EP0700432A1 - Nouvelle serine-protease alcaline de paecilomyces lilacinus. - Google Patents

Nouvelle serine-protease alcaline de paecilomyces lilacinus.

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Publication number
EP0700432A1
EP0700432A1 EP94916184A EP94916184A EP0700432A1 EP 0700432 A1 EP0700432 A1 EP 0700432A1 EP 94916184 A EP94916184 A EP 94916184A EP 94916184 A EP94916184 A EP 94916184A EP 0700432 A1 EP0700432 A1 EP 0700432A1
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Prior art keywords
protease
gly
ser
ala
thr
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German (de)
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Efje Den Belder
Peter Bonants
Paul Fitters
Cees Waalwijk
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RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR PLANT PROTECTION
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RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR PLANT PROTECTION
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N9/00—Enzymes; Proenzymes; Compositions thereof; Processes for preparing, activating, inhibiting, separating or purifying enzymes
    • C12N9/14—Hydrolases (3)
    • C12N9/48—Hydrolases (3) acting on peptide bonds (3.4)
    • C12N9/50—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25)
    • C12N9/58—Proteinases, e.g. Endopeptidases (3.4.21-3.4.25) derived from fungi
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/50—Isolated enzymes; Isolated proteins

Definitions

  • nematodes are important parasites. Chemical control of these parasites meet with growing objections because of environmental effects. Alternatives of these control measurements have to be developed. Biological control of nematodes seems to be a good alternative. Many fungi parasitize on plant parasitic nematodes, either by capturing nematodes or by parasitizing the nematode eggs.
  • fungi are capable to penetrate the eggs of nematodes (Bursnall & Tribe (1974), Stirling & Mankau (1979), Chalupova & Lenhart (1984), Kunert et al. (1987), Dackmann et al. (1989) and Gaspard et al. (1990).
  • Those fungi are important objects for research concerning potential use as biological control agents of nematodes.
  • Hyphae of Dactylella oviparasitica grow rapidly through egg-masses of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. and the fungus penetrated egg-shells (Stirling & Mankau (1979). Dackmann et al.
  • the nematode egg-parasite Paecilomyces lilacinus is able to degrade the egg-shell of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla (Dunn et al. (1982) and is used as a biological control agent in Peru (Jatala et al. (1980) and in the Philippines (Villanueva & Davide (1984)).
  • the egg-shell of the root-knot nematode M. hapla consits for at least 40 % of protein (Bird & McClure (1976), Bird (1976)).
  • the outer layer of the egg-shell consists of vitellin, also a protein, and is therefore the first substrate for the fungus.
  • the invention relates to
  • a process for the preparation of the protease characterized under 1 which comprises cultivation of Paecilomyces lilacinus and isolation of said protease.
  • the invention further relates to the gene for a protease, having the DNA- sequence shown in the sequence protocol 1 and for a gene coding for an enzyme having the same action and whose amino acid sequence is coded by the DNA sequence shown in sequence protocol 1 and derived from that sequence by addition, deletion or exchange of nucleotides.
  • the serine protease from Paecilomyces lilacinus exhibits an enzymatic activity towards surface structures of plant parasitic nematodes, preferably the egg shell, especially vitellin.
  • isolation and purification can be carried out as described in the materials and methods and in the examples.
  • the enzyme preparation can be characterized by a molecular weight of 20,000 to 200,000, preferably 25,000 to 100,000, especially 30,000 to 50,000 Dalton.
  • the enzyme can be characterized furthermore by an isoelectric point which is at a pH of 8 to 12, preferably 9 to 11, especially 9,5 to 12.
  • the pH optimum of the enzyme product is in the range of 7 to 12, preferably 8 to 11, especially 9,5 to 11.
  • the reaction temperature can range between 40 and 80 °C, preferably between 50 and 70, especially between 55 and 65 °C.
  • transaminase directly or indirectly for the control of plant parasitic nematodes.
  • the invention additionally relates to plasmids containing a gene of this type, and to microorganisms, in particular E.coli and fungi, containing a plasmid of this type.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a new process for controlling the action of nematodes on plants and plant cells.
  • the gene can be used to control plant parasitic cyst, root-knot and lesion nematodes, especially root-knot nematodes.
  • the gene is used to control the growth of Meloidogyne hapla and Meloidogyne incognita belonging to the Heteroderidae. This family includes also the potato cyst nematode and the sugar beet cyst nematode.
  • Another object is to provide DNA fragments which comprise DNA sequences capable of protecting plants and plant cells, when incorporated and expressed therein against the action of plant parasitic nematodes.
  • the preparation of transformed plants comprises the following steps:
  • the promotor contains the DNA sequence which is necessary for the inition of transcription. Further downstream, i.e. following the promotor, is the so-called 5' non translated region which is also involved in the initiation of transcription. In most cases the promotor will be located at the 5' end of the gene, but it can also vary in its position.
  • the coding region is followed further downstream by the so-called 3' untranslated region. This region does contain signals which cause the termination of transcription and in eucargotic cells an additional signal that causes the polyadenylation of the transcribed RNA.
  • the above constructed DNA sequence are examples for chimeric genes.
  • the DNA sequences which regulate the expression may be derived from different sources, e.g. plant, virus or bacterial genes which are active in plants.
  • promotors which cause konstitutiv or inducible expression.
  • Inducible promotors may be expressable depending on the development of the cell or tissue specific.
  • Preferred promotors include the Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CAMV) 35S promotor, the nopaline synthase promotor, the octopine synthase promotor and the ubiquitin promotor.
  • the chimeric genes may also include leader sequences and signal sequences.
  • the DNA construct can be introduced into the plant cell using different techniques that are described in the art. These methods include direct gene transfer (EP 0 164 575), ballistic particle, microinjection and Agrobacterium mediated transformation (EP 0 116 718, Hoekema and An et al.).
  • the selection of plant cells which have been transformed is enabled by the use of a selectable marker gene which is also transferred.
  • the expression of the marker gene confers a phenotypic trait that enables the selection. Examples for such genes are those coding for antibiotica or herbicide resistance, e.g. neomycin or phosphinothricin resistance.
  • Plants which can be protected may be either monocotyledons or dicotyledons.
  • Examples of families that are of special interest are Solanaceae and Brassicaceae. Examples of species of commercial interest that can be protected include:
  • tobacco Nicotiana tabacum L. tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, potato, Solanum tuberosum L, petunia, Petunia hybrida (Solanaceae) Canola/Rapeseed, Brassica napus L, cabbage, broccoli, kale etc., Brassica oleracea L, mustards Brassica juncea L, - Brassica nigra L, and Sinapis alba L (Brassicaceae),
  • Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae)
  • the gene prevents diseases of plants such as potato, tomato, wheat, cabbage and Chinese cabbage.
  • Figure 1 Protease activity of culture filtrates of Paecilomyces lilacinus (10 8 conidia) in 10 ml liquid medium (NM: minimal medium, CFM: corn flour medium) to which different substrates were added: E: 2,500,000 Meloidogyne hapla eggs for MME and 760,000 M. hapla eggs for CFME, N: nitrogen (NaN0 3 (0.2 %) + asparagine (0.2 %)) and NG: nitrogen (NaN0 3 (0.2 %) + asparagine (0.2 %)) + glucose (2.0 %).
  • NM minimal medium
  • CFM corn flour medium
  • Figure 2 Protease activity / ⁇ g protein of culture filtrates of Paecilomyces lilacinus (mycelium after 6 days of growth in 250 ml MNNG) in 250 ml liquid medium (MN: minimal medium + nitrogen (NaN0 3 (0.2 %) + asparagine (0.2 %)) to which chitin was added as substrate. Glucose was added daily.
  • CHIT colloidal chitin (0.2 % or 1.0 % (w/v),
  • GLUC glucose (0.3 % (w/v) / day).
  • Figure 3 SDS-PAGE patterns of filtrates of 4 days old cultures of Paecilomyces lilacinus in minimal medium to which different substrates were added: Lane NG: Nitrogen + Glucose; Lane V: Vitellin; Lane C: Chitin; Lane E: Eggs; Lane M: Markers, Molecular weight of markers are indicated at the left side.
  • Figure 4 Protease activity of fractions of Bactracin-Sepharose column to which concentrated culture filtrate of Paecilomyces lilacinus, grown in minimal medium with chitin as substrate, was added. Elution was started at fraction 7. Procedure was described under Materials & Methods.
  • Figure 5 Protease activity of purified protease (1.875 ⁇ g) of Paecilomyces lilacinus at different pH. Measurements were performed in triplicate. Protease was purified as described under Materials & Methods from culture filtrate of P. lilacinus in minimal medium with vitellin as substrate.
  • Figure 6 Protease activity of purified protease (1.875 ⁇ g) of Paecilomyces lilacinus at different temperatures. Measurements were performed in triplicate. Protease was purified as described under Materials & Methods from culture filtrate of P. lilacinus in minimal medium with vitellin as substrate.
  • Figure 7 Protease activity of purified protease (0.47 ⁇ g) of Paecilomyces lilacinus after incubation for 40 minutes at 4 °C with different inhibitors, SH-reducing agents and metal ions. Measurements were performed in triplicate. Final inhibitor concentration was 1 mM. Protease was purified as described under Materials & Methods from culture filtrate of P.
  • Protease- inhibitors were respectively none, PMSF, 1,10-phenanthroline, Pepstatine, E64, DTT, Cysteine, CaCI 2 , MgCI 2 and EDTA.
  • Figure 8 Sequence of primer A and primer B. I: Inosine residue; Y: Cytidine or Thymidine; R: Adenine or Guanine.
  • Figure 9 Restriction map of pSP3, pSP4, pSP3-2. The probable location of the 240-bp PCR-generated fragment is shown. E, EcoRI; H, Hindi; H?, Hindi, location uncertain; N, Ncol; S, Smal; X, Xhol. No Avail, BamHI, Notl, Nrul, Pstl, Sad, Sacll sites, no internal EcoRI and Xhol sites.
  • Table 1 Protease activity and protein content of filtrates of 4 days old culture of Paecilomyces lilacinus (2x10 8 conidia) in 200 ml liquid medium (MM: minimal medium) to which different substrates were added: MMC : colloidal chitin (0.2 % (w/v)),
  • MMC colloidal chitin (0.2 % (w/v)),
  • MME 450,000 Meloidogyne hapla, eggs
  • Paecilomyces lilacinus (Thorn.) Samson (CBS 143.75), obtained from the CBS (Central Bureau of Fungal Cultures) in Baarn (The Netherlands), was routinely maintained (once a month) on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA; difco laboratories) in 90 mm petridishes at 25 °C.
  • a conidial suspension was obtained by adding 5 ml of sterilized water to a PDA petridish containing sporulating mycelium and scraping the surface with a glass rod.
  • Liquid cultures were obtained by inoculating conidia of the fungus to minimal salt medium or corn flour medium supplemented with the substrate.
  • the minimal salt medium (MM) consisted of 4.56 gr I ⁇ HPO ⁇ 2.77 gr KH 2 HP0 4 , 0.5 gr MgS0 4 . 7H 2 0 and 0.5 gr KCI / liter pH 6.0.
  • the corn flour medium (CFM) was prepared by steaping 40 gr of grinded corn flour in 1 I demineralized water for 1 hour at 55 °C. Next the mixture was filtered over Whatman no 1 filter and the filtrate was used after autoclavation (20 minutes 120 °C).
  • the following substrates were added alone or in combination when required: vitellin (0.2 % (w/v); Sigma), collodial chitin (0.2 % and 1.0 % (w/v); prepared according to Lingappa & Lockwood (1962) using chitin from Sigma), root-knot nematode eggs ( > 400.000; isolated as described below), nitrogen (N) (as 2.0 gr asparagine + 2.0 gr NaN0 3 /l) and glucose (G) (2.0 % (w/v).
  • mycelium of Paecilomyces lilacinus was used as inoculum.
  • Mycelium was obtained by centrifuging a 6 day old culture of conidia of P. lilacinus in MMNG for 45 minutes at 9000 g. Cultures were grown in a shaking waterbath for several days at 30 °C and 125 strokes per minute. Culture filtrates were obtained by centrifuging cultures for 45 min at 9000 g. Supernatants were concentrated using an Amicon (YM-10 filter) and clarified through a 0.22 ⁇ m-filter (Schleicher & Schuell). Pellets were freeze dried and the weigth of the mycelium was measured.
  • Escherichia coli cells were grown in LB broth (1 % bacto tryptone, 0.5 % yeast extract, 0.5 % Sodium chloride), when necessary 100 ⁇ g/ml ampicillin was added.
  • E. coli strain PLK-F'(mrcA-, mrcB-, recA-, Tet R ) was used for the preparation of plating cells.
  • E. coli strain InVaF' competent cells were purchased from Invitrogen (San Diego) and used as carrier of recombinant plasmids.
  • a spore suspension of Paecilomyces lilacinus was obtained by adding 5 ml of sterilized water to a PDA plate containing sporulating P. lilacinus mycelium and scraping the surface with a glass rod.
  • Liquid cultures for genomic DNA isolations were grown in potato dextrose broth (PDB; Difco).
  • the liquid induction medium (IM) used for the isolation of the mRNA fraction contained 0.5 gr/L KCI, 0.5 gr/L MgS0 4 , 1.36 gr/L KH 2 P0 4 , 2.28 gr/L K 2 HP0 4 and 4x10 8 nematode eggs/L as the sole carbon and nitrogen source.
  • As an inoculum 4x10 10 spores/L was used. 3.2.2 Culture of nematode
  • the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood obtained from the Centre for Plant Breeding and Reprodcution Research (CPRO-DLO) in Wageningen, was continiously maintained in a greenhouse on tomato plants (Lyopersicon esculentum cv. Moneymaker) for 8 hr at 15 °C and 16 hr at 20 °C per day with a relative humidity of > 65%. Artificial lighting was supplied to give 16 hours daylength. The plants are grown in sterilised silver sand and nutrients were supplied according to Steiner.
  • the Northern root-knot Meloidogyne hapla was reared on tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Moneymaker) in a greenhouse.
  • Six week-old plantlets were inoculated by placing 2000 nematode eggs in the vicinity of the stem.
  • Eight to ten weeks after inoculation nematode eggs were collected by vigorously shaking the nematode-infected roots in 1 % (v/w) hypochlorite for 10 min.
  • the liberated eggs were collected by centrifugation (2x10 3 rpm, 10 min), and loaded onto a continous sucrose gradient, prepared by freezing and slowly thawing a 40 % (w/v) sucrose solution. The gradient was spun (2x10 3 rpm, 10 min) and the eggs were collected, washed several times with sterilized, distilled water, and counted.
  • Protease activity was determined by a modified procedure of Rinderknecht et al. (1968). Ten mg of Hide Powder Azure (Sigma) was incubated in 50 mM Sodium acetate buffer pH 6.0 with the sample in a final volume of 3 ml in small glass containers. Incubation was at 37 °C in a shaking waterbath (110 strokes/min) till the solution turned blue (between 5 and 30 minutes). Following incubation the samples were put on ice and centrifuged in 1.5 ml Eppendorf cups for 5 minutes at 14.000 g. The absorbance of the supernatant was measured at 595 nm on a Uvikon 940 spectrophotometer. Protease activity of the sample was measured in duplo, averaged and expressed as A 5g5 ml *1 hr "1 after correction for the blank (Milli Q water).
  • Protease activity on gelatine agar plates was determined by incubating conidia of P. lilacinus on 1.2 % (w/v) NM agar at 25 °C containing 0.2 % (w/v) gelatin. Halo's indicating extracellular proteolytic activity were visualized by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue.
  • Protein quantification of the samples were determined according the Bradford (1976), using BSA (bovine serum albumine) as the standard.
  • SDS-PAGE was performed by the method of Laemmli (1970). Culture filtrate samples were precipitated with trichloroacetic acid, washed with ice-cold aceton, dried, suspended in sample-buffer (62.5 mM Tris/HCI pH 6.8, 10 % glycerol, 2 % SDS, 10 mM DTT, 0.1 % BPB) and boiled for 5 minutes. Native PAGE in the presence of gelatin was performed according to Heussen & Dowdle (1980).
  • the concentrated culture filtrate was dialyzed overnight at 4 °C against equilibration buffer (100 mM Ammoniumacetate, 10 mM CaCI 2 , pH 6.5) and applied to an equilibrated 2 ml Bacitracin-Sepharose column.
  • the Bacitracin-Sepharose was made as described by Stepanov & Rudenskaya (1983). After washing the column with 100 mM Ammoniumacetate buffer pH 6.5, the bound protease was eluted with elution buffer (100 mM Ammoniumacetate, 1 M NaCI, 25 % isopropanol pH 6.5). Fractions of 1 ml were collected and tested for proteolytic activity. Positive fractions were pooled and dialyzed agianst 100 nM Ammonium acetate pH 6.5.
  • - Optimum temperature For the determination of the optimum temperature for protease activity the proteolytic activity measurements were performed as described above in triplicate at different temperatures.
  • - Isoelectric point For the determination of the isoelectric point the protease was applied to a Mono P chromatofocusing column (HR 5/5 from Pharmacia) at pH 10.2 (25 mM 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol/HCI). With an FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography) system gradient elution was performed with Polybuffer (1 :10) pH 8.0.
  • Iso-electrofocusing was employed with the Phastsystem of Pharmacia using lEF-gels with a pH-gradient from 3 to 10 according to the instructions of the manufactory.
  • protease inhibitors Several protease inhibitors, SH reducing agents and metal ions were tested on the proteolytic activity of the protease: PMSF, E64, 1.10- phenantroline, pepstatine (Sigma); EDTA, cystein MgCI 2 and CaCI 2 (Merck); DTT (BioRad).
  • the purified enzyme was incubated for 40 minutes at 4 °C with inhibitor. After incubation the protease-activity was determined as previously described. Final inhibitor concentration was 1 mM. Protease activity in the absence of inhibitor was expressed as 100 %.
  • Root-knot nematode eggs were incubated at room temperature with the purified protease in 1.5 ml Eppendorf cups in 100 mM Potassium phosphate buffer pH 7.0 with continously shaking.
  • Vitellin (1 mg) was incubated with the purified protease for 16 hours at 37 °C in 1.5 ml Eppendorf cups in 100 mM Sodiumacetate buffer pH 6.0 (final volume was 1 ml). After incubation the samples were centrifuged (1 minute 14000 g) and absorption of the supernatant was mesaured at 280 nm on an Uvikon 940 spectrophotometer.
  • P. lilacinus was grown for 2-4 days in PDB at 30 °C and 150 rpm.
  • the mycelium was collected by filtration through myracloth (Calbiochem Corporation, La Jolla).
  • the mycelium was frozen in liquid nitrogen and grinded to a fine powder in a mortar.
  • 5 ml of extraction buffer 0.1 M NaCI, 10 mM Tris-HCI (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 1 % SDS
  • An equal volume of phenol/chloroform (1 :1) was added and the phases were vigourously mixed.
  • RNAse was added to a final concentration of 10 ⁇ g/ml and the solution was incubated at 37 °C for 30 min. The solution was extracted once with phenol/chloroform (1 :1), once with chloroform and then precipitated with ethanol. 3.2.8 Isolation of mRNA from P. lilacinus
  • P. lilacinus was grown for 48 hours in MM at 30 °C and 150 rpm.
  • the mycelium was collected by filtration through myracloth.
  • the mycelium was frozen in liquid nitrogen and grinded to a fine powder in a mortar.
  • 5 ml of extraction buffer 0.1 M NaCI, 10 mM Tris-HCI (pH 7.5), 1 mM EDTA, 1 % SDS
  • An equal volume of phenol/chloroform (1:1) was added and the phases were vigourously mixed.
  • the PCR reaction mixture of 100 ⁇ L contained 50 mM KCI, 10 mM Tric/HCI (pH 8.3), 0.5-2 mM MgCI 2 , 100 ⁇ M of each dNTP, 100 pmol of oligonucleotide A and oligonucleotide B (see below), 400 ng of genomic DNA from P. lilacinus, and 2.5 units of AmpliTaq DNA polymerase (Perkin Elmer) mineral oil was added to prevent evaporation.
  • Each of the 35 amplification cycles included a denaturation step at 94 °C for 1 min, an annealing step at 42 °C to 60 °C for 2 min, and a chain elongation step at 72 °C for 3 min.
  • the amplification reaction was preceded by a denaturation step at 94 ° for 0.5 min, and the elongation step of the last cycle was extended to 5 min.
  • 3.2.10 Screening of the cDNA library
  • the library was plated at a density of 10.000 plaques/plate on PLK-F' cells. After overnight incubation at 37 °C, duplicate nitrocellulose filters or each plate were prepared according to Maniatis et al (15).
  • the filters were baked at 80 °C for 2 hours and incubated in prehybridisation solution (6x SSC, 5x Denhardt's solution, 0.1 % SDS, 100 ⁇ g/mL denatured salmon sperm DNA) at 65 °C for 4 hours.
  • prehybridisation solution (6x SSC, 5x Denhardt's solution, 0.1 % SDS, 100 ⁇ g/mL denatured salmon sperm DNA
  • a radioactive probe 1 ⁇ L of the PCR reaction product was used.
  • the labelling reaction mixture was identical to the PCR reaction mixture, except that the dATP was substituted for 5 ⁇ L alpha- 32 P-dATP (3000 Ci/mmol, 10 mCi/ml).
  • 7 amplification cycles were performed identical to the cycling conditions used to obtain the DNA fragment.
  • the probe was separated from the free nucleotides using a Sephahdex G-50 spin column. After denaturation (10 min, 100 °C), the probe was added to prehybridisation solution and the filters were hybridized for 16 hours.
  • the filters were washed twice 2x SSC/0.1 SDS for 30 min at 65 °C, and once with 0.2x SSC/0.1 SDS for 30 min at 65 °C.
  • X-ray film (Fuji RX) was exposed to the filters for 16 hours and an autoradiograph was obtained. Positives were rescreened by the same procedure until pure. After in vivo excision of the plasmids according to the manual supplied by the manufacturer (Stratagene), they were subjected to restriction enzyme analysis.
  • the insert of pSP3 was partially sequenced using the Taq dye primer cycle sequencing kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City) and an Biorad R370 automated sequencer, and the T7 sequencing kit and the Automated Laser Fluorescent DNA Sequencer of Pharmacia. 3.3 Working Examples
  • Paecilomyces lilacinus grown for 3 days at 25 °C on solid agar containing gelatin showed halo's after staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue proving extracellular production of proteases.
  • the production of extracellular protease by the fungus in liquid minimal salt medium (MM) and in liquid corn flour medium (CFM), to which several substrates were added was studied.
  • Protease activity of the culture filtrate was monitored at daily intervals following inoculation of the medium with conidia of the fungus.
  • Figure 1 shows the protease activities of the culture filtrate with eggs (E) as substrate and with nitrogen and glucose (NG) as control on several days after inoculation.
  • protease activity was seen with vitellin as substrate.
  • Specific protease activity protease activity/ ⁇ g protein was highest in cultures containing eggs as substrate.
  • glucose concentrations were determined in the culture filtrate, of the fungus in MNNG ( Figure 1).
  • Glucose is a well known repressor of the induction of many enzymes.
  • glucose was added at a concentration of 0.3 % each day to MNNC. In this experiment mycelium of P. lilacinus was used as inoculum.
  • Figure 2 shows that the induction of protease activity was repressed by glucose. Adding conidia or mycelium (harvested after incubating the same amount of conidia of P. lilacinus as inoculum in MNNG for 6 days) resulted in no differences in induction of the proteolytic activity.
  • the SDS-PAGE patterns of the culture filtrates showed many proteins produced in the different cultures ( Figure 3).
  • the protein pattern of the culture filtrate with vitellin as substrate looked very similar to the one of the culture filtrate with nematode eggs as substrate (lane 3 and 5 respectively).
  • To identify the nature of the protease the proteolytic activity in the culture filtrate was inhibited with several protease inhibitors. Inhibition of the proteolytic activity in the culture filtrate with PMSF (a serine protease inhibitor) showed that most of the protease activity present in the medium was inhibited suggesting a serine protease being involved as the most secreted protease.
  • Figure 4 shows the proteolytic activity of fractions of the Bacitracin-Sepharose column to which concentrated culture filtrate of the fungus (grown for 4 days in MM with chitin a substrate) was applied. After washing and elution the protease activity was predominantly found in fractions 8 and 9. Integration of the densitogram of fraction 8 revealed that one protein was present for more than 85 %. It was concluded that this was the serine protease. The same protein was purified from culture filtrates of P. lilacinus grown with eggs and vittelin as substrate. All substrates induced the serine protease.
  • the molecular weight of the serine protease of Paecilomyces lilacinus using molecular weigth markers was 33.5 kDa. Since the protease did not bind to the Mono P column at pH 10.2 the isoelectric point should even be higher. Isoelectric focussing using the Phastsystem of Pharmacia and pH 3-10 gels showed that the protease focussed at pH 10.
  • the optimum pH and temperature for proteolytic activity was obtained by performing protease activity measurements at different pH and temperature respectively.
  • Figure 5 shows an optimum pH of 10.3 after fitting of the protease activity curve.
  • Figure 6 shows the temperature activity profile for the P. lilacinus protease.
  • Optimum temperature for the proteolytic activity was about 60 °C.
  • FIG. 7 shows the effect of several protease inhibitors, some SH- reducing agents and some metal ions on the activity of the purified protease.
  • PMSF inhibited the activity for 100 %. Consequently the protease is of the serine protease class. All other protease inhibitors tested did not effect the proteolytic activity of the enzyme significantly.
  • DTT and cystein did not influence its activity also suggesting no SH-groups being involved in the active center of the enzyme.
  • Ca + + - and Mg + + - ions lowered the protease activity slightly.
  • EDTA on the other hand enhanced its activity suggesting a negative influence of metal ions present in the assay.
  • the purified protease was capable of degrading insoluble vitellin and produced halo's on MM agar plates containing gelatin.
  • Psp P. lilacinus serine protease
  • the 16 amino acids of the N-terminus of Psp were determined to be Ala-Tyr-Thr- Gln-Gln-Pro-Gly-Ala-Pro-(His?/Cys?/Trp?)-Gly-Leu-Gly-Arg-lle-(Ser).
  • Comparison of this sequence to other amino acid sequences of fungal subtilisin proteases, as compiled by Tatsumi et al., showed that the C-terminal part of the 15-amino acid stretch contained a conserved region, whereas the N-terminal part showed little homology.
  • the first oligonucleotide was based on this stretch of 9 amino acids to avoid cross- reactions with other subtilisin-like proteases that P. lilacinus may produce (figure 8).
  • Panel A Panel B.
  • Panel A Comparison of the N-terminal sequence of Psp to the N-termini of other subtilisin-like protease.
  • A Aspergillus oryzae Alp (Tatsumi et al.); B, Saccharomyces cerevisiae protease B (Moehle et al.); C, Yarrowia lipolytica alkaline protease (Davidow); D, Tritirachium album, proteinase K (Jany et al.); E, Paecilomyces lilacinus Psp.
  • Panel B Comparison of the amino acid sequences surrounding the active site His residue (see also figure 8: indicated by *).
  • A-D as in panel A; E, hypthetical sequence used for the design of oligonucleotide B.
  • inosine residues were used where four-base wobble occured. Degeneracy was allowed at sites where two-base wobble occured.
  • Primer A 5' GCITAYACICARCARCCIGGIGCICC 3' Primer B: 5' GTICCIGCRCARRGIGTICCRTGICCRTTICC 3 *
  • thermo-stable serine protease of Tritirachium album Limber (Samal et al. (1990)); an alkaline protease of Aspergillus fumigeius (Jaton-Ogay et al. (1992)); an basic proteinase of Trichoderma harzianum (Geremia et al. (1993)); an alkaline protease of Acremonium chysogenium (Isogai et al. (1991)); aqualysin I of Thermus aquaticus (Terada et al.
  • protease B of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Moehle et al. (19987)) and an alkaline extracellular protease of Yarrowia lipolytica (Davidow et al. (1987)).
  • the temperature of the annealing step of the cycles was varied from 42 °C to 60 °C, resulting in multiple bands in all experiments.
  • the annealing temperature was set at 60 °C and the MgCI 2 - concentration was optimized.
  • MgCI 2 -concentration of 0.5 mM a single DNA band was seen on an agarose gel.
  • the size of the band was estimated to be 240 basepairs. Although several other bands were seen at higher MgCI 2 - concentrations, the 240-bp band was always the most predominant.
  • the PCR reaction product containing the single visible 240-bp DNA band was used a radioactive labelled probe and hybridised to duplicate nitrocellulose filters containing 100.000 plaques in total.
  • the resulting autoradiographs showed both strong and weak hybridisation signals.
  • a restriction map was made of the 7 plasmids, and based on these data they could be classified in two categories.
  • the first category consisting of 4 plasmids, contained an insert of 1400 base pairs.
  • the second category consisting of 3 plasmids, contained an insert of 1200 bp.
  • One of these plasmids was named pSP4. Based on restriction patterns, we concluded that the insert of pSP4 is a shorter version of pSP3 (figure 9).
  • pSP3-2 a subclone, pSP3-2, was created by digesting pSP3 with Smal and religate the larger fragment containing the vector and 0.5 kb of the insert.
  • pSP3 was partially sequenced. It was possible to identify the region containing oligonucleotide A (figure 9). This region is located 250 bp downstream of the EcoRI cloning site. Furthermore, a 3'poly(A) sequence was found.
  • oligonucleotide A The region just downstream of oligonucleotide A is reasonably consistent with the known N-terminal amino acid sequence of Psp, which leads us to believe that pSP3 encodes the Psp protease of P. lilacinus.
  • the length of the insert of pSP3 upstream of the oligonucleotide A sequence suggests that this is a full length or nearly full length cDNA.
  • the whole mature protein sequence is included (see SEQ ID NO 1 and 2, the protein sequence starts at amino acid No. 84 with Ala-Tyr-Thr, see also 3.3.4). The start codon and part of the leader sequence are therefore missing. 4. References.
  • tylenchid (Nematode) egg shell structure, composition and permeability. Parasitology 72, 19-28.
  • BRADFORD M.M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72, 248-254.
  • DAVIDE R.G. & BATINO, E. (1985).
  • JATON-OGAY G., SUTER, M., CRAMERI, R., FALCHETTO, R., FAITH, A. & MONOD, M.
  • LAEMMLI U.K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature (London) 227, 680-685.
  • Protease B of the lysosomelike vacuole of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is homologous to the subtilisin family of serine proteases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 7: 4390- 4399.
  • Cuticle-degrading enzymes of entomopathogenic fungi Cuticle degradation in vitro by enzymes from entomopathogens. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 47, 167-177.
  • TERADA I., KWON, S.-T., MiYATA, Y., MATSUZAWA, H. & OTHA, T. (1990).
  • VILLANUEVA LM. & Davide, R.G. (1984). Evaluation of several isolates of soil fungi for biological control of root-knot nematodes. Philippine Agriculture 67, 361- 371.
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • ORGANISM Paecilomyces lilacinus
  • CTATGTCATC GACACTGGCG TCGAGGCTTC GCACCCCGAG TTCGAGGGCC GCGCCAGCCA 420
  • GGTCCTCGAC AACTCGGGCT CCGGCTCATA CTCGGGCATC ATCTCCGGTA TGGACTTTGC 600 CGTTCAGGAC TCCAAGTCGC GCAGCTGCCC CAAGGGTGTC GTCGCCAATA TGTCTCTGGG 660
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • ORGANISM Paecilomyces lilacinus
  • Arg lie Ser His Arg Ser Lys Gly Ser Thr Thr Tyr Glu Tyr Asp Thr 100 105 110
  • ORGANISM Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • ORGANISM Yarrowia lipolytica
  • MOLECULE TYPE protein
  • HYPOTHETICAL NO
  • ORGANISM Paecilomyces lilacinus
  • ORGANISM Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • ORGANISM Yarrowia lipolytica
  • MOLECULE TYPE protein
  • HYPOTHETICAL NO
  • ORGANISM Paecilomyces lilacinus
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • ORGANISM Paecilomyces lilacinus
  • MOLECULE TYPE DNA (genomic)
  • ORGANISM Paecilomyces lilacinus

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Abstract

L'invention se rapporte à une protéase provenant de Paecilomyces lilacinus, ainsi qu'à un procédé de préparation de protéase consistant à cultiver le Paecilomyces lilacinus et à isoler ladite protéase. De manière générale, l'invention se rapporte à l'utilisation de la protéase pour lutter contre des nématodes parasites des plantes, ainsi qu'au gène produisant cette protéase.
EP94916184A 1993-05-04 1994-05-02 Nouvelle serine-protease alcaline de paecilomyces lilacinus. Withdrawn EP0700432A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP94916184A EP0700432A1 (fr) 1993-05-04 1994-05-02 Nouvelle serine-protease alcaline de paecilomyces lilacinus.

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP93107233 1993-05-04
EP93107233A EP0623672A1 (fr) 1993-05-04 1993-05-04 Sérine protéase alcaline de Paecilomyces lilacinus
EP94916184A EP0700432A1 (fr) 1993-05-04 1994-05-02 Nouvelle serine-protease alcaline de paecilomyces lilacinus.
PCT/EP1994/001395 WO1994025579A2 (fr) 1993-05-04 1994-05-02 Nouvelle serine-protease alcaline de paecilomyces lilacinus.

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DE19535082A1 (de) 1995-09-21 1997-03-27 Henkel Ecolab Gmbh & Co Ohg Pastenförmiges Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel
CN1058289C (zh) * 1995-12-29 2000-11-08 中国农业科学院生物防治研究所 防治大豆胞囊线虫病的菌株及其制剂
DE19636035A1 (de) 1996-09-05 1998-03-12 Henkel Ecolab Gmbh & Co Ohg Pastenförmiges Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel
DE19703364A1 (de) 1997-01-30 1998-08-06 Henkel Ecolab Gmbh & Co Ohg Pastenförmiges Wasch- und Reinigungsmittel
BR9910174A (pt) 1998-05-01 2001-03-06 Maxygen Inc Processo para se obter um gene recombinante otimizado de resistência à praga, biblioteca, e, processo para se obter um organismo que seja patogênico a uma praga de vegetal
DE19857687A1 (de) 1998-12-15 2000-06-21 Henkel Ecolab Gmbh & Co Ohg Pastenförmiges Waschmittel
CN101081982B (zh) * 2006-05-29 2010-05-12 河南农业大学 一种防治蔬菜根结线虫病有机改良剂
US9241493B2 (en) 2011-06-14 2016-01-26 Bayer Intellectual Property Gmbh Use of an enaminocarbonyl compound in combination with a biological control agent
EP2540165A1 (fr) 2011-06-30 2013-01-02 Bayer CropScience AG Utilisation d'un plaguicide halogéné en combinaison avec un plaguicide biologique
EP2606732A1 (fr) 2011-12-19 2013-06-26 Bayer CropScience AG Utilisation de dérivés de diamide anthranilique avec des substituants hétéro-aromatiques et hétérocycliques en combinaison avec un agent de contrôle biologique
MX350563B (es) 2012-01-25 2017-09-11 Bayer Ip Gmbh Combinaciones de compuestos activos que contienen fluopiram, bacillus y un agente de control biologico.
WO2013110594A1 (fr) 2012-01-25 2013-08-01 Bayer Intellectual Property Gmbh Associations de composés actifs contenant du fluopyrame et un agent de lutte biologique
PT2925142T (pt) 2012-12-03 2018-05-18 Bayer Cropscience Ag Composição que compreende um agente de controlo biológico e um insecticida
CN106755170B (zh) * 2016-12-15 2020-04-21 常熟浸大科技有限公司 一种胞嘧啶和鸟嘌呤的制备方法
CN108060089A (zh) * 2018-01-12 2018-05-22 辽宁科技大学 一种淡紫拟青霉固体培养基制备及发酵生产方法
CN110771631B (zh) * 2019-12-10 2021-03-26 云南大学 一种利用复合杀线虫微生物防治线虫病害的方法
CN112680366B (zh) * 2021-02-02 2023-01-31 吉林农业大学 一种淡紫拟青霉用液体培养基及淡紫拟青霉菌剂制备方法

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WO1988007581A1 (fr) * 1987-04-03 1988-10-06 Amgen Inc. Nouvelles enzymes proteolytiques
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