firejail(1) — Linux manual page

NAME | SYNOPSIS | DESCRIPTION | USAGE | OPTIONS | NAME | DESKTOP INTEGRATION | EXAMPLES | FILE GLOBBING | FILE TRANSFER | MONITORING | RESTRICTED SHELL | SECURITY PROFILES | TRAFFIC SHAPING | LICENSE | SEE ALSO | COLOPHON

FIREJAIL(1)                 firejail man page                FIREJAIL(1)

NAME         top

       Firejail - Linux namespaces sandbox program

SYNOPSIS         top

       Start a sandbox:

              firejail [OPTIONS] [program and arguments]

       Start an AppImage program:

              firejail [OPTIONS] --appimage [OPTIONS] [appimage-file and
              arguments]

       File transfer from an existing sandbox

              firejail {--ls | --get | --put | --cat} dir_or_filename

       Network traffic shaping for an existing sandbox:

              firejail --bandwidth={name|pid} bandwidth-command

       Monitoring:

              firejail {--list | --netstats | --top | --tree}

       Miscellaneous:

              firejail {-? | --debug-caps | --debug-errnos | --debug-
              syscalls | --debug-syscalls32 | --debug-protocols | --help
              | --version}

DESCRIPTION         top

       Firejail is a SUID sandbox program that reduces the risk of
       security breaches by restricting the running environment of
       untrusted applications using Linux namespaces, seccomp-bpf and
       Linux capabilities.  It allows a process and all its descendants
       to have their own private view of the globally shared kernel
       resources, such as the network stack, process table, mount table.
       Firejail can work in a SELinux or AppArmor environment, and it is
       integrated with Linux Control Groups.

       Written in C with virtually no dependencies, the software runs on
       any Linux computer with a 3.x kernel version or newer.  It can
       sandbox any type of processes: servers, graphical applications,
       and even user login sessions.

       Firejail allows the user to manage application security using
       security profiles.  Each profile defines a set of permissions for
       a specific application or group of applications. The software
       includes security profiles for a number of more common Linux
       programs, such as Mozilla Firefox, Chromium, VLC, Transmission
       etc.

       Firejail is currently implemented as an SUID binary, which means
       that if a malicious or compromised user account manages to
       exploit a bug in Firejail, that could ultimately lead to a
       privilege escalation to root.  To mitigate this, it is
       recommended to only allow trusted users to run firejail (see
       firejail-users(5) for details on how to achieve that).  For more
       details on the security/usability tradeoffs of Firejail, see:
       #4601 ⟨https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/discussions/4601⟩

       Alternative sandbox technologies like snap
       (https://snapcraft.io/) and flatpak (https://flatpak.org/) are
       not supported. Snap and flatpak packages have their own native
       management tools and will not work when sandboxed with Firejail.

USAGE         top

       Without any options, the sandbox consists of a filesystem build
       in a new mount namespace, and new PID and UTS namespaces. IPC,
       network and user namespaces can be added using the command line
       options. The default Firejail filesystem is based on the host
       filesystem with the main system directories mounted read-only.
       These directories are /etc, /var, /usr, /bin, /sbin, /lib,
       /lib32, /libx32 and /lib64. Only /home and /tmp are writable.

       Upon execution Firejail first looks in ~/.config/firejail/ for a
       profile and if it doesn't find one, it looks in /etc/firejail/.
       For profile resolution detail see
       https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/wiki/Creating-Profiles#locations-and-types.
       If an appropriate profile is not found, Firejail will use a
       default profile.  The default profile is quite restrictive. In
       case the application doesn't work, use --noprofile option to
       disable it. For more information, please see SECURITY PROFILES
       section below.

       If a program argument is not specified, Firejail starts the
       user's preferred shell.  Examples:

       $ firejail [OPTIONS]                # starting the program
       specified in $SHELL, usually /bin/bash

       $ firejail [OPTIONS] firefox        # starting Mozilla Firefox

       # sudo firejail [OPTIONS] /etc/init.d/nginx start

OPTIONS         top

       --     Signal the end of options and disables further option
              processing.

       --allow-debuggers
              Allow tools such as strace and gdb inside the sandbox by
              whitelisting system calls ptrace and process_vm_readv.
              This option is only available when running on Linux
              kernels 4.8 or newer - a kernel bug in ptrace system call
              allows a full bypass of the seccomp filter.

              Example:
              $ firejail --allow-debuggers
              --profile=/etc/firejail/firefox.profile strace -f firefox

       --allusers
              All directories under /home are visible inside the
              sandbox. By default, only current user home directory is
              visible.

              Example:
              $ firejail --allusers

       --appimage
              Sandbox an AppImage (https://appimage.org/) application.
              If the sandbox is started as a regular user, nonewprivs
              and a default capabilities filter are enabled.  private-
              bin and private-lib are disabled by default when running
              appimages.

              Example:
              $ firejail --appimage --profile=krita
              krita-3.0-x86_64.appimage
              $ firejail --quiet --appimage --private --profile=krita
              krita-3.0-x86_64.appimage
              $ firejail --appimage --net=none --x11 --profile=krita
              krita-3.0-x86_64.appimage

              Note: When using both --appimage and --profile, it is
              recommended to always specify the former before the
              latter, so that any ?HAS_APPIMAGE conditionals inside of
              the profile evaluate to true (see ?CONDITIONAL in
              firejail-profile(5)).

       --bandwidth=name|pid
              Set bandwidth limits for the sandbox identified by name or
              PID, see TRAFFIC SHAPING section for more details.

       --bind=filename1,filename2
              Mount-bind filename1 on top of filename2. This option is
              only available when running as root.

              Example:
              # firejail --bind=/config/etc/passwd,/etc/passwd

       --blacklist=dirname_or_filename
              Blacklist directory or file. File globbing is supported,
              see FILE GLOBBING section for more details.

              Symbolic link handling: Blacklisting a path that is a
              symbolic link will also blacklist the path that it points
              to.  For example, if ~/foo is blacklisted and it points to
              /bar, then /bar will also be blacklisted.

              Example:
              $ firejail --blacklist=/sbin --blacklist=/usr/sbin
              $ firejail --blacklist=~/.mozilla
              $ firejail "--blacklist=/home/username/My Virtual
              Machines"
              $ firejail --blacklist=/home/username/My\ Virtual\
              Machines

       --build
              The command builds a whitelisted profile. The profile is
              printed on the screen. The program is run in a very
              relaxed sandbox, with only --caps.drop=all and
              --seccomp=!chroot. Programs that raise user privileges are
              not supported.

              Example:
              $ firejail --build vlc ~/Videos/test.mp4
              $ firejail --build --appimage
              ~/Downloads/Subsurface.AppImage

       --build=profile-file
              The command builds a whitelisted profile, and saves it in
              profile-file. The program is run in a very relaxed
              sandbox, with only --caps.drop=all and --seccomp=!chroot.
              Programs that raise user privileges are not supported.

              Example:
              $ firejail --build=vlc.profile vlc ~/Videos/test.mp4
              $ firejail --build=Subsurface.profile --appimage
              ~/Downloads/Subsurface.AppImage

       -c     Login shell compatibility option. This option is use by
              some login programs when executing the login shell, such
              as when firejail is used as a restricted login shell. It
              currently does not change the execution of firejail.

       --caps Linux capabilities is a kernel feature designed to split
              up the root privilege into a set of distinct privileges.
              These privileges can be enabled or disabled independently,
              thus restricting what a process running as root can do in
              the system.  See capabilities(7) for details.

              By default root programs run with all capabilities
              enabled. --caps option disables the following
              capabilities: CAP_SYS_MODULE, CAP_SYS_RAWIO, CAP_SYS_BOOT,
              CAP_SYS_NICE, CAP_SYS_TTY_CONFIG, CAP_SYSLOG, CAP_MKNOD,
              CAP_SYS_ADMIN.  The filter is applied to all processes
              started in the sandbox.

              Example:
              $ sudo firejail --caps /etc/init.d/nginx start

       --caps.drop=all
              Drop all capabilities for the processes running in the
              sandbox. This option is recommended for running GUI
              programs or any other program that doesn't require root
              privileges. It is a must-have option for sandboxing
              untrusted programs installed from unofficial sources -
              such as games, Java programs, etc.

              Example:
              $ firejail --caps.drop=all warzone2100

       --caps.drop=capability,capability,capability
              Define a custom blacklist Linux capabilities filter.

              Example:
              $ firejail --caps.drop=net_broadcast,net_admin,net_raw

       --caps.keep=capability,capability,capability
              Define a custom whitelist Linux capabilities filter.

              Example:
              $ sudo firejail
              --caps.keep=chown,net_bind_service,setgid,\ setuid
              /etc/init.d/nginx start

       --caps.print=name|pid
              Print the caps filter for the sandbox identified by name
              or by PID.

              Example:
              $ firejail --name=mygame --caps.drop=all warzone2100 &
              $ firejail --caps.print=mygame

              Example:
              $ firejail --list
              3272:netblue::firejail --private firefox
              $ firejail --caps.print=3272

       --cat=name|pid filename
              Print content of file from sandbox container, see FILE
              TRANSFER section for more details.

       --chroot=dirname
              Chroot the sandbox into a root filesystem. Unlike the
              regular filesystem container, the system directories are
              mounted read-write. If the sandbox is started as a regular
              user, nonewprivs and a default capabilities filter are
              enabled.

              Example:
              $ firejail --chroot=/media/ubuntu warzone2100

              For automatic mounting of X11 and PulseAudio sockets set
              environment variables FIREJAIL_CHROOT_X11 and
              FIREJAIL_CHROOT_PULSE.

              Note: Support for this command is controlled in
              firejail.config with the chroot option.

       --cpu=cpu-number,cpu-number,cpu-number
              Set CPU affinity.

              Example:
              $ firejail --cpu=0,1 handbrake

       --cpu.print=name|pid
              Print the CPU cores in use by the sandbox identified by
              name or by PID.

              Example:
              $ firejail --name=mygame --caps.drop=all warzone2100 &
              $ firejail --cpu.print=mygame

              Example:
              $ firejail --list
              3272:netblue::firejail --private firefox
              $ firejail --cpu.print=3272

       --dbus-log=file
              Specify the location for the DBus log file.

              The log file contains events for both the system and
              session buses if both of the --dbus-system.log and --dbus-
              user.log options are specified. If no log file path is
              given, logs are written to the standard output instead.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-system=filter --dbus-system.log \
              --dbus-log=dbus.txt

       --dbus-system=filter|none
              Set system DBus sandboxing policy.

              The filter policy enables the system DBus filter. This
              option requires installing the xdg-dbus-proxy utility.
              Permissions for well-known can be specified with the
              --dbus-system.talk and --dbus-system.own options.

              The none policy disables access to the system DBus.

              Only the regular system DBus UNIX socket is handled by
              this option. To disable the abstract sockets (and force
              applications to use the filtered UNIX socket) you would
              need to request a new network namespace using --net
              command. Another option is to remove unix from the
              --protocol set.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-system=none

       --dbus-system.broadcast=name=[member][@path]
              Allows the application to receive broadcast signals from
              the indicated interface member at the indicated object
              path exposed by the indicated bus name on the system DBus.
              The name may have a .* suffix to match all names
              underneath it, including itself.  The interface member may
              have a .* to match all members of an interface, or be * to
              match all interfaces.  The path may have a /* suffix to
              indicate all objects underneath it, including itself.
              Omitting the interface member or the object path will
              match all members and object paths, respectively.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-system=filter --dbus-system.broadcast=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications.*@/org/freedesktop/Notifications

       --dbus-system.call=name=[member][@path]
              Allows the application to call the indicated interface
              member at the indicated object path exposed by the
              indicated bus name on the system DBus.  The name may have
              a .* suffix to match all names underneath it, including
              itself.  The interface member may have a .* to match all
              members of an interface, or be * to match all interfaces.
              The path may have a /* suffix to indicate all objects
              underneath it, including itself.  Omitting the interface
              member or the object path will match all members and
              object paths, respectively.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-system=filter --dbus-system.call=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications.*@/org/freedesktop/Notifications

       --dbus-system.log
              Turn on DBus logging for the system DBus. This option
              requires --dbus-system=filter.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-system=filter --dbus-system.log

       --dbus-system.own=name
              Allows the application to own the specified well-known
              name on the system DBus.  The name may have a .* suffix to
              match all names underneath it, including itself (e.g.
              "foo.bar.*" matches "foo.bar", "foo.bar.baz" and
              "foo.bar.baz.quux", but not "foobar").

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-system=filter --dbus-system.own=\
              org.gnome.ghex.*

       --dbus-system.see=name
              Allows the application to see, but not talk to the
              specified well-known name on the system DBus.  The name
              may have a .* suffix to match all names underneath it,
              including itself (e.g. "foo.bar.*" matches "foo.bar",
              "foo.bar.baz" and "foo.bar.baz.quux", but not "foobar").

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-system=filter --dbus-system.see=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications

       --dbus-system.talk=name
              Allows the application to talk to the specified well-known
              name on the system DBus.  The name may have a .* suffix to
              match all names underneath it, including itself (e.g.
              "foo.bar.*" matches "foo.bar", "foo.bar.baz" and
              "foo.bar.baz.quux", but not "foobar").

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-system=filter --dbus-system.talk=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications

       --dbus-user=filter|none
              Set session DBus sandboxing policy.

              The filter policy enables the session DBus filter. This
              option requires installing the xdg-dbus-proxy utility.
              Permissions for well-known names can be added with the
              --dbus-user.talk and --dbus-user.own options.

              The none policy disables access to the session DBus.

              Only the regular session DBus UNIX socket is handled by
              this option. To disable the abstract sockets (and force
              applications to use the filtered UNIX socket) you would
              need to request a new network namespace using --net
              command. Another option is to remove unix from the
              --protocol set.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-user=none

       --dbus-user.broadcast=name=[member][@path]
              Allows the application to receive broadcast signals from
              the indicated interface member at the indicated object
              path exposed by the indicated bus name on the session
              DBus.  The name may have a .* suffix to match all names
              underneath it, including itself.  The interface member may
              have a .* to match all members of an interface, or be * to
              match all interfaces.  The path may have a /* suffix to
              indicate all objects underneath it, including itself.
              Omitting the interface member or the object path will
              match all members and object paths, respectively.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-user=filter --dbus-user.broadcast=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications.*@/org/freedesktop/Notifications

       --dbus-user.call=name=[member][@path]
              Allows the application to call the indicated interface
              member at the indicated object path exposed by the
              indicated bus name on the session DBus.  The name may have
              a .* suffix to match all names underneath it, including
              itself.  The interface member may have a .* to match all
              members of an interface, or be * to match all interfaces.
              The path may have a /* suffix to indicate all objects
              underneath it, including itself.  Omitting the interface
              member or the object path will match all members and
              object paths, respectively.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-user=filter --dbus-user.call=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications.*@/org/freedesktop/Notifications

       --dbus-user.log
              Turn on DBus logging for the session DBus. This option
              requires --dbus-user=filter.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-user=filter --dbus-user.log

       --dbus-user.own=name
              Allows the application to own the specified well-known
              name on the session DBus.  The name may have a .* suffix
              to match all names underneath it, including itself (e.g.
              "foo.bar.*" matches "foo.bar", "foo.bar.baz" and
              "foo.bar.baz.quux", but not "foobar").

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-user=filter --dbus-
              user.own=org.gnome.ghex.*

       --dbus-user.talk=name
              Allows the application to talk to the specified well-known
              name on the session DBus.  The name may have a .* suffix
              to match all names underneath it, including itself (e.g.
              "foo.bar.*" matches "foo.bar", "foo.bar.baz" and
              "foo.bar.baz.quux", but not "foobar").

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-user=filter --dbus-user.talk=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications

       --dbus-user.see=name
              Allows the application to see, but not talk to the
              specified well-known name on the session DBus.  The name
              may have a .* suffix to match all names underneath it,
              including itself (e.g. "foo.bar.*" matches "foo.bar",
              "foo.bar.baz" and "foo.bar.baz.quux", but not "foobar").

              Example:
              $ firejail --dbus-user=filter --dbus-user.see=\
              org.freedesktop.Notifications

       --debug
              Print debug messages.

              Example:
              $ firejail --debug firefox

       --debug-blacklists
              Debug blacklisting.

              Example:
              $ firejail --debug-blacklists firefox

       --debug-caps
              Print all recognized capabilities in the current Firejail
              software build and exit.

              Example:
              $ firejail --debug-caps

       --debug-errnos
              Print all recognized error numbers in the current Firejail
              software build and exit.

              Example:
              $ firejail --debug-errnos

       --debug-protocols
              Print all recognized protocols in the current Firejail
              software build and exit.

              Example:
              $ firejail --debug-protocols

       --debug-syscalls
              Print all recognized system calls in the current Firejail
              software build and exit.

              Example:
              $ firejail --debug-syscalls

       --debug-syscalls32
              Print all recognized 32 bit system calls in the current
              Firejail software build and exit.

       --debug-whitelists
              Debug whitelisting.

              Example:
              $ firejail --debug-whitelists firefox

       --defaultgw=address
              Use this address as default gateway in the new network
              namespace.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --defaultgw=10.10.20.1 firefox

       --deterministic-exit-code
              Always exit firejail with the first child's exit status.
              The default behavior is to use the exit status of the
              final child to exit, which can be nondeterministic.

       --deterministic-shutdown
              Always shut down the sandbox after the first child has
              terminated. The default behavior is to keep the sandbox
              alive as long as it contains running processes.

       --disable-mnt
              Blacklist /mnt, /media, /run/mount and /run/media access.

              Example:
              $ firejail --disable-mnt firefox

       --dns=address
              Set a DNS server for the sandbox. Up to three DNS servers
              can be defined.  Use this option if you don't trust the
              DNS setup on your network.

              Example:
              $ firejail --dns=8.8.8.8 --dns=8.8.4.4 firefox

              Note: this feature is not supported on systemd-resolved
              setups.

       --dns.print=name|pid
              Print DNS configuration for a sandbox identified by name
              or by PID.

              Example:
              $ firejail --name=mygame --caps.drop=all warzone2100 &
              $ firejail --dns.print=mygame

              Example:
              $ firejail --list
              3272:netblue::firejail --private firefox
              $ firejail --dns.print=3272

       --dnstrace[=name|pid]
              Monitor DNS queries. The sandbox can be specified by name
              or pid. Only networked sandboxes created with --net are
              supported. This option is only available when running the
              sandbox as root.

              Without a name/pid, Firejail will monitor the main system
              network namespace.

              Example:
              $ sudo firejail --dnstrace
              11:31:43  9.9.9.9        linux.com (type 1)
              11:31:45  9.9.9.9        fonts.googleapis.com (type 1)
              NXDOMAIN
              11:31:45  9.9.9.9        js.hs-scripts.com (type 1)
              NXDOMAIN
              11:31:45  9.9.9.9        www.linux.com (type 1)
              11:31:45  9.9.9.9        fonts.googleapis.com (type 1)
              NXDOMAIN
              11:31:52  9.9.9.9        js.hs-scripts.com (type 1)
              NXDOMAIN
              11:32:05  9.9.9.9        secure.gravatar.com (type 1)
              11:32:06  9.9.9.9        secure.gravatar.com (type 1)
              11:32:08  9.9.9.9        taikai.network (type 1)
              11:32:08  9.9.9.9        cdn.jsdelivr.net (type 1)
              11:32:08  9.9.9.9        taikai.azureedge.net (type 1)
              11:32:08  9.9.9.9        www.youtube.com (type 1)

       --env=name=value
              Set environment variable in the new sandbox.

              Example:
              $ firejail --env=LD_LIBRARY_PATH=/opt/test/lib

       --fs.print=name|pid
              Print the filesystem log for the sandbox identified by
              name or by PID.

              Example:
              $ firejail --name=mygame --caps.drop=all warzone2100 &
              $ firejail --fs.print=mygame

              Example:
              $ firejail --list
              3272:netblue::firejail --private firefox
              $ firejail --fs.print=3272

       --get=name|pid filename
              Get a file from sandbox container, see FILE TRANSFER
              section for more details.

       -?, --help
              Print options end exit.

       --hostname=name
              Set sandbox hostname.
              For valid names, see the NAME VALIDATION section.

              Example:
              $ firejail --hostname=officepc firefox

       --hosts-file=file
              Use file as /etc/hosts.

              Example:
              $ firejail --hosts-file=~/myhosts firefox

       --ignore=command
              Ignore command in profile file.

              Example:
              $ firejail --ignore=seccomp --ignore=caps firefox
              $ firejail --ignore="net eth0" firefox

       --icmptrace[=name|pid]
              Monitor ICMP traffic. The sandbox can be specified by name
              or pid. Only networked sandboxes created with --net are
              supported. This option is only available when running the
              sandbox as root.

              Without a name/pid, Firejail will monitor the main system
              network namespace.

              Example
              $ sudo firejail --icmptrace
              20:53:54  192.168.1.60 -> 142.250.65.174 - 98 bytes - Echo
              request/0
              20:53:54  142.250.65.174 -> 192.168.1.60 - 98 bytes - Echo
              reply/0
              20:53:55  192.168.1.60 -> 142.250.65.174 - 98 bytes - Echo
              request/0
              20:53:55  142.250.65.174 -> 192.168.1.60 - 98 bytes - Echo
              reply/0
              20:53:55  192.168.1.60 -> 1.1.1.1 - 154 bytes -
              Destination unreachable/Port unreachable

       --include=file.profile
              Include a profile file before the regular profiles are
              used.

              Example:
              $ firejail --include=/etc/firejail/disable-devel.inc gedit

       --interface=interface
              Move interface in a new network namespace. Up to four
              --interface options can be specified.  Note: wlan devices
              are not supported for this option.

              Example:
              $ firejail --interface=eth1 --interface=eth0.vlan100

       --ip=address
              Assign IP addresses to the last network interface defined
              by a --net option. A default gateway is assigned by
              default.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --ip=10.10.20.56 firefox

       --ip=none
              No IP address and no default gateway are configured for
              the last interface defined by a --net option. Use this
              option in case you intend to start an external DHCP client
              in the sandbox.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --ip=none

              If the corresponding interface doesn't have an IP address
              configured, this option is enabled by default.

       --ip=dhcp
              Acquire an IP address and default gateway for the last
              interface defined by a --net option, as well as set the
              DNS servers according to the DHCP response.  This option
              requires the ISC dhclient DHCP client to be installed and
              will start it automatically inside the sandbox.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=br0 --ip=dhcp

              This option should not be used in conjunction with the
              --dns option if the DHCP server is set to configure DNS
              servers for the clients, because the manually specified
              DNS servers will be overwritten.

              The DHCP client will NOT release the DHCP lease when the
              sandbox terminates.  If your DHCP server requires leases
              to be explicitly released, consider running a DHCP client
              and releasing the lease manually in conjunction with the
              --net=none option.

       --ip6=address
              Assign IPv6 addresses to the last network interface
              defined by a --net option.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --ip6=2001:0db8:0:f101::1/64 firefox

              Note: you don't need this option if you obtain your ip6
              address from router via SLAAC (your ip6 address and
              default route will be configured by kernel automatically).

       --ip6=dhcp
              Acquire an IPv6 address and default gateway for the last
              interface defined by a --net option, as well as set the
              DNS servers according to the DHCP response.  This option
              requires the ISC dhclient DHCP client to be installed and
              will start it automatically inside the sandbox.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=br0 --ip6=dhcp

              This option should not be used in conjunction with the
              --dns option if the DHCP server is set to configure DNS
              servers for the clients, because the manually specified
              DNS servers will be overwritten.

              The DHCP client will NOT release the DHCP lease when the
              sandbox terminates.  If your DHCP server requires leases
              to be explicitly released, consider running a DHCP client
              and releasing the lease manually.

       --iprange=address,address
              Assign an IP address in the provided range to the last
              network interface defined by a --net option. A default
              gateway is assigned by default.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0
              --iprange=192.168.1.100,192.168.1.150

       --ipc-namespace
              Enable a new IPC namespace if the sandbox was started as a
              regular user. IPC namespace is enabled by default for
              sandboxes started as root.

              Example:
              $ firejail --ipc-namespace firefox

       --join=name|pid
              Join the sandbox identified by name or by PID. By default
              a /bin/bash shell is started after joining the sandbox.
              If a program is specified, the program is run in the
              sandbox. If --join command is issued as a regular user,
              all security filters are configured for the new process
              the same they are configured in the sandbox.  If --join
              command is issued as root, the security filters and cpus
              configurations are not applied to the process joining the
              sandbox.

              Example:
              $ firejail --name=mygame --caps.drop=all warzone2100 &
              $ firejail --join=mygame

              Example:
              $ firejail --list
              3272:netblue::firejail --private firefox
              $ firejail --join=3272

       --join-filesystem=name|pid
              Join the mount namespace of the sandbox identified by name
              or PID. By default a /bin/bash shell is started after
              joining the sandbox.  If a program is specified, the
              program is run in the sandbox. This command is available
              only to root user.  Security filters and cpus
              configurations are not applied to the process joining the
              sandbox.

       --join-network=name|pid
              Join the network namespace of the sandbox identified by
              name. By default a /bin/bash shell is started after
              joining the sandbox.  If a program is specified, the
              program is run in the sandbox. This command is available
              only to root user.  Security filters and cpus
              configurations are not applied to the process joining the
              sandbox. Example:

              # start firefox
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --name=browser firefox &

              # change netfilter configuration
              $ sudo firejail --join-network=browser bash -c "cat
              /etc/firejail/nolocal.net | /sbin/iptables-restore"

              # verify netfilter configuration
              $ sudo firejail --join-network=browser /sbin/iptables -vL

              # verify IP addresses
              $ sudo firejail --join-network=browser ip addr
              Switching to pid 1932, the first child process inside the
              sandbox
              1: lo: <LOOPBACK,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 65536 qdisc noqueue
              state UNKNOWN group default
                  link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
                  inet 127.0.0.1/8 scope host lo
                     valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
                  inet6 ::1/128 scope host
                     valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
              2: eth0-1931: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST,UP,LOWER_UP> mtu 1500
              qdisc noqueue state UNKNOWN group default
                  link/ether 76:58:14:42:78:e4 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
                  inet 192.168.1.158/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global
              eth0-1931
                     valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
                  inet6 fe80::7458:14ff:fe42:78e4/64 scope link
                     valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

       --join-or-start=name
              Join the sandbox identified by name or start a new one.
              Same as "firejail --join=name" if sandbox with specified
              name exists, otherwise same as "firejail --name=name ...".
              See --name for details.
              Note that in contrary to other join options there is
              respective profile option.

       --keep-config-pulse
              Disable automatic ~/.config/pulse init, for complex setups
              such as remote pulse servers or non-standard socket paths.

              Example:
              $ firejail --keep-config-pulse firefox

       --keep-dev-shm
              /dev/shm directory is untouched (even with --private-dev)

              Example:
              $ firejail --keep-dev-shm --private-dev

       --keep-fd=all
              Inherit all open file descriptors to the sandbox. By
              default only file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 are inherited to
              the sandbox, and all other file descriptors are closed.

              Example:
              $ firejail --keep-fd=all

       --keep-fd=file_descriptor
              Don't close specified open file descriptors. By default
              only file descriptors 0, 1 and 2 are inherited to the
              sandbox, and all other file descriptors are closed.

              Example:
              $ firejail --keep-fd=3,4,5

       --keep-shell-rc
              By default, when using a private home directory, firejail
              copies files from the system's user home template
              (/etc/skel) into it, which overrides attempts to whitelist
              the original files (such as ~/.bashrc and ~/.zshrc).  This
              option disables this feature, and enables the user to
              whitelist the original files.

       --keep-var-tmp
              /var/tmp directory is untouched.

              Example:
              $ firejail --keep-var-tmp

       --list List all sandboxes, see MONITORING section for more
              details.

              Example:
              $ firejail --list
              7015:netblue:browser:firejail firefox
              7056:netblue:torrent:firejail --net=eth0 transmission-gtk
              7064:netblue::firejail --noroot xterm

       --ls=name|pid dir_or_filename
              List files in sandbox container, see FILE TRANSFER section
              for more details.

       --mac=address
              Assign MAC addresses to the last network interface defined
              by a --net option. This option is not supported for
              wireless interfaces.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --mac=00:11:22:33:44:55 firefox

       --machine-id
              Spoof id number in /etc/machine-id file - a new random id
              is generated inside the sandbox.  Note that this breaks
              audio support. Enable it when sound is not required.

              Example:
              $ firejail --machine-id

       --mkdir=dirname
              Create a directory in user home. Parent directories are
              created as needed.

              Example:
              $ firejail --mkdir=~/work/project

       --mkfile=filename
              Create an empty file in user home.

              Example:
              $ firejail --mkfile=~/work/project/readme

       --memory-deny-write-execute
              Install a seccomp filter to block attempts to create
              memory mappings that are both writable and executable, to
              change mappings to be executable, or to create executable
              shared memory. The filter examines the arguments of mmap,
              mmap2, mprotect, pkey_mprotect, memfd_create and shmat
              system calls and returns error EPERM to the process (or
              kills it or log the attempt, see --seccomp-error-action
              below) if necessary.

              Note: shmat is not implemented as a system call on some
              platforms including i386, and it cannot be handled by
              seccomp-bpf.

       --mtu=number
              Assign a MTU value to the last network interface defined
              by a --net option.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --mtu=1492

       --name=name
              Set sandbox name. Several options, such as --join and
              --shutdown, can use this name to identify a sandbox.  The
              name cannot contain only digits, as that is treated as a
              PID in the other options, such as in --join.
              For valid names, see the NAME VALIDATION section.

              In case the name supplied by the user is already in use by
              another sandbox, Firejail will assign a new name as "name-
              PID", where PID is the process ID of the sandbox. This
              functionality can be disabled at run time in
              /etc/firejail/firejail.config file, by setting "name-
              change" flag to "no".

              Example:
              $ firejail --name=browser firefox &
              $ firejail --name=browser --private firefox --no-remote &
              $ firejail --list
              1198:netblue:browser:firejail --name=browser firefox
              1312:netblue:browser-1312:firejail --name=browser
              --private firefox --no-remote

       --net=bridge_interface
              Enable a new network namespace and connect it to this
              bridge interface.  Unless specified with option --ip and
              --defaultgw, an IP address and a default gateway will be
              assigned automatically to the sandbox. The IP address is
              verified using ARP before assignment. The address
              configured as default gateway is the bridge device IP
              address. Up to four --net options can be specified.

              Example:
              $ sudo brctl addbr br0
              $ sudo ifconfig br0 10.10.20.1/24
              $ sudo brctl addbr br1
              $ sudo ifconfig br1 10.10.30.1/24
              $ firejail --net=br0 --net=br1

       --net=ethernet_interface|wireless_interface
              Enable a new network namespace and connect it to this
              ethernet interface using the standard Linux macvlan|ipvlan
              driver. Unless specified with option --ip and --defaultgw,
              an IP address and a default gateway will be assigned
              automatically to the sandbox. The IP address is verified
              using ARP before assignment. The address configured as
              default gateway is the default gateway of the host. Up to
              four --net options can be specified.  Support for ipvlan
              driver was introduced in Linux kernel 3.19.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --ip=192.168.1.80 --dns=8.8.8.8
              firefox
              $ firejail --net=wlan0 firefox

       --net=none
              Enable a new, unconnected network namespace. The only
              interface available in the new namespace is a new loopback
              interface (lo).  Use this option to deny network access to
              programs that don't really need network access.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=none vlc

              Note: --net=none can crash the application on some
              platforms.  In these cases, it can be replaced with
              --protocol=unix.

       --net=tap_interface
              Enable a new network namespace and connect it to this
              ethernet tap interface using the standard Linux macvlan
              driver. If the tap interface is not configured, the
              sandbox will not try to configure the interface inside the
              sandbox.  Please use --ip, --netmask and --defaultgw to
              specify the configuration.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=tap0 --ip=10.10.20.80
              --netmask=255.255.255.0 --defaultgw=10.10.20.1 firefox

       --net.print=name|pid
              If a new network namespace is enabled, print network
              interface configuration for the sandbox specified by name
              or PID. Example:

              $ firejail --net.print=browser
              Switching to pid 1853, the first child process inside the
              sandbox
              Interface  MAC               IP            Mask
              Status
              lo                           127.0.0.1     255.0.0.0
              UP
              eth0-1852  5e:fb:8e:27:29:26 192.168.1.186 255.255.255.0
              UP

       --netfilter
              Enable a default firewall if a new network namespace is
              created inside the sandbox.  This option has no effect for
              sandboxes using the system network namespace.

              The default firewall is optimized for regular desktop
              applications. No incoming connections are accepted:

              *filter
              :INPUT DROP [0:0]
              :FORWARD DROP [0:0]
              :OUTPUT ACCEPT [0:0]
              -A INPUT -i lo -j ACCEPT
              -A INPUT -m state --state RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
              # allow ping
              -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type destination-unreachable -j
              ACCEPT
              -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type time-exceeded -j ACCEPT
              -A INPUT -p icmp --icmp-type echo-request -j ACCEPT
              # drop STUN (WebRTC) requests
              -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 3478 -j DROP
              -A OUTPUT -p udp --dport 3479 -j DROP
              -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 3478 -j DROP
              -A OUTPUT -p tcp --dport 3479 -j DROP
              COMMIT

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --netfilter firefox

       --netfilter=filename
              Enable the firewall specified by filename if a new network
              namespace is created inside the sandbox.  This option has
              no effect for sandboxes using the system network
              namespace.

              Please use the regular iptables-save/iptables-restore
              format for the filter file. The following examples are
              available in /etc/firejail directory:

              webserver.net is a webserver firewall that allows access
              only to TCP ports 80 and 443.  Example:

              $ firejail --netfilter=/etc/firejail/webserver.net
              --net=eth0 \
              /etc/init.d/apache2 start

              nolocal.net/nolocal6.net is a desktop client firewall that
              disable access to local network. Example:

              $ firejail --netfilter=/etc/firejail/nolocal.net \
              --net=eth0 firefox

       --netfilter=filename,arg1,arg2,arg3 ...
              This is the template version of the previous command.
              $ARG1, $ARG2, $ARG3 ... in the firewall script are
              replaced with arg1, arg2, arg3 ... passed on the command
              line. Up to 16 arguments are supported.  Example:

              $ firejail --net=eth0 --ip=192.168.1.105 \
              --netfilter=/etc/firejail/tcpserver.net,5001 server-
              program

       --netfilter.print=name|pid
              Print the firewall installed in the sandbox specified by
              name or PID. Example:

              $ firejail --name=browser --net=eth0 --netfilter firefox &
              $ firejail --netfilter.print=browser

       --netfilter6=filename
              Enable the IPv6 firewall specified by filename if a new
              network namespace is created inside the sandbox.  This
              option has no effect for sandboxes using the system
              network namespace.  Please use the regular iptables-
              save/iptables-restore format for the filter file.

       --netfilter6.print=name|pid
              Print the IPv6 firewall installed in the sandbox specified
              by name or PID. Example:

              $ firejail --name=browser --net=eth0 --netfilter firefox &
              $ firejail --netfilter6.print=browser

       --netlock
              Several type of programs (email clients, multiplayer games
              etc.) talk to a very small number of IP addresses. But the
              best example is tor browser. It only talks to a guard
              node, and there are two or three more on standby in case
              the main one fails.  During startup, the browser contacts
              all of them, after that it keeps talking to the main
              one... for weeks!

              Use the network locking feature to build and deploy a
              custom network firewall in your sandbox.  The firewall
              allows only the traffic to the IP addresses detected
              during the program startup. Traffic to any other address
              is quietly dropped. By default the network monitoring time
              is one minute.

              A network namespace (--net=eth0) is required for this
              feature to work. Example:

              $ firejail --net=eth0 --netlock \
              --private=~/tor-browser_en-US ./start-tor-browser.desktop

       --netmask=address
              Use this option when you want to assign an IP address in a
              new namespace and the parent interface specified by --net
              is not configured. An IP address and a default gateway
              address also have to be added. By default the new
              namespace interface comes without IP address and default
              gateway configured. Example:

              $ sudo /sbin/brctl addbr br0
              $ sudo /sbin/ifconfig br0 up
              $ firejail --ip=10.10.20.67 --netmask=255.255.255.0
              --defaultgw=10.10.20.1

       --netns=name
              Run the program in a named, persistent network namespace.
              These can be created and configured using "ip netns".

       --netstats
              Monitor network namespace statistics, see MONITORING
              section for more details.

              Example:

              $ firejail --netstats
              PID  User    RX(KB/s) TX(KB/s) Command
              1294 netblue 53.355   1.473    firejail --net=eth0 firefox
              7383 netblue 9.045    0.112    firejail --net=eth0
              transmission

       --nettrace[=name|pid]
              Monitor received TCP. UDP, and ICMP traffic. The sandbox
              can be specified by name or pid. Only networked sandboxes
              created with --net are supported. This option is only
              available when running the sandbox as root.

              Without a name/pid, Firejail will monitor the main system
              network namespace.

              Example:
              $ sudo firejail --nettrace
                                      95 KB/s  geoip 457, IP database
              4436
                 52 KB/s ***********           64.222.84.207:443 United
              States
                 33 KB/s *******               89.147.74.105:63930
              Hungary
                  0 B/s                        45.90.28.0:443 NextDNS
                  0 B/s                        94.70.122.176:52309(UDP)
              Greece
                339 B/s                        104.26.7.35:443
              Cloudflare

              If /usr/bin/geoiplookup is installed (geoip-bin package in
              Debian), the country the traffic originates from is added
              to the trace.  We also use the static IP map in
              /usr/lib/firejail/static-ip-map to print the domain names
              for some of the more common websites and cloud platforms.
              No external services are contacted for reverse IP lookup.

       --nice=value
              Set nice value for all processes running inside the
              sandbox.  Only root may specify a negative value.

              Example:
              $ firejail --nice=2 firefox

       --no3d Disable 3D hardware acceleration.

              Example:
              $ firejail --no3d firefox

       --noautopulse (deprecated)
              See --keep-config-pulse.

       --noblacklist=dirname_or_filename
              Disable blacklist for this directory or file.

              Example:
              $ firejail
              $ nc dict.org 2628
              bash: /bin/nc: Permission denied
              $ exit

              $ firejail --noblacklist=/bin/nc
              $ nc dict.org 2628
              220 pan.alephnull.com dictd 1.12.1/rf on Linux
              3.14-1-amd64

       --nodbus (deprecated)
              Disable D-Bus access (both system and session buses).
              Equivalent to --dbus-system=none --dbus-user=none.

              Example:
              $ firejail --nodbus --net=none

       --nodvd
              Disable DVD and audio CD devices.

              Example:
              $ firejail --nodvd

       --noinput
              Disable input devices.

              Example:
              $ firejail --noinput

       --noexec=dirname_or_filename
              Remount directory or file noexec, nodev and nosuid. File
              globbing is supported, see FILE GLOBBING section for more
              details.

              Example:
              $ firejail --noexec=/tmp

              /etc and /var are noexec by default if the sandbox was
              started as a regular user.

       --nogroups
              Disable supplementary groups. Without this option,
              supplementary groups are enabled for the user starting the
              sandbox. For root user supplementary groups are always
              disabled.

              Note: By default all regular user groups are removed with
              the exception of the current user. This can be changed
              using --allusers command option.

              Example:
              $ id
              uid=1000(netblue) gid=1000(netblue)
              groups=1000(netblue),24(cdrom),25(floppy),27(sudo),29(audio)
              $ firejail --nogroups
              Parent pid 8704, child pid 8705
              Child process initialized
              $ id
              uid=1000(netblue) gid=1000(netblue) groups=1000(netblue)
              $

       --nonewprivs
              Sets the NO_NEW_PRIVS prctl.  This ensures that child
              processes cannot acquire new privileges using execve(2);
              in particular, this means that calling a suid binary (or
              one with file capabilities) does not result in an increase
              of privilege. This option is enabled by default if seccomp
              filter is activated.

       --noprinters
              Disable printers.

       --noprofile
              Do not use a security profile.

              Example:
              $ firejail
              Reading profile /etc/firejail/default.profile
              Parent pid 8553, child pid 8554
              Child process initialized
              [...]

              $ firejail --noprofile
              Parent pid 8553, child pid 8554
              Child process initialized
              [...]

       --noroot
              Install a user namespace with a single user - the current
              user.  root user does not exist in the new namespace. This
              option requires a Linux kernel version 3.8 or newer. The
              option is not supported for --chroot and --overlay
              configurations, or for sandboxes started as root.

              Example:
              $ firejail --noroot
              Parent pid 8553, child pid 8554
              Child process initialized
              $ ping google.com
              ping: icmp open socket: Operation not permitted
              $

       --nosound
              Disable sound system.

              Example:
              $ firejail --nosound firefox

       --notv Disable DVB (Digital Video Broadcasting) TV devices.

              Example:
              $ firejail --notv vlc

       --nou2f
              Disable U2F devices.

              Example:
              $ firejail --nou2f

       --novideo
              Disable video devices.

       --nowhitelist=dirname_or_filename
              Disable whitelist for this directory or file.

       --oom=value
              Configure kernel's OutOfMemory-killer score for this
              sandbox. The acceptable score values are between 0 and
              1000 for regular users, and -1000 to 1000 for root. For
              more information on OOM kernel feature see man choom.

              Example:
              $ firejail --oom=300 firefox

       --output=logfile
              stdout logging and log rotation. Copy stdout to logfile,
              and keep the size of the file under 500KB using log
              rotation. Five files with prefixes .1 to .5 are used in
              rotation.

              Example:
              $ firejail --output=sandboxlog /bin/bash
              [...]
              $ ls -l sandboxlog*
              -rw-r--r-- 1 netblue netblue 333890 Jun  2 07:48
              sandboxlog
              -rw-r--r-- 1 netblue netblue 511488 Jun  2 07:48
              sandboxlog.1
              -rw-r--r-- 1 netblue netblue 511488 Jun  2 07:48
              sandboxlog.2
              -rw-r--r-- 1 netblue netblue 511488 Jun  2 07:48
              sandboxlog.3
              -rw-r--r-- 1 netblue netblue 511488 Jun  2 07:48
              sandboxlog.4
              -rw-r--r-- 1 netblue netblue 511488 Jun  2 07:48
              sandboxlog.5

       --output-stderr=logfile
              Similar to --output, but stderr is also stored.

       --private
              Mount new /root and /home/user directories in temporary
              filesystems. All modifications are discarded when the
              sandbox is closed.

              Example:
              $ firejail --private firefox

       --private=directory
              Use directory as user home.  --private and
              --private=directory cannot be used together.

              Example:
              $ firejail --private=/home/netblue/firefox-home firefox

              Bug: Even with this enabled, some commands (such as mkdir,
              mkfile and private-cache) will still operate on the
              original home directory.  Workaround: Disable the
              incompatible commands, such as by using "ignore mkdir" and
              "ignore mkfile".  For details, see #903 
              ⟨https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/issues/903--private-bin=file,file
              Build a new /bin in a temporary filesystem, and copy the
              programs in the list.  The files in the list must be
              expressed as relative to the /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin,
              /usr/sbin, or /usr/local/bin directories.  If no listed
              files are found, /bin directory will be empty.  The same
              directory is also bind-mounted over /sbin, /usr/bin,
              /usr/sbin and /usr/local/bin.  All modifications are
              discarded when the sandbox is closed.  Multiple private-
              bin commands are allowed and they accumulate.  File
              globbing is supported, see FILE GLOBBING section for more
              details.

              Example:
              $ firejail --private-bin=bash,sed,ls,cat
              Parent pid 20841, child pid 20842
              Child process initialized
              $ ls /bin
              bash  cat  ls  sed

       --private-cache
              Mount an empty temporary filesystem on top of the .cache
              directory in user home. All modifications are discarded
              when the sandbox is closed.

              Example:
              $ firejail --private-cache openbox

       --private-cwd
              Set working directory inside jail to the home directory,
              and failing that, the root directory.  Does not impact
              working directory of profile include paths.

              Example:
              $ pwd
              /tmp
              $ firejail --private-cwd
              $ pwd
              /home/user

       --private-cwd=directory
              Set working directory inside the jail.  Full directory
              path is required. Symbolic links are not allowed.  Does
              not impact working directory of profile include paths.

              Example:
              $ pwd
              /tmp
              $ firejail --private-cwd=/opt
              $ pwd
              /opt

       --private-dev
              Create a new /dev directory. Only disc, dri, dvb, hidraw,
              null, full, zero, tty, pts, ptmx, random, snd, urandom,
              video, log, shm and usb devices are available.  Use the
              options --no3d, --nodvd, --nosound, --notv, --nou2f and
              --novideo for additional restrictions.

              Example:
              $ firejail --private-dev
              Parent pid 9887, child pid 9888
              Child process initialized
              $ ls /dev
              cdrom  cdrw  dri  dvd  dvdrw  full  log  null  ptmx  pts
              random  shm  snd  sr0  tty  urandom  zero
              $

       --private-etc, --private-etc=file,directory,@group
              The files installed by --private-etc are copies of the
              original system files from /etc directory.  By default,
              the command brings in a skeleton of files and directories
              used by most console tools:

              $ firejail --private-etc dig debian.org

              For X11/GTK/QT/Gnome/KDE  programs add @x11 group as a
              parameter. Example:

              $ firejail --private-etc=@x11,gcrypt,python* gimp

              gcrypt and /etc/python* directories are not part of the
              generic @x11 group.  File globbing is supported.

              For games, add @games group:

              $ firejail --private-etc=@games,@x11 warzone2100

              Sound and networking files are included automatically,
              unless --nosound or --net=none are specified.  Files for
              encrypted TLS/SSL protocol are in @tls-ca group.

              $ firejail --private-etc=@tls-ca,wgetrc wget
              https://debian.org

              Note: The easiest way to extract the list of /etc files
              accessed by your program is using strace utility:

              $ strace /usr/bin/transmission-qt 2>&1 | grep open | grep
              etc

       --private-home=file,directory
              Build a new user home in a temporary filesystem, and copy
              the files and directories in the list in the new home.
              The files and directories in the list must be expressed as
              relative to the current user's home directory.  All
              modifications are discarded when the sandbox is closed.

              Example:
              $ firejail --private-home=.mozilla firefox

       --private-opt=file,directory
              Build a new /opt in a temporary filesystem, and copy the
              files and directories in the list.  The files and
              directories in the list must be expressed as relative to
              the /opt directory, and must not contain the / character
              (e.g., /opt/foo must be expressed as foo, but /opt/foo/bar
              -- expressed as foo/bar -- is disallowed).  If no listed
              file is found, /opt directory will be empty.  All
              modifications are discarded when the sandbox is closed.

              Example:
              $ firejail --private-opt=firefox /opt/firefox/firefox

       --private-srv=file,directory
              Build a new /srv in a temporary filesystem, and copy the
              files and directories in the list.  The files and
              directories in the list must be expressed as relative to
              the /srv directory, and must not contain the / character
              (e.g., /srv/foo must be expressed as foo, but /srv/foo/bar
              -- expressed as srv/bar -- is disallowed).  If no listed
              file is found, /srv directory will be empty.  All
              modifications are discarded when the sandbox is closed.

              Example:
              # firejail --private-srv=www /etc/init.d/apache2 start

       --private-tmp
              Mount an empty temporary filesystem on top of /tmp
              directory whitelisting X11 and PulseAudio sockets.

              Example:
              $ firejail --private-tmp
              $ ls -al /tmp
              drwxrwxrwt  4 nobody nogroup   80 Apr 30 11:46 .
              drwxr-xr-x 30 nobody nogroup 4096 Apr 26 22:18 ..
              drwx------  2 nobody nogroup 4096 Apr 30 10:52 pulse-
              PKdhtXMmr18n
              drwxrwxrwt  2 nobody nogroup 4096 Apr 30 10:52 .X11-unix

       --profile=filename_or_profilename
              Load a custom security profile from filename. For filename
              use an absolute path or a path relative to the current
              path.  For more information, see SECURITY PROFILES section
              below.

              Example:
              $ firejail --profile=myprofile

       --profile.print=name|pid
              Print the name of the profile file for the sandbox
              identified by name or or PID.

              Example:
              $ firejail --profile.print=browser
              /etc/firejail/firefox.profile

       --protocol=protocol,protocol,protocol
              Enable protocol filter. The filter is based on seccomp and
              checks the first argument to socket system call.
              Recognized values: unix, inet, inet6, netlink, packet, and
              bluetooth. This option is not supported for i386
              architecture.  Multiple protocol commands are allowed and
              they accumulate.

              Example:
              $ firejail --protocol=unix,inet,inet6 firefox

       --protocol.print=name|pid
              Print the protocol filter for the sandbox identified by
              name or PID.

              Example:
              $ firejail --name=mybrowser firefox &
              $ firejail --protocol.print=mybrowser
              unix,inet,inet6,netlink

              Example:
              $ firejail --list
              3272:netblue::firejail --private firefox
              $ firejail --protocol.print=3272
              unix,inet,inet6,netlink

       --put=name|pid src-filename dest-filename
              Put a file in sandbox container, see FILE TRANSFER section
              for more details.

       --quiet
              Turn off Firejail's output.

              The same effect can be obtained by setting an environment
              variable FIREJAIL_QUIET to yes.

       --read-only=dirname_or_filename
              Set directory or file read-only. File globbing is
              supported, see FILE GLOBBING section for more details.

              Example:
              $ firejail --read-only=~/.mozilla firefox

       --read-write=dirname_or_filename
              Set directory or file read-write. Only files or
              directories belonging to the current user are allowed for
              this operation. File globbing is supported, see FILE
              GLOBBING section for more details.  Example:

              $ mkdir ~/test
              $ touch ~/test/a
              $ firejail --read-only=~/test --read-write=~/test/a

       --restrict-namespaces
              Install a seccomp filter that blocks attempts to create
              new cgroup, ipc, net, mount, pid, time, user or uts
              namespaces.

              Example:
              $ firejail --restrict-namespaces

       --restrict-namespaces=cgroup,ipc,net,mnt,pid,time,user,uts
              Install a seccomp filter that blocks attempts to create
              any of the specified namespaces. The filter examines the
              arguments of clone, unshare and setns system calls and
              returns error EPERM to the process (or kills it or logs
              the attempt, see --seccomp-error-action below) if
              necessary. Note that the filter is not able to examine the
              arguments of clone3 system calls, and always responds to
              these calls with error ENOSYS.

              Example:
              $ firejail --restrict-namespaces=user,net

       --rlimit-as=number
              Set the maximum size of the process's virtual memory
              (address space) in bytes.  Use k(ilobyte), m(egabyte) or
              g(igabyte) for size suffix (base 1024).

       --rlimit-cpu=number
              Set the maximum limit, in seconds, for the amount of CPU
              time each sandboxed process can consume. When the limit is
              reached, the processes are killed.

              The CPU limit is a limit on CPU seconds rather than
              elapsed time. CPU seconds is basically how many seconds
              the CPU has been in use and does not necessarily directly
              relate to the elapsed time. Linux kernel keeps track of
              CPU seconds for each process independently.

       --rlimit-fsize=number
              Set the maximum file size that can be created by a
              process.  Use k(ilobyte), m(egabyte) or g(igabyte) for
              size suffix (base 1024).

       --rlimit-nofile=number
              Set the maximum number of files that can be opened by a
              process.

       --rlimit-nproc=number
              Set the maximum number of processes that can be created
              for the real user ID of the calling process.

       --rlimit-sigpending=number
              Set the maximum number of pending signals for a process.

       --rmenv=name
              Remove environment variable in the new sandbox.

              Example:
              $ firejail --rmenv=DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS

       --scan ARP-scan all the networks from inside a network namespace.
              This makes it possible to detect macvlan kernel device
              drivers running on the current host.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --scan

       --seccomp
              Enable seccomp filter and blacklist the syscalls in the
              default list, which is @default-nodebuggers unless
              --allow-debuggers is specified, then it is @default.

              To help creating useful seccomp filters more easily, the
              following system call groups are defined: @aio, @basic-io,
              @chown, @clock, @cpu-emulation, @debug, @default,
              @default-nodebuggers, @default-keep, @file-system, @io-
              event, @ipc, @keyring, @memlock, @module, @mount,
              @network-io, @obsolete, @privileged, @process, @raw-io,
              @reboot, @resources, @setuid, @swap, @sync, @system-
              service and @timer.  More information about groups can be
              found in /usr/share/doc/firejail/syscalls.txt

              The default list can be customized, see --seccomp= for a
              description.  It can be customized also globally in
              /etc/firejail/firejail.config file.

              System architecture is strictly imposed only if flag
              --seccomp.block-secondary is used. The filter is applied
              at run time only if the correct architecture was detected.
              For the case of I386 and AMD64 both 32-bit and 64-bit
              filters are installed.

              Firejail will print seccomp violations to the audit log if
              the kernel was compiled with audit support (CONFIG_AUDIT
              flag).

              Example:
              $ firejail --seccomp

       --seccomp=syscall,@group,!syscall2
              Enable seccomp filter, blacklist the default list and the
              syscalls or syscall groups specified by the command, but
              don't blacklist "syscall2". On a 64 bit architecture, an
              additional filter for 32 bit system calls can be installed
              with --seccomp.32.

              Example:
              $ firejail --seccomp=utime,utimensat,utimes firefox
              $ firejail --seccomp=@clock,mkdir,unlinkat transmission-
              gtk
              $ firejail '--seccomp=@ipc,!pipe,!pipe2' audacious

              Syscalls can be specified by their number if prefix $ is
              added, so for example $165 would be equal to mount on
              i386.

              Instead of dropping the syscall by returning EPERM,
              another error number can be returned using syscall:errno
              syntax. This can be also changed globally with --seccomp-
              error-action or in /etc/firejail/firejail.config file.
              The process can also be killed by using syscall:kill
              syntax, or the attempt may be logged with syscall:log.

              Example:
              $ firejail --seccomp=unlinkat:ENOENT,utimensat,utimes
              Parent pid 10662, child pid 10663
              Child process initialized
              $ touch testfile
              $ ls testfile
              testfile
              $ rm testfile
              rm: cannot remove `testfile': No such file or directory

              If the blocked system calls would also block Firejail from
              operating, they are handled by adding a preloaded library
              which performs seccomp system calls later. However, this
              is incompatible with 32 bit seccomp filters.

              Example:
              $ firejail --noprofile --seccomp=execve sh
              Parent pid 32751, child pid 32752
              Post-exec seccomp protector enabled
              list in: execve, check list: @default-keep prelist:
              (null), postlist: execve
              Child process initialized in 46.44 ms
              $ ls
              Operation not permitted

       --seccomp.block-secondary
              Enable seccomp filter and filter system call architectures
              so that only the native architecture is allowed. For
              example, on amd64, i386 and x32 system calls are blocked
              as well as changing the execution domain with
              personality(2) system call.

       --seccomp.drop=syscall,@group
              Enable seccomp filter, and blacklist the syscalls or the
              syscall groups specified by the command. On a 64 bit
              architecture, an additional filter for 32 bit system calls
              can be installed with --seccomp.32.drop.

              Example:
              $ firejail --seccomp.drop=utime,utimensat,utimes,@clock

              Instead of dropping the syscall by returning EPERM,
              another error number can be returned using syscall:errno
              syntax. This can be also changed globally with --seccomp-
              error-action or in /etc/firejail/firejail.config file.
              The process can also be killed by using syscall:kill
              syntax, or the attempt may be logged with syscall:log.

              Example:
              $ firejail --seccomp.drop=unlinkat:ENOENT,utimensat,utimes
              Parent pid 10662, child pid 10663
              Child process initialized
              $ touch testfile
              $ ls testfile
              testfile
              $ rm testfile
              rm: cannot remove `testfile': No such file or directory

       --seccomp.keep=syscall,@group,!syscall2
              Enable seccomp filter, blacklist all syscall not listed
              and "syscall2".  The system calls needed by Firejail
              (group @default-keep: prctl, execve, execveat) are handled
              with the preload library. On a 64 bit architecture, an
              additional filter for 32 bit system calls can be installed
              with --seccomp.32.keep.

              Example:
              $ firejail --seccomp.keep=poll,select,[...] transmission-
              gtk

       --seccomp.print=name|pid
              Print the seccomp filter for the sandbox identified by
              name or PID.

              Example:
              $ firejail --name=browser firefox &
              $ firejail --seccomp.print=browser
               line  OP JT JF    K
              =================================
               0000: 20 00 00 00000004   ld  data.architecture
               0001: 15 01 00 c000003e   jeq ARCH_64 0003 (false 0002)
               0002: 06 00 00 7fff0000   ret ALLOW
               0003: 20 00 00 00000000   ld  data.syscall-number
               0004: 35 01 00 40000000   jge X32_ABI true:0006 (false
              0005)
               0005: 35 01 00 00000000   jge read 0007 (false 0006)
               0006: 06 00 00 00050001   ret ERRNO(1)
               0007: 15 41 00 0000009a   jeq modify_ldt 0049 (false
              0008)
               0008: 15 40 00 000000d4   jeq lookup_dcookie 0049 (false
              0009)
               0009: 15 3f 00 0000012a   jeq perf_event_open 0049 (false
              000a)
               000a: 15 3e 00 00000137   jeq process_vm_writev 0049
              (false 000b)
               000b: 15 3d 00 0000009c   jeq _sysctl 0049 (false 000c)
               000c: 15 3c 00 000000b7   jeq afs_syscall 0049 (false
              000d)
               000d: 15 3b 00 000000ae   jeq create_module 0049 (false
              000e)
               000e: 15 3a 00 000000b1   jeq get_kernel_syms 0049 (false
              000f)
               000f: 15 39 00 000000b5   jeq getpmsg 0049 (false 0010)
               0010: 15 38 00 000000b6   jeq putpmsg 0049 (false 0011)
               0011: 15 37 00 000000b2   jeq query_module 0049 (false
              0012)
               0012: 15 36 00 000000b9   jeq security 0049 (false 0013)
               0013: 15 35 00 0000008b   jeq sysfs 0049 (false 0014)
               0014: 15 34 00 000000b8   jeq tuxcall 0049 (false 0015)
               0015: 15 33 00 00000086   jeq uselib 0049 (false 0016)
               0016: 15 32 00 00000088   jeq ustat 0049 (false 0017)
               0017: 15 31 00 000000ec   jeq vserver 0049 (false 0018)
               0018: 15 30 00 0000009f   jeq adjtimex 0049 (false 0019)
               0019: 15 2f 00 00000131   jeq clock_adjtime 0049 (false
              001a)
               001a: 15 2e 00 000000e3   jeq clock_settime 0049 (false
              001b)
               001b: 15 2d 00 000000a4   jeq settimeofday 0049 (false
              001c)
               001c: 15 2c 00 000000b0   jeq delete_module 0049 (false
              001d)
               001d: 15 2b 00 00000139   jeq finit_module 0049 (false
              001e)
               001e: 15 2a 00 000000af   jeq init_module 0049 (false
              001f)
               001f: 15 29 00 000000ad   jeq ioperm 0049 (false 0020)
               0020: 15 28 00 000000ac   jeq iopl 0049 (false 0021)
               0021: 15 27 00 000000f6   jeq kexec_load 0049 (false
              0022)
               0022: 15 26 00 00000140   jeq kexec_file_load 0049 (false
              0023)
               0023: 15 25 00 000000a9   jeq reboot 0049 (false 0024)
               0024: 15 24 00 000000a7   jeq swapon 0049 (false 0025)
               0025: 15 23 00 000000a8   jeq swapoff 0049 (false 0026)
               0026: 15 22 00 000000a3   jeq acct 0049 (false 0027)
               0027: 15 21 00 00000141   jeq bpf 0049 (false 0028)
               0028: 15 20 00 000000a1   jeq chroot 0049 (false 0029)
               0029: 15 1f 00 000000a5   jeq mount 0049 (false 002a)
               002a: 15 1e 00 000000b4   jeq nfsservctl 0049 (false
              002b)
               002b: 15 1d 00 0000009b   jeq pivot_root 0049 (false
              002c)
               002c: 15 1c 00 000000ab   jeq setdomainname 0049 (false
              002d)
               002d: 15 1b 00 000000aa   jeq sethostname 0049 (false
              002e)
               002e: 15 1a 00 000000a6   jeq umount2 0049 (false 002f)
               002f: 15 19 00 00000099   jeq vhangup 0049 (false 0030)
               0030: 15 18 00 000000ee   jeq set_mempolicy 0049 (false
              0031)
               0031: 15 17 00 00000100   jeq migrate_pages 0049 (false
              0032)
               0032: 15 16 00 00000117   jeq move_pages 0049 (false
              0033)
               0033: 15 15 00 000000ed   jeq mbind 0049 (false 0034)
               0034: 15 14 00 00000130   jeq open_by_handle_at 0049
              (false 0035)
               0035: 15 13 00 0000012f   jeq name_to_handle_at 0049
              (false 0036)
               0036: 15 12 00 000000fb   jeq ioprio_set 0049 (false
              0037)
               0037: 15 11 00 00000067   jeq syslog 0049 (false 0038)
               0038: 15 10 00 0000012c   jeq fanotify_init 0049 (false
              0039)
               0039: 15 0f 00 00000138   jeq kcmp 0049 (false 003a)
               003a: 15 0e 00 000000f8   jeq add_key 0049 (false 003b)
               003b: 15 0d 00 000000f9   jeq request_key 0049 (false
              003c)
               003c: 15 0c 00 000000fa   jeq keyctl 0049 (false 003d)
               003d: 15 0b 00 000000ce   jeq io_setup 0049 (false 003e)
               003e: 15 0a 00 000000cf   jeq io_destroy 0049 (false
              003f)
               003f: 15 09 00 000000d0   jeq io_getevents 0049 (false
              0040)
               0040: 15 08 00 000000d1   jeq io_submit 0049 (false 0041)
               0041: 15 07 00 000000d2   jeq io_cancel 0049 (false 0042)
               0042: 15 06 00 000000d8   jeq remap_file_pages 0049
              (false 0043)
               0043: 15 05 00 00000116   jeq vmsplice 0049 (false 0044)
               0044: 15 04 00 00000087   jeq personality 0049 (false
              0045)
               0045: 15 03 00 00000143   jeq userfaultfd 0049 (false
              0046)
               0046: 15 02 00 00000065   jeq ptrace 0049 (false 0047)
               0047: 15 01 00 00000136   jeq process_vm_readv 0049
              (false 0048)
               0048: 06 00 00 7fff0000   ret ALLOW
               0049: 06 00 01 00000000   ret KILL
              $

       --seccomp-error-action= kill | ERRNO | log
              By default, if a seccomp filter blocks a system call, the
              process gets EPERM as the error. With --seccomp-error-
              action=error, another error number can be returned, for
              example ENOSYS or EACCES. The process can also be killed
              (like in versions <0.9.63 of Firejail) by using --seccomp-
              error-action=kill syntax, or the attempt may be logged
              with --seccomp-error-action=log. Not killing the process
              weakens Firejail slightly when trying to contain
              intrusion, but it may also allow tighter filters if the
              only alternative is to allow a system call.

       --shutdown=name|pid
              Shutdown the sandbox identified by name or PID.

              Example:
              $ firejail --name=mygame --caps.drop=all warzone2100 &
              $ firejail --shutdown=mygame

              Example:
              $ firejail --list
              3272:netblue::firejail --private firefox
              $ firejail --shutdown=3272

       --snitrace[=name|pid]
              Monitor Server Name Indication (TLS/SNI). The sandbox can
              be specified by name or pid. Only networked sandboxes
              created with --net are supported. This option is only
              available when running the sandbox as root.

              Without a name/pid, Firejail will monitor the main system
              network namespace.

              Example:
              $ sudo firejail --snitrace
              07:49:51  23.185.0.3       linux.com
              07:49:51  23.185.0.3       www.linux.com
              07:50:05  192.0.73.2       secure.gravatar.com
              07:52:35  172.67.68.93     www.howtoforge.com
              07:52:37  13.225.103.59    sf.ezoiccdn.com
              07:52:42  142.250.176.3    www.gstatic.com
              07:53:03  173.236.250.32   www.linuxlinks.com
              07:53:05  192.0.77.37      c0.wp.com
              07:53:08  192.0.78.32      jetpack.wordpress.com
              07:53:09  192.0.77.32      s0.wp.com
              07:53:09  192.0.77.2       i0.wp.com
              07:53:10  192.0.77.2       i0.wp.com
              07:53:11  192.0.73.2       1.gravatar.com

       --tab  Enable shell tab completion in sandboxes using private or
              whitelisted home directories.

              $ firejail --private --tab

       --timeout=hh:mm:ss
              Kill the sandbox automatically after the time has elapsed.
              The time is specified in hours/minutes/seconds format.

              $ firejail --timeout=01:30:00 firefox

       --tmpfs=dirname
              Mount a writable tmpfs filesystem on directory dirname.
              Directories outside user home or not owned by the user are
              not allowed. Sandboxes running as root are exempt from
              these restrictions. File globbing is supported, see FILE
              GLOBBING section for more details.

              Example:
              $ firejail --tmpfs=~/.local/share

       --top  Monitor the most CPU-intensive sandboxes, see MONITORING
              section for more details.

              Example:
              $ firejail --top

       --trace[=filename]
              Trace open, access and connect system calls. If filename
              is specified, log trace output to filename, otherwise log
              to console.

              Example:
              $ firejail --trace wget -q www.debian.org
              Reading profile /etc/firejail/wget.profile
              3:wget:fopen64 /etc/wgetrc:0x5c8e8ce6c0
              3:wget:fopen /etc/hosts:0x5c8e8cfb70
              3:wget:socket AF_INET SOCK_DGRAM IPPROTO_IP:3
              3:wget:connect 3 8.8.8.8 port 53:0
              3:wget:socket AF_INET SOCK_STREAM IPPROTO_IP:3
              3:wget:connect 3 130.89.148.14 port 80:0
              3:wget:fopen64 index.html:0x5c8e8d1a60

              parent is shutting down, bye...

       --tracelog
              This option enables auditing blacklisted files and
              directories. A message is sent to syslog in case the file
              or the directory is accessed.

              Example:
              $ firejail --tracelog firefox

              Sample messages:
              $ sudo tail -f /var/log/syslog
              [...]
              Dec  3 11:43:25 debian firejail[70]: blacklist violation -
              sandbox 26370, exe firefox, syscall open64, path
              /etc/shadow
              Dec  3 11:46:17 debian firejail[70]: blacklist violation -
              sandbox 26370, exe firefox, syscall opendir, path /boot
              [...]

              Note: Support for this command is controlled in
              firejail.config with the tracelog option.

       --tree Print a tree of all sandboxed processes, see MONITORING
              section for more details.

              Example:
              $ firejail --tree
              11903:netblue:firejail iceweasel
                11904:netblue:iceweasel
                  11957:netblue:/usr/lib/iceweasel/plugin-container
              11969:netblue:firejail --net=eth0 transmission-gtk
                11970:netblue:transmission-gtk

       --version
              Print program version/compile time support and exit.

              Example:
              $ firejail --version
              firejail version 0.9.27

              Compile time support:
                  - AppArmor support is enabled
                  - AppImage support is enabled
                  - chroot support is enabled
                  - file and directory whitelisting support is enabled
                  - file transfer support is enabled
                  - firetunnel support is enabled
                  - networking support is enabled
                  - overlayfs support is enabled
                  - private-home support is enabled
                  - seccomp-bpf support is enabled
                  - user namespace support is enabled
                  - X11 sandboxing support is enabled

       --veth-name=name
              Use this name for the interface connected to the bridge
              for --net=bridge_interface commands, instead of the
              default one.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=br0 --veth-name=if0

       --whitelist=dirname_or_filename
              Whitelist directory or file. A temporary file system is
              mounted on the top directory, and the whitelisted files
              are mount-binded inside. Modifications to whitelisted
              files are persistent, everything else is discarded when
              the sandbox is closed. The top directory can be all
              directories in / (except /proc and /sys), /sys/module,
              /run/user/$UID, $HOME and all directories in /usr.

              Symbolic link handling: Whitelisting a path that is a
              symbolic link will also whitelist the path that it points
              to.  For example, if ~/foo is whitelisted and it points to
              ~/bar, then ~/bar will also be whitelisted.  Restrictions:
              With the exception of the user home directory, both the
              link and the real file should be in the same top
              directory.  For symbolic links in the user home directory,
              both the link and the real file should be owned by the
              user.

              File globbing is supported, see FILE GLOBBING section for
              more details.

              Example:
              $ firejail --noprofile --whitelist=~/.mozilla
              $ firejail --whitelist=/tmp/.X11-unix
              --whitelist=/dev/null
              $ firejail "--whitelist=/home/username/My Virtual
              Machines"
              $ firejail --whitelist=~/work* --whitelist=/var/backups*

       --writable-etc
              Mount /etc directory read-write.

              Example:
              $ sudo firejail --writable-etc

       --writable-run-user
              Disable the default blacklisting of /run/user/$UID/systemd
              and /run/user/$UID/gnupg.

              Example:
              $ sudo firejail --writable-run-user

       --writable-var
              Mount /var directory read-write.

              Example:
              $ sudo firejail --writable-var

       --writable-var-log
              Use the real /var/log directory, not a clone. By default,
              a tmpfs is mounted on top of /var/log directory, and a
              skeleton filesystem is created based on the original
              /var/log.

              Example:
              $ sudo firejail --writable-var-log

       --x11  Sandbox the application using Xpra, Xephyr, Xvfb or Xorg
              security extension.  The sandbox will prevent screenshot
              and keylogger applications started inside the sandbox from
              accessing clients running outside the sandbox.  Firejail
              will try Xpra first, and if Xpra is not installed on the
              system, it will try to find Xephyr.  If all fails,
              Firejail will not attempt to use Xvfb or X11 security
              extension.

              Xpra, Xephyr and Xvfb modes require a network namespace to
              be instantiated in order to disable X11 abstract Unix
              socket. If this is not possible, the user can disable the
              abstract socket by adding "-nolisten local" on Xorg
              command line at system level.

              Example:
              $ firejail --x11 --net=eth0 firefox

       --x11=none
              Blacklist /tmp/.X11-unix directory, ${HOME}/.Xauthority
              and the file specified in ${XAUTHORITY} environment
              variable.  Remove DISPLAY and XAUTHORITY environment
              variables.  Stop with error message if X11 abstract socket
              will be accessible in jail.

       --x11=xephyr
              Start Xephyr and attach the sandbox to this server.
              Xephyr is a display server implementing the X11 display
              server protocol.  A network namespace needs to be
              instantiated in order to deny access to X11 abstract Unix
              domain socket.

              Xephyr runs in a window just like any other X11
              application. The default window size is 800x600.  This can
              be modified in /etc/firejail/firejail.config file.

              The recommended way to use this feature is to run a window
              manager inside the sandbox.  A security profile for
              OpenBox is provided.

              Xephyr is developed by Xorg project. On Debian platforms
              it is installed with the command sudo apt-get install
              xserver-xephyr.  This feature is not available when
              running as root.

              Example:
              $ firejail --x11=xephyr --net=eth0 openbox

       --x11=xorg
              Sandbox the application using the untrusted mode
              implemented by X11 security extension.  The extension is
              available in Xorg package and it is installed by default
              on most Linux distributions. It provides support for a
              simple trusted/untrusted connection model. Untrusted
              clients are restricted in certain ways to prevent them
              from reading window contents of other clients, stealing
              input events, etc.

              The untrusted mode has several limitations. A lot of
              regular programs assume they are a trusted X11 clients and
              will crash or lock up when run in untrusted mode. Chromium
              browser and xterm are two examples.  Firefox and
              transmission-gtk seem to be working fine.  A network
              namespace is not required for this option.

              Example:
              $ firejail --x11=xorg firefox

       --x11=xpra
              Start Xpra (https://xpra.org) and attach the sandbox to
              this server.  Xpra is a persistent remote display server
              and client for forwarding X11 applications and desktop
              screens.  A network namespace needs to be instantiated in
              order to deny access to X11 abstract Unix domain socket.

              On Debian platforms Xpra is installed with the command
              sudo apt-get install xpra.  This feature is not available
              when running as root.

              Example:
              $ firejail --x11=xpra --net=eth0 firefox

       --x11=xvfb
              Start Xvfb X11 server and attach the sandbox to this
              server.  Xvfb, short for X virtual framebuffer, performs
              all graphical operations in memory without showing any
              screen output. Xvfb is mainly used for remote access and
              software testing on headless servers.

              On Debian platforms Xvfb is installed with the command
              sudo apt-get install xvfb.  This feature is not available
              when running as root.

              Example: remote VNC access

              On the server we start a sandbox using Xvfb and openbox
              window manager. The default size of Xvfb screen is 800x600
              - it can be changed in /etc/firejail/firejail.config
              (xvfb-screen). Some sort of networking (--net) is required
              in order to isolate the abstract sockets used by other X
              servers.

              $ firejail --net=none --x11=xvfb openbox

              *** Attaching to Xvfb display 792 ***

              Reading profile /etc/firejail/openbox.profile
              Reading profile /etc/firejail/disable-common.inc
              Reading profile /etc/firejail/disable-common.local
              Parent pid 5400, child pid 5401

              On the server we also start a VNC server and attach it to
              the display handled by our Xvfb server (792).

              $ x11vnc -display :792

              On the client machine we start a VNC viewer and use it to
              connect to our server:

              $ vncviewer

       --xephyr-screen=WIDTHxHEIGHT
              Set screen size for --x11=xephyr. The setting will
              overwrite the default set in /etc/firejail/firejail.config
              for the current sandbox. Run xrandr to get a list of
              supported resolutions on your computer.

              Example:
              $ firejail --net=eth0 --x11=xephyr --xephyr-screen=640x480
              firefox

NAME         top

       VALIDATION For simplicity, the same name validation is used for
       multiple options.  Rules:

       The name must be 1-253 characters long.  The name can only
       contain ASCII letters, digits and the special characters "-._"
       (that is, the name cannot contain spaces or control characters).
       The name cannot contain only digits.  The first and last
       characters must be an ASCII letter or digit and the name may
       contain special characters in the middle.

DESKTOP INTEGRATION         top

       A symbolic link to /usr/bin/firejail under the name of a program,
       will start the program in Firejail sandbox.  The symbolic link
       should be placed in the first $PATH position. On most systems, a
       good place is /usr/local/bin directory. Example:

              Make a firefox symlink to /usr/bin/firejail:

              $ sudo ln -s /usr/bin/firejail /usr/local/bin/firefox

              Verify $PATH

              $ which -a firefox
              /usr/local/bin/firefox
              /usr/bin/firefox

              Starting firefox in this moment, automatically invokes
              “firejail firefox”.

       This works for clicking on desktop environment icons, menus etc.
       Use "firejail --tree" to verify the program is sandboxed.

              $ firejail --tree
              1189:netblue:firejail firefox
                1190:netblue:firejail firefox
                  1220:netblue:/bin/sh -c "/usr/lib/firefox/firefox"
                    1221:netblue:/usr/lib/firefox/firefox

       We provide a tool that automates all this integration, please see
       firecfg(1) for more details.

EXAMPLES         top

       firejail
              Sandbox a regular shell session.

       firejail firefox
              Start Mozilla Firefox.

       firejail --debug firefox
              Debug Firefox sandbox.

       firejail --private firefox
              Start Firefox with a new, empty home directory.

       firejail --net=none vlc
              Start VLC in an unconnected network namespace.

       firejail --net=eth0 firefox
              Start Firefox in a new network namespace. An IP address is
              assigned automatically.

       firejail --net=br0 --ip=10.10.20.5 --net=br1 --net=br2
              Start a shell session in a new network namespace and
              connect it to br0, br1, and br2 host bridge devices. IP
              addresses are assigned automatically for the interfaces
              connected to br1 and b2

       firejail --list
              List all sandboxed processes.

FILE GLOBBING         top

       Globbing is the operation that expands a wildcard pattern into
       the
              list of pathnames matching the pattern.  This pattern is
              matched at firejail start, and is NOT UPDATED at runtime.
              Files matching a blacklist, but created after firejail
              start will be accessible within the jail. Matching is
              defined by:

              - '?' matches any character
              - '*' matches any string
              - '[' denotes a range of characters

       The globbing feature is implemented using glibc glob command. For
              more information on the wildcard syntax see man 7 glob.

       The following command line options are supported: --blacklist,
              --private-bin, --noexec, --read-only, --read-write,
              --tmpfs, and --whitelist.

       Examples:

              $ firejail --private-bin=sh,bash,python*
              $ firejail --blacklist=~/dir[1234]
              $ firejail --read-only=~/dir[1-4]

FILE TRANSFER         top

       These features allow the user to inspect the filesystem container
       of an existing sandbox and transfer files between the container
       and the host filesystem.

       --cat=name|pid filename
              Write content of a container file to standard out. The
              container is specified by name or PID.  If standard out is
              a terminal, all ASCII control characters except new line
              and horizontal tab are replaced.

       --get=name|pid filename
              Retrieve the container file and store it on the host in
              the current working directory.  The container is specified
              by name or PID.

       --ls=name|pid dir_or_filename
              List container files. The container is specified by name
              or PID.

       --put=name|pid src-filename dest-filename
              Put src-filename in sandbox container.  The container is
              specified by name or PID.

       Examples:

              $ firejail --name=mybrowser --private firefox

              $ firejail --ls=mybrowser ~/Downloads
              drwxr-xr-x netblue  netblue         4096 .
              drwxr-xr-x netblue  netblue         4096 ..
              -rw-r--r-- netblue  netblue         7847 x11-x305.png
              -rw-r--r-- netblue  netblue         6800 x11-x642.png
              -rw-r--r-- netblue  netblue        34139 xpra-
              clipboard.png

              $ firejail --get=mybrowser ~/Downloads/xpra-clipboard.png

              $ firejail --put=mybrowser xpra-clipboard.png
              ~/Downloads/xpra-clipboard.png

              $ firejail --cat=mybrowser ~/.bashrc

MONITORING         top

       Option --list prints a list of all sandboxes. The format for each
       process entry is as follows:

            PID:USER:Sandbox Name:Command

       Option --tree prints the tree of processes running in the
       sandbox. The format for each process entry is as follows:

            PID:USER:Sandbox Name:Command

       Option --top is similar to the UNIX top command, however it
       applies only to sandboxes.

       Option --netstats prints network statistics for active sandboxes
       installing new network namespaces.

       Listed below are the available fields (columns) in alphabetical
       order for --top and --netstats options:

       Command
              Command used to start the sandbox.

       CPU%   CPU usage, the sandbox share of the elapsed CPU time since
              the last screen update

       PID    Unique process ID for the task controlling the sandbox.

       Prcs   Number of processes running in sandbox, including the
              controlling process.

       RES    Resident Memory Size (KiB), sandbox non-swapped physical
              memory.  It is a sum of the RES values for all processes
              running in the sandbox.

       RX(KB/s)
              Network receive speed.

       Sandbox Name
              The name of the sandbox, if any.

       SHR    Shared Memory Size (KiB), it reflects memory shared with
              other processes. It is a sum of the SHR values for all
              processes running in the sandbox, including the
              controlling process.

       TX(KB/s)
              Network transmit speed.

       Uptime Sandbox running time in hours:minutes:seconds format.

       USER   The owner of the sandbox.

RESTRICTED SHELL         top

       To configure a restricted shell, replace /bin/bash with
       /usr/bin/firejail in /etc/passwd file for each user that needs to
       be restricted. Alternatively, you can specify /usr/bin/firejail
       in adduser command:

       adduser --shell /usr/bin/firejail username

       Additional arguments passed to firejail executable upon login are
       declared in /etc/firejail/login.users file.

SECURITY PROFILES         top

       Several command line options can be passed to the program using
       profile files. Firejail chooses the profile file as follows:

       1. If a profile file is provided by the user with --profile=FILE
       option, the profile FILE is loaded. If a profile name is given,
       it is searched for first in the ~/.config/firejail directory and
       if not found then in /etc/firejail directory. Profile names do
       not include the .profile suffix. If there is a file with the same
       name as the given profile name, it will be used instead of doing
       the profile search. To force a profile search, prefix the profile
       name with a colon (:), eg. --profile=:PROFILE_NAME.  Example:

              $ firejail --profile=/home/netblue/icecat.profile icecat
              Reading profile /home/netblue/icecat.profile
              [...]

              $ firejail --profile=icecat icecat-wrapper.sh
              Reading profile /etc/firejail/icecat.profile
              [...]

       2. If a profile file with the same name as the application is
       present in ~/.config/firejail directory or in /etc/firejail, the
       profile is loaded. ~/.config/firejail takes precedence over
       /etc/firejail. Example:

              $ firejail icecat
              Command name #icecat#
              Found icecat profile in /home/netblue/.config/firejail
              directory
              Reading profile
              /home/netblue/.config/firejail/icecat.profile
              [...]

       3. Use default.profile file if the sandbox is started by a
       regular user, or server.profile file if the sandbox is started by
       root. Firejail looks for these files in ~/.config/firejail
       directory, followed by /etc/firejail directory.  To disable
       default profile loading, use --noprofile command option. Example:

              $ firejail
              Reading profile /etc/firejail/default.profile
              Parent pid 8553, child pid 8554
              Child process initialized
              [...]

              $ firejail --noprofile
              Parent pid 8553, child pid 8554
              Child process initialized
              [...]

       See man 5 firejail-profile for profile file syntax information.

TRAFFIC SHAPING         top

       Network bandwidth is an expensive resource shared among all
       sandboxes running on a system.  Traffic shaping allows the user
       to increase network performance by controlling the amount of data
       that flows into and out of the sandboxes.

       Firejail implements a simple rate-limiting shaper based on Linux
       command tc.  The shaper works at sandbox level, and can be used
       only for sandboxes configured with new network namespaces.

       Set rate-limits:

            $ firejail --bandwidth=name|pid set network download upload

       Clear rate-limits:

            $ firejail --bandwidth=name|pid clear network

       Status:

            $ firejail --bandwidth=name|pid status

       where:
            name - sandbox name
            pid - sandbox pid
            network - network interface as used by --net option
            download - download speed in KB/s (kilobyte per second)
            upload - upload speed in KB/s (kilobyte per second)

       Example:
            $ firejail --name=mybrowser --net=eth0 firefox &
            $ firejail --bandwidth=mybrowser set eth0 80 20
            $ firejail --bandwidth=mybrowser status
            $ firejail --bandwidth=mybrowser clear eth0

LICENSE         top

       This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
       modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
       published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of
       the License, or (at your option) any later version.

       Homepage: https://firejail.wordpress.com

SEE ALSO         top

       firemon(1), firecfg(1), firejail-profile(5), firejail-login(5),
       firejail-users(5), jailcheck(1)https://github.com/netblue30/firejail/wiki⟩, 
       ⟨https://github.com/netblue30/firejail

COLOPHON         top

       This page is part of the Firejail (Firejail security sandbox)
       project.  Information about the project can be found at 
       ⟨https://firejail.wordpress.com⟩.  If you have a bug report for
       this manual page, see ⟨https://firejail.wordpress.com/support/⟩.
       This page was obtained from the project's upstream Git repository
       ⟨https://github.com/netblue30/firejail.git⟩ on 2023-12-22.  (At
       that time, the date of the most recent commit that was found in
       the repository was 2023-12-21.)  If you discover any rendering
       problems in this HTML version of the page, or you believe there
       is a better or more up-to-date source for the page, or you have
       corrections or improvements to the information in this COLOPHON
       (which is not part of the original manual page), send a mail to
       [email protected]

0.9.73                          Jun 2023                     FIREJAIL(1)

Pages that refer to this page: firecfg(1)firemon(1)jailcheck(1)firejail-login(5)firejail-profile(5)firejail-users(5)