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groff_mm(7)         Miscellaneous Information Manual         groff_mm(7)

Name         top

       groff_mm - memorandum macros for GNU roff

Synopsis         top

       groff -mm [option ...] [file ...]
       groff -m mm [option ...] [file ...]

Description         top

       The GNU implementation of the mm macro package is part of the
       groff document formatting system.  The mm package is suitable for
       the composition of letters, memoranda, reports, and books.

       Call an mm macro at the beginning of a document to initialize the
       package.  A simple mm document might use only P for paragraphing.
       Set numbered and unnumbered section headings with H and HU,
       respectively.  Change the style of the typeface with B, I, and R;
       you can alternate styles within a word with BI, BR, IB, IR, RB,
       and RI.  Several nestable list types are available via AL, BL,
       BVL, DL, ML, RL, and VL; each of these begins a list, to which LI
       adds an item and LE ends the (nested) list.  Customized list
       arrangements are supported by LB.  DS and DF start static and
       floating displays, respectively; either is terminated with DE.

       groff mm is intended to be compatible with the mm implementation
       found in the AT&T Documenter's Workbench (DWB), with the
       following limitations.

       •  Omitted features include the logo and company name strings, }Z
          and ]S, respectively; the encoded company site location
          addresses recognized as the third argument to the AU macro;
          the Pv (“private” heading) register; and the OK (other
          keywords) and PM (proprietary markings) macros.

       •  The CS (output cover sheet) macro is implemented only for
          memorandum type 4.

       •  The grap preprocessor is not explicitly supported; no G1 and
          G2 macros are defined.

       •  The registers A, C, E, T, and U, typically set from the troff
          or nroff command lines with DWB mm, are not recognized.

       •  When setting the registers L or W from the command line, use
          an explicit scaling unit to avoid surprises.

       •  DWB mm's nP macro indented the second line of a paragraph to
          align it with the start of the text of the first (after the
          paragraph number); groff mm's does not.

       •  Cut marks are not supported.

       DWB mm supported only seven levels of heading.  As a compatible
       extension, groff mm supports fourteen, introducing new registers
       H8 through H14, and affecting the interpretation of the HF and HP
       strings.

       Macro, register, and string descriptions in this page frequently
       mention each other; most cross references are to macros.  Where a
       register or string is referenced, its type is explicitly
       identified.  mm's macro names are usually in full capitals;
       registers and strings tend to have mixed-case names.

   Document styles
       groff mm offers three different frameworks for document
       organization.  COVER/COVEND is a flexible means of preparing any
       document requiring a cover page.  LT/LO aids preparation of
       typical Anglophone correspondence (business letters, for
       example).  The MT memorandum type mechanism implements a group of
       formal styles historically used by AT&T Bell Laboratories.  Your
       document can select at most one of these approaches; when used,
       each disables the others.

   Localization
       groff mm is designed to be easily localized.  For languages other
       than English, strings that can appear in output are collected in
       the file /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/xx.tmac, where xx is
       an ISO 639 two-letter language identifier.  Localization packages
       should be loaded after mm; for example, you might format a
       Swedish mm document with the command “groff -mm -msv”.

       This package can also be localized by site or territory; for
       example, /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mse.tmac illustrates
       how to adapt the output to a national standard using its ISO 3166
       territory code.  Such a package can define a string that causes a
       macro file /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/territory_locale
       to be loaded at package initialization.  If this mechanism is not
       used, /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/locale is loaded
       instead.  No diagnostic is produced if these files do not exist.

   Registers and strings
       Much mm behavior can be configured by registers and strings.  A
       register is assigned with the nr request.

              .nr ident [±]n [i]

       ident is the name of the register, and n is the value to be
       assigned.  n can be prefixed with a plus or minus sign if
       incrementation or decrementation (respectively) of the register's
       existing value by n is desired.  If assignment of a (possibly)
       negative n is required, further prefix it with a zero or enclose
       it in parentheses.  If i is specified, the register is
       automatically modified by i prior to interpolation if a plus or
       minus sign is included in the escape sequence as follows.

              \n[±][ident]

       i can be negative; it combines algebraically with the sign in the
       interpolation escape sequence.

       Strings are defined with the ds request.

              .ds ident contents

       contents consumes everything up to the end of the line, including
       trailing spaces.  It is a good practice to end contents with a
       comment escape sequence (\") so that extraneous spaces do not
       intrude during document maintenance.  To include leading spaces
       in contents, prefix it with a double quote.  Strings are
       interpolated with the \* escape sequence.

              \*[ident]

       Register and string name spaces are distinct, but strings and
       macros share a name space.  Defining a string with the same name
       as an mm macro is not supported and may cause incorrect
       rendering, the emission of diagnostic messages, and an error exit
       status from troff.

   Register format
       A register is interpolated using Arabic numerals if no other
       format has been assigned to it.  Assign a format to a register
       with the af request.

              .af R c

       R is the name of the register, and c is the format.  If c is a
       sequence of Arabic numerals, their quantity defines a zero-padded
       minimum width for the interpolated register value.

              Form   Sequence
              1      0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 10, ...
              001    000, 001, 002, 003, ..., 1000, ...
              i      0, i, ii, iii, iv, ...
              I      0, I, II, III, IV, ...
              a      0, a, b, c, ..., z, aa, ab, ...
              A      0, A, B, C, ..., Z, AA, AB, ...

   Fonts
       In groff mm, the fonts (or rather, font styles) R (roman),
       I (italic), and B (bold) are mounted at font positions 1, 2,
       and 3, respectively.  Internally, font positions are used for
       backward compatibility.  From a practical point of view, it
       doesn't make a big difference—a different font family can still
       be selected by invoking groff's fam request or using its -f
       command-line option.  On the other hand, if you want to replace
       just, for example, font I with Zapf Chancery Medium italic
       (available on groff's pdf and ps output devices), you have to use
       the fp request, replacing the font at position 2 with
       “.fp 2 ZCMI”).  Because the cover sheet, memorandum type, and
       refer(1) integration macros explicitly request fonts named B, I,
       and R, you will also need to remap these font names with the ftr
       request, for instance with “.ftr I ZCMI”.

Macros         top

       An explicitly empty argument may be specified with a pair of
       double quotes; to call a macro XX with an empty second argument
       but non-empty first and third ones, you could input the
       following.

              .XX foo "" baz

       Macro names longer than two characters are GNU extensions; some
       shorter names were not part of DWB mm's published interface but
       are documented aspects of groff mm.

       )E level text
              Add heading text text to the table of contents with level,
              which is either 0 or in the range 1 to 7.  See also H.
              This undocumented DWB mm macro is exposed by groff mm to
              enable customized tables of contents.

       1C [1] Format page text in one column.  The page is broken.  A 1
              argument suppresses this break; its use may cause body
              text and a pending footnote to overprint.  See 2C, MC, and
              NCOL.

       2C     Begin two-column formatting.  This is a special case of
              MC.  See 1C and NCOL.

       AE     Abstract end; stop collecting abstract text.  See AS.

       AF [firm-name]
              Specify firm associated with the document.  At most one
              can be declared; the firm name is used by memorandum types
              and available to cover sheets.  AF terminates a document
              title started with TL, and can be called without an
              argument for that purpose.  See MT and COVER.

       AL [type [text-indent [1]]]
              Begin an auto-incrementing numbered list.  Item numbers
              start at one.  The type argument assigns the register
              format (see above) of the list item enumerators.  The
              default is 1.  An explicitly empty type also indicates the
              default.  A text-indent argument overrides register Li.  A
              third argument suppresses the blank line that normally
              precedes each list item.  Use LI to declare list items,
              and LE to end the list.

       APP [id [title]]
              Begin an appendix.  If the identifier id is omitted, it is
              incremented (or initialized, if necessary).  The register
              format used for id is “A”.  The page is broken.  The
              register Aph determines whether an appendix heading is
              then formatted.  This heading uses the string App followed
              by id.  Appendices appear in any table of contents (see
              TC).  The string Apptxt is set to title if the latter is
              present, and made empty otherwise.

       APPSK id n [title]
              As APP, but increment the page number by n.  Use this
              macro to “skip pages” when diagrams or other materials not
              formatted by troff are included in appendices.

       AS [placement [indentation]]
              Abstract start; begin collecting abstract.  Input up to
              the next AE call is included in the abstract.  placement
              influences the location of the abstract on the cover sheet
              of a memorandum (see MT).  COVER, by contrast, ignores
              placement by default, but can be customized to interpret
              it.

              placement   Effect
              0           The abstract appears on page 1 and cover sheet
                          if the document is a “released paper”
                          memorandum (“.MT 4”); otherwise, it appears on
                          page 1 without a cover sheet.
              1           The abstract appears only on the cover sheet
                          (“.MT 4” only).

              An abstract does not appear at all in external letters
              (“.MT 5”).  A placement of 2 was supported by DWB mm but
              is not by groff mm.

              A second argument increases the indentation by indentation
              and reduces the line length by twice this amount.  A
              scaling unit of ens is assumed.  The default is 0.

       AST [caption]
              Set the caption above the abstract to caption, or clear it
              if there is no argument.  The default is “ABSTRACT”.

       AT title ...
              Specify author's title(s).  If present, AT must appear
              just after the corresponding author's AU.  Each title
              occupies an output line beneath the author's name in the
              signature block used by LT letters (see SG) and in MT
              memoranda.  The ms cover sheet style also uses it.

       AU [name [initials [loc [dept [ext [room [arg1 [arg2 [arg3]]]]]]]]]
              Specify author.  AU terminates a document title started
              with TL, and can be called without arguments for that
              purpose.  Author information is used by cover sheets, MT
              memoranda, and SG.  Further arguments comprise initials,
              location, department, telephone extension, room number or
              name, and up to three additional items.  Repeat AU to
              identify multiple authors.

              Use WA/WE instead to identify the author for documents
              employing LT.

       AV [name [1]]
              Format approval lines for a handwritten signature and
              date.  Two horizontal rules are drawn, with the specified
              name and the text of the string Letdate beneath them.
              Above these rules, the text in the string Letapp is
              formatted; a second argument replaces this text with a
              blank line.  See LT.

       AVL [name]
              As AV, but the date, date rule, and approval notation
              Letapp are omitted.

       B [bold-text [previous-font-text]] ...
              Join bold-text in boldface with previous-font-text in the
              previous font, without space between the arguments.  If no
              arguments, switch font to bold style.

       B1     Begin boxed, kept display.  The text is indented one
              character, and the right margin is one character shorter.
              This is a GNU extension.

       B2     End boxed, kept display.  This is a GNU extension.

       BE     End bottom block; see BS.

       BI [bold-text [italic-text]] ...
              Join bold-text in boldface with italic-text in italics,
              without space between the arguments.

       BL [text-indent [1]]
              Begin bulleted list.  Items are prefixed with a bullet and
              a space.  A text-indent argument overrides register Pi.  A
              second argument suppresses blank lines between items.  Use
              LI to declare list items, and LE to end the list.

       BR [bold-text [roman-text]] ...
              Join bold-text in boldface with roman-text in roman style,
              without space between the arguments.

       BS     Begin bottom block.  Input is collected until BE is
              called, and output between the footnote area and footer of
              each page.

       BVL [text-indent [mark-indent [1]]]
              Begin broken variable-item (or “tagged”) list.  Each item
              is expected to supply its own mark.  The line is always
              broken after the mark; contrast VL.  text-indent sets the
              indentation of the text, and mark-indent the distance from
              the current list indentation to the mark.  A third
              argument suppresses the blank line that normally precedes
              each list item.  Use LI to declare list items, and LE to
              end the list.

       COVER [style]
              Begin a cover page description.  COVER must appear before
              the body text (or main matter) of a document.  The
              argument style is used to construct the file name /usr/
              local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/style.cov and load it
              with the mso request.  The default style is ms; the ms.cov
              file prepares a cover page resembling those of the ms
              package.  A .cov file must define a COVEND macro, which a
              document must call at the end of the cover description.
              Use cover description macros in the following order; only
              TL and AU are required.

              .COVER
              .TL
              .AF
              .AU
              .AT
              .AS
              .AE
              .COVEND

       COVEND End the cover description.

       DE     End static or floating display begun with DS or DF.

       DF [format [fill [right-indentation]]]
              Begin floating display.  A floating display is saved in a
              queue and output in the order entered.  Arguments are
              handled as in DS.  Floating displays cannot be nested.
              Placement of floating displays is controlled by the
              registers De and Df.

       DL [text-indent [1]]
              Begin dashed list.  Items are prefixed with an em dash and
              a space.  A text-indent argument overrides register Pi.  A
              second argument suppresses blank lines between items.  Use
              LI to declare list items, and LE to end the list.

       DS [format [fill [right-indentation]]]
              Begin static display.  Input until DE is called is
              collected into a display.  The display is output on a
              single page unless it is taller than the height of the
              page.  DS can be nested (contrast with DF).

              format   Effect
              none     Do not indent the display.
              L        Do not indent the display.
              I        Indent text by \n[Si].
              C        Center each line.
              CB       Center the whole display as a block.
              R        Right-adjust the lines.
              RB       Right-adjust the whole display as a block.

              The values “L”, “I”, “C”, and “CB” can also be specified
              as “0”, “1”, “2”, and “3”, respectively, for compatibility
              with DWB mm.

              fill   Effect
              none   Disable filling.
              N      Disable filling.
              F      Enable filling.

              “N” and “F” can also be specified as “0” and “1”,
              respectively, for compatibility with DWB mm.

              A third argument reduces the line length by right-
              indentation.

              mm normally places blank lines before and after the
              display.  Set register Ds to 0 to suppress these.

       EC [title [override [flag [ref-name]]]]
              Caption an equation.  A caption comprises the string Liec
              followed by an automatically incrementing counter stored
              in the register Ec, punctuation configured by the register
              Of, then title (if any).  Use the af request to configure
              Ec's number format.  override and flag alter the equation
              number as follows.  Omitting flag and specifying 0 in its
              place are equivalent.

              flag   Effect
              0      Prefix number with override.
              1      Suffix number with override.
              2      Replace number with override.

              Equation captions are centered irrespective of the
              alignment of any enclosing display.

              Specifying ref-name stores the equation number as if by
              “.SETR ref-name \n[Ec]”.  Recognition of this argument is
              a GNU extension.

              Captioned equations are listed in a table of contents (see
              TC) if the Boolean register Le is true.  Such a list uses
              the string Le as a heading.

       EF ["'left'center'right'"]
              Define the even-page footer, which is formatted just above
              the normal page footer on even-numbered pages.  See PF.
              EF defines the string EOPef.

       EH ["'left'center'right'"]
              Define the even-page header, which is formatted just below
              the normal page header on even-numbered pages.  See PH.
              EH defines the string TPeh.

       EN     End equation input preprocessed by eqn(1); see EQ.

       EOP    If defined, this macro is called in lieu of normal page
              footer layout.  Headers and footers are formatted in a
              separate environment.  See TP.

              Strings available to EOP
              ─────────────────────────
              EOPf     argument to PF
              EOPef    argument to EF
              EOPof    argument to OF

       EPIC [-L] width height [name]
              Draw a box with the given width and height.  It also
              prints the text name or a default string if name is not
              specified.  This is used to include external pictures;
              just give the size of the picture.  -L left-aligns the
              picture; the default is to center.  See PIC.

       EQ [label]
              Start equation input preprocessed by eqn(1).  EQ and EN
              macro calls bracket an equation region.  Such regions must
              be contained in displays (DS/DE), except when the region
              is used only to configure eqn and not to produce output.
              If present, label appears aligned to the right and
              centered vertically within the display; see register Eq.
              If multiple eqn regions occur within a display, only the
              last label (if any) is used.

       EX [title [override [flag [ref-name]]]]
              Caption an exhibit.  Arguments are handled analogously to
              EC.  The register Ex is the exhibit counter.  The string
              Liex precedes the exhibit number and any title.  Exhibit
              captions are centered irrespective of the alignment of any
              enclosing display.

              Captioned exhibits are listed in a table of contents (see
              TC) if the Boolean register Lx is true.  Such a list uses
              the string Lx as a heading.

       FC [closing-text]
              Output the string Letfc, or the specified closing-text, as
              the formal closing of a letter or memorandum.  See LT and
              MT.

       FD [arg [1]]
              Configure display of footnotes.  The first argument
              encodes enablement of automatic hyphenation, adjustment to
              the right margin, indentation of footnote text, and left-
              vs. right-alignment of the footnote label within the space
              allocated for it.

              arg   Hyphenate?   Adjust?   Indent?   Label alignment
              0     no           yes       yes       left
              1     yes          yes       yes       left
              2     no           no        yes       left
              3     yes          no        yes       left
              4     no           yes       no        left
              5     yes          yes       no        left
              6     no           no        no        left
              7     yes          no        no        left
              8     no           yes       yes       right
              9     yes          yes       yes       right
              10    no           no        yes       right
              11    yes          no        yes       right

              An arg greater than 11 is treated as 0.  mm's default
              is 0.

              If a second argument, conventionally 1, is given, footnote
              numbering is reset when a first-level heading is
              encountered.  See FS.

       FE     End footnote; see FS.

       FG [title [override [flag [ref-name]]]]
              Caption a figure.  Arguments are handled analogously to
              EC.  The register Fg is the figure counter.  The string
              Lifg precedes the figure number and any title.  Figure
              captions are centered irrespective of the alignment of any
              enclosing display.

              Captioned figures are listed in a table of contents (see
              TC) if the Boolean register Lf is true.  Such a list uses
              the string Lf as a heading.

       FS [label]
              Start footnote.  Input until FE is called is collected
              into a footnote.  By default, footnotes are automatically
              numbered starting at 1; the number is available in
              register :p and, with a trailing period, in string F.
              This string precedes the footnote text at the bottom of
              the column or page.  Footnotes are vertically separated by
              the product of registers Fs and Lsp.  In groff mm,
              footnotes may be used in displays.

              A label argument replaces the contents of the string F; it
              need not be numeric.  In this event, the footnote marker
              in the body text must be explicitly written.

       GETHN ref-name [string]
              Interpolate ref-name's heading number, or, if string is
              specified, store it there.  See INITR.

       GETPN ref-name [string]
              Interpolate ref-name's page number, or, if string is
              specified, store it there.  See INITR.

       GETR ref-name
              Retrieve location data for reference ref-name and
              interpolate string Qrf as a cross reference to it.  See
              INITR.

       GETST ref-name [string]
              Interpolate ref-name's auxiliary reference datum, or, if
              string is specified, store it there.  See INITR.

       H level [title [suffix]]
              Set a numbered section heading at level.  mm produces
              numbered heading marks of the form a.b.c..., with up to
              fourteen levels of nesting.  Each level's number increases
              automatically with each H call and is reset to zero when a
              more significant level is specified.  “1” is the most
              significant or coarsest division of the document.  Text
              after an H call is formatted as a paragraph; calling P is
              unnecessary.

              The optional title must be double-quoted if it contains
              spaces.  mm appends suffix to title in the body of the
              document, but omits it from any table of contents (see
              TC).  This facility can be used to annotate the heading
              title with a footnote.  suffix should not interpolate
              the F string; specify a footnote mark explicitly.  See FS.

              Heading behavior is highly configurable.  Several
              registers set a threshold, where heading levels at or
              below the threshold value are handled in one way, and
              those above it another.  For example, a heading level
              within the threshold of register Cl is included in the
              table of contents (see TC).

              Heading layout.  Register Ej sets a threshold for page
              breaking (ejection) prior to a heading.  If not preceded
              by a page break, a heading level below the threshold in
              register Hps is preceded by the amount of vertical space
              in register Hps1, and by the amount in Hps2 otherwise.
              The Hb register sets a threshold below which a break
              occurs after the heading, and register Hs sets a threshold
              below which vertical space follows it.  If the heading
              level is not less than both of these, a run-in heading is
              produced; paragraph text follows on the same output line.
              Otherwise, register Hi configures the indentation of text
              after headings.  Threshold register Hc enables the
              centering of headings; a heading level below both of the
              Hb and Hc thresholds is centered.

              Heading typeface and size.  The fonts used for heading
              numbers and titles at each level are configured by the HF
              string.  The string HP likewise assigns a type size to
              each heading level.  The vertical spacing used by headings
              may be controlled by the user-definable macros HX and/or
              HZ.

              Heading number format.  Registers named H1 through H14
              store counters for each heading level.  Their values are
              printed using Arabic numerals by default; see HM.  The
              heading levels are catenated with dots for formatting; to
              typeset only the deepest, set the Ht register.  Heading
              numbers are not suffixed with a trailing dot except when
              only the first level is output; to omit a dot in this case
              as well, clear the H1dot register.

              Customizing heading behavior.  mm calls hook macros to
              enable further customization of headings.  (DWB mm termed
              them “exits”.)  Hooks can change the heading's mark (the
              numbered portion before any heading title), its vertical
              spacing, and its vertical space requirements (for
              instance, to require a minimum quantity of subsequent
              output lines).  Define hook macros in expectation of the
              following parameters.  The argument declared-level is the
              level argument to H, or 0 for unnumbered headings (see
              HU).  actual-level is the same as declared-level for
              numbered headings, and the value of register Hu for
              unnumbered headings.  title is the corresponding argument
              to H or HU.

              HX declared-level actual-level title
                     mm calls HX before setting the heading.  Your
                     definition may alter }0, }2, and ;3.

                     }0 (string)
                            contains the heading mark plus two spaces if
                            declared-level is non-zero, and otherwise is
                            empty.

                     ;0 (register)
                            encodes a position for the text after the
                            heading.  0 means that the heading is to be
                            run in, 1 means that a break is to occur
                            before the text, and 2 means that vertical
                            space is to separate heading and text.

                     }2 (string)
                            is the suffix that separates a run-in
                            heading from the text.  It contains two
                            spaces if register ;0 is 0, and otherwise is
                            empty.

                     ;3 (register)
                            contains the vertical space required for the
                            heading to be typeset.  If that amount is
                            not available, the page is broken prior to
                            the heading.  The default is 2v.

              HY declared-level actual-level title
                     mm calls HY after determing the heading typeface
                     and size.  It could be used to change indentation.

              HZ declared-level actual-level title
                     mm calls HZ after formatting the heading, just
                     before H or HU returns.  It could be used to change
                     the page header to include a section heading.

       HC [hyphenation-character]
              Set hyphenation character.  The default is “\%”.  Resets
              to the default if called without argument.

       HM [arg1 [arg2 [... [arg14]]]]
              Set the heading mark style.  Each argument assigns the
              specified register format (see above) to the corresponding
              heading level.  The default is 1 for all levels.  An
              explicitly empty argument also indicates the default.

       HU title [suffix]
              Set an unnumbered section heading with title and, as a GNU
              extension, an optional suffix.  The heading is treated as
              a numbered heading of the level stored in register Hu, but
              no heading number is output; see H.

       I [italic-text [previous-font-text]] ...
              Join italic-text in italics with previous-font-text in the
              previous font, without space between the arguments.  If no
              arguments, switch font to italic style.

       IA [recipient-name [title]]
              Specify the inside address in a letter.  Input is
              collected into the inside address until IE is called, and
              then output.  You can specify multiple recipients with
              empty IA/IE pairs; only the last address is used.  The
              arguments give each recipient a name and title.  See LT.

       IB [italic-text [bold-text]] ...
              Join italic-text in italics with bold-text in boldface,
              without space between the arguments.

       IE     End the inside address begun with IA.

       IND argument ...
              If the Boolean register Ref is true, write an index entry
              as a specially prepared roff comment to the standard error
              stream, with each argument separated from its predecessor
              by a tab character.  The entry's location information is
              arranged as configured by the most recent INITI call.

       INDP   Output the index set up by INITI and populated by IND
              calls.  By default, INDP calls SK and writes a centered
              caption interpolating the string Index.  It then disables
              filling and calls 2C; afterward, it restores filling and
              calls 1C.

              Define macros to customize this behavior.  INDP calls
              TXIND before the caption, TYIND instead of writing the
              caption, and TZIND after formatting the index.

       INITI location-type file-name [macro]
              Initialize groff mm's indexing system.  Argument location-
              type selects how the location of each index entry is
              reported.  file-name populates an internal string used
              later by INDP.

              location-type   Entry format
              N               page number
              H               heading mark
              B               page number, tab character, heading mark

              If macro is specified, it is called for each index entry
              with the arguments given to IND.

       INITR file-name-prefix
              Initialize the cross reference macros.  Cross references
              are written to the standard error stream, which should be
              redirected into a file named file-name-prefix.qrf.
              mmroff(1) handles this and the two formatting passes it
              requires.  The first pass identifies cross references; the
              second includes them.  See SETR, GETHN, GETPN, and GETST.

       IR [italic-text [roman-text]] ...
              Join italic-text in italics with roman-text in roman
              style, without space between the arguments.

       ISODATE [0]
              Use ISO 8601 format for the date string DT used by some
              cover sheet and memorandum types; that is, YYYY-MM-DD.
              Must be called before ND to be effective.  If given an
              argument of 0, the traditional date format for the groff
              locale is used; this is also the default.

       LB text-indent mark-indent pad type [mark [pre-item-space [pre-
       list-space]]]
              Begin list.  The macros AL, BL, BVL, DL, ML, RL, and VL
              call LB in various ways; they are simpler to use and may
              be preferred if they suit the desired purpose.

              mm tracks the nesting level of lists; the outermost is 0.
              Each list item is indented by text-indent, and its mark by
              mark-indent.  The mark is normally left-aligned.  If pad
              is greater than zero, it overrides mark-indent such that
              pad ens of space follow the mark.  type determines the
              mark's format.

              type   Output for a mark “x”
              1      x.
              2      x)
              3      (x)
              4      [x]
              5      <x>
              6      {x}

              If type is 0 and mark is unspecified, mm sets items with a
              hanging indent.  Otherwise, mark is interpreted as a
              string defining the mark.  If type is greater than zero,
              items are automatically numbered and mark is interpreted
              as a register format.  The default type is 0.

              The last two arguments manage vertical space.  Unless a
              list's nesting level is greater than the value of register
              Ls, its items are preceded by pre-item-space multiplied by
              the register Lsp; the default is 1.  LB precedes the list
              by pre-list-space multiplied by the register Lsp; the
              default is 0.

       LC [list-level]
              Clear list state.  Active lists are terminated as if with
              LE, either all (the default) or only those from the
              current level down to list-level if specified.  H calls LC
              automatically.

       LE [1] End list.  The current list is terminated.  An argument
              of 1 causes vertical space in the amount of register Lsp
              to follow the list.

       LI [mark [item-mark-mode]]
              Begin a list item.  Input is collected into a list item
              until the current list is terminated or LI is called
              again.  By default, the item's text is preceded by any
              mark configured by the current list.  If only mark is
              specified, it replaces the configured mark.  A second
              argument prefixes mark to the configured mark; an item-
              mark-mode value of 1 places an unbreakable space after
              mark, while a value of 2 does not (rendering the two
              adjacent).  Also see register Limsp.

       LO option [value]
              Specify letter options; see LT.  Standard options are as
              follows.  See IA regarding the inside address and string
              DT regarding the date.

              option   Effect
              AT       Attention; put contents of string LetAT and value
                       left-aligned after the inside address.
              CN       Confidential; put value, or contents of string
                       LetCN, left-aligned after the date.
              RN       Reference; put contents of string LetRN and value
                       after the confidental notation (if any) and the
                       date, aligned with the latter.
              SA       Salutation; put value, or contents of string
                       LetSA, left-aligned after the inside address and
                       the confidental notation (if any).
              SJ       Subject; put contents of string LetSJ and value
                       left-aligned after the inside address and the
                       attention and salutation notations (if any).  In
                       letter type “SP”, LetSJ is ignored and value is
                       set in full capitals.

       LT [style]
              Format a letter in the designated style, defaulting to BL
              (see below).  A letter begins with the writer's address
              (WA/WE), followed by the date (ND), the inside address
              (IA/IE), the body of the letter (P and other general-
              purpose mm macros), the formal closing (FC), the signature
              (SG), and notations (NS/NE).  Any of these may be omitted.
              Letter options specified with LO add further annotations,
              which are extensible; see section “Internals” below.

              style   Description
              BL      Blocked: the writer's address, date, formal
                      closing, and signature are indented to the center
                      of the line.  Everything else is left-aligned.
              SB      Semi-blocked: as BL, but the first line of each
                      paragraph is indented by \n[Pi] ens.
              FB      Fully blocked: everything begins at the left
                      margin.
              SP      Simplified: as FB, but a formal closing is
                      omitted, and the signature is set in full
                      capitals.

       MC column-width [gutter-width]
              Begin multi-column layout.  groff mm creates as many
              columns of column-width as the line length will permit.
              gutter-width is the interior spacing between columns.  It
              defaults to column-width/15.  1C returns to single-column
              layout.  MC is a GNU extension.  See MULB for an
              alternative.

       ML mark [text-indent [1]]
              Start a list with the mark argument preceding each list
              item.  text-indent overrides the default indentation of
              the list items set by register Li.  If a third argument,
              conventionally 1, is given, the blank line that normally
              precedes each list item is suppressed.  Use LI to declare
              list items, and LE to end the list.

       MT [type [addressee]]
              Select memorandum type.  These correspond to formats used
              by AT&T Bell Laboratories, where the mm package was
              initially developed, affecting the document layout.  Some
              of these included a cover page with a caption categorizing
              the document.  groff mm uses type to construct the file
              name /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/type.MT and
              load it with the mso request.  Memorandum types 0 to 5 are
              supported; any other value of type is mapped to type 6.
              If type is omitted, 0 is implied.  addressee sets a string
              analogous to one used by AT&T cover sheet macros that are
              not implemented in groff mm.

              type   Description
              0      normal memorandum; no caption
              1      captioned “MEMORANDUM FOR FILE”
              2      captioned “PROGRAMMER'S NOTES”
              3      captioned “ENGINEER'S NOTES”
              4      released paper
              5      external letter

              See COVER for a more flexible cover sheet mechanism.

       MOVE y-pos [x-pos [line-length]]
              Move to a position, setting page offset to x-pos.  If
              line-length is not given, the difference between current
              and new page offset is used.  Use PGFORM without arguments
              to return to normal.

       MULB cw1 space1 [cw2 space2] ... cwn
              Begin alternative multi-column mode.  All column widths
              must be specified, as must the amount of space between
              each column pair.  The arguments' default scaling unit is
              n.  MULB uses a diversion and operates in a separate
              environment.

       MULN   Begin next column in alternative column mode.

       MULE   End alternative multi-column mode and emit the columns.

       NCOL   Move to the start of the next column (only when using 2C
              or MC).  Contrast with MULN.

       ND [arg]
              Set the document's date.  mm does not interpret arg; it
              can be a revision identifier (or empty).

       NE     End notation begun with NS; filling is enabled.

       nP [type]
              Begin a numbered paragraph at heading level two.  See P.

       NS [code [1]]
              Declare notations, typically for letters or memoranda, of
              the type specified by code.  The text corresponding to
              code is output, and filling is disabled until NE is
              called.  Typically, a list of names or attachments lies
              within NS/NE.  If code is absent or does not match one of
              the values listed under the Letns string description
              below, each line of notations is formatted as “Copy (line)
              to”.  If a second argument, conventionally 1, is given,
              code becomes the entire notation and NE is not necessary.
              In groff mm, you can set up further notations to be
              recognized by NS; see the strings Letns and Letnsdef
              below.

       OF ["'left'center'right'"]
              Define the odd-page footer, which is formatted just above
              the normal page footer on odd-numbered pages.  See PF.  OF
              defines the string EOPof.

       OH ["'left'center'right'"]
              Define the odd-page header, which is formatted just below
              the normal page header on odd-numbered pages.  See PH.  OH
              defines the string TPoh.

       OP     Make sure that the following text is printed at the top of
              an odd-numbered page.  Does not output an empty page if
              currently at the top of an odd page.

       P [type]
              Begin new paragraph.  If type is missing or  0, P sets the
              paragraph fully left-aligned.  A type of 1 idents the
              first line by \[Pi] ens.  Set the register Pt to select a
              default paragraph indentation style.  The register Ps
              determines the amount of vertical space between
              paragraphs.

       PE     Picture end; see pic(1).

       PF ["'left'center'right'"]
              Define the page footer.  The footer is formatted at the
              bottom of each page; the argument is otherwise as
              described in PH.  PF defines the string EOPf.  See EF, OF,
              and EOP.

       PGFORM [linelength [pagelength [pageoffset [1]]]]
              Set line length, page length, and/or page offset.  This
              macro can be used for letterheads and similar.  It is
              normally the first macro call in a file, though it is not
              necessary.  PGFORM can be used without arguments to reset
              everything after a MOVE call.  A line break is done unless
              the fourth argument is given.  This can be used to avoid
              the page number on the first page while setting new width
              and length.  (It seems as if this macro sometimes doesn't
              work too well.  Use the command-line arguments to change
              line length, page length, and page offset instead.)

       PGNH   Suppress header on the next page.  This macro must be
              called before any macros that produce output to affect the
              layout of the first page.

       PH ["'left'center'right'"]
              Define the page header, formatted at the top of each page,
              as the argument, where left, center, and right are aligned
              to the respective locations on the line.  A “%” character
              in arg is replaced by the page number.  If the argument is
              absent, no page header is set.  The default page header is
                     "''- % -''"
              which centers the page number between hyphens and formats
              nothing at the upper left and right.  Header macros call
              PX (if defined) after formatting the header.  PH defines
              the string TPh.  See EH, OH, and TP.

       PIC [-B] [-C|-I n|-L|-R] file [width [height]]
              Include PostScript document file.  The optional -B
              argument draws a box around the picture.  The optional -L,
              -C, -R, and -I n arguments align the picture or indent it
              by n (assuming a scaling unit of m).  By default, the
              picture is left-aligned.  Optional width and height
              arguments resize the picture.  Use of this macro requires
              two-pass processing; see INITR and mmroff(1).

       PS     Picture start; see pic(1).

       PY     Picture end with flyback.  Ends a pic(1) picture,
              returning the vertical position to where it was prior to
              the picture.  This is a GNU extension.

       R [roman-text [previous-font-text]] ...
              Join roman-text in roman style with previous-font-text in
              the previous font, without space between the arguments.
              If no arguments, switch font to roman style.

       RB [roman-text [bold-text]] ...
              Join roman-text in roman style with bold-text in boldface,
              without space between the arguments.

       RD [prompt [diversion [string]]]
              Read from standard input to diversion and/or string.  The
              text is saved in a diversion named diversion.  Recall the
              text by writing the name of the diversion after a dot on
              an empty line.  A string is also defined if string is
              given.  Diversion and/or prompt can be empty ("").

       RF     Reference end.  Ends a reference definition and returns to
              normal processing.  See RS.

       RI [roman-text [italic-text]] ...
              Join roman-text in roman style with italic-text in
              italics, without space between the arguments.

       RL [text-indent [1]]
              Begin reference list.  Each item is preceded by an
              automatically incremented number between square brackets;
              compare AL.  text-indent changes the default indentation.
              Use LI to declare list items, and LE to end the list.  A
              second argument, conventionally 1, suppresses the blank
              line that normally precedes each list item.

       RP [suppress-counter-reset [page-ejection-policy]]
              Format a reference page, listing items accumulated within
              RS/RF pairs.  The reference counter is reset unless the
              first argument is 1.  Normally, page breaks occur before
              and after the references are output; the register Rpe
              configures this behavior, and a second argument overrides
              its value.  TC calls RP automatically if references have
              accumulated.

              References are list items, and thus are vertically
              separated (see LB).  Setting register Ls to 0 suppresses
              this spacing.  The string Rp contains the reference page
              caption.

       RS [reference-string]
              Begin an automatically numbered reference definition.  By
              default, references are numbered starting at 1; the number
              is available in register :R.  Interpolate the string Rf
              where the reference mark should be and write the reference
              between RS/RF on an input line after the reference mark.
              If reference-string is specified, groff ms also stores the
              reference mark in a string of that name, which can be
              interpolated as \*[reference-string] subsequently.

       S [type-size [vertical-spacing]]
              Set type size and vertical spacing.  Each argument is a
              groff measurement, using an appropriate scaling unit and
              an optional + or - prefix to increment or decrement the
              current value.  An argument of P restores the previous
              value, C indicates the current value, and D requests the
              default.  An empty or omitted argument is treated as P.

       SA [mode]
              Set or restore the default enablement of adjustment.
              Specify 0 or 1 as mode to set a document's default
              explicitly; 1 is assumed by mm.  Adjustment can be
              temporarily suspended with the na request.  When the H or
              HU macros are used to format a heading, or when SA is
              called without a mode argument, the default adjustment is
              restored.

       SETR ref-name [string]
              Create reference ref-name, storing its heading and page
              numbers.  If string is present, groff mm saves it as an
              auxiliary datum for retrieval by GETST.  See INITR.

       SG [arg [1]]
              Write a signature line.  Authors' names are placed after
              the formal closing; see LT (one author only) and MT.  For
              memoranda, reference data (the location, department, and
              initials specified in an AU call), followed by any arg,
              are written at the left margin preceding the last author's
              name, or preceding the first if a second argument is
              present and the memorandum type supports it.  See section
              “Internals” below.

       SK [n] Skip n pages.  If n is 0 or omitted, the page is broken
              unless the drawing position is already at the top of a
              page.  Otherwise, n pages, blank except for any headers
              and footers, are printed.

       SM text [post]
       SM pre text post
              Format text at a smaller type size, joined with any
              specified pre and post at normal size.

       SP [lines]
              Space vertically.  lines can have any scaling factor, like
              “3i” or “8v”.  Several SP calls in a line only produces
              the maximum number of lines, not the sum.  SP is ignored
              also until the first text line in a page.  Add \& before a
              call to SP to avoid this.

       TAB    Reset tab stops to every 5 ens.

       TB [title [override [flag [ref-name]]]]
              Caption a table.  Arguments are handled analogously to EC.
              The register Tb is the table counter.  The string Litb
              precedes the table number and any title.  Table captions
              are centered irrespective of the alignment of any
              enclosing display.

              Captioned tables are listed in a table of contents (see
              TC) if the Boolean register Lt is true.  Such a list uses
              the string Lt as a heading.

       TC [slevel [spacing [tlevel [tab [h1 [h2 [h3 [h4 [h5]]]]]]]]]
              Output table of contents.  This macro is normally the last
              called in the document.  It flushes any pending displays
              and, if any references are pending (see RS), calls RP.  It
              then begins a new page with the contents caption, stored
              in the string Licon, centered at the top.  The entries
              follow after three vees of space.  Each entry is a saved
              section (number and) heading title (see the Cl register),
              along with its associated page number.  By default, an
              entry is indented by an amount corresponding to its
              heading level and the maximum heading length encountered
              at that heading level; if defined, the string Ci overrides
              these indentations.  Entries at heading levels up to and
              including slevel are preceded by spacing vees of space.
              Entries at heading levels up to and including tlevel are
              followed by a leader and a right-aligned page number.  If
              the Boolean-valued tab argument is true, the leader is
              replaced with horizontal motion in the same amount.  For
              entries above heading level tlevel, the page number
              follows the heading text after a word space.  Each
              argument h1...h5 appears in order on its own line,
              centered, above the contents caption.  Page numbering
              restarts at 1, in register format “i”.  If the Oc register
              is true, numbering of these pages is suppressed.

              If TC is called with at most four arguments, it calls the
              user-defined macro TX (if defined) prior to formatting the
              contents caption, and TY (if defined) instead of
              formatting the contents caption.

              Analogous handling of lists of figures, tables, equations,
              and exhibits is achieved by defining TXxx and TYxx macros,
              where xx is “FG”, “TB”, “EC”, or “EX”, respectively.
              Similarly, the strings Lifg, Litb, Liex, and Liec
              determine captions for their respective lists.

       TE     Table end.  See TS.

       TH     End table heading.  It is repeated after page breaks
              within a table.  See TS.  The N argument supported by DWB
              mm is not implemented by groff mm.

       TL [charging-case-number [filing-case-number]]
              Begin document title.  Input is collected into the title
              until AF or AU is called, and output as directed by the
              cover page.  charging-case-number and filing-case-number
              are saved for use in memorandum types 0 and 5.  See MT.

       TM number ...
              Declare technical memorandum number(s) used by MT.

       TP     If defined, this macro is called in lieu of normal page
              header layout.  Headers and footers are formatted in a
              separate environment.  See EOP.

              Strings available to TP
              ────────────────────────
              TPh     argument to PH
              TPeh    argument to EH
              TPoh    argument to OH

       TS [H] Table start.  Argument “H” tells mm that the table has a
              heading.  See TE, TH, and tbl(1).

       VERBON [format [type-size [font]]]
              Begin verbatim display, where characters have equal width.
              format controls several parameters.  Add up the values of
              desired features; the default is 0.  On typesetting
              devices, further arguments configure the type-size in
              scaled points, and the face (font); the default is CR
              (Courier roman).

              Value   Effect
              1       Disable the formatter's escape character (\).
              2       Vertically space before the display.
              4       Vertically space after the display.
              8       Number output lines; call formatter's nm request
                      with arguments in string Verbnm.
              16      Indent by the amount stored in register Verbin.

       VERBOFF
              End verbatim display.

       VL [text-indent [mark-indent [1]]]
              Begin variable-item (or “tagged”) list.  Each item should
              supply its own mark, or tag.  If the mark is wider than
              mark-indent, one space separates it from subsequent text;
              contrast BVL.  text-indent sets the indentation of the
              text, and mark-indent the distance from the current list
              indentation to the mark.  A third argument suppresses the
              blank line that normally precedes each list item.  Use LI
              to declare list items, and LE to end the list.

       VM [-T] [top [bottom]]
              Vertical margin.  Increase the top and bottom margin by
              top and bottom, respectively.  If option -T is specified,
              set those margins to top and bottom.  If no argument is
              given, reset the margin to zero, or to the default (“7v
              5v”) if -T is used.  It is highly recommended that macros
              TP and/or EOP are defined if using -T and setting top
              and/or bottom margin to less than the default.  This
              undocumented DWB mm macro is exposed by groff mm to
              increase user control of page layout.

       WA [writer's-name [title]]
              Specify the writer(s) of an LT letter.  Input is collected
              into the writer's address until WA is called, and then
              output.  You can specify multiple writers with empty WA/WE
              pairs; only the last address is used.  The arguments give
              each writer a name and title.

       WC [format ...]
              Control width of footnotes and displays.

              format   Effect
              N        equivalent to “-WF -FF -WD” (default)
              WF       set footnotes at full line length, even in two-
                       column mode
              -WF      set footnotes using column line length
              FF       apply width of first footnote to encountered to
                       subsequent ones
              -FF      footnote width determined by WF and -WF
              WD       set displays at full line length, even in two-
                       column mode
              -WD      set displays using column line length

       WE     End the writer's address begun with WA.

Strings         top

       Many mm strings interpolate predefined, localizable text.  These
       are presented in quotation marks.

       App    “APPENDIX”

       Apptxt stores the title argument to the last APP call.

       BU     interpolates a bullet (see BL).

       Ci     is a list of indentation amounts to use for table of
              contents heading levels, overriding their automatic
              computation.  Each word must be a horizontal measurement
              (like “1i”) and is mapped one-to-one to heading levels 1,
              2, and so on.

       DT     stores the date or other identifier set by ND, if called,
              and otherwise one constructed using the formatter's date
              registers; see groff(1).  The groff locale determines its
              format, but see ISODATE and register Iso.

       EM     interpolates an em dash.

       F      interpolates an automatically numbered footnote marker;
              the number is used by the next FS call without an
              argument.  In troff mode, the marker is superscripted; in
              nroff mode, it is surrounded by square brackets.

       H1txt  stores the text of the current heading; H and HU update
              it, as does TC when processing table of contents entries
              and captions of displayed figures, tables, equations, and
              exhibits.

       HF     assigns font identifiers, separated by spaces, to heading
              levels in one-to-one correspondence.  Each identifier may
              be a font mounting position, font name, or style name.
              Omitted values are assumed to be 1.  The default is “2 2 2
              2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2”, which places all headings in
              italics.  DWB mm's default was “3 3 2 2 2 2 2”.

       HP     assigns type sizes, separated by spaces, to heading levels
              in one-to-one correspondence.  Each size is interpreted in
              scaled points; zero values are translated to 10.  Omitted
              values are assumed to be 0 (and are translated
              accordingly).  The default is “0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
              0”.

       Index  “INDEX”

       Le     “LIST OF EQUATIONS”

       Letfc  “Yours very truly,” (see FC)

       Letapp “APPROVED:” (see AV)

       LetAT  “ATTENTION:” (see LO)

       LetCN  “CONFIDENTIAL” (see LO)

       Letdate
              “Date” (see AV)

       Letns  is a group of strings structuring the notations produced
              by NS.  If the code argument to NS has no corresponding
              string, the notation is included between parentheses,
              prefixed with Letns!copy, and suffixed with Letns!to.
              Observe the spaces after “Copy” and before “to”.

              NS code   String       Contents
              0         Letns!0      Copy to
              1         Letns!1      Copy (with att.) to
              2         Letns!2      Copy (without att.) to
              3         Letns!3      Att.
              4         Letns!4      Atts.
              5         Letns!5      Enc.
              6         Letns!6      Encs.
              7         Letns!7      Under separate cover
              8         Letns!8      Letter to
              9         Letns!9      Memorandum to
              10        Letns!10     Copy (with atts.) to
              11        Letns!11     Copy (without atts.) to
              12        Letns!12     Abstract Only to
              13        Letns!13     Complete Memorandum to
              14        Letns!14     CC
              —         Letns!copy   Copy (with trailing space)
              —         Letns!to      to (note leading space)

       Letnsdef
              selects the notation format when NS is given no argument.
              The default is “0”.

       LetRN  “In reference to:” (see LO)

       LetSA  “To Whom It May Concern:” (see LO)

       LetSJ  “SUBJECT:” (see LO)

       Lf     “LIST OF FIGURES”

       Licon  “CONTENTS”

       Liec   “Equation”

       Liex   “Exhibit”

       Lifg   “Figure”

       Litb   “TABLE”

       Lt     “LIST OF TABLES”

       Lx     “LIST OF EXHIBITS”

       MO1
       ...
       MO12   “January” through “December”

       Qrf    “See chapter \E*[Qrfh], page \En[Qrfp].”

       Rf     interpolates an automatically numbered reference mark; the
              number is used by the next RS call.  In troff mode, the
              marker is superscripted; in nroff mode, it is surrounded
              by square brackets.

       Rp     “REFERENCES”

       Sm     interpolates ℠, the service mark sign.

       Tcst   interpolates an indicator of the TC macro's processing
              status.  If TC is not operating, it is empty.  User-
              defined TP or EOP macros might condition page headers or
              footers on its contents.

              Value   Meaning
              co      Table of contents
              fg      List of figures
              tb      List of tables
              ec      List of equations
              ex      List of exhibits
              ap      Appendix

       Tm     interpolates ™, the trade mark sign.

       Verbnm supplies argument(s) to the nm request employed by the
              VERBON macro.  The default is “1”.

Registers         top

       Default register values, where meaningful, are shown in
       parentheses.  Many are also marked as Boolean-valued, meaning
       that they are considered “true” (on, enabled) when they have a
       positive value, and “false” (off, disabled) otherwise.

       .mgm   indicates that groff mm is in use (Boolean-valued; 1).

       :p     is an auto-incrementing footnote counter; see FS.

       :R     is an auto-incrementing reference counter; see RS.

       Aph    formats an appendix heading (and title, if supplied); see
              APP (Boolean-valued; 1).

       Au     includes supplemental author information (the third and
              subsequent arguments to AU) in memorandum “from”
              information; see COVER and MT (Boolean-valued; 1).

       Cl     sets the threshold for inclusion of headings in a table of
              contents.  Headings at levels above this value are
              excluded; see H and TC (2).  The Cl register controls
              whether a heading is saved for output in the table of
              contents at the time H or HU is called; if you change Cl's
              value immediately prior to calling TC, you are unlikely to
              get the result you want.

       Cp     suppresses page breaks before lists of captioned
              equations, exhibits, figures, and tables, and before an
              index; see EC, EX, FG, TB, and INDP (Boolean-valued; 0).

       D      produces debugging information for the mm package on the
              standard error stream.  A value of 0 outputs nothing;
              1 reports formatting progress.  Higher values communicate
              internal state information of increasing verbosity (0).

       De     causes a page break after a floating display is output;
              see DF (Boolean-valued; 0).

       Df     configures the behavior of DF.  The following values are
              recognized; 4 and 5 do not override the De register (5).

              Value   Effect
              0       Flush pending displays at the end of each section
                      when section-page numbering is active, otherwise
                      at the end of the document.
              1       Flush a pending display on the current page or
                      column if there is enough space, otherwise at the
                      end of the document.
              2       Flush one pending display at the top of each page
                      or column.
              3       Flush a pending display on the current page or
                      column if there is enough space, otherwise at the
                      top of the next.
              4       Flush as many pending displays as possible in a
                      new page or column.
              5       Fill columns or pages with flushed displays until
                      none remain.

       Ds     puts vertical space in the amount of register Dsp (if
              defined) or Lsp before and after each static display; see
              DS (Boolean-valued; 1).

       Dsp    configures the amount of vertical space placed before and
              after static displays; see DS and register Ds (undefined).

       Ec     is an auto-incrementing equation counter; see EC.

       Ej     sets the threshold for page breaks (ejection) prior to the
              format of headings.  Headings at levels above this value
              are set on the same page and column if possible; see H
              (0).

       Eq     aligns an equation label to the left of a display instead
              of the right (Boolean-valued; 0).

       Ex     is an auto-incrementing exhibit counter; see EX.

       Fg     is an auto-incrementing figure counter; see FG.

       Fs     is multiplied by register Lsp to vertically separate
              footnotes; see FS (1).

       H1
       ...
       H14    are auto-incrementing counters corresponding to each
              heading level; see H.

       H1dot  appends a period to the number of a level one heading; see
              H (Boolean-valued; 1).

       H1h    is a copy of register H1, but it is incremented just
              before a page break.  This can be useful in user-defined
              macros; see H and HX.

       Hb     sets the threshold for breaking the line after formatting
              a heading.  Text after headings at levels above this value
              are set on the same output line if possible; see H (2).

       Hc     sets the threshold for centering a heading.  Headings at
              levels above this value use the prevailing alignment (that
              is, they are not centered); see H (0).

       Hi     configures the indentation of text after headings.  It
              does not affect “run-in” headings.  The following values
              are recognized; see H and P (1).

              Value   Effect
              0       no indentation
              1       indent per the paragraph type
              2       indent to align with heading title

       Hps    sets the heading level threshold for application of
              preceding vertical space; see H.  Headings at levels above
              the value in register Hps use the amount of space in
              register Hps1; otherwise that in Hps2.  The value of Hps
              should be strictly greater than that of Ej (1).

       Hps1   configures the amount of vertical space preceding a
              heading above the Hps threshold; see H (troff devices:
              0.5v; nroff devices: 1v).

       Hps2   configures the amount of vertical space preceding a
              heading at or below the Hps threshold; see H (troff
              devices: 1v; nroff devices: 2v).

       Hs     sets the heading level threshold for application of
              succeeding vertical space.  If the heading level is
              greater than Hs, the heading is followed by vertical space
              in the amount of register Hss; see H (2).

       Hss    is multiplied by register Lsp to produce vertical space
              after headings above the threshold in register Hs; see H
              (1).

       Ht     suppresses output of heading level counters above the
              lowest when the heading is formatted; see H (Boolean-
              valued; 0).

       Hu     sets the heading level used by unnumbered headings; see HU
              (2).

       Hy     enables automatic hyphenation of words (Boolean-valued;
              0).

       Iso    configures the use of ISO 8601 date format if specified
              (with any value) on the command line; see ISODATE.  The
              default is determined by localization files.

       L      defines the page length for the document, and must be set
              from the command line.  A scaling unit should be appended.
              The default is that of the selected groff output device.

       Le
       Lf
       Lt
       Lx     configure the report of lists of equation, figure, table,
              and exhibit captions, respectively, after a table of
              contents; see TC (Boolean-valued; Le: 0; Lf, Lt, Lx: 1).

       Letwam sets the maximum number of input lines permitted in a
              writer's address; see WA and WE (14).

       Li     configures the amount of indentation in ens applied to
              list items; see LI (6).

       Limsp  inserts a space between the prefix and the mark in
              automatically numbered lists; see AL (Boolean-valued; 1).

       Ls     sets a threshold for placement of vertical space before
              list items.  If the list nesting level is greater than
              this value, no such spacing occurs; see LI (99).

       Lsp    configures the base amount of vertical space used for
              separation in the document.  mm applies this spacing to
              many contexts, sometimes with multipliers; see DS, FS, H,
              LI, and P (troff devices: 0.5v; nroff devices: 1v).

       N      configures the header and footer placements used by PH.
              The default footer is empty.  If “section-page” numbering
              is selected, the default header becomes empty and the
              default footer becomes “x-y”, where x is is the section
              number (the number of the current first-level heading)
              and y the page number within the section.  The following
              values are recognized; for finer control, see PH, PF, EH,
              EF, OH, and OF, and registers Sectf and Sectp.  Value 5 is
              a GNU extension (0).

              Value   Effect
              0       Set header on all pages.
              1       Move header to footer on page 1.
              2       Omit header on page 1.
              3       Use “section-page” numbering style on all pages.
              4       Omit header on all pages.
              5       Use “section-page” and “section-figure” numbering
                      style on all pages.

       Np     causes paragraphs after first-level headings (only) to be
              numbered in the format s.p, where s is is the section
              number (the number of the current first-level heading) and
              p is the paragraph number, starting at 1; see H and P
              (Boolean-valued; 0).

       O      defines the page offset of the document, and must be set
              from the command line.  A scaling unit should be appended.
              The default is .75i on terminal devices.  On typesetters,
              it is .963i or set to 1i by the papersize.tmac package;
              see groff_tmac(5).

       Oc     suppresses the appearance of page numbers in the table of
              contents; see TC (Boolean-valued; 0).

       Of     selects a separator format within equation, exhibit,
              figure, and table captions; see EC, EX, FG, and TB.  The
              following values are recognized; the spaces shown are
              unpaddable (0).

              Value   Effect
              0       ".  "
              1       " — "

       P      interpolates the current page number; it is the same as
              register % except when “section-page” numbering is
              enabled.

       Pi     configures the amount of indentation in ens applied to the
              first line of a paragraph; see P (5).

       Pgps   causes the type size and vertical spacing set by S to
              apply to headers and footers, overriding the HP string.
              If not set, S calls affect headers and footers only when
              followed by PH, PF, OH, EH, OF, or OE calls (Boolean-
              valued; 1).

       Ps     is multiplied by register Lsp to vertically separate
              paragraphs; see P (1).

       Pt     determines when a first-line indentation is applied to a
              paragraph; see P (0).

              Value   Effect
              0       never
              1       always
              2       always, except immediately after H, DE, or LE

       Ref    is used internally to control mmroff(1)'s two-pass
              approach to index and reference management; see INITI and
              RS (Boolean-valued; 0).

       Rpe    configures the default page ejection policy for reference
              pages; see RP (0).

              Value   Effect
              0       Break the page before and after the list of references.
              1       Suppress page break after the list.
              2       Suppress page break before the list.
              3       Suppress page breaks before and after the list.

       S      defines the type size for the document, and must be set
              from the command line.  A scaling unit should be appended;
              p is typical (10p).

       Sectf  selects the “section-figure” numbering style.  Its default
              is 0 unless register N is set to 5 at the command line
              (Boolean-valued).

       Sectp  selects the “section-page” numbering style.  Its default
              is 0 unless register N is set to 3 or 5 at the command
              line (Boolean-valued).

       Si     configures the amount of display indentation in ens; see
              DS (5).

       Tb     is an auto-incrementing table counter; see TB.

       V      defines the vertical spacing for the document, and must be
              set from the command line.  A scaling unit should be
              appended; p is typical.  The default vertical spacing is
              120% of the type size.

       Verbin configures the amount of indentation for verbatim displays
              when indentation is selected; see VERBON (5n).

       W      defines the “width” of the document (that is, the length
              of an output line with no indentation); it must be set
              from the command line.  A scaling unit should be appended.
              The default is 6i or assigned by the papersize.tmac
              package; see groff_tmac(5).

Internals         top

       The letter macros call further macros depending on the letter
       type, with which they are suffixed.  It is therefore possible to
       define additional letter types, either in the territory-specific
       macro file, or as local additions.  LT sets the registers Pt and
       Pi to 0 and 5, respectively.  (DWB mm used a value of 3 for Pi.)
       It then calls an initialization macro corresponding to the type.
       Define the following macros to support a new letter type.

       let@init_type
              initializes any registers and other data needed by the
              letter type.

       let@head_type
              formats the letterhead; it is called instead of the usual
              page header macro.  Its definition should remove the alias
              let@header unless the letterhead is desired on subsequent
              pages.

       let@sg_type name title n is-final [SG-arg ...]
              SG calls this macro only for letters; MT memoranda have
              their own signature processing.  name and title are
              specified through WA/WE.  n is the index of the nth
              writer, and is-final is true for the last writer to be
              listed.  Further SG arguments are appended to the
              signature line.

       let@fc_type closing
              This macro is called by FC, and has the formal closing as
              the argument.

       LO implements letter options.  It requires that a string named
       Lettype be defined, where type is the letter type.  LO then
       assigns its second argument (value) to the string let*lo-type.

Files         top

       /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/m.tmac
              is the groff implementation of the memorandum macros.

       /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm.tmac
              is a wrapper enabling the package to be loaded with the
              option “-m mm”.

       /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/refer-mm.tmac
              implements refer(1) support for mm.

       /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/ms.cov
              implements an ms-like cover sheet.

       /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/0.MT
              implements memorandum types 0–3 and 6.

       /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/4.MT
              implements memorandum type 4.

       /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/5.MT
              implements memorandum type 5.

       /usr/local/share/groff/1.23.0/tmac/mm/locale
              performs any (further) desired necessary localization if
              present.

Authors         top

       Jörgen Hägg ⟨[email protected]⟩ of Lund, Sweden, wrote the GNU version
       of the mm macro package based on an early version of groff ms by
       James Clark ⟨[email protected]⟩.  Werner Lemberg ⟨[email protected]⟩ and G.
       Branden Robinson ⟨[email protected]⟩ revised and
       updated it.

See also         top

       MM - A Macro Package for Generating Documentshttps://tkurtbond.github.io/troff/mm-all.pdf⟩, the DWB 3.3 mm
       manual, introduces the package but does not document GNU
       extensions.

       Groff: The GNU Implementation of troff, by Trent A. Fisher and
       Werner Lemberg, is the primary groff manual.  You can browse it
       interactively with “info groff”.

       groff(1), troff(1), tbl(1), pic(1), eqn(1), refer(1),
       groff_mmse(7)

COLOPHON         top

       This page is part of the groff (GNU troff) project.  Information
       about the project can be found at 
       ⟨http:https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩.  If you have a bug report
       for this manual page, see ⟨http:https://www.gnu.org/software/groff/⟩.
       This page was obtained from the project's upstream Git repository
       ⟨https://git.savannah.gnu.org/git/groff.git⟩ on 2023-12-22.  (At
       that time, the date of the most recent commit that was found in
       the repository was 2023-12-08.)  If you discover any rendering
       problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there
       is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
       corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
       (which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
       [email protected]

groff 1.23.0.453-330f9-d... 22 December 2023                 groff_mm(7)