JP6812966B2 - リチウムイオン二次電池用負極および二次電池 - Google Patents
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極および二次電池 Download PDFInfo
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- JP6812966B2 JP6812966B2 JP2017508288A JP2017508288A JP6812966B2 JP 6812966 B2 JP6812966 B2 JP 6812966B2 JP 2017508288 A JP2017508288 A JP 2017508288A JP 2017508288 A JP2017508288 A JP 2017508288A JP 6812966 B2 JP6812966 B2 JP 6812966B2
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- negative electrode
- secondary battery
- metal
- ion secondary
- lithium ion
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- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
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- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000005020 polyethylene terephthalate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000098 polyolefin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920001343 polytetrafluoroethylene Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004810 polytetrafluoroethylene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 description 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005060 rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000472 sulfonyl group Chemical group *S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoroethene Chemical class FC(F)=C(F)F BFKJFAAPBSQJPD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 1
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000006163 transport media Substances 0.000 description 1
- DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethyl phosphate Chemical compound CCOP(=O)(OCC)OCC DQWPFSLDHJDLRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl phosphate Chemical compound COP(=O)(OC)OC WVLBCYQITXONBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenyl phosphate Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=O)OC1=CC=CC=C1 XZZNDPSIHUTMOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RXPQRKFMDQNODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tripropyl phosphate Chemical compound CCCOP(=O)(OCCC)OCCC RXPQRKFMDQNODS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinyl-ethylene Natural products C=CC=C KAKZBPTYRLMSJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000002759 woven fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011787 zinc oxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052726 zirconium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
Images
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Description
(b)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出可能な表面被覆炭素材料
を活物質として含む負極であって、
前記金属および/または金属酸化物粒子の下式(1):
円形度=4πS/L2 (1)
(但し、S:粒子投影像の面積、L:粒子投影像の周長である。)
で定義される円形度の平均値が、0.78以上であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用負極に関する。
負極は、負極活物質が、負極結着剤により一体化された負極活物質層として集電体上に積層された構造を有する。負極活物質は、充放電に伴いリチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵、放出可能な材料である。
ここで、S:粒子投影像の面積、L:粒子投影像の周長である。
正極は、充放電に伴いリチウムイオンを可逆的に吸蔵、放出可能な正極活物質を含み、正極活物質が正極結着剤により一体化された正極活物質層として集電体上に積層された構造を有する。
(但し、0≦x<1、0<y≦1.2、MはCo、Al、Mn、Fe、Ti及びBからなる群より選ばれる少なくとも1種の元素である。)
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池の電解液としては特に限定されないが、電池の動作電位において安定な非水溶媒と支持塩を含む非水電解液が好ましい。
セパレータは、正極および負極の導通を抑制し、荷電体の透過を阻害せず、電解液に対して耐久性を有するものであれば、いずれであってもよい。具体的な材質としては、ポリプロピレンおよびポリエチレン等のポリオレフィン、セルロース、ポリエチレンテレフタレート、ポリイミド、ポリフッ化ビニリデンならびにポリメタフェニレンイソフタルアミド、ポリパラフェニレンテレフタルアミドおよびコポリパラフェニレン3,4’−オキシジフェニレンテレフタルアミド等の芳香族ポリアミド等が挙げられる。これらは、多孔質フィルム、織物、不織布等として用いることができる。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池は、少なくとも一対の正極および負極が対向に配置された電極体と、電解液が外装体に内包される。二次電池の形状は、円筒型、扁平捲回角型、積層角型、コイン型、扁平捲回ラミネート型、および積層ラミネート型のいずれでもよいが、積層ラミネート型が好ましい。以下、積層ラミネート型の二次電池について説明する。
本実施形態によるリチウムイオン二次電池は、通常の方法に従って作製することができる。積層ラミネート型のリチウムイオン二次電池を例に、リチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法の一例を説明する。まず、乾燥空気または不活性雰囲気において、正極および負極をセパレータを介して対向配置して、前述の電極素子を形成する。次に、この電極素子を外装体(容器)に収容し、電解液を注入して電極に電解液を含浸させる。その後、外装体の開口部を封止してリチウムイオン二次電池を完成する。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池を複数組み合わせて組電池とすることができる。組電池は、例えば、本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池を2つ以上用い、直列、並列又はその両方で接続した構成とすることができる。直列および/または並列接続することで容量および電圧を自由に調節することが可能になる。組電池が備えるリチウムイオン二次電池の個数については、電池容量や出力に応じて適宜設定することができる。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池またはその組電池は、車両に用いることができる。本実施形態に係る車両としては、ハイブリッド車、燃料電池車、電気自動車(いずれも四輪車(乗用車、トラック、バス等の商用車、軽自動車等)のほか、二輪車(バイク)や三輪車を含む)が挙げられる。なお、本実施形態に係る車両は自動車に限定されるわけではなく、他の車両、例えば電車等の移動体の各種電源として用いることもできる。
本実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池またはその組電池は、蓄電装置に用いることができる。本実施形態に係る蓄電装置としては、例えば、一般家庭に供給される商用電源と家電製品等の負荷との間に接続され、停電時等のバックアップ電源や補助電力として使用されるものや、太陽光発電等の、再生可能エネルギーによる時間変動の大きい電力出力を安定化するための、大規模電力貯蔵用としても使用されるものが挙げられる。
(SiOの円形度の調整、測定)
SiO((株)高純度化学製 カタログNo SIO02PB、75μmメッシュ通過品)を遊星型ボールミル(フリッチュ社製クラシックラインP−5)を用いて粉砕し、粒度分布と円形度を調整した。調整後のSiO粒子のメジアン径(d50)と任意のSiO粒子500個の円形度を粉体測定機器(セイシン企業:PITA-3)で測定した。d50と円形度の平均値を表1に示す。
鱗片状天然黒鉛をファカルティF−430S(ホソカワミクロン社製)を用いて球状に加工した後、CVDを用いて非晶質炭素で、その表面を被覆した。非晶質炭素被覆量は全体の3%になるように調整した。
上記のSiOと表面被覆炭素材料と、ポリアミック酸とN−メチル−2−ピロリドン(NMP)の混合溶液(商品名:U−ワニス宇部興産(株)製)をそれぞれ8.5:76.5:15の質量比(但し、ポリアミック酸溶液は固形分質量)で混合し、さらにn−メチルピロリドン(NMP)を追加し粘度を調整しスラリーを得た。このスラリーを厚さ10μmの銅箔上にドクターブレードで塗布した後、130℃で7分間加熱乾燥した。その後、得られた負極を真空中で180℃15分間加熱し、ポリアミック酸をイミド化して負極を完成させた。
ニッケル酸リチウムと、カーボンブラック(商品名:「#3030B」、三菱化学(株)製)と、ポリフッ化ビニリデン(商品名:「W#7200」、(株)クレハ製)とを、それぞれ95:2:3の質量比で計量した。これらと、NMPとを混合し、スラリーとした。NMPと固形分との質量比は54:46とした。このスラリーを厚さ15μmのアルミニウム箔にドクターブレードを用いて塗布した。このスラリーの塗布されたアルミニウム箔を120℃で5分間加熱してNMPを乾燥させ、正極を作製した。
作製した正極および負極のそれぞれに、アルミニウム端子、ニッケル端子を溶接した。これらを、セパレータを介して重ね合わせて電極素子を作製した。電極素子をラミネートフィルムで外装し、ラミネートフィルム内部に電解液を注入した。その後、ラミネートフィルム内部を減圧しながらラミネートフィルムを熱融着して封止した。これにより平板型の初回充電前の二次電池を複数個、作製した。なお、セパレータにはポリプロピレンフィルムを用いた。ラミネートフィルムにはアルミニウムを蒸着したポリプロピレンフィルムを用いた。電解液には、電解質として1.0mol/lのLiPF6と、非水電解溶媒としてプロピレンカーボネートとエチレンカーボネートとジエチルカーボネートの混合溶媒(0.5:6.5:3(体積比))を含む溶液を用いた。
作製した二次電池に対し、45℃に保った恒温槽内で充放電サイクル試験を行った。電池電圧は3.0〜4.2Vの範囲とし、充電は、CCCV方式で行い、4.2Vに達した後は電圧を一定に一時間保った。放電は、CC方式(一定電流1.0C)で行った。ここで、1.0C電流とは、任意の満充電状態の電池を定電流放電させた場合、完全に放電させるまで1時間かかる電流のことを意味する。放電容量が初回に対して70%以下となった充放電サイクル数を表1に示す。
実施例1の粉砕後のSiOの粒度と円形度を表1に示すように調整した以外は、実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験を行った。
実施例1の粉砕後のSiOの粒度と円形度を表1に示すように調整した以外は、実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験を行った。
実施例1のSiOの代わりに、Si((株)高純度化学製 カタログNo SIE07PB、300μm以下)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験を行った。
実施例1のSiOの代わりに、SnO((株)高純度化学製 カタログNo SNO01PB)を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験を行った。
実施例1の粉砕後のSiOの粒度と円形度を表1に示すように調整した以外は、実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験を行った。
実施例4の粉砕後のSiの粒度と円形度を表1に示すように調整した以外は、実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験を行った。
実施例5の粉砕後のSnOの粒度と円形度を表1に示すように調整した以外は、実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験を行った。
実施例1の表面被覆炭素材料の代わりにCVDによる表面被覆を行わない球状加工した天然黒鉛を用いた以外は、実施例1と同様に二次電池を作製し、充放電サイクル試験を行った。
2 正極
3 負極
4 セパレータ
5 正極集電体
6 負極集電体
7 正極リード端子
8 負極リード端子
10 フィルム外装体
20 電池要素
25 セパレータ
30 正極
40 負極
Claims (10)
- (a)リチウムと合金可能な金属およびリチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出可能な金属酸化物から選ばれる少なくとも1種の材料(以下、金属および/または金属酸化物という。)、および
(b)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出可能な表面被覆炭素材料
を活物質として含む負極であって、
前記金属および/または金属酸化物粒子の下式(1):
円形度=4πS/L2 (1)
(但し、S:粒子投影像の面積、L:粒子投影像の周長である。)
で定義される円形度の平均値が、0.78以上であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。 - 前記金属および/または金属酸化物として、少なくともSiおよび/またはシリコン酸化物が含有されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記表面被覆炭素材料が、非晶質炭素被覆黒鉛であることを特徴とする請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- (a)金属および/または金属酸化物粒子のメジアン径が1〜30μmであり、(b)表面被覆炭素材料粒子のメジアン径が5〜50μmであり、前記金属および/または金属酸化物粒子のメジアン径が、前記表面被覆炭素材料のメジアン径より小さいことを特徴とする請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 前記(a)金属および/または金属酸化物と(b)表面被覆炭素材料との割合が、質量比1:99〜20:80の範囲であることを特徴とする請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極。
- 少なくとも、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極、正極および電解液を備えるリチウムイオン二次電池。
- 請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池を搭載したことを特徴とする車両。
- 請求項6に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池を用いたことを特徴とする蓄電装置。
- (i)
(a)リチウムと合金可能な金属およびリチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出可能な金属酸化物から選ばれる少なくとも1種の材料(以下、金属および/または金属酸化物という。)、
(b)リチウムイオンを吸蔵、放出可能な表面被覆炭素材料、および
(c)結着剤
を溶剤中で混練して、負極スラリーを調製する工程(i)、および
(ii)
調製された負極スラリーを負極集電体上に塗布し、前記溶剤を乾燥して負極層を形成する工程を有するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極の製造方法であって、
前記金属および/または金属酸化物粒子の下式(1):
円形度=4πS/L 2 (1)
(但し、S:粒子投影像の面積、L:粒子投影像の周長である。)
で定義される円形度の平均値が、0.78以上であることを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池用負極の製造方法。 - 電極素子と電解液と外装体とを有するリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法であって、
正極と、請求項9に記載の製造方法により製造されたリチウムイオン二次電池用負極とを、セパレータを介して対向配置して電極素子を作製する工程と、
前記電極素子と、電解液と、を外装体の中に封入する工程と
を有することを特徴とするリチウムイオン二次電池の製造方法。
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