CA2260423C - Pharmaceutical composition of hedgehog proteins and use thereof - Google Patents

Abstract

A pharmaceutical composition of a hedgehog protein which is characterized in that the hedgehog protein is bound to a hydrophilic carrier that is biocompatible and biodegradable wherein the carrier is a polymer which - binds the hedgehog protein as a negatively-charged carrier as a result of ionic interactions, - does not denature the hedgehog protein when it binds to the carrier, - contains at least 0.1 to 2 negatively-charged residues per monomer under neutral conditions, - contains the charge in the form of acidic groups, - has an average molecular weight of at least 50,000 Da - and contains no agarose reversibly and actively releases hedgehog proteins in vivo from a carrier in a delayed manner.

Description

Ref. 20' 190 The invention concerns a pharmaceutical composition of hedgehog proteins and its use in particular for the local release of these proteins on bones and cartilage.
Hedgehog (hh) proteins are understood as a family of secreted signal proteins which are responsible for the formation of numerous structures in embryogenesis (J.C.
Smith, Cell 76 ( 1994) 193 - 196, N. Perrimon, Cell 80 ( 1995) 517 - 520, C. Chiang et al., Nature 83 ( 1996) 407, M.J. Bitgood et al., Curr. Biol. 6 ( 1996) 296, A. Vortkamp et al., Science 273 ( 1996) 613, C.J. Lai et al., Development 121 (1995) 2349). During its biosynthesis a 20 kD N-terminal domain and a 25 kD C-terminal domain are obtained after cleavage of the signal sequence and autocatalytic cleavage. The N-terminal domain is modified in its natural form with cholesterol (J.A. Porter et al., Science 274 (1996) 255 - 259). In higher life-forms the hh family is composed of at least three members i.e. sonic, Indian and desert hh (Shh, Ihh, Dhh; M. Fietz et al., Development (Suppl.) (1994) 43 - 51). Differences in the activity of hedgehog proteins that were produced recombinantly were observed after production in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (M. Hynes et al., Neuron 15 ( 1995) 35 - 44 and T.
Nakamura et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 237 ( 1997) 465 - 469.
Hynes et al. compare the activity of hh in the supernatant of transformed human embryonic kidney 293 cells (eukaryotic hh) with hh produced from E. coli and find a four-fold higher activity of hh from the supernatants of the kidney cell line. A
potential additional accessory factor which is only expressed in eukaryotic cells, a post-translational modification, a different N-terminus since the hh isolated from E. coli contains 50 % of a hh which carries two additional N-terminal amino acids (Gly-Ser) or is shortened by 5 - 6 amino acids, or a higher state of aggregation (e.g. by binding to nickel agarose beads) have been discussed to be the reason for this increased activity.
Nakamura et al. compare the activity of shh in the supernatant of transformed chicken embryo fibroblasts with an shh fusion protein isolated from E. coli which still has an N-terminal polyhistidine part. The shh in the supernatant of the fibroblasts has a seven-fold higher activity than the purified E. coli protein with regard to stimulation of alkaline phosphatase (AP) in C3H10T 1/z cells. Molecules such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have been discussed as the reason for the increased activity which are only present in the supernatant of eukaryotic cells and cause the stronger induction of AP.
Kinto et al., FEBS Letters, 404 (1997) 319 - 323 describe that fibroblasts which secrete hh induce ectopic bone formation in an i.m. implantation on collagen. Hedgehog proteins therefore have an osteoinductive activity.
SR/5.1.99 A process for the production of delivery systems for proteins with delayed release using alginate is known from WO 90/08551. In this process a two-phase system is formed in which the first phase contains a high concentration of the protein (saturated solution) and the second phase contains alginate. However, such a phase separation is difficult and complicated to carry out when producing pharmaceutical compositions in large amounts.
A pulsatile release of dextran from calcium-alginate complexes is known from Kikuchi, A.
et al., J. Controlled Release 47 ( 1997) 21 - 29. However, the coupling of hedgehog proteins to such complexes is not described by Kikuchi.
Robinson, C.J. et al. describe in Trends in Biotechnology 14 (1996) 451 - 452 the intraventricular implantation of alginate microspheres as a method for the local application of NGF or NGF-secreting cells. However, an application for hedgehog proteins is not described.
Downs, E.C. et al. describe in J. Cell. Physiol. 152 ( 1992) 422 - 429 the application of calcium alginate spheres as a delivery system for angiogenesis factors.
However, the use of this process or this delivery system for hedgehog proteins is not described.
Crey, C.J. and J. Dowsett describe in Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31 ( 1988) 607 - 612 the use of calcium/zinc alginate spheres as a delivery system for insulin. However, the use of this process for the production of delivery systems for hedgehog proteins is not known from this.
From Yang et al., Development 124 ( 1997) 4393- 4404 it is known that high local hedgehog concentrations must be maintained over a period of at least 16 h at the site of action in the body for a pharmaceutically effective in vivo activity. The carrier system described by Yang et al. like the hedgehog-loaded chromatography medium Affigel CM, the Ni-agarose described by Marti et al. in Nature 375 (1995) 322 - 325 or the Affigel Blue used by Lopez-Martinez et al. in Curr. Biol. 5 ( 1995) 791 - 796 or the heparin-agarose particles that were used therein are unsuitable for a pharmaceutical application since they are immunogenic and can cause inflammatory reactions.
The inventors found that the biocompatible and biodegradable carrier collagen described by Kinto et al. for hh-expressing cells is also unsuitable for an optimal local pharmaceutical application of hedgehog proteins as long as these hedgehog proteins bind to the carrier only via ionic interactions. It was found that when collagen carriers are loaded with hedgehog proteins under physiological conditions (pH ca. 7 and in weak acids (up to pH

4.5)) the majority of the applied hedgehog protein is released within minutes from the matrix. According to the inventors' findings, this insufficient binding is due to the lack of sufficient ionic interactions between the hedgehog protein and the carrier. In the case of loading under acidic conditions (below pH 4.5), a large amount of the applied hedgehog protein is denatured and irreversibly bound to the carrier.
Hence the object of the invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition of a hedgehog protein with a biocompatible carrier wherein the carrier binds the hedgehog protein in its active, folded structure and can release it in vivo in its active form in a delayed manner. Such formulations are especially suitable for repairing bone and cartilage defects, but can also be used to repair neuronal defects or for a systemic delivery.
The object is achieved by a pharmaceutical composition of a hedgehog protein which is characterized in that the hedgehog protein is bound to a hydrophilic carrier which is biocompatible wherein the carrier is a polymer which - binds the hedgehog protein as a negatively-charged carrier as a result of ionic interactions, - does not denature the hedgehog protein when it binds to the carrier, - the carrier contains at least 0.1 to 1, preferably 0.1 to 2 negatively-charged residues per monomer under neutral conditions, - the charge is mediated in the form of acidic groups such as e.g. sulfate, carboxyl or phosphate groups, - and the average molecular weight of the carrier is at least 50,000 Da.
It has surprisingly turned out that hedgehog proteins can be released reversibly from a carrier in vivo in an active form and in a delayed manner without causing homogeneous and/or inflammatory reactions in vivo if they are bound to a negatively-charged soluble or insoluble polymer matrix.
Preferably a hydrophilic carrier matrix is used and particularly preferably a soluble or insoluble organic hydrophilic carrier matrix. The carrier matrix is particularly preferably composed of an anionic poly-saccharide such as preferably hyaluronic acid (as well as chemically cross-linked forms thereof), chondroitin sulfate, polyvinyl sulfate, keratin sulfate, dextran sulfate, pectin, carrageenans and other hydrocolloids, sulfated alginate, dermatan sulfate, alginate, preferably calcium alginate or a combination of at least two such anionic polysaccharides or a combination of these charged polysaccharides with other polymers, such as in particular collagen, in which the percentage by weight of the charged polysaccharides is 10-50 %. Insoluble matrix in the sense of the invention means that the matrix is essentially not decomposed or does not visibly dissolve in buffered solution in vitro within 10 - 20 hours at room temperature. In this connection it is particularly preferable that the carrier used according to the invention contains less than 50 %, preferably less than 20 % and particularly preferably essentially no amount of a neutral polysaccharide. Hyaluronic acid with a molecular weight of at least 106 Dalton, in particular with a molecular weight of 4 x 106 Dalton is particularly suitable as a carrier matrix.
In a further embodiment it has turned out that hydrophilic carriers based on inorganic insoluble phosphate such as hydroxylapatite or tricalcium phosphate are also suitable according to the invention as an insoluble carrier matrix.
A delayed release according to the invention is understood as a release of the hedgehog protein in a pharmacologically effective dose over a defined period of at least 14 hours. A
pharmacological effect is understood as a neurological effect on nerve cells, a chondrogenesis and/or chondrogenesis induction and preferably osteogenesis and/or osteoinduction as described by Kinto et al., FEBS Letters, 404 (1997) 319-323 for bone induction, by Miao et al. in J. Neurosci. 17 ( 1997) 5891-5899 for the effect on nerve cells and by Stott et al. in J. Cell. Sci. 110 ( 1997) 2691-2701 for cartilage cell induction.
An enzymatically degradable carrier is preferably used as the carrier which can be degraded by secreted enzymes (e.g. proteases) from the cells on which the local in vivo application is carried out. However, the half life of the carrier should be at least 12 h, but can be several weeks. If the carrier is composed of a polysaccharide, this carrier is preferably degraded by glycosidases and by hydrolases that are present in the cell and secreted. Such a biodegradability of the carrier is, however, not necessary in every case. If the release is carried out to treat osteoporosis or neuronal diseases, a biodegradability is not necessary.
However, such carriers are preferably poorly soluble under physiological conditions and consequently are absorbed by the body over a relative long period (several weeks to months).
Solutions of the hedgehog proteins in high concentrations are necessary in order to produce carrier matrices which are coated with hedgehog proteins in such a manner that they exhibit an adequate pharmaceutical efficacy when applied locally. It has turned out that carriers coated with hedgehog protein that can be used pharmaceutically should preferably contain a concentration of the hedgehog protein of 1 to 5 mg/ml, preferably 3 mg/ml carrier, or more. Carriers are particularly preferred which contain hedgehog proteins at a concentration of 10 mg/ml or more. Hedgehog proteins are intrinsically poorly soluble. However, it has surprisingly turned out that the solubility of the hedgehog proteins increases drastically in solutions which contain arginine or argininium ions (preferably argininium sulfate). Hence, a further subject matter of the invention are aqueous solutions of hedgehog proteins at a concentration of 3 mg/ml and more which contain arginine and argininium ions and are preferably buffered. A further subject matter of the invention is a process for the production of a carrier matrix coated with hedgehog protein which is characterized in that the carrier matrix is incubated with a hedgehog protein solution at a concentration of 3 mg/ml which contains arginine or argininium ions and the carrier matrix coated in this manner is isolated.
Such solutions are suitable for producing carrier matrices which contain hedgehog proteins in pharmaceutically effective concentrations and are suitable for a pharmaceutical application. Hence a further subject matter of the invention is a carrier matrix which contains 3 mg hedgehog protein or more, preferably 10 mg or more per ml carrier matrix and arginine or argininium ions. The concentration of arginine is preferably between 10 and S00 mmol/1, preferably in a pH range between 6 and 8.
Activity within the sense of the invention is understood as the activity of alkaline phosphatase (stimulation of the expression of alkaline phosphatase) which the polypeptide can induce in mammalian cells (activity in the alkaline phosphatase assay).
For this a mouse mesenchymal cell line is cultured in a medium which contains fetal calf serum.
Subsequently sterile-filtered sample is added, the cells are lysed after ca. 5 days and alkaline phosphatase is determined in the cell lysate by means of the cleavage of a chromogenic substrate (pNP, p-nitrophenol) (J. Asahina, Exp. Cell. Res. 222 (1996) 38 - 47 and T.
Nakamura (1997)).
A hedgehog protein is understood by the invention as a secreted signal protein which is responsible for the formation of numerous structures in embryogenesis. Sonic, Indian or desert hh are particularly preferably used (Fietz M., et al. Development (Suppl.) ( 1994) 43-51 ). A hh protein with a sequence as described in the EMBL database under the No. L38518 is preferably used. Proteins of the hedgehog family exhibit a pronounced homology in their amino acid sequence which is why it is also preferable to express those nucleic acids which code for hedgehog proteins which are 80 % or more homologous with the above-mentioned sequence of sonic hedgehog protein.
The human sonic hedgehog precursor protein is composed of the amino acids 1 -462 of the sequence described in the EMBL database under No. L38518. The amino acids represent the signal peptide, the amino acids 24 - 197 represent the mature signal domain, the amino acids 32 - 197 represent the signal domain shortened by 8 amino acids and the amino acids 198 - 462 represent the auto-processing domain after autoproteolytic cleavage.
The pharmaceutical composition according to the invention preferably contains an additional polymer which essentially acts as a supporting structural substance, which preferably also has an adhesion function for cells but does not bind on hedgehog proteins based on ionic interactions. Preferably, this substance is a biodegradable protein or a hydrolytic degradation product which may be used, for example, in the form of intact protein fibers as solubilized protein or as partially hydrolyzed protein. Such a supporting structural substance is preferably collagen, gelatin, elastin, or fibrin. The supporting structural substance is preferably present in a lower amount than the described hydrophilic biocompatible carrier according to the invention. The proportion of the supporting structural substance is therefore preferably 30%, or less preferably 10% or less. However, the supporting structural substance can also be present in excess relative to the hydrophilic carrier. It only needs to be ensured in this connection that the amount of hydrophilic carrier in the pharmaceutical composition according to the invention be sufficiently high to ensure that a therapeutically effective amount of the hedgehog protein is bound to the hydrophilic carrier. It is therefore preferred to use at least a 5-fold excess of the hydrophilic carrier referred to the hedgehog protein. In addition, the binding of the hedgehog protein to the carrier for the preparation of the pharmaceutical composition should be effected at a pH of 4.5 or greater. As pointed out above, it has been found that hedgehog proteins at a pH below 4.5, denature and bind irreversibly to proteinous carrier-like collagen. Therefore the binding of the hedgehog protein to the carrier should be effected in the neutral pH
range.
Carriers which contain, apart from the hydrophilic carrier, further supporting structural compounds are, for example, protein / polysaccharide complexes. Preferred complexes are described in U.S. Patent 4,614,794.
The pharmaceutical composition is prepared by incubating the hedgehog protein with the hydrophilic carrier at a pH of 4.5 or greater, preferably a pH within the neutral range (pH 6 to 8), whereby the binding of the hedgehog protein to the carrier is effected.
The incubation is carried out preferably in a buffered solution. When using as the carrier a matrix which additionally contains a biodegradable protein such as collagen, incubation at a pH of 4.5 or greater will ensure the prevention of irreversible binding of hedgehog protein (which is denatured at lower pH values) to the biodegradable protein.
It has been found that under these conditions, no binding, or only a negligible binding, of the hedgehog protein to the biodegradable protein occurs as long as the hedgehog protein does not contain a hydrophobic modification, and thus the biodegradable protein merely acts as a supporting structural substance.
Hydrophobically modified (lipophilised) hedgehog proteins are hedgehog proteins which show in relation to unmodified hh proteins (e.g., recombinantly produced in prokaryotes) an increase in surface hydrophobicity. The degree of lipophilisation of a protein is measured by integration in a lipid layer according to Haque, Z., et al., J.
Agric. Food Chem.
30 (1982) 481. Such lipophilised hh proteins bind according to the invention to the hydrophilic carrier in the same manner as non-lipophilised hh protein does, but they bind, in addition, to the biodegradable protein via hydrophobic interactions.
For the production of the pharmaceutical composition it is additionally preferable to add auxiliary substances such as sugars (mannitol, sucrose, lactose, glucose, sucrose, trehalose, preferably 20-100 mg/ml) or amino acids such as glycine or arginine as well as antioxidants such as EDTA, citrate, polyethylene glycol (1-10 % by weight), detergents, preferably non-ionic detergents (preferably 0.005 - 1 % by weight) such as polysorbates (Tween~20 or Tween~80) or polyoxyethylenes, anti-inflammatory ingredients, local anaesthetics, antibiotics and/or stabilizers such as lipids, fatty acids and glycerol.
In a further preferred embodiment, a pharmaceutical composition of the hedgehog protein according to the invention together with suramin is preferred and this can be used advantageously.
The pharmaceutical compositions can contain additional pharmaceutical auxiliary substances.
In a preferred embodiment the pharmaceutical composition contains hedgehog protein at a concentration of 0.1 - 100 mg/ml.
In a preferred embodiment the pharmaceutical composition additionally contains a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer which is biocompatible preferably in a range between pH 4 and pH 10, particularly preferably in a range between pH 6 and 8, in particular at a pH value of ca. pH 7. The pH value of the pharmaceutical composition should be expediently more than pH 4 in order to prevent a denaturation and detachment of the zinc complexed in the hedgehog protein. The concentration of the buffer is preferably 1-500 mmol/1, in particular 5-150 mmol/1 and particularly preferably 10-100 mmol/l.
In a _g_ suitable embodiment 20 mmol/1 potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.2 or 100 mmol/1 arginine chloride pH 7.2 is used as the buffer.
The following examples, publications and figures further elucidate the invention, the protective scope of which results from the patent claims. The described methods are to be understood as examples which still describe the subject matter of the invention even after modifications.
Description of the Figures:
Figure 1: In vitro release of shh from a collagen matrix.
Figure 2: In vitro release of shh from calcium alginate capsules.
Figure 3: In vitro release of shh from hyaluronic acid gels.
Figure 4: In vitro release of shh from an alginate / collagen matrix.
Examples Example 1 Production of an alginate gel containing hh protein An aliquot of hh protein solution ( 1 mg/ml shh solution in 50 mg/ml sucrose, 50 mM
potassium phosphate, pH 7.2) is stirred with an Na-alginate stock solution (Pronova, Biopolymer, NO) (in water, greater than 0.1 %) in such a way that a gelatinous alginate protein mixture is formed. This gel can either be used directly as an injectable matrix or fizrther processed into calcium alginate capsules or is stored as a lyophilisate.
Example 2 Production of a collagen mixture containing hh protein (comparative example) 100 Exl of a hh solution ( 1 mg/ml hh) in a) 20 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.4 or b) in 50 mM sodium acetate, pH 4.5 or c) in 0.1 % trifluoroacetic acid, pH 2 is added dropwise onto collagen sponges (Helistat, Integra Life Sciences, USA) with a size of 10 x 10 x 3 mm. The loaded carriers are then frozen (-70°C), lyophilized and analysed.

For this the loaded sponges are incubated at 37°C in a suitable volume in buffer ( 10 mmol/1 potassium phosphate, 150 mmol/1 NaCI, pH 7.2). The amount of released hh is determined by means of RP-HPLC.
Examyle 3 3.1 Production of Ca-alginate capsules The alginate gel described in example 1 which contains hh protein is added dropwise to a CaCl2 solution (about 1.5 %) while stirring continuously. Ca-alginate complexes form spontaneously which contain the protein. The size of the capsules that are formed depends on the size of the drops and can be varied as desired. After a 5 to 10 minute incubation in the CaCl2 solution, the capsules are filtered and washed in buffer (20 mmol/1 potassium phosphate, pH 7.2). These capsules can either be used directly as implants or be processed further by lyophilization.
3.2 Lyophilization The Ca-alginate capsules are frozen at -70°C and subsequently lyophilized. The lyophilization enables a stable storage of the capsules and additionally facilitates the implantation since the capsules are easier to handle in the dry state.
Example 4 In vitro release of Shh The analysis of the in vitro release kinetics shows that Shh is released in a delayed manner from Ca-alginate capsules over a period of at least 70 h (Fig. 2) whereas shh from a collagen matrix is released within a few, and up to ca. 20, minutes (Fig. 1).
Lyophilized alginate spheres containing shh were incubated at 37°C in 10 mM
potassium phosphate, 150 mM NaCI, pH 7.2 (Rotatherm). After 5 min, 1h, 5h, 10h, 1d, 34h, 2d, 3d and 6d samples are taken and analysed for their shh content by means of SDS
polyacrylamide electrophoresis (Fig. 2). The cumulative amount of shh released from the alginate capsules is plotted against time.
Examination of the release kinetics of shh from 2.5 % hyaluronic acid gels using hyaluronic acid types with a low molecular weight (LMW; molecular weight ca. 1.3 x 106 Da) or with a high molecular weight (HMW; molecular weight ca. 4 x 106 Da) is shown in Figure 3. For this hyaluronic acid gels loaded with shh are filled into dialysis tubes (separation size 300,000 Da) and the tubes are incubated in PBS at 37°C. At the stated times samples of the release medium were taken and analysed for their shh content by means of reversed phase HPLC. It is clear that a portion of the loaded hedgehog protein is released in a delayed manner. Another portion of the protein remains bound to the hyaluronic acid and could be released in vivo by degradation of the hyaluronic acid.
Examination of the release kinetics of shh from a collagen-alginate matrix (FibracolTM, cf.
U.S. Patent 4,614,794) is shown in Figure 4. For this a Fibracol sponge ( 1 x 1 x 0.3 cm) was loaded with 0.2 mg of hshh in PBS. The loaded sponges were frozen (-70°C), lyophilized and incubated in an appropriate volume of PBS at 37°C. At the stated times samples of the release medium were taken and analyzed for their shh content by means of reversed phase HPLC. It is clear that only about 10 to 20% of the loaded hedgehog proteins are released into the medium and that a major portion remains bound to the collagen-alginate matrix.
This portion could be released in vivo by degradation of the matrix.
List of References Asahina, J., Exp. Cell. Res. 222 ( 1996) 38-47 Bitgood, M.J. et al., Curr. Biol. 6 ( 1996) 296 Chiang, C., et al., Nature 83 (1996) 407 Crey, C.J. et al., Biotechnol. Bioeng. 31 (1988) 607-612 Downs, E.C. et al., J. Cellular Physiology 152 ( 1992) 422-429 Fietz, M. et al., Development (Supply ( 1994) 43-51 Haque, Z. et al., J. Agric. Food Chem. 30 ( 1982) 481 Hynes, M. et al., Neuron 15 (1995) 35-44 Karablis et al., Genes and Development 8 ( 1994) 277-289 Kikuchi, A. et al., J. Controlled Release 47 ( 1997) 21-29 Kinto et al., FEBS Letters, 404 (1997) 319-323 Lai, C.J. et al., Development 121 ( 1995) 2349 Lopez-Martinez et al., Curr. Biol. 5 (1995) 791-796 Marti et al., Nature 375 (1995) 322-325 Miao et al., J. Neurosci. 17 (1997) 5891-5899 Nakamura, T. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 237 ( 1997) 465-469 Perrimon, N., Cell 80 ( 1995 ) 517-520 Porter, J.A. et al., Science 274 (1996) 255-259 Robinson, C.J. et al., Trends in Biotechnology 14 (1996) 451-452 Smith, J.C., Cell 76 (1994) 193-196 Stott et al., J. Cell Sci. 110 ( 1997) 2691-2701 Trademark*

U.S. Patent 4,614,794 Vortkamp, A. et al., Science 273 ( 1996) 613 Yang et al., Development 124 (1997) 4393-4404

Claims (60)

1. A pharmaceutical composition for providing delayed release of a hedgehog protein, comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of a hedgehog protein and a negatively charged polymer carrier matrix.

2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer matrix is a hydrophilic carrier matrix.

3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 2, wherein the hydrophilic carrier matrix is an organic hydrophilic carrier matrix.

4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the organic hydrophilic carrier matrix is composed of an anionic polysaccharide.

5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein the anionic polysaccharide is hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dextran sulfate, pectin, carrageenan, or another hydrocolloid, sulfated alginate, dermatan sulfate, or alginate.

6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein the anionic polysaccharide is calcium alginate.

7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the organic hydrophilic carrier matrix is a combination of at least two anionic polysaccharides selected from the group consisting of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dextran sulfate, pectin, carrageenan, and other hydrocolloids, sulfated alginate, dermatan sulfate, and alginate.

8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein the organic hydrophilic carrier matrix is a combination of at least one polymer and at least one anionic polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dextran sulfate, pectin, carrageenan, and other hydrocolloids, sulfated alginate, dermatan sulfate, and alginate, in which the percentage by weight of the anionic polysaccharide is 10-50% of the carrier matrix.

9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer carrier matrix is insoluble.

10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 9, wherein the polymer carrier matrix contains less than 50% of neutral polysaccharide.

11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 10, wherein the polymer carrier matrix contains less than 20% of neutral polysaccharide.

12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein the polymer carrier matrix contains essentially no neutral polysaccharide.

13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer carrier matrix is hyaluronic acid with a molecular weight of at least 106 Daltons.

14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 13, wherein the hyaluronic acid has a molecular weight of 4×10 6 Daltons.

15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer carrier matrix is an inorganic insoluble matrix.

16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 15, wherein the inorganic insoluble matrix is an inorganic insoluble phosphate selected from hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate.

17. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the polymer carrier matrix is enzymatically degradable.

18. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 17, wherein the half-life of the polymer carrier matrix is at least 12 hours.

19. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4, wherein the polysaccharide is degradable by glycosidases and hydrolases.

20. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein a concentration of the hedgehog protein is 1 to 5 mg/ml carrier.

21. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein a concentration of the hedgehog protein is at least 3 mg/ml carrier.

22. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 21, wherein a concentration of the hedgehog protein is at least 10 mg/ml carrier.

23. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the composition contains arginine or an argininium ion.

24. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the arginine or argininium ion is argininium sulfate.

25. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 24, wherein a concentration of the hedgehog protein is at least 3 mg/ml carrier matrix.

26. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 25, wherein a concentration of the hedgehog protein is at least 10 mg/ml carrier matrix.

27. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 23, wherein the concentration of arginine is between 10 and 500 mmol/l.

28. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the hedgehog protein is present at a concentration of 0.1 - 100 mg/ml.

29. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, containing a biocompatible, pharmaceutically acceptable buffer having a pH in a range of 4 to 10.

30. A process for preparing a pharmaceutical composition for providing delayed release of a hedgehog protein, comprising combining a pharmaceutically effective amount of a hedgehog protein and a negatively charged polymer carrier matrix.

31. The process of claim 30, wherein the polymer matrix is a hydrophilic carrier matrix.

32. The process of claim 31, wherein the hydrophilic carrier matrix is an organic hydrophilic carrier matrix.

33. The process of claim 32, wherein the organic hydrophilic carrier matrix is composed of an anionic polysaccharide.

34. The process of claim 33, wherein the anionic polysaccharide is hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dextran sulfate, pectin, carrageenan, or another hydrocolloid, sulfated alginate, dermatan sulfate, or alginate.

35. The process of claim 33, wherein the anionic polysaccharide is calcium alginate.

36. The process of claim 32, wherein the organic hydrophilic carrier matrix is a combination of at least two anionic polysaccharides selected from the group consisting of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dextran sulfate, pectin, carrageenan, and other hydrocolloids, sulfated alginate, dermatan sulfate, and alginate.

37. The process of claim 32, wherein the organic hydrophilic carrier matrix is a combination of at least one polymer and at least one anionic polysaccharide selected from the group consisting of hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, keratin sulfate, dextran sulfate, pectin, carrageenan, and other hydrocolloids, sulfated alginate, dermatan sulfate, and alginate, in which the percentage by weight of the anionic polysaccharide is 10-50% of the carrier matrix.

38. The process of claim 30, wherein the polymer carrier matrix is insoluble.

39. The process of claim 38, wherein the polymer carrier matrix contains less than 50% of neutral polysaccharide.

40. The process of claim 39, wherein the polymer carrier matrix contains less than 20% of neutral polysaccharide.

41. The process of claim 40, wherein the polymer carrier matrix contains essentially no neutral polysaccharide.

42. The process of claim 30, wherein the polymer carrier matrix is hyaluronic acid with a molecular weight of at least 10 6 Daltons.

43. The process of claim 42, wherein the hyaluronic acid has a molecular weight of 4×10 6 Daltons.

44. The process of claim 30, wherein the polymer carrier matrix is an inorganic insoluble matrix.

45. The process of claim 44, wherein the inorganic insoluble matrix is an inorganic insoluble phosphate selected from hydroxyapatite and tricalcium phosphate.

46. The process of claim 30, wherein the polymer carrier matrix is enzymatically degradable.

47. The process of claim 46, wherein the half-life of the polymer carrier matrix is at least 12 hours.

48. The process of claim 33, wherein the polysaccharide is degradable by glycosidases and hydrolases.

49. The process of claim 30, wherein the hedgehog protein and the carrier matrix are combined in a ratio of from 1 to 5 mg protein/ml carrier matrix.

50. The process of claim 30, wherein the hedgehog protein and the carrier matrix are combined in a ratio of at least 3 mg protein/ml carrier matrix.

51. The process of claim 50, wherein the hedgehog protein and the carrier matrix are combined in a ratio of at least 10 mg protein/ml carrier matrix.

52. The process of claim 30, further comprising combining arginine or an argininium ion with the carrier matrix.

53. The process of claim 52, wherein the arginine or argininium ion is argininium sulfate.

54. The process of claim 53, wherein a concentration of the hedgehog protein in the composition is at least 3 mg/ml carrier matrix.

55. The process of claim 54, wherein a concentration of the hedgehog protein in the composition is at least 10 mg/ml carrier matrix.

56. The process of claim 52, wherein the concentration of arginine in the composition is between 10 and 500 mmol/l.

57. The process of claim 30, wherein the hedgehog protein is present in the composition at a concentration of 0.1-100 mg/ml.

58. The process of claim 30, further comprising combining a biocompatible, pharmaceutically acceptable buffer having a pH in a range of 4 to 10 with the carrier matrix.

59. A use of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-29 for the delayed release of a hedgehog protein in the human body.

60. The use of the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 1-5, 12-14 and 17-29 for the delayed release of a hedgehog protein in the human body, wherein the carrier matrix is hyaluronic acid.