CN102325812A - 具有低雾度和高耐湿性的离聚物组合物以及包含该组合物的制品 - Google Patents
具有低雾度和高耐湿性的离聚物组合物以及包含该组合物的制品 Download PDFInfo
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- CN102325812A CN102325812A CN2009801572467A CN200980157246A CN102325812A CN 102325812 A CN102325812 A CN 102325812A CN 2009801572467 A CN2009801572467 A CN 2009801572467A CN 200980157246 A CN200980157246 A CN 200980157246A CN 102325812 A CN102325812 A CN 102325812A
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- Prior art keywords
- sodium
- ionomer
- goods
- zinc
- precursor acids
- Prior art date
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- 229920000554 ionomer Polymers 0.000 title claims abstract description 120
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims description 44
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 68
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 65
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 63
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 55
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 53
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 150000007942 carboxylates Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 6
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- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 claims description 11
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- PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lauryl acrylate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCOC(=O)C=C PBOSTUDLECTMNL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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Abstract
本发明提供了一种钠/锌混合离聚物,所述混合离聚物包含羧酸根基团以及基本上由钠阳离子和锌阳离子组成的抗衡离子组合。所述钠/锌混合离聚物为前体酸共聚物的中和产物。所述前体酸共聚物包含α-烯烃和α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸的共聚单元,并且具有约10至约4000克/10分钟的熔体流动速率。此外,当中和至约40%至约90%的含量,并且包含基本上由钠阳离子组成的抗衡离子时,所述前体酸共聚物产生具有测不到或小于约3.0焦/克的凝固焓的钠离聚物,所述凝固焓采用差示扫描量热法测定。本发明进一步提供了包含所述钠/锌混合离聚物或由所述钠/锌混合离聚物制备的制品。
Description
相关申请的交叉引用
根据美国法典第35编第120条,本专利申请要求提交于2008年12月31日的美国临时申请61/141,940的优先权,所述临时申请全文以引用方式并入本文。
发明领域
本发明涉及包含钠/锌混合离聚物或由钠/锌混合离聚物制备的离聚物组合物,还涉及例如由所述钠/锌混合离聚物组合物制成的注塑制品。
发明背景
本说明书中引用了若干份专利和出版物以更全面地描述本发明所属现有技术。以上这些专利和出版物各自的全部公开内容均以引用方式并入本文。
离聚物是通过部分地或全部地中和作为前体或母体聚合物的酸共聚物的羧酸基团而制备的共聚物,其中酸共聚物包含α-烯烃和α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸的共聚残基。由离聚物通过注塑方法制成的多种制品已经用于我们的日常生活中。
例如,具有离聚物覆盖层的高尔夫球是通过注塑生产的。参见例如美国专利4,714,253、5,439,227、5,452,898、5,553,852、5,752,889、5,782,703、5,782,707、5,803,833、5,807,192、6,179,732、6,699,027、7,005,098、7,128,864、7,201,672;以及美国专利申请公布2006/0043632、2006/0273485和2007/0282069。
离聚物也用来生产注塑中空制品,例如容器。参见例如美国专利4,857,258、4,937,035、4,944,906、5,094,921、5,788,890、6,207,761和6,866,158;美国专利公布20020180083、20020175136和20050129888;欧洲专利EP1816147和EP0855155;以及PCT专利公布WO2004062881、WO2008010597和WO2003045186。
由注塑生产的容器常常具有厚壁结构。在离聚物用于形成此类注塑容器时,其光学性质由于壁厚而可能受损。尤其是化妆品行业,需要研制由离聚物组合物制成的并且具有改进的光学性质的容器。此外,如果所述离聚物组合物具有高耐湿性将会更加有益。
发明概述
本发明提供了一种包含钠/锌混合离聚物的离聚物组合物,所述钠/锌混合离聚物为前体酸共聚物的中和产物。所述钠/锌混合离聚物包含羧酸根基团以及抗衡离子组合,所述抗衡离子组合按所述钠/锌混合离聚物中的羧酸根基团当量的总数计,包含约5至约95当量%的钠阳离子和互补地约5至约95当量%的锌阳离子。
所述前体酸共聚物包含具有2至10个碳原子的α-烯烃的共聚单元,以及按该所述前体酸共聚物的总重量计约20至约30重量%的具有3至8个碳原子的α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸的共聚单元。所述前体酸共聚物具有约70至约1000克/10分钟的熔体流动速率,所述熔体流动速率根据ASTM D1238在190℃和2.16kg下测定。此外,如果利用包含基本上由钠阳离子组成的阳离子的碱,按所述前体酸共聚物中存在的羧酸基团的总数计将所述前体酸共聚物中和至约40%至约90%的含量,从而产生钠离聚物,则所得钠离聚物的凝固焓测不到或小于约3.0焦/克,所述凝固焓根据ASTM D3418采用差示扫描量热法测定。
本发明还提供了包含所述离聚物组合物或由所述离聚物组合物制备的制品。
发明详述
除非特殊情况有其他限制,下列定义适用于本说明书中使用的术语。
本文所使用的科技术语具有本发明所属技术领域中的普通技术人员通常理解的含义。如发生矛盾,以本说明书及其包括的定义为准。
如本文所用,术语“含有”、“包括”、“包含”、“特征在于”、“具有”或其任何其他变型旨在涵盖非排他性的包括。例如,包括要素列表的工艺、方法、制品或设备不必仅限于那些要素,而是可以包括未明确列出的或该工艺、方法、制品或设备所固有的其他要素。
连接短语“由组成”不包括未在权利要求中指定的任何要素、步骤或成分,从而将权利要求限定为只包括列出的那些材料,而不含除杂质外通常与其相关的物项。当短语“由组成”出现在权利要求正文的条款中,而不是紧接在前序之后时,该短语限定只在该条款中列出的要素;其他元素未被排除在总的权利要求之外。
连接短语“基本上由组成”将权利要求的范围限制为具体的材料或步骤以及不会显著影响受权利要求保护的本发明的基本和新型特征的那些要素。“基本上由组成”权利要求占据介于由“由组成”格式书写的封闭式权利要求和由“包含”格式书写的完全开放式权利要求之间的中间地带。如本文所定义,术语“基本上由组成”并不将任选的、其含量适合此类添加剂的添加剂以及微量杂质排除在组合物之外。
当使用开放式术语例如“包含/包括”在本文中描述组合物、工艺、结构、或者组合物、工艺或结构的一部分时,除非另有规定,该描述也包括“基本上由”或者“由”该组合物、工艺、结构的要素、或者该组合物、工艺或结构的一部分的要素“组成”的实施方案。
冠词“一个”和“一种”可以与本文所述的组合物、工艺或结构的各种要素和组分结合使用。这只是为了方便起见,并且表明该组合物、工艺或结构的一般意义。此类描述包括“一个或至少一个”要素或组分。此外,如本文所用,单数冠词也包括多个要素或组分的描述,除非在具体的上下文中明显排除了复数。
术语“约”是指数量、尺寸、配方、参数、以及其他量和特性是不精确的并且不必是精确的,但可以是期望的近似值和/或较大值或较小值,由此反映公差、转换因子、四舍五入、测量误差等、以及本领域的技术人员已知的其他因子。一般来讲,数量、尺寸、配方、参数或者其他量或特性为“约”或者“近似的”,无论是否进行此类明确表述。
如本文所用,术语“或者”是包括性的;也就是说,短语“A或B”是指“A、B、或者A和B”。更具体地讲,条件“A或B”满足于以下任何一者:A为真实(或存在)的,并且B为虚假(或不存在)的;A为虚假(或不存在)的,并且B为真实(或存在)的;或者A与B都为真实(或存在)的。例如,排他性的“或者”在本文中是通过诸如“A或B中的两者之一”和“A或B中的一者”之类的术语来指定。
此外,本文所示出的范围包括它们的端点,除非有另外明确表述。此外,当数量、浓度、或者其他值或参数以范围、一个或多个优选范围或优选上限值和优选下限值的列表形式给出时,这应当理解为具体地公开由任何范围上限值或优选值和任何范围下限值或优选值的任何一对所构成的所有范围,而不管该对是否被单独地公开。当定义一个范围时,本发明的范围不限于列出的具体值。
当材料、方法、或机械用术语“本领域的技术人员已知的”、“常规的”或同义的单词或短语在本文中描述时,该术语表示在提交本专利申请时常规的材料、方法、或机械涵盖于该描述中。同样涵盖于该描述中的是,目前不常规的但是当适用于相似目的时将成为本领域公认的材料、方法、和机械。
除非另行指出,所有百分比、份数、比率、和类似数量均按重量定义。
除非在限定情况下另外指明,所有熔体流动速率均根据ASTM方法D1238在聚合物熔融温度190℃和2.16kg的重量下测定。此外,术语熔体流动速率(MFR)、熔流指数(MFI)和熔融指数(MI)是同义的,在本文中可互换使用。
如本文所用,术语“共聚物”是指这样的聚合物,其包含由两个或更多个共聚单体通过共聚作用所得的共聚单元。就此而论,本文可能会根据共聚物的组分共聚单体或其组分共聚单体的量,例如“包含乙烯和15重量%丙烯酸的共聚物”或类似的说法来描述共聚物。此类描述可以视为非正式的,因为它并不把共聚单体当作共聚单元;因为它不包括共聚物的常规命名,例如国际纯粹与应用化学联合会(IUPAC)的命名;因为它不使用方法限定物品术语;或者因为其他原因。然而,如本文所用,结合其组分共聚单体或其组分共聚单体的数量对共聚物进行的描述是指该共聚物含有指定共聚单体的共聚单元(在指定时具有指定数量)。由此得出如下推论,共聚物不是包含给定量的给定共聚单体的反应混合物的产物,除非在限定情况下进行此类明确表述。
术语“二聚物”是指基本上由两种单体组成的聚合物,而术语“三元共聚物”是指基本上由三种单体组成的聚合物。
如本文所用,术语“酸共聚物”是指包含α-烯烃、α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸、和任选地一种或多种其他合适的共聚单体(例如α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸酯)的共聚单元的聚合物。
如本文所用,单独或结合形式的术语“(甲基)丙烯酸类”,例如“(甲基)丙烯酸酯”,是指丙烯酸类或甲基丙烯酸类,例如“丙烯酸或甲基丙烯酸”、或“丙烯酸烷基酯或甲基丙烯酸烷基酯”。
最后,如本文所用,术语“离聚物”是指包含离子基团的聚合物,其中离子基团为羧酸盐,例如羧酸铵、碱金属羧酸盐、碱土金属羧酸盐、过渡金属羧酸盐和/或此类羧酸盐的组合。如本文所定义,此类聚合物通常通过部分地或完全地中和(例如通过与碱反应)前体或母体聚合物的羧酸基团来制备,其中前体或母体聚合物为酸共聚物。本文所用碱金属离聚物的实例为钠离聚物(或钠中和的离聚物),例如乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物,其中共聚的甲基丙烯酸单元的羧酸基团的全部或一部分为羧酸钠基团形式。
本文提供了包含钠/锌混合离聚物或由钠/锌混合离聚物制备的离聚物组合物。钠/锌混合离聚物为前体酸共聚物的离子中和衍生物。该前体酸共聚物包含具有2至10个碳原子的α-烯烃的共聚单元,以及具有3至8个碳原子的α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸的共聚单元。优选地,按前体酸共聚物的总重量计,前体酸共聚物包含约20至约30重量%、或约20至约25重量%的共聚羧酸。共聚α-烯烃的量与共聚羧酸和其他共聚单体(如果存在的话)的量互补,使得前体酸共聚物中的共聚单体的重量百分比的总和为100重量%。
合适的α-烯烃共聚单体包括但不限于乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯、1-戊烯、1-己烯、1-庚烯、3-甲基-1-丁烯、4-甲基-1-戊烯等以及这些α-烯烃中的两种或更多种的组合。在优选的共聚物中,α-烯烃为乙烯。
合适的α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸共聚单体包括但不限于丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、衣康酸、马来酸、马来酸酐、富马酸、一甲基马来酸、以及这些酸性共聚单体中的两种或更多种的组合。优选地,α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸选自丙烯酸、甲基丙烯酸、以及两种或更多种(甲基)丙烯酸的组合。
前体酸共聚物可进一步包含一种或多种其他共聚单体的共聚单元,所述其他共聚单体例如具有2至10个碳原子、或3至8个碳原子的不饱和羧酸、或其衍生物。合适的酸衍生物包括酸酐、酰胺、和酯。一些合适的前体酸共聚物进一步包含不饱和羧酸的酯。示例性不饱和羧酸的酯包括但不限于丙烯酸甲酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、丙烯酸乙酯、甲基丙烯酸乙酯、丙烯酸丙酯、甲基丙烯酸丙酯、丙烯酸异丙酯、甲基丙烯酸异丙酯、丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸丁酯、丙烯酸异丁酯、甲基丙烯酸异丁酯、丙烯酸叔丁酯、甲基丙烯酸叔丁酯、丙烯酸辛酯、甲基丙烯酸辛酯、丙烯酸十一酯、甲基丙烯酸十一酯、丙烯酸十八酯、甲基丙烯酸十八酯、丙烯酸十二酯、甲基丙烯酸十二酯、丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、甲基丙烯酸2-乙基己酯、丙烯酸异冰片酯、甲基丙烯酸异冰片酯、丙烯酸月桂酯、甲基丙烯酸月桂酯、丙烯酸2-羟乙基酯、甲基丙烯酸2-羟基乙酯、丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、聚(乙二醇)丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)甲醚丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)甲醚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)山嵛醚丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)山嵛醚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)4-壬基苯基醚丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)4-壬基苯基醚甲基丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)苯基醚丙烯酸酯、聚(乙二醇)苯基醚甲基丙烯酸酯、马来酸二甲酯、马来酸二乙酯、马来酸二丁酯、富马酸二甲酯、富马酸二乙酯、富马酸二丁酯、乙酸乙烯酯、丙酸乙烯酯、以及它们中的两种或更多种的组合。优选的共聚单体的实例包括但不限于(甲基)丙烯酸甲酯、(甲基)丙烯酸丁酯、甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯、乙酸乙烯酯、以及它们中的两种或更多种的组合。然而,优选地,前体酸共聚物不掺入任何显著量的其他共聚单体。
前体酸共聚物可具有约10至约4000克/10分钟、约10至约2500克/10分钟、约10至约1400克/10分钟、约35至约1200克/10分钟、约70至约1000克/10分钟、约100至约500克/10分钟、或约200至约500克/10分钟的熔体流动速率(MFR),该熔体流动速率根据ASTM方法D1238在190℃和2.16kg的重量下测定。
前体酸共聚物的组合也是适合的,前提条件是该前体酸共聚物的性质在本文所述范围内。例如,可以使用具有不同量的共聚羧酸共聚单体或不同熔融指数的两种或更多种二聚物。此外,包含二聚物和三元共聚物的前体酸共聚物的组合可以是适合的。
前体酸共聚物可通过连续方法合成,该方法将每种反应性共聚单体和溶剂体系(即一种或多种溶剂,如有)与引发剂一起连续送入搅拌反应器中。根据预计的反应器温度范围以及引发剂的分解温度来选择引发剂,其选择标准是本领域熟知的。一般来讲,在通过乙烯和酸共聚单体的共聚作用制备前体酸共聚物的合成过程中,反应温度可以保持在约120℃至约300℃、或约140℃至约260℃。反应器中的压力可以保持在约130至约310MPa、或约165至250MPa。
反应器可以为例如高压釜,如美国专利2,897,183中所述的那些。具体地讲,美国专利2,897,183描述了一种配备有用于强力搅拌的装置的高压釜。该专利还描述了一种用于在“基本上恒定的环境”下聚合乙烯的连续方法。在聚合反应过程中,通过将某些参数例如压力、温度、引发剂浓度和聚合物产物与未反应乙烯的比率保持基本上恒定,来维持这种环境。此类条件可以在多种连续搅拌槽反应器中的任何一种内实现,其中包括例如连续搅拌等温反应器和连续搅拌绝热反应器。
对包含乙烯共聚物产物的反应混合物进行强烈搅拌,并从高压釜中连续取出。在反应混合物离开反应容器之后,通过常规步骤(例如,通过在低压或高温下蒸发未聚合的材料和溶剂)将所得乙烯共聚物产物从挥发性的未反应单体和溶剂(如有)中分离。
一般来讲,为了获得本文所述的钠/锌混合离聚物,在聚合反应过程中,反应器内容物应保持在一定的条件下,使得整个反应器内基本上存在单相。可以通过以下方法来实现此目的:调节反应器温度、调节反应器压力、添加助溶剂、或上述技术的任何组合,如美国专利5,028,674中所述。可使用常规方法测定整个反应器内是否基本上保持单相。例如,Hasch等人在“High-Pressure Phase Behavior of Mixtures of Poly(Ethylene-co-MethylAcrylate)with Low-Molecular Weight Hydrocarbons”,Journal of PolymerScience:Part B:Polymer Physics,第30卷,第1365-1373页(1992)中描述了可用于确定单相与多相条件的边界的浊点测量法。
当该前体酸共聚物用含有钠离子的碱中和至按所述前体酸共聚物中羧酸的总含量计约40%至约90%、或约40%至约70%、或约43%至约60%的水平时(其中该水平通过计算得到或测量未中和的前体酸共聚物得到),并且所得的钠中和离聚物如根据ASTM方法D1238在190℃和2.16kg下测定的具有约0.7至约25克/10分钟或更小、或约0.7至约19克/10分钟或更小、或约1至约10克/10分钟、或约1.5至约5克/10分钟、或约2至约4克/10分钟的MFR,则所得的钠离聚物具有测不到或小于约3焦/克、或小于约2焦/克的凝固焓,所述凝固焓根据ASTM方法D3418采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、使用由Mettler或由TA制造的DSC设备(例如UniversalV3.9A模块)测定。本文上下文使用的术语“测不到”是指在DSC曲线中无可观测拐点的凝固焓。作为另外一种选择,峰高度可以非常小,并且半高处的峰宽度可以相对较大,使得当从DSC迹线上减去基线时,可能无法观测或无法识别具有较小积分面积的宽峰。一般来讲,在进行ASTM D3418的方法之后,低于0.2焦/克的凝固焓测不到。前体酸共聚物及其钠离聚物在提交于2008年10月31日的申请人共同未决的美国临时申请61/110,486中有详细描述。
为了获得本文所述的钠离聚物、锌离聚物或钠/锌混合离聚物,可通过任何常规方法来中和前体酸共聚物,如美国专利3,404,134和6,518,365所述。例如,可以用包含钠离子的碱和包含锌离子的碱的组合来中和前体酸共聚物,从而提供一种离聚物,其中所述前体酸共聚物的羧酸基团的约20%至约90%、或约30%至约90%、或约40%至约70%、或约43%至约60%的氢原子被包含锌阳离子和钠阳离子的抗衡离子组合取代。也就是说,需将酸基中和至按前体酸共聚物的羧酸总含量计约20%至约90%、或约30%至约90%、或约40%至约70%、或约43%至约60%的水平,其中该水平通过计算得到或通过测量未中和的前体酸共聚物得到。所得离聚物中存在的钠阳离子和锌阳离子的组合按该离聚物中的羧酸阴离子的当量数计,可包括约1至约99当量%、或约5至约95当量%、或约50至约95当量%、或约50至约80当量%、或约50至约70当量%、或约50至约60当量%、或约55至约80当量%、或约55至约70当量%、或约60至约70当量%,剩余的当量百分比由锌阳离子组成。
形成钠/锌混合离聚物的其他方法对于本领域内的普通技术人员将显而易见。例如,所述混合离聚物还可通过首先用适量的含有钠离子的碱(如氢氧化钠溶液)中和前体酸共聚物,然后用适量的含有锌离子的碱(如乙酸锌溶液)中和前体酸共聚物而制备。作为另外一种选择,钠/锌混合离聚物还可通过首先用适量的含有锌离子的碱(如乙酸锌溶液)中和前体酸共聚物,然后用适量的含有钠离子的碱(如氢氧化钠溶液)中和前体酸共聚物而制备。
钠/锌混合离聚物还可通过熔融共混钠离聚物和锌离聚物而制备,所述离聚物中的每一种均衍生自如上所述的前体酸共聚物,前提条件是在所得的钠/锌混合离聚物中,存在于两种前体酸共聚物中的羧酸基团的总计约20%至约90%、或约30%至约90%、或约40%至约70%、或约43%至约60%的氢原子被金属阳离子取代,并且钠阳离子和锌阳离子的比率如上所述。在一个具体实例中,钠/锌混合离聚物通过熔融共混钠离聚物(其中存在于其前体酸共聚物中的羧酸基团的约30至约90当量%、或约40至约70当量%、或约43至约60当量%的氢原子被钠阳离子取代)和锌离聚物(其中存在于其前体酸共聚物中的羧酸基团的约30至约90当量%、或约40至约70当量%、或约43至约60当量%的氢原子被等电荷量的锌阳离子取代)而制备。
根据ASTM方法D1238在190℃和2.16kg下进行测定,所得的钠/锌离聚物可具有约35克/10分钟或更小、或约0.7至约35克/10分钟或更小、或约0.7至约25克/10分钟或更小、或约0.7至约19克/10分钟或更小、或约1至约10克/10分钟、或约1.5至约5克/10分钟、或约2至约4克/10分钟的MFR。
本文所述的钠/锌混合离聚物组合物可进一步包含本领域已知的任何合适的添加剂。此类添加剂包括但不限于增塑剂、加工助剂、流动增强添加剂、流动减弱添加剂(例如有机过氧化物)、润滑剂、颜料、染料、光学增白剂、阻燃剂、抗冲改性剂、成核剂、抗粘连剂(例如二氧化硅)、热稳定剂、受阻胺光稳定剂(HALS)、紫外线吸收剂、紫外稳定剂、分散剂、表面活性剂、螯合剂、偶联剂、粘合剂、底胶、增强剂(例如玻璃纤维)、填料等、以及两种或更多种常规添加剂的混合物或组合。这些添加剂在例如“Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology”,第5版,John Wiley& Sons(New Jersey,2004)中有所描述。
这些常规成分可以按约0.01至约15重量%、或约0.01至约10重量%的量存在于组合物中,只要它们不会有损组合物的基本和新型特性,而且不会对由所述组分制成的组合物或制品的性能造成明显的不利影响。就此而论,此类添加剂的重量百分比不包括在本文所定义的热塑性组合物的总重量百分比中。通常,按该离聚物组合物的总重量计,许多此类添加剂可以约0.01至约5重量%存在。
任选地,可通过任何已知方法将此类常规成分掺入到组合物中。这种掺入可例如通过干混、通过挤出各种组分的组合、通过母炼技术等进行。此外,参见Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia。
三种值得注意的添加剂是热稳定剂、紫外线吸收剂和HALS。可使用热稳定剂,其在本领域中已广泛描述。在本文所述的离聚物组合物中可用到任何已知的热稳定剂。热稳定剂的优选种类包括但不限于酚类抗氧化剂、烷基化一元酚、烷硫基甲基苯酚、对苯二酚、烷基化对苯二酚、生育酚、羟基化硫代二苯醚、亚烷基双酚、O-、N-和S-苄基化合物、羟基苄基化丙二酸酯、芳香羟基苄基化合物、三嗪化合物、氨基酸类抗氧化剂、芳基胺、二芳基胺、聚芳基胺、酰氨基酚、草酰胺、金属减活化剂、亚磷酸盐、亚膦酸盐、苄基膦酸盐、抗坏血酸(维生素C)、破坏过氧化物的化合物、羟胺、硝酮、硫代增效剂、苯并呋喃酮、吲哚酮等以及它们中的两种或更多种的组合。钠/锌混合离聚物组合物可包含任何有效量的热稳定剂。热稳定剂的使用是任选的,并且在某些情况下不是优选的。当使用一种或多种热稳定剂时,按钠/锌混合离聚物组合物的总重量计,它们可以至少约0.05重量%、最多约10重量%、或最多约5重量%、或最多约1重量%的含量存在于该离聚物组合物中。
可使用紫外线吸收剂,其也在本领域中广泛描述。在本文所述的离聚物组合物中可用到任何已知的紫外线吸收剂。紫外线吸收剂的优选种类包括但不限于苯并三唑、羟基二苯甲酮、羟基苯基三嗪、取代的和未取代的苯甲酸的酯等以及它们中的两种或更多种的组合。钠/锌混合离聚物组合物可包含任何有效量的一种或多种紫外线吸收剂。紫外线吸收剂的使用是任选的并且在某些情况下不是优选的。当使用紫外线吸收剂时,按钠/锌混合离聚物组合物的总重量计,它们可以至少约0.05重量%、最多约10重量%、或最多约5重量%、或最多约1重量%的含量存在于该离聚物组合物中。
可使用受阻胺光稳定剂,其也在本领域中广泛描述。一般来讲,受阻胺光稳定剂为仲的或叔的、乙酰化的、N-烃氧基取代的、羟基取代的N-烃氧基取代的、或进一步包括空间位阻的其他取代的环胺,并且一般是得自邻近胺官能团的碳原子上的脂族取代。钠/锌混合离聚物组合物可包含任何有效量的一种或多种受阻胺光稳定剂。受阻胺光稳定剂的使用是任选的并且在某些情况下不是优选的。当使用受阻胺光稳定剂时,按钠/锌混合离聚物组合物的总重量计,它们可以至少约0.05重量%、或最多约10重量%、或最多约5重量%、或最多约1重量%的含量存在于该离聚物组合物中。
本发明还提供了包含本文所述的钠/锌混合离聚物组合物的制品。与由现有技术离聚物制成的组合物相比,包含这些钠/锌混合离聚物组合物或由这些钠/锌混合离聚物组合物制成的制品表现出相同或更好的光学性质(例如,根据ASTM D1003测定的相等或更低的雾度)。此外,改进的光学性质不受制品的制造方法所采用的冷却速率影响。另外,包含钠/锌混合离聚物组合物或由钠/锌混合离聚物组合物制成的制品还表现出改进的耐湿性,其较低的水分吸收率证实了这一点。
此制品可为任何形状或形式,例如膜或片材或模塑制品。一种制品是膜或片材,可通过任何常规方法制备,例如浸涂、溶液浇铸、层压、熔融挤出浇铸、吹胀薄膜工艺、挤出贴面、串联式挤出贴合、或本领域技术人员已知的任何其他方法。一些膜或片材是通过熔融挤出浇铸、熔融共挤出浇铸、熔融挤出涂布、吹胀薄膜工艺或串联式熔融挤出贴合工艺形成。
作为另外一种选择,包含钠/锌混合离聚物组合物的制品可为模塑制品,可通过任何常规模塑方法制备,例如压塑、注塑、挤塑、吹塑、注坯吹塑、注坯拉伸吹塑、挤坯吹塑等。制品也可通过这些方法中的两种或更多种的组合形成,例如通过压塑形成芯,再通过注塑对其进行重叠注塑。
关于这些制造方法的信息可见于如下参考文献,例如Kirk OthmerEncyclopedia,Modern Plastics Encyclopedia,McGraw-Hill(New York,1995)或Wiley Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology,第二版,A.L.Brody和K.S.Marsh编辑,Wiley-Interscience(Hoboken,1997)。
在另一个供选择的替代方案中,包含本文所述钠/锌混合离聚物组合物的制品是最小厚度(即制品最小尺寸处的厚度)为至少约1mm的注塑制品。优选地,注塑制品可具有约1mm至100mm、或2mm至100mm、或3至约100mm、或约3至约50mm、或约5至约35mm的厚度。
在另一个供选择的替代方案中,制品是多层结构形式的注塑制品(例如重叠注塑制品),其中多层结构的至少一层包括以上所述离聚物组合物或基本由以上所述离聚物组合物组成,并且该层具有至少约1mm的最小厚度。优选地,注塑制品可具有约1mm至100mm、或2mm至100mm、或3至约100mm、或约3至约50mm、或约5至约35mm的厚度。
在另一个供选择的替代方案中,制品是片材、容器(如瓶或杯)、顶盖或塞子(如用于容器)、盘、医疗设备或仪器(如自动化或便携式去纤颤器)、把手、旋钮、按钮、装饰品、面板、储物箱、或鞋子组件(如后衬、鞋头衬、或鞋底)形式的注塑制品。
在另一个供选择的替代方案中,制品是可用于进一步成型加工的注塑中间制品。例如,制品可以是适用于吹塑方法形成容器(如化妆品容器)的预成型或型坯形式。注塑中间制品可以是多层结构的形式,例如以上所述的那种,因此它可生产具有多层壁结构的容器。
注塑是熟知的模塑方法。当本文所述的制品是注塑制品形式时,它可通过任何合适的注塑方法制备。合适的注塑方法包括例如共注塑和重叠注塑。这些工艺有时也被称为二次或多重模塑工艺。
当该注塑制品由重叠注塑工艺制备时,该钠/锌离聚物组合物可以用作衬底材料、重叠模塑材料、或这两者。在某些制品中,当使用重叠注塑工艺时,本文所述的钠/锌离聚物组合物可在玻璃、塑性或金属容器上重叠注塑。作为另外一种选择,该钠/锌离聚物组合物可在任何其他制品(如家庭用品、医疗设备或仪器、电子器件、汽车部件、建筑结构、体育用品等)上重叠注塑以形成软触覆盖层和/或保护覆盖层。当重叠注塑材料包含本文所述的钠/锌离聚物组合物时,根据ASTM D1238在190℃和2.16kg下测定,所述离聚物的熔融指数优选地为0.75至最多约35克/10分钟。同样优选地,根据ASTM D1238在190℃和2.16kg下测定,所述前体酸共聚物具有200至500克/10分钟的熔融指数。此外,根据ASTM D1238在190℃和2.16kg下测定,该离聚物优选具有约0.1至约2.0克/10分钟或约0.1至约35克/10分钟的熔融指数。更具体地讲,当重叠注塑衬底包含钠/锌离聚物时,离聚物优选具有约0.5至约4克/10分钟的熔融指数。然而,当重叠注塑材料包含钠/锌离聚物时,离聚物优选具有从0.1克/10分钟或0.75克/10分钟或4克/10分钟或5克/10分钟至最多约35克/10分钟的熔融指数。
钠/锌离聚物组合物可在约120℃至约250℃、或约130℃至约210℃的熔融温度下模塑。一般来讲,可使用具有约69至约110MPa压力的低至中等填充率。模具温度可在约5℃至约50℃、优选地在5℃至20℃、并且更优选地在5℃至15℃的范围内。基于钠/锌离聚物组合物和使用的方法类型,本领域技术人员能够确定制备特定类型制品所要求的适当模塑条件。
提供了以下实施例以进一步详细描述本发明。这些实施例示出了目前设想来实施本发明的优选模式,其旨在说明而不是限制本发明。
实施例
比较实施例CE1至CE19
按以下方式制备了下列每个实施例中使用的离聚物。首先,在绝热的连续搅拌高压釜中,通过自由基聚合制备离聚物的前体酸共聚物(即乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的共聚物),制备步骤基本上按照美国专利5,028,674的实施例1中所述的步骤,但有以下一些例外:(1)通过控制乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的比率以及引发剂的流量,而使反应器条件保持在约200℃至约260℃的温度、170和240MPa之间的压力下;(2)未在反应器中加入丙烷调聚剂(CE16除外);(3)按乙烯、甲基丙烯酸、甲醇和引发剂溶液的总进料计(或按CE16中的丙烷调聚剂、乙烯、甲基丙烯酸、甲醇和引发剂溶液的总进料计),反应器中甲醇的总浓度保持在约2至5摩尔%;以及(4)将体系保持在稳态,流过反应器的材料的停留时间为约5秒至2分钟。此外,根据要合成的具体酸共聚物,可以使用两种不同的自由基引发剂(过氧乙酸叔丁酯或过辛酸叔丁酯)中的一种。当过氧乙酸叔丁酯为引发剂(例如在比较实施例CE1至CE6、CE16、和CE18中)时,将其作为浓度50%的无气味矿物油精的溶液使用。当过辛酸叔丁酯为引发剂(例如在比较实施例CE7至CE15、CE17、和CE19中)时,其作为浓度90%的无气味矿物油精的混合物使用。在单螺杆挤出机内,在熔融温度设置为200℃至270℃的高剪切熔融混合条件下,用氢氧化钠溶液部分地中和乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的前体共聚物,获得离聚物,或者采用美国专利6,518,365的实施例1中描述的一般方法进行。
然后,根据ASTM D3418对由此获得的离聚物进行差示扫描量热(DSC)测试,温度特征图为:(a)加热至180℃;(b)保持3分钟;(c)以10℃/分钟的速率冷却至25℃;(d)保持3分钟;和(e)以10℃/分钟的速率加热至180℃。测定了离聚物的凝固焓并记录于表2中。结果显示,使用含有钠离子的碱中和以上所述的前体酸共聚物制备的每种钠离聚物(比较实施例CE1至CE3)的凝固焓均测不到,而通过中和现有技术前体酸共聚物制备的每种离聚物(比较实施例CE4至CE19)均具有大于3焦/克的凝固焓。
然后,将离聚物在表1所示的温度特征图下送入直径25mm的Killion挤出机,并挤出浇铸为聚合物片材。具体地讲,通过将螺杆转速调节至最大生产能力来控制聚合物生产能力,通过挤出机送入标称间隙为2mm的150mm狭槽冲模,将浇铸片材送入直径200mm的抛光铬冷却辊(该冷却辊保持在10℃和15℃之间的温度下,并且按1至2rpm旋转)。然后取出标称0.76mm(30密耳)厚的片材,并切割为300×300mm的方块。
将离聚物片材用作夹层片材,以形成玻璃层压板。具体地讲,用50℃的磷酸三钠(5g/L)的去离子水溶液清洗退火的玻璃片材(100×100×3mm)5分钟,然后用去离子水充分冲洗并干燥。将每种离聚物(约0.76mm厚)的六块片材叠堆在一起并且置于两块玻璃板之间以形成具有总厚度约180密耳(4.57mm)夹层的预层压组合件。通过最小化它们在环境条件(约35%RH)下的暴露,保持离聚物片材的水分含量低于0.06重量%。通过应用聚酯胶带将预层压组合件稳定在若干个位置以保持各层与玻璃片材间的相对位置。环绕组合件周边设置尼龙织带以利于空气从各层内除去。
将预层压组合件置于尼龙真空袋内并密封。建立一个与真空泵的连接,通过将袋中的空气压力降低至低于50毫巴绝对压力,以将袋装组合件内的空气基本除去。然后,将袋装组合件置于对流空气烘箱中加热至120℃并在这些条件下保持30分钟。接着使用冷却风扇将组合件冷却至接近环境温度,然后断开真空源并取出袋子,从而得到玻璃和夹层的充分预压组合件。虽然组合件的周边已密封,但组合件的若干区域并未充分粘合,这些区域中存在气泡即说明了这一点。
将预压组合件置于空气高压釜内,并且在15分钟内使温度和压力从环境温度和环境压力升至135℃和13.8巴。将组合件在这些条件下保持30分钟,然后将所得层压板在环境压力下快速(即以2.5℃/分钟的冷却条件A)冷却至室温。使用Haze-gard Plus雾度计(BYK-Gardner(Columbia,MD))按照ASTM D1003对由此获得的层压板进行雾度测试。该测量后,将上述层压板在烘箱中加热至120℃,并在该温度下保持2至3小时,接着慢速(即以0.1℃/分钟的冷却条件B)冷却至室温,然后测定雾度。
如比较实施例(CE4至CE19)所示,包括通过中和现有技术前体酸共聚物而制备的离聚物夹层的玻璃层压板的雾度水平取决于获得层压板时的冷却速率。一般来讲,较慢冷却速率会提高层压板的雾度。然而,如表2中显示的数据所示,与包括通过中和现有技术前体酸共聚物而制备的离聚物夹层的玻璃层压板(比较实施例CE4至CE19)相比,包括夹层片材的玻璃层压板(比较实施例CE1至CE3)表现出更低的雾度,所述夹层片材由通过用含有钠离子的碱中和以上所述前体酸共聚物而制备的离聚物所制成。此外,比较实施例CE1至CE3中的玻璃层压板的雾度水平不受获得层压板时的冷却速率影响。
表1
挤出机区域 | 温度(℃) |
进料 | 环境温度 |
区域1 | 100-170 |
区域2 | 150-210 |
区域3 | 170-230 |
机颈 | 170-230 |
模头 | 170-230 |
表2
1.在聚合过程中,整个反应器内保持单相;
2.衍生出形成层压板夹层片材的离聚物的前体酸共聚物中包含的甲基丙烯酸的共聚单元的重量百分比;
3.根据离聚物的熔体流动速率(MFR)计算出的前体酸共聚物的MFR;
4.中和%钠为已中和的前体酸共聚物中存在的羧酸基团的百分比;
5.离聚物的熔体流动速率(MFR),根据ASTM D1238在190℃和2.16kg下测定;
6.“n.d.”表示当根据ASTM D3418-03测量时,凝固焓测不到。
实施例E1至E7和比较实施例CE20至CE24
比较实施例CE20至CE24所用的离聚物通过与如上所述用于比较实施例CE1至CE19的基本相同的方法进行制备,不同的是在制备CE22和CE23所用的离聚物时,使用了乙酸锌或氧化锌浓缩物的溶液,而非氢氧化钠溶液。在制备实施例E1至E3所用的离聚物时,采用比较实施例CE1至CE19所用的类似方法,不同的是前体酸共聚物首先通过注入适量氢氧化钠溶液、然后注入适量乙酸锌溶液来中和。实施例E4所用的离聚物通过熔融共混比较实施例CE21所用的75重量%的离聚物和比较实施例CE22所用的25重量%的离聚物进行制备。实施例E5所用的离聚物通过熔融共混比较实施例CE21所用的50重量%的离聚物和比较实施例CE22所用的50重量%的离聚物进行制备。实施例E6所用的离聚物通过熔融共混比较实施例CE21所用的25重量%的离聚物和比较实施例CE22所用的75重量%的离聚物进行制备。实施例E7所用的离聚物通过熔融共混比较实施例CE22所用的50重量%的离聚物和比较实施例CE24所用的50重量%的离聚物进行制备。
使用上文所述的类似挤出方法,将实施例E1至E7和比较实施例CE20至CE24所用的离聚物树脂成形为标称30密耳(0.76mm)或33密耳(0.84mm)厚的片材,并切割为300×300mm的方块。由此挤出的离聚物方块被认为基本上不含水分。如果未在短时间内将离聚物方块用于进一步实验,在这一间隔内它们会存储在防潮包装袋(金属薄片封套)中。
将离聚物片材修剪为尺寸100×50×0.76mm,进行称量,然后浸入23℃的水中1000小时。将片材从水中取出后,吸干表面残余水分,然后重新称量。将浸水前后的重量差值除以浸水前的片材重量,计算结果为水分增重百分比(%),结果总结于表3中。
使用与上文所述类似的层压方法,将第二组离聚物片材层压到两块退火玻璃片材(100×100×3mm)之间以形成玻璃层压板,并且每个层压板的雾度百分比在冷却条件A或冷却条件B的条件下测定。结果示于表3中。在某些实施例(比较实施例CE21、CE22、CE24以及实施例E4至E7)中,层压方法完成后,使用本文称作“冷却条件C”的规程进一步处理层压板。该规程包括:1)在热空气箱中加热层压板,在9分钟内使温度从环境温度升至70℃,2)将温度维持在70℃,时间为15分钟,3)在55分钟内将温度升至125℃,4)将温度维持在125℃,时间为15分钟,5)在7分钟内从125℃冷却至90℃,6)将温度维持在90℃,时间为15分钟,以及7)在10小时50分钟内从90℃冷却至25℃。然后测试由此获得的层压板的雾度百分比。结果示于表3中。
表3中报告的结果显示,一般来讲,锌离聚物层压片材(比较实施例CE22和CE23)往往表现出比钠离聚物层压片材(比较实施例CE20、CE21和CE24)更弱的光学特性。与钠离聚物片材相比,所得钠/锌离聚物片材包含锌阳离子,从而改善了耐湿性。此外,包含锌阳离子对所得混合离聚物的光学特性无影响或影响非常小(如较低的雾度水平所示),尤其是在钠/锌阳离子比率较高时。
尽管上文已描述并具体例示了本发明的某些优选实施方案,但并不旨在将本发明限制于此类实施方案。在不脱离如以下权利要求书所述的本发明范围和精神的情况下,可进行各种修改。
Claims (8)
1.包含钠/锌混合离聚物的组合物,其中所述钠/锌混合离聚物为前体酸共聚物的中和产物;并且进一步其中
(a)所述前体酸共聚物包含具有2至10个碳原子的α-烯烃的共聚单元以及按所述前体酸共聚物的总重量计约20至约30重量%的具有3至8个碳原子的α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸的共聚单元;其中根据ASTM D1238在190℃和2.16kg下测定,所述前体酸共聚物具有约10至约4000克/10分钟的熔体流动速率;并且其中当按所述前体酸共聚物中存在的羧酸基团的总数计中和至约40%至约90%的含量,以包含羧酸根基团和基本上由钠离子组成的抗衡离子时,所述前体酸共聚物产生钠离聚物,所述钠离聚物具有测不到或小于约3.0焦/克的凝固焓,所述凝固焓根据ASTMD3418采用差示扫描量热法测定;以及
(b)所述钠/锌混合离聚物包含羧酸根基团和抗衡离子组合;所述抗衡离子组合按所述钠/锌混合离聚物中的羧酸根基团当量的总数计,基本上由约1至约99当量%的钠阳离子和互补地约99至约1当量%的锌阳离子组成。
2.权利要求1的组合物,其中所述前体酸共聚物的约40%至约70%的酸性部分被中和;或其中所述钠/锌混合离聚物在190℃和2.16kg下具有约0.7至约35克/10分钟或更小的熔体流动速率(MFR);或其中所述前体酸共聚物包含约20至约25重量%的所述α,β-烯键式不饱和羧酸的共聚单元;或其中所述抗衡离子组合基本上由约50至约95当量%的钠阳离子和互补地约5至约50当量%的锌阳离子组成。
3.制品,所述制品包含权利要求1或权利要求2的组合物或由权利要求1或权利要求2的组合物制备。
4.权利要求3的制品,所述制品为通过选自以下方法制备的膜或片材:浸涂、溶液流铸、层压、熔融挤塑、吹胀薄膜、挤出贴面和串联式挤出贴合;或所述制品是通过选自以下方法制备的模塑制品:压塑、注塑、挤塑、以及吹塑。
5.权利要求3或权利要求4的制品,所述制品为具有至少约1mm的最小厚度的注塑制品;或所述制品为具有多层结构的注塑制品,所述多层结构具有基本由所述组合物组成的至少一层,所述至少一层具有至少约1mm的最小厚度。
6.权利要求5的制品,所述制品为片材、容器、盖或塞子、盘、医疗设备或仪器、把手、旋钮、按钮、装饰品、面板、储物箱、或鞋子组件。
7.权利要求4的制品,所述制品通过选自以下方法制备:共注塑、重叠注塑、注坯吹塑、注坯拉伸吹塑和挤坯吹塑。
8.通过注塑而制备的制品,所述制品基本上由权利要求1的组合物组成并且具有约1至约100mm的厚度。
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2009
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- 2009-11-02 US US12/610,881 patent/US8334033B2/en active Active
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- 2009-11-02 EP EP09836577.8A patent/EP2376548B1/en active Active
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AU2009333797B2 (en) | 2015-05-14 |
WO2010077428A8 (en) | 2011-01-06 |
WO2010077428A1 (en) | 2010-07-08 |
KR101693902B1 (ko) | 2017-01-06 |
KR20110119674A (ko) | 2011-11-02 |
CN107043486A (zh) | 2017-08-15 |
US20100166992A1 (en) | 2010-07-01 |
AU2009333797A1 (en) | 2011-06-30 |
JP5587336B2 (ja) | 2014-09-10 |
US8334033B2 (en) | 2012-12-18 |
EP2376548B1 (en) | 2020-04-01 |
BRPI0918690A2 (pt) | 2017-05-30 |
JP2012514100A (ja) | 2012-06-21 |
EP2376548A1 (en) | 2011-10-19 |
EP2376548A4 (en) | 2012-07-11 |
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