CN106715845A - 用于外热式发动机的进气阀装置和方法 - Google Patents

用于外热式发动机的进气阀装置和方法 Download PDF

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CN106715845A
CN106715845A CN201580049583.XA CN201580049583A CN106715845A CN 106715845 A CN106715845 A CN 106715845A CN 201580049583 A CN201580049583 A CN 201580049583A CN 106715845 A CN106715845 A CN 106715845A
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poppet
piston
axis
inlet valve
air inlet
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H·N·里斯拉
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Viking Heat Engines AS
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    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02GHOT GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT ENGINE PLANTS; USE OF WASTE HEAT OF COMBUSTION ENGINES; NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F02G1/00Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants
    • F02G1/02Hot gas positive-displacement engine plants of open-cycle type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/20Shapes or constructions of valve members, not provided for in preceding subgroups of this group
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01BMACHINES OR ENGINES, IN GENERAL OR OF POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT TYPE, e.g. STEAM ENGINES
    • F01B17/00Reciprocating-piston machines or engines characterised by use of uniflow principle
    • F01B17/02Engines
    • F01B17/022Engines with fluid heating
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/46Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in preceding subgroups
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/22Valve-seats not provided for in preceding subgroups of this group; Fixing of valve-seats
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B33/00Engines characterised by provision of pumps for charging or scavenging
    • F02B33/02Engines with reciprocating-piston pumps; Engines with crankcase pumps
    • F02B33/06Engines with reciprocating-piston pumps; Engines with crankcase pumps with reciprocating-piston pumps other than simple crankcase pumps
    • F02B33/22Engines with reciprocating-piston pumps; Engines with crankcase pumps with reciprocating-piston pumps other than simple crankcase pumps with pumping cylinder situated at side of working cylinder, e.g. the cylinders being parallel
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02BINTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B41/00Engines characterised by special means for improving conversion of heat or pressure energy into mechanical power
    • F02B41/02Engines with prolonged expansion
    • F02B41/06Engines with prolonged expansion in compound cylinders
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02FCYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/26Cylinder heads having cooling means
    • F02F1/36Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/365Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling the cylinder heads being of side valve type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02FCYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/26Cylinder heads having cooling means
    • F02F1/36Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/38Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling the cylinder heads being of overhead valve type
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02FCYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/26Cylinder heads having cooling means
    • F02F1/36Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/40Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling cylinder heads with means for directing, guiding, or distributing liquid stream 
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/12Transmitting gear between valve drive and valve
    • F01L1/18Rocking arms or levers
    • F01L1/185Overhead end-pivot rocking arms
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L1/00Valve-gear or valve arrangements, e.g. lift-valve gear
    • F01L1/02Valve drive
    • F01L1/04Valve drive by means of cams, camshafts, cam discs, eccentrics or the like
    • F01L1/047Camshafts
    • F01L1/053Camshafts overhead type
    • F01L2001/0535Single overhead camshafts [SOHC]
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L2003/25Valve configurations in relation to engine
    • F01L2003/255Valve configurations in relation to engine configured other than parallel or symmetrical relative to piston axis
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L2003/25Valve configurations in relation to engine
    • F01L2003/258Valve configurations in relation to engine opening away from cylinder
    • FMECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01LCYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L2305/00Valve arrangements comprising rollers

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  • Lift Valve (AREA)
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Abstract

用于外热式发动机(5)的进气阀装置(1),其包括至少一个工作室(33),每个工作室具有协同操作的活塞(4),且经由至少一个受控的提升阀(6,40)为该工作室(33)供给工作流体,该提升阀(6,40)被设置为沿与工作流体的流动方向相反的方向开启,且该提升阀(6,40)的中轴线(20)被布置为在±45度的偏差范围内垂直于活塞(4)的中轴线(34)。

Description

用于外热式发动机的进气阀装置和方法
技术领域
本发明涉及用于外热式发动机(外热机,external-heat engine)的进气阀装置和方法。更具体而言,本发明涉及一种用于外热式发动机的进气阀装置,其包括至少一个工作室,每个工作室具有协同操作的活塞,且经由至少一个受控的提升阀(提动阀,poppetvalve)为该工作室供给工作流体,该提升阀被设置为沿与该流体的流动方向相反的方向开启。本发明还包括一种用于外热式发动机的进气阀装置的方法。
背景技术
这里,“外热式发动机”是指这样一种发动机,其中例如通过在外热式发动机的外部加热工作流体,使工作流体在进入工作室(如发动机缸中)之前已达到其工作压力,并且其中工作流体被注入外热式发动机中并在其内膨胀。
在热力发动机(热机)中,将通过凸轮轴操作的提升阀用于进气阀和排气阀是公知的。提升阀具有较高程度的可靠性,具有长的使用寿命和良好的密封,还具有良好的液压性能,例如在流经期间具有较低的压降。相对长的工作寿命和良好的密封(除却其它因素之外)或许可归因于这一事实:由于阀弹簧的结构,在操作期间提升阀将围绕它的中轴线旋转。这种旋转还有助于使提升阀内的温度变化平缓。
有些提升阀紧靠一个以上的阀座(seat),即所谓的双座阀。这类阀的优点在于:即便当提升阀两侧的压力差很大时,开启阀所需的力却很小。缺点是这些阀非常昂贵。用于现代发动机的绝大多数提升阀的设计只紧靠一个阀座。然而,提升阀存在如下缺点:如果开启方向与通过提升阀的流动方向一致,而且提升阀两侧具有较大的压力差,则该提升阀表现出不可靠的关闭功能。在这种情况下,不得不利用特别大的弹簧力来获得满意的关闭效果。这些力进而难免会大到足以抵抗汽锅(锅炉,boiler)和汽缸室之间的压力差,这在大多数情况下将是非常不利的。
针对这一缺点的显而易见的解决方案是让提升阀沿与流动方向相反的方向开启,因为提升阀两侧的差压将因此帮助提升阀保持关闭。许多此类解决方案均是公知的,但是它们在机械构造方面相对复杂,且相应地其功能性及使用寿命均不可靠,或者它们导致外热式发动机的工作室内存在有相当大的死区容积(无效容积,dead volume)。造成这种情况的原因可能是阀杆和其它相关元件(如阀导管)会占用大量与工作室关联的空间,进而导致死区容积增大,因为传统上这些元件需要额外的空间。另外,由于阀两侧具有较大的压力差,所以采用这种阀方案,开启力会大幅提高。
本发明的目的是改善或消除现有技术的至少一个缺点,或者至少提供针对现有技术的一个有益的替代方案。
发明内容
根据本发明,通过在下文的描述及随附的权利要求中详细说明的特征来实现上述目的。
根据本发明的第一方面,为外热式发动机提供一种进气阀装置,其包括至少一个工作室,每个工作室具有协同操作的活塞,且通过至少一个受控的提升阀为该工作室供给工作流体,该提升阀被设置为沿与流体的流动方向相反的方向开启。该进气阀装置的特征在于,提升阀的中轴线被布置为在±45度的偏差范围内垂直于活塞的中轴线。
根据本发明的一实施例允许将提升阀的阀座靠近活塞设置,由此能够将所形成的死区容积保持在可接受的大小。“死区容积”是指在正常操作中的移位期间不能被活塞填充的工作室容积。
如果该提升阀(此处为进气阀)在汽缸盖内被定向为使其阀杆斜对角地“向下”卧置,这将需要汽缸盖/顶部的部件在缸体上部以下延伸,从结构方面来说这是不实际的。
如果提升阀被定向为使其阀杆斜对角地“向上”,则死区容积将稍微增大,特别是在阀和阀座的“顶侧”,此处难以实施合适的移位设计(在活塞中尤其如此)。其结果,死区容积将难免更大,这是不期望的。
需要提供具有这种“水平”角度的仅一个提升阀。
如上文所述,根据提升阀的阀杆设置中的实际条件,可能的阀导管(valve guide)和外热式发动机的汽缸盖中的阀座的定位以及死区容积的大小都将表明,从垂直位置超过±45度的偏差是不合适的。
由于所提到的这些条件,已证明了相对于活塞的中轴线保持偏差在±20度范围内是合适的,而最有利的是将提升阀的中轴线布置为在±10度的偏差范围内垂直于活塞的中轴线。
可经由一个以上的提升阀为每个工作室供给加压流体。根据压力条件,所需的流通面积(flow area)和实际设计来确定向工作室供给流体的提升阀数量。
上述提升阀中的至少两个可具有不同尺寸。例如,可将较小的提升阀布置为稍微先于较大的提升阀开启,从而在较大的提升阀被开启时降低其两侧压力差。其目的是减小阀所需的开启力进而延长使用寿命。
活塞可形成有活塞头,当活塞处于其最接近汽缸盖的位置时,该活塞头至少部分地伸入介于提升阀与活塞之间的进气通道,从而减小死区容积。
在进气通道内可以设置一些构造来进一步减小死区容积。该构造通常可包括相对于活塞布置在阀杆和/或阀导管之上的材料,如图中所示。
提升阀的阀导管可被设计为使进气通道的容积减小。
这些特征均通过减小死区容积而有助于提高效率。
这些阀中的一个或多个可由阀致动器来控制,该阀致动器具有至少一个可变的开放轮廓或者可变的开放间隔(variable opening interval),通常称为“可变阀正时(variable valve timing)”,或者在最简单的情况下,此开放间隔可相对于活塞位置(即,相对于曲轴位置)而被移位。
第一提升阀可具有可变的开放点(variable opening point)和/或可变的开放间隔,而第二提升阀可具有固定的开放点和/或固定的开放间隔。
本发明规定阀座应被设置为相对于活塞的径向方向较靠近活塞。
根据本发明的第二方面,提供了一种用于外热式发动机的进气阀装置的方法,该外热式发动机包括至少一个工作室,每个工作室具有协同操作的活塞,且通过至少一个受控的提升阀为工作室供给工作流体,该提升阀被设置为沿与流体的流动方向相反的方向开启。该方法的特征在于包括将提升阀的中轴线相对于活塞的中轴线在±45度偏差范围内垂直地布置。
与上文所述的一致,该偏差可选择为介于±20度内、还可选择为介于±10度内。
此外,该方法可包括在外热式发动机运转期间,使第二进气阀先于第一进气阀开启。
本发明允许在外热式发动机中使用传统的提升阀装置,并且在必要时可将提升阀的开启方向布置成与通过提升阀的流动方向相反。传统的提升阀装置的良好的功能稳定性和耐磨性也有助于使外热式发动机具有同样的期望性质。另外,进气通道、阀导管和活塞头的细节的设计有助于提高外热式发动机的效率。
附图说明
在下文中描述了一优选实施例及方法的示例,在附图中直观显示了这一示例,其中:
图1示出活塞及带有根据本发明的进气阀装置的汽缸盖的一部分的剖视图;
图2以剖视图示出另一个实施例中的汽缸盖的部件和活塞。
图3示出沿图2的II-II线的剖视图;以及
图4示出沿图1的IV-IV线的剖视图。
具体实施方式
在图中,附图标记1表示位于汽缸盖2内的进气阀装置。活塞4被示出,但是构成外热式发动机5的一部分的那些必要的发动机部件的其余部件没有被示出。这些部件是本领域技术人员已知的。
进气阀装置1包括具有阀头(valve head,气门头)8和阀杆10的提升阀6(其设计本身公知)、阀座12、阀导管14和阀弹簧16,阀弹簧16借助轴环18连接到阀杆。提升阀6具有中轴线20。
摇臂22被可枢转地支撑在支撑活塞24中,并设置为当摇臂内的滚子26抵靠于凸轮轴28时开启提升阀6。部件22至28构成阀致动器29。
支撑活塞24是液压操作的,该支撑活塞被设置为当提升阀6抵靠在阀座12上时,在阀杆10与摇臂22之间保持一期望间隙。
进气通道30在活塞4上方延伸穿过汽缸盖2并与汽缸(未示出)接合。阀座12位于进气通道30内并与提升阀6一起限定工作室33的死区容积32。
当活塞4处于其最接近汽缸盖2的位置时,死区容积32由位于关闭的提升阀6与活塞4之间的工作室33的容积构成。死区容积32造成压缩/膨胀比降低,因此较大的死区容积32降低了效率。活塞4具有中轴线34。
如图1所示,如角度36所表示的,提升阀6的中轴线20实际上垂直于活塞的中轴线34。如在本文的概述部分所论述的,角度36是基于实际情况并着重于减小死区容积32而选择的。
也可以借助其它方法来寻求减小死区容积32,例如:使阀导管14尽可能最远的伸入到死区容积32;为阀导管14的处于死区容积32内的部分设定一适当的形状;在死区容积32内,在不会阻碍工作流体流动达到任何值得一提的位置处设置材料37,以及设置具有活塞头38的活塞4,此活塞头被设计为当活塞4在其最接近汽缸盖2的位置时(同样见图4)减小死区容积32。
在一替代实施例中(见图2),汽缸盖2与第二提升阀40一起形成,该第二提升阀的头部直径比第一提升阀6小。第二提升阀40抵靠第二阀座42(其直径相应地较小),并且以与第一提升阀6相同的方式被摇臂22控制。
图3中的剖面II-II图示出了在汽缸盖2中的第二提升阀40的布置。
由于处于其关闭位置的提升阀6两侧的压力差可能相当大,所以必须施加到阀杆10以开启第一提升阀6的力也较大。这种较大的力可能会缩减摇臂22和相邻部件的使用寿命。
因此,使第二提升阀40略微先于第一提升阀6开启,以在第一提升阀6被开启之前平衡其两侧的流体压力也许是合适的,这样就减小了所需要的开启力。
在图1中示出了作为工作室33的排气阀44形式的提升阀。排气阀44相对于活塞4的定位可以为传统方式,或者通过其它一些实用方式来实现。
应注意的是,所有上述实施例阐示了本发明,但并不对其构成限制,而本领域技术人员应能够在不背离从属权利要求的范围的情况下做出多个变型实施例。
在权利要求中,括号内的附图标记不应被视为具有限制性。
动词“包括”及其多个不同形式并不排除存在未在权利要求中提及的元件或步骤的情况。元件前面的不定冠词“一”并不排除存在多个这种元件的情况。

Claims (12)

1.一种用于外热式发动机(5)的进气阀装置(1),所述外热式发动机包括至少一个工作室(33),每个工作室均具有协同操作的活塞(4),且经由至少一个受控的提升阀(6,40)为所述工作室(33)供给工作流体,所述提升阀(6,40)被设置为沿与工作流体的流动方向相反的方向开启,其特征在于,所述提升阀(6,40)的中轴线(20)被布置为在±45度的偏差范围内垂直于所述活塞(4)的中轴线(34)。
2.根据权利要求1所述的进气阀装置(1),其特征在于,所述提升阀(6,40)的中轴线(20)被布置为在±20度的偏差范围内垂直于所述活塞(34)的中轴线(34)。
3.根据权利要求1所述的进气阀装置(1),其特征在于,所述提升阀(6,40)的中轴线(20)被布置为在±10度的偏差范围内垂直于所述活塞(34)的中轴线(34)。
4.根据权利要求1所述的进气阀装置(1),其特征在于,经由至少两个提升阀(6,40)为每个工作室(33)供给加压流体。
5.根据权利要求4所述的进气阀装置(1),其特征在于,所述提升阀(6,40)中的至少两个具有不同尺寸。
6.根据权利要求5所述的进气阀装置(1),其特征在于,较小的第二提升阀(40)被设置为先于较大的第一提升阀(6)开启。
7.根据权利要求1所述的进气阀装置(1),其特征在于,所述活塞(4)形成有活塞头(38),当所述活塞(4)处于其最接近汽缸盖(2)的位置时,所述活塞头至少部分地伸入介于所述提升阀(6,40)与所述活塞(4)之间的死区容积(32)内。
8.根据权利要求1所述的进气阀装置(1),其特征在于,所述提升阀(6,40)的阀导管(14)被设计为使进气通道(30)的容积减小。
9.一种用于外热式发动机(5)的进气阀装置(1)的方法,该外热式发动机包括至少一个工作室(33),每个工作室具有协同操作的活塞(4),且通过至少一个受控的提升阀(6,40)为所述工作室(33)供给工作流体,所述提升阀(6,40)被设置为沿与工作流体的流动方向相反的方向开启,其特征在于,所述方法包括将所述提升阀(6,40)的中轴线(20)布置为在±45度的偏差范围内垂直于所述活塞(4)的中轴线(34)。
10.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括将所述提升阀(6,40)的中轴线(20)布置为在±20度的偏差范围内垂直于所述活塞(4)的中轴线(34)。
11.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括将所述提升阀(6,40)的中轴线(20)布置为在±10度的偏差范围内垂直于所述活塞(4)的中轴线(34)。
12.根据权利要求9所述的方法,其特征在于,所述方法包括当所述外热式发动机(5)运转时,使第二提升阀(40)先于第一提升阀(6)开启。
CN201580049583.XA 2014-09-15 2015-09-09 用于外热式发动机的进气阀装置和方法 Pending CN106715845A (zh)

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