JP2018515475A - 代謝的にプログラムされた金属キレーターおよびその使用 - Google Patents
代謝的にプログラムされた金属キレーターおよびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2018515475A JP2018515475A JP2017556738A JP2017556738A JP2018515475A JP 2018515475 A JP2018515475 A JP 2018515475A JP 2017556738 A JP2017556738 A JP 2017556738A JP 2017556738 A JP2017556738 A JP 2017556738A JP 2018515475 A JP2018515475 A JP 2018515475A
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- compound
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- pharmaceutically acceptable
- acceptable salt
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- 239000011718 vitamin C Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019165 vitamin E Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011709 vitamin E Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940046009 vitamin E Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940045997 vitamin a Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000000341 volatile oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 201000005102 vulva cancer Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 208000028010 vulval Paget disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000020234 walnut Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000008170 walnut oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010497 wheat germ oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000002268 wool Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229920001285 xanthan gum Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000001834 xanthenyl group Chemical group C1=CC=CC=2OC3=CC=CC=C3C(C12)* 0.000 description 1
- UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L zinc;1-(5-cyanopyridin-2-yl)-3-[(1s,2s)-2-(6-fluoro-2-hydroxy-3-propanoylphenyl)cyclopropyl]urea;diacetate Chemical class [Zn+2].CC([O-])=O.CC([O-])=O.CCC(=O)C1=CC=C(F)C([C@H]2[C@H](C2)NC(=O)NC=2N=CC(=CC=2)C#N)=C1O UHVMMEOXYDMDKI-JKYCWFKZSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000004835 α-tocopherol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000002076 α-tocopherol Substances 0.000 description 1
- FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-BYLHFPJWSA-N β-1,4-galactotrioside Chemical compound O[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@H](CO)O[C@@H](O[C@@H]2[C@@H](O[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H]2O)CO)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O FYGDTMLNYKFZSV-BYLHFPJWSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N β-Carotene Chemical compound CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C(\C)=C\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C OENHQHLEOONYIE-JLTXGRSLSA-N 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、35U.S.C.§119(e)のもと2015年4月27日に出願された米国仮出願U.S.S.N.62/153,468に対し優先権を主張し、参照によりこれを本願明細書に組み込む。
本発明は、米国国立衛生研究所によって授与された承認番号R37DK049108のもと米国政府の支援を受けて行われた。政府は本発明において一定の権利を有する。
ある態様において、本願明細書に記載の化合物によってキレート化される金属の1つは、鉄である。ある態様において、アルミニウム、タリウム、クロム、マグネシウム、カルシウム、ストロンチウム、ニッケル、マンガン、コバルト、銅、亜鉛、銀、ナトリウム、カリウム、カドミウム、水銀、鉛、アンチモン、モリブデン、タングステン、ランタニド(例えば、セリウム)、またはアクチニド(例えば、ウラン)などの他の金属は、該化合物によってキレート化される。
具体的な官能基および化学用語の定義は、より詳細に以下に記載する。本発明の目的のために、化学元素は、元素の周期表、CAS version、Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75th Ed.の内表紙に従って同定し、具体的な官能基はその中に記載されているとおり一般的に定義する。また、有機化学、ならびに具体的な官能部分および反応性の一般的な原理は、Organic Chemistry, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito, 1999; Smith and March March’s Advanced Organic Chemistry, 5th Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 2001; Larock, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, VCH Publishers, Inc., New York, 1989; Carruthers, Some Modern Methods of Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1987に記載されている。
あるいは、1つの炭素上の2つのジェミナル水素が、=O、=S、=NN(Rbb)2、=NNRbbC(=O)Raa、=NNRbbC(=O)ORaa、=NNRbbS(=O)2Raa、=NRbbまたは=NORcc基で置き換えられ;
Raaの各場合は、独立して、C1−10アルキル、C1−10ペルハロアルキル、C2−10アルケニル、C2−10アルキニル、ヘテロC1−10アルキル、ヘテロC2−10アルケニル、ヘテロC2−10アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜14員のヘテロシクリル、C6−14アリールおよび5〜14員のヘテロアリールから選択され、または2つのRaa基が結合して3〜14員のヘテロシクリルもしくは5〜14員のヘテロアリール環を形成し、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルケニル、ヘテロアルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して、0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRdd基で置換され;
Rbbの各場合は、独立して、水素、−OH、−ORaa、−N(Rcc)2、−CN、−C(=O)Raa、−C(=O)N(Rcc)2、−CO2Raa、−SO2Raa、−C(=NRcc)ORaa、−C(=NRcc)N(Rcc)2、−SO2N(Rcc)2、−SO2Rcc、−SO2ORcc、−SORaa、−C(=S)N(Rcc)2、−C(=O)SRcc、−C(=S)SRcc、−P(=O)(Raa)2、−P(=O)(ORcc)2、−P(=O)(N(Rcc)2)2、C1−10アルキル、C1−10ペルハロアルキル、C2−10アルケニル、C2−10アルキニル、ヘテロC1−10アルキル、ヘテロC2−10アルケニル、ヘテロC2−10アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜14員のヘテロシクリル、C6−14アリ−ルおよび5〜14員のヘテロアリ−ルから選択され、または2つのRbb基が結合して3〜14員のヘテロシクリルもしくは5〜14員のヘテロアリール環を形成し、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルケニル、ヘテロアルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して、0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRdd基で置換され;X−は対イオンであり;
Rccの各場合は、独立して、水素、C1−10アルキル、C1−10ペルハロアルキル、C2−10アルケニル、C2−10アルキニル、ヘテロC2−10アルキル、ヘテロC2−10アルケニル、ヘテロC2−10アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜14員のヘテロシクリル、C6−14アリ−ルおよび5〜14員のヘテロアリ−ルから選択され、または2つのRcc基が結合して3〜14員のヘテロシクリルもしくは5〜14員のヘテロアリール環を形成し、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルケニル、ヘテロアルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して、0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRdd基で置換され;
Rddの各場合は、独立して、水素、−CN、−NO2、−N3、−SO2H、−SO3H、−OH、−ORee、−ON(Rff)2、−N(Rff)2、−N(Rff)3 +X−、−N(ORee)Rff、−SH、−SRee、−SSRee、−C(=O)Ree、−CO2H、−CO2Ree、−OC(=O)Ree、−OCO2Ree、−C(=O)N(Rff)2、−OC(=O)N(Rff)2、−NRffC(=O)Ree、−NRffCO2Ree、−NRffC(=O)N(Rff)2、−C(=NRff)ORee、−OC(=NRff)Ree、−OC(=NRff)ORee、−C(=NRff)N(Rff)2、−OC(=NRff)N(Rff)2、−NRffC(=NRff)N(Rff)2、−NRffSO2Ree、−SO2N(Rff)2、−SO2Ree、−SO2ORee、−OSO2Ree、−S(=O)Ree、−Si(Ree)3、−OSi(Ree)3、−C(=S)N(Rff)2、−C(=O)SRee、−C(=S)SRee、−SC(=S)SRee、−P(=O)(ORee)2、−P(=O)(Ree)2、−OP(=O)(Ree)2、−OP(=O)(ORee)2、C1−6アルキル、C1−6ペルハロアルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、ヘテロC1−10アルキル、ヘテロC2−10アルケニル、ヘテロC2−10アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、C6−10アリール、5〜10員のヘテロアリール、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、C6−10アリールおよび5〜10員のヘテロアリールから選択され、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルケニル、ヘテロアルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して、0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRgg基で置換されるか、または2つのジェミナルRdd置換基が、=Oまたは=Sを形成するために結合することができ;X−は対イオンであり;
Reeの各場合は、独立して、C1−6アルキル、C1−6ペルハロアルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、ヘテロC1−6アルキル、ヘテロC2−6アルケニル、ヘテロC2−6アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、C6−10アリ−ル、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、および3〜10員のヘテロアリ−ルから選択され、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルケニル、ヘテロアルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して、0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRgg基で置換され;
Rffの各場合は、独立して、水素、C1−6アルキル、C1−6ペルハロアルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、ヘテロC1−6アルキル、ヘテロC2−6アルケニル、ヘテロC2−6アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、C6−10アリ−ル、および5〜10員のヘテロアリ−ルから選択され、または2つのRff基が結合して3〜10員のヘテロシクリルもしくは5〜10員のヘテロアリール環を形成し、ここで、各アルキル、アルケニル、アルキニル、ヘテロアルキル、ヘテロアルケニル、ヘテロアルキニル、カルボシクリル、ヘテロシクリル、アリール、およびヘテロアリールは、独立して0、1、2、3、4、または5個のRgg基で置換され;
Rggの各場合は、独立して、水素、−CN、−NO2、−N3、−SO2H、−SO3H、−OH、−OC1−6アルキル、−ON(C1−6アルキル)2、−N(C1−6アルキル)2、−N(C1−6アルキル)3 +X−、−NH(C1−6アルキル)2 +X−、−NH2(C1−6アルキル)+X−、−NH3 +X−、−N(OC1−6アルキル)(C1−6アルキル)、−N(OH)(C1−6アルキル)、−NH(OH)、−SH、−SC1−6アルキル、−SS(C1−6アルキル)、−C(=O)(C1−6アルキル)、−CO2H、−CO2(C1−6アルキル)、−OC(=O)(C1−6アルキル)、−OCO2(C1−6アルキル)、−C(=O)NH2、−C(=O)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−OC(=O)NH(C1−6アルキル)、−NHC(=O)(C1−6アルキル)、−N(C1−6アルキル)C(=O)(C1−6アルキル)、−NHCO2(C1−6アルキル)、−NHC(=O)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−NHC(=O)NH(C1−6アルキル)、−NHC(=O)NH2、−C(=NH)O(C1−6アルキル)、−OC(=NH)(C1−6アルキル)、−OC(=NH)OC1−6アルキル、−C(=NH)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−C(=NH)NH2、−OC(=NH)N(C1−6アルキル)2、OC(NH)NH(C1−6アルキル)、−OC(NH)NH2、−NHC(NH)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−NHC(=NH)NH2、−NHSO2(C1−6アルキル)、−SO2N(C1−6アルキル)2、−SO2NH(C1−6アルキル)、−SO2NH2、−SO2C1−6アルキル、−SO2OC1−6アルキル、−OSO2C1−6アルキル、−SOC1−6アルキル、−Si(C1−6アルキル)3、−OSi(C1−6アルキル)3、−C(=S)N(C1−6アルキル)2、−C(=S)NH(C1−6アルキル)、−C(=S)NH2、−C(=O)S(C1−6アルキル)、−C(=S)SC1−6アルキル、−SC(=S)SC1−6アルキル、−P(=O)(OC1−6アルキル)2、−P(=O)(C1−6アルキル)2、−OP(=O)(C1−6アルキル)2、−OP(=O)(OC1−6アルキル)2、C1−6アルキル、C1−6ペルハロアルキル、C2−6アルケニル、C2−6アルキニル、ヘテロC1−6アルキル、ヘテロC2−6アルケニル、ヘテロC2−6アルキニル、C3−10カルボシクリル、C6−10アリール、3〜10員のヘテロシクリル、5〜10員のヘテロアリールであるか;または2つのジェミナルRgg置換基が、=Oもしくは=Sを形成するために結合することができ;式中、X−は対イオンである、を含む。
その他の窒素保護基は、限定されないが、フェノチアジニル−(10)−アシル誘導体、N’−p−トルエンスルホニルアミノアシル誘導体、N’−フェニルアミノチオアシル誘導体、N−ベンゾイルフェニルアラニル誘導体、N−アセチルメチオニン誘導体、o−ニトロベンズアミド、o−(ベンゾイルオキシメチル)ベンズアミド、4,5−ジフェニル−3−オキサゾリン−2−オン、N−フタルイミド、N−ジチアスクシンイミド(Dts)、N−2,3−ジフェニルマレイミド、N−2,5−ジメチルピロール、N−1,1,4,4−テトラメチルジシリルアザシクロペンタン付加物(STABASE)、5−置換1,3−ジメチル−1,3,5−トリアザシクロヘキサン−2−オン、5−置換1,3−ジベンジル−1,3,5−トリアザシクロヘキサン−2−オン、1−置換3,5−ジニトロ−4−ピリドン、N−メチルアミン、N−アリルアミン、N−[2−(トリメチルシリル)エトキシ]メチルアミン(SEM)、N−3−アセトキシプロピルアミン、N−(1−イソプロピル−4−ニトロ−2−オキソ−3−ピロオリン−3−イル)アミン、第四級アンモニウム塩、N−ベンジルアミン、N−ジ(4−メトキシフェニル)メチルアミン、N−5−ジベンゾスベリルアミン、N−トリフェニルメチルアミン(Tr)、N−[(4−メトキシフェニル)ジフェニルメチル]アミン(MMTr)、N−9−フェニルフルオレニルアミン(PhF)、N−2,7−ジクロロ−9−フルオレニルメチレンアミン、N−フェロセニルメチルアミノ(Fcm)、N−2−ピコリルアミノN’−オキシド、N−1,1−ジメチルチオメチレンアミン、N−ベンジリデンアミン、N−p−メトキシベンジリデンアミン、N−ジフェニルメチレンアミン、N−[(2−ピリジル)メシチル]メチレンアミン、N−(N’,N’−ジメチルアミノメチレン)アミン、N,N’−イソプロピリデンジアミン、N−p−ニトロベンジリデンアミン、N−サリチリデンアミン、N−5−クロロサリチリデンアミン、N−(5−クロロ−2−ヒドロキシフェニル)フェニルメチレンアミン、N−シクロヘキシリデンアミン、N−(5,5−ジメチル−3−オキソ−1−シクロヘキセニル)アミン、N−ボラン誘導体、N−ジフェニルボリン酸誘導体、N−[フェニル(ペンタアシルクロムまたはタングステン)アシル]アミン、N−銅キレート、N−亜鉛キレート、N−ニトロアミン、N−ニトロソアミン、アミンN−オキシド、ジフェニルホスフィンアミド(Dpp)、ジメチルチオホスフィンアミド(Mpt)、ジフェニルチオホスフィンアミド(Ppt)、ジアルキルホスホルアミダート類、ジベンジルホスホルアミダート、ジフェニルホスホルアミダート、ベンゼンスルフェンアミド、o−ニトロベンゼンスルフェンアミド(Nps)、2,4−ジニトロベンゼンスルフェンアミド、ペンタクロロベンゼンスルフェンアミド、2−ニトロ−4−メトキシベンゼンスルフェンアミド、トリフェニルメチルスルフェンアミド、および3−ニトロピリジンスルフェンアミド(Npys)を含む。
例示の酸素保護基は、限定されないが、メチル、メトキシルメチル(MOM)、メチルチオメチル(MTM)、t−ブチルチオメチル、(フェニルジメチルシリル)メトキシメチル(SMOM)、ベンジルオキシメチル(BOM)、p−メトキシベンジルオキシメチル(PMBM)、(4−メトキシフェノキシ)メチル(p−AOM)、グアイアコールメチル(GUM)、t−ブトキシメチル、4−ペンテニルオキシメチル(POM)、シロキシメチル、2−メトキシエトキシメチル(MEM)、2,2,2−トリクロロエトキシメチル、ビス(2−クロロエトキシ)メチル、2−(トリメチルシリル)エトキシメチル(SEMOR)、テトラヒドロピラニル(THP)、3−ブロモテトラヒドロピラニル、テトラヒドロチオピラニル、1−メトキシシクロヘキシル、4−メトキシテトラヒドロピラニル(MTHP)、4−メトキシテトラヒドロチオピラニル、4−メトキシテトラヒドロチオピラニルS,S−ジオキシド、1−[(2−クロロ−4−メチル)フェニル]−4−メトキシピペリジン−4−イル(CTMP)、1,4−ジオキサン−2−イル、テトラヒドロフラニル、テトラヒドロチオフラニル、2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a−オクタヒドロ−7,8,8−トリメチル−4,7−メタノベンゾフラン−2−イル、1−エトキシエチル、1−(2−クロロエトキシ)エチル、1−メチル−1−メトキシエチル、1−メチル−1−ベンジルオキシエチル、1−メチル−1−ベンジルオキシ−2−フルオロエチル、2,2,2−トリクロロエチル、2−トリメチルシリルエチル、2−(フェニルセレニル)エチル、t−ブチル、アリル、p−クロロフェニル、p−メトキシフェニル、2,4−ジニトロフェニル、ベンジル、p−メトキシベンジル、3,4−ジメトキシベンジル、o−ニトロベンジル、p−ニトロベンジル、p−ハロベンジル、2,6−ジクロロベンジル、p−シアノベンジル、p−フェニルベンジル、2−ピコリル、4−ピコリル、3−メチル−2−ピコリルN−オキシド、ジフェニルメチル、p,p’−ジニトロベンズヒドリル、5−ジベンゾスベリル、トリフェニルメチル、α−ナフチルジフェニルメチル、p−メトキシフェニルジフェニルメチル、ジ(p−メトキシフェニル)フェニルメチル、トリ(p−メトキシフェニル)メチル、4−(4’−ブロモフェナシルオキシフェニル)ジフェニルメチル、4,4’,4”−トリス(4,5−ジクロロフタルイミドフェニル)メチル、4,4’,4”−トリス(レブリノイルオキシフェニル)メチル、4,4’,4”−トリス(ベンゾイルオキシフェニル)メチル、3−(イミダゾール−1−イル)ビス(4’,4”−ジメトキシフェニル)メチル、1,1−ビス(4−メトキシフェニル)−1’−ピレニルメチル、9−アントリル、9−(9−フェニル)キサンテニル、9−(9−フェニル−10−オキソ)アントリル、1,3−ベンゾジチオラン−2−イル、ベンジソチアゾリルS,S−ジオキシド、トリメチルシリル(TMS)、トリエチルシリル(TES)、トリイソプロピルシリル(TIPS)、ジメチルイソプロピルシリル(IPDMS)、ジエチルイソプロピルシリル(DEIPS)、ジメチルテキシルシリル、t−ブチルジメチルシリル(TBDMS)、t−ブチルジフェニルシリル(TBDPS)、トリベンジルシリル、トリ−p−キシリルシリル、トリフェニルシリル、ジフェニルメチルシリル(DPMS)、t−ブチルメトキシフェニルシリル(TBMPS)、ホルマート、ベンゾイルホルマート、アセタート、クロロアセタート、ジクロロアセタート、トリクロロアセタート、トリフルオロアセタート、メトキシアセタート、トリフェニルメトキシアセタート、フェノキシアセタート、p−クロロフェノキシアセタート、3−フェニルプロピオナート、4−オキソペンタノアート(レブリン酸)、4,4−(エチレンジチオ)ペンタノアート(レブリノイルジチオアセタール)、ピバロアート、アダマントアート、クロトナート、4−メトキシクロトナート、ベンゾアート、p−フェニルベンゾアート、2,4,6−トリメチルベンゾアート(メシトアート)、アルキルメチルカルボナート、9−フルオレニルメチルカルボナート(Fmoc)、アルキルエチルカルボナート、アルキル2,2,2−トリクロロエチルカルボナート(Troc)、2−(トリメチルシリル)エチルカルボナート(TMSEC)、2−(フェニルスルホニル)エチルカルボナート(Psec)、2−(トリフェニルホスホニオ)エチルカルボナート(Peoc)、イソブチルカルボナート、ビニルカルボナート、アリルカルボナート、t−ブチルカルボナート(BOCまたはBoc)、p−ニトロフェニルカルボナート、ベンジルカルボナート、p−メトキシベンジルカルボナート、3,4−ジメトキシベンジルカルボナート、o−ニトロベンジルカルボナート、p−ニトロベンジルカルボナート、S−ベンジルチオカルボナート、4−エトキシ−1−ナフチルカルボナート、メチルジチオカルボナート、2−ヨードベンゾアート、4−アジドブチラート、4−ニトロ−4−メチルペンタノアート、o−(ジブロモメチル)ベンゾアート、2−ホルミルベンゼンスルホナート、2−(メチルチオメトキシ)エチル、4−(メチルチオメトキシ)ブチラート、2−(メチルチオメトキシメチル)ベンゾアート、2,6−ジクロロ−4−メチルフェノキシアセタート、2,6−ジクロロ−4−(1,1,3,3−テトラメチルブチル)フェノキシアセタート、2,4−ビス(1,1−ジメチルプロピル)フェノキシアセタート、クロロジフェニルアセタート、イソブチラート、モノスクシナート、(E)−2−メチル−2−ブテノアート、o−(メトキシアシル)ベンゾアート、α−ナフトアート、ニトラート、アルキルN,N,N’,N’−テトラメチルホスホロジアミダート、アルキルN−フェニルカルバマート、ボラート、ジメチルホスフィノチオイル、アルキル2,4−ジニトロフェニルスルフェナート、スルファート、メタンスルホナート(メシラート)、ベンジルスルホナートおよびトシラート(Ts)を含む。
デスフェリチオシン(DFT)1は、Streptomyces antibioticusから単離された天然産物の鉄キレーターである(Naegeli et al., “Metabolites of Microorganisms. Part 193. Ferrithiocin.” Helv. Chim. Acta 1980, 63, 1400-1406)。それは、Fe(III)と2:1錯体を形成し、累積形成定数(cumulative formation constant)は4×1029M−1である(Hahn et al., “Coordination Chemistry of Microbial Iron Transport. 42. Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization of Diastereomeric Cr(III) and Co(III) Complexes of Desferriferrithiocin.” J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 1854-1860;Anderegg et al., “Metal Complex Formation of a New Siderophore Desferrithiocin and of Three Related Ligands.” J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1990, 1194-1196)。該化合物は、ラット(Bergeron et al., “Evaluation of Desferrithiocin and Its Synthetic Analogs as Orally Effective Iron Chelators.” J. Med. Chem. 1991, 34, 2072-2078)に、および霊長類(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Evaluation of Iron Clearance Models.” Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1990, 612, 378-393;Wolfe et al., “A Non-Human Primate Model for the Study of Oral Iron Chelators.” Br. J. Haematol. 1989, 72, 456-461)に経口投与(po)したときに、優れた除鉄薬剤(deferration agent)であることが示されたが、ラットに重度の腎毒性を引き起こした(Bergeron et al., “A Comparative Study of the Iron-Clearing Properties of Desferrithiocin Analogs with Desferrioxamine B in a Cebus Monkey Model.” Blood 1993, 81, 2166-2173)。それでもなお、該化合物の経口活性は、経口的に活性で安全なDFT類似体を同定することを狙いとするDFTに焦点を当てたSAR研究に拍車をかけた(Bergeron et al., “Effects of C-4 Stereochemistry and C-4' Hydroxylation on the Iron Clearing Efficiency and Toxicity of Desferrithiocin Analogs.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 2432-2440;Bergeron et al., “Methoxylation of Desazadesferrithiocin Analogs: Enhanced Iron Clearing Efficiency.” J. Med. Chem. 2003, 46, 1470-1477;Bergeron et al., “Desazadesmethyldesferrithiocin Analogs as Orally Effective Iron Chelators.” J. Med. Chem. 1999, 42, 95-108)。効果的にキレート化をして生物系から金属を取り除く種々のデサザデスフェリチオシン類似体が開発されてきた。PCT国際出願公報の、1997年10月9日発行のWO1997/036885号;2000年3月30日発行のWO2000/016763号;2000年3月9日発行のWO2000/012493号;2004年3月4日発行のWO2004/017959号;2005年4月21日発行のWO2005/034949号;2005年3月17日発行のWO2005/023310号;2006年10月12日発行のWO2006/107626号;2008年10月30日発行のWO2008/130395号;2008年9月25日発行のWO2008/115433号;2011年3月10日発行のWO2011/028255号;2013年6月20日発行のWO2013/090750号;および2013年6月20日発行のWO2013/090766号を参照し、これらの各々を参照により本願明細書に組み込む。また、米国特許US5,840,739号;US6,864,270号;US7,144,904号;US7,879,886号;US再発行39,132号;US6,083,966号;US6,521,652号;US6,525,080号;US6,559,315号;US8,278,458号;およびUS8,324,397号を参照し、これらの各々を参照により本願明細書に組み込む。また、米国特許出願公報US2004/044220号;US2004/132789号;US2005/234113号;US2008/255081号;US2006/211746号;US2006/211773号;US2008/096974号;US2013/030028号;US2010/137346号;US2013/210870号;およびUS2012/184586号を参照、これらの各々を参照により本願明細書に組み込む。
R1は、水素、置換または非置換アルキル、置換または非置換アシル、酸素保護基、
R’の各場合は、独立して、水素、置換または非置換アルキル、または酸素保護基であり;
nの各場合は、独立して、1〜8の整数、境界値を含む;
xの各場合は、独立して、0〜8の整数、境界値を含む;
mの各場合は、独立して、1〜8の整数、境界値を含む;
yの各場合は、独立して、0〜8の整数、境界値を含む;
pの各場合は、独立して、1と10の間の整数、境界値を含む;
qは、0または1であり、ただし、qが0のとき、R1は、式:
R3の各場合は、独立して、ハロゲン、置換または非置換アルキル、または−OR8、ここで、R8の各場合は、独立して、水素、置換または非置換アルキル、置換または非置換アシル、酸素保護基、
kは、0、1、2、3または4;
R4は、水素または置換または非置換アルキル;
R5は、水素または置換または非置換アルキル;
R6は、水素または置換または非置換アルキル;
Zは、−O−または−S−;および
R9は、水素または置換または非置換アルキル、
およびその薬学的に許容し得る塩、溶媒和物、水和物、多形、共結晶、互変異性体、立体異性体、同位体標識誘導体およびプロドラッグを含む。
RC2の各場合は、独立して、水素、ハロゲン、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、−CN、−NO2、−ORX、または−N(RY)2であり;
RC3の各場合は、独立して、水素、アルキル、または酸素保護基であり;
Rxは、水素、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、または酸素保護基であり;
RYの各場合は、独立して、水素、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、窒素保護基であるか、または任意に、2つのRYが、介在原子と一緒になって、置換または非置換ヘテロシクリルまたは置換または非置換ヘテロアリールを形成し;
hの各場合は、独立して、0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、または8であり;
jの各場合は、独立して、0、1、2、3、または4である。
本発明は、発明に係る化合物、および任意に薬学的に許容し得る賦形剤を含む、医薬組成物を提供する。医薬組成物は、対象、細胞、組織、または生物学的試料中の金属(例えば、鉄または別の金属)をキレート化すること、その対象における疾患を処置すること、それを必要とする対象における疾患を予防すること、対象におけるバイオフィルムの形成を処置、低減または防止すること、または物体上または物体内でのバイオフィルムの形成を低減または防止することに、有用であり得る。ある態様において、本発明の化合物は、式(I)で表される化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩である。ある態様において、本発明の化合物は、式(II)で表される化合物、またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩である。ある態様において、本発明の化合物は、医薬組成物中において有効量で提供される。ある態様において、有効量は、治療的に有効な量である。ある態様において、有効量は、予防的有効量である。
本願明細書に記載の式(I)または式(II)で表される化合物、および医薬組成物は、対象、細胞、組織、または生物学的試料中の金属(鉄、または別の金属)をキレート化すること、その対象における疾患を処置すること、それを必要とする対象における疾患を予防すること、対象におけるバイオフィルムの形成を処置、低減または防止すること、または物体上または物体内でのバイオフィルムの形成を低減または防止することに有用であり得る。
本願明細書に記載される発明をより十分に理解させ得るように、以下の例が定められている。本願に記載される合成および生物学的例は、本願明細書に提供される化合物、医薬組成物および方法を例証するために提示され、それらの範囲に限定するいかなるやり方にも解釈されない。
設計コンセプトは、親油性フラグメントをその消化管吸収を促進するキレーターに固定することである。一旦吸収されるとすぐに、それはその親水性、無毒性の対応物にすばやく変換されるべきである。したがって、現在のキレーターの代謝プロファイルは、将来の設計戦略のための構造的境界条件を設定する。300μモル/kgの用量で該リガンドがラットに皮下投与された、(S)−4’−(CH3O)DADFT(4)による初期の代謝研究は、それが肝臓で脱メチル化され、(S)−4’−(HO)−DADFT(2、図2)を生じていることを明らかにした(Kem et al., Mol. Pharmacol. 65 (2004) 56-67)。42薬物曝露後2時間で、約30%の(S)−4’−(CH3O)−DADFT(4)が2へ脱メチル化され、代謝産物は、8時間時点に至るまでかなり高いレベルで残る(図2)。この観察は、ポリエーテルの(S)−4’−(HO)−DADFT−PE(5)および(S)−3’−(HO)−DADFT−PE(6)の類似の評価を促した。例えば、5が2にいくらか大きな程度で変換された場合、長期間の曝露により腎毒性が予測されることがあるため、これはb.i.d.(2回/日)で与えることを不可能にする。b.i.d.で与えたときでさえも、5および6の毒性が欠如していたことは、2への開裂が存在しないか、または非常に僅かであったことを示唆する。したがって、キレーター5および6を300μmol/kgの用量で皮下にラットに与えた。評価された組織には、血漿、肝臓、腎臓、心臓、および膵臓が含まれた。何らかの4’−または3’−ポリエーテル開裂を示す唯一の臓器は肝臓であった(図2)。2時間で、5の2%が2に変換され、6の2.6%が対応する3に代謝された。代謝産物は4時間および8時間の時点で検出されなかった。45
本願明細書において提供される化合物は、以下の一般的な方法および手順を使用して、容易に入手可能な出発物質から調製し得る。典型的または好ましいプロセス条件(例えば、反応温度、時間、反応物のモル比、溶媒、圧力など)が与えられている場合、他に記載のない限り、他のプロセス条件も使用できる。最適な反応条件は、使用される特定の反応物または溶媒によって変化し得るが、そのような条件は、当業者によって日常的な最適化手順によって決定され得る。
例1.化合物8および9の合成
a試薬および条件:(a)K2CO3(2.0当量)、KI、DMF、100℃、1日、62%;(b)K2CO3(2.1当量)、NaI、DMF、95℃、22時間、35%;(c)50%NaOH(aq)、CH3OH、97%(8)、98%(そのモノナトリウム塩としての9)。
DMF(100mL)中の15(2.81g、10mmol)(Bergeron et al., J. Med. Chem. 48 (2005) 4120-4137)の混合物に炭酸カリウム(2.76g、20.0mmol)およびKI(200mg、1.2mmol)を加えた。DMF(10mL)中の16(1.24g、10mmol)の溶液を反応混合物に添加し、これを100℃で24時間加熱した。室温に冷却後、H2O(100mL)を添加し、続いてEtOAc(2×100mL)で抽出した。有機層を合わせ、H2O(100mL)および6M NaCl(100mL)で洗浄し、溶媒を真空中で除去した。30%EtOAc/CH2Cl2を用いたカラムクロマトグラフィーにより、粘性油として17(62%)2.30gを得た。[α]+48.0°(c 0.15)。1H NMR δ 12.70 (br s, 1H), 7.30 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dq, J = 7.6, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 4.15–4.17 (m, 2H), 3.83-3.88 (m, 3H), 3.76-3.79 (m, 2H), 3.66-3.69 (m, 2H), 3.20 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.3 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR δ 172.96, 170.92, 162.95, 161.32, 131.87, 110.14, 107.39, 101.51, 83.25, 72.73, 69.54, 67.61, 62.05, 61.89, 39.98, 24.61,14.23. C17H24NO6Sに対して算出したHRMS m/z値,370.1319 (M + H);実測値370.1323。C17H23NO6Sに対して算出した分析値: C, 55.27; H, 6.28; N, 3.79。実測値:C, 54.99; H, 6.24; N, 3.75。
DMF(46mL)中の15(5.08g、18.1mmol)および1869(3.31g、19.9mmol)にヨウ化ナトリウム(0.5527g、3.69mmol)およびK2CO3(5.1304g、37.12mmol)を添加し、反応混合物を95℃で22時間加熱した。該混合物を冷却し、濾過し、固体をアセトン(100mL、2×50mL)で洗浄した。溶媒を真空中で除去し、濃縮物を1:1の0.5N HCl/6M NaCl(120mL)で処理し、続いてEtOAc(100mL、2×50mL)で抽出した。有機層を合わせ、1%NaHSO3(75mL)、H2O(75mL)および6M NaCl(55mL)で洗浄し、溶媒を回転蒸発で除去した。8.4:25:66.5 EtOAc/石油エーテル/CH2Cl2を用いるフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーにより、2.574gの19(35%)を黄色油として得た:[α] + 41.0°(c0.68)。1H NMR δ 12.70 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.17-4.28 (m + s, 8H), 3.92-3.97 (m, 2H), 3.84 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.298 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.290 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR δ 172.96, 170.92, 170.42, 162.88, 161.29, 131.84, 110.13, 107.34, 101.52, 83.25, 69.94, 69.02, 67.71, 62.05, 61.10, 39.97, 24.60, 14.33,14.22。C19H26NO7Sに対して算出したHRMS m/z、 412.1424 (M + H);実測値、412.1440。C19H25NO7Sに対して算出した分析値:C, 55.46; H, 6.12; N, 3.40。実測値:C, 55.66; H, 6.21; N, 3.44。
CH3OH(25mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(3.0mL、57mmol)の溶液をCH3OH(50mL)中の17(2.0g、5.4mmol)の溶液に0℃でゆっくりと添加した。反応混合物を室温で16時間撹拌し、溶媒の大部分を減圧下で除去した。残渣を希NaCl(50mL)に溶解し、Et2O(2×30mL)で抽出した。水層を氷中で冷却し、冷6N HClでpH=2に酸性化し、EtOAc(8×30mL)で抽出した。合わせたEtOAc層を真空下で濃縮して、1.78gの8(97%)を黄色の油として得た:[α] + 25.3°(c 0.88)。1H NMR δ 7.9 (br s, 1H), 7.21 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15–4.19 (m, 2H), 3.74-3.92 (m, 5H), 3.65-3.70 (m, 2H), 3.20 (d, J = 10.8 Hz, 1H), 1.68 (s, 3H). 13C NMR δ 176.29, 171.96, 163.02, 161.32, 131.97, 109.79, 107.69, 101.49, 82.68, 72.57, 69.19, 67.56, 61.78, 39.78, 24.61。C15H20NO6Sに対して算出したHRMS m/z、342.1006 (M + H), C15H19NNaO6S, 364.0825 (M + Na);実測値、342.1014, 364.0826. C15H19NO6Sに対して算出した分析値:C, 52.78; H, 5.61; N, 4.10。実測値:C, 52.93; H, 5.83; N, 4.02。
CH3OH(30mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(2.88mL、55.1mmol)の溶液をCH3OH(62mL)中の19(2.27g、5.52mmol)の混合物に5分間かけて0℃で添加した。反応混合物を室温で17時間撹拌し、溶媒の大部分を回転蒸発により除去した。残渣を3M NaCl(70mL)に溶解し、Et2O(3×40mL)で抽出した。水層を氷中で冷却し、冷2N HCl(30mL)で処理し、EtOAc(100mL、4×50mL)で抽出した。有機層を合わせ、6M NaCl(80mL)で洗浄し、回転蒸発で濃縮した。残留物をH2O(43mL)および0.1050N NaOH(52.76mL、5.540mmol)と合わせ、蒸気浴上で加熱し、熱吸引濾過し、H2O(18mL)で洗浄した。濾液をH2O(34mL)で希釈し、凍結乾燥した。固体を72℃で高真空下で乾燥させて、アモルファス黄色固体として、そのナトリウム塩(98%)として2.05gを得た:[α] + 124.3°(c 0.73、H2O)。1H NMR (D2O) δ 7.57 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.61 (dd, J = 9.0, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.26-4.30 (m, 2H), 4.06 (s, 2H), 3.90-3.95 (m, 3H), 3.53 (d, J = 11.7 Hz, 1H), 1.74 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (D2O) δ 178.94, 177.92, 177.62, 166.41, 162.21, 134.11, 109.15, 107.12, 102.09, 78.41, 70.23, 69.43, 68.45, 39.67, 23.98. C15H15NNaO7S に対して算出したHRMS m/z, 376.0472 (M - H), C15H16NO7S, 354.0653 (M - Na);実測値、376.0479, 354.0663。試料(1.00g)をEtOH(aq)から再結晶させ、0.631gの9(Na塩)を得た。C15H16NNaO7Sに対して算出した分析値:C, 47.75; H, 4.27; N, 3.71。実測値:C, 47.82; H, 4.43; N, 3.75。
例2
デフェリトリンヘキサメチレンメチルエーテル、(S)−4’−(HO)−DADFT−HXME(10)の合成、対応するアルコール類似体(S)−4’−(HO)−DADFT−HXA(11)、およびその推定代謝産物12、13、および14
a試薬および条件:(a)25%NaOCH3(1.0当量)、DMF、63℃、17時間、28%;(b)K2CO3(2.0当量)、DMF、62℃、22時間、59%;(c)50%NaOH(aq)、CH3OH、97%(10)(d)K2CO3(1.9当量)、DMF、70℃、18時間、53%;(c)50%NaOH(aq)、CH3OH、91%(11)。
DMF(10mL)中の20(4.0mL、24.3mmol)にナトリウムメトキシド(25重量%、5.5mL、24.1mmol)をシリンジで20分間かけて添加した。反応液を63℃で17時間加熱した。0℃に冷却した後、反応溶液を3:1の冷0.5N HCl/6M NaCl(200mL)で処理し、EtOAc(2×150mL、50mL)で抽出した。有機抽出物を1%NaHSO3(150mL)、H2O(2×150mL)および6M NaCl(100mL)で洗浄し、溶媒を回転蒸発によって除去した。4%、次いで6%EtOAc/石油エーテルを用いるフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーにより、1.61gの2170(28%)を液体として得た:1H NMR δ 3.37 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.33 (s, 3H), 3.19 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 2H), 1.83 (quintet, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.54-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.33-1.46 (m, 4H). 13C NMR δ 72.78, 58.72, 33.58, 30.46, 29.57, 25.26, 7.25。C7H19INOに対して算出したHRMS m/z、260.0506 (M + NH4);実測値、260.0515。C7H15IOに対して算出した分析値:C, 34.73; H, 6.25。実測値:C, 34.44; H, 6.19。
DMF(32mL)中の15(1.77g、6.29mmol)および21(1.56g、6.44mmol)に炭酸カリウム(1.81g、13.1mmol)を加え、反応混合物を62℃で22時間加熱した。氷浴で冷却後、冷0.5N HCl(100mL)を加え、続いてEtOAc(120mL、2×50mL)で抽出した。有機層を合わせ、1%NaHSO3(100mL)、H2O(3×100mL)および6M NaCl(80mL)で洗浄し、溶媒を回転蒸発で除去した。10%EtOAc/石油エーテル、次いで1:3:6 EtOAc/石油エーテル/CH2Cl2を使用するフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーにより、1.47gの22(59%)を粘粘性黄色油として得た:[α] + 43.3°(c 0.72)。1H NMR δ 12.68 (s, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.18-4.29 (m, 2H), 3.97 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.34 (s, 3H), 3.19 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 1.75-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.65 (s, 3H), 1.56-1.64 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.53 (m, 4H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR δ 173.02, 170.92, 163.50, 161.34, 131.77, 109.71, 107.40, 101.36, 83.23, 72.86, 68.19, 62.02, 58.70, 39.96, 29.69, 29.14, 26.03, 25.99, 24.61,14.22. C20H30NO5Sに対して算出したHRMS m/z、396.1839 (M + H); 実測値、396.1858。C20H29NO5Sに対して算出した分析値:C, 60.74; H, 7.39; N, 3.54。 実測値: C, 60.59; H, 7.29; N, 3.60。
DMF(60mL)中の15(3.255g、11.57mmol)および23[75](3.44g、12.7mmol)に炭酸カリウム(3.42g、24.8mmol)を加え、混合物を70℃で21時間加熱した。0℃に冷却後、冷0.5M HCl(150mL)を添加し、続いてEtOAc(150mL、2×80mL)で抽出した。有機層を合わせ、1%NaHSO3(150mL)、H2O(3×150mL)および6M NaCl(100mL)で洗浄し、溶媒を回転蒸発によって除去した。1:3:6のEtOAc/石油エーテル/CH2Cl2を用いたフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーにより、白色固体として2.60gの24(53%)を得た。融点58.5〜60℃、[α] + 40.1°(c0.98)。1H NMR δ 12.69 (s, 1H), 7.29 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.43 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.20-4.28 (m, 2H), 4.07 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.05 (s, 3H), 1.76-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.38-1.54 (m, 4H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR δ 173.01, 171.39, 170.93, 163.45, 161.36, 131.79, 109.76, 107.40, 101.35, 83.23, 68.10, 64.58, 62.03, 39.98, 29.07, 28.66, 25.84, 25.83, 24.62, 21.16, 14.23. C21H30NO6Sに対して算出したHRMS m/z、424.1788 (M + H);実測値、424.1798. C21H29NO6Sに対して算出した分析値:C, 59.56; H, 6.90; N, 3.31. 実測値: C, 59.71; H, 6.81; N, 3.33。
0℃で、CH3OH(80mL)中の22(1.41g、3.56mmol)の溶液に、CH3OH(40mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(1.87mL、35.8mmol)の溶液を4分間かけて加えた。反応混合物を室温で15時間撹拌し、溶媒の大部分を減圧下で除去した。残渣を2M NaCl(120mL)で希釈し、Et2O(3×50mL)で抽出した。水層を氷中で冷却し、冷2N HCl(30mL)で酸性化し、EtOAc(100mL、3×50mL)で抽出した。合わせたEtOAc抽出物を6M NaCl(60mL)で洗浄し、真空中で濃縮して、ワックス状の淡褐色固体として1.275gの10(97%)を生成した:融点68〜68.5℃、[α] + 48.8° (c 0.80、DMF)。1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 13.17 (s, 1H), 12.74 (s, 1H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (dd, J = 2.3, 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (t, J = 6.6 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.21 (s, 3H), 1.66-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.47-1.54 (m, 2H),1.29-1.45 (m, 4H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 173.73, 170.03, 162.96, 160.49, 131.57, 108.97, 107.27, 101.13, 82.45, 71.82, 67.80, 57.79, 28.97, 28.47, 25.42, 25.28, 24.11. C18H26NO5Sに対して算出したHRMS m/z、368.1526 (M + H); 実測値、368.1540. C18H25NO5Sに対して算出した分析値:C, 58.84; H, 6.86; N, 3.81. 実測値:C, 58.55; H, 6.81; N, 3.80。
CH3OH(95mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(3.12mL、59.7mmol)の溶液をCH3OH(100mL)中の24(2.53g、5.97mmol)の混合物に0℃で32分間かけて加えた。反応混合物を室温で1日間撹拌し、溶媒の大部分を減圧下で除去した。残渣を2M NaCl(150mL)で処理し、Et2O(3×50mL)で抽出した。水層を氷中で冷却し、冷2N HCl(50mL)で処理し、EtOAc(2×100mL,50mL)で抽出した。有機層を合わせ、6M NaCl(65mL)で洗浄し、回転蒸発で濃縮した。残渣をEtOAc/ヘキサンから再結晶化した。固体を集め、58℃において、高真空下で乾燥させ、淡黄色結晶として1.917gの11(91%)を得た。融点116〜116.5℃、[α] + 50.1°(c0.83、DMF)。1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 13.20 (s, 1H), 12.73 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.35 (br s, 1H), 4.00 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.42 (m, 2H), 3.36 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 1.66-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.29-1.48 (m, 6H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 173.76, 170.04, 162.97, 160.50, 131.59, 108.97, 107.28, 101.13, 82.45, 67.85, 60.64, 32.48, 28.56, 25.35, 25.27, 24.12. C17H24NO5Sに対して算出したHRMS m/z, 354.1370 (M + H); 実測値,354.1384.C17H23NO5Sに対して算出した分析値: C, 57.77; H, 6.56; N, 3.96. 実測値:C, 57.94; H, 6.50; N, 3.93。
a試薬および条件:(a)K2CO3(1.3当量)、NaI、DMF、65℃、5日、61%(28)。K2CO3(1.3当量)、NaI、DMF、100℃、2日、72%(29)。K2CO3(2.1当量)、NaI、DMF、70℃、20時間、66%(30);(b)50%NaOH(aq)、CH3OH、99%(12)、90%(13)、98%(14)。
DMF(25mL)中の炭酸カリウム(3.19g、23.1mmol)、NaI(0.351g、2.34mmol)および25(4.46g、20.0mmol)の溶液を、15(5.0g、17.8mmol)のDMF(100mL)溶液に加えた。反応混合物を65℃で5日間加熱した。室温に冷却した後、回転蒸発により溶媒を除去した。残渣を冷0.5M HCl(200mL)で処理し、EtOAc(150mL、2×50mL)で抽出した。有機抽出物を1%NaHSO3(100mL)、H2O(100mL)、6M NaCl(50mL)で洗浄し、溶媒を真空中で除去した。30%EtOAc/石油エーテルを用いたカラムクロマトグラフィーにより、オフホワイトの固体として4.586g(61%)の28を得た。融点61〜62℃、[α] + 40.94°(c0.171)。1H NMR δ 12.68 (s, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dq, J = 7.2, 2.0 Hz, 2H), 4.13 (q, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.97 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.33 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 1.77-1.84 (m, 2H), 1.67-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.46-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR δ 173.70, 172.96, 170.88, 163.38, 161.31, 131.75, 109.73, 107.32, 101.33, 83.20, 67.93, 61.99, 60.37, 39.93, 34.31, 28.85, 25.68, 24.78, 24.58, 14.36, 14.20. C21H30NO6Sに対して算出したHRMS m/z, 424.1788 (M + H); 実測値, 424.1784. C21H29NO6Sに対して算出した分析値: C, 59.56; H, 6.90; N, 3.31. 実測値: C, 59.69; H, 6.78; N, 3.24。
DMF(150mL)中の15(6.90g、24.5mmol)および26(5.27g、27.0mmol)の混合物に、炭酸カリウム(4.41g、32.0mmol)およびNaI(182mg、1.2mmol)を加えた。反応混合物を室温で6時間撹拌し、次いで100℃で48時間加熱した。室温に冷却した後、高真空下で回転蒸発により溶媒を除去し、残渣を0.2M HCl/6M NaCl(50mL)で処理し、続いてEtOAc(4×30mL)で抽出した。有機抽出物を1%NaHSO3(150ml)、H2O(150ml)および6M NaCl(150ml)で洗浄し、溶媒を真空中で除去した。30%EtOAc/CH2Cl2を用いるカラムクロマトグラフィーにより、淡黄色の粘性油として6.94gの29(72%)を得た:[α] + 44.35°(c 0.372)。1H NMR δ 12.65 (s, 1H), 7.28 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 6.42 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dq, J = 7.2, 1.6 Hz, 2H), 4.15 (q, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.19 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.51 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H), 2.11 (quintet, J = 6.2 Hz, 2H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.30 (t, J = 7.6 Hz, 3H), 1.26 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR δ 173.21, 172.98, 170.90, 163.15, 161.32, 131.81, 109.91, 107.24, 101.44, 83.23, 67.02, 62.02, 60.63, 39.96, 30.84, 24.60, 24.55, 14.35, 14.22. C19H26NO6S として算出したHRMS m/z,396.1475 (M + H); 実測値, 396.1475. C19H25NO6Sに対して算出した分析値: C, 57.71; H, 6.37; N, 3.54. 実測値: C, 57.72; H, 6.23; N, 3.52。
DMF(75mL)中の15(5.035g、17.90mmol)に炭酸カリウム(5.29g、38.3mmol)およびNaI(0.498g、3.32mmol)を加えた。混合物を数分間撹拌し、27(2.2mL、19.8mmol)を導入し、内容物を70℃で3.5日間加熱した。0℃に冷却後、冷0.5M HCl(200mL)を添加し、続いてEtOAc(200mL、2×100mL)で抽出した。有機層を合わせ、1%NaHSO3(200mL)、H2O(2×200mL)および6M NaCl(130mL)で洗浄し、溶媒を真空中で除去した。1%EtOAc/CH2Cl2、次いで6%アセトン/CH2Cl2を使用するフラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィーを用いて、粘性黄色油として4.37gの30(66%)を得た。[α] + 45.1°(c 0.88)。1H NMR δ 12.73 (s, 1H), 7.32 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (dd, J = 6.8, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (s, 2H), 4.20-4.31 (m, 4H), 3.84 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.20 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (s, 3H), 1.305 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 1.298 (t, J = 7.0 Hz, 3H). 13C NMR δ 172.89, 170.92, 168.39, 161.91, 161.29, 132.00, 110.74, 107.18, 101.71, 83.28, 65.27, 62.07, 61.68, 40.00, 24.59, 14.28, 14.22.C17H22NO6S に対して算出したHRMS m/z, 368.1162 (M + H); 実測値, 368.1172. C17H21NO6Sに対して算出した分析値:C, 55.57; H, 5.76; N, 3.81. 実測値: C, 55.72; H, 5.72; N, 3.82。
CH3OH(50mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(5.00mL、95.6mmol)の溶液をCH3OH(120mL)中の28(4.434g、10.47mmol)の混合物に0℃で7分間かけて添加した。反応混合物を室温で2日間撹拌し、溶媒の大部分を減圧下で除去した。残渣を3M NaCl(110mL)に溶解し、Et2O(2×100mL)で抽出した。水層を氷中で冷却し、冷2N HCl(54mL)で処理し、EtOAc(150mL、2×60mL)で抽出した。有機層を合わせ、6M NaCl(100mL)で洗浄し、回転蒸発で濃縮した。残渣を高真空下、57℃で16時間乾燥させ、3.80gの12(99%)を明るい色の結晶として得た:融点153.5〜155℃、[α] + 47.5°(c 0.76、DMF)。1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 12.72 (s, 2H), 7.31 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.52 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.49 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.00 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.36 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 2.23 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.66-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.58 (s, 3H), 1.51-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.36-1.45 (m, 2H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 174.46, 173.76, 170.05, 162.96, 160.50, 131.60, 108.98, 107.29, 101.16, 82.46, 67.76, 33.61, 28.26, 25.08, 24.25, 24.12. C17H22NO6S に対して算出したHRMS m/z, 368.1162 (M + H); 実測値, 368.1169. C17H21NO6Sに対して算出した分析値: C, 55.57; H, 5.76; N, 3.81. 実測値: C, 55.58; H, 5.79; N, 3.78。
0℃で、CH3OH(50mL)中の29(6.56g、16.6mmol)の溶液に、CH3OH(100mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(6.34mL、0.121mol)の溶液を滴下した。反応混合物を室温で36時間撹拌し、溶媒の大部分を減圧下で除去した。残渣を希NaCl(150mL)に溶解し、Et2O(2×100mL)で洗浄した。水層を0℃で冷却し、6N HClでpH=2に酸性化した。固体を濾過し、冷水で洗浄した。熱CH3OHおよびEtOAc中での結晶化により、5.06gの13(90%)を白色固体として得た。融点202〜204℃、[α] + 22.1°(c 0.086、CH3OH)。1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 7.32 (d, J = 8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 6.50 (d, J = 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.03 (t, J = 6.4 Hz, 2H), 3.79 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.35 (d, J = 11.2 Hz, 1H), 2.38 (t, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.93 (quintet, J = 7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.57 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 177.42, 177.11, 173.34, 166.13, 163.85, 135.00, 112.48, 110.60, 104.58, 85.86, 70.38, 33.42, 27.51, 27.43. C15H18NO6Sに対して算出したHRMS m/z, 340.0849 (M + H); 実測値, 340.0849. C15H17NO6Sに対して算出した分析値: C, 53.09; H, 5.05; N, 4.13. 実測値: C, 52.81; H, 5.17; N, 4.09。
CH3OH(75mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(5.60mL、0.107mol)の溶液をCH3OH(120mL)中の30(4.32g、11.76mmol)の溶液に0℃で10分間かけて添加した。反応混合物を室温で2日間撹拌し、溶媒の大部分を減圧下で除去した。残渣をH2O(120mL)に溶解し、Et2O(2×100mL)で抽出した。水層を氷中で冷却し、2N HCl(60mL)で処理し、EtOAc(150mL、2×100mL)で抽出した。有機層を合わせ、6M NaCl(100mL)で洗浄し、回転蒸発で濃縮した。残渣を高真空下で乾燥して、淡黄色固体として3.589gの14(98%)を得た。融点206〜206.5℃(分解)、[α] + 56.3°(c0.76、DMF)。1H NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 13.14 (s, 2H), 12.75 (s, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (dd, J = 8.6, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.47 (d, J = 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (s, 2H), 3.79 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 3.37 (d, J = 11.3 Hz, 1H), 1.58 (s, 3H). 13C NMR (DMSO-d6) δ 173.71, 170.04, 169.72, 161.94, 160.33, 131.62, 109.52, 107.17, 101.46, 82.47, 64.57, 39.34, 24.09.C13H14NO6S に対して算出したHRMS m/z, 312.0536 (M + H);実測値, 312.0546. C13H13NO6Sに対して算出した分析値: C, 50.16; H, 4.21; N, 4.50. 実測値: C, 50.06; H, 4.38; N, 4.41。
化合物の生物学的アッセイ
雄のCebus apellaサルをWorld Wide Primates (Miami, FL)から得た。雄のSprague-Dawleyラットを、Harlan Sprague-Dawley (Indianapolis, IN)から調達した。超高純度の塩を、Johnson Matthey Electronics (Royston, UK)から得た。全ての血液学的および生化学的研究は、Antech Diagnostics (Tampa, FL)で実行した。病理組織学的分析はFlorida Vet Path(Bushnell, FL)によって実施された。原子吸収(AA)測定は、Perkin-Elmer model 5100 PC (Norwalk, CT)で行った。
全ての動物の実験的処置プロトコルは、the University of Florida's Institutional Animal Care and Use Committeeによってレビューされ承認された。
カニューレ挿入は以前に記載されている。38、40雄のSprague-Dawleyラット(400〜450g)から3時間間隔で最大48時間、胆汁試料を採取した。尿サンプルは24時間間隔で採取した。サンプルの採取と取り扱いについては、以前に記載したとおりである。38、40
サル(3.5〜6.5kg)は、体重1kgあたり約500mgの鉄を提供するために、以前の出版物に特定されている静脈内の鉄デキストランで鉄を過剰負荷させた;血清トランスフェリン鉄飽和度は、70〜80%に上昇した。38、40鉄キレート化剤を評価する実験において動物のいずれかが使用される前に、少なくとも20の半減期、60日が経過した。
糞便および尿試料が24時間間隔で採取され、以前に記載したように加工処理された。38、40、74簡潔に言えば、採取は試験薬物の投与の4日前に始め、薬物が与えられてからさらに5日間継続した。鉄の濃度は他の出版物に示されるように、フレーム原子吸光分析によって測定された。38、40
鉄除去実験において、8〜14をラットに経口で300μmol/kgの用量で与えた。リガンド9および12〜14もまた同じ用量で皮下に与えられた。霊長類に、8〜9および11〜14を75μmol/kgの用量で経口で与えた。リガンド9および12〜14もまた同じ用量で皮下に与えられた。キレーターをそれらのモノナトリウム塩(蒸留水中の遊離酸の懸濁物に対してNaOHの1当量の添加によって調製)として投与した。
用語「鉄除去効率」(ICE)は、キレーターにより誘発された鉄排出の量の尺度として使用する。ICEは、百分率として表現され、(リガンドに誘発された鉄排出/理論上の鉄排出)×100として算出されている。例証すると、Fe(III)と1:1錯体を形成する六座のキレーターであるDFOを1ミリモル投与した後の理論上の鉄排出は、1ミリ−g−原子(milli-g-atom)の鉄である。キレーターの理論上の鉄の排出量は、2:1のリガンド:鉄の錯体をベースとして生成された。ラットおよびサルにおける効率を、他の所で記載したとおりに算出した。37データは平均±平均の標準誤差として示される;p値は変動の不均等性を想定した片側スチューデントのt検定(one-tailed Student's t-test)を介して生成され、<0.05のp値が有意と見なされた。9および12〜14を経口でおよび皮下で与えられたサルについてのp値を、片側スチューデントの対応t検定(one-tailed, paired Student's t-test)を介して生成され;および<0.05のp値が有意と見なされた。
雄のSprague-Dawleyラット(250〜350g)に、上記のように調製した8および11のモノナトリウム塩を300μmol/kgの用量で単回皮下注射した。投薬の0.5、1、2、4および8時間後(n=3ラット/時点毎)に、動物をCO2ガスに曝露することによって安楽死させた。心臓穿刺によりクエン酸ナトリウムを含有するバキュテナーに血液を採取した。血液を遠心分離し、血漿を分析のために分離した。肝臓、腎臓、心臓、および膵臓を動物から取り出し、凍結させた。
8で処置した動物の組織試料を、1:1(w/v)の比でH2O中でそれを均一化することによってHPLC分析のために調製した。次いで、リンスとして、1:3(w/v)の比のCH3OHを加え、混合物を−20℃で30分間保存した。このホモゲナートを遠心分離した。上清をH2Oで希釈し、ボルテックスし、0.2μm膜で濾過した。分析用分離は、以前記載されているように44、75Supelco Discovery RP Amide C16 HPLCシステムで310nmのUV検出で行った。移動相およびクロマトグラフィー条件は以下のとおりである;溶媒A、5%CH3CN/95%緩衝液(25mM KH2PO4+2.5mM 1−オクタンスルホン酸、pH3.0);溶媒B、60%CH3CN/40%緩衝液。
げっ歯類においてリガンド11の10日毒性トライアルが行われた。雄のSprague-Dawleyラット(n=5、375〜400g)に薬物が与えられ、そのモノナトリウム塩として経口で10日間、384μmol/kg/日の用量で投与された。この用量は、DFT(1)の、そのナトリウム塩としての100mg/kg/日に相当することに留意されたい。ラットを個々の代謝ケージに収容し、各日に体重を測定した。ベースライン(0日)の尿試料を採取し、Kim−1含量に対して評価した(Bergeron et al., J. Med. Chem. 57 (2014) 9259-9291; Bergeron et al., Biometals 24 (2011) 239–258);各動物はそれ自身のコントロールとして役立った。Kim−1レベルの決定を可能にするために、以前に記載されたように(Bergeron et al., Biometals 24(2011)239-258)、24時間間隔で代謝ケージから冷却した尿を採取した。ラットを終夜絶食させ、朝一番にキレーターを与えた。げっ歯類に薬物投与後約3時間で餌を与え、約5時間食物へアクセスできるようにし、終夜絶食させた。動物を薬物投与の1日後に安楽死させた(11日目)。日常的なCBCおよび血清化学(Bergeron et al., Blood 79(1992) 1882-1890)の実施のために血液を採取した。広範囲の組織(Bergeronら、J. Med。Chem。42(1999)2432-2440)を採取し、組織病理学的分析のために外部実験室に提出した。追加の年齢適合ラットは、CBCおよび血清化学および組織病理学のための未処置対照として役立った。これらの動物から尿は採取しなかった。研究は、通常の鉄貯蔵をしたラットで行った。
上記のように、7を300μmol/kgの用量でラットに皮下に与えた場合、2への開裂はなかった(図2)。8または9の存在に対してHPLCにより組織をさらなる分析に付したところ、7の末端メチルの対応するアルコール8への開裂が起こった(図5)。しかしながら、おそらく親の7から8への代謝の程度が非常に小さいため、カルボン酸9は検出されなかった。アルコール8の酸9への変換が効率的に起こることを実証するために、げっ歯類に300μmol/kgの用量で合成アルコール8を皮下に与えた。ラットを薬物投与の0.5、1、2、4および8時間後に安楽死させた。動物の血漿、肝臓、腎臓、心臓および膵臓を取り出し、8およびその推定代謝産物9の存在について評価した。展開された8から9への酸化の程度および速さは驚くべきものであった(図5)。薬物投与後0.5時間の血漿では、8のほぼ60%が9に変換されていた。投薬2時間後には、薬物の88%が代謝産物の形態である。親8も代謝産物9も、8時間時点では見出されなかった。同様の話が肝臓で展開する(図5)。薬物投与の0.5時間後には、薬物(親+代謝産物)の53%のみが親8の形態にある。1時間で、代謝産物9は合計の59%を含む。親対代謝産物の比は、2時間および4時間の時点で同様である。8時間で親アルコール8は極めて少なく、代謝産物9は残っていない。腎臓、心臓、および膵臓でも、同様の有意な8から9への変換が示された(図5)。
化合物2および7のICE値(表2)は過去に用いられたものであり、比較目的のために含まれている。キレーターは、300μmol/kgの用量でラットに経口投与された;9も同じ用量で皮下投与された。化合物2(logPapp=−1.05)は最も効果的でないリガンドであり、ICEは1.1±0.8%であった。50類似体7(logPapp=−0.89)が最も効果的であり、ICEは26.7±4.7%であった。59リガンド7の2つの推定代謝産物のリガンド8(logPapp=−0.53)および9(logPapp=−1.63)は、経口投与された場合、親薬物7より有意に活性が低かった。8のICEは15.4±5.6%(p<0.02)であり、9のICEは6.2±1.7%(p<0.005)であった。リガンド9が非常に親水性であるので(logPapp=−1.63)、経口投与での活性の欠如は、乏しい経口吸収に起因すると思われる。実際、9を300μmol/kgの用量でラットに皮下投与した場合、そのICEは11.3±3.4%であり、薬物を経口投与(p<0.05)した場合の2倍近くであった。
bげっ歯類において、キレーターが300μmol/kgの用量で、経口(po)または皮下(sc)に薬物投与された。薬物をカプセル(7)で投与するか、または1当量のNaOHを蒸留水(2、8−14)中の遊離酸の懸濁液に添加することによって調製したモノナトリウム塩として投与した。各化合物の効率は、処置動物の鉄排出から対照動物の鉄排出を差し引くことによって算出した。その後、その数値を、理論上の排出量で除した;結果は百分率で表されている。
d霊長類において、キレーターは、75(7〜9、11〜14)または150μmol/kg(2)の用量で経口または皮下に与えた。
g性能比(PR)は、ICE霊長類/ICEげっ歯類の平均として定義される。
霊長類の鉄除去データを表2に提供する。化合物2および7のICE値は過去に用いられたものであり、比較目的のために含まれている。キレーターは、75(7〜9)または150μmol/kg(2)の用量でサルに経口投与された;9も、75μmol/kgの用量で霊長類に皮下投与された。リガンド2のICEは16.8±7.2%であった。50ラットと同様に、化合物7は最も効果的な鉄体外除去剤であり、カプセルで経口投与した場合には26.3±9.9%であり、そのモノナトリウム塩として経口投与したとき、ICEは28.7±12.4%であった。59
代謝的にプログラムされた鉄キレーターの設計は、こうして、アルコール8はカルボン酸9に非常に効率的に酸化されるという観察から導かれる(図4および5)。この全てに対する推論は、親ポリエーテル(S)−4’−(HO)−DADFT−ノルPE(7)の3,6−ジオキサヘプチル基を長鎖アルコールで置換することにより、経口吸収が良好である親油性キレーターが提供されるはずであるということである。いったん吸収されると、リガンドは、より親油性が低く、より毒性の低い酸の対応物に代謝されると思われる。この代謝的なプログラミングは、増強されたキレーターの親油性とICEとの間に見られる微妙なバランスを利用し、親油性の増加に通常関連する毒性の同時増加を改善する、革新的な方法を表す。
1)7のヘキサメチレン類似体である(S)−4、5−ジヒドロ−2−[2−ヒドロキシ−4−(6−メトキシヘキシルオキシ)フェニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボン酸[(S)−4’−(HO)−DADFT−HXME、10];
2)10の対応するアルコールである(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[2−ヒドロキシ−4−(6−ヒドロキシヘキシルオキシ)フェニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボン酸[(S)−4’−(HO)−DADFT−HXA、11];
3)11の推定第1代謝産物である(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[2−ヒドロキシ−4−(5−カルボキシペンチルオキシ)フェニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボン酸[(S)−4’−(5−カルボキシペンチルオキシ)−DADFT、12];
4)11のβ−酸化生成物である(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[2−ヒドロキシ−4−(3−カルボキシプロピルオキシ)フェニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボン酸[(S)−4’−(3−カルボキシプロピルオキシ)−DADFT、13]、ならびに
5)11の第2のβ−酸化生成物である(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[2−ヒドロキシ−4−(カルボキシメトキシ)フェニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾール−カルボン酸[(S)−4’−(カルボキシメトキシ)−DADFT、14]。
アルコール11の推定代謝産物12〜14(図6)への変換が生体内で起こっていることを実証するために、ラットに300μmol/kgの用量で親アルコール11を皮下投与した。ラットを薬物投与後の0.5、1、2、4および8時間目に安楽死させた。動物の血漿、肝臓、腎臓、心臓および膵臓において、11→12〜14への変換が評価された。検査された全ての組織において11→12〜14の有意な変換が見出された(図7)。展開された11→12〜14の代謝の程度と速さは驚くべきものであった。キレーター11およびその代謝産物は、薬物投与の0.5時間後に血漿中で400μMの濃度を達成する。この組織濃度は、4−ノルポリエーテル7で見られるもの(図5)に非常に類似している。しかし、7では、親は全薬物濃度の95%を表し、一方で、その代謝産物(8)は全薬物の5%のみを占めた。
リガンド10〜14を300μmol/kgの用量でラットに経口投与した;12〜14を同じ用量で皮下に動物に与えた。ラットで評価した第1のキレーターは10であり、11のメチルエーテル類似体であった。リガンド10は非常に親油性であり(logPapp=0.95)、また非常に毒性である。胆管カニューレ挿入ラットに経口投与した場合、動物の1匹は薬物投与後約22時間で死亡した。残りのげっ歯類は、急速に悪化した状態のために投薬の24時間後に安楽死させた。(S)−2−(4−ブトキシ−2−ヒドロキシフェニル)−4,5−ジヒドロ−4−チアゾールカルボン酸、2の4’−ブトキシ類似体(logPapp=1.02)でも同じシナリオが見られており、24時間以内に死亡が起こっていた。72それでもなお、10は非常に活性の体外除去剤であった。10で処置したラットのベースラインの鉄排出量は、5μg/kgの鉄であった。薬物誘発鉄排出は、薬物投与後6時間、鉄300μg/kgをピークとし、投薬後24時間でげっ歯類を安楽死させた場合には依然として鉄80μg/kgであった。この薬物のICEは、15.8±3.7%であり(表2)、動物が生存していたとすればより高かったであろうことが明らかである。げっ歯類に見られる明白な毒性のために、10のICEは、霊長類で評価されなかった。10のICEおよび毒性は、分子の親油性に対応している。次に、10のO−脱メチル化された代謝的に不安定な類似体である11が評価された。
リガンド11を75μmol/kgの用量で霊長類に経口投与した;12〜14を同じ用量で経口および皮下に与えた。6−(HO)−ヘキシルフラグメントが2の4’−(HO)位に固定されているリガンド11は、非常に親油性であった(logPapp=0.21)。サルに経口で与えられたこの化合物のICEは21.9±3.6%であった(表2)。サルに対して経口的に与えられた、より親水性の11の代謝産物、12〜14のICEはすべて、親より有意に少なかった。アルコール11の第1酸化生成物であるジカルボン酸12(logPapp=−1.90)は、経口で与えたときに霊長類において10.6±4.0%のICEを有していた(p<0.01)。第1および第2のβ−酸化生成物である13(logPapp=−2.21)および14(logPapp=−1.98)もまた、経口投与した場合に11より有意に効果が低く、それぞれ5.4±1.5%(p<0.005)および3.0±2.7%(p<0.002)であった。ここでもまた、経口投与された12〜14の有効性が実質的に低下する理由は、電荷のためにジカルボン酸のGI吸収が乏しいためであると思われる;それらは、生理学的pHにおいては、ジアニオンである。これを確認するために、リガンド12〜14を霊長類に皮下で与えた。各場合において、経口的に薬物を与えられたものと同じ動物に、キレーターを皮下でも与えた。
いくつかの一般則が表2から誘導し得る。性能比(PR)、ICE霊長類/ICEげっ歯類は、8および9は(経口で)霊長類におけるよりもげっ歯類における方が鉄体外除去でより効果的であるけれども、残りのリガンド11〜14は、霊長類における鉄除去に同じくらい効果的であるか、または霊長類においてより良好であることを示す。げっ歯類において、9および14は、皮下の場合に、経口で投薬した場合の約2倍効果的である。霊長類において、9、13および14の皮下対経口のICEにおいて、劇的な相違もあった:それらの皮下でのICEが、10.2、3.4、および5.3倍、それぞれ高かった。12のICEはまた皮下投薬の場合に増加したが、増加は顕著ではなかった(p=0.06)。
代謝的にプログラムされた鉄キレーターの開発の背景にあるコンセプトは、経口的によく吸収され、優れたICE特性を示す、親油性の高い薬物の投与を前提としており、潜在的な毒性を最小限にするために、親油性は低いが依然として活性のある除鉄薬剤に素早く代謝されねばならない。例えば、代謝不可能な末端メチルエーテルを有するデフェリトリン類似体10(表2)は、親油性が高く、胆管カニューレ挿入ラットにおいて有効な鉄除去剤であった。残念なことに、キレーターは非常に有毒であった。逆に、対応する脱メチル化化合物であるアルコール11は、親油性でもあるが、げっ歯類および霊長類において優れたICE特性を有し、明白な毒性を示さなかった。上記のように、リガンド11はよく吸収され、組織分布/代謝研究においては、対応する親水性酸12、13および14(図6)に素早く変換されることが示された。
11で処置した全てのラットは、薬物への曝露に耐えた。動物は研究の開始時に活発で、機敏で、反応が良く(bright, alert and responsive)、実験の過程を通じてそのような様子であった。げっ歯類のベースラインの尿中Kim−1排泄は<20ng/kg/24時間であり、キレーターへの10日間曝露中のいかなる時点でも、このレベルを超えなかった。ラットを薬物投与の24時間後に屠殺した。日常的なCBCおよび血清化学分析のために血液を提出した。処置ラットのBUN、20±4mg/dlは、未処置対照のBUNの21±2mg/dl(p>0.05)の誤差範囲内であった。さらに、両群のSCrは0.5±0.1mg/dlであった(p>0.05)。これらの値は、これらの種について十分に正常範囲内であることに注意されたい:BUNの場合9〜30mg/dl、SCrの場合0.4〜1.0mg/dl(Antech Diagnostics (2015), www.antechdiagnostics.com、2015年4月にアクセスした)。組織病理学の評価のために広範囲の組織(25個/ラット)を外部ラボに提出した。病理学者は、薬物関連の異常を特定しなかった。
多くの注目し得る成果が、(S)−4’−(HO)−DADFT−ノルPE(7)の代謝研究から導かれた。第1に、リガンド7は、2を生じる4’−(HO)での代謝開裂を持続しない(図2)。しかしながら、7のポリエーテルフラグメント上の末端メチルが代謝的に不安定であるか否かは不明なままである。もしこれがその場合であれば、これは最初に、対応するアルコールである8に変換され、次にカルボン酸9に変換される可能性が高い、図4。これらの代謝産物の両方は非常に親水性であると予想される。このような親水性の増加は、以前の研究に基づき、リガンドの毒性を最小限に抑えることが期待できる。37、43、45 もし実際にかかる脱メチル化−酸化シナリオが7に起こると、それは、「代謝的にプログラムされた」鉄キレーター、例えば、親油性が高く経口でよく吸収されるが、素早く親水性の非毒性リガンドへと代謝されるキレーターへの新規のアプローチを支持し得る。
特許請求の範囲において、「1つの(a)」、「1つの(an)」および「その(the)」などの冠詞は、逆が示されているかまたは文脈から別であることが明らかでない限り、1または1より多いことを意味することができる。1つの群の1以上のメンバー(members)の間に「または」を含む請求項や説明は、逆が示されているかまたは文脈から別であることが明らかでない限り、その群のメンバーのうちの1つ、1つより多く、または全てが、所与の物(product)もしくは方法(process)中に、存在するか、採用されるか、またはその他の関連の仕方をする場合には、満たされていると考えるものとする。本発明は、群のちょうど1つのメンバーが、所与の物もしくは方法中に、存在するか、採用されるか、またはその他の関連の仕方をする態様を含む。本発明は、群のメンバーのうちの1つより多く、または全てが、所与の物もしくは方法中に、存在するか、採用されるか、またはその他の関連の仕方をする態様を含む。
Claims (115)
- 式(I):
R1は、水素、置換または非置換アルキル、置換または非置換アシル、酸素保護基、
R’の各場合は、独立して、水素、置換または非置換アルキル、または酸素保護基であり;
nの各場合は、独立して、1〜8の整数(境界値を含む)であり;
xの各場合は、独立して、0〜8の整数(境界値を含む)であり;
mの各場合は、独立して、1〜8の整数(境界値を含む)であり;
yの各場合は、独立して、0〜8の整数(境界値を含む)であり;
pの各場合は、独立して、1〜10の整数(境界値を含む)であり;
qは、0または1であり、ただし、qが0のとき、R1は、式:
R2の各場合は、独立して、−CH2OR2a、−CH2OH、−C(=O)OH、−C(=O)OR2a、式中、R2aの各場合は、独立して、置換または非置換アルキル、または酸素保護基であり;
R3の各場合は、独立して、ハロゲン、置換または非置換アルキル、または−OR8、式中、R8の各場合は、独立して、水素、置換または非置換アルキル、置換または非置換アシル、酸素保護基、
kは、0、1、2、3、または4であり;
R4は、水素または置換または非置換アルキルであり;
R5は、水素または置換または非置換アルキルであり;
R6は,水素または置換または非置換アルキルであり;
Zは、−O−または−S−であり;および
R9は、水素、置換または非置換アルキル、
ただし、フェニル環の3’、4’、5’または6’位にある部分
で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩。 - フェニル環の3’、4’、5’または6’位にある部分
- フェニル環の3’、4’、5’または6’位にある部分
- xの各場合が、1、2、3、または4であり、nの各場合が、2であり、および、yの各場合が、0であるとき、R2の各場合は、−CH2OH、−C(=O)OH、または−C(=O)OR2aである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- R1が水素である、請求項1〜44のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R1が、式:
- xおよびyの各々が0である、請求項1〜3、5〜9、および27〜46のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- xの各場合が、1、2、3、または4であり;nの各場合が、2であり;yの各場合が、0である、請求項1〜3、5〜9、および18〜46のいずれ一項に記載の化合物。
- pの少なくとも1つの場合が、1、2、3、4、または5である、請求項1〜48のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−CH2OR2aである、請求項1〜3、5、18、27、36、および45〜49のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−CH2OMeである、請求項50に記載の化合物。
- R2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−CH2OHである、請求項1〜3、5、18、27、36、および45〜49のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−C(=O)OHである、請求項1〜3、5、18、27、36、および45〜49のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−C(=O)OR2aである、請求項1〜3、5、18、27、36、および45〜49のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- qが0である、請求項1、4、および46〜54のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- qが1である、請求項1〜4および45〜54のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- kが0である、請求項1〜56のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R4およびR5の各々が、水素である、請求項1〜57のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R4およびR5の各々が、独立して、置換または非置換C1−6アルキルである、請求項1〜57のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R4およびR5の各々が、Meである、請求項59に記載の化合物。
- R6が水素である、請求項1〜60のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R6が、置換または非置換C1−6アルキルである、請求項1〜60のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R6がMeである、請求項62に記載の化合物。
- Zが−O−である、請求項1〜63のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- Zが−S−である、請求項1〜63のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R9が水素である、請求項1〜65のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- R9が、置換または非置換C1−6アルキルである、請求項1〜65のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- 「*」でラベルした炭素原子が、S立体配置である、請求項1〜67のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- 「*」でラベルした炭素原子が、R立体配置である、請求項1〜67のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- 化合物が、式:
- 薬学的に許容し得る塩が、薬学的に許容し得るアルカリまたはアルカリ土類金属塩である、請求項1〜70のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- 薬学的に許容し得る塩が、薬学的に許容し得るナトリウム塩、カリウム塩、またはマグネシウム塩である、請求項1〜71のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- 式(II):
RC1の各場合は、独立して、−(CH2)hORA1または−(CH2)hC(=O)ORA1、ここで式中、RA1の各場合は、独立して、水素、置換または非置換アルキル、または酸素保護基であり、ただし、RC1が−(CH2)hC(=O)ORA1の場合、hは0ではなく、RA1は水素ではない、であり;
RC2の各場合は、独立して、水素、ハロゲン、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、−CN、−NO2、−ORX、または−N(RY)2であり;
RC3の各場合は、独立して、水素、アルキル、または酸素保護基であり;
RXは、水素、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、または酸素保護基であり;
RYの各場合は、独立して、水素、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、窒素保護基であるか、または任意に、2つのRYが、介在原子と一緒になって、置換または非置換ヘテロシクリル、または置換または非置換ヘテロアリールを形成し;
hの各場合は、独立して、0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、または8であり;および
jの各場合は、独立して、0、1、2、3、または4である、
で表される化合物またはその薬学的に許容し得る塩。 - 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- RC1の少なくとも1つの場合が、−(CH2)hOHであり、
式中:
hが、0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、または8である、
請求項73〜75のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。 - RC1の少なくとも1つの場合が、−OHである、請求項73〜75のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC1の少なくとも1つの場合が、−(CH2)hORA1であり、
式中:
hが、0、1、2、3、4、5、6,7、または8であり、および
RA1が、水素、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、または酸素保護基である、
請求項73〜75のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。 - RC1の少なくとも1つの場合が、−OMeまたは−OEtである、請求項73〜75のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC1の少なくとも1つの場合が、−(CH2)hC(=O)ORA1であり、
式中:
hが0、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、または8であり、および
RA1が、水素、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、または酸素保護基である、
請求項73〜75のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。 - RC1の少なくとも1つの場合が、−(CH2)C(=O)OMeまたは−(CH2)C(=O)OEtである、請求項73〜75および80のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC2の少なくとも1つの場合が、水素である、請求項73〜81のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC2の少なくとも1つの場合が、ハロゲン、または置換または非置換C1−6アルキルである、請求項73〜81のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC2の少なくとも1つの場合が、メチルまたはエチルである、請求項73〜81および83のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−CNまたは−NO2である、請求項73〜81のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−ORXまたは−N(RY)2であり;
式中:
RXは、水素、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、または酸素保護基であり、および
RYの各場合が、独立して、水素、置換または非置換C1−6アルキル、または窒素保護基であるか、または任意に、2つのRYが、介在原子と一緒になって、置換または非置換ヘテロシクリルまたは置換または非置換ヘテロアリールを形成する、請求項73〜81のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。 - RC2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−OHである、請求項73〜81および86のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−OMeまたは−OEtである、請求項73〜81および86のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC2の少なくとも1つの場合が、−NMe2または−NEt2である、請求項73〜81および86のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC2の2つの場合が、介在原子と一緒になって、置換または非置換の5〜14員の、ヘテロ環式環において0、1、または2つの二重結合を有する単環または二環ヘテロ環式環を形成し、ここで、ヘテロ環式環の1、2、または3個の原子は、独立して、窒素、酸素、または硫黄である、請求項73〜81および86のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- jの各場合が、独立して、1、2、3、または4である、請求項73〜90のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC3の少なくとも1つの場合が、水素である、請求項73〜91のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- RC3の少なくとも1つの場合が、メチル、エチル、またはプロピルである、請求項73〜91のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- 化合物が、式:
- 化合物が、式:
- 請求項1〜95のいずれか一項に記載の化合物、および任意に、薬学的に許容し得る賦形剤を含む、医薬組成物。
- さらなる医薬品をさらに含む、請求項1〜96のいずれか一項に記載の医薬組成物。
- それを必要とする対象における疾患を処置する方法であって、
請求項1〜95のいずれか一項に記載の化合物、または請求項96または97に記載の医薬組成物の有効量をそれを必要とする対象に投与することを含み、
ここで該疾患は、鉄過剰負荷、アルミニウム過剰負荷、ランタニド過剰負荷、アクチニド過剰負荷、酸化ストレス、輸血鉄過剰負荷、サラセミア、原発性ヘモクロマトーシス、二次性ヘモクロマトーシス、糖尿病、肝臓疾患、心臓疾患、がん、放射線損傷、神経学的または神経変性障害、フリードライヒ運動失調症(FRDA)、黄斑変性症、閉鎖性頭部損傷、過敏性腸疾患、再灌流損傷、感染性疾患または金属中毒である、前記方法。 - それを必要とする対象における疾患を処置する方法であって、
請求項1〜95のいずれか一項に記載の化合物、または請求項96または97に記載の医薬組成物の有効量を血液と混合して混合物を形成し;
該対象に該混合物を投与する;
ことを含み、
ここで該疾患は、鉄過剰負荷、アルミニウム過剰負荷、ランタニド過剰負荷、アクチニド過剰負荷、酸化ストレス、輸血鉄過剰負荷、サラセミア、原発性ヘモクロマトーシス、二次性ヘモクロマトーシス、糖尿病、肝臓疾患、心臓疾患、がん、放射線損傷、神経学的または神経変性障害、フリードライヒ運動失調症(FRDA)、黄斑変性症、閉鎖性頭部損傷、過敏性腸疾患、再灌流損傷、感染性疾患または金属中毒である、前記方法。 - 疾患が、鉄過剰負荷である、請求項98または99のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 疾患が、アルミニウム過剰負荷、ランタニド過剰負荷、またはアクチニド過剰負荷である、請求項98〜99のいずれか一項に記載の化合物。
- 疾患が、酸化ストレスである、請求項98〜99のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 疾患が、輸血鉄過剰負荷である、請求項98〜99のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 疾患が、サラセミア、原発性ヘモクロマトーシス、または二次性ヘモクロマトーシスである、請求項98〜99のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 疾患が、放射線損傷である、請求項98〜99のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 疾患が、フリードライヒ運動失調症(FRDA)である、請求項98〜99のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 疾患が、糖尿病、肝臓疾患、心臓疾患、がん、神経学的または神経変性障害、黄斑変性症、閉鎖性頭部損傷、過敏性腸疾患、または再灌流損傷である、請求項98〜99のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 疾患が、感染性疾患である、請求項98〜99のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 感染性疾患が、細菌感染症である、請求項98〜99および108のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 感染性疾患が、マラリアである、請求項98〜99および108のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 疾患が、金属中毒である、請求項98〜99のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 金属中毒が、鉄中毒である、請求項98〜99および108のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- それを必要とする対象におけるバイオフィルムの形成を低減させる方法であって、請求項1〜95のいずれか一項に記載の化合物、または請求項96または97に記載の医薬組成物の有効量を対象に投与することを含む、前記方法。
- 対象がヒトである、請求項98〜113のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 請求項1〜95に記載の化合物、または請求項96または97に記載の医薬組成物、および
該化合物または医薬組成物を使用するための指示書
を含むキット。
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- 2016-04-27 CA CA2984250A patent/CA2984250A1/en not_active Abandoned
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- 2016-04-27 KR KR1020177033736A patent/KR20170140306A/ko unknown
- 2016-04-27 WO PCT/US2016/029587 patent/WO2016176343A1/en active Application Filing
- 2016-04-27 AU AU2016255770A patent/AU2016255770A1/en not_active Abandoned
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EP3288557A4 (en) | 2018-11-07 |
HK1250216A1 (zh) | 2018-12-07 |
US20180140581A1 (en) | 2018-05-24 |
KR20170140306A (ko) | 2017-12-20 |
CA2984250A1 (en) | 2016-11-03 |
US10570104B2 (en) | 2020-02-25 |
CN107708693A (zh) | 2018-02-16 |
AU2016255770A1 (en) | 2017-11-16 |
EP3288557A1 (en) | 2018-03-07 |
WO2016176343A1 (en) | 2016-11-03 |
IL255279A0 (en) | 2017-12-31 |
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