CN113755213A - 一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统 - Google Patents
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，包括垃圾气化炉，渣池，高温旋风分离器，余热回收装置，喷淋洗涤塔，废水废液处理装置，预热器，重整变换器，PSA，氢气储罐，CCUS，二氧化碳储罐。本发明设备布置紧凑、操作简单、易实现。充分利用垃圾焚烧发电厂的现有条件，实现了垃圾发电与制氢的耦合，提升了垃圾处理最终产物的品质；本发明将垃圾采用气化的处理方式，实现了垃圾处理真正意义上的无害化、减量化及资源化；本发明的制氢工艺大大降低了垃圾焚烧电厂的碳排放，且垃圾发电耦合制氢的工艺具有零碳、高效的有益效果。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及垃圾焚烧处置领域，尤其涉及一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统。
背景技术
垃圾焚烧是目前垃圾处理的主要方式，也是能够使垃圾最大减量化无害化的主要手段之一，但垃圾焚烧过程中会产生二噁英、重金属等剧毒及其他有害物质，垃圾焚烧产生的飞灰属于危险废物管理范畴，垃圾焚烧电厂也会产生大量的二氧化碳，增加了二氧化碳减排的压力。
2020年国家能源局正式将氢能列为能源范畴，氢能源是零碳能源的重要来源之一，是未来清洁能源发展的重要方向，氢能的产业链涉及到能源、化工、交通等多个领域。氢能的制取目前主要为煤气化制氢、工业副产制氢等方式为主，清洁能源制氢的技术还处在商业化的初期。
将垃圾等废物更高效清洁得处理与制氢技术有机结合是目前研究的热点。
发明内容
为解决上述技术问题，本发明设计了一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，在已投运或新建垃圾焚烧电厂加装一套垃圾气化制氢系统，将垃圾处理与制氢、碳捕集等技术耦合形成新型的垃圾高效、绿色处理的技术路线。
本发明采用如下技术方案：
一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，包括垃圾气化炉，渣池，高温旋风分离器，余热回收装置，喷淋洗涤塔，废水废液处理装置，预热器，重整变换器，PSA，氢气储罐，CCUS，二氧化碳储罐，所述垃圾气化炉，高温旋风分离器，余热回收装置，喷淋洗涤塔，预热器，重整变换器，PSA， CCUS和二氧化碳储罐依次连通，垃圾气化炉底部排渣口连通渣池，喷淋洗涤塔底部排液口连通废水废液处理装置，PSA上端出气口通过管路连通有氢气储罐，CCUS通过排气管连通垃圾焚烧厂烟气净化系统。
作为优选，所述垃圾气化炉采用固定床的型式，床层上方部位布置对称的等离子炬。
作为优选，所述垃圾气化炉隔热层采用高温耐火砖堆砌而成。
作为优选，所述床层的垃圾气化温度为1200-1300℃。
作为优选，所述垃圾气化炉反应中添加有焦炭在炉内形成具有间隙的床层。
作为优选，所述垃圾气化炉反应中添加有碳酸钙以降低垃圾灰渣的流动温度。
该垃圾气化耦合制氢系统的工作原理为：垃圾送入垃圾气化炉中后，在等离子体的辅助加热过程中气化，待系统运行稳定后垃圾气化反应热也能为整个垃圾气化炉提供部分热量，此时可以将等离子的功率降低至不影响气化炉运行的工况。床层的垃圾气化温度需要维持在1200-1300℃左右，以保证气化残渣以液态的形式从排渣口排至渣池中分离处理，由于垃圾主要以气化方式反应，因此在垃圾气化炉中不会产生二噁英。
垃圾气化炉中形成的颗粒在床层底部聚集受到等离子体的加热及床层的受热形成可流动的液渣，待底部液渣达到设定至后开启锁渣阀排出液渣，液渣在渣池2中经过分离去除大部分的重金属后排入渣池水中直接冷却，干燥后该部分灰渣可作为建材或保温材料制取。
从垃圾气化炉中出来的合成气中会携带少量的颗粒物，为了不影响后续工艺的变换反应，通过高温旋风分离器将大部分的颗粒物去除，高温的合成气可通过余热回收装置将高品位的热能回收，回收的余热可以作为垃圾焚烧电厂暖风器或厂区工艺设备供热需求等。
余热回收后的合成气经过喷淋洗涤塔将烟气中的极少量的颗粒物及有害气体去除，喷淋洗涤塔的废液进入废水废液处理装置中净化处理后循环使用。
从喷淋洗涤塔出来的合成气经过预热器加热至重整变换反应温度区间后送入重整变换器中催化反应，该反应器中合成气中大量的CO及水蒸气通过变换反应生成H2和CO2。
变换后的烟气进入PSA中，通过高压吸附、低压解析及升压等过程完成H2与其他气体的吸收与分离（此处PSA为设备总称，其中可能包含若干吸附塔与解析塔），根据需求氢气纯度调整PSA的运行工况，分离后的氢气经压缩机送入氢气储罐中储存，也可根据垃圾焚烧电厂的规划以氢气储罐为中心，建设加氢站，为氢燃料垃圾运输车及当地氢燃料汽车等供应绿色氢气。
PSA将氢气分离提纯后的合成气送入CCUS（此处CCUS为设备总称，CCUS系统中包含多个塔器、压缩机等设备）中进行二氧化碳的捕集与分离。CO2主要在垃圾气化炉和重整反应器中产生，进入CCUS的烟气中富含CO2，这样大大降低了CCUS的建设及运行成本，最终实现了垃圾处理的绿色零碳处理。
CCUS分离的CO2存储在CO2储罐中，烟气中的其余气体送入垃圾焚烧电厂的净化处理系统中无害化处理后排出。
本发明的有益效果是：
（1）、本发明设备布置紧凑、操作简单、易实现。充分利用垃圾焚烧发电厂的现有条件，实现了垃圾发电与制氢的耦合，提升了垃圾处理最终产物的品质；
（2）本发明将垃圾采用气化的处理方式，由于气化过程的工艺特性使得垃圾在处理过程中不会产生二噁英等重点管控的污染物，垃圾气化产生的残渣以熔融态排出，通过离心分离等手段将重金属分离后，残余成分可用于建材或保温材料制备原料，实现了垃圾处理真正意义上的无害化、减量化及资源化；
（3）本发明将分离后的烟气可以引入垃圾焚烧电厂的烟气净化系统中处理，不增加新的烟气处理系统；合成气经PSA将氢气分离后，剩余合成气中富含CO2，大大降低了CCUS装置的建设及运行成本，捕集分离后的二氧化碳暂存在二氧化碳储罐中，新型的制氢工艺大大降低了垃圾焚烧电厂的碳排放，且垃圾发电耦合制氢的工艺具有零碳、高效的有益效果。
附图说明
图1是本发明的一种系统结构示意图；
1-垃圾气化炉，2-渣池，3-高温旋风分离器，4-余热回收装置，5-喷淋洗涤塔，6-废水废液处理装置，7-预热器，8-重整变换装置，9- PSA，10-氢气储罐，11-CCUS，12-二氧化碳储罐，13-垃圾焚烧厂烟气净化系统。
具体实施方式
下面通过具体实施例，并结合附图，对本发明的技术方案作进一步的具体描述：
实施例：如附图1所示，一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，包括垃圾气化炉1，渣池2，高温旋风分离器3，余热回收装置4，喷淋洗涤塔5，废水废液处理装置6，预热器7重整变换器8，PSA9，氢气储罐10，CCUS11，二氧化碳储罐12，所述垃圾气化炉，高温旋风分离器，余热回收装置，喷淋洗涤塔，预热器，重整变换器，PSA， CCUS和二氧化碳储罐依次连通，垃圾气化炉底部排渣口连通渣池，喷淋洗涤塔底部排液口连通废水废液处理装置，PSA上端出气口通过管路连通有氢气储罐，CCUS通过排气管连通垃圾焚烧厂烟气净化系统13。
垃圾气化炉采用固定床的型式，床层上方部位布置对称的等离子炬。
垃圾气化炉隔热层采用高温耐火砖堆砌而成。
床层的垃圾气化温度为1200-1300℃。
垃圾气化炉反应中添加有焦炭在炉内形成具有间隙的床层。
垃圾气化炉反应中添加有碳酸钙以降低垃圾灰渣的流动温度。
该垃圾气化耦合制氢系统使用时，在垃圾气化炉投料之前，利用垃圾气化炉的等离子炬对垃圾气化炉进行预热，待床层及整个炉内温度达到设定值后，将垃圾通过进料装置送至垃圾气化炉内进行气化反应，气化炉内产生的合成气主要成分为：CO、CO2、H2、N2、CH4、H2O等，垃圾气化炉床层的温度根据垃圾成分控制在1200-1300℃之间，定期通过锁渣阀对液渣进行排空，液渣进入渣池中先通过分离将大部分的重金属分离剩余玻璃体物质直接进入渣水中冷却待晾干后作为建材或保温材料原料实现垃圾飞灰的资源化利用。合成气出口温度约在900-1000℃，高温的合成气会携带气化炉中的细小颗粒进入后端流程，在垃圾气化炉后设置高温旋风分离器，分离合成气中的大部分颗粒，高温旋风分离后的合成气进入余热回收装置回收烟气的显热，回收的热量可以作为垃圾焚烧电厂暖风器或厂区供热需求。降温后的烟气中可能会含有少量的H2S等危害后端变换反应和分离工艺的运行的气体，因此设置一个喷淋洗涤塔将烟气中的有害气体及极少部分的颗粒物去除。净化后的合成气进入预热器中加热达到重整变换的反应温度区间。在重整变换器中，通过催化剂的催化作用将烟气中的CO及部分H2O（若水蒸气含量不足，需从外界引入）变换为H2和CO2，使得烟气中的H2含量富足便于分离提纯。变换反应完成以后经变压吸附PSA系统将合成气中的H2分离并提纯并加压存储在氢气储罐中，根据氢气应用场景及纯度要求对PSA的运行参数进行调整。氢气分离后的烟气中富含CO2，便于CCUS的高效低成本运行，经CCUS捕集分离后将CO2送至储罐出储存或罐车直接运输。CO2分离后的气体送入垃圾焚烧厂净化系统中进行深度处理。
整个垃圾气化制氢的过程不产生二噁英，垃圾气化的灰渣以液态形式排出，液渣形成玻璃体后可用于建材或保温材料制备，通过垃圾气化制氢的整个工艺后可以形成高品位的氢能源，可以将垃圾气化及重整变换工艺中产生的CO2分离捕集，最终的烟气送入垃圾焚烧电厂的烟气净化系统中深度处理，实现了垃圾的无害化、资源化及减量化的终极目标，整个制氢的过程实现了零碳排放。
以上所述的实施例只是本发明的一种较佳的方案，并非对本发明作任何形式上的限制，在不超出权利要求所记载的技术方案的前提下还有其它的变体及改型。
Claims (6)
1. 一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，其特征是，其包括垃圾气化炉，渣池，高温旋风分离器，余热回收装置，喷淋洗涤塔，废水废液处理装置，预热器，重整变换器，PSA，氢气储罐，CCUS，二氧化碳储罐，所述垃圾气化炉，高温旋风分离器，余热回收装置，喷淋洗涤塔，预热器，重整变换器，PSA， CCUS和二氧化碳储罐依次连通，垃圾气化炉底部排渣口连通渣池，喷淋洗涤塔底部排液口连通废水废液处理装置，PSA上端出气口通过管路连通有氢气储罐，CCUS通过排气管连通垃圾焚烧厂烟气净化系统。
2.根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，其特征是，所述垃圾气化炉采用固定床的型式，床层上方部位布置对称的等离子炬。
3.根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，其特征是，所述垃圾气化炉隔热层采用高温耐火砖堆砌而成。
4.根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，其特征是，所述床层的垃圾气化温度为1200-1300℃。
5.根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，其特征是，所述垃圾气化炉反应中添加有焦炭在炉内形成具有间隙的床层。
6.根据权利要求1所述的一种垃圾气化耦合制氢系统，其特征是，所述垃圾气化炉反应中添加有碳酸钙以降低垃圾灰渣的流动温度。
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