉鎖性頭部損傷、過敏性腸疾患、再灌流損傷、および感染性疾患からなる群から選択される病的状態を処置する方法における使用のための混合物であって、
血液および請求項10に記載の医薬組成物を含む、前記混合物。 - 対象における、鉄過剰負荷、アルミニウム過剰負荷、ランタニド過剰負荷、アクチニド過剰負荷、酸化ストレス、輸血鉄過剰負荷、サラセミア、原発性ヘモクロマトーシス、二次性ヘモクロマトーシス、糖尿病、肝臓病、心臓病、がん、放射線損傷、神経学的または神経変性障害、フリードライヒ運動失調症(FRDA)、黄斑変性症、閉鎖性頭部損傷、過敏性腸疾患、再灌流損傷、および感染性疾患からなる群から選択される病的状態を処置するためのキットであって、
治療有効量の請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、互変異性体、立体異性体、溶媒和物、水和物、または多形または請求項10に記載の医薬組成物、が入っている第1の容器と;
病的状態を処置するために対象に該化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩、または該医薬組成物を投与するための説明書と
を含むキット。
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US61/907,913 | 2013-11-22 | ||
PCT/US2014/066965 WO2015077655A1 (en) | 2013-11-22 | 2014-11-21 | Desferrithiocin analogs and uses thereof |
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CN113398126A (zh) | 2011-12-16 | 2021-09-17 | 佛罗里达大学研究基金会 | 4′-去铁硫素类似物的用途 |
JP2018515475A (ja) | 2015-04-27 | 2018-06-14 | ユニバーシティー オブ フロリダ リサーチ ファンデーション, インク. | 代謝的にプログラムされた金属キレーターおよびその使用 |
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CA3035966A1 (en) * | 2016-09-06 | 2018-03-15 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Formulations of hydroxypyridonate actinide/lanthanide decorporation agents |
CA3038723A1 (en) | 2016-09-29 | 2018-05-31 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Separation of metal ions by liquid-liquid extraction |
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EP3071201A4 (en) | 2017-04-26 |
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EP3071201A1 (en) | 2016-09-28 |
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US20160289223A1 (en) | 2016-10-06 |
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