DK165229B - Fremgangsmaade til kontinuerlig sammensvejsning af staenger og/eller roer af termoplastiske plastmaterialer - Google Patents
Fremgangsmaade til kontinuerlig sammensvejsning af staenger og/eller roer af termoplastiske plastmaterialer Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DK165229B DK165229B DK553886A DK553886A DK165229B DK 165229 B DK165229 B DK 165229B DK 553886 A DK553886 A DK 553886A DK 553886 A DK553886 A DK 553886A DK 165229 B DK165229 B DK 165229B
- Authority
- DK
- Denmark
- Prior art keywords
- tubes
- welded
- plastic
- welding
- foam
- Prior art date
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Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
- B32B5/32—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed at least two layers being foamed and next to each other
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/84—Specific machine types or machines suitable for specific applications
- B29C66/843—Machines for making separate joints at the same time in different planes; Machines for making separate joints at the same time mounted in parallel or in series
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/1429—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface
- B29C65/1432—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface direct heating of the surfaces to be joined
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/1429—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface
- B29C65/1454—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface scanning at least one of the parts to be joined
- B29C65/1458—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface scanning at least one of the parts to be joined once, i.e. contour welding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C65/00—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor
- B29C65/02—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure
- B29C65/14—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation
- B29C65/1429—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface
- B29C65/1464—Joining or sealing of preformed parts, e.g. welding of plastics materials; Apparatus therefor by heating, with or without pressure using wave energy, i.e. electromagnetic radiation, or particle radiation characterised by the way of heating the interface making use of several radiators
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/01—General aspects dealing with the joint area or with the area to be joined
- B29C66/05—Particular design of joint configurations
- B29C66/10—Particular design of joint configurations particular design of the joint cross-sections
- B29C66/11—Joint cross-sections comprising a single joint-segment, i.e. one of the parts to be joined comprising a single joint-segment in the joint cross-section
- B29C66/112—Single lapped joints
- B29C66/1122—Single lap to lap joints, i.e. overlap joints
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/40—General aspects of joining substantially flat articles, e.g. plates, sheets or web-like materials; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles; Joining single elements to substantially flat surfaces
- B29C66/41—Joining substantially flat articles ; Making flat seams in tubular or hollow articles
- B29C66/45—Joining of substantially the whole surface of the articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/50—General aspects of joining tubular articles; General aspects of joining long products, i.e. bars or profiled elements; General aspects of joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; General aspects of joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/51—Joining tubular articles, profiled elements or bars; Joining single elements to tubular articles, hollow articles or bars; Joining several hollow-preforms to form hollow or tubular articles
- B29C66/52—Joining tubular articles, bars or profiled elements
- B29C66/522—Joining tubular articles
- B29C66/5227—Joining tubular articles for forming multi-tubular articles by longitudinally joining elementary tubular articles wall-to-wall (e.g. joining the wall of a first tubular article to the wall of a second tubular article) or for forming multilayer tubular articles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/72—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined
- B29C66/727—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the structure of the material of the parts to be joined being porous, e.g. foam
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/73—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/739—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset
- B29C66/7392—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic
- B29C66/73921—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the intensive physical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the optical properties of the material of the parts to be joined, by the extensive physical properties of the parts to be joined, by the state of the material of the parts to be joined or by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of the parts to be joined being a thermoplastic or a thermoset characterised by the material of at least one of the parts being a thermoplastic characterised by the materials of both parts being thermoplastics
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/814—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/8141—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined
- B29C66/81411—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined characterised by its cross-section, e.g. transversal or longitudinal, being non-flat
- B29C66/81415—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined characterised by its cross-section, e.g. transversal or longitudinal, being non-flat being bevelled
- B29C66/81417—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the design of the pressing elements, e.g. of the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the surface geometry of the part of the pressing elements, e.g. welding jaws or clamps, coming into contact with the parts to be joined characterised by its cross-section, e.g. transversal or longitudinal, being non-flat being bevelled being V-shaped
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/818—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps
- B29C66/8181—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects
- B29C66/81811—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects, or by the thermal or electrical insulating or conducting constructional aspects of the welding jaws or of the clamps ; comprising means for compensating for the thermal expansion of the welding jaws or of the clamps characterised by the cooling constructional aspects of the welding jaws
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/83—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools
- B29C66/834—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof characterised by the movement of the joining or pressing tools moving with the parts to be joined
- B29C66/8341—Roller, cylinder or drum types; Band or belt types; Ball types
- B29C66/83411—Roller, cylinder or drum types
- B29C66/83413—Roller, cylinder or drum types cooperating rollers, cylinders or drums
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/84—Specific machine types or machines suitable for specific applications
- B29C66/843—Machines for making separate joints at the same time in different planes; Machines for making separate joints at the same time mounted in parallel or in series
- B29C66/8432—Machines for making separate joints at the same time mounted in parallel or in series
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
- B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
- B32B37/142—Laminating of sheets, panels or inserts, e.g. stiffeners, by wrapping in at least one outer layer, or inserting into a preformed pocket
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
- B32B5/18—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by features of a layer of foamed material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/70—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material
- B29C66/71—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts characterised by the composition, physical properties or the structure of the material of the parts to be joined; Joining with non-plastics material characterised by the composition of the plastics material of the parts to be joined
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/80—General aspects of machine operations or constructions and parts thereof
- B29C66/81—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/812—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/8126—General aspects of the pressing elements, i.e. the elements applying pressure on the parts to be joined in the area to be joined, e.g. the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the composition, by the structure, by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps characterised by the intensive physical properties or by the optical properties of the material constituting the pressing elements, e.g. constituting the welding jaws or clamps
- B29C66/81265—Surface properties, e.g. surface roughness or rugosity
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/912—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9131—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91311—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by measuring the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by measuring the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C66/00—General aspects of processes or apparatus for joining preformed parts
- B29C66/90—Measuring or controlling the joining process
- B29C66/91—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/914—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux
- B29C66/9161—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux
- B29C66/91651—Measuring or controlling the joining process by measuring or controlling the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the temperature, the heat or the thermal flux by controlling or regulating the heat or the thermal flux, i.e. the heat flux by controlling or regulating the heat generated by Joule heating or induction heating
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
- B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
- B29L2031/60—Multitubular or multicompartmented articles, e.g. honeycomb
- B29L2031/601—Multi-tubular articles, i.e. composed of a plurality of tubes
- B29L2031/602—Multi-tubular articles, i.e. composed of a plurality of tubes composed of several elementary tubular elements
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- B32B2266/00—Composition of foam
- B32B2266/02—Organic
- B32B2266/0214—Materials belonging to B32B27/00
- B32B2266/025—Polyolefin
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2305/00—Condition, form or state of the layers or laminate
- B32B2305/02—Cellular or porous
- B32B2305/022—Foam
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
- B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
- B32B2307/51—Elastic
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
- B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
- B32B2607/00—Walls, panels
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Lining Or Joining Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
Description
i
DK 165229B
Opfindelsen angår en fremgangsmåde til kontinuerlig sammensvejsning af stænger og/eller rer af termoplastisk skumplast langs flader, ved hvilke de plastoverflader, der skal sammensvejses, først smeltes ved opvarmning og derefter sammentryk-5 kes.
En kendt fremgangsmåde er flammekachering, som i praksis udelukkende anvendes ved tekstiIkachering af plastfolier. Ved denne fremgangsmåde fører man skumstoffolie således hen over 10 en forholdsvis stor afkølet valse, at skumstoffolien i det mindste dækker en tredjedel af valseoverfladen, hvilket opnås ved hjælp af to føringsvalser. Imellem disse to føringsvalser foregår smeltningen af den ene side af skumstof fol ien ved hjælp af gasflammer. Tekstilmaterialet tilføres derefter via 15 en anden føringsvalse og forbinder sig under anpresningstryk-ket af den anden føringsvalse, som trykker an imod den store afkølede valse, med den smeltede overflade på skumstoffolien.
En ulempe ved denne fremgangsmåde er, at der ikke blot forekommer et tykkelsestab under sammensmeltningen af de på over-20 fladen værende celler - hvilket i øvrigt ikke lader sig fuldstændig undgå ved sammensvejsningen af skumstoffer - men at der også opstår et tykkelsestab på grund af afbrænding.
Ved en anden kendt fremgangsmåde, den såkaldte varmeelement-25 svejsning, opvarmer metalliske varmeindretninger i direkte kontakt med sammenføjningsfladerne og med tilsvarende god var-meovergang plaststofferne indtil plastisk formbarhedsevne opnås. Efter opnåelse af den hertil svarende temperatur fjernes varmeelementerne fra sammenføjningsfladerne og disse forbindes 30 med hinanden ved hjælp af anpresningstryk. Denne fremgangsmåde kræver ganske vist kun korte takttider og er velegnet til sammenføjning af massive profiler såvel som af rør, men den har også den ulempe, at den ikke egner sig særligt godt til en kontinuerlig arbejdsmåde.
Det har derfor ikke manglet på forsøg på at udforme varmeelementsvejsningen på en sådan måde, at der opnås en direkte kon- 35
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2 takt med varmeelementet under en kontinuerlig fremgangsmåde. Ved en sådan fremgangsmåde, som f.eks. kan anvendes ved poly-ethylener med tværbindinger, bringer man de plastoverflader, der skal svejses, i berøring med højt opvarmede valser, hvor-5 ved man opnår en ensartet smeltning af de overflader, der skal svejses, uden at man må finde sig i tykkelsestab som følge af brænding, således som det er tilfældet ved de oven for nævnte flammekacheringsfremgangsmåder. Efter at de flader, der skal sammensvejses, er smeltet, bliver de sammentrykket eller sara-10 menpresset, og der opnås' en holdbar svejseforbindelse. Ved mange termoplastiske plastmaterialer, såsom af polyethylener uden tværbindinger, foreligger der dog den ulempe, at plastrester før eller siden bliver fasthængende og klæber sig fast til de højpolerede valser, så at der ikke længere sikres hver-15 ken en særlig ren fremgangsmåde eller en upåklagelig svejsesøm, bortset fra at valsen allerede efter kort tid kan være i en sådan tilstand, at der ikke længere er mulighed for at fortsætte processen.
20 Fra tysk patentskrift nr. 1.704.012 kendes et apparat til sammensvejsning af to skumplastblokke. Disse plastblokke spændes fast på to adskilte skydeborde, hvorefter de skubbes sammen og fastholdes i sammenskubbet tilstand. Derefter svejses de hen imod hinanden liggende endeflader sammen ved hjælp af en var-25 metråd, som føres ind imellem de to plastblokke og bevæges fra den ene ende til den anden ende af svejsesømmen følgende umiddelbart efter et adskillelsessværd, som presser de an imod hinanden pressede flader på plastblokkene fra hinanden, så at varmetråden uhindret kan bevæge sig fremad. Det drejer sig så-30 ledes ikke som i den foreliggende ansøgning om kontinuerlig fremstilling af plader eller blokke på basis af stænger og rør.
Fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen er ejendommelig ved, at 35 plastfladerne, som skal opvarmes til smeltning, først føres således i afstand omkring en som varmekilde tjenende elektrisk opvarmet varmeleder, at de danner en varmekanal, som omgiver
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3 varmekilden, og som i givet fald kan være lukket i begyndelsen og enden, og at plastoverfladerne derefter forbindes ved hjælp af tryk.
5 Herved åbnes der mulighed for på kontinuerlig måde at fremstille plader eller blokke af stænger eller rør ved en forholdsvis let og billig procedure. Dette skyldes at de pågældende stænger og rør kan fremstilles ved hjælp af en forholdsvis lille og billig ekstruder, hvorefter rørene svejses sammen 10 på en meget billig måde, så at der dannes plader eller blokke med den ønskede tykkelse og bredde. Ved hjælp af fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen åbnes der mulighed for at fremstille selv store plader i små mængder.
15 Den foreliggende opfindelse er således meget vigtig set ud fra et praktisk synspunkt. Til ekstrusion af skumstofplader kræves der ekstrudere, som er meget dyre. Den maksimale tykkelse af sådanne e'kstruderede plader er ca. 8 cm og bredden er 1 m. Ved hjælp af den foreliggende opfindelse er det muligt at an-20 vende en lille, billig ekstruder med en ydelse på ca. 50 kg per time til blot at fremstille f.eks. rektangulære rør med en sidebredde på 8 cm. Disse rør svejses derefter sammen til dannelse af plader med den ønskede tykkelse og bredde, hvilket betyder at en producent af sådanne plader er i stand til om 25 ønsket kun at fremstille små mængder af sådanne plader i overensstemmelse med en kundes ønske.
De stænger og/eller rør, som skal sammensvejses ifølge den foreliggende opfindelse, kan bestå af et hvilket som helst ter-30 moplastisk plastmateriale. Fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen finder dog fortrinsvis anvendelse til sådanne termoplastiske plastmaterialer, som kun lader sig i utilfredsstillende grad forbinde med klæbestoffer eller opløsningssvejsningsmetoder, dvs. f.eks. med polyolefiner, såsom ikke-tværbundne polyethy-35 lener fra gruppen af polyethylener med lav massefylde. Polye-thylener lader sig på grund af deres lille dielektriske tabsfaktor (0,0005) heller ikke sammensvejse ved højfrekvenss- * vejsning.
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Sarlig interessant er fremgangsmåden til svejsning ifølge opfindelsen af stænger og/eller rør, som består af ovennævnte terraoplastiske plastmaterialer, især polyethylener, og foreligger i form af skumstoffer og fortrinsvis har en massefylde 5 i forbindelse med skumstoffet på under 50 kg/m3, og især under 20 kg/m3.
Til udøvelsen af fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen anvendes en elektrisk opvarmelig varmeleder, især i form af en tråd eller 10 metalstrimmel. Fortrinsvis består tråden eller metalstrimlen af en chrom-nikkellegering, en chrom-nikkel-aluminiumlegering eller en jern-chrom-nikkellegering. Der kan imidlertid også anvendes alle andre metaller henholdsvis metal legeringer eller ikke-metalliske varmeledere, f.eks. si 1icium-karbid-varmelede-15 re, som på kendt måde anvendes ved modstandsopvarmninger. Den temperatur, hvortil varmelederen opvarmes, svinger inden for et bredt område fra f.eks. 600 til 1200CC og retter sig efter de materialer, der skal sammensvejses, og den hastighed, hvorved de plastov.erflader, der skal sammensvejses, føres forbi 20 varmelederen. Ved høje gennemløbshastigheder og/eller højsmeltende termoplastiske plastmaterialer, kan det være en fordel eller nødvendigt, at man anbringer to eller flere varmeledere efter hinanden set i bevægelsesretningen for de plastflader, der skal sammensvejses. For at undgå en nedhængning af varme-25 lederen og dermed en uensartet varmestråling, foretrækkes det at varmelederen, især når denne foreligger i form af tråde eller metalstrimler, er permanent forspændt, dvs. også i opvarmet tilstand, ved hjælp af en spændeindretning. Denne spæn-deindretning, som herved fortrinsvis også kan være tildannet 30 som strømtiIføringsforbindelse, betjener sig hensigtsmæssigt af fjederkraften fra en fjeder, som er anbragt under tryk eller træk. Strømti Iføringen kan styres eller reguleres ved hjælp af et termoelement, som er anbragt i nærheden af varmelederen.
Med henblik på dannelsen af en varmekanal og at føre de plastoverflader, som skal sammensvejses, forbi varmelederen i en 35
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5 vis afstand uden berøringskontakt med varmelederen, er der kort før varmelederen anbragt en afstandsholdeindretning. Denne afstandsholdeindretning er fortrinsvis kileformet tildannet og således indrettet, at kilens skærekant er vendt imod det 5 ankomne materiale, mens kileryggen vender imod varmelederen.
, Kilens længde og varmelederens længde retter sig efter bredden af de overflader, der skal sammensvejses. Kilens skærekant er fortrinsvis let afrundet for ikke at beskadige det ankomne materiale. Kileryggen er fortrinsvis konvekst tildannet og lige-10 ledes afrundet ved dens langsgående kanter for at undgå materialebeskadigelse. Kileryggen kan imidlertid også være konkavt tildannet, hvorved imidlertid sidekanterne fortrinsvis også er afrundet. Da denne afstandsholdekile samtidig tjener som var-mebeskyttelsesskjold, kan det være hensigtsmæssigt at forsyne 15 afstandsholdekilen med en eller flere boringer eller passager i længderetningen, så at der kan ledes et kølemedium igennem afstandsholdekilen, såfremt der under længere tids brug frygtes en for kraftig opvarmning af afstandsholdekilen. Afstandsholdekilen kan til særlige anvendelsesformål, f.eks. når der 20 ønskes en fra praktisk talt alle sider lukket varmekanal, være forlænget ved dens to sideflader på fladedannende måde, og det på en sådan måde, at den fladedannende forlængelse svarer til spejlbilleder af kilens sideflader. Med henblik på formindskelse af friktionen er kilesidestykkerne fortrinsvis højpole-25 rede.
Afstandsholdeindretningen kan også være tildannet af et valsepar, hvorved valsediameteren og valselængden er tilpasset i overensstemmelse med de pågældende krav. Da afstandsholdeval-30 serne fortrinsvis er i berøring med hinanden for at danne den i længderetningen lukkede varmekanal, kan det være en fordel, hvis valserne er overtrukket med en kappe af elastisk plastmateriale, hvorved denne kappe kan holdes forholdsvis tynd.
35 i stedet for afstandsholdekilen eller afstandsholdevalseparret kan der naturligvis også anvendes en enkelt metal- eller keramikplade, som er afrundet ved de langsgående sider, eller et
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6 tilsvarende dimensioneret rør, som i så fald skal være højpoleret på berøringsfladerne.
Ved hjælp af afstandsholdeindretningen er det således muligt 5 at føre de plastflader, der skal sammensvejses, forbi varmekilden i en vis afstand og derved smelte plastfladen på overfladerne. Kort efter passagen af varmekilden, bliver så de smeltede overflader sammentrykket eller sammenpresset ved hjælp af passende indretninger, f.eks. trykvalser. Efter af-10 køling er svejseprocessen tilendebragt.
Ved hjælp af den foreliggende opfindelse lader f.eks. plastrør af polyethylen med lav massefylde og rumvægt på under 50 kg/m3 sig sammensvejse til plader med en vilkårlig bredde, hvorved 15 bredden af rørfladerne, som sammensvejses, kan varieres ved tilsvarende sammentrykning af skumstofrørene, f.eks. ved hjælp af afstandene imellem de ved siden af hinanden anbragte svejseindretninger, dimensioneringen af afstandsholdeindretningen og afstanden imellem trykvalserne, som kan være anbragt efter 20 varmekilden. Da svejseindretningen ikke blot kan være anbragt ved siden af hinanden, men også oven over hinanden, kan man ved hjælp af en sådan svejsegitterindretning samtidigt sammensvejse skumstofrør ved siden af hinanden og oven over hinanden, så at der opnås en blok bestående af skumstofrør.
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Opfindelsen beskrives nedenfor under henvisning til tegningen, hvor fig. 1 viser i lodret længdesnit et dobbeltbåndanlæg med svej-30 seindretninger til sammensvejsning af skumstofplader, fremstillet ved fremgangsmåden ifølge opfindelsen, fig. 2 et lodret snit igennem en gitterindretning med tre svejsei ndretni nger efter sni ti i ni en C-D i fi g. 3 til 35 svejsning af efter hinanden anbragte skumstofrør, fig. 3 et vandret langsgående snit efter snitlinien A-B i fig- 2, 7
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fig. 4 et lodret snit igennem en gitterindretning med en vandret og to lodret anbragte svejseindretninger til samtidig svejsning af ved siden af hinanden og oven over hinanden anbragte skumstofstænger, og 5 f i g - 5 viser en skematisk, perspektivisk afbildning af en afstandsholdeindretning med en foretrukket kileformet form, med her over anbragte elektrisk opvarmede varmeelementer i form af en metalstrimmel.
10 I fig. 1 er vist en del af et lodret langsgående snit igennem et dobbeltbåndanlæg med et på ruller 3 ført øvre transportbånd, 4 og et på ruller 5 ført nedre transportbånd 6. Imellem det øvre og det nedre transportbånd 4, 6 befinder der sig fire 15 skumstof plader 7a, 7b, 7c og 7d, og som efter passagen af en kileformet afstandsholdeindretning 2 og en elektrisk opvarmet varmeleder 1, sammensvejses til En skumstofplade 7. En pil 8 viser transportretningen. Alt efter den ønskede tykkelse af den sammensvejsede plade, lader der sig også anbringe flere 20 svejseindretninger oven over hinanden. Naturligvis er det også muligt at indrette anlægget således, at der kun foreligger én svejseindretning, og dermed bliver kun to udgangsplader sam-mensvejset til den tilsvarende tykke plade. Ved passende indretning af anlægget kan skumstofplader med forskellig tykkelse 25 også sammensvejses. Dobbeltbåndanlægget kan være åbent ved siderne eller være lukket med to tydeligere tilsvarende transportbånd, som ligeledes løber over ruller. De yderligere ved siderne anbragte transportbånd vil man tilvejebringe, hvis man vil undgå, at skumstoffet viger ud til siden og man derved vil 30 øge trykket til sammenpresningen af de smeltede overflader. Normalt, dvs. også uden sidetransportbånd, befinder skumstof-pladerne sig allerede kort efter indføringen i dobbeltbåndanlægget under et sådant tryk, at de på grund af deres fleksibilitet efter passagen af svejseindretningen sammenpressés med 35 en tilfredsstillende styrke som følge af deres egen ekspansion.
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Sammensvejsningen af skumstofrør til de i forbindelse med fig.
1 omtalte plader foregår fortrinsvis på den i fig. 2-4 viste måde. På en f.eks. af rør fremstillet ramme 9 (se fig. 2 og 4) er de kileformede tildannede afstandsholdeindretninger 2 an- 5 bragt vandret (se fig. 2) og også lodret i fig. 4. I fig. 2 og 4 ses kun afstandsholdeindretningernes 2 kileskær. Midtfor og bagved de kileformede afstandsholdeindretninger er de tilsvarende varmeledere 1 anbragt (se fig. 3 og 5). Disse varmele-dere 1 holdes i udspændt tilstand ved hjælp af ikke-.viste 10 fjederforspændingsindretninger. Afstanden imellem de kileformede afstandsholdeindretninger og ved siderne anbragte afstandsstænger 10, hvis indbyrdes afstand aftager lidt set i transportretningen er fortrinsvis således valgt, åt skumstof-rørene efter passagen af svejseindretningerne sammensvejses 15 med hinanden over brede flader. For at udøve et yderligere tryk på de smeltede røroverflader befinder der sig fortrinsvis kort efter svejseindretningerne og vinkelret på transportretningen et valsepar, hvis valser er anbragt med en indbyrdes afstand, og hvorimellem skumstofrørene føres.
20 På samme måde, som det er vist i fig. 2, kan der naturligvis også være anbragt flere svejseindretninger ved siden af hinanden, så at man uden vanskeligheder samtidigt kan sammensvejse f.eks. 20 skumstofrør til en plade. Det samme gælder 25 for den i fig. 4 viste gitterform med rør, som samtidigt er blevet anbragt i et antal på fire ved siden af hinanden og oven over hinanden, dvs. at der f.eks. kan sammensvejses en firkantblok. Af praktiske årsager kan det imidlertid være fordelagtigt, hvis man først og samtidigt sammensvejser 10 eller 30 20 skumstofrør beliggende ved siden af hinanden på den i fig.
2 viste måde og derefter sammensvejser sådanne fremstillede plader oven på hinanden på den i fig. 4 viste måde, men uden brug af de lodret anbragte svejseindretninger, men under brug af det oven for beskrevne dobbeltbåndanlæg.
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Claims (3)
1. Fremgangsmåde til kontinuerlig sammensvejsning af stænger 5 og/eller rør af termoplastisk skumplast langs flader med henblik på at fremstille plader eller blokke, og ved hvilken de plastflader, der skal sammensvejses, først smeltes og derefter sammentrykkes, kendetegnet ved, at plastfladerne, som skal opvarmes til smeltning, først føres således i afstand 10 omkring en som varmekilde tjenende elektrisk opvarmet varmeleder (l), at de danner en varmekanal, som omgiver varmekilden, og som i givet fald kan være lukket i begyndelsen og enden, og at plastoverfladerne derefter forbindes ved hjælp af tryk.
2. Fremgangsmåde ifølge krav 1, kendetegnet ved, at der som stænger og/eller rør anvendes sådanne, der består af polyolefin, fortrinsvis af en ikke-tværbundet polyethylen.
3. Fremgangsmåde ifølge krav 1 eller 2, kendetegnet 20 ved, at der som stænger og/eller rør anvendes sådanne, der består af en elastisk, opskummet polyethylen med lav massefylde, fortrinsvis en polyethylen med en volumenvægt på under 50 kg/m^. 25 30 35
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DD96894A1 (da) * | 1971-12-23 | 1973-04-12 | ||
CH566858A5 (da) * | 1973-02-02 | 1975-09-30 | Dynamit Nobel Ag | |
DE2520217C2 (de) * | 1975-05-07 | 1985-01-31 | Schlegel Lining Technology GmbH, 2000 Hamburg | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum kontinuierlichen Verschweißen von großflächigen thermoplastischen Kunststoffolien oder -tafeln |
AR204760A1 (es) * | 1974-05-29 | 1976-02-27 | Schlegel Engineering | Procedimiento para la soldadura continua por solapamiento de laminas o placas de termoplastico y dispositivo para ilevarlo a cabo |
NO144732C (no) * | 1976-01-30 | 1981-10-28 | Sarna Kunststoff Ag | Sveiseapparat for kunststoffbaner. |
US4533423A (en) * | 1984-05-29 | 1985-08-06 | G.R. Systems, Inc. | Portable seam welding machine for thermoplastic sheets |
-
1985
- 1985-11-19 DE DE19853541053 patent/DE3541053A1/de active Granted
-
1986
- 1986-11-10 CH CH4479/86A patent/CH672093A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-11-12 LU LU86657A patent/LU86657A1/de unknown
- 1986-11-13 SE SE8604866A patent/SE8604866L/xx not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-11-14 IT IT22334/86A patent/IT1197990B/it active
- 1986-11-17 FR FR868615959A patent/FR2590202B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1986-11-17 FI FI864659A patent/FI864659A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-11-18 JP JP61273070A patent/JPS62121037A/ja active Pending
- 1986-11-18 GR GR862733A patent/GR862733B/el unknown
- 1986-11-18 BE BE0/217416A patent/BE905764A/fr not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1986-11-18 ES ES8603077A patent/ES2002067A6/es not_active Expired
- 1986-11-18 NO NO864595A patent/NO864595L/no unknown
- 1986-11-19 NL NL8602937A patent/NL8602937A/nl not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-11-19 DK DK553886A patent/DK165229B/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-11-19 GB GB8627591A patent/GB2184684B/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FI864659A (fi) | 1987-05-20 |
NL8602937A (nl) | 1987-06-16 |
DK553886D0 (da) | 1986-11-19 |
GR862733B (en) | 1987-03-19 |
GB8627591D0 (en) | 1986-12-17 |
SE8604866L (sv) | 1987-05-20 |
IT1197990B (it) | 1988-12-21 |
GB2184684B (en) | 1989-12-06 |
DE3541053A1 (de) | 1987-05-21 |
NO864595D0 (no) | 1986-11-18 |
FR2590202A1 (fr) | 1987-05-22 |
JPS62121037A (ja) | 1987-06-02 |
ES2002067A6 (es) | 1988-07-01 |
CH672093A5 (da) | 1989-10-31 |
LU86657A1 (de) | 1987-05-04 |
DE3541053C2 (da) | 1990-10-18 |
SE8604866D0 (sv) | 1986-11-13 |
GB2184684A (en) | 1987-07-01 |
BE905764A (fr) | 1987-03-16 |
FR2590202B1 (fr) | 1991-03-22 |
IT8622334A0 (it) | 1986-11-14 |
NO864595L (no) | 1987-05-20 |
DK553886A (da) | 1987-05-20 |
FI864659A0 (fi) | 1986-11-17 |
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