JP6469643B2 - 上皮幹細胞の増殖および培養のための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
上皮幹細胞の増殖および培養のための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本願は、2013年3月14日に出願された米国仮出願番号61/783,245の35 U.S.C. §119(e)による利益を主張し、その内容は、その全体における参照によって、本明細書において援用される。
本研究は、歯および脳顔面頭蓋研究の国立研究所の助成番号DE013023によって支持された。政府は、本発明について一定の権利を有し得る。
活発に自己更新(self-renew)し、陰窩および絨毛に組織化する上皮細胞の単層は、腸を覆う。腸上皮の更新がこれらの陰窩の基底に存在するLgr5+腸幹細胞(ISC)によって駆動されることが最近示された(Barker et al., 2007)。Lgr5+幹細胞は、単離され得、インビトロで培養され得、ネイティブの小腸上皮を再現する陰窩−絨毛構造を含む類臓器体(organoid)を形成し得る(Sato et al., 2009)。これらの幹細胞は、複数回の継代の間、類臓器体の形態で増殖(expand)され得るが、現在の培養条件は、自己複製(self-renewal)および分化に対してほとんどまたは全く制御を提供しない。典型的な培養物は、幹細胞および分化した細胞を含む不均一な(heterogeneous)細胞集団からなる(Sato et al., 2009)。特に、Lgr5+幹細胞のインビトロおよびインビボ両方での自己複製および増殖は、Lgr5+幹細胞とパーネト細胞として公知の別の陰窩細胞型との間の直接の細胞接触に依存し(Snippert et al., 2010)、この細胞接触によって、培養中のLgr5+幹細胞の運命を制御する能力がかなり複雑になり、制限される。効率的にLgr5+幹細胞を増殖できないことによって、この生物学の治療への移行がかなり制限され、ここで、該治療では、移植の前に、均一な幹細胞培養物および効率的なスケールアップ方法が、必須である。さらに、損傷したレシピエントの臓器にエキソビボ培養した上皮組織を移植するための改善された臨床に適応した(clinically-oriented)系(system)を開発するニーズが存在し続ける。
1つの局面において、本発明は、細胞培養溶液を提供する。
i)上皮幹細胞または上皮前駆細胞または上皮幹細胞もしくは上皮前駆細胞の集団;
ii)R−スポンジン1;
iii)CHIR99021;
iv)ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビター;および
v)任意に、骨形成因子のインヒビター
を含む、細胞培養系を提供する。
i)上皮幹細胞または上皮前駆細胞または上皮幹細胞もしくは上皮前駆細胞の集団;
ii)R−スポンジン1;
iii)CHIR99021;
iv)Atoh1インヒビター;および
v)任意に、骨形成因子のインヒビター
を含む、細胞培養系を提供する。
i)上皮幹細胞または上皮前駆細胞または上皮幹細胞もしくは上皮前駆細胞の集団;
ii)R−スポンジン1;
iii)塩化リチウム;
iv)ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビター;および
v)任意に、骨形成因子のインヒビター
を含む、細胞培養系を提供する。
i)上皮幹細胞または上皮前駆細胞または上皮幹細胞もしくは上皮前駆細胞の集団;
ii)R−スポンジン1;
iii)Wntアゴニスト;
iv)HDAC6インヒビター;および
v)任意に、骨形成因子のインヒビター
を含む、細胞培養系を提供する。
i)腫瘍類臓器体;
ii)ロイシンリッチリピート含有Gタンパク質共役レセプター5に結合する薬剤;
iii)Wntアゴニスト;
iv)ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターまたはAtoh1インヒビター;および
v)任意に、骨形成因子のインヒビター
を含む、細胞培養系を提供する。
i)ノギン、R−スポンジン1、CHIR99021、およびヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターの存在下で、単離された上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程;ならびに
ii)該単離された上皮幹細胞から上皮類臓器体を形成する工程、ここで、該単離された上皮幹細胞の少なくとも約25%、40%、50%、75%、90%が、上皮類臓器体を形成する、
を含む。
i)ノギン、R−スポンジン1、CHIR99021、およびヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターの存在下で、該単一の単離された上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程;ならびに
ii)該単離された上皮幹細胞から上皮類臓器体を形成する工程、ここで、該単一の単離された上皮幹細胞の少なくとも約6%が、上皮類臓器体を形成する、
を含む。
i)骨形成因子のインヒビター、R−スポンジン1、Wntアゴニスト、ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビター、および化学療法剤の存在下で、腫瘍類臓器体をインキュベートする工程;ならびに
ii)細胞生存能力の阻害、細胞増殖の阻害、腫瘍関連遺伝子発現の阻害、アポトーシスの活性化、および細胞生存の阻害からなる群より選択されるパラメータを測定する工程
を含み、該パラメータにおける増加の検出は、腫瘍類臓器体に関する化学療法剤の効能を示す。
定義
本明細書で使用する場合、「抗体」は、免疫原結合活性を有する任意の免疫グロブリンポリペプチドまたはその断片である。
I.細胞培養溶液および細胞培養系
均質の上皮幹細胞培養、効率的な上記類臓器体形成および移植における使用のためのこれらのスケールアップを促進するための細胞培養溶液および細胞培養系は、今回発見された。
本発明の細胞培養溶液および細胞培養系は、単離された上皮幹細胞から高い効率で上皮類臓器体を形成するために使用され得る。特定の態様において、ノギン、R−スポンジン1、CHIR99021、およびヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビター(例えば、バルプロ酸)の存在下で単離された上皮幹細胞をインキュベートすることによって、少なくとも約25%、35%、40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%、または100%の効率で上皮細胞コロニーを形成する。別の特定の態様において、ノギン、R−スポンジン1、CHIR99021、およびヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターの存在下でインキュベートされた単一の単離された上皮幹細胞は、少なくとも(least)約6%〜約100%の効率で上皮細胞コロニーを形成する。
腸、胃、肺、膵臓および結腸の幹細胞、ならびに、特に、腸、内耳、脳、腎臓、肝臓、網膜、胃、膵臓、乳房、毛包、卵巣、副腎髄質、皮膚、胸腺、味蕾、および乳腺内に存在するLGR5陽性幹細胞を含む上皮幹細胞は、Wntアゴニストおよびヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビター、またはWntアゴニストおよびノッチアゴニストを被験体に投与することによってインビボで増殖され得る。これらの組み合わせは、上皮細胞の増殖を促進し、インビボで上皮組織の成長を生じる。
1.少なくとも1つのWntインヒビターおよび少なくとも1つのヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターの存在下で上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程、ここで、各々は、細胞培養系中で腸細胞を生成するのに十分な量である、
を含む、細胞培養系中で腸細胞を形成する方法。
2.ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターがPan−HDACインヒビターである、パラグラフ1記載の方法。
3.Pan−HDACインヒビターが、バルプロ酸、トリコスタチンA、スベロイルアニリドヒドロキサム酸、およびSBHAからなる群より選択される、パラグラフ2記載の方法。
4.ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターがHDAC6インヒビターである、パラグラフ1記載の方法。
5.HDAC6インヒビターが、ツバシン、ツバスタチンA、およびコンパウンド7からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ4記載の方法。
6.Wntインヒビターが、IWP−2、XAV−939、ICG−001、LGK−974、IWR−1−エンド、KY02111、Wnt−C59、DKK−1、FH−535、Box5、ペプチドPen−N3、抗SFRP抗体、および抗LRP6抗体からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ1記載の方法。
7.骨形成因子のインヒビターの存在下で上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程をさらに含む、パラグラフ1記載の方法。
8.骨形成因子が、ノギン、コーディン、フォリスタチン、DAN、DANシステイン−ノットドメインを含むタンパク質、スクレロスチン、ねじれ原腸形成、子宮感受性関連遺伝子−1、結合組織成長因子、インヒビン、BMP−3、およびドルソモルフィンからなる群より選択される、パラグラフ7記載の方法。
9.上皮増殖因子の存在下で上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程をさらに含む、パラグラフ1記載の方法。
10.少なくとも1つのWntインヒビターおよび少なくとも1つのノッチインヒビターの存在下で上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程、ここで、各々は、細胞培養系中で杯細胞を生成するのに十分な量である、
を含む、細胞培養系中で杯細胞を形成する方法。
11.ノッチインヒビターが、DAPT、RO4929097、LY450139、LY900009、LY3039478、LY411575、YO−01027、BMS−708163、BMS−906024、コンパウンドE、BMS−299897、SAHM1、Aβ42−セレクティブ、およびSB225002からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ10記載の方法。
12.Wntインヒビターが、IWP−2、XAV−939、ICG−001、LGK−974、IWR−1−エンド、KY02111、Wnt−C59、DKK−1、FH−535、Box5、ペプチドPen−N3、抗SFRP抗体、抗LRP6抗体、および抗APC抗体からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ10記載の方法。
13.上皮増殖因子の存在下で上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程をさらに含む、パラグラフ10記載の方法。
14.ノッチの少なくとも1つのインヒビターおよびレセプターチロシンキナーゼ、マイトジェン活性化プロテイン(MAP)キナーゼまたは細胞外シグナル制御キナーゼ(ERK)の少なくとも1つを阻害する薬剤の存在下で上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程、ここで、各々は、細胞培養系中で腸内分泌細胞を生じるのに十分な量である、
を含む、培養系中で腸内分泌細胞を形成する方法。
15.ノッチインヒビターが、DAPT、RO4929097、LY450139、LY900009、LY3039478、LY411575、YO−01027、BMS−708163、BMS−906024、コンパウンドE、BMS−299897、SAHM1、Aβ42−セレクティブ、およびSB225002からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ14記載の方法。
16.MAPキナーゼが、マイトジェン活性化プロテインキナーゼキナーゼ(MEK)である、パラグラフ14記載の方法。
17.MAPキナーゼを阻害する薬剤が、AS−703026、PD0325901、PD98059、セルメチニブ、SL−327、U0126、TAK−733、およびトラメチニブからなる群より選択される、パラグラフ14記載の方法。
18.RTKを阻害する薬剤が、ゲフィチニブ、AG99、エルロチニブ、アファチニブ、ラパチニブ、WZ4002、およびAG−18からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ14記載の方法。
19.ERKを阻害する薬剤が、AS−703026またはPD0325901である、パラグラフ14記載の方法。
20.骨形成因子のインヒビターの存在下で上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程をさらに含む、パラグラフ14記載の方法。
21.骨形成因子が、ノギン、コーディン、フォリスタチン、DAN、DANシステイン−ノットドメインを含むタンパク質、スクレロスチン、ねじれ原腸形成、子宮感受性関連遺伝子−1、結合組織成長因子、インヒビン、BMP−3、およびドルソモルフィンからなる群より選択される、パラグラフ20記載の方法。
22.ロイシンリッチリピート含有Gタンパク質共役レセプター5に結合する薬剤の存在下で上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程をさらに含む、パラグラフ14記載の方法。
23.ロイシンリッチリピート含有Gタンパク質共役レセプター5に結合する薬剤が、R−スポンジン1、R−スポンジン2、R−スポンジン3、およびR−スポンジン4からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ22記載の方法。
24.上皮増殖因子の存在下で上皮幹細胞をインキュベートする工程をさらに含む、パラグラフ14記載の方法。
25.被験体に、Wntアゴニストおよびヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターを、該被験体において腸上皮細胞を形成するのに十分な量で投与する工程を含む、腸上皮細胞の形成が必要な被験体において腸上皮細胞を形成する方法。
26.被験体がヒトである。パラグラフ25記載の方法。
27.Wntアゴニストが、Wnt−1/Int−1、Wnt−2/Irp(Int−I関連タンパク質)、Wnt−2b/13、Wnt−3/Int−4、Wnt−3a、Wnt−4、Wnt−5a、Wnt−5b、Wnt−6、Wnt−7a、Wnt−7b、Wnt−8a/8d、Wnt−8b、Wnt−9a/14、Wnt−9b/14b/15、Wnt−10a、Wnt−10b/12、Wnt−11、Wnt−16、R−スポンジン1、R−スポンジン2、R−スポンジン3、R−スポンジン4、ノリン、CHIR99021、LiCl、BIO((2’Z,3’E)−6−ブロモインジルビン−3’−オキシム)、CHIR98014、SB216763、SB415286、3F8、ケンパウロン、1−アザケンパウロン、TC−G24、TCS2002、AR−A014418、2−アミノ−4−[3,4−(メチレンジオキシ)ベンジル−アミノ]−6−(3−メトキシフェニル)ピリミジン、IQ1、DCA、QS11、WAY−316606、(ヘテロ)アリールピリミジン、10Z−ヒメニアルジシン、TCS21311、TWS119、GSK−3インヒビターIX、GSK−3インヒビターIV、GSK−3βインヒビターII、GSK−3βインヒビターI、GSK−3βインヒビターXXVII、GSK−3βインヒビターXXVI、FRATtide、Cdk1/5インヒビター、ビキニン、および1−アザケンパウロンからなる群より選択される、パラグラフ25記載の方法。
28.ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターがPan−HDACインヒビターである、パラグラフ25記載の方法。
29.Pan−HDACインヒビターが、バルプロ酸、トリコスタチンA、スベロイルアニリドヒドロキサム酸、およびSBHAからなる群より選択される、パラグラフ28記載の方法。
30.ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターがHDAC6インヒビターである、パラグラフ25記載の方法。
31.HDAC6インヒビターが、ツバシン、ツバスタチンA、およびコンパウンド7からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ30記載の方法。
32.WntアゴニストがCHIR99021であり、ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターがバルプロ酸である、パラグラフ25記載の方法。
33.CHIR99021が、約0.1mg/kg/日〜約100mg/kg/日の量で投与され、バルプロ酸が、約1mg/kg/日〜約1000mg/kg/日の量で投与される、パラグラフ32記載の方法。
34.被験体に、Wntアゴニストおよびヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビター、またはWntアゴニストおよびノッチアゴニストを、上皮組織内で上皮幹細胞が増加するのに十分な量で投与し、それによって、被験体内で上皮組織が生成する工程を含む、上皮組織の生成が必要な被験体において上皮組織を生成する方法。
35.上皮幹細胞が、腸、内耳、脳、腎臓、肝臓、網膜、胃、膵臓、乳房、毛包、卵巣、副腎髄質、皮膚、胸腺、味蕾、または乳腺内に存在するLGR5陽性幹細胞である、パラグラフ34記載の方法。
36.被験体に、Wntアゴニストおよびノッチアゴニストを、該被験体において腸上皮細胞を形成するのに十分な量で投与する工程を含む、腸上皮細胞の形成が必要な被験体において腸上皮細胞を形成する方法。
35.被験体がヒトである、パラグラフ34または36記載の方法。
36.Wntアゴニストが、Wnt−1/Int−1、Wnt−2/Irp(Int−I関連タンパク質)、Wnt−2b/13、Wnt−3/Int−4、Wnt−3a、Wnt−4、Wnt−5a、Wnt−5b、Wnt−6、Wnt−7a、Wnt−7b、Wnt−8a/8d、Wnt−8b、Wnt−9a/14、Wnt−9b/14b/15、Wnt−10a、Wnt−10b/12、Wnt−11、Wnt−16、R−スポンジン1、R−スポンジン2、R−スポンジン3、R−スポンジン4、ノリン、CHIR99021、LiCl、BIO((2’Z,3’E)−6−ブロモインジルビン−3’−オキシム)、CHIR98014、SB216763、SB415286、3F8、ケンパウロン、1−アザケンパウロン、TC−G24、TCS2002、AR−A014418、2−アミノ−4−[3,4−(メチレンジオキシ)ベンジル−アミノ]−6−(3−メトキシフェニル)ピリミジン、IQ1、DCA、QS11、WAY−316606、(ヘテロ)アリールピリミジン、10Z−ヒメニアルジシン、TCS21311、TWS119、GSK−3インヒビターIX、GSK−3インヒビターIV、GSK−3βインヒビターII、GSK−3βインヒビターI、GSK−3βインヒビターXXVII、GSK−3βインヒビターXXVI、FRATtide、Cdk1/5インヒビター、ビキニン、および1−アザケンパウロンからなる群より選択される、パラグラフ34または36記載の方法。
37.ノッチアゴニストが、ノッチ1抗体(N1 Ab)、デルタ1、デルタ様3、デルタ様4、ジャグド1、ジャグド2、DSLペプチド、およびデルタDである、パラグラフ34または36記載の方法。
38.被験体に、Wntアゴニストおよびヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビター、またはWntアゴニストおよびノッチを投与する工程を含む、腸障害の治療方法。
39.被験体がヒトである。パラグラフ38記載の方法。
40.Wntアゴニストが、Wnt−1/Int−1、Wnt−2/Irp(Int−I関連タンパク質)、Wnt−2b/13、Wnt−3/Int−4、Wnt−3a、Wnt−4、Wnt−5a、Wnt−5b、Wnt−6、Wnt−7a、Wnt−7b、Wnt−8a/8d、Wnt−8b、Wnt−9a/14、Wnt−9b/14b/15、Wnt−10a、Wnt−10b/12、Wnt−11、Wnt−16、R−スポンジン1、R−スポンジン2、R−スポンジン3、R−スポンジン4、ノリン、CHIR99021、LiCl、BIO((2’Z,3’E)−6−ブロモインジルビン−3’−オキシム)、CHIR98014、SB216763、SB415286、3F8、ケンパウロン、1−アザケンパウロン、TC−G24、TCS2002、AR−A014418、2−アミノ−4−[3,4−(メチレンジオキシ)ベンジル−アミノ]−6−(3−メトキシフェニル)ピリミジン、IQ1、DCA、QS11、WAY−316606、(ヘテロ)アリールピリミジン、10Z−ヒメニアルジシン、TCS21311、TWS119、GSK−3インヒビターIX、GSK−3インヒビターIV、GSK−3βインヒビターII、GSK−3βインヒビターI、GSK−3βインヒビターXXVII、GSK−3βインヒビターXXVI、FRATtide、Cdk1/5インヒビター、ビキニン、および1−アザケンパウロンからなる群より選択される、パラグラフ38記載の方法。
41.ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターがPan−HDACインヒビターである、パラグラフ38記載の方法。
42.Pan−HDACインヒビターが、バルプロ酸、トリコスタチンA、スベロイルアニリドヒドロキサム酸、およびSBHAからなる群より選択される、パラグラフ41記載の方法。
43.ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターがHDAC6インヒビターである、パラグラフ38記載の方法。
44.HDAC6インヒビターが、ツバシン、ツバスタチンA、およびコンパウンド7からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ43記載の方法。
45.WntアゴニストがCHIR99021であり、ヒストンデアセチラーゼインヒビターがバルプロ酸である、パラグラフ38記載の方法。
46.CHIR99021が、約0.1mg/kg/日〜約100mg/kg/日の量で投与され、バルプロ酸が、約1mg/kg/日〜約1000mg/kg/日の量で投与される、パラグラフ45記載の方法。
47.ノッチアゴニストが、ノッチ1抗体(N1 Ab)、デルタ1、デルタ様3、デルタ様4、ジャグド1、ジャグド2、DSLペプチド、およびデルタDである、パラグラフ38記載の方法。
48.腸障害が、腸炎(enterocolitis);非特異的腸炎(enteritis)または特異的ウイルス性腸炎等のウイルス感染;憩室炎;サルモネラ症、細菌性赤痢、カンピロバクター腸炎またはエルシニア腸炎等の細菌性腸炎;アメーバ症等の原生動物感染;寄生虫感染;ならびに嚢胞性線維症および慢性閉塞性肺疾患における偽膜性腸炎および肺の合併症;虫垂炎;萎縮性胃炎;バレット食道;肺炎;子宮頸管炎;慢性間質性腎炎;結腸炎;大腸憩室炎;結膜炎;接触皮膚炎;カーリング潰瘍;クッシング潰瘍;膀胱炎;壊疽;歯肉炎;乳腺炎;食道炎;膵炎;皮下脂肪組織炎;フレグモーネ性胃炎;糸球体腎炎;ならびに非限定的に、炎症性腸疾患、潰瘍性大腸炎、クローン病、アディソン病および糸球体腎炎(例えば、半月体形成性糸球体腎炎、増殖性糸球体腎炎)を含む自己免疫疾患からなる群より選択される、パラグラフ38〜47いずれか記載の方法。
ISCの自己複製および分化は、いくつかのシグナル伝達経路の調和した調節によって制御される(Crosnier, Stamataki, & Lewis, 2006; Scoville, Sato, He, & Li, 2008; van der Flier & Clevers, 2009)。本研究において、Lgr5+幹細胞の自己複製状態を維持するための関連するシグナル伝達経路および他の細胞型によって提供される合図(cue)とは独立してLgr5+幹細胞の分化を調節するための関連するシグナル伝達経路を標的化する小分子を同定した。
腸幹細胞は、自己複製する能力、ならびに4つの主な細胞型:腸細胞、杯細胞、腸内分泌細胞およびパーネト細胞を含む腸上皮中の全ての細胞型に分化する能力を有する。CV条件で培養されたLgr5+幹細胞の分化能力を試験するために、細胞コロニーを、Lgr5+幹細胞が腸の成熟細胞型に自発的に分化するのを可能にするENR条件に移した。予想されるとおり、CHIRおよびVPAの回収後、類臓器体の形態は、陰窩先端に陰窩−絨毛構造およびLgr5+幹細胞を有するENR条件で培養された類臓器体の典型的な形態に変化した(図7Aおよび8A)。分化マーカーAlpi、Muc2、およびChgAのmRNA発現は上昇し、細胞は、(図7BのENRおよびCVに比べて)同様のレベルのリゾチームを発現した。これらのマーカーに対する免疫細胞化学染色により、培養物中の分化した細胞型の存在が確認された(図7A)。
次に、インビトロで高純度のLgr5+幹細胞に増殖する能力に関して、Lgr5+幹細胞の分化を成熟細胞型の方に振り向けることを試みた。WntおよびノッチがISCの分化を制御する主なシグナル伝達経路の2つであるので、Wnt経路インヒビターIWP−2(Iも同様)およびノッチインヒビターDAPT(Dも同様)を使用して、培養したLgr5+幹細胞の分化を誘導した。ENR条件中の細胞が全ての上皮細胞型を含む類臓器体に自発的に分化するので、ENRを、分化培地中に含めた。CV条件での6日間の単一の幹細胞の培養の後、細胞コロニーを、回収し、いくつかのウェルに移し、単一または複数のインヒビターの存在下で培養した(図8B)。図7Bに示されるように、CVをIWP−2またはDAPTと入れ替えることによって、ISCマーカーLgr5発現が減少し、分化マーカーAlpi、Muc2、ChgA、およびリゾチームの発現を誘導した。特に、(例えば、RとV、IとIV、CとCV、またはDとDVの比較)VPAの存在によって、Muc2、ChgA、およびリゾチームの低いレベルの発現が引き起こされ、Alpiではそうではなく、このことは、VPAによって、分泌細胞系統分化を特異的に抑制したことを示した。あるいは、IWP−2でのWnt阻害によって、Alpi発現が優先的に誘導され、Muc2およびChgA発現が中程度に上昇し、リゾチームおよびLgr5発現が完全になくなった(abolish)。これは、Wntシグナル伝達が、幹細胞性(stemness)を維持し、分化を抑制するのに必要であり、さらに、Wntシグナル伝達は、パーネト細胞分化にも必要であることを示す。ノッチインヒビターDAPTは、Muc2、ChgA、およびリゾチームを含む分泌性細胞型のマーカーを大きく上昇させ、これは、ノッチ阻害が分泌性細胞分化を誘導するという以前の報告と一致した(Milano et al., 2004; VanDussen et al., 2012: Wong et al., 2004)。さらに、IWP−2とVPAの組み合わせは、おそらく両方のインヒビターの効果を組み合わせることによって腸細胞分化を特異的に誘導し、ここで、IWP−2は、Lgr5+幹細胞分化を誘導し、VPAは、Lgr5+幹細胞の分泌性細胞型への分化を抑制した。同様に、DAPTとCHIRの組み合わせは、主にパーネト細胞分化を誘導し、IWP−2とDAPTの組み合わせは、主に杯細胞分化を誘導した。これらの条件もまた、各分化した細胞型の形態に類似する明らかな形態学的変化を誘導した(図7Cおよび8D)。腸細胞、杯細胞およびパーネト細胞のマーカーの染色によって、上記の観察を確認した(図7C、7Dおよび8E、8F)。IWP−2またはCHIRの存在は、ChgA発現に有意に影響せず、これは、杯細胞およびパーネト細胞に比べて、腸内分泌細胞の分化はWnt阻害または活性化を厳密に必要とすることを示した。
CHIRは、Wnt/β−カテニンシグナル伝達経路を活性化する高度に特異的なGSK3インヒビターであり(Bain et al., 2007)、胚性幹細胞の自己複製状態を維持するために使用されてきた(Ying et al., 2008)。CHIRの効果がWnt経路の活性化によったことを確認するために、リチウムおよびWnt3aを含む他のWnt経路アクチベーターの効果を試験した。CHIRをLiClまたはWnt3aと取り換えることによって、陰窩増殖が増大し、これは、ENR条件に比べてコロニーサイズおよび細胞数が増大することによって示された(図9Aおよび9B)。これらの条件におけるコロニーは、以前に示されたように(Sato et al., 2011b)、陰窩様構造を示した(図9A)。同様に、pan−HDACインヒビターを含む他のHDACインヒビターおよびタイプ特異的インヒビターの効果を試験した。pan−HDACインヒビターTSAならびにHDAC6特異的インヒビターツバスタチンAおよびコンパウンド7は、VPAでGFP発現を促進する同様の効果を示した(図9Cおよび9D)。SBHAおよびブチレート(Butyrate)を含む他のpan−HDACインヒビターならびにクラスI(CI−994、MS275、図9Cおよび9D)、クラスIIa(MC1568、図9Cおよび9D)およびクラスIII(ニコチンアミド、図9F)HDACインヒビターは、GFP発現を促進する効果を全く示さなかったか、またはほんの中程度示した(図9C−9F)。TSAおよびVPAは、高い濃度で顕著な増殖阻害効果を示したが、両方の濃度でGFP発現を維持した(図9E)。注目すべきことに、ヒト結腸陰窩の培養に使用されたサーチュインファミリーHDACインヒビター(クラスIII)であるニコチンアミド(Jung et al., 2011; Sato et al., 2011a)は、CHIRまたはWnt3aと組み合わせた場合、GFP発現または細胞増殖を促進せず(図9F)、このことは、ニコチンアミドが、VPAとは異なる機構を介して作用することを示した。さらに、単一のLgr5+幹細胞を、TSAもしくはツバスタチンAと共にCHIRを、またはWnt3a、BIOもしくはLiClと共にVPAを使用して培養した場合、細胞は、CV条件と同様のコロニー形成効率、コロニー形態およびGFP発現を示した(図10)。
哺乳動物の内耳のコルチ器の感覚毛細胞は、損傷の際に再生しない。Li et al., 2003は、成人の卵形嚢感覚上皮が幹細胞に特有の特徴を示す細胞を含むことを見出した。これらの内耳幹細胞は、EGF、bFGFおよびIGF−1の存在下で懸濁球(suspension sphere)としてインビトロで培養され得る(Li et al., 2003)。その後、有糸分裂後支持細胞が培養中に分裂して、新たな毛細胞に分化転換する能力を保持することが見出され(Patricia et al., 2006, Nature)、これらの支持細胞は内耳幹細胞であり得ることが示唆された。精製された蝸牛支持細胞は、胚性耳周囲間葉フィーダー細胞上でEGF、bFGFの存在下でインビトロで培養され得る(Patricia et al., 2006)。Shi et alは、新生および成体マウスの蝸牛中の支持細胞のサブセットが成体幹細胞のマーカーであるLgr5を発現することを見出した(Shi et al., 2012)。重要なことに、Lgr5陽性細胞は、単離され得、EGF、bFGFおよびIGF−1の存在下で単一細胞懸濁物中で培養され得、Lgr5陰性細胞と比較して増強された自己複製能力を示す。以前の内耳幹細胞培養は、懸濁培養法を使用し、該方法においては、おそらく細胞にとって不十分な増殖環境のために、全細胞の約0.068%のみ(Li et al., 2003)またはソーティングされたLgr5陽性細胞の2%が球を形成し得た(Shi et al., 2012)。本明細書で記載するように、内耳幹細胞についての高効率のインビトロ培養系が、今回開発された。
腸幹細胞を移植する可能性を試験するために、インビトロの健康な結腸組織に対する小腸陰窩の植付けを試験した。結腸組織を、野生型マウスから採取し、長さ方向に開いた。1cm断片を、除去し、PBSで洗浄した。上皮層を、外科用刃を使用してこすり落とすことによって除去し、組織を24ウェルプレートに配置した。Lgr5−GFPマウスから単離した小腸陰窩を、DiD膜色素で染色し、アドバンストDMEM/F12(Invitrogen)、2mM GlutaMax(Invitrogen)、10mM Hepes(Invitrogen)、100U/mlペニシリン/100μg/mlストレプトマイシン(Invitrogen)、1×N2サプリメント(Invitrogen)、1×B27サプリメント(Invitrogen)、50ng/ml EGF(Peprotech)、500ng/ml R−スポンジン1(R & D Systems)、10μM Y−27632(Rhoキナーゼインヒビター、Sigma-Aldrich;および100mg/mlノギン(Peprotech)を含む5〜10μlの陰窩培養培地内の結腸組織上に配置した。組織を、加湿環境において37℃で30〜60分間さらにインキュベートし、陰窩の接着を可能にした。次いで、陰窩培養培地を、ウェルに添加し、陰窩を7日間さらに培養した。播種した陰窩を、結腸に付着させ、24時間の間に広げた(図15)。蛍光画像は、陰窩が48時間の間に結腸に植え付けられ(図16)、少なくとも1週間の間Lgr5−GFP発現を維持したことを示した(図17)。
粘膜下組織骨格上に大規模な組織化された3次元細胞構造(即ち、類臓器体)の成長を支持し得るインビトロ培養系を、今回開発した。以下に記載するように、3次元組織構築物のための改善された小腸粘膜下組織(「SIS」)ベースの培養系を、粘膜下組織に前もって選択した細胞型を播種し、かつ特有のコラーゲンベースのかぶせもので成長を容易にすることによって調製した。このかぶせものは、最初は粘性の液体(fluid)重合前物質(pre-polymerization)であるが、播種された初期の細胞または類臓器体(細胞から二次培養された)を覆い、かつSISベースを覆い、コラーゲン残基内に細胞を包むために使用される(図19Eおよび19F)。重合後、液体は固化し、細胞膜およびSISに接触するその位置を維持し、類臓器体の拡大を促進する。このかぶせものを有するSISの組成を変更することによって、細胞接着および増殖が容易になることを今回発見した。これは、インビボとは全く異なるインビトロで組織成熟を容易にする。これは、大きな内生型(endogenous)類臓器体への接着細胞の3次元拡大が移植前に達成される点で、他の粘膜下組織ベースの系および類似の合成系に対して特有の改善である。
パッチ系の無細胞性ゲル不含の変形物を、インビボでの粘膜治癒特性を評価するために試験した。インビボでの移植パッチの成長促進特性を試験するために、粘膜欠損のラット外科モデルを設計した。SISの一部を、6mmの円形のポリ(グリセロールセバセート)ウレタン(PGSU)の裏当て上に管腔側を上にして注意深く広げることによって、移植パッチを組み立てた(assemble)。パッチを、5%CO2、37℃で30分間インキュベートし、PGSUとSISの接着を可能にした。図23に示すように、4mmの欠損を、パンチ生検(punch biopsy)によって胃壁に生成した。無細胞性パッチ(直径6mm)を、胃の外壁の上に配置し、選択した物質で該欠損を注意深く覆った。縫合糸および近位の結合組織を使用して、採用したGrahamパッチ方法により、パッチを固定した
。a)PGSU−裏当てSISパッチ(GFなし)、b)GF(EGF、ノギン、R−スポンジン1、Y−27632、バルプロ酸、およびCHIR)を注入したPGSU−裏当てSISパッチ、およびc)PGSU裏当てのみ(SISなし)を含む、無細胞性パッチの3つのバリアントを適用した。いずれの時点においても、いずれのラットにも腹膜炎は観察されなかった。機械的に誘導した胃壁の欠損の上への移植の1週間後、欠損およびパッチ移植物を含む胃の組織を、採取し、組織の組織学的試験を行った。
ヒト小腸陰窩を、切除した正常な小腸検体から単離し、実施例1に記載されるとおりに培養した。ENR(EGF、ノギン、R−スポンジン1)条件に添加されたCHIR99021とVPAまたはツバスタチンAの組み合わせを含むマウス小腸幹細胞/陰窩の培養に使用した同じ細胞培養条件を、ヒト腸幹細胞/陰窩について公開された細胞培養溶液(Jung et al., 2011; Sato et al., 2011)と比較した。RT−PCRを使用して、特に自己複製または分化状態を決定することによって、培養中の上皮幹細胞の維持を評価した。LGR5を幹細胞マーカーとして使用し、ALPI、MUC2、CHGAおよびLYZを、分化マーカーとして使用した。培養物中の細胞数を計数し、コロニーの形態およびサイズを観察することによって、細胞増殖を評価した。
腸上皮細胞に対するCHIRおよびVPAのインビボ効果を試験するために、CHIR99021(100μl DMSO中30mg/Kg)およびVPA(100μl水中200mg/Kg)を、4〜6週齢の雌のLgr5−GFPマウスに、胃管栄養法により投与した。対照マウスに、100μl DMSOと100μl水の混合物を与えた。薬物を、7日間48時間毎に投与した(第0日、第2日、第4日および第6日に)。第7日に、マウスを屠殺し、腸組織を回収した。小腸を、PBSでさらに洗浄し、4%PFAで12時間固定し、パラフィンに包埋し、標準的なヘマトキシリンおよびエオシン(H&E)染色プロトコルを使用して染色した。倒立顕微鏡(EVOS, Advanced Microscopy Group)を使用して画像を取得した。CHIRおよびVPAのインビボ投与によって、7日のクールの間の3回の投与の後、陰窩のサイズが増大した(図27)。
本明細書で言及される全ての特許、特許出願および刊行物は、各独立した特許および刊行物が具体的におよび個々に参照によって援用されるべきことが示されていたのと同程度に、参照によって本明細書に援用される。
本発明はその詳細な説明に関連して記載されるが、前述の説明は、例示を意図し、添付の特許請求の範囲の範囲によって画定される発明の範囲を限定することを意図しないことが理解される。他の局面、利点および改変は、以下の特許請求の範囲の範囲内である。
Claims (6)
- 上皮組織内でLGR5陽性上皮幹細胞の増加が必要な被験体において上皮組織内でLGR5陽性上皮幹細胞を増加する方法における使用のためのCHIR99021およびバルプロ酸(VPA)の組み合わせ物であって、前記組み合わせ物は、上皮組織内でのLGR5陽性上皮幹細胞の増加に十分な量のCHIR99021およびVPAを含み、前記上皮幹細胞は、被験体の内耳中に存在する、組み合わせ物。
- 被験体の内耳のコルチ器官の感覚毛細胞が損傷している、請求項1記載の組み合わせ物。
- 前記組み合わせ物の使用により、被験体の内耳幹細胞の増殖が増加する、請求項1または2記載の組み合わせ物。
- 被験体がヒトである、請求項1〜3いずれか記載の組み合わせ物。
- 前記組み合わせ物が、CHIR99021およびVPAを被験体に対して同時投与するためのものである、請求項1〜4いずれか記載の組み合わせ物。
- 前記組み合わせ物が、CHIR99021およびVPAを被験体に対して連続投与するためのものである、請求項1〜4いずれか記載の組み合わせ物。
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