GB2090332A

GB2090332A - Cooled intake valve for an internal combustion engine

Info

Publication number: GB2090332A
Application number: GB8138459A
Authority: GB
Original assignee: Chevron Research and Technology Co; Chevron Research Co
Current assignee: Chevron USA Inc
Priority date: 1980-12-30
Filing date: 1981-12-21
Publication date: 1982-07-07
Also published as: DE3150919A1; FR2497269B1; SE8107792L; JPH0327807U; DE3150919C2; IT1140186B; IT8125856A0; JPS57135208A; FR2497269A1; CA1174173A; GB2090332B

Abstract

The intake valve has a hollow valve stem 18 and valve head 19 containing a vaporizable liquid. A heat exchanger 36 is provided at the end of the valve stem 18 to condense liquid which has been vaporized by heat transferred to the valve head 19. This ensures that the portion of the valve in the mixture intake system is maintained at a temperature which will prevent the transference of heat to the intake mixture charge from the valve and thus reduce heating of the charge. Wire mesh 34 acts as a wick to return condensed vapour to the head chamber 31. <IMAGE>

Description

SPECIFICATION Intake valve for an internal combustion engine This invention relates to an intake valve and particularly a fuel intake valve for an internal combustion engine.

The internal combustion engine and the fuels consumed in such engines have both undergone recent significant changes. The internal combustion engine as presently used in motor vehicles has been reduced substantially in size, to reduce engine weight, and the engine has been designed to accomplish higher horsepower per weight ratios than engines of previous design.

Concurrently, the fuels available for operating such engines have been reformulated to accomplish improved combustion within the engine and to reduce engine emissions which may contribute to undesirable air polution. The combination of the engine and fuel modifications has changed the manner in which engine efficiency is accomplished. For example, whereas in years past it was possible to accomplish increased horsepower from an engine design by increasing the compression ratio and using a fuel of higher octane, it is now economically difficult to produce the required high octane fuels from available crude petroleum stock and the addition of octane-improving additives has been severely restricted. Alternative approaches to accomplishing the engine horsepower maximization with the available fuels are therefore being considered.

It is known that the power available from an internal combustion engine can be increased by reducing the temperature of input fuel charge (see national Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, Technical Note No. 839, Rise in Temperature of the Charge in its Passage Through the Inlet Valve and Port of an Air-Cooled Aircraft Engine Cylinder, by J.E. Forbes and E.S. Taylor, 1 942).

Prior art engines have included input fuel charge cooling by design of the fuel input manifold including the seat against which an intake valve operates. The usual objective of such manifold designs is to provide an efficient fuel path from the fuel source to the combustion zone and a valve closure that assures complete sealing of the combustion zone prior to the compression of the fuel charge in the combustion chamber. Intake manifold and valve seat designs have provided for valve seat cooling to avoid warping of the valve seat with the resultant incomplete sealing and therefore loss of compression within the combustion chamber.

Some attention has been directed to the intake valve design to provide for dissipation of heat, but such attention has been directed to removal of heat to avoid damage to the valve and to ensure proper valve seating rather than for controlling the temperature of the input fuel charge. In the most part, such valve cooling designs have been directed toward exhaust valves rather than intake valves (see U.S. Patent 3,892,210, issued July 1, 1975, 4,000,730, issued January 4, 1977, and 4,182,282, issued January 8, 1 980).

Exhaust valves have been designed with hollow stem and head construction to provide an internal chamber for containing a coolant (see U.S. Patent 3,871,339, issued March 18, 1975, and 4,164,957, issued August 21, 1979).

In each of these prior art designs, the objective is to cool the valve itself to avoid damage to the valve.

The present invention relates to an intake valve for an internal combustion engine and a method of supplying a lower temperature input fuel charge to an internal combustion engine whereby the power derived from the internal combustion engine may be increased without modification of the design of the combustion chamber or the formulation of the input fuel charge, or the power derived from the engine may be maintained while using a lower octane rated fuel.

Autoignition of the fuel charge in an internal combustion engine is known to result in a reduction of engine efficiency. Autoignition in spark-fired engines is the extremely rapid combustion of the last part of the fuel charge to burn in the combustion chamber. When autoignition occurs, it results in a rapid rise in combustion chamber pressure above that for normal combustion and causes high frequency pressure fluctuations and an audible sound that is referred to as knock. When knock occurs, large amounts of heat are transferred to engine parts resulting in a loss of power and, if sustained, can result in engine damage.

The foregoing Technical Note No. 839 of J.E.

Forbes and E.S. Taylor observes that a decrease in average valve-and-seat temperature of 450 F, which results in a 50F reduction in fuel charge temperature in their test engine, permitted an increase in mean effective pressure for the input fuel charge while maintaining the tendency for knock constant. They conclude that, in their engine, a 1 00F reduction in inlet valve-and-seat temperature should permit an increase of approximately 0.7 percent in indicated horsepower without increasing the tendency toward knock.

In accordance with one aspect of the present invention, there is provided an intake valve for a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, the valve comprising a head portion and a stem portion terminating in an end portion opposite to said head portion, the valve having a continuous internal chamber extending from within said head portion to within said end portion and containing a coolant material and said end portion having external heat exchanger means, the arrangement being such that, in use, heat transferred from the engine in which the valve is fitted to the head portion of the valve is conducted away from the head portion by the coolant material and the resulting heated coolant material is in turn cooled by the external heat exchanger means thereby reducing the amount of heat transferred to the intake fuel charge to the combustion chamber of the engine as it flows past the head portion of the intake valve.

Preferably the coolant material is a vaporizable liquid which is substantially in the liquid phase at ambient temperature and which occupies a minor portion of the internal chamber when solely in the liquid phase and at least a major portion of the surface defining the internal chamber is covered by a wicking material by means of which, in use, condensed liquid produced from the vaporized liquid by the external heat exchanger means can be returned from said end portion to the head portion in order to repeat the vaporization and condensation cycle.

The external heat exchanger means preferably comprises a plurality of radially extending annular fins.

In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of reducing the tendency toward auto-ignition in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, which comprises passing the intake fuel charge to the combustion chamber of the engine over an intake valve which is cooled, whereby the temperature of said input fuel charge is maintained or reduced.

For a better understanding of the invention and to show how the same may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example, to the accompanying drawing, in which: FIG. 1 is a partial sectional view through a cylinder of an internal combustion engine showing the fuel intake path and an intake valve in said path; FIG. 2 is an enlarged partial sectional view of the intake valve shown in FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 is a sectional view take along the lines A-A of FIG. 2.

Referring now to the drawing, FIG. 1 illustrates a partial sectional view through the cylinder of an internal combustion engine. As illustrated, a piston 10 is operated by conventional means within the cylinder 11 to accomplish compression within a combustion chamber formed by the block 12 and head 13 with the conventional gasket means 14 separating the block and head. The combustion chamber includes the portion 1 5 within the head wherein combustion actually takes place.

Afuel intake system is provided at 16 which is connected through a conventional intake manifold and carburetor to a supply of fuel, none of the manifold or carburetion system are herein illustrated. An intake valve 1 7 having a stem portion 18 and a head portion 19 operates with the head portion within the combustion chamber 1 5 and seats against a valve seat 21 suitably held within the head 1 3. The stem portion 1 8 operates through a valve guide 22 passing through the head 1 3 between the fuel intake system and a valve operating means area 23 conventionally enclosed by a valve cover, not herein shown.

The end of the valve stem 18 in the valve operating means area 23 is in contact with a valve operator 24 which is, in a conventional internal combustion engine, oscillated by operation of a cam mechanism in synchronism with the operation of the piston 1 0 within the combustion chamber 1 5. The operator 24 presses against the end of the stem of the valve to oscillate the valve up and down within the combustion chamber and against the valve seat 21.

The valve is biased into a closed position with the valve head 19 in contact with valve seat 21 by the bias of a valve spring 25 pressing at one end against the external surface of the head 1 3 and at its other end against a spring retainer 26 heid in place by a keeper 27 engaging the end of the stem 1 8 of the valve.

The valve herein illustrated has the addition of a heat exchanger means 28 fixed to the end of the valve stem in the valve operating means area and serving a function to be described hereinafter.

FIG. 2 is an enlarged view, partially in section, of the valve of the present invention removed from the internal combustion engine. In this figure, part of the spring, the retainer, and the keeper are shown in phantom to permit the valve to be more fully illustrated. The valve of the present invention includes an internal chamber 31 between the cap 32 within the head 19. The stem 18 includes a hollow internal channel 33 connected to the internal chamber 31 in the head and extending through the entire length of the stem with the exception of a small portion of the top thereof where engagement of the stem and the valve operator 24 occur. The internal surface of the internal chamber 31 and the internal channel 33 is covered by a wicking material 34 and the chamber and channel are hermetically sealed to provide for containment of a coolant material 35.

The end of the valve at the stem end opposite to the head end is provided with an external heat exchanger 36 which is formed with a plurality of annular fins 37 spaced axially along the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger may be permanently fixed to the stem of the valve as by being pressed fit thereon. Alternatively, the heat exchanger may be fixed to the stem of the valve by clip rings 38 and 39 at the bottom and top thereof with respect to FIG. 2. The clip rings would fit into machine slots along the stem of the valve so as to permit the heat exchanger to be added to the valve when installed in the head of the internal combustion engine.

The valve of the present invention is intended to provide a means for avoiding heat transfer to the fuel charge coming through the intake manifold into the combustion chamber 1 5 of the engine. The coolant material 35 in the internal chamber 31 and internal channel 33 is normally a liquid and is then in contact with the head of the valve in chamber 31. The coolant is heated by the valve cap 32 which itself is heated by the process of internal combustion within the combustion chamber 1 5. The coolant material has a low vapor pressure and is primarily liquid at ambient temperature but upon being heated by the heat generated within the combustion chamber the vapor pressure rises and part of the coolant is evaporated to form into a vapor phase 41 shown along the upper ends of the stem 1 8.The external heat exchanger 36 is cooled by the lubricants within the valve operating means area, particularly by lubricating oils passing within that area. The heat exchanger extracts heat from the valve stem and from the vaporized coolant material to cause the material to condense against the wicking material 34. In the condensed form the coolant material passes down the wicking material from the top of the stem toward the head end of the valve to be reheated again by the cap to vaporize and repeat the cycle. As the coolant material passes along the wicking material, the neck portion 42 of the valve is cooled or maintained at temperature of the condensed coolant material.

"Cooled" in the sense used herein is a relative term meaning that the surface of the neck portion is cooler than the surface of the cap portion of the valve due to the evaporation and condensation procedures.

The internal chamber 31, internal channel 33 and wicking material 34 function as a heat pipe within the valve. As long as there is both a liquid and vapor phase of the coolant material they are both at the same temperature whereas the cap 32 of the valve and the neck portion 42 may be at different temperatures because of the operation of the heat pipe.

The intake fuel charge passing through the intake channel 1 6 to the combustion chamber 1 5 passes the neck portion 42 of the valve and is cooled or prevented from picking up additional heat before entering the combustion chamber. As previously described in the introductory portion of this specification, a process of reducing the fuel charge temperature permits an increase in mean effective pressure for the input fuel charge while maintaining the tendency for autoignition constant. In that respect, the reduction in input fuel charge temperature permits a reasonable increase in the horsepower generated by the ignition process within the combustion chamber without increasing a tendency toward autoignition.Stated in another way, if it is possible to avoid an increase in the input fuel charge temperature it is possible to obtain the same horsepower from a spark ignited internal combustion engine with a fuel having a lower octane rating while avoiding the expected tendency toward autoignition. Autoignition is known as a process wherein the effective horsepower of the combustion process is reduced and the efficiency of the engine is decreased.

With the valve of the present invention, it is possible to avoid heat transfer to the intake fuel charge to the internal combustion engine at the intake valve thus increasing the effective horsepower while decreasing the tendency toward autoignition. This reduction in the tendency toward autoignition has been accomplished without modifying the fuel and without decreasing the compression ratio of the design of the combustion chamber. Each of the foregoing improvements provides for a potential increase in engine fuel efficiency and therefore a reduction of fuel consumption.

It is contemplated that the valve would be assembled in an internal combustion engine head with the valve being inserted from the combustion chamber side and the external heat exchanger added to the valve stem in the valve operating means area after the stem is passed through the valve stem guide 22. The springs retainer and keeper would be then added to maintain the valve biased against the valve seat.

The valve 11 would preferably be formed in pieces from a hollow stem material and a hollowed head. The wicking material would be added before the pieces were permanently joined.

The wicking material may be a wire mesh or other woven material that is compatible with cooling material and can withstand the temperatures encounternd in the engine. The pieces of the valve may be joined by any welding process including inertia welding.

While a certain preferred embodiment of the invention has been specifically disclosed, it should be understood that the invention is not limited thereto as many variations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art.

Claims

1. An intake valve for a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, the valve comprising a head portion and a stem portion terminating in an end portion opposite to said head portion, the valve having a continuous internal chamber extending from within said head portion to within said end portion and containing a coolant material and said end portion having external heat exchanger means, the arrangement being such that, in use, heat transferred from the engine in which the valve is fitted to the head portion of the valve is conducted away from the head portion by the coolant material and the resulting heated coolant material is in turn cooled by the external heat exchanger means thereby reducing the amount of heat transferred to the intake fuel charge to the combustion chamber of the engine as it flows past the head portion of the intake valve.

2. An intake valve as claimed in Claim 1, wherein the coolant material is a vaporizable liquid which is substantially in the liquid phase at ambient temperature and which occupies a minor portion of the internal chamber when solely in the liquid phase and wherein at least a major portion of the surfaces defining the internal chamber is covered by a wicking material by means of which, in use, condensed liquid produced from the vaporized liquid by the external heat exchanger means can be returned from said end portion to the head portion in order to repeat the vaporization and condensation cycle.

3. An intake valve as claimed in Claim 1 or 2, wherein the external heat exchanger means comprises a plurality of radially extending annular fins.

4. An intake valve for a combustion of an internal combustion engine, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to, and as shown in, the accompanying drawing.

5. An internal combustion engine having at least one combustion chamber fitted with an intake valve as claimed in any preceding claim.

6. A method of reducing the tendency toward autoignition in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, which comprises passing the intake fuel charge to the combustion chamber of the engine over an intake valve which is cooled, whereby the temperature of said input fuel charge is maintained or reduced.

7. A method according to Claim 6, wherein said intake valve is a valve as claimed in any one of Claims 1 to 4.

8. A method of reducing the tendency toward autoignition in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, substantially as hereinbefore described with reference to the accompanying drawing.