JP2013503160A - デスフェリチオシンポリエーテル類似体およびその使用 - Google Patents
デスフェリチオシンポリエーテル類似体およびその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- JP2013503160A JP2013503160A JP2012526728A JP2012526728A JP2013503160A JP 2013503160 A JP2013503160 A JP 2013503160A JP 2012526728 A JP2012526728 A JP 2012526728A JP 2012526728 A JP2012526728 A JP 2012526728A JP 2013503160 A JP2013503160 A JP 2013503160A
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、2009年8月25日に出願された米国仮特許出願第61/275,096号に対して米国特許法§119(e)の下、優先権を主張する。この出願は本明細書において参照として援用される。
本発明は、the National Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Advisory Council (NIDDK) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH)からの、助成金番号5 R37 DK049108の下の米国政府の援助によりなされた。米国政府は本発明における一定の権利を有し得る。
霊長類における鉄代謝は、極めて効率的な再循環過程を特徴とする。この遷移金属を除去する特定のメカニズムは存在しない。鉄クリアランスメカニズムの欠如により、霊長類への「過剰鉄」の導入は、慢性過負荷を生じることが多く、最終的に生物学的損傷(例えば、過酸化的組織損傷)を生じうる。多くの過剰鉄導入の仕方があり、それは、高鉄食、急性鉄摂取または金属吸収不良を包含する。これらの状況のそれぞれにおいて、鉄レベルを減少させるために、一般に静脈切開によって被験体を処置することができる。しかし、慢性輸液療法によって生じる鉄過負荷症候群、例えば再生不良性貧血および地中海性貧血に関しては、静脈切開は選択肢に入らない。これらの続発性鉄過負荷症候群において、過剰鉄の由来は、輸注された赤血球である。鉄過負荷(iron overload)を改善するために赤血球を除去することは逆効果であるので、鉄を除去するための代替的方法は、キレート化療法である。地中海性貧血を有する患者における鉄過負荷を管理する新しい治療法、特に、経口的に行なうことができる治療法、の開発に多大な努力が払われているが、デスフェリオキサミンB(Streptomyces pilosusによって産生される六配位ヒドロキサメート鉄キレート剤)が、現在も一般的に好まれる薬剤である。しかし、鉄が低い効率で除去されるので、デスフェリオキサミンBはキレート化療法に理想的でない。さらに、デスフェリオキサミンBの経口活性は最低限であり、それにより非経口投与が必要とされ、これによって、特に長期キレート化療法を必要とする患者において、低い患者コンプライアンスを生じうる。近年、かなり多くの合成鉄キレート剤[例えば、ピリドキサルイソニコチノイルヒドラゾン(PIH)、ヒドロキシピリドン、およびN,N’−ビス−(2−ヒドロキシベンジルエチレンジアミン)−N,N’−ジ酢酸(HBED)]が、潜在的経口活性治療法として研究されているが、これらの合成キレート剤は、所望の特性(例えば、有効なキレート化、好適な経口活性、許容されうる毒性)が示されていない。腸内バクチンおよびロドトルル酸を包含するシデロフォアも、キレート化療法に関して研究されている。しかし、腸内バクチンおよびロドトルル酸の両方ともが、容認できない毒性を示し、測定可能な経口活性を示さない。一般に、多くのシデロフォアおよび合成鉄キレート剤が開発されているが、それらの特性が慢性鉄過負荷の治療に使用するのに適していないので、それらの大部分が断念されている。
金属キレート剤として有用な化合物を提供する。これらの化合物は、被験体における金属の蓄積(例えば、地中海性貧血または他の輸液依存性貧血の処置に関連した慢性輸液療法、急性鉄摂取等)に関連した疾患を処置するのに有用でありうる。これまでに、特定のデスフェリチオシンポリエーテル類似体が、国際PCT出願公開WO2006/107626(2006年10月12日公開)に記載されており、該特許は、参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。本発明化合物のより短いポリエーテル鎖が、油状物ではなく固体形態を生じることが本発明者らによって見出された。特定の実施形態において、精製された本発明化合物は、結晶性固体を包含する固体である。
R1は、−[(CH2)n−O]x−R’であり;
R2、R3およびR4は、それぞれ独立に、−H、アルキル基、または−OR7であり;
R5は、−H、またはアルキル基であり;
R6は、−H、アルキル基、O−保護基、またはアシル基であり;
各R7は、独立に、−H、アルキル基、O−保護基、またはアシル基であり;
R’は、−H、アルキル基、O−保護基、またはアシル基であり;
各nは、2であり;
xは、1または2である]
の化合物、またはその塩、溶媒和物あるいは水和物であって、
式(I)の化合物が、式(II):
本発明を詳しく説明する前に、本発明をよりたやすく理解しうるように、便宜上、いくつかの用語をここに先ず定義し集める。
本出願は、構造式(I)
R1は、−[(CH2)n−O]x−R’であり;
R2、R3およびR4は、それぞれ独立に、−H、アルキル基、または−OR7であり;
R5は、−H、またはアルキル基であり;
R6は、−H、アルキル基、O−保護基、またはアシル基であり;
各R7は、独立に、−H、アルキル基、O−保護基、またはアシル基であり;
R’は、−H、アルキル基、O−保護基、またはアシル基であり;
各nは、2であり;
xは、1または2である]
によって特徴付けられる化合物、またはその塩、溶媒和物あるいは水和物に関する。
本発明の他の態様において、医薬組成物が提供され、該組成物は、本明細書に記載されているいずれか1つの化合物(またはそのプロドラッグ、薬学的に許容されうる塩、または他の薬学的に許容されうる形態)、および任意に、薬学的に許容されうる賦形剤を含む。特定の実施形態において、これらの組成物は、任意に、1つ以上の付加的治療薬をさらに含む。または、本発明化合物は、それを必要とする患者に、1つ以上の他の治療薬の投与と組み合わせて投与しうる。例えば、癌の処置において、本発明化合物と共同投与するための、または医薬組成物に含有させるための、付加的治療薬は、承認化学療法薬であってよい。
一般に、本発明化合物を使用する方法は、治療有効量の本発明化合物を、それを必要とする被験体に、投与することを含む。三価金属のキレート化または封鎖に反応性の病理学的状態に罹患している被験体を、治療または予防有効量の本発明化合物またはその医薬組成物で処置することができる。三価金属のキレート化に反応性の、1つの特定タイプの病理学的状態は、三価金属過負荷状態である(例えば、鉄過負荷状態または疾患、アルミニウム過負荷状態、クロム過負荷状態)。金属キレート化または封鎖に反応性の、他のタイプの病理学的状態は、遊離三価金属の量が多い場合(例えば、血清または細胞において)、例えば、三価金属の不充分な貯蔵能力、または金属放出に導く金属貯蔵系の異常が存在する場合である。
式(Ia)の化合物は、例えば、式:
X−O−[(CH2)n−O]x−R
[式中、Xは脱離基である]
のポリエチレングリコール鎖を、式(III)
式(Ib)の化合物は、例えば、一般式(Ia)の化合物のエステル加水分解によって、合成することができる。
特定の実施形態において、本発明化合物が、スキーム3に示すように合成される:
鉄除去剤のインビボ有効性を予測するための、信頼できるインビトロアッセイが存在しない53、54。密接鉄結合が、有効な鉄キレート剤の必要条件であるが、それだけでは不充分である55。リガンド基盤、フォルマコフォアが、鉄に密接に結合していることを確認したら、鉄クリアランスを最適化しながら毒性を最小限にすることに焦点を当てた、例えばデスフェリチオシン37、38の構造−活性関係試験を行なう。
本明細書において使用される「鉄除去効率」(ICE)は、キレート剤によって誘発された鉄排泄量の測度として使用される。パーセントで表わされるICEは、(リガンド誘発鉄排泄/理論鉄排泄)x100として算出される。例示のために、1ミリモルのDFO(Fe(III)との1:1錯体を形成する六座キレート剤)の投与後の理論鉄排泄は、1ミリ−g−原子の鉄である。2ミリモルのデスフェリチオシン(DFT、1、図1)(Fe(III)との2:1錯体を形成する三座キレート剤)が、1ミリ−g−原子の鉄の理論排泄に必要とされる。げっ歯類において、各場合に、ポリエーテル類似体が、それらのフェノール対応物より優れた鉄除去剤である;例えば2対4、5、6または7(図1)。過去のデータ(化合物1〜4)34、39、43は、比較のために含まれている。3,6,9−トリオキサデシルオキシ類似体(4)のICEは、親リガンド(2)のICEより5倍高く、5.5±1.9%対1.1±0.8%(p<0.003)である34。より長いエーテル類似体、3,6,9,12−テトラオキサトリデシルオキシ類似体(5)は、2のほぼ11倍の有効性であり、12.0±1.5%(p<0.001)のICEを有する。より短いエーテル類似体、3,6−ジオキサヘプトキシリガンド(6)、およびその対応するエチルエステル(7)は、高度結晶性固体であり、ラットにカプセルで投与された56。両リガンドは、親化合物2の約24倍の有効性であり、それぞれのICE値は、26.7±4.7%(p<0.001)および25.9±6.5%(p<0.001)のICEである。4と5対6と7の鉄除去特性の違いは、おそらく、log Papp(図1)に反映されている親油性の違いによるものと考えられる。この所見は、DFT類似体を使用した我々の試験を通じて、顕著に一致していた34、43、45。後者の2つのリガンドは、より親油性であり、より大きいlog Papp値を有している。
霊長類におけるキレート剤についての鉄クリアランスデータが、図1に示されている。過去のデータ(化合物1〜4)は、比較のために含まれている34、39、40、42、43。リガンド2は、16.8±7.2%のICEを有し34、4のICEは25.4±7.4%である34。より長い3,6,9,12−テトラオキサ類似体(5)のICEは有意に低く、9.8±1.9%(p<0.001)であった。より短い3,6−ジオキサ類似体6は、霊長類にカプセルで与えた場合に、26.3±9.9%のICEを有し;そのナトリウム塩として胃管栄養法によって投与した場合に、ICEは実質的に同じであり、28.7±12.4%(p>0.05)であった。カプセル封入された酸と、胃管栄養法によって与えられたナトリウム塩との、6のICEの類似性は、同等の薬物動態を示唆している。リガンド6のエステル、化合物7は、霊長類において比較的低機能であり、ICEは8.8±2.2%に過ぎなかった。
10日間の毒性試験を、ラットにおいて、リガンド6および7について行なった。薬剤を、動物に、経口的に、毎日1回、384μmol/kg/d(100mg/kgのDFTナトリウム塩と同等)の用量で与えた。追加の年齢一致動物を、非処置被験体として使用した。動物を、11日目、薬剤の最終用量から1日後に、安楽死させた。広範囲な組織を、組織病理学試験に出した。被験および対照動物の腎臓、肝臓、膵臓および心臓を除去し、湿式灰化して、それらの鉄含有量を評価した。
前記のように、げっ歯類に、酸6または7を、経口的に、384μmol/kg/日x10日の用量で与えた。エチルエステル7も、192μmol/kg/日x10日の用量で与えた。11日目に、動物を安楽死させ、腎臓、肝臓、膵臓および心臓を除去した。組織試料を湿式灰化し、それらの鉄レベルを測定した(図4および5)。6で処置したげっ歯類の腎臓鉄含有量は、薬剤をカプセルで投与した場合に7.4%減少し、そのナトリウム塩として与えた場合に24.8%減少した(図4)。後者の動物の腎臓鉄含有量は、非処置対照の腎臓鉄含有量より有意に少なかった(p<0.001)が、カプセルまたはナトリウム塩群間に有意な差はなかった(p>0.05)。肝臓鉄の減少は顕著であり、カプセルおよびナトリウム塩群の両方において>35%であった(p<0.001)。薬剤をそのナトリウム塩として与えた場合は、非処置対照と比較して、膵臓鉄の有意な減少があった(p<0.05)が、カプセルで投与した場合はなかった(図4)。しかし、腎臓鉄と同様に、カプセル対ナトリウム塩処置群に有意な差はなかった(p>0.05)。最後に、酸6で処置した動物において心臓鉄の有意な減少があり、薬剤をカプセルおよびそのナトリウム塩で与えた場合に、それぞれ6.9%および9.9%減少した(p<0.05)。
試薬は、Aldrich Chemical Co.(Milwaukee,WI)から購入した。Fisher Optima銘柄溶媒を規定通りに使用し、DMFは蒸留した。反応は窒素雰囲気下に行なわれ、有機抽出物は硫酸ナトリウムで乾燥させた。SiliCycle,Inc.(Quebec City,Quebec,Canada)からのシリカゲル40−63を、カラムクロマトグラフィーに使用した。融点は補正されていない。3N HClに15分間予浸し、蒸留水および蒸留EtOHで洗浄し、オーブン乾燥したガラス器を、5および6の単離に使用した。光学回転は、589nm(ナトリウムD線)および20℃において、Perkin−Elmer 341偏光計で行われ、cは100mLのCHCl3当たりの化合物のグラム数での濃度であった。1H NMRスペクトルは、CDCl3中、400MHzで行ない、化学シフト(δ)はテトラメチルシランからの低磁場ppmで示す。結合定数(J)はヘルツで表わす。13C NMRスペクトルは、CDCl3中、100MHzで測定し、化学シフト(δ)はδ77.16の残留溶媒共鳴を規準にしてppmで示す。規準ピークは、ESI−FTICR質量スペクトルに関して示す。元素分析は、Atlantic Microlabs(Norcross,GA)によって行なわれ、計算値の±0.4%以内であった。化合物の純度は、元素分析および高圧液体クロマトグラフィー(HPLC)によって確認される。全ての場合において、純度は≧95%であった。
活性K2CO3(2.16g、15.64mmol)およびトシレート(12)(3.97g、14.50mmol)を、無水アセトン(100mL)中の(10)(WO2006/107626参照)(4.0g、14.22mmol)に添加した。反応混合物を還流させながら2日間加熱した。室温に冷却した後、固形物を濾過し、溶媒を真空下で除去した。残渣を1:1の0.5M クエン酸/飽和NaCl(100mL)に溶解させ、EtOAc(3x50mL)で抽出した。集めた有機抽出物を、蒸留H2O(100mL)および飽和ブライン(100mL)で洗浄した。溶媒を真空下で除去して、無色油状物を得た。油状物をEtOAc/ヘキサン(Hexame)中で結晶化して、3.97gの4(73%)を白色固形物として得た。融点68〜70℃;
1H NMR δ 1.30 (t, 3H, J = 7.2), 1.66 (s, 3H), 3.19 (d, 1H, J = 11.2), 3.40 (s, 3H), 3.57−3.59 (m, 2 H), 3.71−3.73 (m, 2 H), 3.83−3.88 (d + m, 3 H, J = 11.6), 4.16 (t, 2 H, J = 4.8), 4.24 (dq, 2H, J = 7.2), 6.46 (dd, 1 H, J = 2.4, 8.8), 6.49 (d, 1H, J = 2.8), 7.29 (d, 1H J = 8.4); 100 MHz 13C NMR δ 14.12, 24.48, 39.84, 59.09, 61.89, 67.55, 69.52, 70.80, 71.94, 83.12, 101.45, 107.28, 109.89, 131.69, 161.18, 162.99, 170.81, 172.80; HRMS m/z calcd for C18H26NO6S, 384.1475 (M+H); found, 384.1509.
CH3OH(20mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(2.1mL、40mmol)の溶液を、30mL CH3OH中の(7)(1.2g、3.1mmol)に0℃で添加した。反応混合物を室温で6時間撹拌し、大部分の溶媒を真空下で除去した。残渣を希薄NaCl(30mL)で処理し、エーテル(2x20mL)で抽出した。水性層を氷で冷却し、6N HClでpH=2に酸性化し、EtOAc(4x25mL)で抽出した。EtOAc層を飽和NaCl(50mL)で洗浄した。キレート剤の抽出を行なう場合、全てのガラス器を先ず3N HClに15分間浸漬して、あらゆる外来鉄を除去した。溶媒を除去して淡色油状物を得、これをEtOAc/ヘキサン中で結晶化して、.880gの1(80%)を固形物として得た。融点82〜83℃;
1H NMR δ 1.70 (s, 3H), 3.22 (d, 1H J = 11.2), 3.40 (S, 3H), 3.58−3.60 (m, 2 H), 3.71−3.73 (m, 2 H), 3.83−3.87 (m, 3 H), 4.15 (t, 2 H, J = 5.2), 6.45 (dd, 1 H, J = 2.0, 8.8), 6.51 (d, 1 H, J = 2.0), 7.28(d, 1H, J = 8.4); 100 Mhz 13C NMR δ 24.58, 39.77, 59.13, 67.64, 69.61, 70.77, 71.99, 82.63, 101.53, 107.73, 109.63, 131.88, 161.42, 163.40, 171.96, 176.91; HRMS m/z calcd for C-16H22NO6S, 356.1162 (M+H); found, 356.1190.
CH3OH(75mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(7.0g、87mmol)の溶液を、CH3OH(85mL)中の11(3.64g、7.72mmol)に、0℃で3分間にわたって添加した。反応混合物を0℃で1.5時間、室温で18時間撹拌し、大部分の溶媒を減圧下で除去した。残渣をH2O(90mL)で処理し、CHCl3(4x50mL)で抽出した。水性層を氷で冷却し、飽和NaCl(45mL)および冷たい5N HCl(22mL)で集め、EtOAc(100mL、5x70mL)で抽出した。EtOAc層を、飽和NaCl(75mL)で洗浄した。溶媒を真空中で除去して、3.20gの5(94%)を黄色油状物として得た。
1H NMR (CDCl3 + 1−2 drops D2O) δ 1.69 (s, 3 H), 3.21 (d, 1 H, J = 11.3), 3.38 (s, 3 H), 3.53−3.57 (m, 2 H), 3.62−3.69 (m, 8 H), 3.70−3.73 (m, 2 H), 3.82−3.87 (m, 3 H), 4.11−4.15 (m, 2 H), 6.45 (dd, 1 H, J = 8.8, 2.5), 6.50 (d, 1 H, J = 2.4), 7.27 (d, 1H, J = 9.0). 13C NMR δ 24.67, 39.90, 59.11, 69.66, 70.53, 70.67, 70.69, 70.71, 70.94, 72.02, 82.93, 101.56, 107.70, 109.80, 131.85, 161.32, 163.30, 171.76, 176.19. HRMS m/z calcd for C20H30NO8S, 444.1687 (M + H); found, 444.1691. Anal. (C20H29NO8S・0.5H2O) C, H, N.
(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[2−ヒドロキシ−4−(3,6−ジオキサヘプチルオキシ)フェニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボン酸(6)の合成:
CH3OH(20mL)中の50%(w/w)NaOH(2.1mL、40mmol)の溶液を、CH3OH(30mL)中の7(1.2g、3.1mmol)に0℃で添加した。反応混合物を室温で6時間撹拌し、大部分の溶媒を減圧下で除去した。残渣を希薄NaCl(30mL)で処理し、エーテル(2x20mL)で抽出した。水性層を氷で冷却し、6N HClでpH=2に酸性化し、EtOAc(4x25mL)で抽出した。EtOAc層を、飽和NaCl(50mL)で洗浄した。溶媒を真空中で除去し、EtOAc/ヘキサンから再結晶して、0.880gの6(80%)を固形物として得た。融点82〜83℃:
[α] +59.6° (c 0.094). 1H NMR δ 1.70 (s, 3 H), 3.22 (d, 1 H, J = 11.2), 3.40 (s, 3 H), 3.58−3.60 (m, 2 H), 3.71−3.73 (m, 2 H), 3.83−3.87 (m + d, 3 H, J = 12.0), 4.15 (t, 2 H, J = 5.2), 6.45 (dd, 1 H, J = 8.8, 2.0), 6.51 (d, 1 H, J = 2.0), 7.28 (d, 1 H, J = 8.4). 13C NMR δ 24.58, 39.77, 59.13, 67.64, 69.61, 70.77, 71.99, 82.63, 101.53, 107.73, 109.63, 131.88, 161.42, 163.40, 171.96, 176.91. HRMS m/z calcd for C16H22NO6S, 356.1162 (M + H); found, 356.1190. Anal. (C16H21NO6S) C, H, N.
エチル(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[2−ヒドロキシ−4−(3,6−ジオキサヘプチルオキシ)フェニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボキシレート(7)の合成:
火炎活性K2CO3(2.16g、15.6mmol)および1249(3.97g、14.5mmol)を、アセトン(100mL)中の1048(4.0g、14.2mmol)に添加した。反応混合物を還流させながら2日間加熱した。室温に冷却した後、固形物を濾過し、アセトンで洗浄し、濾液を回転蒸発器で濃縮した。残渣を1:1の0.5M クエン酸/飽和NaCl(100mL)で処理し、EtOAc(3x50mL)で抽出した。有機抽出物をH2O(100mL)および飽和NaCl(100mL)で洗浄した。溶媒を真空中で除去した後、EtOAc/ヘキサンから再結晶して、3.97gの7(73%)を固形物として得た。融点68〜70℃:
[α] +47.4° (c 0.114). 1H NMR δ 1.30 (t, 3 H, J = 7.2), 1.66 (s, 3 H), 3.19 (d, 1 H, J = 11.2), 3.40 (s, 3 H), 3.57−3.59 (m, 2 H), 3.71−3.73 (m, 2 H), 3.83−3.88 (d + m, 3 H, J = 11.6), 4.16 (t, 2 H, J = 4.8), 4.24 (dq, 2H, J = 7.2, 1.6), 6.46 (dd, 1 H, J = 8.8, 2.4), 6.49 (d, 1 H, J = 2.8), 7.29 (d, 1 H, J = 8.4), 12.69 (s, 1 H). 13C NMR δ 14.12, 24.48, 39.84, 59.09, 61.89, 67.55, 69.52, 70.80, 71.94, 83.12, 101.45, 107.28, 109.89, 131.69, 161.18, 162.99, 170.81, 172.80. HRMS m/z calcd for C18H26NO6S, 384.1475 (M + H); found, 384.1509. Anal. (C18H25NO6S) C, H, N.
13−ヨード−2,5,8,11−テトラオキサトリデカン(9)の合成:
沃化ナトリウム(8.61g、57.5mmol)を、アセトン(230mL)中の8(10.37g、28.61mmol)の溶液に添加し、反応混合物を還流させながら18時間加熱した。溶媒を真空中で蒸発させた後、残渣をH2O(150mL)で集め、CH2Cl2(150mL、2x80mL)で抽出した。有機抽出物を1% NaHSO3(80mL)、H2O(80mL)および飽和NaCl(50mL)で洗浄し、溶媒を真空中で蒸発させた。フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(14%アセトン/CH2Cl2を使用)によって精製して、8.56gの9(94%)を無色液体として得た:
1H NMR δ 3.24−3.29 (m, 2 H), 3.39 (s, 3 H), 3.54−3.58 (m, 2 H), 3.64−3.70 (m, 10 H), 3.74−3.78 (m, 2 H). 13C NMR d 59.17, 70.32, 70.65, 70.70, 70.73, 70.77, 72.05, 72.09. HRMS m/z calcd for C9H20IO4, 319.0401 (M + H); found, 319.0417. Anal. (C9H19IO4) C, H.
エチル(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[2−ヒドロキシ−4−(3,6,9,12−テトラオキサトリデシルオキシ)フェニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボキシレート(11)の合成:
火炎活性K2CO3(0.666g、4.82mmol)を、アセトン(85mL)中の9(1.46g、4.59mmol)および1048(1.08g、3.84mmol)の溶液に添加し、反応混合物を還流させながら43時間加熱した。室温に冷却した後、固形物を濾過し、アセトンで洗浄し、濾液を回転蒸発器によって濃縮した。残渣を1:1の0.5M クエン酸/飽和NaCl(100mL)で集め、EtOAc(3x80mL)で抽出した。有機抽出物を1% NaHSO3(80mL)、H2O(80mL)および飽和NaCl(55mL)で洗浄した。溶媒を真空中で除去し、残渣を、フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(25%アセトン/石油エーテル、次に、9%アセトン/CH2Cl2を使用)によって精製して、1.33gの11(73%)を黄色油状物として得た:
[α] +36.2° (c 1.20). 1H NMR δ 1.30 (t, 3 H, J = 7.2), 1.66 (s, 3 H), 3.19 (d, 1 H, J = 11.3), 3.38 (s, 3 H), 3.52−3.56 (m, 2 H), 3.62−3.74 (m, 10 H), 3.81−3.88 (m, 3 H), 4.12−4.16 (m, 2 H), 4.20−4.28 (m, 2 H), 6.46 (dd, 1 H, J = 8.6, 2.3), 6.49 (d, 1 H, J = 2.4), 7.29 (d, 1 H, J = 8.6). 13C NMR δ 14.21, 24.59, 39.95, 59.14, 62.01, 67.66, 69.58, 70.62, 70.71, 70.73, 70.97, 72.04, 83.23, 101.52, 107.42, 109.99, 131.78, 161.28, 163.109, 170.90, 172.95. HRMS m/z calcd for C22H34NO8S, 472.2000 (M + H); found, 472.2007. Anal. (C22H33NO8S) C, H, N.
イソプロピル(S)−4,5−ジヒドロ−2−[2−ヒドロキシ−4−(3,6−ジオキサヘプチルオキシ)フェニル]−4−メチル−4−チアゾールカルボキシレート(13)の合成:
2−ヨードプロパン(1.60g、9.41mmol)およびDIEA(1.22g、9.44mmol)を、DMF(50mL)中の6(2.1g、5.9mmol)に順次に添加し、反応混合物を室温で72時間撹拌した。溶媒を高真空下で除去し、残渣を1:1 の0.5M クエン酸/飽和NaCl(100mL)で処理し、EtOAc(3x100 mL)で抽出した。有機抽出物を、各50mLの、1% NaHSO3、H2Oおよび飽和NaClで洗浄し、溶媒を真空中で蒸発させた。フラッシュカラムクロマトグラフィー(5%アセトン/CH2Cl2を使用)によって精製して、1.99gの13(85%)を黄色油状物として得た:
[α] +40.0°(c 0.125). 1H NMR δ 1.26 and 1.27 (2 d, 6 H, J = 5.5), 1.63 (s, 3 H), 3.17 (d, 1 H, J = 11.2), 3.38 (s, 3 H), 3.55−3.58 (m, 2 H), 3.69−3.72 (m, 2 H), 3.81−3.86 (d + m, 3 H, J = 11.2), 4.15 (t, 2 H, J = 5.2), 5.07 (septet, 1 H, J = 6.4), 6.46 (dd, 1 H, J = 9.2, 2.0), 6.49 (d, 1 H, J = 2.4), 7.28 (d, 1 H, J = 8.4), 12.7 (br s, 1 H). 13C NMR δ 21.54, 24.27, 39.63, 58.98, 67.46, 69.35, 69.42, 70.69, 71.85, 83.10, 101.37, 107.14, 109.83, 131.57, 161.11, 162.88, 170.55, 172.10. HRMS m/z calcd for C19H28NO6S, 398.1637 (M + H); found, 398.1658. Anal. (C19H27NO6S) C, H, N.
化合物(6)および(7)のX線実験データ:
X線データは、A CCD面検出器、およびMoKα線(λ=0.71073Å)を使用するグラファイトモノクロメーターを取り付けたSiemens SMART PLATFORMにおいて、173Kで収集した。8192反射までを使用して、格子パラメーターを精密化した。ω−スキャン法(0.3°フレーム幅)を使用して、データ(1850フレーム)の全領域を収集した。最初の50フレームは、データ収集の終わりに再測定して、計器および結晶能力をモニターした(Iにおける最大補正は<1%であった)。積分による吸収補正を、測定した指標付き結晶面に基づいて適用した。
非鉄過負荷胆管カニューレ挿入げっ歯類モデルにおいて、本発明化合物を使用して試験を行なう。簡単に言えば、平均450gの雄Sprague−Dawleyラットを、実験期間中、Nalgeneプラスチック代謝ケージに収容し、水を自由に飲めるようにする。腹腔内投与されるナトリウムペントバルビタール(55mg/kg)を使用して、動物に麻酔をかける。22ゲージのポリエチレンチューブを使用して、胆管にカニューレを挿入する。カニューレを、胆管に、十二指腸から約1cmで挿入し、所定位置にしっかりつなぐ。肩を通った後、カニューレifsが、ラットから、金属トルク伝達テザー内のスイベル(これは、動物胸部の周りのげっ歯類ジャケット取り付けられている)に向かう。カニューレは、代謝ケージの上方に取り付けられた液体スイベルによって、ラットから、Gilsonマイクロフラクションコレクター(Middleton,WI)に向かう。3時間胆汁試料を、最少24時間〜48時間まで、連続的に収集する。しかし、効率の計算は、24時間鉄排泄に基づく。各キレート剤の効率を、2:1のリガンド−鉄錯体に基づいて算出する。げっ歯類モデルにおける効率を、処置動物の鉄排泄から、対照動物の鉄排泄を引くことによって算出される。次に、この数値を理論排出量で割り、その結果をパーセンテージで表わす(Bergeronら、J.Med.Chem.1999,42,95−108;その全内容は参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)。データを平均値±平均値の標準誤差として表わし;p値は、分散の不等が想定される片側スチューデントのt検定によって得られ;<0.05のp値は有意とみなされた。尿試料は、24時間において採取し、Bergeronら、J.Med.Chem.1991,34,2072−2078(その全内容は参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)に以前記載されたように取り扱う。
鉄過負荷サルモデルにおいて、本発明化合物を使用して試験を行なう。使用したプロトコルは、Bergeronら、J.Med.Chem.2003,46,1470−1477に見出すことができ、その内容は参照により本明細書に組み入れられる。簡単に言えば、静脈内投与される鉄デキストランを用いてサルに鉄過負荷して、体重1kg当たり約500mgの鉄負荷にする。鉄キレート剤を評価する実験に動物を使用する前に、少なくとも20半減期、60日が、経過している。鉄キレート剤をビヒクルに懸濁させ、経口または皮下投与する。糞および尿試料は24時間間隔で採集され、それは鉄キレート剤投与の4日前から開始して、キレート剤の投与後5日間継続される。糞および尿における鉄濃度を、フレーム原子吸光分析によって測定する。鉄キレート剤効率は、正味鉄クリアランス[全鉄排泄(糞および尿)−バックグラウンド]を、理論鉄クリアランスで割り、100を掛けることによって、算出される。鉄キレート剤の理論クリアランスは、2:1のリガンド/鉄錯体に基づいて得られる。
投与後2〜8時間の時点で、皮下投与後の本発明化合物の組織および血漿濃度を評価する測定を行なう。ラットに、該化合物を300μmol/kgで皮下的に与える。組織および血漿レベルを、Bergeronら、J.Med.Chem.2005,48,821−831(その全内容は参照により本明細書に組み入れられる)に記載のように得る。
平均体重450gの雄Sprague−Dawleyラットに、腹腔内投与されるナトリウムペントバルビタール(55mg/kg)で麻酔をかける。胆管に、22ゲージのポリエチレンチューブを使用してカニューレ挿入する。ラットに、酢酸ウラニルを5mg/kgで皮下的に与える。その直後に、ラットに、キレート剤を300μmol/kgの用量で、腹腔内的に与える。24時間尿よび24時間胆汁の試料を採集し、2%濃度の硝酸で酸性化し、それらのウラン含有量について、誘導結合プラズマ質量分析(ICP−MS)によって評価を行なう。
鉄除去実験において、ラットに、5〜7を、経口的に、300μmol/kgの用量で与えた。リガンド5は、胃管栄養法によって、その一ナトリウム塩(1当量のNaOHを、蒸留水中の遊離酸の懸濁液に添加することによって調製)として与え、6および7は、カプセルで与えた。霊長類に、5〜7を、経口的に、75μmol/kgで与えた。リガンド5は、霊長類に、胃管栄養法によって、その一ナトリウム塩として与えた。類似体6は、サルに、胃管栄養法によってその一ナトリウム塩として、およびカプセルで、与えた。リガンド7は、サルに、カプセルで与えた。げっ歯類毒性試験用の6および7の薬剤調製は、下記に示す。
以前に記載されたように、310nmにおいて、Shimadzu SPD−10A UV−VIS検出器を取りつけたDiscovery RP Amide C16 HPLCシステムにおいて、分析的分離を行なった51、58。移動相およびクロマトグラフィー条件は以下の通りであった:移動相A(MPA):25mM KH2PO4+2.5mM 1−オクタンスルホン酸、pH3(95%)およびアセトニトリル(5%);移動相B(MPB):25mM KH2PO4+2.5mM 1−オクタンスルホン酸、pH3(40%)およびアセトニトリル(60%)。キレート剤濃度は、Shimadzu CLASS−NP 7.4クロマトグラフィーソフトウエアを使用して、非加重最小二乗線形回帰によって、校正曲線に適合させたピーク面積から算出した。該方法は、0.1μMの検出限界を有し、0.2〜20μMの範囲で再現性であり線形性であった。
雄Sprague−Dawleyラット(300〜350g)を、一晩絶食させ、朝一番にキレート剤を与えた。ラットに、薬剤後約3時間で餌を与え、一晩絶食させる前に約5時間自由に餌を食べられるようにした。リガンド6は、ラットに、経口的に、毎日1回、384μmol/kg/日x10日の用量で与えた。この用量は、100mg/kg/日のDFTナトリウム塩と同等であることに留意すべきである。キレート剤(6)は、経口的にゼラチンカプセルにおいて(n=5)、またはその一ナトリウム塩として胃管栄養法によって(n=10)投与した。エチルエステル(7)は、経口的に、カプセルにおいて、毎日1回、192(n=6)または384μmol/kg/日(n=5)x10日の用量で投与された。年齢一致ラット(n=12)を非処置対照として使用した。ラットは、薬剤後24時間(11日目)に安楽死させ、広範囲の組織を、組織病理学的分析のために採集した。腎臓、肝臓、心臓および膵臓の試料を保存し、それらの鉄含有量について評価を行なった。
組織調製の初期段階は、あらゆる明らかな膜または脂肪を除去することを含む。各組織の試料(300〜350mg)の重さを量り、酸洗浄加水分解(圧力)管に移した。各組織の同じ領域が常に使用されたことに留意すべきである。濃HNO3(65%)(1.5mL)および蒸留水(2mL)を添加した。次に、該管を密閉し、120℃の油浴に5時間置き;該管を必要に応じて脱気した。次に、該管を油浴から出し、室温に冷ました。油浴の温度が100℃に下がった。試料が冷めたら、0.7mLの過酸化水素(30%)を加水分解管に添加した。試料を油浴に戻し、一晩煮沸した。次に、試料を油浴から出し、室温に冷ました。該加水分解管をボルテックスし、消化試料を50mLのメスフラスコに注いだ。蒸留水を用いて試料を多量にした。最後に、試料をシリンジに注ぎ、0.45μ、30mmのTeflonシリンジフィルターを使用して濾過した。鉄濃度を、他の刊行物に示されているフレーム吸光分析によって測定した40、41。
Claims (82)
- R2、R3およびR4が、それぞれ独立に、−H、C1〜6アルキル基、または−OR7であり;R6が、−H、O−保護基、またはアシル基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3およびR4が、それぞれ独立に、−H、C1〜4アルキル基、または−OR7であり;R6が、−H、O−保護基、またはアシル基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- xが2であり、R2、R3、R4およびR6が水素である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3およびR4がそれぞれ水素である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3およびR4が、それぞれ独立に、−HまたはC1〜4アルキル基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3およびR4が、それぞれ独立に、メチル、エチル、プロピルまたはブチル基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3およびR4が同じである、請求項7に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3およびR4が、それぞれ独立に、−OR7である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 各R7が水素である、請求項9に記載の化合物。
- 各R7がC1〜4アルキル基である、請求項9に記載の化合物。
- 各R7がO−保護基である、請求項9に記載の化合物。
- 各R7がアシル基である、請求項9に記載の化合物。
- 各R7がアセチル基である、請求項13に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3およびR4が同じである、請求項10〜14のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3およびR4が水素である、請求項15に記載の化合物。
- R6が水素である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R6がO−保護基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R6がアシル基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R6がアセチル基である、請求項19に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3、R4およびR6が同じである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R2、R3、R4およびR6が水素である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- xが1であり、R2、R3、R4およびR6が水素である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R’がC1〜4アルキル基である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R’が、メチル、エチル、プロピルまたはブチルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- R’がメチルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- xが1である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- xが2である、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- xが1であり、R’がメチルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- xが2であり、R’がメチルである、請求項1に記載の化合物。
- 前記化合物が固体である、請求項1〜4のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 前記化合物が結晶性固体である、請求項1〜38のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 鏡像異性体過剰率が90%より高い、請求項1〜38のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 鏡像異性体過剰率が95%より高い、請求項1〜38のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 鏡像異性体過剰率が98%より高い、請求項1〜38のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 鏡像異性体過剰率が99%より高い、請求項1〜38のいずれか1項に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1〜43のいずれか1項に記載の塩。
- 対イオンがリチウムである、請求項44に記載の塩。
- 対イオンがカリウムである、請求項44に記載の塩。
- 対イオンがナトリウムである、請求項44に記載の塩。
- 対イオンがマグネシウムである、請求項44に記載の塩。
- 対イオンがバリウムである、請求項44に記載の塩。
- 対イオンがカルシウムである、請求項44に記載の塩。
- 鏡像異性体過剰率が80%より高い、請求項51または52に記載の化合物。
- 鏡像異性体過剰率が90%より高い、請求項51または52に記載の化合物。
- 鏡像異性体過剰率が95%より高い、請求項51または52に記載の化合物。
- 鏡像異性体過剰率が98%より高い、請求項51または52に記載の化合物。
- 鏡像異性体過剰率が99%より高い、請求項51または52に記載の化合物。
- 請求項1〜57のいずれか1項に記載の化合物、および薬学的に許容されうる賦形剤を含む医薬組成物。
- 前記医薬組成物が固体形態、例えば錠剤である、請求項51または52のいずれか1項に記載の医薬組成物。
- 被験体における三価金属のキレート化に反応性の病理学的状態を処置する方法であって、治療的または予防的有効量の請求項1〜57のいずれか1項に記載の化合物を、該被験体に投与することを含む方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が、前記被験体の組織における前記三価金属の沈着に関連している、請求項60に記載の方法。
- 前記三価金属が鉄である、請求項61に記載の方法。
- 前記三価金属がアルミニウムである、請求項61に記載の方法。
- 前記三価金属の沈着が、前記被験体において全体的に生じる、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記三価金属の沈着が、前記被験体において局所的に生じる、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が、鉄過負荷状態である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が、過酸化的組織損傷である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が、再生不良性貧血である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が、地中海性貧血または鎌状赤血球性貧血である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が、食事性鉄過負荷型である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が、バンツー鉄沈着症である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が、下記から成る群から選択される新生物性疾患または状態である、請求項62に記載の方法:慢性輸液療法、白血病、ホジキン病、非ホジキンリンパ腫、多発性骨髄腫、マクログロブリン血症、真性赤血球増加症、肺腫瘍、頭頚部腫瘍、脳腫瘍、子宮内膜腫瘍、卵巣腫瘍、子宮頸部腫瘍、乳房腫瘍、絨毛上皮腫、精巣腫瘍、前立腺腫瘍、ウィルムス腫瘍、甲状腺腫瘍、副腎腫瘍、胃腫瘍、膵臓腫瘍、結腸腫瘍、カルチノイド、インスリノーマ、骨腫瘍、肉腫および皮膚癌。
- 前記病理学的状態が、下記から成る群から選択される前新生物性疾患または状態である、請求項62に記載の方法:光線皮膚炎、X線皮膚炎、タール皮膚炎、ヒ素皮膚炎、狼瘡性皮膚炎、老年性角化症、パジェット病、コンジローム、火傷瘢痕、梅毒性瘢痕、フィステル瘢痕、下腿潰瘍瘢痕、慢性潰瘍、静脈瘤性潰瘍、骨フィステル、直腸フィステル、バレット食道、胃潰瘍、胃炎、胆石症、外陰萎縮症、色素性母斑、ボーエン皮膚症、色素性乾皮症、紅色肥厚症、白斑症、パジェット骨病、外骨腫症、外軟骨腫、線維性骨炎、骨性獅子面症、神経線維腫症、ポリープ症、胞状奇胎、腺腫様増殖、および結節性甲状腺腫。
- 前記病理学的状態がヘモクロマトーシスである、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が、下記から成る群から選択される神経性または神経変性障害である、請求項62に記載の方法:パーキンソン病、アルツハイマー病、ハンティングトン病、ニューロフェリチノパチー、筋萎縮性側索硬化症および多発性硬化症。
- 前記病理学的状態が炎症性障害である、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 前記病理学的状態が輸血から生じる、請求項62に記載の方法。
- 処置を必要とする被験体における酸化的ストレスを減少させる方法であって、治療有効量の請求項1〜57のいずれか1項に記載の化合物を、該被験体に投与することを含む方法。
- 新生物性疾患または前新生物性状態に罹患している被験体を処置する方法であって、治療有効量の請求項1〜57のいずれか1項に記載の化合物を、該被験体に投与することを含む方法。
- インビトロで三価金属をキレート化するかまたは封鎖する方法。
- 前記三価金属が鉄である、請求項80に記載の方法。
- 前記三価金属がアルミニウムである、請求項80に記載の方法。
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EP (1) | EP2470515A4 (ja) |
JP (2) | JP5925679B2 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN102574824B (ja) |
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JP2013500342A (ja) * | 2009-07-27 | 2013-01-07 | フェロキン バイオサイエンシーズ,インク. | 金属キレート化剤としてのデサザデスフェロチオシンポリエーテルアナログのプロドラッグ |
JP2017500295A (ja) * | 2013-11-22 | 2017-01-05 | ユニバーシティー オブ フロリダ リサーチ ファンデーション, インク. | デスフェリチオシン類似体およびその使用 |
JP2018515475A (ja) * | 2015-04-27 | 2018-06-14 | ユニバーシティー オブ フロリダ リサーチ ファンデーション, インク. | 代謝的にプログラムされた金属キレーターおよびその使用 |
KR20190039741A (ko) * | 2016-08-05 | 2019-04-15 | 아브페로 파마슈티칼스, 인크. | 금속-매개 상태를 치료하기 위한 투여 요법 |
US11931346B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2024-03-19 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated | Uses of 4′-desferrithiocin analogs |
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AU2003270473A1 (en) | 2003-09-09 | 2005-04-27 | University Of Florida | Desferrithiocin derivatives and their use as iron chelators |
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WO2013086312A1 (en) | 2011-12-09 | 2013-06-13 | Ferrokin Biosciences, Inc. | Oral formulations for treating metal overload |
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JP2021530515A (ja) * | 2018-07-19 | 2021-11-11 | ザ・リージエンツ・オブ・ザ・ユニバーシテイ・オブ・コロラド、ア・ボデイー・コーポレイト | 鉄欠乏症および関連する貧血を治療するためのエンテロバクチンの新規使用のための方法、システムおよび組成物 |
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JP2013500342A (ja) * | 2009-07-27 | 2013-01-07 | フェロキン バイオサイエンシーズ,インク. | 金属キレート化剤としてのデサザデスフェロチオシンポリエーテルアナログのプロドラッグ |
US11931346B2 (en) | 2011-12-16 | 2024-03-19 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated | Uses of 4′-desferrithiocin analogs |
JP2017500295A (ja) * | 2013-11-22 | 2017-01-05 | ユニバーシティー オブ フロリダ リサーチ ファンデーション, インク. | デスフェリチオシン類似体およびその使用 |
JP2018515475A (ja) * | 2015-04-27 | 2018-06-14 | ユニバーシティー オブ フロリダ リサーチ ファンデーション, インク. | 代謝的にプログラムされた金属キレーターおよびその使用 |
US10570104B2 (en) | 2015-04-27 | 2020-02-25 | University Of Florida Research Foundation, Incorporated | Metabolically programmed metal chelators and uses thereof |
KR20190039741A (ko) * | 2016-08-05 | 2019-04-15 | 아브페로 파마슈티칼스, 인크. | 금속-매개 상태를 치료하기 위한 투여 요법 |
KR102480882B1 (ko) * | 2016-08-05 | 2022-12-26 | 아브페로 파마슈티칼스, 인크. | 금속-매개 상태를 치료하기 위한 투여 요법 |
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JP2015120742A (ja) | 2015-07-02 |
CN102574824B (zh) | 2016-04-27 |
CA2772212A1 (en) | 2011-03-10 |
EP2470515A4 (en) | 2013-04-24 |
CN102574824A (zh) | 2012-07-11 |
AU2010290103B2 (en) | 2016-07-14 |
EP2470515A2 (en) | 2012-07-04 |
WO2011028255A2 (en) | 2011-03-10 |
WO2011028255A3 (en) | 2011-07-14 |
JP5925679B2 (ja) | 2016-05-25 |
IN2012DN02448A (ja) | 2015-08-21 |
AU2010290103A1 (en) | 2012-03-29 |
US20120184586A1 (en) | 2012-07-19 |
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