CN106259877A - 一种自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层及其制备方法 - Google Patents
一种自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层,由壳聚糖、羧甲基纤维素钠以及氯化钙制成。该保鲜涂层能保持果蔬硬度,具有很好的自修复性能,具有抑菌作用,同时,能抑制果蔬的氧化褐变、新陈代谢、水分和营养物质的流失。所述壳聚糖浓度为1‑10mg/ml,羧甲基纤维素钠浓度为1‑10mg/ml,食品级氯化钙浓度为1‑10mg/ml,该果蔬保鲜涂层是将壳聚糖‑氯化钙混合液与羧甲基纤维素钠溶液在果蔬表面层层自组装制备可食用涂层,果蔬风干后即在表面形成一层保鲜涂层,通过涂层本身的性质和控制果蔬的新陈代谢等起到保鲜作用。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及果蔬保鲜技术领域,具体涉及一种自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层及其在果蔬上的制备方法。
背景技术
随着社会的经济发展以及人们对生活物质要求的提高,人们越来越多的选择均衡饮食,水果蔬菜的消费量也随之受到越来越多的关注。由于本身的新陈代谢作用以及人为的影响,果蔬在采摘后易腐坏,以鲜切苹果为例,被切分以后,鲜切苹果失去了天然的保护层,水果组织表层受到损伤,水分蒸腾作用显著增加[1];而且由于多酚氧化酶(PPO)的存在,鲜切苹果极易发生褐变,鲜切苹果这些外观和营养成分上的变化都严重降低了消费者的兴趣[2,3,4],因此果蔬保鲜具有非常更重要的意义。果蔬表面的涂膜处理可以减少果蔬水分丧失和果蔬失重,保持其色泽、新鲜度和饱满度,有效地保持果蔬的外观品质,从而有效地延长果蔬的采后寿命。可食用膜是一种可以食用的具有包装保护功能的薄膜,它们不会污染环境,同时能很好地满足消费者的需求。[5]可食用保鲜涂层对于各种食品货架期的延长具有非常重要的意义,[6,7]受到越来越多的关注。
壳聚糖(chitosan,CS),化学名称β-(1,4)-2-氨基-2-脱氧-D-葡萄糖,是甲壳素在一定程度脱乙酰化的产物,是自然界中唯一带正电荷的天然高分子,存在于虾、蟹壳中,壳聚糖有良好的成膜性、生物相容性、生物可降解性和抗菌性[8],不溶于水,溶于稀酸,已经被广泛应用于涂膜保鲜、可食用膜和生物可降解用膜等。在酸性条件下,聚阳离子壳聚糖-NH2被质子化成-NH3 +,从而带有正电荷[9],其电荷密度高,可以和许多聚阴离子形成离子复合物,如形成自组装超薄膜和水凝胶。壳聚糖形成的薄膜能缓解果实内外气体交换,提高果内CO2/O2比值,抑制果实呼吸,减少水分散失,提高果蔬抗病菌侵染能力,延缓果蔬完熟衰老进程。Lilian Abugoch等将壳聚糖、有机葵诺亚蛋白质、葵花油混合制备可食用膜,探究了这种可食用膜在4℃下对新鲜蓝莓的保鲜效果,发现这种壳聚糖复合膜延缓了蓝莓的成熟并抑制了蓝莓硬度的降低,同时,还能抑制细菌的生长。[10]
氯化钙及其水合物和溶液在食品制造、医学和生物学等多个方面均有重要的应用价值。钙能降低水果呼吸强度、保持果实的硬度、影响吲哚乙酸的输送受阻进而影响乙烯的产生。作为一种食品配料,氯化钙可起到多价螯合剂和固化剂的作用,能与壳聚糖中含有的大量自由氨基和羟基形成稳定的螯合物。氯化钙能够在苹果保鲜中实现较好的抗褐变效果,并且能通过减少氧气透过量实现果蔬保鲜。[11]Souza等的研究发现,把CaCl2加入到壳聚糖涂层中起到了很好的草莓保鲜效果,因为草莓的硬度、重量的降低都得到了抑制,同时,这种涂层具有很好的抑菌效果。[12]
羧甲基纤维素钠(Sodium Carboxymethycellulose,CMC)是一种聚阴离子的线性高聚物,CMC上的羧甲基-COOH在溶液中形成-COO-,带有负电荷,可以用于层层组装技术制备多糖类超薄自组装膜,[13]羧甲基纤维素价格便宜,成膜性能好,具有良好的生物相容性、可降解性和亲水性。Arnon等发现生物可降解的CMC/CS双层自组装涂层在橘子上能提高橘子的光泽度并能抑制水果硬度的降低。[14]
层层自组装(Layer-by-layer self-assembly,LbLSA)是利用逐层交替沉积的方法,借助各层分子间的弱相互作用(如静电引力、氢键、配位键等),使层与层自发地缔和形成结构完整、性能稳定、具有某种特定功能的分子聚集体或超分子结构的过程,是制备尺寸、组成、渗透性和表面功能等性质可调控的多层膜及微胶囊的主要方法。静电层层自组装技术(静电交替沉积技术)是近年来发展的层层自组装技术,主要以离子间的静电作用作为成膜驱动力,利用这种方法可以控制自组装膜的结构和厚度,并且由于静电相互作用的非特异性,可以轻易地将生物功能大分子、导电聚合物、感光聚合物引入到薄膜中去,形成具有生物功能、导电功能和光活性的薄膜。
发明内容
技术问题:本发明所解决的技术问题是:提供一种成本较低,保鲜效果优良且无毒的智能自修复抗菌保鲜涂层以及这种保鲜涂层的制备方法。
技术方案:本发明基于静电层层自组装原理制备自修复可食用果蔬保鲜涂层,通过壳聚糖与纤维素盐之间阴阳离子静电沉积作用制备出可食用的果蔬保鲜涂层。阳离子由经济实用的CS提供,阴离子由CMC提供。由于本发明的作用主要是通过改变所保护对象的呼吸作用等来保存其水分、质量,各类水果与蔬菜由于本身结构上的差异,呼吸作用等会不一样,只需改变保鲜涂层在被保护果蔬表面的厚度(改变溶液浓度和组装层数即可实现)等相关性能即可将本发明应用于各种果蔬的保鲜。
本发明的自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层由壳聚糖、氯化钙和羧甲基纤维素钠制成。所述壳聚糖浓度为1-10mg/ml,氯化钙浓度为1-10mg/ml,羧甲基纤维素钠浓度为1-10mg/ml;将壳聚糖与氯化钙以1∶2的比例混合,再与羧甲基纤维素钠组装成涂层。
本发明的自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层的制备方法采用层层自组装的方法,具体如下:
1).在含1%醋酸的水中准确配制1-10mg/ml壳聚糖,同时配制1-10mg/ml氯化钙、1-10mg/ml羧甲基纤维素钠溶液;
2).将壳聚糖-氯化钙溶液以1∶2的体积混合形成聚阳离子溶液,常温下静置30min;
3).将准备好的果蔬先放在羧甲基纤维素钠溶液浸泡5-10min,捞起;
4).再放入步骤2)的聚阳离子溶液中5-10min,捞起;
5).重复步骤3)、步骤4)N次,则在果蔬表面制备了N+1层自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层。
有益效果:本发明提供一种智能自修复果蔬保鲜涂层,使用时不需再添加另外的凝胶剂和交联剂等;
涂层的制备对果蔬的形貌大小没有要求,可以实现多个维度的组装;
CS与CMC之间阴阳离子静电沉积作用制备出可食用的果蔬保鲜涂层,能够很好地保持果蔬质量以及延长其货架期;
该涂层具有很好的自修复效果,在受到外界损伤后能在水的刺激下快速修复损伤,修复效率能达到89.4%;
改涂层具有很好的抗菌效果,能100%杀死沙门氏杆菌,对大肠杆菌的抑菌率也能达到95%,同时,对金黄色葡萄球菌、李斯特菌的抑菌率能达到65%以上。
具体实施方式
本发明自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层由壳聚糖、氯化钙和羧甲基纤维素钠制成。所述壳聚糖浓度为1-10mg/ml,氯化钙浓度为1-10mg/ml,羧甲基纤维素钠浓度为1-10mg/ml;将壳聚糖与氯化钙以1∶2的比例混合,再与羧甲基纤维素钠组装成涂层。
下面以苹果切片为例,对本发明的制备方法及其使用方法进行叙述:
实施例1
选择成熟度适当、无病虫害、无机械损伤的苹果。将苹果去皮去核,切成大小均匀的苹果切片,在苹果切片上以浸泡的方式进行层层自组装,进而制备自修复可食用保鲜涂层。涂层过程如下:
1.在含1%醋酸的水中准确配制1-10mg/ml CS、1-10mg/mlCaCl2、1-10mg/ml CMC溶液,分别用一定体积的容器盛放;
2.将相同浓度的CS和CaCl2溶液以1∶2的体积混合,常温下静置30min;
3.准备新鲜的苹果,去皮去核,切成大小均匀的苹果切片,一部分作为对照,不做任何处理,一部分用于涂膜处理;
4.实验组苹果切片在聚阴离子CMC溶液中浸泡5min后,捞起;
5.在CS-CaCl2溶液中浸泡5min,即在苹果切片制备了(CMC/CS-CaCl2)1的单层涂层;
6.重复这两个步骤2次,即制备了(CMC/CS-CaCl2)3的3层涂层;
7.将涂膜了涂层后的苹果平稳放置于容器内,常温下保存。
在涂膜结束后,将苹果切片放置在容器内常温存放。24h后对苹果切片的理化指标进行探究,发现包覆有涂层的苹果切片的褐变度得到明显降低,相对于对照组,涂层抑制了苹果的重量降低、硬度降低、新陈代谢以及维生素C损失。
实施例2
制备与实施例1中相同的溶液,准备干净的玻璃片,按照实施例1中的步骤在玻片上制备3层涂层,制备完成后,将涂层在常温下静置直至干燥。
探究涂层在基底上的自修复性能:用干净的小刀在涂层上划“十”字,使划痕深入到基底表面,在划痕上滴加一滴水,观察涂层的修复情况。结果发现,滴水以后,涂层具有一定的流动性,随着水分的蒸发干燥,涂层表面的平整度基本恢复到原状。将修复前后的涂层从玻片基底上揭下来,测试涂层的机械性能,计算涂层的修复效率,发现制备的3层涂层抗拉强度修复效率达到了89.4%。
实施例3
探究涂层的抗菌性,将在玻片上制备好的涂层与细菌培养液混合,过夜培养,通过平板计数法计算菌落数,进而计算涂层的抑菌率。结果发现涂层对沙门氏杆菌的抑菌率达到了100%,对大肠杆菌的抑菌率达到95%,而对金黄色葡萄球菌和李斯特菌的抑菌率都能达到65%以上。
以上显示和描述了本发明的基本原理和主要特征和本发明的优点。本行业的技术人员应该了解,本发明不受上述实施例的限制,上述实施例和说明书中描述的只是说明本发明的原理,在不脱离本发明精神和范围的前提下,本发明还会有各种变化和改进,这些变化和改进都落入要求保护的本发明范围内。本发明要求保护范围由所附的权利要求书及其等效物界定。
Claims (4)
1.一种自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层,其特征在于该保鲜涂层由壳聚糖、氯化钙和羧甲基纤维素钠制成。
2.根据权利要求1所述自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层,其特征在于所述壳聚糖浓度为1-10mg/ml,氯化钙浓度为1-10mg/ml,羧甲基纤维素钠浓度为1-10mg/ml;将壳聚糖与氯化钙以1∶2的比例混合,再与羧甲基纤维素钠组装成涂层。
3.一种如权利要求1所述自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层的制备方法,其特征在于该制备方法采用层层自组装的方法,具体如下:
1).在含1%醋酸的水中准确配制1-10mg/ml壳聚糖,同时配制1-10mg/ml氯化钙、1-10mg/ml羧甲基纤维素钠溶液;
2).将壳聚糖-氯化钙溶液以1∶2的体积混合形成聚阳离子溶液,常温下静置30min;
3).将准备好的果蔬先放在羧甲基纤维素钠溶液浸泡5-10min,捞起;
4).再放入步骤2)的聚阳离子溶液中5-10min,捞起;
5).重复步骤3)、步骤4)N次,则在果蔬表面制备了N+1层自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层。
4.根据权利要求1所述自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层的制备方法,其特征在于所述自修复抗菌可食用果蔬保鲜涂层的层数是2-5层。
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CN109619175A (zh) * | 2019-01-11 | 2019-04-16 | 东南大学 | 一种自修复香蕉保鲜涂层的制备方法 |
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CN110089562A (zh) * | 2019-05-15 | 2019-08-06 | 东南大学 | 一种水果防霉保鲜涂层的制备方法 |
CN113402747A (zh) * | 2021-06-03 | 2021-09-17 | 华东理工大学 | 一种高强度可食用抗菌包装膜及其制备方法 |
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