THE BOOK OF T H E S TAT E S 2019
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Headquarters David Adkins, Executive Director/CEO 1776 Avenue of the States Lexington, KY 40511 859.244.8000 • www.csg.org
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Foreword Dear friends, Sources of information are everywhere and the sheer scale of it all can be rather daunting. YouTube uploads 500 hours of new content every minute, Facebook has more than 2.3 billion users and Google processes 3.8 million searches per minute. Amidst this explosion of data, The Council of State Governments works to cut through the noise and curate relevant information that can help inform and empower state officials to enact sound public policy. Since 1935, CSG has produced The Book of the States as a testament to our founding principles. CSG has always believed that the states are the laboratories of democracy and that state leaders perform better when they can learn from the experiences of other states. We also know that data-driven public policy analysis allows lawmakers of all ideological persuasions to share a common language. Facts matter and CSG works hard to be a trusted, nonpartisan broker of insights and information and a reliable, trusted partner for state officials across the nation. The complexity of today’s public policy challenges can easily overwhelm citizens and citizen legislators alike. State officials rely on CSG to help them know what works and to leverage that knowledge to improve their state. Working with leaders in all three branches of state government, the CSG national public policy team pursues work focused on the priority issues of our member states. The four pillars of work are strengthening democracy; helping states achieve prosperity in the new economy; learning and sharing what works; and elevating justice for all. We convene state officials for courageous conversations about the challenges they face in enacting change and engage thought leaders and experts to provide advice and guidance to help them address those challenges. CSG is a place where people of purpose pursue their passion for public service and come together to advance the common good. We are proud of the role the states allow us to play in this important work. This edition of The Book of the States is a labor of love for our team members, whose many hours of work have made it possible. I am grateful for the leadership of Audrey Francis, who has helped create 19 editions of The Book of the States. She would be the first to thank all our friends in the states who provide the information contained in these pages. She is supported by Kelley Arnold, chief communications officer, and our communications team members Heather Perkins and Chris Pryor. I am proud of their commitment to place in your hands an accurate and well-designed volume of useful information. As with all CSG programs and services, we are committed to continuous improvement with this publication. We welcome your suggestions on how we can make future editions of The Book of the States even more useful to you. And, if for some reason the pages of this book do not contain the information you’re looking for, please remember our dedicated team of public policy professionals is always just an email or phone call away. Yours truly,
David Adkins Executive Director / CEO The Council of State Governments iii
The Council of State Governments is our nation’s only organization serving all three branches of state government. CSG is a region-based forum that fosters the exchange of insights and ideas to help state officials shape public policy. This offers unparalleled regional, national and international opportunities to network, develop leaders, collaborate and create problem-solving partnerships.
Staff Acknowledgements The staff wishes to thank the hundreds of individuals in the states who responded to surveys conducted by The Council of State Governments; and national organizations of state officials, federal agencies and think tank organizations who made their most recent data and information available for this volume.
The Book of the States 2019 Managing Editor........... Audrey S. Wall
Lead Designer.............. Chris Pryor
Associate Editor............ Heather M. Perkins
Graphic Designers....... Theresa Carroll Stephanie Northern
Copy Editors................. Shawntaye Hopkins Lisa McKinney
Disclaimer Any views or opinions expressed in these pages are those of the contributors and may not necessarily reflect the opinions or member-endorsed policies of The Council of State Governments.
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Table of Contents CHAPTER ONE
State Constitutions TABLES 1.1
State Constitutional Changes By Legislative, Initiative, and Commission Proposal: 2018......3
1.2
Themes and Patterns in State Constitutional Amendments Enacted in 2018...........................4
1.3
General Information on State Constitutions..................................................................................5 INFOGRAPHIC..................................................................................................................................7
1.4
Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legislature, Constitutional Provisions............8
1.5
Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By Initiative, Constitutional Provisions.................... 10
1.6
Procedures for Calling Constitutional Conventions, Constitutional Provisions..................... 11
CHAPTER TWO
Federalism and Intergovernmental Relations TABLES 2.1
Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures: 1944–2017........................................... 15
2.2
Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By State: 2008–2017........................... 17
2.3
State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By Function and By State: 2017............................... 18 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................... 19
2.4
State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By Type of Receiving Government and By State: 2017........................................................................................................................ 20
2.5
State Intergovernmental Revenue from Federal and Local Governments: 2017.................. 21 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER THREE
State Legislative Branch TABLES 3.1
Names of State Legislative Bodies and Convening Places...................................................... 27
3.2
Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions......................................................................................... 28
3.3
The Legislators: Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations: 2019................................................ 32 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................... 34
3.4
Membership Turnover in the Legislatures: 2018....................................................................... 35
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3.5
Legislators: Qualifications for Election....................................................................................... 36
3.6
Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection................................................................. 39
3.7
House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection............................................... 43
3.8
Method of Setting Legislative Compensation........................................................................... 47
3.9
Legislative Compensation and Living Expense Allowances During Sessions, 2019............ 48
3.10 Legislative Compensation: Other Payments and Benefits....................................................... 50 3.11 Additional Compensation for Senate Leaders.......................................................................... 53 3.12 Additional Compensation for House/Assembly Leaders......................................................... 55 3.13 State Legislative Retirement Benefits.......................................................................................... 57 3.14 Bill Pre-Filing, Reference and Carryover..................................................................................... 62 3.15 Time Limits on Bill Introduction................................................................................................... 65 3.16 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date................................................. 68 3.17 Legislative Appropriations Process: Budget Documents and Bills......................................... 72 3.18 Fiscal Notes: Content and Distribution....................................................................................... 74 3.19 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2018 Regular Sessions.......................... 76 3.20 Bill and Resolution Introductions And Enactments: 2018 Special Sessions.......................... 78 3.21 Staff for Individual Legislators...................................................................................................... 80 3.22 Staff for Legislative Standing Committees................................................................................. 83 3.23 Standing Committees: Appointment and Number................................................................... 85 3.24 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure........................................................... 87 3.25 Legislative Review of Administrative Regulations: Structures and Procedures..................... 91 3.26 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers............................................ 94 3.27 Summary of Sunset Legislation.................................................................................................... 98
CHAPTER FOUR
State Executive Branch TABLES 4.1
The Governors, 2019................................................................................................................... 105
4.2
The Governors: Qualifications for Office.................................................................................. 107
4.3
The Governors: Compensation, Staff, Travel and Residence................................................. 108
4.4
The Governors: Powers............................................................................................................... 110
4.5
Gubernatorial Executive Orders: Authorization, Provisions, Procedures............................. 112
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4.6
State Cabinet Systems................................................................................................................. 114
4.7
The Governors: Provisions and Procedures for Transition...................................................... 116
4.8
Impeachment Provisions in the States...................................................................................... 118
4.9
Constitutional and Statutory Provisions for Number of Consecutive Terms of Elected State Officials............................................................................................................. 120
4.10 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection.............................................. 122 4.11 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries........................................................ 130 4.12 The Lieutenant Governors, 2019............................................................................................... 138 4.13 Lieutenant Governors: Qualifications and Terms.................................................................... 140 4.14 Lieutenant Governors: Powers and Duties............................................................................... 142 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 145 4.15 The Secretaries of State, 2019................................................................................................... 146 4.16 Secretaries of State: Qualifications for Office.......................................................................... 148 4.17 Secretaries of State: Election and Registration Duties............................................................ 150 4.18 Secretaries of State: Custodial, Publication and Legislative Duties...................................... 152 4.19 The Attorneys General, 2019..................................................................................................... 154 4.20
Attorneys General: Qualifications for Office........................................................................... 156
4.21 Attorneys General: Prosecutorial and Advisory Duties........................................................... 158 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 160 4.22 Attorneys General: Consumer Protection Activities, Subpoena Powers and Antitrust Duties..................................................................................................................... 161 4.23 Attorneys General: Duties to Administrative Agencies and Other Responsibilities........... 163 4.24 The Treasurers and Other Chief Financial Officers: 2019...................................................... 165 4.25 Treasurers and Other Chief Financial Officers: Qualifications for Office............................. 167 4.26 Responsibilities of Treasurers’ and Other Chief Financial Officers’ Offices ........................ 168 4.27 State Auditors, 2019.................................................................................................................... 170 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit................................. 172 4.29 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments.......................................................................... 176 4.30 State Comptrollers, 2019............................................................................................................ 180 4.31 State Comptrollers: Qualifications for Office........................................................................... 182 4.32 State Comptrollers: Duties, Responsibilities and Functions.................................................. 184
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CHAPTER FIVE
State Judicial Branch TABLES 5.1
State Courts of Last Resort......................................................................................................... 189 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 191
5.2
State Intermediate Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts: Number of Judges and Terms................................................................................................... 192
5.3
Qualifications of Judges of State Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts..................... 194
5.4
Compensation of Judges of Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts............................. 196
5.5
Selected Data on Court Administrative Offices....................................................................... 197
5.6
Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges.............................................................. 199
5.7
Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges........................................................................ 202
5.8
Judicial Discipline: Investigating and Adjudicating Bodies................................................... 207
CHAPTER SIX
Elections TABLES 6.1
State Executive Branch Officials to be Elected: 2019–2023................................................... 213
6.2
State Legislature Members to be Elected: 2019–2023........................................................... 215
6.3
Methods of Nominating Candidates for State Offices............................................................ 217
6.4
Election Dates for National and State Elections (Formulas and Dates of State Elections)................................................................................... 219 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 223
6.5
Polling Hours: General Elections............................................................................................... 224
6.6
Voter Registration Information................................................................................................... 226
6.6A Voting Information....................................................................................................................... 228 6.7
Voting Statistics for Gubernatorial Elections............................................................................ 231 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 234
6.8
Voter Turnout for Presidential Elections: 2008, 2012, and 2016........................................... 235
6.9
Statewide Initiative and Referendum........................................................................................ 236
6.9A State Ballot Questions in 2018................................................................................................... 238 6.10 State Initiatives: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Petition............................................. 249 6.11 State Initiatives: Circulating the Petition................................................................................... 251 6.12 State Initiatives: Preparing the Initiative to be Placed on the Ballot...................................... 253 x The B o ok of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
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6.13 State Initiatives: Voting on the Initiative.................................................................................... 255 6.14 State Referendums: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Citizen Petition......................... 257 6.15 State Referendums: Circulating the Citizen Petition............................................................... 259 6.16 State Referendums: Preparing the Citizen Petition Referendum to be Placed on Ballot... 261 6.17 State Referendums: Voting on the Citizen Petition Referendum........................................... 263 6.18 State Recall Provisions................................................................................................................. 265 6.19 State Recall Provisions: Applicability to State Officials and Petition Circulation.................. 267 6.20 State Recall Provisions: Petition Review, Appeal and Election............................................... 269
CHAPTER SEVEN
State Finance TABLES 7.1
Fiscal 2017 General Fund, Actual.............................................................................................. 275 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 279
7.2
Fiscal 2018 General Fund, Preliminary Actual.......................................................................... 281
7.3
Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Enacted........................................................................................... 285
7.4
Fiscal 2018 Tax Collections Compared With Projections Used in Adopting Fiscal 2018 Budgets (millions)................................................................................. 289
7.5
Comparison of General Fund Revenue Collections in Fiscal 2017, Fiscal 2018, and Enacted Fiscal 2019............................................................................................................. 290
7.5A General Fund Revenue Collections Compared to Projections, Fiscal 2018 and Fiscal 2019....................................................................................................... 293 7.6
Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive.............................................................................. 294 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 298
7.7
Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures............................................................. 299
7.8
Medicaid Expenditures............................................................................................................... 303
7.9
Higher Education Expenditures—Capital Inclusive.................................................................. 306
7.10 Total Public Assistance Expenditures........................................................................................ 308 7.11 Corrections Expenditures—Capital Inclusive............................................................................ 310 7.12 Transportation Expenditures—Capital Inclusive....................................................................... 312 7.13 All Other Expenditures—Capital Inclusive................................................................................. 314 7.14 State Tax Amnesty Programs, 1982–2019................................................................................. 317 7.15A State Excise Tax Rates (As of January 1, 2019)......................................................................... 321 7.15B State Motor Fuel Tax Rates (As of January 1, 2019)................................................................. 323
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7.16A State Sales Tax Rates and Food and Drug Exemptions (As of January 1, 2019).................. 325 7.16B State Sales Tax Rates and Vendor Discounts (As of January 1, 2019)................................... 326 7.17 State Individual Income Taxes (Tax rates for the tax year 2019—as of January 1, 2019)..... 328 7.18 State Personal Income Taxes: Federal Starting Points (As of January 1, 2019).................... 330 7.19 Range of State Corporate Income Tax Rates (For tax year 2019—as of January 1, 2019)... 331 7.20 State Severance Taxes: 2019...................................................................................................... 333 7.21 State Government Tax Revenue, By State and Selected Types of Tax: 2017........................ 338 7.22 State Government Sales and Gross Receipts Tax Revenue: 2017......................................... 339 7.23 State Government License Tax Revenue: 2017....................................................................... 340 7.24 Summary of Financial Aggregates, By State: 2017................................................................. 342 7.25 National Totals of State Government Finances for Selected Years: 2008–2017.................. 345 7.26 State General Revenue, By Source and By State: 2017.......................................................... 348 7.27 State Expenditure, By Character and Object and By State: 2017......................................... 351 7.28 State General Expenditure, By Function and By State: 2017................................................. 354 7.29 State Debt Outstanding at End of Fiscal Year, By State: 2017............................................... 357 7.30 Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems By State: Fiscal Year 2017........................................................................................................................... 358 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 360 7.31 Finances of State-Administered Public-Employee Pension Systems, By State: Fiscal Year 2017........................................................................................................................... 361 7.32 National Summary of State-Administered Defined Benefit Pension System Finances: Fiscal Years, 2015–2017................................................................. 363
CHAPTER EIGHT
State Management, Administration and Demographics TABLES 8.1
Summary of State Government Employment: 1954–2017..................................................... 367
8.2
Employment and Payrolls of State and Local Governments by Function: March 2017...... 369
8.3
State and Local Government Employment, By State: March 2017....................................... 370 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 371
8.4
State and Local Government Payrolls and Average Earnings of Full-Time Employees, By State: March 2017............................................................................ 372
8.5
State Government Employment (Full-Time Equivalent) for Selected Functions, By State: March 2017.................................................................................................................. 373
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8.6
State Government Payrolls for Selected Functions, By State: March 2017.......................... 374
8.7
State Employees: Paid Holidays................................................................................................ 376
8.8
Women Governors Throughout History................................................................................... 380
8.9
Women in State Legislatures: 2019........................................................................................... 381 INFOGRAPHIC Proportion of Women among State Legislators........................................... 382
8.10 Women Statewide Elected Officials: 2019............................................................................... 383 INFOGRAPHIC Proportion of Women among Statewide Elected Officials......................... 384
CHAPTER NINE
Selected State Policies and Programs TABLES 9.1
Number of Operating Public Schools and Districts; State Enrollment, Teacher and Pupil Teacher Ratio by State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2015–16................ 387
9.2
Number of City, Suburban, Town, and Rural Regular Public Elementary and Secondary Schools with Membership and Percentage Distribution of Students in Membership, by State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2015–2016................... 389
9.3
Number of Operating Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by School Type, Charter, Magnet, Title I, and Title I Schoolwide Status, and State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2015–16................................................................................................................... 391
9.4
Percentage of High School Dropouts Among Noninstitutionalized and Institutionalized Persons 16 Through 24 Years Old (Status Dropout Rate), By Race/Ethnicity and State: 2016............................................................................................. 393
9.4A Recent High School Completers and Their Enrollment in College, By Sex and Level of Institution:1960 Through 2016.................................................................................... 395 9.5
Expenditures for Instruction in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Subfunction and State or Jurisdiction: 2014–15................................................................ 397
9.6
Total Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education and Other Related Programs, by Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2014–15...................................... 399
9.7
Total and Current Expenditures per Pupil in Fall Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2014–15............................ 402
9.8
Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees and Room and Board Rates Charged for Full-Time Students in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Level of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2015–16 and 2016–17 (In current dollars)............. 405
9.9
Average Total Cost of Attendance for First-Time, Full-Time Undergraduate Students in Public Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Level of Institution, Living Arrangement, Component of Student Costs, and State: 2014-15............................. 408
9.10 Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Classification of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17..................................................................... 411 Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s xiii
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9.11 Average Salary of Full-time Instructional Faculty on 9-Month Contracts in 4-Year Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Classification of Institution, Academic Rank of Faculty, and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–2017...................... 414 9.12 Number and Percent of Children under 19 by Health Insurance Coverage and State: 2017............................................................................................................................ 416 9.13 Number and Percent of Persons Under 65, by Health Insurance Coverage and State: 2017............................................................................................................................ 417 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 418 9.13A School Immunization Exemptions............................................................................................. 419 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 420 9.14 Revenues Used by States for State-Administered Highways: 2016...................................... 421 9.15 State Disbursements for Highways: 2016................................................................................ 424 9.16 Public Road Length Miles by Ownership: 2016....................................................................... 426 9.16A National Highway System Travel 2016—Annual Vehicle Miles by Functional System......... 428 9.17 Licensed Drivers, By State, 2005–2016..................................................................................... 430 9.18 Licensed Total Drivers, by Age 2016......................................................................................... 432 9.19 Licensed Drivers By Sex And Ratio To Population—2016........................................................ 434 9.20 Sentenced Prisoners Under the Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Sex: December 31, 2016 and 2017................................................................ 436 9.21 Admissions and Releases of Sentenced Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, 2016 and 2017..................................................... 438 9.22 Prison Facility Capacity, Custody Population, and Percent Capacity, December 31, 2017.................................................................................................................... 440 9.23 Adults on Probation, 2016.......................................................................................................... 442 9.24 Adults on Parole, 2016................................................................................................................ 444 9.25 Adults Under Community Supervision, 2016.......................................................................... 446 9.26 Capital Punishment..................................................................................................................... 448
CHAPTER TEN
State Pages TABLES 10.1
Official Names of States and Jurisdictions, Capitals, Zip Codes and Central Switchboards.... 453
10.2 Historical Data on the States...................................................................................................... 454 10.3 State Statistics.............................................................................................................................. 456 10.4 Personal Income, Population, and Per Capita Personal Income, by State, 2017–2018....... 459 INFOGRAPHIC............................................................................................................................. 460 10.5 Earnings Growth by Industry, State and Region, 2017–2018................................................. 461 x iv The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
CHAPTER ONE
STATE CONSTITUTIONS................................................................................. 1
CHAPTER TWO
FEDERALISM AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS.......................... 13
CHAPTER THREE
STATE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH...................................................................... 25
CHAPTER FOUR
STATE EXECUTIVE BRANCH. . .................................................................... 103
CHAPTER FIVE
STATE JUDICIAL BRANCH......................................................................... 187
CHAPTER SIX
ELECTIONS................................................................................................. 211
CHAPTER SEVEN
STATE FINANCE.. ........................................................................................ 273
CHAPTER EIGHT
STATE MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS.. ..... 365
CHAPTER NINE
SELECTED STATE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS........................................ 385
CHAPTER TEN
STATE PAGES.............................................................................................. 451
INDEX. . ........................................................................................................ 465
CHAPTER ONE
S TAT E CONSTITUTIONS
Additional information is available online at www.csg.org.
STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S
TA BLE 1 . 1 State Constitutional Changes By Legislative, Initiative, and Commission Proposal: 2018
State Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Indiana Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Missouri Nevada New Hampshire New Mexico North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon South Carolina South Dakota Utah Virginia West Virginia Wisconsin Totals
Number proposed 19 (a) 1 1 4 6 2 (b) 3 5 1 1 6 2
Legislative proposal Number Percentage adopted adopted 18 (a) 94.7 1 100.0 1 100.0 3 75.0 4 66.7 2 100.0 1 (b) 2 66.7 5 100.0 1 100.0 1 (c) 100.0 6 100.0 2 100.0
1 1 2 2 6
1 1 2 2 4
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 66.7
1 4 1 1 3 3 2 2 1 81
1 1 1 0 2 2 2 2 0 68
100.0 25.0 100.0 0.0 66.7 66.7 100.0 100.0 0.0 82.7 (e)
Number proposed
Constitutional initiative Number Percentage adopted adopted
2 1 2 3
1 1 0 0
50.0 100.0 0.0 0.0
2
2
100.0
2 3 3 (d)
2 2 2 (d)
100.0 66.7 66.7
2 1 1 3
2 0 0 0
100.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1
0
0.0
26
12
46.2
Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments. Key: (a) Fifteen of the Alabama amendments were local amendments voted on in the affected localities. Fourteen were approved. (b) Delaware does not provide for submission of amendments to voters. The amendment adopted in 2018 was approved by the legislature in consecutive sessions. (c) Although Kentucky voters approved the lone amendment on the ballot, shortly before the election a state circuit judge ruled the ballot language was inaccurate and enjoined its enactment. The
Number proposed
Commission referral (f) Number Percentage adopted adopted
7
7
100.0
7
7
100.0
state supreme court ruled the amendment is invalid because the entire text of the proposed constitutional amendment wasn’t on the ballot as is required by Kentucky state law. (d) One of the citizen-initiated amendments on the Nevada ballot approved in 2018 must be re-approved by voters in 2020, per Nevada rules for citizen-initiated amendments. (e) Percentage excludes the Delaware amendment that was not submitted to voters. (f) Florida is the only state that permits a commission to refer amendments directly to voters.
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STATE CON ST IT U T IO N S
TA BLE 1 . 2 Themes and Patterns in State Constitutional Amendments Enacted in 2018 Rights Victims’ Rights: Florida, Georgia, Nevada, North Carolina, and Oklahoma voters approved Marsy’s Law victims’ rights amendments (as did voters in Kentucky, but the state supreme court ruled the amendment is invalid because the entire text of the proposed constitutional amendment wasn’t on the ballot as is required by Kentucky state law). A South Dakota amendment altered and clarified an existing Marsy’s Law provision. Abortion: Alabama and West Virginia voters approved amendments declaring their state constitutions provide no more protection for abortion rights than is guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. Hunting and fishing: Passage of a North Carolina hunting-and-fishing rights amendment brings to 22 the number of states with such constitutional provisions. Privacy: New Hampshire voters approved an amendment protecting privacy of personal information, bringing to 11 the number of states with privacy provisions of some sort. Standing to sue: A New Hampshire amendment grants taxpayers standing to sue state or local governments and without having to show a personal injury from a governmental action. Juries: Louisiana voters approved an amendment requiring a unanimous jury verdict for felony convictions. Slavery/involuntary servitude: A Colorado amendment removed the qualifying language “except as a punishment for crime, whereof the party shall have been duly convicted” from a provision banning slavery or involuntary servitude, so that the new provision simply states: “There shall never be in this state either slavery or involuntary servitude.” This qualifying language is found in several state constitutions and tracks similar language in the 13th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution but has recently been targeted for elimination in several states. Religious establishment: An Alabama amendment authorizes display of the Ten Commandments on public property.
Elections Redistricting: Voters in Ohio, Colorado, Michigan, and Missouri approved amendments creating redistricting commissions or adjusting procedures for existing redistricting commissions. Voter ID: Amendments in Arkansas and North Carolina require voters to present photo identification. Voter access/eligibility: Florida voters approved an amendment significantly relaxing the state’s felon disfranchisement rules. Maryland voters approved an amendment authorizing an election-day registration system. Michigan voters approved a wide-ranging amendment enacting automatic voter registration, among other changes in voting and elections.
Institutions Judiciary: A Florida amendment raises the retirement age to 75 and directs judges not to defer to administrative agency interpretations of statutes or rules. A West Virginia amendment gives the legislature control over the budget for the state judiciary. Lobbying/ethics: Amendments in New Mexico and North Dakota create ethics commissions. A Florida amendment imposes additional lobbying restrictions on public officials.
Policies Tax limitations: An Arizona amendment prohibits any new sales tax on services. A Florida amendment requires a two-thirds legislative vote to raise taxes. A North Carolina amendment lowers the maximum allowable income tax rate from 10 to 7 percent. Revenue lockbox: Amendments in California and Louisiana require revenue from certain taxes and fees to be spent only on transportation projects. An amendment in Maryland requires all revenue from the state lottery to be spent on education. Budgeting: Indiana became the latest state to adopt a constitutional amendment requiring a balanced budget. Gaming: A Florida amendment stipulates that casinos can only be authorized through a state-wide popular referendum. Another Florida amendment bans wagering on greyhound dog racing. Marijuana: A Missouri amendment legalizes medicinal marijuana.
Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments.
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STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S
TA BLE 1 . 3 General Information on State Constitutions (As of January 1, 2019) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida
Number of constitutions* 6 1 1 5 2 1 2 4 6
Georgia
10
Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky
1 (h) 1 4 2 2 1 4
Louisiana
11
Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI*** Puerto Rico
1 4 1 4 1 4 4 2 2 1 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 1 1 5 2 7 1 3 5 (u) 1 3 6 1 2 1 1 2 1 1
Dates of adoption 1819, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1875, 1901 1956 1911 1836, 1861, 1864, 1868, 1874 1849, 1879 1876 1818 (f), 1965 1776, 1792, 1831, 1897 1839, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1886, 1968 1777, 1789, 1798, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1877, 1945, 1976, 1982 1950 1889 1818, 1848, 1870, 1970 1816, 1851 1846, 1857 1859 1792, 1799, 1850, 1891 1812, 1845, 1852, 1861, 1864, 1868, 1879, 1898, 1913, 1921, 1974 1819 1776, 1851, 1864, 1867 1780 1835, 1850, 1908, 1963 1857 1817, 1832, 1869, 1890 1820, 1865, 1875, 1945 1889, 1972 1866, 1875 1864 1776, 1784 1776, 1844, 1947 1911 1777, 1822, 1846, 1894 1776, 1868, 1970 1889 1802, 1851 1907 1857 1776, 1790, 1838, 1873, 1968 (r) 1842 (f) 1986 (s) 1776, 1778, 1790, 1861, 1865, 1868, 1895 1889 1796, 1835, 1870 1845, 1861, 1866, 1869, 1876 1895 1777, 1786, 1793 1776, 1830, 1851, 1869, 1902, 1970 1889 1863, 1872 1848 1889 1960, 1967 1977 1952
Effective date of present constitution Nov. 28, 1901 Jan. 3, 1959 Feb. 14, 1912 Oct. 30, 1874 July 4, 1879 Aug. 1, 1876 Dec. 30, 1965 June 10, 1897 Jan. 7, 1969
Estimated length (number of words)** 402,852 (a) 13,479 47,306 59,120 76,930 84,239 16,401 25,445 49,230
Number of amendments Submitted to voters Adopted 1,280 946 (c) 43 29 280 156 208 108 (d) 909 538 355 164 35 33 (e) 150 185 137
July 1,1983
41,684
107 (g)
83 (g)
Aug. 21, 1959 July 3, 1890 July 1, 1971 Nov. 1, 1851 Sept. 3, 1857 Jan. 29, 1861 Sept. 28, 1891
21,498 24,626 16,401 11,610 11,089 14,097 27,234
140 214 22 81 59 128 76
114 126 15 49 54 (i) 98 (i) 42
Jan. 1, 1975
76,730
281
196
March 15, 1820 Oct. 5, 1867 Oct. 25, 1780 Jan. 1, 1964 May 11, 1858 Nov. 1, 1890 March 30,1945 July 1, 1973 Oct. 12, 1875 Oct. 31, 1864 June 2, 1784 Jan. 1, 1948 Jan. 6, 1912 Jan. 1, 1895 July 1, 1971 Nov. 2, 1889 Sept. 1, 1851 Nov. 16, 1907 Feb. 14, 1859 1968 (r) Dec. 4, 1986 Jan. 1, 1896 Nov. 2, 1889 Feb. 23, 1870 Feb. 15, 1876 Jan. 4, 1896 July 9, 1793 July 1, 1971 Nov. 11, 1889 April 9, 1872 May 29, 1848 July 10, 1890 July 1, 1967 Jan. 9, 1978 July 25, 1952
16,313 43,198 45,283 (l) 31,164 12,016 26,229 84,924 12,790 34,934 37,418 13,238 26,360 33,198 49,360 17,177 18,746 63,140 84,956 49,430 26,078 11,407 27,421 28,840 13,960 92,025 20,700 8,565 22,570 32,578 33,324 15,102 26,349 6,000 13,700 9,400
206 269 148 76 218 164 193 58 354 (m) 238 291 (n) 88 306 (y) 305 51 282 294 373 (p) 505 (q) 39 (r) 14 (s) 690 (t) 243 66 676 (v) 178 212 60 181 126 197 130 15 (y) 60 (y) 8 (y)
173 (j) 233 (k) 120 32 121 126 126 32 230 (m) 140 147 72 172 (x) 229 41 161 (o) 177 199 (p) 258 (q) 33 (r) 12 (s) 500 (t) 122 43 498 122 54 52 107 75 147 (i) 101 7 (y) 56 (w)(y) 6 (y)
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  5
STATE CON ST IT U T IO N S
TA BLE 1 . 3 General Information On State Constitutions (As of January 1, 2019) (continued) Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments, with research assistance from Wake Forest students Bradley Harper and Alec Papovich. *The constitutions referred to in this table include those Civil War documents customarily listed by the individual states. **In calculating word counts, supplemental information regarding dates of adoption and other material not formally a part of the constitution are generally excluded. In some cases, word counts are taken from the total as of January 2011. ***Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: (a) The Alabama constitution includes numerous local amendments that apply to only one county. An estimated 70 percent of all amendments are local. A 1982 amendment provides that after proposal by the legislature to which special procedures apply, only a local vote (with exceptions) is necessary to add them to the constitution. (b) Computer word count. (c) The total number of Alabama amendments includes one that is commonly overlooked. (d) Eight of the approved amendments have been superseded and are not printed in the current edition of the constitution. The total adopted does not include five amendments proposed and adopted since statehood. (e) Proposed amendments are not submitted to the voters in Delaware. (f) Colonial charters with some alterations served as the first constitutions in Connecticut (1638, 1662) and in Rhode Island (1663). (g) The Georgia constitution requires amendments to be of “general and uniform application throughout the state,” thus eliminating local amendments that accounted for most of the amendments before 1982. (h) As a kingdom and republic, Hawaii had five constitutions. (i) The figure includes amendments approved by the voters and later nullified by the state supreme court in Iowa (three), Kansas (one), Nevada (six) and Wisconsin (two). (j) The figure does not include one amendment approved by the voters in 1967 that is inoperative until implemented by legislation. (k) Two sets of identical amendments were on the ballot and adopted in the 1992 Maryland election. The four amendments are counted as two in the table.
6 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(l) The printed constitution includes many provisions that have been annulled. (m) The 1998 and 2000 Nebraska ballots allowed the voters to vote separately on “parts” of propositions. In 1998, 10 of 18 separate propositions were adopted; in 2000, 6 of 9. (n) The constitution of 1784 was extensively revised in 1792. Figure shows proposals and adoptions since the constitution was adopted in 1784. (o) The figures do not include submission and approval of the constitution of 1889 itself and of Article XX; these are constitutional questions included in some counts of constitutional amendments and would add two to the figure in each column. (p) The figures include six amendments submitted to and approved by the voters which were, by decisions of the Oklahoma or federal courts, rendered inoperative or ruled invalid, unconstitutional, or illegally submitted. (q) One Oregon amendment on the 2000 ballot was not counted as approved because canvassing was enjoined by the courts. (r) Certain sections of the constitution were revised by the limited convention of 1967–68. Amendments proposed and adopted are since 1968. (s) Following approval of eight amendments and a “rewrite” of the Rhode Island Constitution in 1986, the constitution has been called the 1986 Constitution. (t) In 1981 approximately two-thirds of the proposed and four-fifths of the adopted amendments were local. Since then the amendments have been statewide propositions. (u) The Constitution of the Republic of Texas preceded five state constitutions. (v) The number of proposed amendments to the Texas Constitution excludes three proposed by the legislature but not placed on the ballot. (w) The total excludes one amendment ruled void by a federal district court. (x) The total excludes one amendment approved by voters in November 2008 but later declared invalid on single subject grounds by the state supreme court. (y) These totals for territorial constitutions are in some cases taken from 2011 data.
STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S
Table 1.3 | State Constitutions
70% of Alabama’s constitution is made up of local amendments that apply to only one county.
Constitution Length by Word Count LONGEST
SHORTEST
Alabama
Vermont
Texas
•
402,852
•
92,025
Oklahoma Missouri
84,956
•
84,239
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5
Alabama 1,280 California • 909 South Carolina • 690 Texas • 676 Oregon • 505
•
11,407
11,610 •
12,016
Amendments Adopted Per Year
#1 Rhode Island • 14 #2 Illinois • 22 #3 Connecticut • 35 #4 Pennsylvania • 39 #5 Alaska • 43
HIGHEST #1 Alabama • 8.0 #2 Louisiana • 4.5 #3 South Carolina • 4.1 #4 California • 3.8 #5 Texas • 3.5
Amendments Adopted HIGHEST
LOWEST
#1 #2 #3 #4 #5
#1 Rhode Island • 12 #2 Illinois • 15 #3 Alaska • 29 #4 Michigan • 32 #5 Montana • 32
Alabama • 946 California • 538 South Carolina • 500 Texas • 498 Oregon • 258
•
Minnesota
LOWEST •
11,089
Indiana
Amendments Submitted HIGHEST
•
8,565
Rhode Island
84,924
•
Colorado
•
Iowa
•
LOWEST #1 Vermont • 0.2 #2 Tennessee • 0.3 #3 Indiana • 0.3 #4 Illinois • 0.3 #5 Kentucky • 0.3
Highest Number of Constitutions LOUISIANA • 11
GEORGIA • 10
SOUTH CAROLINA • 7
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7
STATE CON ST IT U T IO N S
TA BLE 1 . 4 Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legislature, Constitutional Provisions State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico
Legislative vote required for proposal (a) 3/5 2/3 Majority Majority 2/3 2/3 (c) 2/3 3/5 2/3 (e) 2/3 3/5 Majority Majority 2/3 3/5 2/3 2/3 3/5 Majority (j) 2/3 Majority 2/3 (k) Majority 2/3 (i) 3/5 (w) Majority 3/5 (l) Majority (n) Majority 3/5 Majority 3/5 Majority (w) (o) Majority (p) Majority 2/3 (q) Majority (r) 2/3 2/3 (t) Majority 2/3 2/3 Majority 2/3 2/3 3/4 2/3 (v)
See footnotes at end of table
8  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Consideration by two sessions required No No No No No No (c) Yes No No (e) No No Yes Yes No No No No No Yes No No No No No No Yes No (l) No Yes No No No No No Yes (p) No Yes (q) No Yes (r) No No Yes Yes No No Yes No No No No
Vote required for ratification Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment 55% vote on amendment (y) Majority vote on amendment Not required 3/5 vote on amendment (d) Majority vote on amendment (f) Majority vote on amendment (g) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (h) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (h) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote in election Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (f) Majority vote on amendment 2/3 vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (n) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment (x) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote in election (s) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment Majority vote in election Majority vote on amendment (u) Majority vote on amendment Majority vote on amendment
Limitation on the number of amendments legislature can submit at one election None None None 3 None (b) None No referendum None None None None 3 articles None None 5 4 None None None None None None None None None None None None None (m) None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None None 3
STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S
TA BLE 1 . 4 Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legislature, Constitutional Provisions (continued) Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: (a) In all states not otherwise noted, the figure shown in the column refers to the proportion of elected members in each house required for approval of proposed constitutional amendments. (b) Legislature may not propose amendments to more than six articles of the constitution in the same legislative session. (c) Three-fourths vote in each house at one session, or majority vote in each house in two sessions between which an election has intervened. (d) Three-fifths vote on amendment, except that an amendment for “new state tax or fee” not in effect on Nov. 7, 1994 requires twothirds of voters in the election. (e) Two-thirds vote in each house at one session, or majority vote in each house in two sessions. (f) In Hawaii, the majority vote on amendment must be at least 50 percent of the total votes cast at the election; or, at a special election, a majority of the votes tallied which must be at least 30 percent of the total number of registered voters. In Nebraska the majority vote on amendment must be at least 35 percent of the total votes cast at the election. (g) Majority voting in election or three-fifths voting on amendment. (h) In Louisiana, if five or fewer political subdivisions of the state are affected, majority in state as a whole and also in each of affected subdivisions is required. In Maryland, if an amendment affects only the City of Baltimore or only one county, majority in state as a whole and also in affected subdivision is required. (i) Two-thirds of all members of the legislature. (j) Majority of members elected sitting in joint session. (k) The two-thirds must include not less than a majority elected to each house. (l) Three-fifths of all members of each house at one session, or majority of all members of each house for two successive sessions. (m) If a proposed amendment is not approved at the election when submitted, neither the same amendment nor one which would
make substantially the same change for the constitution may be again submitted to the people before the third general election thereafter. (n) Amendments concerning certain elective franchise and education matters require three-fourths vote of members elected and approval by three-fourths of electors voting in state and two-thirds of those voting in each county. (o) Majority vote to amend constitution, two-thirds to revise (“revise” includes all or a part of the constitution). (p) Emergency amendments may be passed by two-thirds vote of each house, followed by ratification by majority vote of electors in election held at least one month after legislative approval. (q) Two-thirds of members of each house, first passage; majority of members of each house after popular ratification. (r) Majority of members elected to both houses, first passage; twothirds of members elected to both houses, second passage. (s) Majority of all citizens voting for governor. (t) Two-thirds vote in the senate and majority vote in the house on first passage; majority in both houses on second passage. As of 1974, amendments may be submitted only every four years. (u) Within 30 days after voter approval, governor must submit amendment(s) to U.S. Secretary of the Interior for approval. (v) If approved by two-thirds of members of each house, amendment(s) submitted to voters at special referendum; if approved by not less than three-fourths of total members of each house, referendum may be held at next general election. (w) The legislature may, by a four-fifths vote in Nebraska or a twothirds vote in Oklahoma, call a special election for voters to consider amendments. (x) There is an exception for an amendment containing a super majority voting requirement, which must be ratified by an equal supermajority. (y) An amendment repealing, in whole or in part, any constitutional provision only requires approval by a majority on the amendment.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9
STATE CON ST IT U T IO N S
TA BLE 1 . 5 Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By Initiative, Constitutional Provisions State or other jurisdiction
Number of signatures required on initiative petition
Distribution of signatures
Referendum vote
Arizona
15% of total votes cast for all candidates for governor None specified. at last election.
Majority vote on amendment.
Arkansas
10% of voters for governor at last election.
Must include 5% of voters for governor in each of 15 counties.
Majority vote on amendment.
California
8% of total voters for all candidates for governor at last election.
None specified.
Majority vote on amendment.
Colorado
5% of total legal votes for all candidates for secretary 2% of registered voters in each of the state senate of state at last general election. districts.
55% vote on amendment, except any amendment repealing a constitutional provision only requires a majority vote on amendment.
Florida
8% of total votes cast in the state in the last election for presidential electors.
8% of total votes cast in each of 1/2 of the congressional districts.
Three-fifths vote on amendment except any amendment for “new state tax or fee” not in effect Nov. 7, 1994 requires 2/3 of voters voting in election.
Illinois (a)
8% of total votes cast for candidates for governor at last election.
None specified.
Majority voting in election or 3/5 voting on amendment.
Massachusetts (b) 3% of total votes cast for governor at preceding biennial state election (not less than 25,000 qualified voters).
No more than 1/4 from any one county.
Majority vote on amendment which must be 30% of total ballots cast at election.
Michigan
10% of total voters for all candidates at last gubernatorial election.
No more than 15% from any one congressional district. (e)
Majority vote on amendment.
Mississippi (c)
12% of total votes for all candidates for governor in last election.
No more than 20% from any one congressional district.
Majority vote on amendment and not less than 40% of total vote cast at election.
Missouri
8% of legal voters for all candidates for governor at last election.
The 8% must be in each of 2/3 of the congressional districts in the state.
Majority vote on amendment.
Montana
10% of qualified electors, the number of qualified voters to be determined by number of votes cast for governor in preceding election in each county and in the state.
The 10% to include at least 10% of qualified voters in Majority vote on amendment. 2/5 of the legislative districts. (d)
Nebraska
10% of registered voters.
The 10% must include 5% in each of 2/5 of the counties.
Majority vote on amendment which must be at least 35% of total vote at the election.
Nevada
10% of voters who voted in entire state in last general election.
10% of voters in each of the state’s congressional districts.
Majority vote on amendment in two consecutive general elections.
North Dakota
4% of population of the state.
None specified.
Majority vote on amendment.
Ohio
10% of total number of electors who voted for governor in last election.
At least 5% of qualified electors in each of 1/2 of counties in the state.
Majority vote on amendment.
Oklahoma
15% of votes cast at last general election for governor.
None specified.
Majority vote on amendment.
Oregon
8% of total votes for all candidates for governor at last election at which governor was elected for four-year term.
None specified.
Majority vote on amendment except for supermajority equal to supermajority voting requirement contained in proposed amendment.
South Dakota
10% of total votes for governor in last election.
None specified.
Majority vote on amendment.
CNMI*
50% of qualified voters of commonwealth.
In addition, 25% of qualified voters in each senatorial district.
Majority vote on amendment if legislature approved it by majority vote; if not, at least 2/3 vote in each of two senatorial districts in addition to a majority vote.
Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments. Key: (a) Initiatives can only be used to amend substantive or procedural aspects of Article IV, the Legislature Article, and cannot be used to amend any other articles. (b) Before being submitted to the electorate for ratification, initiated measures must be approved at two sessions of a successively elected legislature by not less than one-fourth of all members elected, sitting in joint session. (c) Before being submitted to the electorate, initiated measures are sent to the legislature, which has the option of submitting an amended or alternative measure alongside the original measure.
10 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(d) A 2002 amendment changed this geographic distribution rule to require at least 10% of voters in 1/2 of the counties. After this amendment was held unconstitutional by a federal district court in a 2005 ruling, the state attorney general advised that the prior rule—2/5 of legislative districts—was in effect. (e) In May 2019 the Michigan attorney general determined that this signature-distribution requirement, which was added through a 2018 statute, was unconstitutional, in an opinion likely to be challenged in state court.
STATE CO N STI TU TI O N S
TA BLE 1 . 6 Procedures for Calling Constitutional Conventions, Constitutional Provisions
Provision for convention Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes (q) No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Procedure for calling a convention by initiative No No No No No No No No Yes (m) No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No No Yes (m) No No No No No No No Yes (m) No No No No No No Yes (m) No No No No No No No No No No
*CNMI
Yes
Yes (t)
Puerto Rico
Yes
No
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa
Legislative vote for submission of convention question (a) Majority No provision (c)(d) Majority No 2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3 (g) (d) Not specified 2/3 3/5 No Majority 2/3 Majority (j) (d) (d) Majority
Popular vote to authorize convention ME (c) (e)
Periodic submission of convention question required (b) No 10 years; 2012 (c) No
Popular vote required for ratification of convention proposals Not specified Not specified (c) MP
MP MP MP MP MP No MP MP (i)
No No 20 years; 2008 (f) No No No 10 years; 2018 No 20 years; 2008
MP ME MP No provision 3/5 voting on proposal MP MP (h) Not specified MP
MP MP MP (k) No No ME No MP ME
10 years; 2010 No No No No 20 years; 2010
MP MP No provision MP No provision MP
16 years; 2010 No
MP 3/5 voting on
MP MP MP (o) ME MP
20 years; 2002 20 years; 2010 No No 10 years; 2012
Not specified (l) MP MP No provision 2/3 voting on proposal
MP MP MP
No 20 years; 2017 No
Not specified MP MP
MP (e) (e)
20 years; 2012 20 years; 1970 No
MP MP No provision
MP ME No MP
10 years; 2014 No No No
MP No provision (p) MP
ME
No
ME
No ME MP MP ME No
No No No No No No
Majority
2/3
10 years
2/3
MP
No
MP Not specified Not specified No provision Not specified ME (s) MP and at least 2/3 in each of 2 senatorial districts MP
Majority 2/3 No Majority 2/3 3/5 2/3 Majority No 2/3 Majority 2/3 No 2/3 Majority Majority No Majority (d) (d) Majority No 2/3 No (d) 2/3 Majority Majority 2/3 (r)
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  1 1
STATE CON ST IT U T IO N S
TA BLE 1 . 6 Procedures for Calling Constitutional Conventions, Constitutional Provisions (continued) Source: John Dinan and The Council of State Governments. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: MP—Majority voting on the proposal. ME—Majority voting in the election. (a) In all states not otherwise noted, the entries in this column refer to the proportion of members elected to each house required to submit to the electorate the question of calling a constitutional convention. (b) The number listed is the interval between required submissions on the question of calling a constitutional convention; where given, the date is that of the most recent submission of the mandatory convention referendum. (c) Unless provided otherwise by law, convention calls are to conform as nearly as possible to the act calling the 1955 convention, which provided for a legislative vote of a majority of members elected to each house and ratification by a majority vote on the proposals. The legislature may call a constitutional convention at any time. (d) In these states, the legislature may call a convention without submitting the question to the people. The legislative vote required is two-thirds of the members elected to each house in Georgia, Louisiana, South Carolina and Virginia; two-thirds concurrent vote of both branches in Maine; three-fourths of all members of each house in South Dakota; and not specified in Alaska, but bills require majority vote of membership in each house. (e) The law calling a convention must be approved by the people. (f) The legislature shall submit the question 20 years after the last convention, or 20 years after the last vote on the question of calling a convention, whichever date is last. (g) The power to call a convention is reserved to the people by petition. (h) The majority must be 50 percent of the total votes cast at a general
12  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
election or at a special election, a majority of the votes tallied which must be at least 30 percent of the total number of registered voters. (i) Majority voting in the election, or three-fifths voting on the question. (j) Must be approved during two legislative sessions. (k) Majority must equal one-fourth of qualified voters at last general election. (l) Majority of those voting on the proposal is assumed. Vote must take place at a special election held no less than 60 days and no more than 6 months after convention. (m) In Montana, North Dakota and South Dakota, conventions can be called by initiative petition in the same manner as provided for initiated amendments, and with approval by a majority of voters. In Florida, conventions can be called by filing an initiative petition with signatures equal to 15 percent of the votes cast in the preceding presidential election and also equal to 15 percent of signatures in half of the congressional districts in the state and then obtaining a majority of the voters at the ensuing election. (n) Two-thirds of all members of the legislature. (o) Majority must be 35 percent of total votes cast at the election. (p) Convention proposals are submitted to the electorate at a special election in a manner to be determined by the convention. Ratification by a majority of votes cast. (q) Conventions may not be held more often than once in six years. (r) Five years after effective date of constitutions, governor shall call a constitutional convention to consider changes proposed by a constitutional committee appointed by the governor. Delegates to the convention are to be elected by their county councils. A convention was held in 1972. (s) If proposed amendments are approved by the voters, they must be submitted to the U.S. Secretary of the Interior for approval. (t) The petition must be signed by 25 percent of the qualified voters or at least 75 percent in a senatorial district.
CHAPTER TWO
FEDERALISM AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
FEDERAL AID
TA BLE 2 . 1 Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures: 1944–2017 (In thousands of dollars) To local governments For specified purposes Fiscal year 1944 1946 1948 1950 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Total $1,842,000 2,092,000 3,283,000 4,217,000 5,044,000 5,384,000 5,679,000 5,986,000 6,538,000 7,440,000 8,089,000 8,689,000 9,443,000 10,906,000 11,885,000 12,968,000 14,174,000 16,928,000 19,056,000 21,950,000 24,779,000 28,892,000 32,640,000 36,759,246 40,822,135 45,941,111 51,978,324 57,858,242 62,459,903 67,287,260 75,962,980 84,504,451 93,179,549 98,742,976 100,886,902 108,373,188 121,571,151 131,966,258 141,278,672 151,661,866 165,415,415 175,027,632 186,398,234 201,313,434 214,094,882 225,635,410 240,978,128 252,079,335 264,207,209 278,853,409 308,734,917 327,069,829 350,326,546 364,789,480 382,781,397 388,559,152 405,925,287 432,265,206 459,742,295 478,530,574 490,887,391 485,557,187
To Federal government(a) ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... N/A 341,194 974,780 1,179,580 1,386,237 1,472,378 1,493,215 1,746,301 1,872,980 1,793,284 1,764,821 1,722,115 1,963,468 2,105,831 2,455,362 2,652,981 2,929,622 3,243,634 3,464,364 3,608,911 3,625,051 3,603,447 3,616,831 3,896,667 3,839,942 3,515,734 3,801,667 4,021,471 4,290,764 4,370,330 4,391,095 4,627,356 4,620,167 6,502,059 4,670,648 4,765,734 4,894,977 4,339,166
Total $1,842,000 2,092,000 3,283,000 4,217,000 5,044,000 5,384,000 5,679,000 5,986,000 6,538,000 7,440,000 8,089,000 8,689,000 9,443,000 10,906,000 11,885,000 12,968,000 14,174,000 16,928,000 19,056,000 21,950,000 24,779,000 28,892,000 32,640,000 36,759,246 40,822,135 45,599,917 51,003,544 56,678,662 61,073,666 65,814,882 74,469,765 82,758,150 91,306,569 96,949,692 99,122,081 106,651,073 119,607,683 129,860,427 138,823,310 149,008,885 162,485,793 171,783,998 182,933,870 197,704,523 210,469,831 222,031,963 237,361,297 248,182,668 260,367,267 275,337,675 304,933,250 323,048,358 346,035,782 360,419,150 378,390,302 383,931,796 401,305,120 425,763,147 455,071,647 473,764,840 485,992,414 481,218,021
For general local government support $274,000 357,000 428,000 482,000 549,000 592,000 600,000 591,000 631,000 668,000 687,000 725,000 806,000 839,000 1,012,000 1,053,000 1,102,000 1,361,000 1,585,000 1,993,000 2,135,000 2,958,000 3,258,000 3,752,327 4,279,646 4,803,875 5,129,333 5,673,843 6,372,543 6,819,438 8,224,338 8,643,789 9,570,248 10,044,372 10,364,144 10,744,740 12,319,623 13,383,912 14,245,089 14,896,991 15,749,681 16,565,106 16,977,032 16,368,139 17,690,986 18,044,015 18,996,435 20,019,771 21,808,828 22,693,158 25,495,396 27,475,363 31,693,016 28,927,053 30,766,480 29,718,225 28,320,648 30,486,739 31,207,955 32,035,268 30,421,570 27,821,681
Education $861,000 953,000 1,554,000 2,054,000 2,523,000 2,737,000 2,930,000 3,150,000 3,541,000 4,212,000 4,598,000 4,957,000 5,461,000 6,474,000 6,993,000 7,664,000 8,351,000 10,177,000 11,845,000 13,321,000 14,858,000 17,085,000 19,292,000 21,195,345 23,315,651 27,106,812 31,110,237 34,083,711 36,964,306 40,125,488 46,195,698 52,688,101 57,257,373 60,683,583 63,118,351 67,484,926 74,936,970 81,929,467 88,253,298 95,390,536 104,601,291 109,438,131 116,179,860 124,919,686 131,179,517 135,861,024 148,160,436 156,954,115 164,147,715 176,250,998 192,416,987 208,135,537 222,092,587 227,336,087 240,788,692 249,256,844 263,625,820 280,090,982 301,062,065 315,424,647 324,374,036 317,389,500
Public welfare $368,000 376,000 648,000 792,000 976,000 981,000 1,004,000 1,046,000 1,069,000 1,136,000 1,247,000 1,409,000 1,483,000 1,777,000 1,919,000 2,108,000 2,436,000 2,882,000 2,897,000 3,527,000 4,402,000 5,003,000 5,760,000 6,943,634 7,531,738 7,028,750 7,136,104 8,307,411 8,756,717 8,585,558 8,675,473 9,241,551 11,025,445 11,965,123 10,919,847 11,923,430 12,673,123 14,214,613 14,753,727 15,032,315 16,697,915 18,403,149 20,903,400 25,942,234 31,339,777 30,624,514 30,772,525 31,180,345 35,754,024 32,327,325 35,161,151 40,206,513 41,926,990 47,112,496 49,302,737 42,636,305 48,370,718 48,409,237 56,899,141 57,730,369 58,741,316 58,858,443
Highways $298,000 339,000 507,000 610,000 728,000 803,000 871,000 911,000 984,000 1,082,000 1,167,000 1,207,000 1,247,000 1,327,000 1,416,000 1,524,000 1,630,000 1,725,000 1,861,000 2,029,000 2,109,000 2,439,000 2,507,000 2,633,417 2,953,424 3,211,455 3,224,861 3,240,806 3,631,108 3,821,135 4,148,573 4,382,716 4,751,449 5,028,072 5,277,447 5,686,834 6,019,069 6,470,049 6,784,699 6,949,190 7,376,173 7,784,316 8,126,477 8,480,871 9,298,624 9,622,849 10,481,616 10,707,338 11,431,270 11,648,853 12,075,195 12,473,052 12,350,136 12,949,850 13,337,114 14,008,581 14,500,232 15,495,306 14,881,789 16,549,366 16,492,780 18,043,061
Health ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 10,790,396 11,772,189 12,379,498 13,611,228 15,067,156 16,518,461 20,816,777 20,241,742 19,959,396 17,515,138 18,144,795 20,067,198 20,342,928 21,019,353 18,274,329
Miscellaneous and combined $41,000 67,000 146,000 279,000 268,000 271,000 274,000 288,000 313,000 342,000 390,000 391,000 446,000 489,000 545,000 619,000 655,000 783,000 868,000 1,080,000 1,275,000 1,407,000 1,823,000 2,234,523 2,741,676 3,449,025 4,403,009 5,372,891 5,348,992 6,463,263 7,225,683 7,801,993 8,702,054 9,228,542 9,442,292 10,811,143 13,658,898 13,862,386 14,786,497 16,739,853 18,060,733 19,593,296 20,747,101 21,993,593 20,960,927 27,879,561 28,926,886 18,530,703 15,453,241 20,037,843 26,173,293 19,690,737 21,454,592 23,276,887 23,953,537 28,352,445 28,972,564 33,136,088 30,953,499 31,682,262 34,943,359 40,831,007
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5
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TA BLE 2 . 1 Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures: 1944–2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) To local governments For specified purposes Fiscal year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
To Federal Total government(a) $496,832,436 $4,295,922 481,883,230 4,157,695 488,782,863 3,392,576 498,710,149 3,389,399 515,045,908 3,408,376 532,665,290 3,388,085 549,908,261 3,228,642
Total $492,536,514 477,725,535 485,390,287 495,320,750 511,637,532 529,277,205 546,679,619
For general local government support $27,577,126 27,289,870 28,412,169 30,459,571 32,193,005 31,189,834 31,718,872
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments: Finance (years ending in “2” and “7”), and Annual Survey of State Government Finances (remaining years). Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling
16 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Education $330,482,270 317,839,562 324,995,548 330,140,870 345,859,861 360,117,773 372,997,261
Public welfare $56,678,841 55,913,067 55,565,254 54,781,687 52,704,375 57,049,413 60,129,920
Highways $17,243,590 17,787,581 18,158,521 20,992,876 20,420,805 19,675,932 20,276,398
Health $18,745,863 19,350,451 20,242,808 19,979,130 18,739,461 19,529,120 18,505,675
Miscellaneous and combined $41,808,824 39,545,004 38,015,987 38,966,616 41,720,025 41,715,133 43,051,493
error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: …—Not available. (a) Represents primarily state reimbursements for the supplemental security income program.
FEDERAL AID
TA BLE 2 . 2 Summary of State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By State: 2008–2017 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 $549,908,261 $532,665,290 $515,045,908 $498,710,149 $488,782,863 $481,883,230 $496,832,436 $485,557,187 $490,887,391 $478,530,574 6,931,626 6,672,049 6,612,535 6,474,302 6,476,073 6,563,313 6,800,787 6,604,013 6,535,634 6,720,814 1,829,640 2,038,078 2,036,112 2,059,333 2,032,061 1,897,331 1,723,023 1,655,467 1,616,689 1,487,649 8,094,626 10,904,370 7,832,147 7,448,459 8,209,708 8,023,697 8,668,387 9,179,514 9,618,970 10,320,506 5,373,102 5,882,840 5,214,039 5,199,089 4,937,560 5,047,345 5,151,981 5,057,598 4,698,889 4,392,340 107,877,299 103,512,395 97,968,328 91,869,167 95,069,461 85,425,616 91,501,553 90,530,131 94,909,240 94,872,980 7,604,250 7,310,747 7,151,882 6,749,839 6,291,390 6,105,130 6,334,861 6,513,704 6,403,127 5,912,545 9,190,177 5,438,230 5,338,357 4,899,005 4,908,546 4,614,954 4,485,808 4,846,870 4,316,376 4,193,874 1,583,343 1,511,805 1,454,859 1,390,686 1,271,359 1,161,381 1,293,106 1,235,608 1,205,247 1,172,083 21,484,868 20,407,866 19,173,628 18,707,624 17,809,542 17,340,127 19,725,217 18,478,449 17,677,928 19,703,095 12,325,151 11,835,632 11,088,286 10,557,747 10,361,359 10,223,211 10,600,099 10,747,620 10,816,572 10,415,395 328,020 134,933 267,863 255,885 220,844 194,791 207,988 177,624 159,452 137,771 2,408,604 2,277,298 2,156,220 2,015,071 1,981,659 1,956,717 2,036,312 2,022,896 2,077,028 2,037,507 19,192,558 18,109,138 18,558,946 18,638,884 15,549,167 15,866,914 15,711,057 15,530,746 15,034,787 14,585,898 9,987,853 9,711,681 9,548,136 9,314,957 9,292,344 9,313,044 9,265,386 9,705,254 8,214,991 7,976,702 5,505,683 5,470,729 5,298,032 4,963,899 4,753,646 4,804,976 5,151,627 4,528,319 4,660,802 4,142,960 4,860,179 4,799,630 4,849,983 4,108,481 4,057,504 3,953,778 4,208,664 4,176,958 4,314,940 4,214,475 5,730,213 4,780,430 4,709,948 4,649,395 4,802,691 5,029,106 5,069,137 5,078,845 4,769,871 4,700,971 6,415,070 5,766,006 5,726,498 6,053,019 6,241,308 6,387,767 6,580,164 6,658,397 6,505,389 6,022,791 2,428,618 1,288,779 1,254,898 1,285,064 1,238,618 1,286,233 1,301,692 1,346,639 1,325,723 1,335,469 9,631,764 9,398,276 9,158,679 8,733,983 8,641,281 8,380,215 8,124,451 8,592,779 8,654,935 8,509,003 9,129,315 9,080,507 9,379,933 9,811,813 9,401,248 9,291,231 8,826,190 9,107,483 8,890,500 8,840,769 21,279,004 20,788,310 20,487,354 19,779,302 19,249,754 19,021,267 19,878,322 19,410,018 19,656,877 19,519,271 13,546,867 13,143,647 12,827,108 12,620,852 12,975,915 10,833,320 11,102,449 10,427,657 11,199,230 11,188,797 4,527,299 5,251,972 5,138,598 4,919,968 5,053,070 5,138,081 5,253,307 5,272,442 5,156,650 5,111,703 6,298,000 6,172,736 5,987,018 5,785,229 5,771,802 5,877,847 5,948,493 6,227,955 5,936,688 5,743,498 1,128,565 1,094,338 1,395,263 1,382,045 1,373,069 1,316,548 1,352,917 1,334,478 1,276,112 1,318,649 2,457,060 2,417,506 2,303,467 2,202,196 2,170,630 2,170,016 2,306,692 2,192,338 2,064,173 1,981,940 4,772,756 4,429,481 4,336,630 4,169,439 4,214,581 4,120,103 3,905,016 3,703,574 3,864,223 3,860,236 831,584 460,600 573,048 1,268,583 1,300,770 1,226,012 1,191,097 1,261,454 1,278,589 1,451,976 11,662,914 11,672,318 12,470,093 12,104,168 11,102,269 11,789,109 11,167,301 11,877,592 11,135,809 10,927,571 4,878,597 4,986,006 4,871,707 4,604,669 4,500,634 4,450,387 4,325,766 4,322,463 4,766,207 4,363,063 62,034,380 61,639,619 58,063,694 58,134,561 56,236,537 57,406,012 59,697,916 54,318,363 55,107,082 52,820,634 13,438,382 12,858,738 12,771,155 13,172,777 13,172,640 13,514,695 13,633,379 13,429,946 13,562,079 13,152,908 1,978,549 2,111,716 2,555,758 2,261,886 1,632,316 1,643,402 1,300,989 1,245,686 933,974 805,351 16,647,880 16,517,064 17,932,406 18,488,325 18,348,743 18,963,232 18,080,744 18,796,046 18,552,156 17,872,592 4,446,655 4,458,922 4,342,470 4,278,505 4,213,211 4,230,427 4,477,819 4,546,446 4,506,456 4,391,706 5,732,009 5,551,653 6,209,293 6,007,393 5,495,337 5,657,912 5,774,682 5,864,882 5,703,775 5,640,993 22,256,314 20,050,597 19,407,646 18,835,531 18,834,325 18,526,116 19,944,576 18,871,434 19,144,305 17,826,902 1,277,277 1,236,874 1,226,790 1,198,256 1,170,440 1,143,486 1,074,302 1,193,600 1,002,915 1,067,849 6,735,297 6,393,932 5,955,882 5,581,255 5,454,008 5,312,018 5,585,665 5,369,519 5,520,979 5,719,235 863,182 775,059 784,855 745,993 740,104 753,622 774,778 737,190 707,862 679,868 7,882,887 7,617,664 7,233,618 7,221,663 7,074,682 7,181,421 7,104,790 6,664,828 6,797,935 6,516,598 30,619,865 31,763,445 29,951,157 29,191,904 27,590,295 29,860,716 29,665,803 27,461,315 29,252,364 26,089,474 3,767,592 3,511,958 3,344,201 3,266,053 3,069,082 3,029,283 3,106,230 3,027,680 3,120,527 3,050,173 1,800,627 1,771,590 1,725,060 1,695,983 1,501,657 1,636,024 1,552,853 1,518,129 1,532,766 1,340,755 11,927,574 12,466,977 12,584,936 11,792,595 11,255,705 11,653,818 11,489,163 10,959,394 11,894,394 11,260,089 12,690,612 11,871,289 11,017,248 10,438,534 9,777,797 9,530,116 9,346,712 9,798,444 10,043,789 9,143,766 2,457,100 2,385,313 2,344,701 2,413,663 2,469,535 2,618,032 2,533,582 2,382,633 2,232,558 2,131,100 8,826,031 9,031,939 10,387,801 9,890,474 9,637,247 9,741,343 10,428,954 10,253,124 10,199,520 9,881,119 3,083,277 1,867,516 2,097,456 1,913,090 1,681,018 1,702,814 1,653,068 1,760,946 1,919,231 1,769,009
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments: Finance (years ending in “2” and “7”), and Annual Survey of State Government Finances (remaining years). Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional
information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Includes payments to the federal government, primarily state reimbursements for the supplemental security income program. The statistics reflect state government fiscal years that end on June 30, except for four states with other ending dates: Alabama and Michigan (September 30), New York (March 31), and Texas (August 31). 3. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7
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TA BLE 2 . 3 State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By Function and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) Specified functions State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total $549,908,261 6,931,626 1,829,640 8,094,626 5,373,102 107,877,299 7,604,250 9,190,177 1,583,343 21,484,868 12,325,151 328,020 2,408,604 19,192,558 9,987,853 5,505,683 4,860,179 5,730,213 6,415,070 2,428,618 9,631,764 9,129,315 21,279,004 13,546,867 4,527,299 6,298,000 1,128,565 2,457,060 4,772,756 831,584 11,662,914 4,878,597 62,034,380 13,438,382 1,978,549 18,796,046 4,446,655 5,732,009 22,256,314 1,277,277 6,735,297 863,182 7,882,887 30,619,865 3,767,592 1,800,627 11,927,574 12,690,612 2,457,100 8,826,031 3,083,277
General local government support $31,718,872 356,061 53,754 1,964,694 300,426 308,210 191,196 593,280 0 3,013,095 0 255,039 269,457 3,737,897 624,361 323,802 77,135 0 154,737 48,983 151,491 1,484,072 1,287,619 1,679,347 967,735 217,665 214,405 558,013 1,342,547 68,805 1,114,578 1,498,637 1,224,390 0 380,020 1,602,815 147,973 136,905 233,927 65,989 1,885,177 27,792 340,501 299,147 0 25,469 659,263 135,797 133,169 41,781 1,521,716
Education $372,997,261 5,259,061 1,130,946 4,678,463 4,598,451 61,295,098 5,126,484 7,274,962 1,438,961 15,879,095 10,767,580 141 1,896,300 9,890,844 8,142,033 3,870,881 4,366,424 5,012,709 5,026,770 2,244,040 6,997,707 6,048,888 14,191,972 9,366,127 2,737,066 5,690,280 881,828 1,622,091 3,089,378 281,860 7,727,157 3,151,767 32,990,231 11,106,423 1,151,708 12,251,654 3,532,185 4,742,323 14,778,662 1,104,921 4,218,590 679,734 5,593,696 27,292,729 3,618,314 1,656,183 7,479,979 10,709,343 2,018,417 6,973,453 1,413,352
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come
18  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Public Welfare $60,129,920 104,850 157,657 298,320 2 30,522,269 995,774 542,356 9,047 0 470,476 1,364 3,966 2,384,818 47,632 127,163 6,028 103,154 0 18,670 2,954 248,160 3,051,931 741,188 323,034 3,048 0 51,866 175,574 390,757 1,761,368 0 8,630,559 1,406,182 33,536 2,199,896 36,627 328,545 1,965,221 87,221 102,384 2,069 943,643 864,411 19,228 0 682,811 8,301 28,654 247,135 71
Highways $20,276,398 11,548 710 800,792 268,009 3,172,666 559,138 100,674 5,573 1,170,283 298,540 5,599 184,196 733,425 862,317 697,955 256,088 140,036 73,484 107,077 183,299 366,224 1,542,163 1,025,156 101,670 158,530 16,677 15,706 89,929 65,565 164,760 25,467 1,222,966 259,125 129,285 587,848 395,171 13,494 922,163 7,726 120,394 70,163 240,705 215,747 46,143 64,306 1,246,843 678,683 12,354 821,797 18,229
Health $18,505,675 136,784 82,638 75,988 1,608 6,124,555 120,905 136,025 10,881 938 238,015 31 5,748 161,289 22,370 137,443 55,941 135,305 0 106 995,661 72,154 152,414 112,915 117,411 1,457 2,024 45,034 25,816 0 52,577 30,513 5,803,772 198,297 12,840 438,657 175,248 55,744 1,018,974 0 57,704 10,307 91,079 333,565 27,277 0 547,115 405,981 59,004 215,240 325
Miscellaneous and combined $46,280,135 1,063,322 403,935 276,369 204,606 6,454,501 610,753 542,880 118,881 1,421,457 550,540 65,846 48,937 2,284,285 289,140 348,439 98,563 339,009 1,160,079 9,742 1,300,652 909,817 1,052,905 622,134 280,383 227,020 13,631 164,350 49,512 24,597 842,474 172,213 12,162,462 468,355 271,160 1,715,176 159,451 454,998 3,337,367 11,420 351,048 73,117 673,263 1,614,266 56,630 54,669 1,311,563 752,507 205,502 526,625 129,584
from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
FEDERAL AID
Table 2.3 | State Intergovernmental Expenditures Total State Intergovernmental Expenditures (in thousands of dollars) HIGHEST
LOWEST
California • $107,877,299
Hawaii • $328,020
New York • $62,034,380
New Hampshire • $831,584
Texas $30,619,865
South Dakota • $863,182
Pennsylvania • $22,256,314
Montana • $1,128,565
Florida • $21,484,868
Rhode Island • $1,277,277
•
Highest and Lowest Spending by Category (in thousands of dollars) E D U C AT I O N
H E A LT H CA • $61,295,098 NY • $32,990,231 TX • $27,292,729
FL $15,879,095 •
PA • $14,778,662
CA • $6,124,555 NY • $5,803,772 PA • $1,018,974 MD • $995,661 VA • $547,115
RI • $1,104,921
HI • $31
MT • $881,828
LA • $0
SD $679,734
NH • $0
NH • $281,860
RI • $0
HI • $141
VT • $0
•
P U B L I C W E L FA R E
H I G H W AY S CA • $30,522,269
NY • $8,630,559
CA • $3,172,666 MI • $1,542,163
MI $3,051,931
VA • $1,246,843
IL • $2,384,818
NY • $1,222,966
OH • $2,199,896
FL • $1,170,283
•
FL • $0
AL • $11,548
•
LA $0
RI • $7,726
MT • $0
HI • $5,599
NM • $0
DE • $5,573
VT • $0
AK • $710
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 9
FE D E RA L A ID
TA BLE 2 . 4 State Intergovernmental Expenditures, By Type of Receiving Government and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars)
State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total intergovernmental expenditure $549,908,261 6,931,626 1,829,640 8,094,626 5,373,102 107,877,299 7,604,250 9,190,177 1,583,343 21,484,868 12,325,151 328,020 2,408,604 19,192,558 9,987,853 5,505,683 4,860,179 5,730,213 6,415,070 2,428,618 9,631,764 9,129,315 21,279,004 13,546,867 4,527,299 6,298,000 1,128,565 2,457,060 4,772,756 831,584 11,662,914 4,878,597 62,034,380 13,438,382 1,978,549 18,796,046 4,446,655 5,732,009 22,256,314 1,277,277 6,735,297 863,182 7,882,887 30,619,865 3,767,592 1,800,627 11,927,574 12,690,612 2,457,100 8,826,031 3,083,277
Federal $3,228,642 0 0 0 398 2,886,443 1,138 0 1,026 0 0 382 0 5,900 2,125 0 62 0 0 0 0 12,328 5,368 0 0 30,909 0 51,866 1,721 0 16,500 0 0 0 0 4,824 38,999 0 125,138 18,735 0 0 1,710 0 1 0 14 0 0 0 23,055
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come
20  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
School districts $303,084,115 5,080,209 0 4,635,964 4,598,451 57,394,804 5,124,098 254,624 1,417,647 15,600,139 10,767,009 0 1,892,300 9,846,688 8,142,033 3,870,700 4,366,424 4,912,940 5,015,812 695,652 0 898,065 14,191,972 9,361,878 2,737,066 5,690,007 881,828 1,622,091 3,089,378 181,246 5,682,189 3,151,767 17,964,131 0 1,141,110 12,245,707 3,522,580 4,725,694 14,223,697 66,295 4,175,166 679,734 335,617 27,103,756 3,618,314 1,656,183 0 10,663,032 2,005,466 6,441,300 1,413,352
Other local governments $243,595,504 1,851,417 1,829,640 3,458,662 774,253 47,596,052 2,479,014 8,935,553 164,670 5,884,729 1,558,142 327,638 516,304 9,339,970 1,843,695 1,634,983 493,693 817,273 1,399,258 1,732,966 9,631,764 8,218,922 7,081,664 4,184,989 1,790,233 577,084 246,737 783,103 1,681,657 650,338 5,964,225 1,726,830 44,070,249 13,438,382 837,439 6,545,515 885,076 1,006,315 7,907,479 1,192,247 2,560,131 183,448 7,545,560 3,516,109 149,277 144,444 11,927,560 2,027,580 451,634 2,384,731 1,646,870
from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
FEDERAL AID
TA BLE 2 . 5 State Intergovernmental Revenue from Federal and Local Governments: 2017 (In thousands of dollars)
State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total intergovernmental revenue $656,283,270 9,949,247 3,286,785 15,247,776 7,916,365 93,013,830 8,463,350 7,535,049 2,415,919 27,852,122 15,183,797 2,787,412 2,622,679 19,736,635 14,712,679 6,245,956 4,160,844 10,829,538 12,636,842 3,020,597 13,203,944 16,331,054 21,350,680 10,939,218 8,211,496 11,322,122 3,054,845 3,179,745 5,234,577 2,720,430 18,615,719 7,226,565 60,371,092 16,412,180 1,825,979 24,305,702 7,280,359 9,988,321 29,475,131 2,519,225 9,007,621 1,567,365 11,161,689 44,657,763 4,524,182 1,991,516 10,699,877 14,228,084 5,109,431 9,583,175 2,566,761
Total (a) $638,676,307 9,857,029 3,278,747 14,985,446 7,865,670 88,470,052 8,372,473 7,517,893 2,345,980 27,543,372 15,120,402 2,779,631 2,605,787 19,344,203 14,629,767 6,214,180 4,112,926 10,787,958 12,146,564 2,943,046 12,800,839 15,740,268 21,176,260 10,744,596 8,096,276 11,130,640 3,049,060 3,101,736 4,998,908 2,330,182 17,973,775 6,997,655 59,141,359 16,219,950 1,783,503 23,665,806 7,135,308 9,957,896 29,243,846 2,463,337 8,347,399 1,529,633 11,084,882 41,962,867 4,521,247 1,989,234 9,966,484 13,764,198 5,023,407 9,361,012 2,453,618
Education $83,301,859 1,676,402 335,616 1,713,482 803,750 10,851,621 1,442,990 703,627 244,658 4,422,382 2,864,107 538,568 386,195 3,274,770 1,609,030 968,499 745,654 427,357 1,409,768 294,330 1,715,199 1,528,870 3,330,544 1,358,632 893,219 1,278,689 320,025 200,846 603,175 223,275 1,982,527 778,306 4,956,277 2,593,764 265,363 2,528,813 995,571 1,320,640 3,430,502 304,111 1,420,394 275,238 1,444,310 7,166,987 911,493 251,688 1,939,528 2,418,557 543,896 1,443,541 165,073
From federal government Public welfare $433,289,034 6,402,819 1,674,966 11,711,961 5,323,189 67,019,954 4,729,231 5,123,663 1,521,585 17,134,705 7,777,641 1,707,788 1,441,955 12,110,664 10,806,057 3,851,466 2,318,033 8,553,461 8,192,527 2,037,309 7,149,083 11,019,623 13,678,460 7,904,337 5,788,318 6,540,337 1,574,341 2,358,036 3,302,967 1,432,522 11,075,919 5,312,884 45,100,918 10,715,303 1,026,191 18,145,559 3,708,218 7,157,952 21,898,182 1,412,115 5,146,959 626,554 7,463,496 26,476,814 2,635,624 1,199,472 5,792,520 7,805,776 3,529,436 6,423,910 448,234
Heath & hospitals $26,333,544 251,239 88,709 263,789 122,829 1,614,595 523,406 297,173 100,754 2,306,009 1,964,266 9,031 214,889 508,125 335,188 160,184 229,620 224,707 237,187 46,538 2,005,582 446,426 1,464,422 247,158 181,458 1,754,065 361,154 2,166 147,144 41,628 507,574 151,523 1,107,593 561,655 12,176 402,433 1,288,677 413,869 445,114 181,597 290,461 113,444 312,097 1,364,517 242,038 64,099 528,519 1,812,513 98,189 234,316 51,699
Highways $44,545,062 829,164 601,521 812,245 779,349 4,603,873 860,391 628,934 207,338 2,216,451 1,458,144 123,916 266,853 1,588,615 991,461 650,575 463,638 786,098 767,160 223,119 670,941 557,860 817,685 635,085 513,796 862,709 446,531 322,304 368,632 185,853 974,870 381,579 2,270,923 1,203,602 300,449 1,449,162 664,160 494,215 1,975,227 244,214 854,960 308,597 846,456 4,349,137 426,819 231,884 1,136,501 939,040 442,121 588,801 222,104
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  2 1
FE D E RA L A ID
TA BLE 2 . 5 State Intergovernmental Revenue from Federal and Local Governments: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued)
State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total (a) $17,606,963 92,218 8,038 262,330 50,695 4,543,778 90,877 17,156 69,939 308,750 63,395 7,781 16,892 392,432 82,912 31,776 47,918 41,580 490,278 77,551 403,105 590,786 174,420 194,622 115,220 191,482 5,785 78,009 235,669 390,248 641,944 228,910 1,229,733 192,230 42,476 639,896 145,051 30,425 231,285 55,888 660,222 37,732 76,807 2,694,896 2,935 2,282 733,393 463,886 86,024 222,163 113,143
Education $5,224,391 13,176 6,515 9,577 49,167 311,491 25,290 1,913 66,448 16,367 12,224 0 380 41,340 6,293 192 12,062 25,363 2,750 10,959 21,420 26,817 8,689 13,774 3,954 2,310 0 58,027 28,079 3,971 302,223 64,511 312,583 9,254 1 34,217 1,933 16,975 204,045 0 101,367 17,361 25,079 2,530,910 2,481 0 423,186 227,506 3,178 73,694 95,339
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling
22  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
From local governments Public welfare $5,201,533 0 0 186,956 0 2,678,895 245 0 0 0 0 0 11,295 243,988 1,292 0 17 0 365,973 0 0 0 50,362 94,407 0 123,360 5,076 275 150,321 372,212 0 23,242 5,861 122,926 603 380,203 520 0 0 0 308,394 76 1,928 5,933 0 0 0 0 0 67,094 79
Health & hospitals $1,137,735 7,349 0 306 83 11,289 29 0 0 224,757 0 0 0 0 0 4,512 782 0 0 0 181,951 0 52,070 0 0 15,013 0 6 21,107 0 90,564 140,630 35,422 7,716 3,733 25,771 3,007 0 839 0 6,745 8,372 3,796 157,757 216 0 70,419 29,025 0 32,280 2,189
Highways $2,253,388 46,548 0 30,474 0 567,015 23,911 0 0 0 20,082 0 5,215 89,530 75,317 17,367 30,536 0 28,096 64,610 31,358 0 18,377 62,953 82,405 42,258 0 19,512 16,988 2,868 129,870 0 10,022 29,243 26,009 77,992 36,310 0 14,228 1,660 182,826 11,036 33,503 0 0 2,257 219,889 163,778 0 25,973 13,372
error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Total includes other types of intergovernmental revenue not shown separately in this table.
FEDERAL AID
Table 2.5 | State Intergovernmental Revenue Total intergovernmental revenue (in thousands of dollars) HIGHEST
LOWEST
California • $93,013,830
South Dakota • $1,567,365
New York • $60,371,092
North Dakota • $1,825,979
Texas • $44,657,763
Vermont • $1,991,516
Pennsylvania • $29,475,131
Delaware • $2,415,919
Florida $27,852,122
Rhode Island • $2,519,225
•
Highest and Lowest Federal Spending by Category (in thousands of dollars) E D U C AT I O N
H E A LT H & H O S P I TA L S
CA $10,851,621
FL • $2,306,009
•
TX • $7,166,987
MD • $2,005,582
NY $4,956,277
GA • $1,964,266
FL • $4,422,382
WA • $1,812,513
•
PA • $3,430,502
MO • $1,754,065
VT • $251,688
ME • $46,538
DE • $244,658
NH • $41,628
NH • $223,275
ND • $12,176
NE • $200,846
HI • $9,031
WY • $165,073
NE • $2,166
P U B L I C W E L FA R E
H I G H W AY S CA • $67,019,954
NY • $45,100,918 TX • $26,476,814 PA $21,898,182 •
OH • $18,145,559
CA • $4,603,873 TX • $4,349,137 NY • $2,270,923 FL • $2,216,451 PA • $1,975,227
RI $1,412,115
ME • $223,119
VT • $1,199,472
WY • $222,104
ND $1,026,191
DE • $207,338
SD • $626,554
NH • $185,853
WY $448,234
HI • $123,916
•
•
•
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 3
CHAPTER THREE
S TAT E L E G I S L AT I V E BRANCH
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 Names of State Legislative Bodies and Convening Places State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Both bodies Legislature Legislature Legislature General Assembly Legislature General Assembly General Assembly General Assembly Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature General Assembly General Assembly General Assembly Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature General Assembly General Court Legislature Legislature Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature Legislature General Court Legislature Legislature Legislature General Assembly Legislative Assembly General Assembly Legislature Legislative Assembly General Assembly General Assembly General Assembly Legislature General Assembly Legislature Legislature General Assembly General Assembly Legislature Legislature Legislature Legislature Council of the District of Columbia Legislature Legislature Legislature Legislative Assembly Legislature
Upper house Lower house Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate Assembly Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Delegates Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives ----------------------------------------------------------- (a) ----------------------------------------------------------Senate Assembly Senate House of Representatives Senate General Assembly Senate House of Representatives Senate Assembly Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Delegates Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Delegates Senate Assembly (b) Senate House of Representatives ----------------------------------------------------------- (a) ----------------------------------------------------------Senate House of Representatives ----------------------------------------------------------- (a) ----------------------------------------------------------Senate House of Representatives Senate House of Representatives ----------------------------------------------------------- (a) -----------------------------------------------------------
Source: The Council of State Governments, Directory I—Elective Officials 2018. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands
Convening place State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Legislative Hall The Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Legislative Building State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Legislative Building State Capitol State House State Capitol State Capitol Main Capitol Building State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Council Chamber Maota Fono Congress Building Civic Center Building The Capitol Capitol Building
Key: (a) Unicameral legislature. Except in the District of Columbia, members go by the title Senator. (b) Members of the lower house go by the title Representative.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  2 7
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana
Regular sessions Legislature convenes Year Annual Annual Annual Annual Biennium (k) Annual Annual Biennium Annual Annual Annual Annual Biennium Annual Annual Annual Annual Annual
Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
(t) Annual Biennium Annual Biennium Annual Annual Biennial Annual Biennial Annual Biennium Annual Annual (ee) Biennial—odd year Biennium Annual Annual Biennium (hh) Annual Biennium Annual Biennium (kk) Biennial—odd year Annual Annual (yy) Annual Annual Annual Biennium Biennium (oo) Annual (pp) Annual Annual (rr) Annual
Month Jan.; Mar.; Feb. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. (odd-yrs.); Feb. (even-yrs.) Jan. Mar. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Mar. (even-years); Apr. (odd-years) Dec. (even-years); Jan. (subsequent even-year) Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. (dd) Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Feb. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan Jan. Jan. (odd-yrs.); Feb. (even-yrs.) Jan. Jan.; July Jan. (rr) Jan.; Aug. Jan. (ss)
See footnotes at end of table
28 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Day 2nd Tues. (b); 1st Tues. (c); 1st Tues. (d)(e) 3rd Tues. (g) 2nd Mon. 2nd Mon.; 2nd Mon. 1st Mon. (d) No later than 2nd Wed. Wed. after 1st Mon. 2nd Tues. 1st Tues. after 1st Mon. (o) 2nd Mon. 3rd Wed. Mon. on or nearest 9th day 2nd Wed. 2nd Mon. (r) 2nd Mon. 2nd Mon. 1st Tues. after 1st Mon. 2nd Mon. (even- and odd-years) 1st Wed. (quadrennial election year); Wed. after 1st Tues. 2nd Wed. 1st Wed. 2nd Wed. 1st Tues. after 1st Mon. (odd-years) Tues. after 1st Mon. Wed. after 1st Mon. 1st Mon. (vv) Wed. after 1st Mon. 1st Mon. Wed. after 1st Tues. 2nd Tues. of even year 3rd Tues. Wed. after 1st Mon. 3rd Wed. after 2nd Mon. (odd-years) First Tues. after the third day in Jan. 1st Mon. (gg) 1st Mon. 1st Mon. 1st Tues. 1st Tues. 2nd Tues. 2nd Tues. 2nd Tues. 2nd Tues. 4th Mon. Wed. after 1st Mon. (yy) 2nd Wed. 2nd Mon. 2nd Wed. 1st Mon. 2nd Tues. (odd-yrs.); 2nd Mon. (even-yrs.) 2nd day 2nd Mon.; 3rd Mon. 2nd Mon. (d)(rr) 2nd Mon.; 3rd Mon. 2nd Mon. (ss)
Limitation on length of session (a) 30 L in 105 C 121 C; 90 Statutory (g) (h) 60 C (i); 30 C (i) None 120 C (m) June 30 60 C (i) 40 L 60 L (i) None None (q) odd—61 C or Apr. 29; even—30 C or Mar. 14 None (bbb) odd—None; even—90 C (i) even—60 L; odd—30 L (s) even—60 L in 85 C; odd—45 L in 60 C Calendar days set by statute (u) 90 C (v) None 120 L 125 C (y); 90 C (y) May 30 90 L odd—90 L; even—60 L 120 C 45 L None odd—60 C; even—30 C None None 80 L in the biennium None last Fri. in May (ff) None None (ii) odd—40 L; even—40 L 90 L (ll) 140 C 45 C None odd—30 C (i); even—60 C (i) odd—105 C; even—60 C 60 C (i) None odd—40 L; even—20 L; biennium—60 L None 45 L; 45 L None (pp) 90 L (qq) 5 mo.; 4 mo. None
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Legislature may call No By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house No No By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, majority, each house (n) Joint call, presiding officers, both houses Joint call, presiding officers, both houses or by petition By petition, 3/5 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house (uu) No Joint call, presiding officers, both houses; Governor also may call No By petition, 2/3 members, each house Petition to governor of 2/3 members, each house No By petition, majority, each house Joint call, presiding officers of both houses with the consent of a majority of the members of each political party By petition, majority, each house By petition (w) No No (x) No By petition, 3/4 members, each house By petition, majority, each house (ww) By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, (xx) By petition, majority, each house (cc) By petition, 3/5 members, each house (l) By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 3/5 members, each house No Joint call, presiding officers, both houses By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, majority, each house Governor may call Joint call, presiding officers, both houses By vote, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 2/3 members, each house No No No (tt) By vote, 2/3 members, each house By petition, 3/5 members, each house (nn) By petition, majority members, each house … No Only the governor may call Upon request of presiding officers, both houses No No, governor calls
Special sessions Legislature may determine subject Yes (f) Yes Yes No No Yes (l) Yes Yes Yes No (p) Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes
Limitation on length of session 12 L in 30 C 30 C None None (j) None None None None 20 C (zz) 40 L 30 L (i) 20 C None 30 L or 40 C None None None 30 C
Yes
None
Yes Yes No Yes No Yes (l) Yes Yes Yes (aa) Yes Yes Yes (l) Yes (l) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes (jj) Yes No No Yes Yes Yes Yes (l) No Yes … No No Yes (j) No No
30 C None None None None 30 C (z) None None 20 C (aa) 15 L (bb) None 30 C None None None None None None None None None None 30 L (ll) 30 C 30 C None None (mm) 30 C None None 20 L (aaa) … None None (pp) 10 C 20 C None
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 9
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey January 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: Annual—holds legislative sessions every year. Biennial-odd year—holds legislative sessions every other year. Biennium—holds legislative sessions in a two-year term of activity. C—Calendar day L—Legislative day (in some states called a session day or workday; definition may vary slightly, however, generally refers to any day on which either house of legislature is in session). (a) Applies to each year unless otherwise indicated. (b) General election year (quadrennial election year). (c) In first year after quadrennial election. (d) Legal provision for organizational session prior to stated convening date. Alabama—in the year after quadrennial election, second Tuesday in January for 10 C. California—in the even-numbered general election year, first Monday in December for an organizational session, recess until the first Monday in January of the odd-numbered year. Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands—in year after general election, second Monday in January. (e) In second and third years of quadrennium. (f) By 2/3 vote each house. (g) Convening date is statutory. Length of session is 121 calendar days, 90 by statute. (h) No constitutional or statutory provision; however, by legislative rule regular sessions shall be adjourned sine die no later than Saturday of the week during which the 100th day from the beginning of each regular session falls. The Speaker/President may by declaration authorize the extension of the session for a period not to exceed seven additional days. Thereafter the session can be extended only by a majority vote of the House/Senate. (i) Session may be extended by vote of members in both houses. Arkansas—2/3 vote to extend up to 75 days; 3/4 vote to go beyond 75 days. Even-year fiscal session may be extended one-time only by a 3/4 vote, with the extension no more than 15 C days. Florida— 3/5 vote, session may be extended by vote of members in each house. Hawaii—petition of 2/3 membership for maximum 15-day extension. Kansas—2/3 vote. Virginia—2/3 vote for 30 C extension. West Virginia—may be extended by the governor. (j) After governor’s business has been disposed of, members may remain in session up to 15 C days by a 2/3 vote of both houses. (k) Regular sessions begin after general election, in December of even-numbered year. In California, in the even-numbered general election year, first Monday in December for an organizational session, recess until the first Monday in January of the odd-numbered year. (l) Only if legislature convenes itself. In New York, special sessions may also be called by the governor. Legislature may determine subject only if it has convened itself. In New Mexico, special sessions may only be called by the governor and subjects are limited to issues included in governor’s proclamation; extraordinary session may only be called by the legislature and have no limitations on subject.
30 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(m) Odd-numbered years—not later than Wednesday after first Monday in June; even-numbered years— not later than Wednesday after first Monday in May. (n) Adoption of a joint resolution by a majority of each house. (o) A regular session of the legislature shall convene on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of each odd-numbered year, and on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in March, or such other date as may be fixed by law, of each even-numbered year. (p) If three-fifths of the General Assembly certifies to governor that an emergency exists, governor must convene a special session for all purposes. (q) Constitution encourages adjournment by May 31. (r) Legislators may reconvene at any time after organizational meeting; however, second Monday in January is the final date by which regular session must be in process. (s) During the odd-year session, the members convene for four days, then break until February. (t) Regular session begins after general election in even-numbered years. Session which begins in December of general election year runs into the following year (odd-numbered); second session begins in next even-numbered year. The second session is limited to budgetary matters; legislation in the governor’s call; emergency legislation; legislation referred to committee for study. (u) Statutory adjournment for the First Regular Session (beginning in December of even-numbered years and continuing into the following odd-numbered year) is the third Wednesday of June; statutory adjournment for the Second Regular Session (beginning in January of the subsequent even-numbered year) is the third Wednesday in April. The statutes provide for up to two extensions of up to five legislative days each for each session. (v) Legislative rules say formal business must be concluded by Nov. 15th of the 1st session in the biennium, or by July 31st of the 2nd session for the biennium. (w) Joint rules provide for the submission of a written statement requesting special session by a specified number of members of each chamber. (x) Special session is called by the governor. (y) 90 C sessions every year, except the first year of a gubernatorial administration during which the legislative session runs for 125 C. (z) 30 C if called by legislature; 60 C if called by governor. (aa) Legislature may determine the subject if it calls itself into special session. Special sessions are limited to 20 calendar days except in cases of impeachment of state and judicial officers or expulsion of a member of the Legislature. (bb) Limitation is on legislative pay and mileage. (cc) Or by joint call, presiding officers, both houses. (dd) Session officially begins on the first Wednesday following the first Monday of the new legislative term (commencing the first of the year), and lasts until the legislature completes its business and adjourns sine die. However, over the past several years, both houses have adopted the tactic of declaring a recess at the call of the leaders, in order to facilitate easy recall of the legislature to override vetoes, etc. Over time the custom has become to formally adjourn both houses just before the new session opens. This leads to the rather interesting convention that when the governor calls the legislature into session, it is considered “special” or “executive,” even though the regular session is ongoing.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions (continued) (ee) Legal provision for session in odd-numbered year; however, legislature may divide, and in practice has divided, to meet in even-numbered years as well. (ff) The Oregon Constitution establishes a maximum of 160 calendar days for an odd-year regular session and a maximum of 35 calendar days for an even-year regular session. Each regular session may be extended in five-day increments by the affirmative vote of two-thirds of the members of each house. (gg) Unless Monday is a legal holiday; in second year, the General Assembly convenes on the same date. (hh) Sessions are two years and begin on the 1st Tuesday of January of the odd-numbered year. Session ends on November 30 of the even-numbered year. Each calendar year receives its own legislative number. (ii) The regular session ends the first Thursday in June; it can be extended with a two-thirds majority vote. (jj) Legislators must address topic for which the special session was called. (kk) Each General Assembly convenes for a First and Second Regular Session over a two-year period. (ll) 90 legislative days over a two-year period. During special sessions members will be paid up to 30 legislative days; further days will be without pay or per diem. (mm) No limitation, but the convening of the new General Assembly following an election would by operation end the special session. (nn) The Legislature may call itself into Extraordinary Session on any subject by a majority vote of the organizing committees of each house, by joint resolution, or by a petition of a majority of each house. Only the governor may call a special session. (oo) Each Council period begins on January 2 of each odd-numbered year and ends on January 1 of the following odd-numbered year. (pp) Legislature meets on the first Monday of each month following its initial session in January. One legislative day or one special session day may become several calendar days. Special sessions may address only one subject.
(qq) 60 L before April 1 and 30 L after July 31. (rr) Legislature meets twice a year. During general election years, the legislature only convenes on the January session. (ss) The legislature convenes in January on the second Monday, March, June and September, the third Wednesday. (tt) The Constitution provides that the governor must call a special session upon “application” of 2/3 of the members of each house. (uu) Governor may call both houses of the legislature or the Senate alone into special session. Also, upon a 2/3 affirmative vote, the Senate may call itself into special session to consider judicial nominations. (vv) If the first Monday falls on New Years Day, the Legislature convenes on the first Wednesday. (ww) Majority of the total Legislature; i.e., 76 members of the combined 100-member House and 50-member Senate. (xx) Petition filed with Secretary of State signed by not less than 50 members of House (not more than 10 from the same county) and not less than eight members of the Senate. (yy) Constitutionally the sessions are convened biennially in the odd year. Since the late 1960s a second-year adjourned session has been held. Adjourned session date is legislatively set for a date during the first 10 days of January. (zz) Session may be extended by 3/5 vote Per s. 11.011, Florida Statutes, if 20 percent of the members of the Legislature certify in writing that conditions warrant convening a special session, the Department of State shall, within seven days after receiving the required number of certificates, poll the members. Upon affirmative vote of 3/5 of the members of both houses, the Department of State shall fix the day and hour for convening the special session. (aaa) Twenty legislative days if Legislature calls themselves. Unlimited if governor calls special session. (bbb) No formal limitation, but legislator per diems are limited by statute to 110 calendar days during odd-year sessions and 100 calendar days during even-year sessions.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 3 The Legislators: Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations: 2019 Senate State or other jurisdiction Democrats Republicans Other Vacancies State and territory 900 1,082 10 13 totals State totals 857 1,049 4 13 Alabama 8 27 … … Alaska 7 13 … … Arizona 13 17 … … Arkansas 9 26 … … California 28 10 … 2 Colorado 19 16 … … Connecticut 20 13 … 3 Delaware 12 9 … … Florida 17 23 … … Georgia 21 35 … … Hawaii 24 1 … … Idaho 7 28 … … Illinois 40 19 … … Indiana 10 40 … … Iowa 18 32 … … Kansas 11 28 1 (b) … Kentucky 9 28 … 1 Louisiana (r) 14 25 … … Maine 21 14 … … Maryland 32 15 … … Massachusetts 34 6 … … Michigan 16 22 … … Minnesota 32 (d) 34 … 1 Mississippi 19 33 … … Missouri 10 24 … … 30 … … Montana 20 Nebraska --------- Nonpartisan election --------… Nevada 13 8 … … New Hampshire 14 10 … … New Jersey 25 15 … … New Mexico 26 16 … … New York 40 23 … … North Carolina 21 28 … 1 North Dakota 10 37 … … Ohio 9 23 … 1 Oklahoma 9 39 … … Oregon 18 12 … … Pennsylvania 21 28 … 1 Rhode Island 33 5 … … South Carolina 19 26 … 1 South Dakota 5 30 … … Tennessee 5 26 1 (b) 1 Texas 12 19 … … Utah 6 23 … … Vermont 22 6 2 (r) … Virginia 19 21 … … Washington 28 20 … 1 West Virginia 14 20 … … Wisconsin 14 19 … … Wyoming 3 27 … … Dist. of Columbia (i) 11 0 2 (b) … American Samoa ------------------ Nonpartisan election -----------------Guam 10 5 … … CNMI** … 7 2 (b) … Puerto Rico 7 (m) 21(n) 2 (l) … U.S. Virgin Islands 15 … … … See footnotes at end of table
32 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Total
Term
2,072*
…
1,972* 35 20 30 35 40 35 36 21 40 56 25 35 59 50 50 40 38 39 35 47 40 38 67 52 34 50 49 21 24 40 42 63 50 47 33 48 30 50 38 46 35 33 31 29 30 40 49 34 33 (h) 30 13 18 (j) 15 9 30 (o) 15
… 4 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 (g) 4 2 4 2 (a) 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 (p) 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 (f) 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2
House/Assembly Democrats Republicans Other Vacancies 2,596
2,828
31
27
Total
Term
Senate and House/ Assembly totals
5,502
…
7,574*
2,580 2,779 25 27 5,411 … 28 77 … … 105 4 16 22 1 (k) 1 40 (k) 2 29 31 … … 60 2 24 76 … … 100 2 60 20 … … 80 2 41 24 … … 65 2 90 59 … 2 151 2 26 15 … … 41 2 46 72 … 2 120 2 75 103 … 2 180 2 46 5 … … 51 2 14 56 … … 70 2 72 44 … 2 118 2 33 67 … … 100 2 46 54 … … 100 2 40 85 … … 125 2 39 61 … … 100 2 36 59 3 (b) 7 105 4 88 57 6 (c) … 151 2 99 42 … … 141 4 127 32 1 (q) … 160 2 52 58 … … 110 2 (p) 75 (d) 59 … … 134 2 47 74 … … 122 4 47 115 … 1 163 2 42 58 … … 100 2 ----------------------------------------- Unicameral -----------------------------------------29 13 … … 42 2 233 167 … … 400 2 53 26 … 1 80 2 46 24 … … 70 2 106 43 1 (e) … 150 2 55 65 … … 120 2 15 79 … … 94 4 38 60 … 1 99 2 24 77 … … 101 2 38 22 … … 60 2 91 110 … 2 203 2 66 8 1 (b) … 75 2 44 79 … 1 124 2 11 59 … … 70 2 26 73 … … 99 2 67 83 … … 150 2 16 59 … … 75 2 94 42 12 (r) 2 150 2 48 51 … 1 100 2 57 41 … … 98 2 41 59 … … 100 2 35 63 … 1 99 (h) 2 9 51 … … 60 2 ----------------------------------------- Unicameral ----------------------------------------------------------- Nonpartisan election -----------------21 (j) 2 ----------------------------------------- Unicameral -----------------------------------------… 15 5 (b) … 20 2 16 (m) 34 (n) 1 (l) … 51 (o) 4 ----------------------------------------- Unicameral ------------------------------------------
7,383* 140 60 90 135 120 100 187 62 160 236 76 105 177 150 150 165 138 144 186 188 200 148 201 174 197 150 49 63 424 120 112 213 170 141 132 149 90 253 113 170 105 132 181 104 180 140 147 134 132 90 13 38 15 29 78 15
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 3 The Legislators: Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations: 2019 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, January 2019. *Note: Senate and combined body (Senate and House/Assembly) totals include Unicameral legislatures. **Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—Does not apply (a) The entire Senate comes up for election in every year ending in “2” with districts based on the latest decennial Census. Senate districts are divided into three groups. One group elects senators for terms of four years, four years and two years; the second group for terms of four years, two years and four years; the third group for terms of two years, four years, and four years. (b) Independent. (c) Five Independent and Common Sense Independent. (d) Democratic-Farmer-Labor. (e) Independence Party. (f) All 40 Senate terms are on a ten-year cycle which is made up of a 2-year term, followed by two consecutive four-year terms, beginning after the decennial census. (g) Some terms of 2 years occur during reapportionment.
(h) All House seats contested in even-numbered years; In the Senate 17 seats contested in gubernatorial years; 16 seats contested in presidential years. (i) Council of the District of Columbia. (j) Senate: senators are not elected by popular vote, but by county council chiefs. House: 21 seats; 20 are elected by popular vote and one appointed, non-voting delegate from Swains Island. (k) Non-affiliated. (l) Senate: 1 Independent and 1 Puerto Rican Independence Party. House: 1 Puerto Rican Independence Party. (m) Popular Democratic Party. (n) New Progressive Party. (o) Constitutionally, the Senate consists of 27 seats and the House consists of 51 seats. However, extra at-large seats can be granted to the opposition to limit any party’s control to 2/3. (p) If a person is elected or appointed to fill a vacancy for more than one-half of a term, it shall be counted as one of the 2 times. (q) Unenrolled. (r) Senate: 2 Progressive. House: 5 Independent and 7 Progressive.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 3
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
Table 3.3 | Legislative Partisan Control
Democrat (22, D.C. included) Republican (31) Split (0) Nonpartisan (2) New Progressive Party (1)
NEBRASKA IS THE ONLY STATE to have both a nonpartisan and unicameral legislature. It is also the smallest at 49 members.
Legislatures with highest percentage of Democrats HI 92.1%
RI 87.6%
MA 80.5%
CA 73.3%
MD 69.7%
ID 80.0%
UT 78.8%
Legislatures with highest percentage of Republicans WY 86.7%
SD 84.7%
34  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
ND 82.2%
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 4 Membership Turnover in the Legislatures: 2018 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Total number of members 35 20 30 35 40 35 36 21 40 56 25 35 59 50 50 40 38 39 35 47 40 38 67 52 34 50 49 21 24 40 42 63 50 47 33 48 30 50 38 46 35 33 31 29 30 40 49 34 33 30 13 18 15 9 30 15
Senate Number of membership changes 13 5 14 8 9 11 12 4 9 5 4 5 13 5 9 4 2 1 12 16 5 30 1 0 10 10 13 7 7 0 2 17 14 7 11 12 3 7 7 1 8 4 6 7 5 0 6 5 5 7 0 2 8 1 0 6
Percentage change of total 37 25 47 23 23 31 33 19 23 9 16 14 22 10 18 10 5 3 34 34 13 79 1 0 29 20 27 33 29 0 5 27 28 15 33 25 10 14 18 2 23 12 19 24 17 0 12 15 15 23 0 11 53 11 0 40
House/Assembly Total number Number of Percentage change of members membership changes of total 105 29 28 40 12 30 60 25 42 100 25 25 80 8 10 65 24 37 151 32 21 41 12 29 120 44 37 180 35 19 51 9 18 70 21 30 118 31 26 100 18 18 100 22 22 125 30 24 100 33 33 105 3 3 151 54 36 141 43 30 160 25 16 110 46 42 134 39 29 122 2 2 163 62 38 100 32 32 ------------------------------------------------ Unicameral ----------------------------------------------42 12 29 400 166 42 80 1 1 70 19 27 150 19 13 120 27 23 94 12 13 99 36 36 101 47 47 60 11 18 203 44 22 75 15 20 124 19 15 70 25 36 99 28 28 150 29 19 75 19 25 150 39 26 100 2 2 98 22 22 100 35 35 99 16 16 60 11 18 ------------------------------------------------ Unicameral ----------------------------------------------20 8 40 ------------------------------------------------ Unicameral ----------------------------------------------18 5 28 51 0 0 ------------------------------------------------ Unicameral -----------------------------------------------
Source: The Council of State Governments, January 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  3 5
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 5 Legislators: Qualifications for Election State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Minimum age 21 21 25 21 18 25 21 24 21 21 18 21 21 21 21 18 24 18 21 21 18 21 21 21 24 18 U 21 18 21 21 18 21 18 18 21 21 21 18 21 21 21 21 25 … 21 18 18 18 21 U 25 U 21 25 U
U.S. citizen (years) (a) … ★ ★ ★ 3 ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 5 … … ★ … … ★ … U ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 1 ★ ★ U ★(l) U … ★ U
See footnotes at end of table
36 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
House/Assembly State resident (years) (b) 3 (c) 3 3 2 3 1 ★ 3 2 2 (c) 3 1 2 2 1 ★(c) 2 (c) 2 1 1 (c) … ★ 1 4 (c) ★ 1 U 1 (c) 2 (c) 2 (c) ★ 5 … 1 30 days ★(c) … 4 (c) 30 days … 2 (c) 2 3 (c) 2 ★ … 1 (c) 1 ★(c) U 5 U 3 2 U
District resident (years) 1 1 1 1 1 1 ★ 1 … … ★ … 2 (d) 1 60 days ★ 1 1 3 mo. 6 mo. (e) 1 (f) 6 mo. 2 1 6 mo. (g) U 30 days (h) ★ 2 ★ 1 (i) 1 30 days in precinct 1 (o) ★ 1 1 … ★(j) … 1 1 6 mo. 1 1 … … ★(k) 1 U 1 U (f) 1 (n) U
Qualified voter (years) ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ … … … … … ★ … … … ★ ★ … … ★ 2 … U ★ … … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ … ★(k) … U … U ★ … U
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 5 Legislators: Qualifications for Election (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Minimum age 25 25 25 25 18 25 21 27 21 25 18 21 21 25 25 18 30 18 25 25 18 21 21 25 30 18 21 21 30 30 25 18 25 18 18 25 21 25 18 21 21 30 26 25 … 21 18 25 18 25 18 30 (m) 25 25 30 21
U.S. citizen (years) (a) … ★ ★ ★ 3 ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ 2 ★ ★ ★ ★ 5 … … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 5 ★ ★ … ★(l) ★ … ★ …
Senate State resident (years) (b) 3 (c) 3 3 2 3 1 ★ 3 (c) 2 2 (c) 3 1 2 2 1 ★(c) 6 (c) 2 1 1 (c) 5 ★ 1 4 (c) ★ 1 ★(c) 1 (c) 7 (c) 2 (c) ★ 5 2 1 30 days ★(c) ★ 4 (c) 30 days … 2 3 5 3 (c) 2 ★ … 5 (c) 1 ★(c) 1 5 5 5 2 3 (c)
District resident (years) 1 1 1 1 1 1 ★ 1 … … ★ … 2 (d) 1 60 days ★ 1 1 3 mo. 6 mo. (e) (j) (f) 6 mo. 2 1 6 mo. (g) 1 30 days (h) ★ (j) ★ 1 (i) 1 30 days in precinct 1 (o) ★ 1 1 … ★(j) … 1 1 6 mo. 1 1 … … ★(k) 1 ★ 1 … (f) 1 (n) 3
Qualified voter (years) ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … … … ★ … … … ★ ★ … … ★ 3 … … ★ … … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ … ★(k) … ★ … ★ ★ … ★
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 7
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 5 Legislators: Qualifications for Election (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey, January 2019 and state websites 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Many state constitutions have additional provisions disqualifying persons from holding office if they are convicted of a felony, bribery, perjury or other infamous crimes. Key: U—Unicameral legislature; members are called senators, except in District of Columbia. ★—Formal provision; number of years not specified. …—No formal provision. (a) In some states candidate must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (b) In some states candidate must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (c) State citizenship requirement. In Tennessee, must be a citizen for three years. (d) In the first election after a redistricting, a candidate may be elected from any district that contains a part of the district in which (s)he resided at the time of redistricting, and may be re-elected if a resident of the district (s)he represents for 18 months before re-election.
38 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(e) If the district was established for less than six months, residency is length of establishment of district. (f) Must be a qualified voter of the district; number of years not specified. (g) Shall be a resident of the county if it contains one or more districts or if the district contains all or parts of more than one county. (h) 30 days prior to close of filing for declaration of candidacy. (i) After redistricting, candidate must have been a resident of the county in which the district is contained for one year immediately preceding election. (j) At the time of filing. (k) Twenty-eight days prior to election. (l) Or U.S. national. (m) Must be registered matai. (n) The district legislator must live in the municipality he/she represents. (o) One year unless absent from the district on the public business of the United States or Ohio.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 6 Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection State or other jurisdiction Alabama (b) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida (mm) Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky (i) Louisiana Maine (ll) Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (q) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (d) Montana Nebraska (U)(g) Nevada (s) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (u) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (w)(x) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (y) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington (cc) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia (U) American Samoa Guam (U)(gg) CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (U)
President (a) ES ES (a) (a) ES (a) (a) EC/ES (a) ES (a) ES (a) ES ES ES ES ES ES EC (a) ES (a) (a) ES (a) (a) ES ES (a) (a) (a) (a) ES (x) (a) ES ES ES (a) (a) ES (a) ES (a) (a) (a) ES ES (dd) ES (ee) ES ES (r) ES (hh) ES (p) ES
President pro tem ES … AP ES ES ES ES (oo) ES ES ES ES (e) ES AP ES ES ES (e) ES ES ES ES … ES ES ES ES ES ES (r) ES AP ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES ES AP ES AL (z) ES ES ES AP ES ES (e) (ff) ES ES (e) … EC …
Majority leader (b) EC EC EC EC EC EC (pp) EC AP EC EC EC AP … EC EC … … EC AP (n) AP EC EC … … EC … … AP MA EC (t) (v) EC EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … EC EC EC (bb) EC AP EC … … … EC (hh) EC ES
Assistant majority leader … … … … … EC AT (qq) … AL … … EC AP … EC EC … … EC AP (n) AP EC EC … … … … … … MA … AT (v) … EC … EC EC EC AL … EC … … … EC … EC … EC … … … EC … … …
Majority floor leader … … … … … … … … … … EC … … AT … … EC … (j) (n) … EC … … EC EC (j) … EC … MA EC (t) AT (v) … … ES EC … EC … … … EC … … EC (aa) EC (bb) EC … … EC … … EC ES (ii) EC (jj) …
Assistant majority floor leader … … … … … … … … … … … … … AT … … … … (j) (n) … EC … … EC … … EC … MA … … … … … EC … EC … … … EC … EC (z) EC (aa) … EC … … … … … EC … … …
Majority whip … EC EC EC EC EC … EC … EC EC … AP AT EC EC EC … (k) AP … EC AL … EC EC … EC (s) … MA EC AT EC … ES EC EC EC AL … EC … … EC EC (aa) … EC AP … … … … EC … … …
Majority caucus chair … EC … … EC EC … … … EC EC (f) EC AP EC … EC EC … … … (p) EC … … EC … … … … MA EC AT (v) EC EC … EC … EC … … … EC … … EC (aa) EC EC … EC … … … … … (kk) ES
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 9
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 6 Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama (b) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida (mm) Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky (i) Louisiana Maine (ll) Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (q) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (d) Montana Nebraska (U)(g) Nevada (s) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (u) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (w)(x) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (y) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington (cc) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia (U) American Samoa Guam (U)(gg) CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (U)
Minority leader (b) EC EC EC EC EC EC (rr) EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … … EC EC (o) EC EC EC … … EC … … EC MI EC (t) EC (v) EC EC ES (x) EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC … … … EC EC EC (p) ES
Assistant minority leader … … EC … … EC AL (ss) … EC … … EC AL … EC EC … … EC … … EC EC … … … … … … MI … AL (v) … EC ES EC EC EC AL … EC … … … EC … EC … EC … … … EC … … …
See footnotes at end of table
40 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Minority floor leader … … … … … … … … … … EC … … EC … … EC … (l) (o) … EC … … EC EC (l) … EC … MI EC (t) AL (v) … … … EC … EC … … … EC … … EC (aa) EC EC … … EC … … EC … EC (jj) …
Assistant minority floor leader … … … … … … … … … … … … … (h) … … … … (l) … … EC … … EC … … EC … MI … AL (v) … … … EC … EC … … … … … EC (z) EC (aa) … EC … … … … … EC … … …
Minority whip … EC EC EC EC EC AL (c) EC AL EC … … AL (h) EC EC EC … (m) EC … EC EC … EC EC … EC AL MI EC AL (v) EC … ES EC EC EC AL … EC … … EC EC (aa) … EC AL … EC … … EC … … …
Minority caucus chair … EC … … EC EC … EC AL EC … EC AL EC … EC … … … … (p) EC … … EC … … (nn) … MI EC AL (v) EC EC … EC … EC … … … EC … EC (z) EC (aa) EC EC … EC EC … … … … (p) ES
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 6 Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 2019 and state websites 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: In some states, the leadership positions in the Senate are not empowered by the law or by the rules of the chamber, but rather by the party members themselves. Key: ES—Elected or confirmed by all members of the Senate. EC—Elected by party caucus. AP—Appointed by president. AT—Appointed by president pro tempore. AL—Appointed by party leader. MA—Elected by majority party. MI—Elected by minority party. (U)—Unicameral legislative body. …—Position does not exist or is not selected on a regular basis. (a) Lieutenant governor is president of the Senate by virtue of the office. Idaho—(Idaho Const. art.IV, § 13, Senate Rule 1.) (b) Majority leader elected by the members of the majority party. Minority leader elected by members of the minority party. Additional leadership positions: deputy president pro tempore— appointed by Committee on Assignments and Dean of Senate— appointed by Committee on Assignments. (c) Evenly split—Senate Republican caucus has 3 Senate Republican Majority Whips. (d) Additional positions of minority caucus secretary (EC) and majority caucus secretary (EC). (e) Official title is vice president. In Guam, vice speaker. (f) Official title is majority caucus leader. (g) Additional positions appointed by the majority leader: Senate Finance Committee chair, vice president pro tem, Majority Program Development Committee Chair, Majority Steering Committee chair, two assistant majority leaders, various deputies and assistants. Additional positions appoint by the minority leader: Senate Finance Committee ranking member, Minority Policy Committee chair, Minority Program Development chair, three additional minority leaders, various deputies and assistants. (h) Appointed by minority leader. (i) In each chamber, the membership elects chief clerk; assistant clerk; enrolling clerk; sergeant-at-arms; doorkeeper; janitor; cloakroom keeper; and pages. (j) Same position as majority leader. (k) Same position as assistant majority leader. (l) Same position as minority leader. (m) Same position as assistant minority leader. (n) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; deputy majority leader is official title and serves as assistant majority floor leader. There is also an assistant deputy majority leader, a majority whip, deputy majority whip, and two assistant majority whips. (o) Minority leader also serves as the minority floor leader. (p) President and minority floor leader are also caucus chairs. In Puerto Rico, president and minority leader. In Oregon, majority leader and minority leader. (q) Senate Rule 1.104 provides that the president pro tempore (ES), assistant president pro tempore (ES), and the associate president pro tempore (ES) are elected by a majority of the Senate.
(r) Official title is speaker. In Guam the Speaker is elected on the Floor by majority and minority members on Inauguration Day. (s) Co-whips elected for 2017 session. (t) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader. Minority leader also serves as minority floor leader. (u) Majority, appointed by president pro tem: Assistant majority leader on conference operations, Deputy majority whip, Assistant Senate majority whip, Deputy majority leader for policy, et al. Minority, appointed by minority leader: Assistant democratic conference leader for conference operations, Vice chair of democratic conference, Deputy democratic conference whip, Assistant democratic conference whip, et al. (v) President pro tem is also majority leader. Assistant majority leader is called deputy majority leader for legislative operations. Majority floor leader is called assistant majority leader for house operations. Majority caucus chair called Senate majority caucus chair. Minority leader is called democratic conference leader, and independent democratic conference leader (i.e. two minority conferences); voting usually falls along conference lines. Assistant minority leader is called deputy democratic conference leader and deputy independent democratic conference leader. Minority floor leader is called assistant democratic leader for floor operations. Assistant minority floor leader is called deputy democratic conference floor leader. Minority whip is called democratic conference whip, and independent democratic conference whip. Minority caucus chair is called chair of democratic conference. (w) While the entire membership actually votes on the election of leaders, selections generally have been made by the members of each party prior to the date of this formal election. (x) In Ohio president acts as majority leader and caucus chair; minority leader also acts as minority caucus chair; the fourth ranking minority leadership position is assistant minority whip (ES). (y) Additional positions include deputy president pro tempore. (z) President pro tem appointed by party leader via Legislative Rules, SR1-3-103. Official title for majority floor leader is known as the assistant majority whip; the assistant minority floor leader is known as the assistant minority whip and the minority caucus chair is known as minority caucus manager. (aa) Majority leader serves as majority floor leader and majority caucus chair. Assistant majority leader serves as assistant majority floor leader and majority whip. Minority leader serves as minority floor leader and minority caucus chair. Assistant minority leader serves as assistant minority floor leader and minority whip. (bb) Majority party and Minority party in Senate elects caucus officers. (cc) Washington Senate also has the leadership position of vicepresident pro tem. (dd) Caucus nominee elected by whole membership. (ee) Chair of the Council, which is an elected position. (ff) Appointed by the chair; official title is chair pro tem. (gg) Additional positions include: Parliamentarian, elected by majority caucus and Senior Senator, elected by majority caucus. (hh) Speaker also serves as majority leader. (ii) Official title is floor leader. (jj) Official title is alternate floor leader. (kk) Official title is caucus chair. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 1
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 6 Senate Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) (ll) Secretary of the Senate and Assistant Secretary of the Senate, both elected by the Senate membership. (mm) All positions other than president, president pro tempore and majority leader are party caucus designations. (nn) Co-Minority Caucus Coordinators elected by party caucus. (oo) Evenly split—Senate held by Democratic senator. (pp) Evenly split—Senate Democratic caucus elects Majority Leader. (qq) Evenly split—Senate Democratic caucus has 1 Chief Deputy
42 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
President Pro Tempore, 8 Deputy Presidents Pro Tempore and 7 Deputy Majority Leaders. (rr) Evenly split—Senate Republican caucus elects Senate Republican President Pro Tempore. (ss) Evenly split—Senate Republican caucus has 1 Deputy Senate Republican President Pro Tempore, 3 Chief Deputy Senate Republican Majority Leaders, 3 Deputy Senate Republican Majority Leaders and 7 Assistant Senate Republican Majority Leaders.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 7 House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (c) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas (f) Kentucky (g) Louisiana Maine (bb) Maryland (cc) Massachusetts Michigan (n) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (ff) Montana Nebraska Nevada (gg) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (p) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (r) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia (u) Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Speaker Majority Assistant Majority Assistant majority Majority Majority Speaker pro tem leader majority leader floor leader floor leader whip caucus chair EH EH EC … … … … … EH … EC … … … EC EC EH AS EC … … … EC … EH AS EC … … … EC … EH AS … … AS AS AS EC EH AS EC EC … … EC EC EH AS (b) EC (b) … AS AS (b) AS (b) EH (hh) EC … … … EC … EH EH AS AS (ee) … … AS (ee) … EH EH EC … … … EC EC EH EH (d) EC EC EC EC EC … EH … EC EC … … … EC EH … AS AS (e) … … … AS (e) EH AL EC AL AL AL AL AL EH EH EC EC … … EC … EH EH EC EC … … EC EC EH EH … … EC … EC EC EH EH … … … … … … EH AS (h) EC (h) EC (h) (h) (h) (h) … EH EH (i) AS (j) AS (j) (j) AS AS (k) EC … AS AS … … … … EH EH … … EC EC EC EC EH AS EC EC … … EC … EH EH … … … … … … EH EH … … EC EC EC EC EH EH … … … … EC … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EH EH … … EC EC EC … EH AS (d) AS AS (dd) … … AS … EH EH MA MA MA MA MA MA EH … EC … EC (m) … EC EC EH AS AS AS (p) … AS AS (q) EH EH EC … … … EC EC EH … EC EC … … … EC EH (k) EH … … EH EH EH … EH EH AS AS AS AS AS EC EH EH EC EC … … EC … EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC EH EH EC AL … … AL … EH EH EC … … … … … EH EH EC EC … … EC … EH EH EC EC EC … EC EC … … … … EH AS … … EH AS EC EC (s) … … EC … EH … EC EC (t) (t) (t) (t) EH … EC (v) … EC (v) … EC EC EH EH EC EC EC EC EC EC EH AS AS AS … … AS AS EH (x) EH (x) EC EC … … … EC EH EH … … EC … EC … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EH EH (d) … … … … … … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EH (y) … (y) … EH (z) … … … EH (k) EH (d) EC … EC (aa) … … … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 3
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 7 House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (c) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas (f) Kentucky (g) Louisiana Maine (bb) Maryland (cc) Massachusetts Michigan (n) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri (ff) Montana Nebraska Nevada (gg) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (p) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (r) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia (u) Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Minority Assistant Minority Assistant minority Minority Minority leader minority leader floor leader floor leader whip caucus chair EC … … … … … EC … … … EC EC EC EC … EC EC … EC … … … EC … EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC … … EC EC EC AL (b) … … AL (b) AL (b) EC … … … EC … EC EC (ee) AL … AL (ee) AL (ee) EC … … … EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … EC EC … … … EC EC (e) … … … AL (e) EC AL EC AL AL AL EC EC … … … … EC EC … … EC EC … … EC … EC EC … … … … … … EC (h) EC (h) (h) (h) (h) … EC (l) EC EC (l) EC (l) EH (k) EC AL … … … … EC EC EC EC EC EC EC AL … … … … … … … … … … … … EC EC EC EC EC … … … EC … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … EC EC EC … AS AL (dd) … … … … MI MI MI MI MI MI EC … EC (m) … EC EC EH AL … … AL AL (q) EC … … … EC EC EC EC … … … EC EH (k) EH … … EH … EC … AL AL AL EC EC EC … … EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC EC AL … … AL … EC … … … … … EC EC … … EC … EC EC EC EC EC EC … … … … … … EC … … EC (s) EC EC (s) EC EC (t) (t) (t) (t) EC (w) … EC (w) … AL EC EC EC EC EC EC EC EC … … … … … EC EC … … … EC … … EC … EC EC --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … … … … … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EC … … … … … EC (k) … EC … … (k) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (o) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes at end of table
44 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 7 House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 2019 and state websites 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: In some states, the leadership positions in the House are not empowered by the law or by the rules of the chamber, but rather by the party members themselves. Key: EH—Elected or confirmed by all members of the House. EC—Elected by party caucus. AS—Appointed by speaker. AL—Appointed by party leader. MA—Elected by majority party. MI—Elected by minority party. …—Position does not exist or is not selected on a regular basis. (a) Additional positions include deputy majority whip (EC) and assistant majority caucus chair (EC). (b) Speaker pro tem—1 Deputy Speaker Pro Tempore, 8 Deputy Speakers and 3 Assistant Deputy Speakers. Assistant majority leader—Majority leader appoints 7 Deputy Majority Leaders; Speaker appoints 12 Assistant Minority Leaders( in consultation with Majority Leader). Majority Whip—1 Chief Majority Whip, 1 Majority Whip At-Large, 1 Deputy Majority Whip At-Large and 6 Assistant Majority Whips (in consultation with Majority Leader). Majority caucus chair—selected in consultation with Majority Leader. Assistant Minority Leader—1 Deputy Minority Leader, 3 Deputy Minority Leaders At-Large and 12 Assistant Minority Leaders. Minority Whip—1 Chief Minority Whip, 2 Senior Minority Whips and 7 Minority Whips. Minority Caucus Chair—1 Minority Caucus Chair and 1 Deputy Minority Caucus Chair. (c) Other positions in Hawaii include speaker emeritus, majority policy leader (EC) and minority leader emeritus. (d) Official title is deputy speaker. In Hawaii, American Samoa and Puerto Rico, vice speaker. (e) Assistant Majority Leader, Majority Caucus Chair, Minority Caucus Chair—The two deputy majority leaders appointed by the speaker are among eight assistant majority leaders; and the two deputy Republican (minority) leaders appointed by the Republican (minority) leader are among the eight assistant leaders. (The term “Minority” is in the state Constitution, but has not been recently used by the leadership of the Republican (minority) party). (f) Additional positions include minority agenda chair (EC) and minority policy chair (EC). (g) In each chamber , the membership elects chief clerk; assistant chief clerk; enrolling clerk; sergeant-at-arms; doorkeeper; janitor; cloakroom keeper; and pages. (h) Speaker pro tem each occurrence. Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; assistant majority leader also serves as assistant majority floor leader and majority whip; minority leader also serves as minority floor leader; assistant minority leader also serves as assistant minority floor leader and minority whip. (i) There is also a deputy speaker pro tem. (j) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader. Official title of assistant majority leader is deputy majority leader. There are also an assistant majority floor leader, majority whip, chief deputy majority whips, and deputy majority whips.
(k) Speaker and minority leader are also caucus chairs. (l) Minority leader also serves as the minority floor leader. There are also a minority whip, assistant minority leader, a chief deputy minority whip, an assistant minority whip, and several deputy minority whips. (m) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; minority leader also serves as minority floor leader. (n) Other positions include: two associate speakers pro tempore (EH); majority caucus chair (EC); assistant majority whip (EC); assistant associate minority floor leader (EC); minority assistant caucus chair (EC); assistant minority whip (EC). (o) Unicameral legislature; see entries in Table 3.6, “Senate Leadership Positions—Methods of Selection.” (p) Majority floor leader duties assumed by majority leader. Additional majority positions appointed by the speaker: deputy speaker, assistant speaker, deputy majority leader, deputy majority whip, assistant majority whip Steering Committee chair, various deputies and assistants. Minority leader voting along conference lines, the member with the second highest number of votes; minority floor leader duties are assumed by minority leader pro tem. Additional minority positions appointed by the minority leader: deputy minority leader, assistant minority leader, deputy minority whip, assistant minority whip, various deputies and assistants. (q) Official titles: the majority caucus chair is majority conference chair; minority caucus chair is minority conference chair. (r) While the entire membership actually votes on the election of leaders, selections generally have been made by the members of each party prior to the date of this formal election. Additional positions include assistant majority whip, the 6th ranking majority leadership position (EH) and assistant minority whip, the 4th ranking minority leadership position (EH). (s) Assistant majority leader is known as majority assistant whip; assistant minority floor leader known as minority assistant whip; minority caucus chair known as minority caucus manager. (t) Majority leader also serves as majority floor leader; assistant majority leader also serves as assistant majority floor leader and majority whip; minority leader also serves as minority floor leader; assistant minority leader also serves as assistant minority floor leader and minority whip. (u) The majority caucus also has a secretary, who is appointed by the speaker; the minority caucus has 2 vice-chairs, 1 vice-chair/treasurer and an interim sergeant-at-arms. (v) The title of majority leader is not used in Virginia; the title is majority floor leader. (w) The title of minority leader is not used in Virginia; the title is minority floor leader. (x) Caucus nominee elected by whole membership. (y) Speaker also serves as majority leader. (z) Official title is floor leader. (aa) Official title is alternate floor leader. (bb) Clerk of the House and Assistant Clerk of the House, both elected by the House leadership. (cc) There is a parliamentarian for the majority appointed by the Speaker and a minority parliamentarian elected by the minority party caucus. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 5
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 7 House/Assembly Leadership Positions: Methods of Selection (continued) (dd) Assistant majority leader official title is deputy majority leader. Assistant minority leader official title is deputy minority leader. Additional position is deputy majority whip (AS). (ee) The position of assistant majority leader is known as deputy majority leader. In addition to a majority whip, deputy whips are also appointed by the speaker. The position of assistant minority leader is known as minority leader pro tem. In addition to a minority whip, deputy whips are appointed by the party leader. There is no minority caucus chair—instead there is a policy chair.
46  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(ff) Additional positions of minority and majority caucus secretaries (EC). (gg) Co-assistant leaders, called deputy minority floor leaders, elected for 2017 session and two minority whips elected for the 2017 session; a chief deputy majority whip and 2 assistant majority whips elected for 2017 session. (hh) The most Senior member of the Majority Party.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 8 Method of Setting Legislative Compensation State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Method Constitutional Amendment 57 Compensation Commission; Alaska Stat. §24.10.100 , §24.10.101; §39.23.200 thru 39.23.260 Compensation Commission Send to a Public Vote Arizona Revised Statutes 41-1103 and 41-1904 Amendment 70, Ark. Stat. Ann. §10-2-212 et seq. State Constitution - Art. III, §8, which establishes a compensation commission. Colorado Stat. 2-2-307 (1) Conn. Gen. Stat. Ann. §2-9a ; The General Assembly takes independent action pursuant to recommendations of a compensation commission. Del. Code Ann. Title 29, §710 et seq.; §§3301-3304; Are implemented automatically if not rejected by resolution. Florida Statutes §11.13(1); statute provides members same percentage increase as state employees Ga. Code Ann. §45-7-4 and §28-1-8 Hawaii State Constitution Article XVI §3.5; Legislative Salary Commission recommendations take effect unless rejected by concurrent resolution Idaho Code 67-406a and 406b; Citizen’s Committee on Legislative Compensation makes recommendations that the legislature can reduce or reject, but not increase 25 ILCS 120-Compensation Review Act and 25 ILCS 115-General Assembly Compensation Act IC 2-3-1-1: An amount equal to 18% of the annual salary of a judge under IC 33-38-5-6, as adjusted under IC 33-38-5-8.1. Iowa Code Ann. §2.10; Iowa Code Ann. §2A.1 thru 2A.5 Kan. Stat. Ann. §46-137a et seq.; §75-3212 Kentucky Rev. Stat. Ann. §6.226-229. The Kentucky committee has not met since 1995; the most recent pay raise was initiated and passed by the General Assembly. La. Rev. Stat. 24:31 & 31.1 Maine Constitution Article IV, part third, §7 and 3 MRSA, §2 and 2-A. Increase in compensation is presented to the legislature as legislation; the legislature must enact and the governor must sign into law. Takes effect only for subsequent legislatures. Article III, §15. Commission meets before each four-year term of office and presents recommendations to the General Assembly for action. Recommendations may be reduced or rejected. Massachusetts Gen. Laws Ann. ch. 3, §§9, 10. In 1998, the voters passed a legislative referendum that, starting with the 2001 session, members will receive an automatic increase or decrease according to the median household income for the commonwealth for the following two-year period. Article IV §12. Compensation Commission recommends legislature by majority vote; must approve or reduce for change to be effective for the session immediately following the next general election. Minn. Stat. Ann §3.099 et seq.; §15A.082; The Council submits salary recommendations to the presiding officers by May 1 in odd numbered years. Miss. Code Ann. 5-1-41 Art. III, §§16, 34; Mo. Ann. Stat. §21.140; Recommendations are adjusted by legislature or governor if necessary. Mont. Laws 5-2-301; Tied to executive broadband pay plan. Neb. Const. Art. III, §7; Neb. Rev. Stat. 50-123.01 §218.210–§218.225 Art. XV, part second Article IV Sec. IV 7, 8; NJSA 52:10A-1; NJSA 52:14-15.111–114 Art. IV. §10 ; 2-1-8 NMSA Constitution - Art. 3, §6 ; Consolidated Laws of NY - Legislative Law, Section 5. N.C.G.S. 120-3 NDCC 54-03-10 and 54-03-20 Art. II, §31; Ohio Rev. Code Ann. title 1 ch. 101.27 thru 101.272 Okla. Stat. Ann. title 74, §291 et seq.; Art V, §21; Title 74, §291.2 et seq.; Legislative Compensation Board Or. Rev. Stat. §171.072 Pa. Cons. Stat. Ann. 46 PS §5; 65 PS §366.1 et seq.; Legislators receive annual cost of living increase that is tied to the Consumer Price Index. Art. VI, §3 S.C. Code Ann. 2-3-20 and the annual General Appropriations Act Art. III, §6 and Art. XXI, §2; S.D. Codified Laws Ann. §20402 et seq. Art. II, §23; Tenn. Code Ann. §3-1-106 et seq. Art. III, §24; In 1991, a constitutional amendment was approved by voters to allow Ethics Commission to recommend the salaries of members. Any recommendations must be approved by voters to be effective. The provision has yet to be used. Art. VI, §9; Utah Code Ann. §36-2-2, et seq. Vt. Stat. Ann. title 32, §1051 and §1052 Art. IV, §5; Va. Code Ann. §30-19.11 thru §30-19.14 Article II §§23 and 43.03.060, Washington Rev. Code Ann. §43.03.028. The salary commission sets salaries of the legislature and other state officials based on market study and input from citizens. Art. 6, §33; W. Va. Code §4-2A-1 et seq.; Submits by resolution and must be concurred by at least four members of the commission. The Legislature must enact the resolution into law and may reduce, but shall not increase, any item established in such resolution. Wisconsin Statutes §§20.923 and 230.12, created by Chapter 90, Laws of 1973, and amended by 1983 Wisconsin Acts 27 and 33. Generally, compensation is determined as part of the state compensation plan for non-represented employees and is approved by vote of the joint committee on employment relations. Wyo. Stat. §28-5-101 thru §28-5-105
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures 2016.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 7
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 9 Legislative Compensation and Living Expense Allowances During Sessions, 2019
State Alabama Alaska
Salaries Regular sessions Limit Per diem salary on days … … … …
Annual salary $48,123 $50,400
Mileage cents per mile 58/mile 58/mile.
Arizona
…
…
$24,000
58/mile.
Arkansas
…
…
$41,394
58/mile.
California
…
…
53/mile.
Colorado
…
…
Connecticut Delaware Florida
… … …
… … …
$110,459 $40,242 for members whose tems commmence Jan. 2019; $30,000 for members whose term began prior to Jan. 2019 $28,000 $46,291 $29,697
Georgia
…
…
$17,342
Hawaii
…
…
$62,604
Idaho
…
…
$17,879
Illinois
…
…
$65,836
Indiana
…
…
$26,490
Iowa Kansas Kentucky
… $88.66/d (C) $188.22/d
… … …
Louisiana
…
…
$25,000 … … "$16,800 Senate; $22,800 House"
52/mile.
58/mile. 40/mile. 44.5/mile. 58/mile. Tied to federal rate. (a) 58/mile. One roundtrip per week. 39/mile 58/mile. Tied to federal rate. 39/mile. 58/mile. 58/mile. 58/mile.
Session per diem rate Up to $100/d depending on length of trip. $322/d. $35/day for the first 120 days of the regular session and for special sessions and $10/day thereafter. Members residing outside Maricopa County receive an additional $25/day for the first 120 days of the regular session and for special sessions and an additional $10/day thereafter. Set by statute. Current per diem rate for legislators who live more than 50 miles from the Capitol in Little Rock is $149. Members who live within 50 miles of the Capitol are eligible to receive a reduced per diem (meals and incidentals, no lodging) of $55. Per diem rates are based on amounts published by the federal General Services Administration. $201/d for each day in session.
Up to $171 for members who live more than 50 miles from the capitol; $45/d for members who live 50 or fewer miles from the capitol. Set by the legislature.
No per diem is paid. No per diem is paid. $163/d based on the number of days in Tallahassee (V). $173/d (U). Set by the Legislative Services Committee. $225/d throughout session for members who do not reside on the island of Oahu; $10/d for members living on Oahu during the mandatory five-day recess only. $139/d for members whose primary residence is over 50 miles from the statehouse; $55/d for members whose primary residence is less than 50 miles from the statehouse. (U) $111/session day. $181/d (U). $169/d; $126.75/d for Polk County legislators (U). $149/d. Tied to federal rate. $163.90/d. $161/d (U). Tied to federal rate. $38/d lodging (or mileage and tolls up to $38/d in lieu of housing). $32/d meals. Set by statute. $47/d meals. $109/d lodging. No per diem is paid.
Maine
…
…
$10,131
44/mile.
Maryland Massachusetts
… …
… …
$50,330 $66,257
Michigan
…
…
$71,685
Minnesota
…
…
$45,000
Mississippi Missouri
… …
… …
$23,500 $35,915
$92.46 (L)
…
…
58/mile. (b) 58/mile. One roundtrip per week. 58/mile. One roundtrip per week. 58/mile. 37.5/mile. 58/mile. Tied to federal rate. 58/mile. Tied to federal rate.
$149/d for members residing 50 miles or more from the capitol; $55/d for members residing within 50 miles.
Montana Nebraska
…
$150.71/d for members elected in 2016; $159.89/d Nevada for members elected in 2018 New Hampshire … New Jersey …
$10,800/y expense allowance for session and interim (V). Set by the compensation commission. $86/d for senators; $66/d for representatives. $149/day (U). Tied to federal rate. $119/d $120.11/d
…
$12,000
Up to 60 days.
…
(c)
$149/d.
$200/2-y term. $49,000
(d) None 58/mile. Tied to federal rate. 58/mile. Tied to federal rate.
No per diem is paid. No per diem is paid.
…
New Mexico
…
…
…
New York
…
…
$110,000
See footnotes at end of table
48 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
$161/d (Jan 15 - Feb. 28), $184/d (Mar. 1 - Mar. 16) $174/d (including overnight) or $61/d (no overnight).
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 9 Legislative Compensation and Living Expense Allowances During Sessions, 2019 (continued)
State North Carolina
Salaries Regular sessions Limit Per diem salary on days …
North Dakota
$11,379
Mileage cents per mile 29/mile. One roundtrip per week. 54/mile. One roundtrip per week. Tied to federal rate. 52/mile. (e) 58/mile. Tied to federal rate. 58/mile. 58/mile. Tied to federal rate. 54.5/mile. 58/mile. One trip per week. (f)
$24,316
47/mile.
$221/d. Set by ethics commission.
Annual salary
…
$13,951
…
$495/month
Ohio
…
…
$63,007
Oklahoma
…
…
$35,021
Oregon
…
…
$31,200
Pennsylvania
…
…
$88,610
Rhode Island
…
…
$15,959
South Carolina
…
…
$10,400
…
…
South Dakota Tennessee
Session per diem rate $104/d (U). Set by statute.
$177/d. No per diem is paid. $156/d (U). Tied to federal rate. $149/d. $177/d. Tied to federal rate. No per diem is paid. $170/d. Tied to federal rate. $149/d (L) (U). $240/d for members residing greater than 50 miles from capitol; $61/d for members residing 50 miles or less.
Texas
…
…
$7,200
58/mile. $1.26/ mile for single, twin and turbo engine airplanes. Set by general appropriations bill.
Utah
$285/d (C)
…
…
54/mile.
Up to $100 plus tax/d for members that live more than 100 miles round trip from the capitol.
Vermont
…
…
58/mile. Tied to federal rate.
$126/d lodging (including overnight) or $66/d (no overnight).
Virginia
…
…
58/mile.
$213/d.
Washington
…
…
58/mile.
$120/d.
West Virginia
…
…
$733.04/w during session. $18,000/y Senate; $17,640/y House. $48,731/y; increases to $52,766/y eff. 7/1/2019. $20,000
48.5/mile.
Wisconsin
…
…
$52,999
51/mile. One roundtrip per week.
Wyoming
$150/d
…
…
58/mile.
$131/d (U). Set by compensation commission. "Senate - $115/d Assembly - up to $162/d (including overnight) or up to $81/d (no overnight). Dane County members are authorized up to to $81/d. The maximum number of days per year that per diem can be claimed is 153 days. " $109/d (V). Set by legislature.
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019. Key: C—Calendar day L—Legislative day (U)—Unvouchered (V)—Vouchered …—Not applicable (a) Hawaii. Members may claim a mileage reimbursement for reasonable and necessary use of a personal automobile in the conduct of official legislative business and discharge of duties when meeting certain criteria. (b) Massachussetts. Legislators are no longer reimbursed for mileage. Instead legislators receive an office expense stiped of $16,248 for legislators that live 50 miles or less from the state house and $21,664 for members who live more than 50 miles— this stipend can be used for travel expenses.
(c) Nevada. Travel allowance is $10,000 for a regular session - can be used for travel to and from the capital or elsewhere within the State on legislative business and $1,200 for a special session. Additional travel allowance is $5,000 for a regular session. (d) New Hampshire. Round trip home to and from the State House at either a) 38/mile for the first 45 miles and 19/mile thereafter, or b) reimbursed for round trip mileage at the federal rate; or when on other business, members may be reimbursed for actual expenses and mileage will be paid at the federal rate. (e) Ohio. One roundtrip per wk from home to the state House for legislators outside Franklin County only. (f) South Dakota. One trip is paid at 5/mile and the remaining are paid at 42/mile.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 9
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 0 Legislative Compensation: Other Payments and Benefits Insurance benefits Disability Vision insurance
Legislator’s compensation for office supplies, district offices and staffing
Health
Dental
None
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
None
None
$20,000/y Senators. $12,000/y Representatives for postage, stationery and other legislative expenses. Staffing allowance determined by rules and presiding officers, depending on time of year.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
Arizona
None
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
S.P.P.
S.P.P.
Arkansas
Up to $3,600/y additional reimbursement for committee chairs, vice chairs and standing subcommittee chairs.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
State Alabama
Alaska
Life insurance benefits
Senators are Senators are eligible for up covered by a longto $250,000 term coverage: term disability members pay 10% of the insurance age-based premium plus the policy; Assembly taxable value on coverage above members do not $50,000. $250,000 term policy have disability for the Assembly: members pay insurance the taxable value on coverage coverage. above $50,000.
California
Senate member expenses are paid directly and maintained by the Senate Rules Committee. Assembly member expenses are paid directly and maintained by the Assembly Rules Committee.
S.A., S.P.P.
(a)
(a)
Colorado
None
S.A., S.P.P.— Amount differs according to plan selected
S.A., S.P.P.— Amount differs according to plan selected
(b)
None
S.A. State pays full amount for $50,000 policy. Additional is optional at legislator's expense.
$5,500 senators. $4,500 representatives.
S.P.P.
S.P.P.
Some health insurance plans include discounts on eyewear.
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
None
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
Connecticut Delaware Florida
$44,452/y Senate district office expenses. $39,534/y House district office expenses.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A., O.P.
S.P.
S.A. State pays for $25,000 coverage.
Georgia
None
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
Hawaii
Members receive $13,804/y for legislative related expenses, including office supplies, postage, official travel etc.
S.A. (e)
S.A. (c)
S.A. (c)
None
S.A., S.P.
Idaho
$2,500/y for unvouchered constituent expense.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A., S.P.P.
Illinois
$69,409/y for office expenses, including district offices and staffing.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
Indiana
None
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
Iowa
$300/m district constituency postage, travel, telephone and other expenses.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A
Kansas
$7,083/y. Staffing allowances vary for leadership.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
Kentucky
$1,789/y district expenses during interim.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
None
S.A.
Louisiana
$2,000/m supplemental allowance for vouchered office expenses, rent and travel mileage in district. Newly elected members receive $2,000 for office furniture allowance and $500 upon each re-election Staff allowance based on promotional grade, beginning at $27,300/y.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A.—legislator pays 100%.
S.A.—legislator pays 100%.
O.P.—legislator pays 100%
O.P.—legislator pays 100%
None. However, supplies for staff offices are provided and paid for out of general legislative account.
S.A.—State pays up to 100% of legislator coverage and 50% of dependent coverage.
S.A., S.P.
O.P.
None
O.P.
Maine
See footnotes at end of table
50 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 0 Legislative Compensation: Other Payments and Benefits (continued)
State Maryland
Massachusetts
Legislator’s compensation for office supplies, district offices and staffing
Insurance benefits Disability Vision insurance
Health
Dental
Senate—$45,165/y plus one institutionally compensated legislative aide. House—$54,732/y.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
$16,248/y office stipend for legislators who live 50 miles or less from the statehouse; $21,664/y for members who live more than 50 miles from the statehouse.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
No response
No response
Michigan
Senate—No response House—$104,000/y office allowance per maj. member. $101,000/y office allowance per min. member.
Minnesota
$2,112/y postage allotment. No allowance for district offices.
No response
S.A.
S.A.
None
Life insurance benefits
S.A.
S.A.
None
S.A.
O.P.
O.P.
O.P.
S.A., S.P.P.—State pays 50% and legislator pays 50%.
Missouri
$94,464/y for staff salaries. $24,100/y for mailings, travel, supplies and other office expenses.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
Montana
$1,500/y for constituent services.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
None
S.A.
Nebraska
None
O.P.
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P. S.A., O.P.
Mississippi
Nevada
None
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
None
New Hampshire
None
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
None
None
Permanent disability available if enrolled in pension plan.
Members enrolled in the pension plan—up to three times annual salary. Members enrolled in defined contribution plan—one and a half times annual salary. Members not covered by either plan—no death benefit.
New Jersey
$135,000/y district office personnel. State provides stationery for each legislator and 10,000 postage stamps.
New Mexico
S.A. (d)
S.A. (d)
None
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
None
S.A., O.P.
No response
No response
No response
No response
No response
No response
$2,275 per biennium for office expenses. No staffing allowance.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A., O.P.
S.A.
None
S.A. State pays for $7,000 term life policy.
New York North Carolina
S.A. (d)
North Dakota
None
S.A., S.P.
Ohio
None
S.A.
Oklahoma
$2,000/y for office supplies and expense.
S.A.
Oregon
$65,939 per biennium for interim expenses. $56,008 session staffing. $4,880 for session services and supplies.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A.—premium S.A.—premium paid by legislator. paid by legislator. S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A. S.A., S.P.P.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A. S.A.
S.A., O.P.
S.A., O.P.
Pennsylvania
$20,000 per fiscal year for office expenses. Staffing is determined by leadership.
(e)
(e)
(e)
None
S.A.
Rhode Island
None
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
None
None
South Carolina
$1,000/m each member district expenses.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A. None S.A. State pays first $35,000 of the basic life insurance; remainder paid by legislator.
South Dakota
Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont
None
None
None
None
S.P.—accidental death/ dismemberment ins. only.
$1,000/m expenses in district.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
None
No response
No response
No response
No response
No response
No response
None
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A.
S.A., S.P.
S.A., S.P.—State pays full premium for $25,000 basic term life coverage.
No response
No response
No response
No response
No response
No response
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 5 1
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 0 Legislative Compensation: Other Payments and Benefits (continued)
State Virginia
Washington West Virginia
Legislator’s compensation for office supplies, district offices and staffing
Health
Dental
Insurance benefits Disability Vision insurance
Life insurance benefits
Leaders: $78,668/y staffing allowance. $1,750/m office expense allowance. Legislators: $57,783/y staffing allowance. $1,250/m office expense allowance.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A.
S.A., O.P.
None
S.A., S.P.—The state pays for basic group life insurance. Optional Life Insurance (up to 4x salary) available at legislator's expense.
$9,000/y for legislative expenses, for which the legislator has not been otherwise entitled to reimbursement. No staffing allowance.
S.A.
S.A.
Included in health coverage.
S.A., S.P.P.
S.A., S.P.P.
None
O.P.
O.P.
O.P.
None
S.A., O.P.
Wisconsin
Senate: $223,650 per biennium staffing allowance. $55,955 per biennium office expenses. Assembly: $20,000 per biennium session office expenses.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
S.A.
Wyoming
$750/quarter through constituent service allowance.
None
None
None
None
None
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019. Key: (U)—Unvouchered. (V)—Vouchered. d—day. m—month. w—week. y—year. O.P.—Optional at legislator’s expense. S.A.—Same as state employees. S.P.—State pays full amount. S.P.P.—State pays portion and legislator pays portion.
52 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(a) California: State pays for basic plan; enhanced coverage is available at an additional cost to member. (b) Colorado: Vision is part of health coverage without extra cost. (c) Hawaii: Several plans are available with differing employee contribution rates and copayments. (d) New Jersey: Members appointed or elected after 5/21/10 must pay full cost of coverage. (e) Pennsylvania: Legislators pay 1% of salary toward medical/hospital, dental, vision and prescription benefits.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 1 Additional Compensation for Senate Leaders State
Presiding officer
Majority leader
Minority leader
Lt. gov. holds this position.
None
None
Alaska
$500/y
None
None
None
Arizona
(a)
(a)
(a)
None
Alabama
Other leaders and committee chairs None
Arkansas
Lt. gov. holds this position.
None
None
$5,600/y pres. pro tem.
California
Lt. gov. holds this position.
None
None
None
Colorado
(b)
(b)
(b)
Connecticut
Lt. gov. holds this position.
$8,835/y
$8,835/y
Leaders: $10,689/y pres. pro tem. $6,446/y each for dep. maj. ldrs, dep. min. ldrs. $4,241/y each for asst. maj. ldrs., asst. min. ldrs., maj. whips, min. whips. Committee chairs: $4,241/y.
Delaware
Lt. gov. holds this position.
$12,376/y
$12,376/y
Leaders: $19,983/y pres. pro tem. $7,794/y each for maj. whips, min. whips. Committee chairs: $11,459/y each for joint fin. Chair and vice chair. $4,578/y each for capital improvement chair and vice chair.
Florida
$11,484/year
None
None
Georgia
Lt. gov. holds this position.
$200/m
$200/m
(b)
None Leaders: $400/m pres. pro tem. $100 floor leaders. Committee chairs: None.
Hawaii
$7,500/y
None
None
None
Idaho
$5,000/y
$2,000
$2,000
None
Illinois
$27,477/y
$20,649/y
$27,477/y
Indiana
Lt. gov. holds this position.
$5,500/y for maj. flr. leader
$6,000/y min. flr. leader
Iowa
$12,500/y
$12,500/y
$12,500/y
Leaders: $2,000/y pres. pro tem. Committee chairs: None.
Kansas
$14,039/y
$12,665/y
$12,665/y
Leaders: $7,165/y each for vice pres., asst. maj. ldrs, asst. min. ldrs. Committee chairs: $11,290/y w&m chair.
Kentucky
$47.35/d
$37.40/d
$37.40/d
Leaders: $28.66/d each for maj. caucus chairs, min. caucus chairs, maj. caucus whips, min. caucus whips. Committee chairs: $18.71/d.
Louisiana
$15,200/y
None
None
50% of base salary/y
25% of base salary/y
12.5% of base salary/y
$15,041/y
None
None
Maine Maryland
Leaders: $20,649/y each for asst. maj. ldrs., asst. min. ldrs., maj. caucus chairs, min. caucus chairs. Committee chairs: $10,327/y. Leaders: $7,000/y pres. pro tem. $5,500/y maj. caucus chair. $4,000/y for majority whip. $2,000/y for minority whip. Committee Chairs: $1,000/y for each chair.
Leaders: $7,700/y pres. pro tem. Committee chairs: $15,200/y joint budget chair. None None
$86,656/y
$64,992/y
$64,992/y
Leaders: $54,160/y for pres. pro tem, $37,912/y for asst. maj. ldrs and asst. min. ldrs. Committee leaders: $70,408/y w&m chair. $32,496/y division chairs. $16,248/y for all other chairs. $5,633/y vice chairs.
Michigan
Lt. gov. holds this position.
$23,400/y
$19,800/y
Leaders: $10,800/y for maj. flr. ldr., $9,000/y for min. flr. ldr. Committee chairs: $6,300/y for app. cmte. chairs.
Minnesota
$3,600/y
$18,000/y
$18,000/y
Leaders: $3,600/y deputy ldrs. Committee chairs: $3,600/y fin. chair and tax chair.
Massachusetts
Mississippi Missouri
$5,000/m
None
None
Lt. gov. holds this position.
$1,500
$1,500
$1,250/m pres. pro tem Leaders: $2,500 for pres. pro tem.
Montana
$5/d during session
None
None
None
Nebraska
Lt. gov. holds this position.
None
None
None
Nevada
Lt. gov. holds this position.
None
None
None
$50/2-y term
None
None
None
New Hampshire New Jersey
$16,333
None
None
None
New Mexico
Lt. gov. holds this position.
None
None
None
No Response
No Response
No Response
North Carolina
Lt. gov. holds this position.
$3,097/y
$3,097/y
North Dakota
Lt. gov. holds this position.
$15/d during legislative sessions.
$15/d during legislative sessions.
New York
No Response Leaders: $24,200/year pres. pro tem. $7,788/year deputy pres. pro tem. Leaders: $10/d during session asst. ldrs. Committee chairs: $10/d all standing cmtes.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  5 3
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 1 Additional Compensation for Senate Leaders (continued) State
Ohio
Oklahoma Oregon
Pennsylvania
Presiding officer
Majority leader
Minority leader
$35,207/y
None
$26,605/y
No Response
No Response
No Response
$2,600/month
None
None
Other leaders and committee chairs Leaders: $26,605/y pres. pro tem. $21,403/y asst. pres. pro tem. $16,209 maj. whip. $18,808/y asst. min ldr. $11,013/y min whip. $2,909/y asst. min. whip. Committee chairs: $13,500/y fin. chair. $9,000/y each for fin. ranking min. member, fin. cmte standing subcmte chair, all other standing cmte chairs. $7,500/y fin. vice chair. $6,750/y each for ranking min. member fin. standing subcmte, vice chairs, ranking min. members, standing subcmte chairs. $3,250/y standing subcmte ranking min. members. No Response None
Lt. gov. holds this position.
$39,745/year
$39,745/year
Leaders: $49,716/y pres. pro tem. $30,186/y maj. whips, min. whips. $12,430/y each for maj. caucus secretaries, min. caucus secretaries, maj. policy chairs, min. policy chairs, maj. caucus admin., min. caucus admin. Committee chairs: $30,186/y each for maj. app. chair, min. app. chair. $18,832/y each for maj. caucus chair, min. caucus chair.
Rhode Island
$15,959/y
None
None
None
South Carolina
Lt. gov. holds this position
None
None
Leaders: $11,000/y pres. pro tem. Committee Chairs: $600/y
South Dakota
Lt. gov. holds this position.
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Texas
No Response
No Response
No Response
Utah
$5,000/y
$4,000/y
$4,000/y
Vermont
Lt. gov. holds this position.
None
None
Leaders: $482.50 bi-weekly pres. pro tem.
Virginia
None
None
None
None
Lt. gov. holds this position
$9,259/y
$4,629/y
None
Tennessee
Washington West Virginia
$150/d during session.
No Response Leaders: $3,000/y each for maj. whips, min. whips, asst. maj. whips, asst. min. whips. Committee leaders: $3,000/y app. chair.
Leaders: $150/d (up to 30 days) for a maximum of six add’l persons named by $50/d during session $50/d during session presiding officer. Committee chairs: $150.00/d (up to 30 days) fin. & judiciary chairs.
Wisconsin
None
None
None
None
Wyoming
$3/day
None
None
None
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019. Key: d—day m—month w—week y—year
54 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
app.— Appropriations w&m—Ways and means Lt. gov.—lieutenant governor who is not a member of the Senate. (a) Arizona. Generally approved for additional interim per diem. (b) Colorado. All leaders receive $99/d salary during interim when in attendance at committee or leadership matters.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 2 Additional Compensation for House/Assembly Leaders State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts
Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota
Presiding officer $18,000/y $500/y (a) $5,883/y
Majority leader None None (a) None
Minority leader None None (a) None
Other leaders and committee chairs None None (a) None Leaders: $8.284/y second ranking min. ldr. $16,567/y $8,284/y $16,567/y Committee chairs: None. (b) (b) (b) (b) Leaders: $6,446/y each for dep. spkr., dep. maj. ldrs., min. ldrs., asst. maj. ldrs., asst. $10,689/y $8,835/y $8,835/y min. ldrs. $4,241/y each for maj. whips, min. whips. Committee chairs: $4,241/y Leaders: $7,794/y each for maj. whips, min. whips. $19,893/y $12,376/y $12,376/y Committee chairs: $11,459/y each for joint fin. Chair and vice chair. $4,578/y each for capital improvement chair and vice chair. $11,484/y None None None Leaders: $400/m for spkr. pro tem. $100/m for gov.’s floor ldr. $100/m for asst. floor ldr. $6,811/m $200/m $200/m Committee chairs: None. $7,500/y None None None $5,000/y $2,000 $2,000 None Leaders: $19,791/y each for dep. maj. ldrs., dep. min. ldrs. $18,067/y each for asst. $27,477/y $23,230/y $27,277/y maj. ldrs., asst. min. ldrs and maj. conference chair. Committee chairs: $10,327/y each for chairs. No Response No Response No Response No Response Leaders: $2,000/y spkr. pro tem. $12,500/y $12,500/y $12,500/y Committee chairs: None. Leaders: $7,165/y each for spkr. pro tem, asst. maj. ldrs., asst. min. ldrs. $14,039/y $12,665/y $12,665/y Committee chairs: $11,290/y app. chair. Leaders: $28.66/d each for maj. caucus chairs & whips, min. caucus chairs & whips. $47.35/d $37.40/d $37.40/d Committee chairs: $18.71/d. $15,200/y None None Leaders: $13,700/y spkr. pro tem. 50% of base salary 25% of base salary 12.5% of base salary None $15,041/y None None None Leaders: $54,160/y for spkr. pro tem, $37,912/y for asst. maj. ldrs and asst. min. ldrs. $86,656/y $64,992/y $64,992/y Committee leaders: $70,408/y w&m chair. $32,496/y division chairs. $16,248/y for all other chairs. $5,633/y vice chairs. Leaders: $10,800/y for maj. floor ldr., $9,000/y for min. flr. ldr., $24,300/y None $19,800/y $4,962/y for spkr. pro tem. Committee chairs: $6,300/y for app. cmte. chairs. $18,000/y $18,000/y $18,000/y None No Response No Response No Response No Response $2,500/y $1,500/y $1,500/y None $5/d during session None None None --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------N/A—Unicameral legislature-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------$2/d during session None None None. $50/2-y term. None None None $16,333 None None None None None None None No Response No Response No Response No Response $24,200/y $3,097/y $3,097/y Leaders: $7,788/y spkr. pro tem. Leaders: $10/d for asst. ldrs. during session. $15/d during session $15/d during session $15/d during session Committee chairs: $10/d for all standing cmtes. Leaders: $26,605/y spkr. pro tem. $16,209/y asst. maj. floor ldr. $11,013/y maj. whip. $5,815/y asst. maj. whip. $18,808/y asst. min. floor ldr. $11,013 min. whip. $2,909/y asst. min. whip. Committee chairs: $13,500/y fin. chair. $9,000/y each for fin. ranking min. member, $35,207/y $21,403/y maj. flr. ldr. $26,605/y fin. cmte standing subcmte chair, all other standing cmte chairs. $7,500/y fin. vice chair. $6,750/y each for ranking min. member fin. standing subcmte, vice chairs, ranking min. members, standing subcmte chairs. $3,250/y standing subcmte ranking min. members. $16,354/y $11,276/y $11,276/y Committee chairs: $11,276/y each for app. chair, budget chair. $2,600/m None None None No Response No Response No Response No Response $15,959/y None None None Leaders: $3,600/y spkr. pro tem. $11,000/y None None Committee Chairs: $650/y None None None None
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 5 5
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 2 Additional Compensation for House/Assembly Leaders (continued) State Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Presiding officer $48,632/y No Response
Majority leader None No Response
Minority leader None No Response
$5,000/y
$4,000/y
$4,000/y
$482.50 bi-weekly. $18,681/y $9,259/y; $8,000/y eff. 7/1/2019.
None None
None None $4,629/y; $4,000/y eff. 7/1/2019.
$150/d during session.
$50/d during session
$50/d during session
$25/m $3/d
None None
None None
None
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019. Key: d—day. m—month. w—week. y—year.
56 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Other leaders and committee chairs None No Response Leaders: $3,000/y each for whips, asst. whips, minority caucus leaders and executive app. chair. None None None Leaders: $150/d (up to 30 days) for a maximum of six add’l persons named by presiding officer. Committee chairs: $150.00/d (up to 30 days) fin. & judiciary chairs. None None
app.—Appropriations w&m—Ways and means (a) Arizona. Generally approved for additional interim per diem. (b) Colorado. All leaders receive $99/d salary during interim when in attendance at committee or leadership matters.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits State Alabama Alaska
Participation None available. Optional
Requirements for regular retirement
Employee contribution rate
Benefit formula
Four tiers. Varies depending upon tier. Detailed information set forth in Public Employees’ Retirement System (PERS) plan comparison chart.
Four tiers. Varies depending upon tier. Detailed information set forth in Public Employees’ Retirement System (PERS) plan comparison chart.
Four tiers. Varies depending upon tier. Detailed information set forth in Public Employees’ Retirement System (PERS) plan comparison chart.
Arizona
Mandatory
No requirements, same as other federal Employee: 8%; Employer: 6% qualified defined contribution plans.
2016 information: 4% x years of credited service x highest 3 yr. average in the past 10 years The benefit is capped at 80% of FAS. An elected official may purchase service credit in the plan for service earned in a non-elected position by buying it at an actuarially determined amount. AZ SB 1609 of 2011—For those elected to office after 1/1/2012: 3% x years of credited service x highest 5 yr. average in the past 10 years The benefit is capped at 75% of FAS.
Arkansas
Mandatory for those legislators first elected in 2003 or after. Optional for those elected before 2003.
Age 65 with 10 years of service; 55/12; Members pay 5%, state pays 15.32% any age with 28 years of service; any age if serving in the General Assembly on 7/1/79; any age if in elected office on 7/1/79 with 17½ years of service. As a regular employee, 65/5 or any age/28 years. Members of the contributory plan established in 2005 must have a minimum of 10 years legislative service if they have only legislative state employment.
(Years of service) x (Final Average Compensation—high 3 years) x (Multiplier—2.00 for contributory members; 1.75 for service rendered prior to 7/1/07 and 1.72 for service after 7/1/07 for non-contributory members) = Retirement Annual Benefit
California
Legislators elected after 1990 are not eligible for retirement benefits for legislative service.
Colorado
Mandatory
PERA: age 65 with 5 years of service; Employee: 8% (inc. to 10% by 7/1/21) age 55 with 35 years of service; when age + service equals 85 or more (min. age of 55). State Defined Contribution Plan (DCP): no age requirement and immediate vesting.
PERA: 2.5% x FAS x years of service, capped at 100% of FAS. DCP benefit depends upon contributions and investment return.
Connecticut
Mandatory
Age 60 with 25 years credited service; age 62 with 10–25 years credited service; age 62 with 5 years actual state service. If elected after 2011—age 63 with 25 years of vesting service or age 65 with 10–25 years of vesting service. Reduced benefit available with earlier retirement ages.
Employee 2%
(1.33% x average annual salary) + (5% x average salary over “breakpoint”) x credited service up to 35 years; 2003—$36,400; 2004—$38,600; 2005—$40,900; 2006—$43,400; 2007—$46,000; 2008—$48,800; 2009—$51,700. After 2009—increase breakpoint by 6% per year rounded to nearest $100.
Delaware
Mandatory. DE HB 81 of 2011—Mandatory for those elected after January 1, 2012.
Elected before 2012—Age 60 with 5 years of credited service; or 55 with 10 years of service. Elected after 2012—65 with 10 years of service; or 60 with 20 years of service. Vesting at 10 years.
Elected before 2012—3% of annual compensation in excess of $6,000. Elected after 2012—5% of annual compensation in excess of $6,000.
2% x FAS x years of service before 1997 + 1.85% times FAS times years of service from 1997 on. FAS = average of highest 3 years.
Florida
Optional.
DB Plan: Six to eight years to vest Legislator contribution is 3%; depending on the start date of service: employer contribution is 56.75% Retirement at age 62 with at least 6 service years or 30 years of service regardless of age; or, Retirement at age 65 with at least 8 service years or 33 years of service regardless of age. DC Plan: One year to vest, retirement at any age.
DB plan—3% x years of creditable service x average final compensation (average of highest 5 years). DC plan—dependent upon investment experience.
Georgia
Optional.
Vested after 8 years. Age 62 with 8 years Employee: 3.75% + $7/m. of service; age 60 with reduction for early retirement.
$36/month for each year of service.
Hawaii
Optional
Age 60 and 10 years service for normal 9.8% of monthly base salary. retirement.
3% x years of service x average final compensation.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 5 7
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits (continued) State
Participation
Requirements for regular retirement
Employee contribution rate
Benefit formula
Idaho
Mandatory; same plan as public employees (PERSI) except legislators are automatically vested.
Age 65 with 5 years of service; reduced 7.16% paid by member, 11.94% paid benefit at age 55 with 5 years of service. by employer.
Average monthly salary for highest 42 consecutive months x 2% x months of credited service.
Illinois
Optional; not the same as the State Employees’ Retirement System. Only state senators, representatives and statewide elected officials have the option to participate.
Tier 1—age 55 with 8 years of service or age 62 with 4 years of service. Tier 2—age 67 with 8 years of service or age 62 with 8 years of service reduced ½ of 1% for each month.
First 4 yrs x 3.0% = 12%; next 2 yrs x 3.5% = 7.0%; next 2 yrs x 4.0% = 8.0%; next 4 yrs x 4.5% = 18.0%; next 8 yrs x 5.0% = 40.0%
Indiana
Mandatory
Age 65 with 10 years of service; 5% paid by legislator, age 60 with at least 15 years of service 7% paid by state contribution. or at least age 55 and years of service plus age equal at least 85. Reduced benefits available for those age 55 with at least 10 years of service.
DB plan—monthly benefit: Lesser of (a) $40 x years of General Assembly service completed before 11/8/89; or (b) 1/12 of the average of the three highest consecutive years of General Assembly service salary. DC plan—numerous options for withdrawing accumulations in accord with IRS regulations. Loans are available. A participant in both plans may receive a benefit from both plans.
Iowa
Optional. Same as state employees plan (IPERS).
Age 65; age 62 with 20 years of service; 6.29% paid by legislator, Rule of 88; age 55 with reduced 9.44% paid by state. benefits.
2% x FAS. x years of service for first 30 years, + 1% x FAS x years in excess of 30 but no more than 5 in excess of 30. FAS is average of 3 highest years taken at June 2012, or average of 5 highest years.
Kansas
Legislators may elect to join the state 2016 info—Age 65; age 62 with 5 years 6% of the annualized salary. retirement program unless they have of service, or when age plus years of already retired from state employment. service equals 85. Those individuals receive an 8% of income deposit by the state into a deferred compensation plan.
2016 information—3 highest years x 1.75% x years of service ÷ 12= monthly benefit.
Kentucky
Optional. Those who opt out are covered by the state employees’ plan. Legislators who were first elected prior to 1/1/2014 are eligible for the DB plan. Legislators first elected after 1/1/14 are eligible for the hybrid plan.
DB Plan: Final compensation x service credit rate x years of service. Final compensation is calculated as the average of the member’s three highest years of legislative creditable compensation. Hybrid Plan: Multiple options available. Primary option is to receive monthly allowance payable for life by having accumulated account balance annuitized.
Louisiana
Not available
Maine
11.5% of salary (includes contributions for retirement annuity and survivors annuity) or 9.5% of salary as contributions for just retirement annuity (no survivor annuity).
DB Plan: Vesting after 5 years of legislative service of 8 years of state governmental service. Age 65 for normal retirement benefits. Hybrid Plan: Age 65 with 5 years of active service credit or age 57 with 30 years of service.
DB Plan: Members electing to participate in the plan prior to 9/1/2008 contribute 5% of creditable compensation. Members electing to participate in the plan on or after 9/1/2008 contribute 6% of creditable compensation. Hybrid Plan: Members contribute 6% of creditable compensation, employer contributes 4%.
Mandatory
Age 60 if 10 years of service on 7/1/93; age 62 if less than 10 years of service on 7/1/93. Reduced benefit available for earlier retirement.
7.65% legislators; employer contribution 2% of average final compensation (the is actuarially determined. average of the 3 high salary years) x years of service.
Maryland
Mandatory
Age 60 with 8 years; age 50 with 8+ years creditable service for early reduced retirement.
7% of annual salary.
2016 info: 3% of legislative salary for each year of service up to 22 years 3 months. Benefits are recalculated when legislative salaries are changed.
Massachusetts
Mandatory unless they are already receiving a pension from the Massachusetts State Employee Retirement System.
Vesting after 10 years. Eligible to retire at age 55 or 60 after 10 years of service depending on their hire date, eligible to retire at any age after 20 years of service.
9%, although some legislators are grandfathered at lower rates.
Age factor x years of creditable service x FAS. FAS = average of highest 60 or 36 months depending on when service began.
Michigan
Optional. Same as state employee retirement plan.
Age 55 with 5 years or when age plus years of service equal 70. Employee contributions are immediately vested. Employer contributions are vested as follows: Zero after one year; 50% after two years; 75% after three years; 100% after four years.
For legislators elected before 3/31/97—7–10% for (DB) plan. Elected after 3/31/97—(DC) plan, the state contributes 4% of salary. Members may contribute up to 3% of salary. The state will match the member’s contribution in addition to the state 4% contribution.
Vesting for contributions to 401(k)— 2 years of service vested 50%; 3 years vested 75% and 4 years vested 100%.
See footnotes at end of table
58 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits (continued) Participation
Requirements for regular retirement
Minnesota
State
Mandatory. Legislators elected since 1997 participate in a mandatory retirement plan called the Unclassified Plan; it is a defined contribution 401 (a) plan. Legislators elected prior to 1997 participate in the Legislators Plan which was closed to new members at that time; it is a defined benefit pension plan. All members may choose to participate in the Minnesota deferred compensation plan 457 (b).
Legislators Retirement Plan (LRP) before 7/1/97—62 years with 6 years of service and fully vested. LRP members do not have Social Security coverage. Defined Contribution Plan (DCP) since 1997—age 55 and immediate vesting. DCP members have Social Security coverage.
Employee contribution rate
Mississippi
Mandatory
Age 60 with 4 or more years of service, Regular—15.75% state, 9.00% member. Legislators who qualify for regular Supplemental Legislative Retirement state retirement benefits also autoor 25 years of service. Plan—7.40% state, 3.00% member. matically qualify for the legislators’ supplemental benefits. Regular—2% x average compensation x years of service up to and including 25 years of service + 2.5% x average compensation x service in excess of 25 years. Average compensation is calculated using the highest 4 years of compensation. Supplement—1% x average compensation x years of legislative service through 25 years + 1.25% x average compensation x years of service in excess of 25.
Missouri
Mandatory. The retirement plan for For those hired on or before 12/31/2010 Legislators is calculated differently —vesting at 6 years of service. Age 55; from the plan for other state employees. service in three full biennial assemblies (6 years) or Rule of 80. For those entering system after 1/1/2011 —vesting at 6 years of service. Age 62; service in three full biennial assemblies (6 years) or the Rule of 90 with a minimum age of 55.
Montana
Optional. Same as state employees retirement plan.
Nebraska
None available
Nevada
Mandatory, but a legislator, within 30 days after he/she is first elected or appointed, may elect not to participate; a decision to terminate participation in the plan cannot be reversed. The legislators’ retirement system is separate from the state employee retirement plan.
New Hampshire
None available
New Jersey
New Mexico
LRP—9%. DCP—5.75% (inc. to 6% 7/1/19) from member, 6% (inc. to 6.25% 7/1/19) from state.
For those hired on or before 12/31/2010—non-contributory. For those entering system after 1/1/2011—contribution of 4% of salary.
Benefit formula LRP—2.5% x high 5 year average salary x years of service. DCP benefits depend upon contributions and investment return.
For those hired on or before 12/31/2010 —monthly pay divided by 24 x years of creditable service, capped at 100% of salary. Benefit is adjusted by the percentage increase in pay for an active legislator. For those entering system after 1/1/2011 —no change.
Members hired before 7/1/11— 7.9% employee and 8.67% employer Age 60 with at least 5 years service; for DB and DC plan. age 65 regardless of years of service; or 30 years of service regardless of age. After 7/1/11—vesting at 5 years. Age 65 with 5 years service, or age 70 and in active service.
2016 info: DB plan—Membership Service Factor (see below) x years of Service Credit x HAC. More than 5 years and less than 10 years of membership service—1.5% Less than 30 years of membership service—1.7857% 30 years or more of membership service—2%
Must have at least 10 years of service, 15% of session salary. be age 60, and no longer be a legislator in order to retire without benefit reduction. A legislator who is no longer serving, has at least 10 years of service, but is under the age of 60 can elect to wait to receive his/her benefit until the age of 60 or begin receiving a reduced benefit prior to the age of 60.
Number of years (not to exceed 30) x $25 = monthly allowance.
Mandatory
Age 60; no minimum service requirement.
3% x FAS x years of service. FAS = higher of three highest years or three final years. Benefit is capped at 2/3 of FAS. Other formulas apply if a legislator also has other service covered by the Public Employee Retirement System.
Optional
Age 65 with 5 years of service or at any $600 per year. age with 10 years of legislative service.
7.5%
11% of the per diem rate in effect on the first day of the calendar year that the legislator retires x 60 and further multiplied by credited service as a legislator.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 5 9
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits (continued) Participation
Requirements for regular retirement
Employee contribution rate
Benefit formula
New York
State
Detailed information set forth in Your Retirement Plan: Legislative and Executive Plan, published by New York State Office of the State Comptroller.
Detailed information set forth in Your Retirement Plan: Legislative and Executive Plan, published by New York State Office of the State Comptroller.
Detailed information set forth in Your Retirement Plan: Legislative and Executive Plan, published by New York State Office of the State Comptroller.
Detailed information set forth in Your Retirement Plan: Legislative and Executive Plan, published by New York State Office of the State Comptroller.
North Carolina
Mandatory
Age 65 with 5 years of service; reduced 7%. benefit available at earlier ages.
Highest annual compensation x 4.02% x years of creditable service.
North Dakota
None available.
Ohio
Optional. OPERS offers three plans for retirement—the traditional plan (a defined benefit plan); the member directed plan (a defined contribution plan); and the combined plan.
Varies depending upon plan. Detailed information set forth in Legislative Benefits, Privileges, and Restrictions of Office.
Varies depending upon plan. Detailed information set forth in Legislative Benefits, Privileges, and Restrictions of Office.
Oklahoma
Mandatory. Same as state employees retirement plan.
Vesting at 8 years. 3.5% of total compensation. If member joined plan before 11/1/11: Age 62 with 6 years of service. If member joined plan after 11/1/11: Age 65 with 6 years of service. Early retirement with reduced benefits at age 55 or 60 with 10 years of service.
2% FAS x total years of service. FAS = average of 3 or 5, depending on when member joined plan, highest years of last 10.
Oregon
Optional
OPSRP for general service members is age 65, or age 58 with 30 years of retirement credit. Tier 2—60 years or 30 years of retirement credit. Tier 1—58 or 30 years of retirement credit.
OPRSP DC component—employees contribute 6% of salary. DB component—non-contributory. 457 plans—members may contribute amounts to limits set by IRS.
OPRSP individual account component, or DC component—at retirement, employees may receive the IAP as a lump-sum payment or in equal installments over a 5, 10, 15 or 20-year period. DB component—benefit calculation is 1.5 percent x final average salary x years of service.
Pennsylvania
Optional. Same as state employee retirement plan.
Vesting at 10 years. Retirement age is 55 with 3 years of credited service or according to the Rule of 92 with a minimum of 35 years of service.
7.5% or 8.25% depending on plan.
Annual accrual rate x final average salary x credited years of service. FAS = average of 3 final years of service.
Rhode Island
None available.
South Carolina
Optional (but not available to anyone first elected to the General Assembly after November 2012). Legislators elected after 2012 have the option of participating in the state employee retirement plan.
2016 information: Age 60 with 8 years of service. 30 years of service regardless of age. Act 278, Laws of 2012—SCRS: vesting at 8 years; retirement benefits at age 65 with 8 years of service or in accord with the Rule of 90. Reduced benefits are available at age 60 with 8 years of service. ORP: immediate vesting in employer contributions.
2016 information: 10% 11% as of January 1, 2013. Act 278, Laws of 2012—SCRS: 7% as of July 1, 2012, rising to 8% on July 1, 2014. ORP: 7% + 5% employer contribution, immediately vested.
2016 information: 4.82% x earnable compensation x years of service. “Earnable compensation” means 40 x the daily rate of remuneration, plus $12,000, of a member of the General Assembly, as from time to time in effect. Act 278, Laws of 2012—SCRS: 2.25% x years of service x final average compensation, which is the average of the member’s 5 highest years of earned compensation. ORP: upon retirement a member may annuitize the balance in the account or take a lump sum or partial distribution. Federal provisions apply.
South Dakota
None available.
Tennessee
Optional. Same as state employees retirement plan.
Hybrid plan—Vesting at 5 years, age 60 or any combination of age and service to equal 80. Legacy plan—Vesting at 4 years, age 55.
Hybrid plan—$57.28 x years of service. State contributes 4% toward defined Legacy plan—$89.72 x years of service. benefit, 5% into 401K Member contributes 5% toward defined benefit, 2% into 401K. Legacy Plan—19.66% for original members.
Texas
Optional
Age 60 with 8 years of service; or age 50 with 12 years of service.
9.5%
See footnotes at end of table
60 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Varies depending upon plan. Detailed information set forth in Legislative Benefits, Privileges, and Restrictions of Office.
2.3% x district judge’s salary x length of service, with the monthly benefit capped at the level of a district judge’s salary, and adjusted when such salaries are increased. Various annuity options are available. In September 2018, a district judge’s salary was set at $140,000 a year.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 3 State Legislative Retirement Benefits (continued) State
Participation
Utah
Optional
Vermont
None available. Deferred compensation plan available.
Virginia
Requirements for regular retirement
Employee contribution rate
Benefit formula
Non-contributory. For the DC plan, employer will contribute 10% of compensation, which will vest after four years of service. Employees may, but are not required, to contribute.
$30.40/month (as of July 2018) x years of service; adjusted semi-annually according to consumer price index up to a maximum increase of 2%. An additional $3.50/month for each year of service is payable to elected and appointed legislators who were members of this plan before March 1, 2000.
Mandatory. Eligibility for various plans Plan 1—Age 50 with 30 years of service based on membership date. Same as (unreduced); age 55 with 5 years of service; age 50 with 10 years (reduced). state employees plan. Plan 2—When age and service = 90; or normal Social Security retirement age with 5 years of service (unreduced); age 60 with 5 years of service (reduced). Hybrid plan—When age and service = 90; or normal Social Security retirement age with 5 years of service (unreduced); age 60 with 5 years of service (reduced).
Plan 1—members who qualify do not make an employee contribution. Plan 2—5% of creditable compensation. Hybrid plan—mandatory and voluntary contributions to defined benefit and defined contribution components.
Plan 1—1.7% of average final compensation x years of service (average over highest 36 consecutive months). Plan 2—1.65% of average final compensation x years of service (average over highest 60 consecutive months). Hybrid plan—1.65% of average final compensation x years of service (average over highest 60 consecutive months).
Washington
Optional. If before an election the legislator belonged to a state public retirement plan, he or she may continue in that plan by making contributions. Otherwise, new legislators may join PERS Plan 2 or Plan 3.
Plan 2—age 65 with 5 years of service credit. Plan 3—age 65 with 10 years of service credit for the DB side of the plan; immediate benefits (subject to federal restrictions) on the DC side of the plan. The member may choose various options for investment of contributions to the DC plan.
Plan 2—employee contribution of 7.41% for 2019. Plan 3—no required member contribution for the DB component. The member may contribute from 5% to 15% of salary to the DC component.
Plan 2—2% x years of service credit x average final compensation. Plan 3—DB is 1% x service credit years x average final compensation. DC benefit depends upon the value of accumulations.
West Virginia
Optional
Age 55, if years of service + age equal 80.
Before 10/1/87—7%. After 10/1/87—5%.
2% x final average salary x years of service. Final average salary is based on 3 highest years out of last 10 years.
Wisconsin
Mandatory. Same as state employees retirement plan.
Age 62 for members who began employment before 1/1/17; Age 65 for members who began employment on or after 1/1/17. Age 55 with reduced benefits.
2019 contribution rate is 6.6% of monthly gross salary to their state pension The employer matches this for a total contribution of 13.2%.
Final average monthly earnings x creditable service x formula multiplier x age reduction factor (if any) = monthly amount. Final average monthly earnings is calculated by adding the highest earnings for three calendar years and dividing this total by the creditable service earned during these years and then dividing by 12.
Wyoming
Optional—Deferred 457 Plan.
Age 62 with 10 years and an actuarial reduction; age 65 with 4 years of service for full benefits.
Source: National Conference of State Legislatures, 2019. Key: COLA—Cost of living adjustment. CPI—Consumer price index. DB—Defined Benefit. DC—Defined Contribution.
$20 minimum monthly contribution is required to participate.
FAS—Final average salary. None available—No retirement benefit provided. OPERS—Ohio Public Employee’s Retirement System. OPSRP—Oregon Public Employee’s Retirement System. PERA—Public Employee Retirement Association. PERS—Public Employee’s Retirement System.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 6 1
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 4 Bill Pre-Filing, Reference and Carryover State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico
Pre-filing of bills allowed (b)
New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia (nn) Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
★(d) ★ ★ ★ ★(h) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (j) … ★ ★(l) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★(r) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★(y) ★ ★ (x) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (hh) ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ … …
Bills referred to committee by: Senate House/Assembly (e) (f) Speaker (f) President Speaker President Speaker President (g) Speaker Rules Cmte. Rules Cmte. President Speaker Pres. Pro Tempore Speaker Pres. Pro Tempore Speaker President Speaker President (f) Speaker (j) Speaker President (e) Speaker (e) Cmte. on Assignments Rules Cmte. Pres. Pro Tempore Speaker President Speaker President Speaker Cmte. on Cmtes. Cmte. on Cmtes. President (o) Speaker (o) Secy. of Senate Clerk of House President (q) Speaker (q) Clerk Clerk Majority Ldr. Speaker President Speaker President (e) Speaker Pres. Pro Tempore Speaker President Speaker Reference Cmte. (s) U President (u) Speaker (u) President Speaker President Speaker (w) Speaker President pro tem in consultation with Speaker Independent democratic conference leader Rules Chair Speaker Majority Leader Speaker Reference Cmte. Rules & Reference Cmte. Majority Leader Speaker President Speaker President Pro Tempore Chief Clerk President Speaker President Speaker President Pro Tempore Speaker Speaker Speaker President Speaker President Speaker President Speaker Clerk Clerk (ii) (mm) Speaker President Speaker President Speaker President Speaker … … Committee on Calendar Chairs U President Speaker President Secretary Senate President in Pro-Forma meeting U
See footnotes at end of table
62 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Bill referral restricted by rule (a) Senate House/Assembly L, M L, M L, M L, M L L L L L L (i) (i) M M L L M … … … … … (qq) (qq) (k) (k) (m) … M M L (n) L (n) L, M L, M L L (p) (p) L L M M (uu) (uu) L, M L, M L L L L L (tt) L (tt) L U L (v) … M M L, M L, M L L, M
Bill carryover allowed (c) … ★ … … ★(h) … … ★ … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ … … ★(rr) … ★ ★ ★(r) … … … ★(t) … ★(ss) ★ …
L, M
L, M
★
M L L (z) L (dd) M M M L L, M L L L, M L, M (jj) L L, M L, M L (vv) … L, M (pp) L M L
M L L, M (aa) L (ee) M M M L L, M L L L, M (kk) L L, M L, M L (vv) … U L M U
★ … ★(bb) ★(cc) … … ★ ★(ff) … ★(gg) … … ★ ★(ll) ★ … ★(oo) … … ★ … … ★
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 4 Bill Pre-Filing, Reference and Carryover (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 2019 and update from state websites 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★—Yes …—No L—Rules generally require all bills be referred to the appropriate committee of jurisdiction. M—Rules require specific types of bills be referred to specific committees (e.g., appropriations, local bills). U—Unicameral legislature. (a) Legislative rules specify all or certain bills go to committees of jurisdiction. (b) Unless otherwise indicated by footnote, bills may be introduced prior to convening each session of the legislature. In this column only: ★—pre-filing is allowed in both chambers (or in the case of Nebraska, in the unicameral legislature); …—pre-filing is not allowed in either chamber. (c) Bills carry over from the first year of the legislature to the second (does not apply in Alabama, Arkansas, Montana, Nevada, North Dakota, Oregon and Texas, where legislatures meet biennially). Bills generally do not carry over after an intervening legislative election. (d) Except between the end of the last regular session of the legislature in any quadrennium and the organizational session following the general election and for special sessions. (e) Lieutenant governor is the president of the Senate. Senate Rule 14. House Rule 43. (f) Senate bills referred by president with concurrence of president pro tem. House bills referred by president pro tem with concurrence of president, if no concurrence, referred by majority leader for assignment. (g) Senate chief counsel makes recommendations to the presiding officer. (h) Bills may be drafted prior to session, but may not be introduced until the first day of session. Bills introduced in the first year of the regular session and passed by the house of origin on or before the January 31st constitutional deadline in the second year are carryover bills. (i) In either house, state law requires any bill which affects the sentencing of criminal offenders and which would result in a net increase of imprisonment in state correctional facilities must be assigned to the appropriations committee of the house in which it was introduced. In the Senate, a bill must be referred to the Appropriations Committee if it contains an appropriation from the state treasury or the increase of any salary. Each bill which provides that any state revenue be devoted to any purpose other than that to which it is devoted under existing law must be referred to the Finance Committee. (j) Prefiling allowed in the House by rule, seven calendar days before the commencement of the regular session, in even-numbered years. Senate allows prefiling of bills as determined on a year-to-year basis. Senate bills are referred to committee by the members of the majority leadership appointed by the President.
(k) In even-numbered years, the Committee on Assignments (Senate) or Rules Committee (House) is to refer to substantive committees only appropriation bills implementing the budget, and bills deemed by the Committee on Assignments (Senate) or Rules Committee (House) to be of an emergency nature or of substantial importance to the operation of government. (l) Only in the Senate. (m) At the discretion of President Pro Tempore. (n) Appropriation bills are the only “specific type” mentioned in the rules to be referred to either House Appropriation Cmte. or Senate Ways and Means. (o) Subject to approval or disapproval. Louisiana–majority members present. (p) Maine Joint Rule 308 sections 1,2,3, “All bills and resolves must be referred to committee, except that this provision may be suspended by a majority vote in each chamber.” (q) The President and Speaker may refer bills to any of the standing committees or the Rules Committees, but usually bills are referred according to subject matter. (r) Pre-filing of bills allowed prior to the convening of the 2nd year of the biennium. Bill carryover allowed if in second year of a twoyear session. (s) The Nebraska Legislature’s Executive Board serves as the Reference Committee. (t) Bills are carried over from the 90-day session beginning in the odd-numbered year to the 60-day session, which begins in evennumbered year. Bills that have not passed by the last day of the 60-day session are all indefinitely postponed by motion on the last day of the session. The odd-numbered year shall be carried forward to the even-numbered year. (u) In the Senate any member may make a motion for referral, but committee referrals are under the control of the Majority Floor Leader. In the House any member may make a motion for referral, and a chart is used to guide bill referrals based on statutory authority of committee, but committee referrals are under the control of the Majority Floor Leader. (v) Rules do not require specific types of bills be referred to specific committees. (w) Sponsor subject to approval of the body. (x) Only in the Senate. (y) Senate Rule 33: Between the general election and the time for the next convening session, a holdover member or member-elect may file bills for introduction in the next session with the Clerk’s office. Those bills shall be treated as if they were bills introduced on the first day of the session. House Rule 61(d): Bills introduced prior to the convening of the session shall be treated as if they were bills introduced on the first day of the session. Between the general election and the time for the next convening session, a member-elect may file bills for introduction in the next session with the Clerk’s office. The Clerk shall number such bills consecutively, in the order in which they are filed, beginning with the number “1”.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 6 3
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 4 Bill Pre-Filing, Reference and Carryover (continued) (z) Rule 35. (Bills, Second Consideration and Committee on Reference, Public Hearing.) On the second reading of a bill, the Committee on Reference shall, if no motion or order be made to the contrary, refer the bill to the proper standing committee in regular order. Further, no bill shall be reported for a third reading and passage unless the same shall have been considered at a meeting of the committee to which the same has been referred. All Senate bills and resolutions referred by the Committee on Reference on or before the first day of April in an even-numbered year shall be scheduled by the chairperson of the committee to which the same has been referred for a minimum of one public hearing. (aa) House Rule 37: (a) All House bills and resolutions introduced on or before the fifteenth day of May in an even-numbered year, and in compliance with the rules of the House, shall be referred to a standing, select, or special committee or standing subcommittee, and shall be scheduled by the chairman of the committee for a minimum of one public hearing. (b) The sponsor of a bill or resolution shall appear at least once before the committee that is considering the bill or resolution unless excused by the chairman of the committee or the Speaker. It is not in order for the committee to report the bill or resolution unless its sponsor has appeared or has been excused from appearing before the committee. Rule 65. (Bills carrying appropriations.) All bills carrying an appropriation shall be referred to the Finance Committee for consideration and report before being considered the third time. (bb) Bills carry over between the first and second year of each regular annual session, but not to the next biennial 2-year General Assembly. (cc) A legislature consists of two years. Bills from the first session can carry over to the second session only. (dd) The President can refer bills to any standing or special committee and may also attach subsequent referrals to other committees following action by the first committee. (ee) Rules specify bills shall be referred by the Speaker to any standing or special committee and may also attach subsequent referrals to other committees following action by the first committee. (ff) Allowed during the first year of the two year session. (gg) Bills and resolutions introduced in the First Regular Session may carry over to the Second Regular Session (odd-numbered year to even-numbered year) only. (hh) Bills are drafted prior to session but released starting first day of session. (ii) Under the direction of the speaker.
64  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(jj) Jurisdiction of the committees by subject matter is listed in the Rules. (kk) The House Rules establish jurisdictional committees. The Speaker refers legislation to those committees as he deems appropriate. (ll) Even-numbered year session to odd-numbered year session. (mm) By the floor leader. (nn) Prefiling allowed only in the house in even-numbered years. (oo) From odd-year to even-year, but not between biennial sessions. (pp) Substantive resolutions referred to sponsor for public hearing. (qq) Bills may be referred by the President to an appropriate standing committee (Senate Rule 14). In the House the “ Speaker shall refer the instrument to a standing committee or shall order the instrument for a second reading.�(House Rule 43). (rr) Allowed between session in a biennium, not to subsequent legislatures. (ss) Referred bills may be held in committee and acted on during second year session. (tt) President and Speaker have broad discretion. (uu) Senate Rule 3.203 a) The Senate Majority Leader shall refer all bills, joint resolutions and alternative measures to a standing committee no later than one (1) Senate legislative day after being submitted to the Secretary of the Senate. The presiding officer shall announce the reference of all bills, joint resolutions and alternative measures ... c) The Senate Majority Leader may change the original referral of a bill, resolution or alternative measure by oral notice to the Senate or written communication submitted to the Secretary of the Senate before the end of session on the next Senate legislative day following the day of the original referral. Notices of the written communication shall be announced by the Secretary of the Senate during session and both oral and written notifications shall be printed in the Journal. House Rule 41: (4) The Speaker shall refer all bills and joint resolutions to a standing committee no later than one House legislative day after being submitted to the Clerk. (5) The Speaker may change the original referral of a bill or resolution by written communication submitted to the Clerk before the end of session on the next House legislative day following the day of the original referral. Notice of the referral shall be announced by the Clerk and printed in the Journal. (vv) Bills containing an appropriation are rereferred to the Appropriations Committee.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 5 Time Limits on Bill Introduction State or other jurisdiction
Time limit on introduction of bills
Procedures for granting exception to time limits
Alabama
House: no limit. Senate: 24th legislative day of regular session (a).
House: N.A. Senate: Unanimous vote to suspend rules.
Alaska
35th C day of 2nd regular session.
Introduction by committee or by suspension of operation of limiting rule.
Arizona
House: 29th day of regular session; 10th day of special session. Senate: 22nd day of regular session; 10th day of special session.
House: Permission of rules committee. Senate: Permission of rules committee.
Arkansas
55th day of regular session (50th day for appropriations bills). Retirement and health care legislation affecting licensures shall be introduced during the first 15 days.
2/3 vote of membership of each house for appropriations bills and all others except retirement and health care legislation affecting licensures which require 3/4 vote of the membership of each house.
California
Deadlines established by the Joint Rules Committee adopted in each session.
Approval of Rules Committee and 3/4 vote of membership.
Colorado
House: 22nd C day of regular session. Senate: 17th C day of regular session.
Committees on delayed bills may extend deadline.
Connecticut
10 days into session in odd-numbered years, 3 days into session in even-numbered years (b).
2/3 vote of members present.
Delaware
House: no limit. Senate: no limit.
Florida
House: noon of the first day of regular session (h). Senate: noon first day of regular session (h).
Georgia
Only for specific types of bills
Hawaii
Actual dates established during session.
Majority vote of membership.
Idaho
House: 20th day of session for personal bills; 36th day of session for all committees; beyond that only privileged cmtes. Senate: 12th day of session for personal bills; 36th day of session for all committees; beyond that only privileged cmtes.
House: speaker may designate any standing committee to serve as a privileged committee temporarily. House Rule 24. Senate: President may refer bill to privileged committee. Senate Rule 14.
Illinois
House: determined by speaker. Senate: determined by senate president.
House: the speaker may set deadlines for any action on any category of legislative measure, including deadlines for introduction of bills. Senate: At any time, the president may set alternative deadlines for any legislative action with written notice filed with the secretary.
Indiana
House: Mid-January. Senate: Date specific—set in Rules, different for long and short session. Mid-January
House: 2/3 vote. Senate: If date falls on weekend/Holiday—extended to next day. Sine die deadline set by statute, does not change.
Iowa
House: Drafting request received by Friday of 5th week of 1st regular session; or by Friday of 2nd week of 2nd regular session. Senate: Drafting request received by Friday of 5th week of 1st regular session; or by Friday of 2nd week of 2nd regular session.
House: Constitutional majority; Senate: Constitutional majority.
Kansas
Actual dates established in the Joint Rules of the House and Senate every two years when the joint rules are adopted.
Resolution adopted by majority of members of either house may make specific exceptions to deadlines.
Kentucky
House: No introductions during the last 14 L days of odd-year session, during last 22 L days of even-year session. Senate: No introductions during the last 14 L days of odd-year session, during last 20 L days of even-year session.
None.
Louisiana
House: 10th C day of odd-year sessions and 23rd C day of even-year sessions. Senate:10th C day of odd-year sessions and 23rd C day of even-year sessions.
None.
Maine
House: Cloture dates established by the Legislative Council. Senate: Cloture dates established by the Legislative Council.
House: Bills filed after cloture date must be approved by a majority of the Legislative Council. Senate: Appeals heard by Legislative Council. Six votes required to allow introduction of legislation.
Maryland
House and Senate: No introductions during the last 35 days of regular session, unless 2/3 of the elected members of a chamber vote yes. Additional limitations involve committee action. Senate bills introduced after the 24th calendar day must be referred to the Senate Rules Committee and also Senate bills introduced after the 10th calendar day on behalf of the administration, i.e. the governor, must be referred to the Senate Rules Committee. House bills introduced during the last 59 calendar days (after the 31st day) are referred to the House Rules Committee. The Senate Rules and House Rules contain further provisions concerning the requirements for forcing legislation out of these committees.
House: 2/3 vote of elected members of each house.
Massachusetts
1st Wednesday in December even-numbered years, 1st Wednesday in November odd-numbered years.
2/3 vote of members present and voting.
Michigan
No limit.
Minnesota
No limit.
House: No exception as such; if needed, one would be granted by waiving the rule by 2/3 vote on the floor. Senate: Existence of an emergency reasonably compelling consideration notwithstanding the deadline.
See footnotes at end of table
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STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 5 Time Limits on Bill Introduction (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Time limit on introduction of bills
Procedures for granting exception to time limits
Mississippi
14th C day in 90 day session; 49th C day in 125 day session (e).
2/3 vote of members present and voting.
Missouri
House: 60th L day of regular session. Senate: March 1.
Majority vote of elected members each house; governor’s request for consideration of bill by special message.
Montana
Introduction of bills & resolutions: 10th L day if requested prior to convening or 2 days after receipt of finished bill draft after session convenes, whichever is earlier. Requests for general bills & resolutions: 12th L day; revenue bills: 17th L day; committee bills & resolutions: 36th L day; appropriations bills: 45th L day; interim study resolutions: 60th L day; committee revenue bills and bills proposing referenda: 62nd L day; committee bills implementing provision of a general appropriation act: 67th L day; resolutions confirming governor appointees or bill amending/repealing administrative rule: no deadline.
2/3 vote of members.
Nebraska
10th L day of any session (f).
3/5 vote of elected membership.
Nevada
Actual dates established at start of session.
Waiver granted by majority leader of the Senate and speaker of the Assembly acting jointly.
New Hampshire
Determined by rules.
2/3 vote of members present.
New Jersey
No limit.
New Mexico
House: 15 days in short session/even years, 30 days in long session/odd years. Senate: 15 days in short session/even years, 30 days in long session/odd years.
None. Statutory limit for legislators; governor not limited and can send bill with message.
New York
Assembly: for unlimited introduction of bills, the final day is the last Tuesday in May of the 2nd year of the legislative term. Senate: Determined by the Majority Conference leaders, but no earlier than 1st Tuesday in March; except introduction by agencies is March 1, for all other program bills it is 1st Tuesday in April.
Assembly: By unanimous consent, by introduction by Rules Cmte., by message from the Senate, consent of the Speaker, or by members elected at special election who take office after the first Tuesday in May. Senate: Introduction by Rules Committee after 2nd Friday in June, or by message from the Assembly.
North Carolina
Actual dates established during session.
Senate: 2/3 vote of membership present and voting shall be required.
North Dakota
House: 8th L day. Senate: 13th L day.
2/3 vote of the floor or by approval of Delayed Bills Committee.
Ohio
No limit.
Oklahoma
Time limit set in rules.
2/3 vote of membership.
Oregon
House: Set by House rules for odd-numbered year sessions. It was the 17th calendar day in 2015. All measures must be presession filed for even-year session. Senate: Set by Senate rules for odd-numbered year sessions. It was the 23rd calendar day in 2015. All measures must be presession filed for even-year session.
House: Bills approved by the Rules Committee; appropriation or fiscal measures sponsored by the Cmte. on Ways and Means; other committee bills approved by the Speaker; member priority requests (limited to 5 measures for odd-year session, none for even-year session). Senate: Measures approved by the Senate President: appropriations or fiscal measures sponsored by the Cmte. On Ways and Means.
Pennsylvania
No limit.
Rhode Island
Second week of February for Public Bills.
Sponsor must give one legislative day’s notice.
South Carolina
House: Prior to April 15 of the 2nd yr. of a two-yr. legislative session; May 1 for bills first introduced in Senate. Rule 5.12. Senate: May 1 of regular session for bills originating in House. Rule 47.
House and Senate: 2/3 vote of members present and voting.
South Dakota
Individual bills: 40-day session: 15th L day; 35-day session: 10th L day. Committee bills: 40-day session: 16th L day; 35-day session: 11th L day. If a session calendar is adopted for a period of 36 days to 39 days, the legislative deadlines for the 35-day session shall be increased by the number of days by which the length of the session calendar exceeds 35 days.
2/3 approval of members-elect.
Tennessee
General bills, 10th L day of regular session (g).
Unanimous approval by Delayed Bills Committee.
Texas
60th C day of regular session, except for local bills, emergency appropriations and all emergency matters submitted by the governor in a special message to the legislature.
4/5 vote of members present and voting.
Utah
12:00 p.m. on 11th day of session.
Motion for request must be approved by a constitutional majority vote.
Vermont
House: 1st session—last day of February; 2nd session—last day of January. Senate: 1st session—70-day limit; 2nd session—25 C days before start of session.
Approval by Rules Committee.
Virginia
Set by joint procedural resolution adopted at the beginning of the session (usually the second Friday of the session is the last day to introduce legislation that does not have any earlier deadline).
As provided in the joint procedural resolution (usually unanimous consent or at written request of the governor).
Washington
Until 10 days before the end of session unless 2/3 vote of elected members of each house.
2/3 vote of elected members of each house.
West Virginia
House: 42nd C day. Senate: 41st C day.
2/3 vote of members present.
See footnotes at end of table
66 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 5 Time Limits on Bill Introduction (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Time limit on introduction of bills
Wisconsin
No limit.
Wyoming
House and Senate: 15th L day of session in odd-numbered years. 5th L day in even-numbered years.
American Samoa
House: After the 25th L day of the fourth Regular Session. Senate: After the 15th L day.
Guam
Public hearing on bill must be held no more than 120 days after date of bill introduction.
CNMI*
No limit.
Puerto Rico
1st session—within first 125 days; 2nd session—within first 60 days.
Procedures for granting exception to time limits
House: 2/3 vote of elected members. Senate: 2/3 vote of elected members. (During Budget Session need unanimous consent)
None.
U.S. Virgin Islands No limit.
Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 2019 and updates from state websites 2019. *Commonwealth of Mariana Islands Key: C—Calendar L—Legislative (a) Not applicable to local bills, advertised or otherwise. (b) Specific dates set in Joint Rules. (c) Not applicable to appropriations bills. (d) Not applicable to local bills and joint resolutions. (e) Except Appropriation and Revenue bills (51st/86th C day) and Local & Private bills (83rd/118th C day). (f) Except appropriations bills and bills introduced at the request of the governor, bills can be introduced during the first 10 legislative days of the session. Appropriation bills and bills introduced at the request of the governor can be introduced at any time during the session.
(g) Local bills have no cutoff. (h) House: For Member-filed bills, noon of the first day of regular session. House Rule 5.2 sets a time limit for the introduction of bills, but this applies to Member-filed bills only. Proposed committee bills, local bills (dependent on completion of 30-day public notice period), and committee substitutes (treated by House Rules as new bills) are routinely filed after the first day of Session. Senate: Not applicable to appropriations bills, concurrent resolutions regarding certain subjects, local bills (which have no deadline), claim bills (deadline is August 1 of the year preceding consideration or within 62 days of a Senator’s election), committee bills, trust fund bills, and public records exemptions linked to timely filed bills.
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STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 6 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date Governor may item veto appropriation bills State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (q) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (q) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (q) Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Amount ★(e) ★ ★ ★ ★(i) ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★(r) ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(w) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(ccc)
Other (b) … … ★ … … (l) … … ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ (i) … … ★ … … … … ★ … … … ★ … … ★ … … … … ★(iii) … … ★(tt) ★ (i) ★(eee) ★ … ★ ★ … ★(ccc)
See footnotes at end of table
68 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
During session Bill becomes law unless vetoed 6 (f) 15 5 5 12 (j) 10P (ggg) 5 10P 7 (ddd) 6 10 (s) 5 60 (m) 7 3 10 (m) 10 10 (m) 10 6 (x) 10 14 (m) 3P 5 15 10 (m) 5 5 (gg) 5 45 3 (hh) 10 (ii) 10 3 10 5 (mm) 5 10 6 5 5 (rr) 10 10 10P 5 7 (m) 5 5 6 3 10 10 40 (m)(aaa) 10 10
Days allowed governor to consider bill (a) After session Bill becomes law Bill dies unless vetoed unless signed 10A 20P 10A 20A 30A 30A (m) 15P (o) 10P 30A 15P (m) 40A 45A (s)(p) 10P (p) 10P 60P (m) 7P 30A 10P 90A 20P (m) (v) 30P (y) (z) 10P 10A 14P 14A, 3P 3A, 14P 15P (dd) 45A 25A (m) 5A, 5P (ff) 10A (gg) 5P
(ii) 30A 15A 10P 30A (s) 30A 10P (oo) (qq) 15P (rr) (ss) 20A 20A 5A 30A (uu) 20A 15A (xx) 6P 15A
20A 30A
10A 15A (mm)
(oo)
(fff)
10P
30A 30P (zz)
10P
30P 30A
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 6 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (q) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (q) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (q) Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Votes required in each house to pass bills or items over veto (c) Majority of elected body 2/3 elected (g) 2/3 elected (h) Majority elected 2/3 elected (hhh) 2/3 elected 2/3 elected 3/5 elected 2/3 members present in each house 2/3 elected 2/3 elected 2/3 present 3/5 elected (g) Majority elected
Effective date of enacted legislation (d) Date signed by governor, unless otherwise specified. 90 days after enactment or the specified effective date. 90 days after adjournment 91st day after adjournment (k) 90 days after adjournment (n) Oct. 1, unless otherwise specified. Immediately or enactment clause 60 days after adjournment sine die or on specified date. Unless other date specified, July 1 for generals, date signed by governor for locals. Immediately or on the prospective date stated in the legislation. July 1 Usually Jan. 1 of next year (t) (u) July 1, unless otherwise specified. Effective date for bills which become law on or after July 1, 45 days after 2/3 elected approval, unless otherwise specified. 2/3 membership Upon publication or specified date after publication Majority elected 90 days after adjournment sine die. Unless the bill contains an emergency clause or special effective date. 2/3 elected Aug. 1 2/3 elected 90 days after adjournment unless enacted as an emergency. 3/5 elected (aa) June 1 (bb) 2/3 present 90 days after enactment 2/3 elected and serving Immediate effect if vote of 2/3 elected and serving. 90 days after adjournment, if immediate effect not given. 2/3 elected—90 House; 45 Senate Aug. 1 (cc) 2/3 elected July 1 unless specified otherwise. 2/3 elected Aug. 28 (ee) 2/3 present Oct. 1 (cc) 3/5 elected 90 days following adjournment sine die. Unless bill contains an emergency clause. 2/3 elected Oct. 1, unless measure stipulates a different date. 2/3 present 60 days after enactment, unless otherwise noted. 2/3 elected Dates usually specified 90 days after adjournment unless other date specified. General appropriations acts or emergency clauses passed by 2/3 present 2/3 present take effect immediately. 2/3 present 20 days after enactment unless otherwise prescribed in the bill. 3/5 elected 60 days after adjournment 2/3 elected (jj) 3/5 elected (kk) 91st day after filing with secretary of state. (ll) 2/3 elected 90 days after adjournment unless specified in the bill. 2/3 present Jan. 1st of following year. (nn) 2/3 majority 60 days after signed by governor 3/5 present Immediately (pp) 2/3 vote of the members present and voting Date of signature 2/3 elected July 1 Constitutional majority 40 days after enactment unless otherwise specified 2/3 present 90 days after adjournment unless otherwise specified 2/3 elected 60 days after adjournment of the session at which it passed. 2/3 present July 1 unless otherwise specified. 2/3 present (vv) July 1 (ww) 2/3 present 90 days after adjournment Majority elected 90 days after enactment 2/3 present Day after publication date unless otherwise specified 2/3 elected Specified in act 2/3 elected 60 days after adjournment (yy) 10 votes to override Immediately (bbb) 2/3 elected Upon signing by the governor. 2/3 elected Specified in act 2/3 elected Immediately
See footnotes at end of table
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STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 6 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 2019 and state websites 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★—Yes …—No A—Days after adjournment of legislature. P—Days after presentation to governor. (a) Sundays excluded, unless otherwise indicated. (b) Includes language in appropriations bill. (c) Bill returned to house of origin with governor’s objections. (d) Effective date may be established by the law itself or may be otherwise changed by vote of the legislature. Special or emergency acts are usually effective immediately. (e) The governor may line item distinct items or item veto amounts in appropriation bills, if returned prior to final adjournment. (f) Except bills presented within five days of final adjournment, Sundays are included. (g) Different number of votes required for revenue and appropriations bills. Alaska—3/4 elected. Illinois—Only the usual majority of members elected is required to restore a reduced item. (h) Several specific requirements of 3/4 majority. (i) Line item veto. (j) For a bill to become law during session, if 12th day falls on a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday, the period is extended to the next day that is not a Saturday, Sunday, or holiday. (k) For legislation enacted in regular sessions: January 1 of the following year. Urgency legislation: immediately upon chaptering by Secretary of State. Legislation enacted in special session: 91st day after adjournment of the special session at which the bill was passed. (l) The governor may not line-item veto any portion of any bill (including appropriation clauses in bills) other than line items in the Long Appropriations Bill. The governor may line-item veto individual lines in the Long Appropriations Bill. In those instances, the governor must line-item veto the entire amount of any item; an item is an indivisible sum of money dedicated to a single purpose. (m) Sundays included. (n) An act takes effect on the date stated in the act, or if no date is stated in the act, then upon signature of the governor. If no safety clause on a bill, the bill takes effect 90 days after sine die if no referendum petition has been filed. The state constitution allows for a 90-day period following adjournment when petitions may be filed for bills that do not contain a safety clause. (o) Bill enacted if not signed/vetoed within time frames. (p) The governor must notify the legislature 10 days before the 45th day of his intent to veto a measure on that day. The legislature may convene at or before noon on the 45th day after adjournment to consider the vetoed measures. If the legislature fails to reconvene, the bill does not become law. If the legislature reconvenes, it may pass the measure over the governor’s veto or it may amend the law to meet the governor’s objections. If the law is amended, the governor must sign the bill within 10 days after it is presented to him in order for it to become law.
70 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(q) Constitution withholds right to veto constitutional amendments proposed by the legislature. (r) Governor can also reduce amounts in appropriations bills. In Hawaii, governor can reduce items in executive appropriations measures, but cannot reduce or item veto amounts appropriated for the judicial or legislative branches. (s) Except Sundays and legal holidays. In Hawaii, except Saturdays, Sundays, holidays and any days in which the legislature is in recess prior to its adjournment. In Oregon, if the governor does not sign the bill within 30 days after adjournment, it becomes law without the governor’s signature, Saturdays and Sundays are excluded. (t) Effective date for bills which become law on or after July 1: A bill passed after May 31 cannot take effect before June 1 of the following year unless it states an earlier effective date and is approved by 3/5 of the members elected to each house. (u) Varies with date of the veto. (v) “If the bill or resolution shall not be returned by the governor within 10 days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to the governor, it shall have the same force and effect as if the governor had signed it unless the Legislature by their adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall have such force and effect, unless returned within 3 days after the next meeting of the same Legislature which enacted the bill or resolution; if there is no such next meeting of the Legislature which enacted the bill or resolution, the bill or resolution shall not be a law.” (excerpted from Article IV, Part Third, Section 2 of the Constitution of Maine). (w) The governor cannot veto the budget bill but may exercise a total veto or item veto on a supplementary appropriations bill. In practice this means the governor may strike items in the annual general capital loan bill. Occasionally the governor will also veto a bond bill or a portion of a bond bill. (x) If a bill is presented to the governor in the first 83 days of session, the governor has only six days (not including Sunday) to act before the bill automatically becomes law. (y) All bills passed at regular or special sessions must be presented to the governor no later than 20 days after adjournment. The governor has a limited time to sign or veto a bill after it is presented. If the governor does not act within that time, the bill becomes law automatically; there is no pocket veto. The time limit depends on when the presentment is made. Any bill presented in the last 7 days of the 90-day session or after adjournment must be acted on within 30 days after presentment. Bills vetoed after adjournment are returned to the legislature for reconsideration at the next meeting of the same General Assembly. (z) The governor has a limited time to sign or veto a bill after it is presented. If the governor does not act within that time, the bill becomes law automatically; there is no pocket veto. The time limit depends on when the presentment is made. (aa) Vetoed bills are returned to the house of origin immediately after that house has organized at the next regular or special session. When a new General Assembly is elected and sworn in, bills vetoed from the previous session are not returned. These vetoed bills are not subject to any further legislative action.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 6 Enacting Legislation: Veto, Veto Override and Effective Date (continued) (bb) Unless otherwise provided, June 1 is the effective date for bond bills, July 1 for budget, tax and revenue bills. By custom October 1 is the usual effective date for other legislation. If the bill is an emergency measure, it may take effect immediately upon approval by the governor or at a specified date prior to June 1. For vetoed legislation, 30 days after the veto is overridden or on the date specified in the bill, whichever is later. An emergency bill passed over the governor’s veto takes effect immediately. (cc) Different date for fiscal legislation. Minnesota—July 1. Montana— Appropriations effective July 1 unless otherwise specified in bill; revenue bills effected July 1 unless otherwise specified in bill, often next Jan. 1. (dd) Bills vetoed after adjournment are returned to the legislature for reconsideration. Mississippi—returned within three days after the beginning of the next session. (ee) If bill has an emergency clause, it becomes effective upon governor’s signature. If a bill is neither signed nor vetoed by a governor, it becomes law. (ff) Bills are carried over from the 90-day session beginning in the odd-numbered year to the 60-day session, which begins in evennumbered years. Bills that have not passed by the last day of the 60-day session are all indefinitely postponed by motion on the last day of the session. (gg) The day of delivery and Sundays are not counted for purposes of calculating these periods. (hh) Except bills presented to the governor in the last three days of session, for which the governor has 20 days from adjournment. (ii) If the legislature adjourns during the governor’s consideration of a 10-day bill, the bill shall not become law without the governor’s approval. (jj) August 1 after filing with the secretary of state. Appropriations and tax bills July 1 after filing with secretary of state, or date set in legislation by Legislative Assembly, or by date established by emergency clause in a bill that passes each house by a vote of two-thirds of the members-elect of each house. (kk) The exception covers such matters as emergency measures and court bills that originally required a 2/3 majority for passage. In those cases, the same extraordinary majority vote is required to override a veto. (ll) Emergency, current appropriation, and tax legislation effective immediately. The General Assembly may also enact an uncodified section of law specifying a desired effective date that is after the constitutionally established effective date. (mm) During session the governor has 5 days (except Sunday) to sign or veto a bill or it becomes law automatically. After Session a bill becomes a pocket veto if not signed 15 days after sine die. (nn) Unless emergency declared or date specific in text of measure, which must be at least 90 days after adjournment sine die unless emergency is declared. Emergency cannot be declared in bills regulating taxation or exemption.
(oo) Bills become effective without signature if not signed or vetoed. (pp) Date signed, date received by Secretary of State if effective without signature, date that veto is overridden, or other specified date. (qq) Two days after the next meeting. (rr) During a session, a bill becomes law if a governor signs it or does not act on it within five days, not including Saturdays, Sundays or holidays. If the legislature has adjourned or recessed or is within five days of a recess or an adjournment, the governor has 15 days to act on the bill. If he does not act, the bill becomes law. (ss) Adjournment of the legislature is irrelevant; the governor has 10 days to act on a bill after it is presented to him or it becomes law without his signature. (tt) If part of the item. (uu) The governor has thirty days after adjournment of the legislature to act on any bills. The Constitution of Virginia provides that: “If the governor does not act on any bill, it shall become law without his signature.” (vv) Must include majority of elected members. (ww) Unless a different date is stated in the bill. Special sessions— first day of fourth month after adjournment. (xx) Five days for supplemental appropriation bills. (yy) Laws required to be approved only by the governor. An act required to be approved by the U.S. Secretary of the Interior only after it is vetoed by the governor and so approved takes effect 40 days after it is returned to the governor by the secretary. (zz) After Legislature adjourns sine die at end of two-year term. (aaa) Twenty days for appropriations bills. (bbb) U.S. Congress may annul. (ccc) May item veto language or amounts in a bill that contains two or more appropriations. (ddd) The governor has seven days, Sundays included, to act on presented bills while the Legislature is in session. If the Legislature adjourns sine die during the seven-day period or takes a recess of more than 30 days, the governor has 15 consecutive days from the date of presentation to act on the bill(s). (eee) Governor may partially veto words or numbers in the case of appropriation bills. (fff) Three days subsequent to presentation following adjournment in even-numbered years. (ggg) Ten calendar days after receipt of bill. When the Governor receives bills within the last 10 days of session, the Governor has 30 days to act on the bills. (hhh) Per Joint Rule 58.5, the Legislature may consider a Governor’s veto for only 60 legislative days or until adjournment sine die of the session in which the bill subject to the veto was passed by the Legislature, whichever period is shorter. (iii) The governor has also vetoed budget riders.
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STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 7 Legislative Appropriations Process: Budget Documents and Bills Legal source of deadline
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Budget document submission Submission date relative to convening
Within one week
★ ★ ★ ★ …
Prior to session (a) … ★ ★ …
★ (a) … … …
Within two weeks … … … … …
…
★
★(a)
…
… … ★ ★ … … … … … … ★ … … ★ … … … … ★ … … ★ … … … ★ … … … ★ … ★ … … … … … … … … ★(t) ★ … … … … ★ … …
★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(t) ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
… … ★ … 30 days … … … … … … (f) … … … … … ★ … ★ ★ (a) … … ★ (a) … (k) … … ★ … … … … … … (a) (s) Dec. 20 (u) … … Dec. 1 ★ … April 1 … May 30
… … … (a) … … … … … … … (f) (a) ★(e) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ★ … … … ★ … … (n) … … … … ★ … … … … … … …
Constitutional
Statutory
★ ★ … … ★
See footnotes at end of table
72 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Within one month … … … … (a)
Over one month … … … … …
…
…
…
… … … … … … … … … ★(e) (a) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ★(a) … … … … … … … … … ★(a)(e) … … … … … … … … … … … … …
(a) … … … … … … … (a) … … … … … ★ ★ (a) … ★ … ★ … … … (a) … … … ★(d)(e) … … … … … … ★(a)(e) … … … … … … ★(v) … … ★(w) … ★ …
… … … … … ★(a) ★(a) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (a) … … … … … … … ★(l) ★ ★ … ★(o) … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Budget bill introduction Not until Same time cmte. review as budget of budget document Another time document … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★(b) 76th day … … by rule … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★(c) … … ★ … … ★(d) … … ★ … … ★ (g) … … … … ★ … … ★(h) … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★(i) … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★(j) … … ★ … … ★(k) … … ★(x) … … ★ … ★(m) ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★(p) … … ★ … … ★(q) … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ … … ★ … … ★
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 7 Legislative Appropriations Process: Budget Documents and Bills (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 2019 and state websites, 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★—Yes …—No (a) Specific time limitations: Alabama—within first five days of session; Alaska—December 15, 4th legislative day; California—January 10; Connecticut—not later than the first session day following the third day in February, in each odd-numbered year; Colorado—presented by November 1 to the Joint Budget Committee; Georgia—first five days of session; Idaho—September 1 (I.C. § 67-3502); Illinois—Third Wednesday in February; Iowa—no later than February 1; Kentucky—10th legislative day; Maine—The Governor shall transmit the budget document to the Legislature not later than the Friday following the first Monday in January of the first regular legislative session. … A Governor-elect elected to a first term of office shall transmit the budget document to the Legislature not later than the Friday following the first Monday in February of the first regular legislative session (Maine Revised Statutes, Title 5, Chapter 149, Section 1666); Minnesota—by the 4th Tuesday in January each odd-numbered year; Nevada—no later than 14 days before commencement of regular session; New Hampshire—by February 15; New Mexico—by January 10 in an odd year, January 5 in an even year. Legislative Finance Cmte. must submit budget no later than first week of session; New York—The legislative budget must be submitted to the governor no later than December 1. The executive budget must be submitted by the governor to the legislature by the 2nd Tuesday following the opening of session (or February 1 for the first session following a gubernatorial election); Tennessee—on or before February 1 for sitting governor; Utah—Must submit to the legislature by the calendared floor time on the first day of the annual session. (b) Budget and Budget Bill are annual—to be submitted within the first 10 days of each calendar year. (c) Deadlines for introducing bills in general are set by Senate president and House speaker. (d) Executive budget bill is introduced and used as a working tool for committee. (e) Later for first session of a new governor; Kansas—21 days; Maryland—10 days after; New Jersey—February 15; Ohio—by March 15; Tennessee—March 1. (f) The governor shall submit his executive budget to the Joint Legislative Committee on the budget no later than 45 days prior to each regular session; except that in the first year of each term, the executive budget shall be submitted no later than 30 days prior to the regular session. Copies shall be made available to the entire legislature on the first day of each regular session.
(g) Bills appropriating monies for the general operating budget and ancillary appropriations, bills appropriating funds for the expenses of the legislature and the judiciary must be submitted to the legislature for introduction no later than 45 days prior to each regular session, except that in the first year of each term, such appropriation bills shall be submitted no later than 30 days prior to the regular session. (h) Appropriations bill other than the budget bill (supplementary) may be introduced at any time. They must provide their own tax source and may not be enacted until the budget bill is enacted. (i) Governor’s budget bill is introduced and serves as a working document for the Appropriations Committee. The governor must submit the budget proposal by January 15 of each odd-numbered year. (Neb.Rev.Stat. sec.81-125). The statute extends this deadline to February 1 for a governor who is in his first year of office. (j) Submission of the governor’s budget bills to the legislature occurs with submission of the executive budget. (k) Legislative Council’s Budget Section hears the executive budget recommendations during legislature’s December organizational session. Budget bill introduction one week after governor’s budget message. (l) By December 1st of even-numbered year unless new governor is elected; if new governor is elected, then February 1st of odd-numbered year. (m) Legislature often introduces other budget bills during legislative session that are not part of the governor’s recommended budget. (n) The Legislative Budget Board is required to submit a copy of the budget of estimated appropriations to the governor and members of the legislature not later than the fifth day after session convenes. The board is required to submit a copy of the general appropriations bill not later than the seventh day after session convenes. (o) It is usually over a month. The budget must be delivered to the Legislature not later than the first Tuesday after the first Monday in December. (p) It must be introduced no later than the 16th legislative day. (q) State law does not specify a special deadline for filing the General Appropriations Act, but it is generally filed soon after the Legislative Budget Board submits the budget document. (r) Legislative rules require budget bills to be introduced by the 43rd day of the session. (s) Third Tuesday each year. (t) And Rules. (u) For fiscal period other than biennium, 20 days prior to first day of session. (v) Last Tuesday in January. A later submission date may be requested by the governor. (w) Usually January before end of current fiscal year. (x) Bill may actually be officially introduced a few days later; it is usually not immediately introduced upon the presentation of the governor’s budget.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7 3
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 8 Fiscal Notes: Content and Distribution Distribution Content
Legislators
Appropriations Fiscal committee Projected Proposed impact Available Executive State or other Cost future source of on local on Bill budget jurisdiction involved cost revenue govt. Other All request sponsor Members Chair only Fiscal staff staff Alabama … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(a) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Alaska … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Arizona … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Arkansas (b) … … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ California … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Colorado … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Connecticut … (c) … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Delaware … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(m) ★ Florida … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Georgia … … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Hawaii … … … … … … … … … … … … ★(hh) Idaho (ll) … … … … (e) (e) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Illinois … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(f) ★ ★ Indiana … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Iowa … -------------------------------------------------------------- (g) --------------------------------------------------------------★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Kansas … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Kentucky … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Louisiana … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(h) Maine … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(i) ★ ★ ★ Maryland … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(j) ★(k) Massachusetts … … … … … … … … ★(l) ★ ★ ★ ★ Michigan … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(m) ★(n) Minnesota … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Mississippi … … … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★(o) Missouri … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … … Montana … ★ ★(p) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Nebraska … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Nevada … … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(kk) … … … … … New Hampshire (ii) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ New Jersey … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ New Mexico … … … … (q) (q) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ New York … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(r) ★ ★ ★ ★ North Carolina … … (s) … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ North Dakota … … (u) … … … ★ ★ ★ ★(t) ★ ★ ★ Ohio … (v) … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Oklahoma … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Oregon … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Pennsylvania … … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Rhode Island … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ South Carolina … … … (w) … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ South Dakota … … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Tennessee … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Texas … (jj) … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(x) ★ ★ ★ Utah … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(y) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Vermont --------------------------------------------------- (z) ---------------------------------------------------… … … … … ★ ★ Virginia (bb) … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(aa) ★ ★ ★(cc) Washington … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(dd) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ West Virginia … … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Wisconsin … … (ee) … … … … (ee) … ★ ★ ★ ★ Wyoming … … … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ Guam … … … … … … ★ ★ ★(ff) ★ ★ ★ ★ CNMI* … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ Puerto Rico ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (gg) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------U.S. Virgin Islands … … … … … … … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ Intent or purpose of bill
See footnotes at end of table
74 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 8 Fiscal Notes: Content and Distribution (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, January 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: A fiscal note is a summary of the fiscal effects of a bill on government revenues, expenditures and liabilities. Key: ★— Yes …—No (a) Fiscal notes included on final passage calendar. (b) Only retirement, corrections, revenue, tax and local government bills require fiscal notes. During the past session, fiscal notes were provided for education. (c) The fiscal notes are printed with the bills favorably reported by the committees. (d) Statement of purpose. (e) Attached to bill, so available to both fiscal and executive budget staff. Joint Rule 18. (f) A summary of each fiscal note is attached to the summary of its bill in the printed Legislative Synopsis and Digest, and on the General Assembly’s Web site. Fiscal notes are prepared for the sponsor and attached to the bill on file with the House Clerk or Senate Secretary. (g) Fiscal notes are available to everyone. (h) Prepared by the Legislative Fiscal Office when a state agency is involved and prepared by Legislative Auditor’s office when a local board or commission is involved; copies sent to House and Senate staff offices respectively. (i) Distributed to members of the committee of reference; also available on the Legislature’s Web site. (j) A fiscal note is now known as a fiscal and policy note to better reflect the contents. Fiscal and policy notes also identify any mandate on local government and include analyses of the economic impact on small businesses. (k) In practice fiscal and policy notes are prepared on all bills and resolutions prior to a public hearing on the bills/resolutions. After initial hard copy distribution to sponsor and committee, the note is released to member computer system and thereafter to the legislative Web site. (l) Fiscal notes are prepared only if cost exceeds $100,000 or matter has not been acted upon by the Joint Committee on Ways and Means. (m) In regards to Impact on Local Government, Fee Impact Statements are written. (n) At present, fiscal information is part of the bill analysis on the legislative Web site. (o) And committee to which bill referred. (p) Mechanical defects in bill. (q) Fiscal impact statements prepared by Legislative Finance Committee staff are available on the legislature’s Web site. (r) Fiscal notes are required for retirement bills, bills enacting or amending tax expenditures, and all bills increasing or decreasing state revenues, or affecting appropriation or expenditure of state monies. (s) Fiscal notes are posted on the Internet and available to all members. (t) Notes required only if impact is $5,000 or more. Bills impacting workforce safety and insurance benefits or premiums have actuarial statements as do bills proposing changes in state and local retirement systems.
(u) Fiscal notes are available online to anyone from the legislative branch Web site. (v) Fiscal notes are prepared for bills before being voted on in any standing committee or floor session. Fiscal notes for all introduced bills are posted on the Web. They are also distributed to the committees in which the bills are heard. (w) Fiscal impact statements on proposed legislation are prepared by the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs Office and sent to the House or Senate standing committee that requested the impact. All fiscal impacts are posted on the Revenue and Fiscal Affairs website. (x) Some bills may also require the preparation of one or more of the following fiscal impact statements: an actuarial impact statement, a criminal justice policy impact statement, an equalized education funding impact statement, a higher education impact statement, an open government impact statement, an impact statement regarding the economic effect of tax changes, a tax/fee equity note, or a water development policy impact statement. (y) Fiscal notes are to include cost and revenue estimates on all bills that anticipate direct impact on state government, local government, residents, and businesses. (z) Fiscal notes are not mandatory and their content will vary. (aa) Technical amendments, if needed. Fiscal notes do not provide statements or interpretations of legislative intent for legal purposes. A summary of the stated objective, effect, and impact may be included. (bb) Fiscal impact statements are widely available because they are also posted on the Internet shortly after they are distributed. The Joint Legislative Audit Review Commission (JLARC) also prepares a review of the fiscal impact statement if requested by a standing committee chair. The review statement is also available on the Internet. (cc) Legislative budget directors. (dd) Impact on private sector. (ee) The fiscal estimate is printed as an appendix to the bill; anyone that has a copy of the bill has a copy of the fiscal estimate. (ff) Fiscal impact on local economy. (gg) The Legislature of Puerto Rico does not prepare fiscal notes, but upon request the economics unit could prepare one. The Department of Treasury has the duty to analyze and prepare fiscal notes. (hh) Hawaii does not require the submission of fiscal notes. (ii) Whenever possible, fiscal notes appear at end of introduced version of bill. (jj) After a bill has been set for hearing, the Legislative Budget Board distributes the fiscal note to the committee clerk and the sponsor of the bill. In the House, the fiscal note must be attached to the affected bill before a public hearing on the bill may be held, and Senate practice is for a copy of the fiscal note to be provided to the committee members before a final vote on a bill in committee is taken. If the bill is reported from committee, the fiscal note is attached to the bill as part of the committee report when it is printed and distributed to the legislators. Fiscal notes are publicly available online for bills that have been voted out of committee. (kk) Fiscal notes are posted on the Legislature’s website. (ll) Joint Rule 18.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7 5
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 9 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2018 Regular Sessions Introductions Resolutions*
State
Duration of session**
Bills
Alabama
Jan. 9 – Mar. 29, 2018
922
682
Alaska (c)
Jan. 17 – May 17, 2017; Jan. 16 – May 13, 2018
376
Arizona
Jan. 8 – May 4, 2018
1,206
Arkansas
Feb. 12 – Mar. 13, 2018
California (c) Colorado Connecticut (e)
Enactments/adoptions Bills Resolutions*
Measures vetoed by governor (a)(b)
Length of session
0
30L 90C
311
485
141
26
58
0
94
346
17
23
N/A
263
30
260
0
0
30C
Dec. 5, 2016 – Sept. 15, 2017; Jan. 3 – Aug. 31, 2018
4,775
786
1,875
673
319
N/A
Jan. 10 – May 9, 2018
721
54
420
1
9
120C 65C
Feb. 7 – May 9, 2018
1,135
267
213
0
7
Jan. 10 – Jun. 30, 2017; Jan. 9 – Jun. 30, 2018
746
262
435
18
1
N/A
Florida
Jan. 9 – Mar. 11, 2018
2,988
140
185
55
2
60C
Georgia (c)
Jan. 9 – Mar. 30, 2017; Jan. 8 – Mar. 29, 2018
1,573
2,989
542
2,584
30
N/A
Hawaii
Jan. 17 – May 3, 2018
2,260
815
220
178
8
60L 80C
Delaware (c)
Idaho
Jan. 8 – Mar. 28, 2018
561
78
355
51
2
Jan. 24 – May 31, 2017; Jan. 8 – May 31, 2018
9,649
3,808
1,450
3,465
N/A
N/A
Indiana
Jan. 2 – Mar. 16, 2018
886
287
210
215
0
30L
Iowa (c)
Jan. 9 – Apr. 28, 2017; Jan. 8 – May 5, 2018
2,094
153
345
1
1
N/A
Kansas
Jan. 8 – Apr. 7, 2018
573
100
118
68
10 (a)
91C
Illinois (c)
Kentucky
Jan. 2 – Apr. 14, 2018
873
701
185
503
13 (a)(b)
60L
Louisiana
Mar. 12 – May 18, 2018
1,465
749
720
697
6
60L
Maine (c)
Dec. 7, 2016 – July 3, 2017; Jan. 3 – Jun. 19, 2018
1,924
79
541
N/A
57 (b)
N/A
Maryland
Jan. 10 – Apr. 9, 2018
3,101
26
852
0
37
90C
Massachusetts (c)
Jan. 4 – Dec, 31, 2017; Jan. 3 – Dec. 31, 2018
7,723
0
605
0
3
N/A
Michigan (c)
Jan. 11 – Dec. 28, 2017; Jan. 10 – Dec. 31, 2018
3,879
834
955
626
64 (a)(b)
N/A
Minnesota
Feb. 20 – May 21, 2018
3,493
0
100
0
16
90C
Mississippi
Jan. 2 – Mar. 28, 2018
2,789
272
329
220
4
90C
Missouri
Jan. 3 – May 18, 2018
2,066
225
112
21
1
N/A
Montana Nebraska (U) (c) Nevada
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No regular session in 2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jan. 4 – May 23, 2017; Jan. 3 – Apr. 18, 2018
1,184
496
325
235
N/A
N/A
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No regular session in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New Hampshire
Jan. 3 – Jun. 30, 2018
1,085
12
382
3
6(b)
New Jersey (d)
Jan. 9, 2018 – Jan. 8, 2019; Jan. 9, 2019
8,380
988
206
76
N/A
(d)
Jan. 16 – Feb. 15, 2018
687
35
80
4
36 (a)(f)
30C
Jan. 4, 2017 – Jan. 2, 2018; Jan. 3 – Jun. 30, 2018
20,050
N/A
1,027
N/A
N/A
365C
Jan. 11 – Jun. 30, 2017; Jan. 10 – Jul. 4, 2018
1,951
N/A
425
N/A
N/A
N/A
New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota
N/A
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No regular session in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ohio
Jan. 2 – Dec. 31, 2017; Jan. 2 – Dec. 31, 2018
1,144
1,521
117
1,440
N/A
N/A
Oklahoma (c)
Feb. 6 – May 26, 2017; Feb. 5 – May 3, 2018
4,330
242
715
76
34
N/A
Feb. 5 – Mar. 3, 2018
233
25
122
19
1
N/A
Jan. 3 – June 30, 2017; Jan. 2 – Nov. 30, 2018
3,954
1,670
277
1,450
8
N/A
Oregon Pennsylvania (c)
See footnotes at end of table
76 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 1 9 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2018 Regular Sessions (continued) Introductions Resolutions*
Enactments/adoptions Bills Resolutions*
Measures vetoed by governor (a)(b)
Length of session
353
5
N/A
256
1,509
4
N/A
282
3
3
40L
2,255
2,674
N/A
N/A
State
Duration of session**
Bills
Rhode Island
Jan. 2 – Jun. 25, 2018
1,936
446
505
Jan. 10 – May 11, 2017; Jan. 9 – May 10, 2018
1,796
1,949
South Dakota
Jan. 9 – Mar. 26, 2018
535
50
Tennessee (c)
Jan. 10 – May 10, 2017; Jan. 9 – Apr. 27, 2018
5,577
2,895
South Carolina (c)
Texas
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No regular session in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Utah
Jan. 22 – Mar. 8, 2018
731
Vermont (c)
Jan. 4 – May 18, 2017; Jan. 3 – May 13, 2018
Virginia
Jan. 10 – Mar. 10, 2018
Washington (c)
86
469
28
1,224
548
242
478
13
N/A
2,606
1,116
854
953
20 (b)
60C
Jan. 9 – Apr. 23, 2017; Jan. 8 – Mar. 8, 2018
3,646
268
676
18
9 (a)
N/A
West Virginia
Jan. 10 – Mar. 10, 2018
1,778
315
249
131
11
60C
Wisconsin (c)
Jan. 3 – Dec. 31, 2017; Jan. 16 – Mar. 22, 2018
1,960
276
348
84
N/A
N/A
Wyoming
Feb. 12 – Mar. 15, 2018
315
49
15
4
1
N/A
Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state websites and legiscan.com, March 2019. *Includes Joint and Concurrent resolutions. **Actual adjournment dates are listed regardless of constitutional or statutory limitations. For more information on provisions, see Table 3.2, “Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions.” Key: C—Calendar day. L—Legislative day (in some states, called a session or workday; definition may vary slightly; however, it generally refers to any day on which either chamber of the legislature is in session). U—Unicameral legislature. N/A—Not available. (a) Line item or partial vetoes: Kansas—10; Kentucky—3; Michigan—2; New Mexico—5; Washington—8.
3 (b)
45C
(b) Number of vetoes overridden: Kentucky—5; Maine—33; Michigan—1; New Hampshire—2; Utah—2; Virginia—1. (c) Information reported for a full 2-year session. (d) Information for the 2018–2019 two-year session as of March 4, 2019. (e) 1. There is some redundancy in the numbers because committee bills are based on proposed bills, which are introduced by individual legislators at the beginning of the session. 2. Governor’s Bills are introduced on behalf of the Governor by legislative leaders of the Governor’s party. They reflect initiatives of the Governor, and not necessarily those of the introducing legislators. (f) Number includes 21 pocket vetoes.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7 7
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 0 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2018 Special Sessions Introductions
State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska (U) Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Enactments/adoptions
Measures vetoed by Length of Duration of session** Bills Resolutions* Bills Resolutions* governor session ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jan. 25, 2018 2 0 1 0 0 1L Mar. 13 – 15, 2018 18 4 15 1 0 N/A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Nov. 13 – 17, 2018 5 35 3 33 0 N/A Jul. 10, 2018; 0; 1; 0; 1; 0; 1L; Oct. 25, 2018 0 0 0 0 0 1L ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------May 14, 2018 5 1 5 1 0 1L ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dec. 17 – 18, 2018 2 5 0 4 0 2C Feb. 19 – Mar. 5, 2018; 38; 33; 2; 29; 0; May 22 – Jun. 4, 2018; 57; 113; 12; 106; 1; N/A Jun. 18 – Jun. 24, 2018 14 115 2 56 0 Jun. 19 – Sept. 13, 2018 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------No information available----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Aug. 23 – 29, 2018 5 26 3 15 0 N/A Sept. 10 – 19, 2018 4 5 2 1 0 N/A ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jul. 24 – Aug. 4, 2018; 12; 0; 5; 0; 0; Aug. 24 – 27, 2018; 8; 0; 5; 0; 0; N/A Oct. 2 – 15, 2018 9 0 7 0 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Dec. 18, 2017 – Apr. 19, 2018 (a) 56 2 18 0 0 N/A May 21, 2018 1 1 1 1 0 1C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sept. 12, 2018 3 0 3 0 0 1C ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jul. 18, 2018; 9; 0; 9; 0; 0; 1C; Dec. 3, 2018 3 0 3 0 0 1C May 23 – Jun. 29, 2018 24 23 10 22 1 N/A Apr. 11 – May 30, 2018; 2; 214; 2; 204; 0; N/A Aug. 30 – Nov. 30, 2018 3 14 0 11 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------May 20 – 21, 2018; 17; 4; 8; 4; 0; N/A Jun. 26 – Oct. 15, 2018 2 12 0 8 0 Jan. 18 – Feb. 27, 2018; 20; 0; 9; 0; 0; N/A Mar. 15 – 29, 2018 6 0 0 0 0 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No special session in 2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes at end of table
78 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 0 Bill and Resolution Introductions and Enactments: 2018 Special Sessions (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state legislative websites and legiscan.com, Feb. 2019. *Includes Joint and Concurrent resolutions. **Actual adjournment dates are listed regardless of constitutional or statutory limitations. For more information on provisions, see Table 3.2, “Legislative Sessions: Legal Provisions.”
Key: N/A—Not available. C—Calendar day. L—Legislative day (in some states, called a session or workday; definition may vary slightly; however, it generally refers to any day on which either chamber of the legislature is in session). U—Unicameral legislature. (a) The special session ran concurrent with the 2018 regular session.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 7 9
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 1 Staff for Individual Legislators Senate State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (f) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii (nn) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa
House/Assembly
Capitol
Capitol
Personal Shared District Personal Shared District YR YR/2 (a) YR YR/10 (a) YR/SO … YR YR/SO … YR YR (c) … … … YR (c) … … YR … … YR (d) … YR … YR YR … YR SO (e) YR (e) … YR (e) YR (e) … YR/36 … … … YR/38 … ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (g) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------YR (h) … YR (h) YR (h) … YR (h) … YR/3, SO/68 … … YR/25, SO/113 … YR/2 … … YR/1 … … … SO, YR (i) … … SO, YR (i) … YR (j) YR (j) YR (j) YR (j) YR (j) YR (j) … YR/2 (k) … … YR … SO/1 (oo) … (oo) SO/1 (oo) … (oo) SO/1 … … (l) SO/3 … … YR (m) … … YR (m) … (n) YR (o) YR (n) (n) YR (o) YR (n) YR,SO (p) YR/27, SO/7 YR … YR (q) … YR, SO (r) … YR (r) YR (r) SO (r) YR (r) YR … … YR … … YR (s) … … YR/2 (s) … … YR (t) Varies … YR/3 Varies … … YR … … YR … YR YR … YR YR … … SO … … SO … YR (u) … … ---------------------------------------------------- Unicameral --------------------------------------------------SO (pp) YR … SO (pp) YR … … YR … … YR … YR (h) … YR (h) YR (h) … YR (h) SO/1 … … … SO/2 … YR (w) … YR (w) YR (w) … YR (w) YR (x) YR … YR (x) YR … … SO (v) … … SO (v) … YR/2 (y) … (z) YR/1 (aa) … (z) YR/1(bb) YR (bb) … YR (bb) YR/1 (bb) … YR (cc) YR YR (dd) YR (cc) YR YR (dd) YR … YR YR … YR … YR (ee) … … YR (ee) … … YR/2 … YR/4 … … (ff) (ff) … (ff) (ff) … YR/1 … … (gg) YR/1 … (hh) … (hh) (hh) … (hh) SO (ii) YR /5-8(ii) … SO (ii) … … YR/1 (jj) … … YR/1 (jj) … … SO/1 (kk) … (kk) SO (kk) SO/2 (kk) YR/1 … IO/1 YR/1 … YR/1 SO … … … SO/17 … (ll) … (ll) (ll) … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Guam
…
…
…
CNMI* Puerto Rico
YR (mm) YR (mm)
(mm) …
… …
U.S. Virgin Islands
YR (mm)
…
…
See footnotes at end of table
80 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
---------------------------------------------------- Unicameral --------------------------------------------------YR (mm) YR (mm)
(mm) …
(ll) …
---------------------------------------------------- Unicameral ---------------------------------------------------
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 1 Staff for Individual Legislators (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: For entries under column heading “Shared,” figures after slash indicate approximate number of legislators per staff person, where available. Key: …—Staff not provided for individual legislators. YR—Year-round. SO—Session only. IO—Interim only. (a) Six counties have local delegation offices with shared staff. (b) The number of staff per legislator varies depending on their position. (c) Representatives share a secretary with another legislator; however, House leadership and committee chairs usually have their own secretarial staff. All legislators share professional research staff. (d) The legislators share 21 staff people; 4.76 legislators per staff person. (e) Senate: Personal—Each Senator is granted 570 aide hours and may employ up to two aides each fiscal year, with each aide working a maximum of 40 hours each week. Shared—18 session-only employees are employed by the Senate: 2 each by the majority and the minority and 14 by the non-partisan staff. 17 year-round employees are employed by the Senate: 8 by the majority, 5 by the minority, and 4 by the non-partisan staff. There are also 4 session-only employees in the bill room who are jointly managed by the Colorado Senate and House. House: Personal—Each Representative is allowed to hire up to 2 paid Legislative Aides who share a limit of 790 hours per fiscal year. Representatives may have an unlimited number of unpaid interns and volunteers. Shared—65 House legislators share 17 full time staff. 6 majority caucus staff, 5 minority caucus staff, 6 non-partisan staff. 65 Representatives share 28 session only staff: 3 majority caucus staff, 2 minority caucus staff, 23 non-partisan staff. (f) The numbers are for staff assigned to specific legislators. There is additional staff working in the leadership offices that also support the rank and file members. (g) Staffers are a combination of full time, part time, shared, personal, etc. and their assignments change throughout the year. (h) Personal and district staff are the same. In Florida, district employees may travel to the capitol for sessions (two district employees in the Senate and one district employee in the House). (i) In the Senate, Idaho has one year-round full-time (Chief of Staff) and two part-time (Secretary of the Senate and Minority Chief of Staff) year-round employees, with 53 additional employees during the session (January–March). The House has two full-time (Assistant to the Speaker and Chief Fiscal Officer) and for the January–March Legislative Session 29 full-time staff. (j) Each senator has one secretary and two House members share a secretary. Partisan staffers also help legislators with many issues as well as staffing committees. Most senators and representatives have one or two district office employees, paid from a separate allowance for that purpose. (k) Leadership has one legislative assistant. During session, college interns are hired to provide additional staff—one for every two members. Leadership has one intern.
(l) One clerical staff person for three individual House members is the norm. Chairpersons are provided their own individual clerical staff person. (m) The General Assembly is provided professional and clerical staff services by a centralized, non-partisan staff, with the exception of House and Senate leadership which employs partisan staff. No district staff provided. (n) Each legislator may hire as many assistants as desired, but pay from public funds ranges from $2,000 to $3,000 per month per legislator. Assistant(s) generally work in the district office but may also work at the capitol during the session. (o) The six caucuses are assigned one full-time position each (potentially 24 legislators per one staff person). (p) President’s office: six year round; Majority office: 7 year round, 1 session only; Secretary’s office: nine year round, five session only. (q) The 151 House members do not have individual staff. There are 21 people who work year round in the two partisan offices, 12 of whom are legislative aides who primarily work directly with legislators. Speaker’s office: 8 year round. Clerk’s office: 12 year round, 1 part-time, 10 session-only. (r) Senators have one year round administrative aide and one session only secretary. Delegates have one part-time year round administrative aide and a shared session only secretary. Legislators may increase staff and also hire student interns if their district office funds are used. (s) Senate—majority, 2–6 staff per legislator; minority, 2–3 staff per legislator. House—2 staff per legislator. (t) One to two staff persons per legislator. (u) Two to five staff persons per legislator. (v) Secretarial staff; in North Dakota, leadership only. (w) Varies depending upon allowance allocated to each member. Members have considerable independence in hiring personal and committee staffs. Legislative employees can be annual, session, or temporary. (x) Part time during interim. (y) Some leadership offices have more. (z) Some legislators maintain district offices at their own expense. (aa) Some offices have more. (bb) Senate: Pro Tem—6 staff persons; Senate minority leader—1 staff person. House: year round one to five, majority party only; minority party one staff person per legislator. Committee, fiscal and legal staffs are available to legislators on a year round. (cc) Two staff persons per legislator during session. (dd) Senate—Equivalent of one full-time staff. House—1 during interim. (ee) The General Assembly has a total of 280 full time positions, 267 full-time shared staff and additional 13 full-time positions for the House. (ff) The non-partisan Legislative Research Council serves all members of both houses year round. Committee secretaries and legislative interns and pages provide support during the sessions. (gg) Several House members have year-round personal staff. It depends on seniority, duties (such as committee chairs), and committee assignments. (hh) Staff numbers vary depending on the legislator. Each legislator Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 1
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 1 Staff for Individual Legislators (continued) is allotted and office budget and has independence in using that budget for hiring staff. (ii) Most legislators are assigned one student intern during session who is temporarily employed by OLRGC. Some legislators provide their own personal intern (volunteer or financial arrangements are made between them). Senate shared staff: 5–8. In the fall of 2014, the Senate hired four full-time constituent services staff to take care of administrative matters and constituent inquiries year round. Three were hired for 24 majority members, one for five minority members. (jj) No personal staff except one administrative assistant for the Speaker and one for the Senate Pro Tempore. (kk) Senate—One administrative assistant (secretary) provided to the members during the session by the Clerk’s offices. Members also receive a set dollar allowance to hire additional legislative assistants who may serve year round at the capitol and in the district. House—Members also receive a set dollar allowance to hire additional legislative assistants who may serve year round at the capitol and in the district.
82 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(ll) Staffing levels vary according to majority/minority status and leadership or committee responsibilities. Members may assign staff to work in the district office. (mm) Individual staffing and staff pool arrangements are at the discretion of the individual legislator. (nn) Each senator has the authority to hire at least two full-time, year-round staff. Each representative has the authority to hire at least one full-time, year-round staff. Depending on leadership or committee chair assignment, additional staff positions may be authorized. (oo) One clerk provided in capitol. District/Caucus—11 staff persons for Republicans and 9 staff persons for Democrats. (pp) Senate—Majority Leader, 3 staff; Minority Leader, 2 staff; Other Senators 1 staff per legislator. Secretarial staff. House—1 staff per legislator. Secretarial staff; Leadership positions are assigned additional staff.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 2 Staff for Legislative Standing Committees Committee staff assistance State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (t) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Senate Prof.
Cler.
●
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(k) ★(l) ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(n) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(r)
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ●
★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(i) ★(k) ★(l) ★ ★ ★ ●
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ●
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ●
★ ★ ★ ★
●
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Source of staff services**
House/Assembly Prof. Cler. ●
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ●
★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★(i) ★(k) ★(l) ★ ★ ★ ●
★ ★ U ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ●
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ●
U ★ ★ U
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(k) ★(l) ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ U ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(n) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(r) ●
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ U ★ ★ U
Joint central agency (a) Prof. Cler. B … B B B B B B B B B … B … B … B B B B B B B (d) B (d) … … … … B … B B (g) B B B B B B B B … … B … … … … … B … B … (m) … B … B B B B … … … … B … B B B … … … B B B B B B B B B … B … B B B B B B B … … … B B B … B … B B … … B (q) B (q) B (q) B (q) S (q) S (q)
Chamber agency (b) Prof. Cler. … B … … B B B B B B B B … … B … B B B B B B B B B B S … B (f) B B B … … B B B B … … … … B B B H B B B … … B (m) … … B B B B B B B B B … … … … … … B B B B B B … B B B … (l) B B B B … B … … B B B B B B … … … B B B S S B (q) B (q) B (q) B (q) S (q) S (q)
Caucus or leadership Prof. Cler. … … … … B B … … B B B B (c) B B B … B B B B B B … B B B S … B … B B B (h) B (h) B B B B … … … … B S S B … … S S … … (m) … … … … S … … … … B B … … … B B … S … B B B B … … B B … (l) … … … … B (s) B … … … … B B B B … … … … … … … … B (q) B (q) B (q) B (q) S (q) S (q)
Committee or committee chair Prof. Cler. … … B B B B … … B B … … … B … B B B B … B B … … … … … … … B B B … … B (j) B (j) … B … … … … … … B B B B B … … … S S … … … S … … … … B B … B (n) … … B B B B B B B B B … B B … (l) … B B B … … … … (o) (o) B B B B (p) B … … B … … … B (q) B (q) B (q) B (q) S (q) S (q)
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 3
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 2 Staff for Legislative Standing Committees (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands **Multiple entries reflect a combination of organizations and location of services. Key: ★—All committees ● —Some committees …—Services not provided B—Both chambers H—House S—Senate U—Unicameral (a) Includes legislative council or service agency or central management agency. (b) Includes chamber management agency, office of clerk or secretary and House or Senate research office. (c) Senate—there is secretarial staff for both majority and minority offices for the Senate in the Capitol. Most of the clerical work is done by caucus staff. House—the clerical and secretarial staff for the House is more centralized and is supervised by the Clerk of the House. (d) Professional staff and clerical support is provided via the Legislative Services Office, a non-partisan office serving all members of the House and Senate on a year-round basis. There are currently 65 employees working in the Legislative Services Office. Leadership in each party hire their respective support staff. (e) Leadership in each party hire their respective support staff. (f) The Senate secretary and House clerk maintain supervision of committee clerks. (g) Senators and House chairpersons select their secretaries and notify the central administrative services agency; all administrative employee matters handled by the agency.
84 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(h) Leadership employs partisan staff to provide professional and clerical services. However, all members, including leadership are also served by the centralized, non-partisan staff. (i) House Appropriations and Senate Finance Committees have Legislative Fiscal Office staff at their hearings. (j) Staff are assigned to each committee but work under the direction of the chair. (k) Standing committees are joint House and Senate committees. (l) The clerical support comes from employees who are hired to work only during the legislative sessions. They are employees of either the House or the Senate, and are not part of the central agency. (m) Professional services are not provided, except that the staff of the Legislative Fiscal Office serves the Appropriations Committee. Individual senators are responsible for the process of hiring their own staff. (n) Member’s personal secretary serves as a clerk to the committee or subcommittee that the member chairs. (o) The House Appropriations Committee and the Senate Finance Committees have their own staff. The staff members work under the direction of the chair. (p) Standing committees are staffed by subject specialist from the Joint Legislative Council. (q) In general, the legislative service agency provides legal and staff assistance for legislative meetings and provides associated materials. Individual legislators hire personal or committee staff as their budgets provide and at their own discretion. (r) Clerical staff not assigned to Rules Cmtes. (s) Refers only to Chief Deputy of the Senate and Chief of Staff in the House. (t) Committees are joint Senate and House. Professional nonpartisan staff serves committees, individual legislators and legislature as a whole, regardless of chamber or party.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 3 Standing Committees: Appointment and Number State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Committee members appointed by: Senate House/Assembly (v) S CC CC P S (a) (b) CR S MjL S PT (y) S PT S P S CC S P S PT (f) S P, MnL (w) S, MnL (w) PT S MjL, MnL S (x) (g) (g) CC CC P S (h) P S P S P S MjL S CR S P S PT (j) S CC S CC U MjL (e) S P (k) S (k) CC CC CC S PT S PT S CC CC P (m) S (m) PT (e) S P S PT S P S (n) S PT S S S P S (p) P S CC S E S CC CC P S MjL S P S (t) U P S (u) U P S P S E U
Committee chairpersons appointed by: Senate House/Assembly (v) S CC CC P S (a) S CR S MjL S PT (y) S PT S P S CC S P (d) PT S P, MnL (w) S, MnL (w) PT S MjL S P S CC CC P S P S P S P S MjL S S S P S PT S CC S E U MjL S P (k) S (k) CC CC CC S PT S PT S CC CC P (m) S (m) PT S P S PT S P S (o) E PT S S S P S P S CC S (q) S CC (r) CC (s) P S MjL S P S (t) U E S (u) U P S P S E U
Number of standing committees during regular 2019 session Senate House/Assembly 20 33 10 10 13 18 12 13 22 32 10 11 (c) (c) 17 23 18 9 29 37 16 18 10 15 27 40 21 21 16 19 15 28 15 19 17 16 5 6 6 7 11 11 20 22 21 10 39 47 22 28 17 16 14 U 10 10 12 24 16 25 9 (l) 14 (l) 41 37 18 34 12 12 14 20 14 22 13 13 22 28 10 13 15 13 14 14 9 14 16 34 12 15 13 15 11 14 15 20 19 20 19 47 … … 13 U N/A N/A 11 U 7 11 25 35 11 U
Number of joint committees during 2019 session 0 3 1 7 8 8 26 (c) 4 4 0 0 5 0 1 0 12 0 0 18 19 29 3 2 0 13 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 0 0 5 0 11 0 2 4 2 4 0 7 16 0 12 0 10 12 0 N/A 0 0 8 0
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 5
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 3 Standing Committees: Appointment and Number (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, April 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: CC—Committee on Committees CR—Committee on Rules E—Election MjL—Majority Leader MnL—Minority Leader P—President PT—President pro tempore S—Speaker U—Unicameral Legislature …—None reported N/A—Not available (a) Selection process based on seniority. (b) Members of the standing committees shall be selected by House District Caucuses with each caucus selecting five members for each “A” standing committee and five members for each “B” standing committee. (c) Substantive standing committees are joint committees. There are also three joint statutory committees. (d) By resolution with members of majority party designating the chair, vice-chairs and majority party members of committees, and members of minority party designating minority party members. (e) Minority Leader selects minority members. (f) “The following standing committees shall be appointed by the leadership under the direction of the President Pro Tempore, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate … provided that the President Pro Tempore shall appoint a majority of each committee and the chairman of each committee from the membership of the political party having a majority in the Senate. …” (Senate Rule 19). (g) Committee on Organization, Calendar and Rules. (h) Speaker appoints only 12 of the 19 members of the Committee on Appropriations. (i) There are currently 16 Joint Standing Committees, two Joint Select Committees, and a joint Government Oversight Committee.
86 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(j) Senate minority committee members chosen by minority caucus, but appointed by president pro tempore. (k) Senate president and House speaker consult with minority leaders. (l) Senate: includes eight substantive committees and one procedural committee. House: includes 12 substantive committees and two procedural committees. (m) The minority leader may recommend for consideration minority party members for each committee. (n) Appointment based on seniority (Senate Rule 19D). (o) Appointed by seniority which is determined by tenure within the committee rather than tenure within the Senate. Also, chair is based on the majority party within the committee (Senate Rule 19E). (p) For each standing substantive committee of the House, except for the appropriations committee, a maximum of one-half of the membership, exclusive of chair and vice-chair, is determined by seniority; the remaining membership of the committee is determined by the speaker. (q) In the Virginia Senate, the chair is the committee member from the majority party who has the most seniority. (r) Recommended by the Committee on Committees, approved by the president, then confirmed by the Senate. (s) Recommended by the Committee on Committees, then confirmed by the House. (t) Chair of the Council. (u) Members are appointed by the Chairperson; Chairperson is elected during majority caucus prior to inauguration. (v) Committee on Assignments. (w) Senate: President and Minority Leader appoint committee members including chairperson and minority spokesperson. House: Speaker appoints chairperson and majority members; Minority Leader appoints minority members. (x) Speaker confers with Minority Leader regarding minority member appointments. (y) The Senate is evenly-split. For each committee—President Pro Tempore appoints Senate Democratic chair and members, and Senate Republican President Pro Tempore appoints Senate Republican chair and members.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 4 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure
State or other jurisdiction
Constitution permits Committee meetings open to public* each legislative body to determine House/ its own rules Senate Assembly
Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings
Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor
Alabama
★
★
★
Senate: four hours, if possible. House: twenty-four hours, Senate: final vote on a bill, except a local bill, is recorded. except Rules & Local Legislations Committee. Exceptions House: recorded vote if requested by member of committee and sustained by one additional committee member. after 27th legislative day and special sessions.
Alaska
…
★
★
For meetings, by 4:00 p.m. on the preceding Thurs.; for first hearings on bills, 5 days.
Arizona
★
★
★
Senate: written agenda for each regular and special Senate and House: roll call vote. meeting containing all bills, memorials and resolutions to be considered shall be distributed to each member of the committee and to the Secretary of the Senate at least five days prior to the committee meeting. House: the committee chair shall prepare an agenda and distribute copies to committee members, the Information Desk and the Chief Clerk's Office by 4 p.m. each Wednesday for all standing committees meeting on Monday of the following week and 4 p.m. each Thursday for all standing committees meeting on any day except Monday of the following week.
Arkansas
★
★
★
Senate: 2 days (anytime with 2/3 vote of the committee). Senate: roll call votes are recorded. House: report of House: 18 hours (2 hours with 2/3 vote of the committee). committee recommendation signed by committee chair.
California
★
★
★
Senate: advance notice provisions exist and are Senate and House: roll call. published in the agendas of each house. House: public notice is published in the agendas of each house. For bill hearings, the first committee of reference has a four-day notice and the second committee of reference has a two-day notice. Informational hearings have a four-day notice. No public notice is required for resolutions or special session bills.
Colorado
★
★
★
Senate: final action on a measure is prohibited Senate and House: final action by recorded roll call vote. unless notice is posted one calendar day prior to its consideration. The prohibition does not apply if the action receives a majority vote of the committee. House: meeting publicly announced while the House is in actual session as much in advance as possible.
Connecticut
★
★(e)
★(e)
Delaware
★
★
Florida
★
Georgia
Roll call vote on any measure taken upon request by any member of either house.
Senate and House: one day notice for meetings, five days notice for hearings.
Senate and House: roll call required.
★
Senate: agenda released one day before meetings. House: agenda for meetings released four days before meetings.
Senate and House: results of all committee reports are recorded.
★
★
Senate: during session—3 weekdays for first 40 days, 4 hours thereafter. House: two days for first 45 days, 1 day thereafter.
Senate and House: vote on final passage is recorded.
★
★
★
Senate: a list of committee meetings shall be posted by 10:00 a.m. the preceding Friday. House: none.
Senate and House: bills can be voted out by voice vote or roll call.
Hawaii
★
★(a)
★(a)
Senate: 72 hours before 1st referral committee meetings, Senate and House: A quorum of committee members 48 hours before subsequent referral committee. must be present before voting. House: 48 hours.
Idaho
★
★(a)
★(a)
Senate: yes, for committee meetings to be held in Senate: bills can be voted out by voice vote or roll call. executive session. (Senate Rule 20). House: yes, for (Senate Rule 39). House: bills can be voted out by voice committee meetings to be held in executive session. vote or roll call. (House Rule 36). (House Rule 57). “The chair of each standing or select committee shall lay on the Clerk’s desk, to be read previous to adjournment, notice of the time and place of meeting of such committee.” (House Rule 55).
Illinois
★
★(b)
★(b)
Senate and House: 6 days.
Senate and House: votes on all legislative measures acted upon are recorded.
Indiana
★
★
★
Senate: 48 hours. House: prior to adjournment of the meeting day next preceding the meeting or announced during session.
Senate: committee reports—do pass; do pass amended, reported out without recommendation. House: majority of quorum; vote can be by roll call or consent.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 7
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 4 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure (continued)
State or other jurisdiction
Constitution permits Committee meetings open to public* each legislative body to determine House/ its own rules Senate Assembly
Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings
Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor
Iowa
★
★
★
Senate and House: yes, but can be suspended.
Senate: final action by roll call. House: committee reports include roll call on final disposition.
Kansas
★
★
★
Senate and House: none.
Senate: vote recorded upon request of member. House: total for and against actions recorded.
Kentucky
★
★
★
Senate and House: none.
Senate and House: each member’s vote recorded on each bill.
Louisiana
★
★(a)
★(a)
Senate: no later than 1:00 p.m. the preceding day. House: no later than 4:00 p.m. the preceding day.
Senate and House: any motion to report an instrument is decided by a roll call vote.
Maine
★
★
★
Senate and House: must be advertised two weekends in advance.
Senate and House: recorded vote is required to report a bill out of committee.
Maryland
★
★
★
Senate and House: none. General directive in the Senate Senate and House: the final vote on any bill is recorded. and House rules to the Department of Legislative Services to compile a list of the meetings and to arrange for distribution which in practice is done on a regular basis.
Massachusetts
★
★
★
Senate and House: 48 hours for public hearings.
Senate: voice vote or recorded roll call vote at the request of 2 committee members. House: recorded vote upon request by a member.
Michigan
★
★
★
Senate and House: notice shall be published in the journal in advance of a hearing. Notice of a special meeting shall be posted at least 18 hours before a meeting. Special provisions for conference committees.
Senate: committee reports include the vote of each member on any bill. House: the daily journal reports the roll call on all motions to report bills.
Minnesota
★
★
★
Senate and House: 3 days.
Senate and House not needed.
Mississippi
★
★
★
Senate and House: none
Senate and House: bills are reported out by voice vote or recorded.
Missouri
★
★
★
Senate and House: 24 hours
Senate and House: bills are reported out by a recorded roll call vote.
Montana
★
★
★
Senate and House: 3 legislative days or as circumstances Senate and House: every vote of each member is require. recorded and made public.
Nebraska
★
★
U
Seven calendar days notice before hearing a bill.
Nevada
★
★
★
Senate and House: recorded vote is taken upon final Senate and House: by rule—”adequate notice” shall be provided. Senate: This rule may be suspended for emergen- committee action on bills. cies by a two-thirds vote of appointed committee members. House: This rule may be suspended for emergencies by a majority vote of appointed committee members. In the Assembly this rule does not apply to committee meetings held on the floor during recess or conference committee meetings.
New Hampshire
★
★
★
Senate: 4 days. House: no less than 4 days.
Senate and House: committees report bills out by recorded roll call votes.
New Jersey
★
★
★
Senate and House: 5 days.
Senate and House: the chair reports the vote of each member present on a motion to report a bill.
New Mexico
★
★
★
Senate and House: none.
Senate and House: vote on the final report of the committee taken by yeas and nays. Roll call vote upon request.
New York
★
★(a)
★(a)
Senate: 1 week for meetings; Rules require that notice be given for public hearings, but the Rules are silent as to how long. House: 1 week for hearings, Thursday of prior week for meetings.
Senate and House: majority vote required.
North Carolina
(c)
★
★
Senate and House: none. If public hearing, five calendar days.
Senate: majority vote required. House: roll call vote taken on any question when requested by member and sustained by one-fifth of members present.
North Dakota
★
★
★
Senate and House: printed and online hearing schedules, Senate and House: recorded roll call vote of the committee members on each bill or resolution referred out of the comelectronic signage, floor announcements, rss feeds, mittee and, in the case of divided reports, on each report. handheld device application.
See footnotes at end of table
88 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
In executive session, majority of the committee must vote in favor of the motion made.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 4 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure (continued)
State or other jurisdiction
Constitution permits Committee meetings open to public* each legislative body to determine House/ its own rules Senate Assembly
Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings
Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor
Ohio
★
★
★
Senate: Rule 21 Each committee shall meet upon the call of its chairperson, and in case of the chairperson's absence, or refusal to call the committee together, a meeting may be called by a majority of the members of the committee. At least two days preceding the day bills or joint resolutions to propose a constitutional amendment are to be given a first hearing, the Clerk shall post in the Clerk’s office the schedule of such bills and joint resolutions in each standing committee or subcommittee with the exception of the standing Committee on Rules and Reference. In a case of necessity, the notice of hearing may be given in a shorter period than two days by such reasonable method as shall be prescribed by the Committee on Rules. Where applicable, the rules of the Senate apply to the committee proceedings of the Senate. In addition, all where applicable, the rules of the Senate apply to the committee proceedings of the Senate. In addition, all committee meetings shall be governed by section 101.15 of the Revised Code. On any occasion when a majority or more of the members of a standing committee, select committee, or subcommittee of a standing or select committee of the Senate meet together for a prearranged discussion of the public business of the committee or subcommittee, the meeting shall be open to the public unless closed in accordance with Ohio Constitution, Article II, Section 13. House: Rule 36(a) The chair of a standing committee, subcommittee, select committee, or joint committee shall give due notice of a meeting of the committee, subcommittee, select committee, or joint committee not later than twenty-four hours before the meeting, in accordance with section 101.15 of the Revised Code, and shall attempt to give that notice not later than five days before the meeting. The notice shall identify the committee; identify the chair; state the date, time, and place at which the meeting will be held; and set forth an agenda showing each bill, resolution, or other matter that will be considered at the meeting. (b) It is not in order for a committee to meet at a date, time, or place, or to consider any bill, resolution, or other matter at a meeting, other than as stated in the notice of the meeting, unless otherwise ordered by the House or the committee. If, however, an emergency requires consideration of a matter at a meeting, and the matter has not been stated in the notice of the meeting, the chair may revise or supplement the notice at any time before or during the meeting to include the matter and the matter may then be considered as the emergency requires.
Senate: Rule 24 The affirmative votes of a majority of all members of a committee shall be necessary to report or to postpone further consideration of bills or resolutions. Every member present shall vote, unless excused by the chair. At discretion of chair the roll call may be continued for a vote by any member who was present at the prior meeting, but no later than 10:00 a.m. of next calendar day. House: Rule 40 (b) The affirmative votes of a majority of all members constituting a committee shall be necessary to report a bill or resolution out of committee, and a record of every vote shall be kept by the committee. The affirmative vote of a majority of all the members constituting the committee shall be necessary to agree to any motion to recommend for passage or to postpone indefinitely further consideration of bills or resolutions, and a record of such vote shall be kept by the committee. Every member present shall vote unless excused by the committee. Rule 41(a) No proxy vote shall be valid. Nor shall any member vote except while sitting in committee in actual session, unless the member shall have first been present and recorded as such immediately before or during actual session before the vote is taken, and by motion the roll call on a motion to recommend a bill or resolution for passage is continued for a vote by any member who is temporarily absent from the meeting until the adjournment thereof, which shall be not later than 12:00 o'clock noon one day following the committee meeting. It is not in order for a member to vote on an amendment unless the member is actually present when the amendment is voted upon. (b) Three consecutive absences from regular committee meetings shall operate to suspend a member from such committee, unless excused by the chair of said committee.
Oklahoma
★
★
★
Senate: 48 hours notice. House: 3 days notice.
Senate and House: roll call vote.
Oregon
★
★
★
Senate: at least 48 hrs. notice except at the end of session Senate and House: affirmative roll call vote of majority when President invokes 1 hr. notice when adjournment of members of committee and recorded in committee sine die is imminent. House: First public hearing on a minutes. measure must have at least 72 hours notice, all other meetings at least 48 hours notice except in case of emergency.
Pennsylvania
★
★
★
Senate and House: written notice to members containing Senate and House: a majority vote of committee members. date, time, place and agenda.
Rhode Island
★
★
★
Senate and House: notice required.
Senate and House: majority vote of the members present.
South Carolina
★
★
★
Senate and House: 24 hours.
Senate and House: favorable report out of committee (majority of committee members voting in favor).
South Dakota
★
★
★
Senate and House: at least one legislative day must intervene between the date of posting and the date of consideration in both houses.
Senate and House: a majority vote of the members-elect taken by roll call is needed for final disposition on a bill. This applies to both houses.
Tennessee
★
★
★
Senate: 6 days; House: 72 hours.
Senate and House: majority referral to Calendar and Rules Committee, majority of Calendar and Rules Committee referral to floor.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 8 9
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 4 Rules Adoption and Standing Committees: Procedure (continued)
State or other jurisdiction
Constitution permits Committee meetings open to public* each legislative body to determine House/ its own rules Senate Assembly
Specific, advance notice provisions for committee meetings or hearings
Voting/roll call provisions to report a bill to floor
Texas
★
★
★
Senate: 24 hours; House: the House requires five calendar days notice before a public hearing at which testimony will be taken, and two hours notice or an announcement from the floor before a formal meeting (testimony cannot be taken at a formal meeting). 24 hour advance notice is required for a public hearing during special session.
Senate: bills are reported by recorded roll call vote. House: committee reports include the record vote by which the report was adopted, including the vote of each member.
Utah
★
★
★
Senate and House: not less than 24 hours public notice.
Senate and House: voice vote accepting the recommendation of the committee.
Vermont
★
★
★
Senate and House: none.
Senate and House: vote is recorded for each committee member for every bill considered.
Virginia
★
★(a)
★(a)
Senate and House: none.
Senate: recorded vote, except resolutions that do not have a specific vote requirement under the Rules. In these cases, a voice vote is sufficient. House: vote of each member is taken and recorded for each measure.
Washington
★
★
★
Senate and House: 5 days.
Senate: bills reported from a committee carry a majority report which must be signed by a majority of the committee. House: every vote to report a bill out of committee is by yeas and nays; the names of the members voting are recorded in the report. Senate and House: majority of committee members voting.
West Virginia
★
★
★
Senate and House: none.
Wisconsin
★
★
★
Senate and House: Monday noon of the preceding week. Senate: number of ayes and noes, and members absent or not voting are reported. House: number of ayes and noes are recorded.
Wyoming
★
★
★
Senate and House: by 3:00 p.m. of previous day
Senate and House: bills are reported out by recorded roll call vote.
American Samoa
★
★(d)
★(d)
Senate and House: at least 3 calendar days in advance.
Senate and House: there are four methods of ascertaining the decision upon any matter: by raising of hands; by secret ballot, when authorized by law; by rising; and by call of the members and recorded by the Clerk of the vote of each.
Guam
★
★
U
Five days prior to public hearings.
Majority vote of committee members.
CNMI**
★
★
★
Senate: 3 days. House: 1 day.
Senate and House: majority.
Puerto Rico
★
★
★
Senate: must be notified every Thurs., one week in advance. House: 24 hours advance notice, no later than 4:00 p.m. previous day.
Senate: bills reported from a committee carry a majority vote. House: bills reported from a committee carry a majority vote by referendum or in an ordinary meeting.
U.S. Virgin Islands
★
★
U
Seven calendar days.
Bills must be reported to floor by Rules Committee.
Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, March 2019. **Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: *—Notice of committee meetings may also be subject to state open meetings laws; in some cases, listed times may be subject to suspension or enforceable only to the extent “feasible” or “whenever possible.” ★—Yes U—Unicameral. (a) “Each house when assembled shall … determine its own rules of proceeding. …” (Idaho Const. art. III, § 9). “The business of each house, and of the committee of the whole shall be transacted openly and not in secret session.” (Idaho Const. art. III, § 12). “All meetings of any standing, special or select committee of either house of the legislature of the state of Idaho shall be open to the
90 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
public at all times, except in extraordinary circumstances as provided specifically in the rules of procedure in either house, and any person may attend any meeting of a standing, special or select committee, but may participate in the committee only with the approval of the committee itself.” (I.C. § 74-207; see also House Rule 57 and Senate Rule 20). (b) A session of a house or one of its committees can be closed to the public if two-thirds of the members elected to that house determine that the public interest so requires. A meeting of a joint committee or commission can be closed if two-thirds of the members of both houses so vote. (c) Not referenced specifically, but each body publishes rules. (d) Unless privileged information is being discussed with counsel or the security of the territory is involved. (e) Committees are joint.
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 5 Legislative Review of Administrative Regulations: Structures and Procedures State or other jurisdiction
Type of reviewing committee
Rules reviewed
Time limits in review process If not approved or disapproved within 45 days of filing, rule is approved. If disapproved by committee, disapproval may be appealed to the lieutenant governor.
Alabama
Joint bipartisan, standing committee
P
Alaska
Joint bipartisan, standing committee and Legislative Affairs Agency review of proposed regulations.
P, E
…
Arizona
Joint bipartisan
P, E
…
Arkansas
Joint bipartisan
P, E (f)
…
California
Standing committee
P, E
Colorado
Joint bipartisan
E
Rules continue unless the annual legislative Rule Reviews Bill discontinues a rule. The Rule Reviews Bill is effective upon the governor’s signature, however, the governor needs to sign the Rule Review Bill on or before midnight on May 15 or all of the rules and amendments to rules adopted during the year before will automatically expire pursuant to statute.
Connecticut
Joint bipartisan, standing committee
P
Submittal of proposed regulation shall be on the first Tuesday of month; after first submittal committee has 65 days after date of submission to review/take action on revised regulation. Second submittal: 35 days for committee to review /take action on revised regulation.
Delaware
The Legislature may study and make recommendations regarding existing or proposed regulations. Comprehensive regulation review conducted by independent executive branch agency.
Joint bipartisan, standing committee
P, E (e)
…
Florida
Joint bipartisan
P, E
…
Georgia
Standing committee
P
Hawaii
Legislative agency
P, E
The legislative reference bureau assists agencies to comply with a uniform format of style. This does not affect the status of rules.
Idaho
Germane joint subcommittees
P, E
There is no set time limit for rules review other than by the end of session. Typically they review rules during the first 3–4 weeks of session. Proposed rules: Reviewed pursuant to I.C. § 67-454. Existing rules: “The legislature may review any administrative rule to ensure it is consistent with the legislative intent of the statute that the rule was written to interpret, prescribe, implement or enforce. After that review, the legislature may approve or reject, in whole or in part, any rule as provided by law.” (Idaho Const. art. III, § 29).
Illinois
Joint bipartisan
P, E
An agency proposing non-emergency regulations must allow 45 days for public comment. At least five days after any public hearing on the proposal, the agency must give notice of the proposal to the Joint Committee on Administrative Rules, and allow it 45 days to approve or object to the proposed regulations.
Indiana
-------------------------------------------------------------- No formal rule review is performed by both legislative and executive branches. --------------------------------------------------------------
Iowa
Joint bipartisan
Kansas
Kentucky
P, E
Joint bipartisan
P
Joint bipartisan statutory committee
P, E
Louisiana (a)
Maine
The agency notifies the Legislative Counsel 30 days prior to the effective dates of proposed rules.
… Agencies must give 60-day notice to the public and the Joint Committee of their intent to adopt or amend specific rules and regulations, a copy of which must be provided to the committee. Within the 60-day comment period, the Joint Committee must review and comment, if it feels necessary, on the proposals. Final rules and regulations which differ in subject matter or in any material respect from the rules and regulations originally proposed or which are not a logical outgrowth of the rules and regulations originally proposed must be resubmitted to the Joint Committee as part of new rulemaking. 45 days. All proposed rules and fees are submitted to designated standing committees of the legislature. If a rule or fee is unacceptable, the committee sends a written report to the governor. The governor has 10 days to disapprove the committee report. If both Senate and House committees fail to find the rule unacceptable, or if the governor disapproves the action of a committee within 10 days, the agency may adopt the rule change. If the committees of both houses fail to find a fee unacceptable, it can be adopted. Committee action on proposed rules must be taken within 5 to 30 days after the agency reports to the committee on its public hearing (if any) and whether it is making changes on proposed rules.
Standing committee
P
Joint bipartisan, standing committee
P (d)
One legislative session.
Joint bipartisan
P, E
Proposed regulations are submitted for review at least 15 days before publication. Publication triggers 45-day review period which may be extended by the committee, but if agreement cannot be reached, the governor may instruct the agency to modify or withdraw the regulation, or may approve its adoption.
Maryland
Massachusetts (a)
Public hearing by agency
P
In Massachusetts, the General Court (Legislature) may by statute authorize an administrative agency to promulgate regulations. The promulgation of such regulations are then governed by Chapter 30A of the Massachusetts General Laws. Chapter 30A requires 21 day notice to the public of a public hearing on a proposed regulation. After public hearing the proposed regulation is filed with the state secretary who approves it if it is in conformity with Chapter 30A. The state secretary maintains a register entitled “Massachusetts Register” and the regulation does not become effective until published in the register. The agency may promulgate amendments to the regulations following the same process.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9 1
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 5 Legislative Review of Administrative Regulations: Structures and Procedures (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Type of reviewing committee
Rules reviewed
Time limits in review process Joint Committee on Administrative Rules (JCAR) has 15 session days in which to consider the rule. JCAR may waive the remaining session days, object to the rule, propose that the rule be changed, or decide to enact the subject of the rule into law. (1) If JCAR does not object or waives the remaining session days, the rule goes into effect. (2) If JCAR objects, a member of the JCAR shall introduce bills in both houses to rescind the rule, repeal the authorizing statute, or stay the effective date for up to one year. If the legislation does not pass within 15 session days, the agency may file the rule. (3) If the JCAR proposes the rule be changed, the agency has 30 days to change the rule and resubmit or decide to not change the rule. If the agency agrees to change the proposed rule, it withdraws the rule and resubmits it. If the agency does not agree to change the proposed rule, it notifies the JCAR which again has 15 session days to consider the rule. (4) If the JCAR decides to enact the subject of the rule into law, the JCAR chair or alternate chair shall introduce legislation in both houses to do so and the agency may not file the rule for 270 days after the introduction of the legislation. The JCAR can also meet between legislative sessions and suspend rules promulgated during the interim between sessions.
Michigan
Joint bipartisan
P
Minnesota
Joint bipartisan, standing committee
P, E
Minnesota Statute Sec. 3.842, subd. 4a
Mississippi
No formal rule review is performed by both legislative and executive branches.
Missouri
Joint bipartisan, statutory 536.037 RSMo.
P, E
The committee must disapprove a final order of rulemaking within 30 days upon receipt or the order of rulemaking is deemed approved.
Germane joint
P
Prior to adoption.
P
If an agency proposes to repeal, adopt or amend a rule or regulation, it is required to provide the Executive Board Chair with the proposal at least 30 days prior to the public hearing, as required by law. The Executive Board Chair shall provide to the appropriate standing committee of the legislature, the agency proposal for comment.
P
Proposed regulations are either reviewed at the Legislative Commission’s next regularly scheduled meeting (if the regulation is received more than 10 working days before the meeting), or they are referred to the Commission’s Subcommittee to Review Regulations. If there is no objection to the regulation, then the Commission will “promptly” file the approved regulation with the Secretary of State. If the Commission or its subcommittee objects to a regulation, then the Commission will “promptly” return the regulation to the agency for revision. Within 60 days of receiving the written notice of objection to the regulation, the agency must revise the regulation and return it to the Legislative Counsel. If the Commission or its subcommittee objects to the revised regulation, the agency shall continue to revise and resubmit it to the Commission or subcommittee within 30 days after receiving the written notice of objection to the revised regulation.
Joint bipartisan
P
Under APA, for regular rulemaking, the joint committee of administrative rules has 45 days to review a final proposed rule from an agency. Otherwise the rule is automatically approved. If JLCAR makes a preliminary or revised objection, the agency has 45 days to respond, and JLCAR has another 50 days to decide to vote to sponsor a joint resolution, which suspends the adoption process. JLCAR may also, or instead, make a final objection, which shifts the burden of proof in court to the agency. There is no time limit on making a final objection. If no JLCAR action in the 50 days to vote to sponsor a joint resolution, the agency may adopt the rule.
Joint bipartisan
…
…
Montana
bipartisan committees Nebraska
Nevada
Standing committee
Ongoing statutory committee (Legislative Commission)
New Hampshire
New Jersey New Mexico New York
------------------ No formal review is performed by legislature. Periodic review and report to legislative finance committee is required of certain agencies. -----------------Joint bipartisan commission
P, E
…
North Carolina
Rules Review Commission; Public membership appointed by legislature
P, E
The Rules Review Commission must review a permanent rule submitted to it on or before the 20th of the month by the last day of the next month. The commission must review a permanent rule submitted to it after the 20th of the month by the last day of the second subsequent month.
North Dakota
Interim committee
E
Joint bipartisan
P, E (c)
Standing committee (b)
P, E
Ohio Oklahoma Oregon
The Administrative Rules Committee meets in each calendar quarter to consider rules filed in previous 90 days. The committee’s jurisdiction is 65 days from date of original filing plus an additional 30 days from date of re-filing. Rules filed with no changes, pursuant to the five-year review, are under a 90-day jurisdiction. The legislature has 30 legislative days to review proposed rules. The legislature reviews all agency rules submitted prior to April 1st. Any rules submitted after April 1st are to be reviewed the next legislative session.
Office of Legislative Counsel
E
Agencies must copy Legislative Counsel within 10 days of rule adoption.
Pennsylvania
Joint bipartisan, standing committee
P
Time limits decided by the president pro tempore and speaker of the House.
Rhode Island
-------------------------------------------------------------- No formal rule review is performed by both legislative and executive branches. --------------------------------------------------------------
South Carolina
Standing committee. Submitted by General Assembly for approval
P
General Assembly has 120 days to approve or disapprove. If not disapproved by joint resolution before 120 days, regulation is automatically approved. It can be approved during 120-day review period by joint resolution.
South Dakota
Joint bipartisan
P
Rules must be adopted within 75 days of the commencement of the public hearing; emergency rules must be adopted within 30 days of the date of the publication of the notice of intent. Many other deadlines exist; see SDCL 1-26-4 for further details.
See footnotes at end of table
92 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 5 Legislative Review of Administrative Regulations: Structures and Procedures (continued) State or other jurisdiction Tennessee
Type of reviewing committee
Rules reviewed
Time limits in review process All permanent rules take effect 90 days after filing with the secretary of state. Emergency rules take effect upon filing with the secretary of state and may be effective for not longer than 180 days.
Joint bipartisan
P
Texas
Standing committee
P, E
No time limit.
Utah
Created by statute (63G-3-501).
P, E
Except as provided in Subsection (2)(b), every agency rule that is in effect on February 28 of any calendar year expires May 1 of that year unless it has been reauthorized by the legislature. (UCA 63G-3-502)
Joint bipartisan
P
The Joint Legislative Committee on Rules must review a proposed rule within 30 days of submission to the committee.
Joint bipartisan, standing committee
P
Standing committees and the Joint Commission on Administrative Rules may object to a proposed or final adopted rule before it becomes effective. This delays the process for 21 days and the agency must respond to the objection. In addition or as an alternative, standing committees and the Commission may suspend the effective date of all or a part of a final regulation until the end of the next regular session, with the concurrence of the Governor.
Washington
Joint bipartisan
P, E
If the committee determines that a proposed rule does not comply with legislative intent, it notifies the agency, which must schedule a public hearing within 30 days of notification. The agency notifies the committee of its action within seven days after the hearing. If a hearing is not held or the agency does not amend the rule, the objection may be filed in the state register and referenced in the state code. The committee’s powers, other than publication of its objections, are advisory.
West Virginia
Joint bipartisan
P, E
…
Wisconsin
Joint bipartisan
P, E
The standing committee in each house has 30 days to conduct its review for a proposed rule. If either objects the Joint Committee for the Review of Administrative Rules has 30 days to introduce legislation in each house overturning the rules. After 40 days the bills are placed on the calendar. If either bill passes, the rules are overturned. If they fail to pass, the rules go into effect. As an alternative, JCRAR may make an indefinite objection and the agency may not promulgate the rule unless a bill authorizing the promulgation is enacted.
P, E
An agency shall submit copies of adopted, amended or repealed rules to the legislative service office for review within ten days after the date of the agency’s final action adopting, amending or repealing those rules. The legislature makes its recommendations to the governor who within 15 days after receiving any recommendation, shall either order that the rule be amended or rescinded in accordance with the recommendation or file in writing his objections to the recommendation.
Vermont
Virginia
Wyoming
Joint bipartisan
American Samoa
Standing committee
E
…
Guam
Standing committee
P
45 calendar days
Puerto Rico
-------------------------------------------------------------- No formal rule review is performed by both legislative and executive branches. --------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Virgin Islands
-------------------------------------------------------------- No formal rule review is performed by both legislative and executive branches. --------------------------------------------------------------
Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, March 2019. Key: P—Proposed rules E—Existing rules …—No formal time limits (a) Review of rules is performed by both legislative and executive branches. (b) House has a standing committee to which all rules are generally sent for review. In the Senate rules are sent to standing committee which deals with that specific agency. (c) The Committee reviews proposed new, amended, and rescinded rules. The Committee participates in a five-year review of every existing rule.
(d) Major substantive Rules (as designated by the Legislature) are subject to legislative review and approval; Routine Technical Rules are not subject to any formal legislative review and approval process. (e) The chair of a standing committee can call a hearing to review the rule during the interim. The Joint Legislative Oversight Committee can order a review of an agency’s rules during regular session. (f) Amendment 92 to the Arkansas Constitution, which passed in 2014, and laws enacted by Act 1258 of 2015 provided the General Assembly with the power of review and approval of all administrative rules and regulations.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9 3
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 6 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers
State or other jurisdiction
Reviewing committee’s powers No objection constitutes Advisory powers approval of Committee may only (a) proposed rule suspend rule
Legislative powers: Method of legislative veto of rules If not approved or disapproved within 45 days of filing, rule is approved. If disapproved by committee, disapproval may be appealed to the lieutenant governor. If the lieutenant governor doesn't approve rule, it is disapproved. If lieutenant governor approves rule, rule is suspended until final adjournment, next regular session. Rule takes effect upon that final adjournment unless committee's disapproval is sustained by legislature. The committee may approve a rule.
Alabama
…
Alaska
★
…
(b)
Constitution and Statute
Arizona
★
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Arkansas
(gg)
★
…
A motion may be made in the Legilative Council or its Administrative Rules and Regulations Subcommittee to not approve the rule. If such a motion is made, the legislator making the motion must state the basis for not approving the rule. The only two valid reasons for not approving the rule are that it is inconsistent with state or federal law or inconsistent with legislative intent.
California
★(cc)
…
…
Statute
Colorado
…
★
…
Rules that the General Assembly has determined should not be continued are listed as exceptions to the continuation. Statute CGS 4-170 (d) and 4-171; (c)
Connecticut
★
★
…
★
…
Delaware
★(ff)
…
…
N.A.
Florida
★(ee)
…
…
Statute
Georgia
…
★
…
Resolution (d)
Hawaii
★
…
…
…
Idaho
(ii)
★
(jj)
Concurrent resolution. All rules are terminated one year after adoption unless the legislature reauthorizes the rule.
Illinois
…
(e)
★(f)
(f)
Indiana
…
…
…
(g)
Iowa
…
…
(h)
By consitutional majority vote of each house, by joint resolution, with approval of governor not required.
Kansas
★
…
…
Statute
Kentucky
(x)
(y)
(z)
Enacting legislation to void. (z)
Louisiana
…
★
(i)
Concurrent resolution to suspend, amend or repeal adopted rules or fees. Proposed rules and emergency rules exist (i).
Maine
★(aa)
★(bb)
…
(j)
Maryland
★(k)
…
…
…
…
…
…
The legislature may pass a bill which would supersede a regulation if signed into law by the governor.
(l)
Joint Committee on Administrative Rules (JCAR) has 15 session days in which to consider the rule. JCAR may waive the remaining session days, object to the rule, propose that the rule be changed, or decide to enact the subject of the rule into law. (1) If JCAR does not object or waives the remaining session days, the rule goes into effect. (2) If JCAR objects, a member of the JCAR shall introduce bills in both houses to rescind the rule, repeal the authorizing statute, or stay the effective date for up to one year. If the legislation does not pass within 15 session days, the agency may file the rule. (3) If the JCAR proposes the rule be changed, the agency has 30 days to change the rule and resubmit or decide to not change the rule. If the agency agrees to change the proposed rule, it withdraws the rule and resubmits it. If the agency does not agree to change the proposed rule, it notifies the JCAR which again has 15 session days to consider the rule. (4) If the JCAR decides to enact the subject of the rule into law, the JCAR chair or alternate chair shall introduce legislation in both houses to do so and the agency may not file the rule for 270 days after the introduction of the legislation. The JCAR can also meet between legislative sessions and suspend rules promulgated during the interim between sessions.
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota Mississippi
…
…
… … (m) ★ ................................................................................................................................ (n)................................................................................................................................
Missouri
…
★
★
Montana
…
…
★(o)
Nebraska
★
★
…
See footnotes at end of table
94 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Concurrent resolution passed by both houses of the General Assembly. Statute …
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 6 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers (continued)
State or other jurisdiction
Reviewing committee’s powers No objection constitutes Advisory powers approval of Committee may only (a) proposed rule suspend rule
Legislative powers: Method of legislative veto of rules
N.A.
★
★
Proposed regulations are either reviewed at the Legislative Commission's next regularly scheduled meeting (if the regulation is received more than 10 working days before the meeting), or they are referred to the Commission's Subcommittee to Review Regulations. If there is no objection to the regulation, then the Commission will “promptly” file the approved regulation with the Secretary of State. If the Commission or its subcommittee objects to a regulation, then the Commission will “promptly” return the regulation to the agency for revision. Within 60 days of receiving the written notice of objection to the regulation, the agency must revise the regulation and return it to the Legislative Counsel. If the Commission or its subcommittee objects to the revised regulation, the agency shall continue to revise and resubmit it to the Commission or subcommittee within 30 days after receiving the written notice of objection to the revised regulation.
New Hampshire
★
(q)
…
(r)
New Jersey
★
…
…
(s)
New Mexico
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
No formal mechanism exists for legislative review of administrative rules.
New York
(hh)
…
…
There is no legislative veto of administrative rules outside of bill process in New York.
North Carolina
★
★
★
…
North Dakota
…
★(t)
…
…
Ohio
★
…
…
Concurrent resolution. Committee recommends to the General Assembly that a rule be invalidated. The General Assembly invalidates a rule through adoption of concurrent resolution.
Nevada
Oklahoma
Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island
★(p)
★(p)
★(p)
The legislature may disapprove (veto) proposed rules by concurrent or joint resolution. A concurrent resolution does not require the governor’s signature. Existing rules may be disapproved by joint resolution. A committee may not disapprove; only the full legislature may do so. Failure of the legislature to disapprove constitutes approval. Pursuant to HB 2055 enacted in 2013, legislature shall adopt omnibus resolution approving all proposed permanent rules except those listed in resolution which are to be disapproved.
★
★
(dd)
By passing statute that overrides terms of rule.
… Upon vote of General Assembly ★ ★ ................................................................................................................................ (n)................................................................................................................................
South Carolina
…
★
…
…
South Dakota
…
★
★
The Interim Rules Review Committee may, by statute, suspend rules that have not become effective yet by an affirmative vote of the majority of the committee.
Tennessee
…
…
★
The Government Operations committee of either house may stay a permanent rule for up to 60 days, and may request an agency to repeal, amend or withdraw. In accordance with statutorily-imposed termination dates, all permanent rules filed in one calendar year expire on June 30 of the subsequent year unless the general assembly enacts legislation to extend the rules to a date certain or indefinitely.
Texas
★
…
…
N.A.
Utah
★
…
…
All rules must be reauthorized by the legislature annually. This is done by omnibus legislation, which also provides for the sunsetting of specific rules listed in the bill.
Vermont
............................................ (u)............................................
Virginia
…
Washington
★
West Virginia
★
…
Statute
(v)
The General Assembly must pass a bill enacted into law to directly negate the administrative rule.
★
★
N.A.
…
…
(w)
Wisconsin
…
★
★
The standing committee in each house has 30 days to conduct its review for a proposed rule. If either objects the Joint Committee for the Review of Administrative Rules has 30 days to introduce legislation in each house overturning the rules. After 40 days the bills are placed on the calendar. If either bill passes, the rules are overturned. If they fail to pass, the rules go into effect. As an alternative, JCRAR may make an indefinite objection and the agency may not promulgate the rule unless a bill authorizing the promulgation is enacted.
Wyoming
★
★
…
Action must be taken by legislative order adopted by both houses before the end of the next succeeding legislative session to nullify a rule. The enacting clause of all bills shall be: Be it by the Legislature of American Samoa, and no law shall be except by bill. Bills may originate in either house, and may be amended or rejected by the other. The Governor may submit proposed legislation to the Legislature for consideration by it. He may designate any such proposed legislation as urgent, if he so considers it.
American Samoa Guam
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Legislation to disapprove rules and regulations.
CNMI*
★ ★ ★ U.S. Virgin Islands ................................................................................................................................ (n)................................................................................................................................ See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9 5
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 6 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★—Yes …—No N.A.—Not applicable (a) This column is defined by those legislatures or legislative committees that can only recommend changes to rules but have no power to enforce a change. (b) Authorized, although constitutionally questionable. (c) Disapproval of proposed regulations may be sustained, or reversed by action of the General Assembly in the ensuing session. The General Assembly may by resolution sustain or reverse a vote of disapproval. (d) The reviewing committee must introduce a resolution to override a rule within the first 30 days of the next regular session of the General Assembly. If the resolution passes by less than a twothirds majority of either house, the governor has final authority to affirm or veto the resolution. (e) The Administrative Procedure Act is not clear on this point, but implies that the Joint Committee should either object or issue a statement of no objections. (f) Joint Committee on Administrative Rules can send objections to issuing agency. If it does, the agency has 90 days from then to withdraw, change, or refuse to change the proposed regulations. If the Joint Committee determines that proposed regulations would seriously threaten the public good, it can block their adoption. Within 180 days the Joint Cmte., or both houses of the General Assembly, can “unblock” those regulations; if that does not happen, the regulations are dead. (g) None—except by passing statute. (h) Committee may delay or suspend object to rules, and has authority to approve emergency filed rules. (i) If the committee determines that a proposed rule is unacceptable, it submits a report to the governor who then has 10 days to accept or reject the report. If the governor rejects the report, the rule change may be adopted by the agency. If the governor accepts the report, the agency may not adopt the rule. Emergency rules become effective upon adoption or up to 60 days after adoption as provided in the rule, but a standing committee or governor may void the rule by finding it unacceptable within 2 to 61 days after adoption and reporting such finding to agency within four days. (j) No veto allowed. If Legislature wishes to stop a rule from being adopted, it must enact appropriate legislation prohibiting the agency from adopting the rule. (k) Except for emergency regulations which require committee approval for adoption. (l) Committee can suspend rules during interim. (m) The Legislative Commission to Review Administrative Rules (LCRAR) ceased operating, effective July 1, 1996. The Legislative Coordinating Commission (LCC) may review a proposed or adopted rule. Contact the LCC for more information. See Minn. Stat. 3.842, subd. 4a. (n) No formal mechanism for legislative review of administrative rules. In Virginia, legislative review is optional. 96 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(o) A rule disapproved by the reviewing committee is reinstated at the end of the next session if a joint resolution in the legislature fails to sustain committee action. (p) Pursuant to HB 2055 enacted in 2013, the legislature shall adopt omnibus resolution approving all proposed permanent rules except those listed in resolution which are to be disapproved. Full legislature may suspend rules. (q) Failure to object or approve within 45 days of agency filing of final proposal constitutes approval. (r) The legislature may permanently block rules through legislation. The vote to sponsor a joint resolution suspends the adoption of a proposed rule for a limited time so that the full legislature may act on the resolution, which would then be subject to governor’s veto and override. (s) Article V, Section IV, par. 6 of the NJ Constitution, as amended in 1992, says the legislature may review any rule or regulation to determine whether the rule or regulation is (s) Article V, Section IV, par. 6 of the NJ Constitution, as amended in 1992, says the legislature may review any rule or regulation to determine whether the rule or regulation is consistent with legislative intent. The legislature transmits its objections to existing or proposed rules or regulations to the governor and relevant agency via concurrent resolutions. The legislature may invalidate or prohibit an existing or proposed rule from taking effect by a majority vote of the authorized membership of each house, in compliance with constitutional provisions. (t) Unless formal objections are made or the rule is declared void, rules are considered approved. (u) JLCAR may recommend that an agency amend or withdraw a proposal. A vote opposing rule does not prohibit its adoption but assigns the burden of proof in any legal challenge to the agency. (v) Standing committees and The Joint Commission on Administrative Rules may suspend the effective date of all or a part of a final regulation until the end of the next regular legislative session with the concurrence of the governor. (w) State agencies have no power to promulgate rules without first submitting proposed rules to the legislature which must enact a statute authorizing the agency to promulgate the rule. If the legislature during a regular session disapproves all or part of any legislative rule, the agency may not issue the rule nor take action to implement all or part of the rule unless authorized to do so. However, the agency may resubmit the same or a similar proposed rule to the committee. (x) The promulgating agency’s proposed language may be amended upon agreement of the committee and the promulgating agency. (y) The committee does not approve or disapprove administrative regulations. It reviews them and can propose amendments that will be made, if the promulgating agency agrees to the amendment. (z) The committee may make a finding of deficiency. If that happens, a letter is sent to the Governor requesting the Governor’s determination whether the administrative regulation should be withdrawn, withdrawn and amended, or put into effect notwithstanding the finding of deficiency. The finding itself does not stop the rule from going into effect. If the Governor determines that the administrative regulation should go into effect notwithstanding the finding of deficiency, the General Assembly will usually address that issue
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 6 Legislative Review of Administrative Rules/Regulations: Powers (continued) in its next regular session, either by its own finding that the administrative regulation found deficient is null, void, and unenforceable, or by amending the authorizing statute to restrict the need for the administrative regulation. (aa) Committee makes recommendations on Major Substantive Rules, but approval or disapproval is by the full Legislature (the instrument used is a resolve). (bb) Under very specific circumstances the answer is yes with respect to Major Substantive Rules: if the rules are submitted in accordance with the timelines established by law, and the Legislature fails to act on them, the rules may be adopted as if the Legislature approved them. (cc) Executive branch agency has more than advisory power. (dd) Negative rule determinations are made public and remain on website until rule is modified to comply with statutory authority, statute is modified to establish validity of rule or court case upholds validity of rule.
(ee) Joint Administrative Procedures Committee, with approval of the president and speaker, may seek judicial review of validity or invalidity of rules. (ff) A standing committee can recommend a special session to consider committee’s recommendations. (gg) Amendment 92 to the Arkansas Constitution, which passed in 2014, and laws enacted by Act 1258 of 2015 provided the General Assembly with the power of review and approval of all administrative rules and regulations. (hh) Commission may hold hearings, subpoena witnesses, administer oaths, take testimony, and compel the production of books, papers, documents and other evidence. (ii) Germane joint subcommittees can submit a report of objection to a rule to the germane standing committee and the Legislature. The Legislature as a whole has the final say in the rejection of rules when voting on the concurrent resolution of the rejection. (jj) Final rules previously approved by the Legislature, can still be rejected in a subsequent session.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  9 7
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 7 Summary of Sunset Legislation State or other jurisdiction
Scope
Preliminary evaluation Other legislative conducted by review
Alabama
C
Dept. of Examiners of Public Accounts
Alaska
C
Arizona
C
Arkansas California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Other oversight mechanisms in law
Standing Cmtes.
Perf. audit
Budget & Audit Cmte.
…
…
Legislative staff
Joint Cmte.
…
D
…
…
…
S
Jt. Legis. Sunset Review Cmte. (a)
…
Perf. eval.
R
Dept. of Regulatory Agencies
Legis. Cmtes. of Reference
Bills need adoption by the legislature.
Phase-out period No later than Oct. 1 of the year following the regular session or a time as may be specified in the Sunset bill.
Life of each agency (in years)
Other provisions
(Usually 4)
Schedules of licensing boards and other enumerated agencies are repealed according to specified time tables.
1/y
…
…
6/m
10
…
…
…
…
…
Established by the Legislature
…
1/y
Up to 15
State law provides certain criteria that are used to determine whether a public need exists for an entity or function to continue and that its regulation is the least restrictive regulation consistent with the public interest.
…
…
…
Yearly sunset review schedules must include at least four agencies.
D (b)
Committee of cognizance of program/ entity being reviewed.
…
per CGS 2c-21: unless otherwise provided, a provision of law creating board/commission/ other body on or after Jan. 4, 1995, with primary purpose of issuing report, is deemed repealed 120 days after the date of required submission of such report
C
Agencies under review submit reports to Joint Legislative Oversight Cmte. based on criteria for review and set forth in statute. Cmte. staff conducts separate review.
…
Perf. audit
Dec. 31 of next succeeding calendar year
4
S (f)
…
…
…
…
…
…
Georgia
R
Dept. of Audits
Standing Cmtes.
Perf. audit
…
…
A performance audit of each regulatory agency must be conducted upon the request of the Senate or House standing committee to which an agency has been assigned for oversight and review. (d)
Hawaii
R
Legis. Auditor
Standing Cmtes.
Perf. eval.
None
Established by the legislature
Schedules various professional and vocational licensing programs for repeal. Proposed new regulatory measures must be referred to the Auditor for sunrise analysis.
Idaho
S (e)
…
…
…
…
…
…
Illinois
R,S
Governor's Office of Mgmt. and Budget
Cmte. charged with re-enacting law
(g)
…
Usually 10
…
Indiana
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Iowa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No program -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kansas
(h)
…
…
…
…
…
…
R
Administrative Regulation Review Subcommittee
Joint committee with subject matter jurisdiction.
Perf. Eval.
…
…
…
Kentucky
See footnotes at end of table
98 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 7 Summary of Sunset Legislation (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Scope
Preliminary evaluation Other legislative conducted by review
Other oversight mechanisms in law
Phase-out period
Life of each agency (in years)
Other provisions
C
Standing cmtes. of the two houses with subject matter jurisdiction.
…
Perf. eval.
1/y
Up to 6
Act provides for termination of a department and all offices in a department. Also permits committees to select particular agencies or offices for more extensive evaluation. Provides for review by Jt. Legis. Cmte. on Budget of programs that were not funded during the prior fiscal year for possible repeal.
S (w)
Joint standing cmte. of jurisdiction.
Office of Program Evaluation & Government Accountability
…
…
Generally 10 years
…
R
Dept. of Legislative Services
Standing Cmtes.
Perf. eval.
…
Varies (usually 10)
…
Massachusetts
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No program -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Michigan
(e)
…
…
…
…
…
…
Minnesota
S (e)
…
…
…
…
…
…
Mississippi
(i)
…
…
…
…
…
…
R
Oversight Division of Cmte. on Legislative Research
…
…
…
6, not to exceed total of 12
Can be extended.
Montana
(e)
…
…
…
…
…
…
Nebraska
D (e) (j)
…
…
…
…
…
…
C (e) (c)
Sunset Subcommittee
Legislative Commission, Full Legislature
…
…
…
…
New Hampshire
(k)
…
…
…
…
…
…
New Jersey
(e)
…
…
…
…
…
…
New Mexico
S
Legis. Finance Cmte.
…
Public hearing before termination
1/y
Varies
…
New York
(e)
…
…
…
…
…
…
North Carolina
(l)
…
…
…
…
…
…
North Dakota
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No program -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Missouri
Nevada
Ohio
C (m)
Sunset Review Cmte.
…
Perf. eval.
(n)
6
…
Oklahoma
S, D
Stndng cmtes. with jurisdiction over sunset bills (Senate) Jt. Cmtes. With jurisdiction over sunset bills (House)
Appropriations and Budget Cmte.
…
1/y
6
…
Oregon
D (o)
…
(o)
(o)
…
…
…
Pennsylvania
R
Leadership Cmte.
…
…
…
Varies
…
Rhode Island
(p)
…
No
…
…
…
…
South Carolina
(q)
…
…
Perf. Eval.
1/y
…
…
South Dakota
(r)
…
…
…
…
…
…
Tennessee
C
Office of the Comptroller
Government Operations Committees
…
1/y
Up to 6 years
…
Texas
S
Sunset Advisory Commission staff
…
…
1/y
12
…
Utah
S
Interim cmtes., then Legislative Mngmt. Cmte.
Standing cmtes. as amendments may be made to bill
…
(v)
(v)
…
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 9 9
STATE LE G ISL AT U R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 7 Summary of Sunset Legislation (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
Scope
(s)
Preliminary evaluation Other legislative conducted by review
Legis. Council staff
S (e)
…
D
Senate and House Government Operations Cmtes.
Other oversight mechanisms in law
Phase-out period
Life of each agency (in years)
Other provisions
…
…
…
…
Sunset provisions vary in length. The only standard sunset required by law is on bills that create a new advisory board or commission in the executive branch of government. The legislation introduced for these boards and commissions must contain a sunset provision to expire the entity after three years.
…
…
…
…
…
…
Perf. Eval.
1/y
…
…
Jt. Cmte. on Govt. Operations
Performance Evaluation and Research Division
Perf. audit
1/y
6
Jt. Cmte. on Govt. Operations composed of five House members, five Senate members and five citizens appointed by governor. Agencies may be reviewed more frequently.
West Virginia
S
Wisconsin
(e)
…
…
…
…
…
…
D (t)
Program evaluation staff who work for Management Audit Cmte.
…
Perf. eval. (u)
…
…
…
No
Perf. Eval.
1/y
Wyoming CNMI*
See footnotes at end of table
100 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE LE G I S LATU R E S
TA BLE 3 . 2 7 Summary of Sunset Legislation (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey, April 2019. *Commonwealth of Mariana Islands Key: C—Comprehensive—requires all statutory agencies to be subject to a sunset review once per review cycle. R—Regulatory—review focus is on regulatory and licensing agencies and bureaus. S—Selective—selective implementation and reviews are concentrated on entities such as occupational licensing and administrative agencies such as highway, health and education departments. D—Discretionary—sunset review board has the ability to select which entities will face review. d—day m—month y—year …— No provision (a) Jt. Legis. Sunset Review Cmte.—Review by the Jt. Legislative Sunset Review Cmte. of professional and vocational licensing boards, pursuant to Government Code 9147.7. Sunset clauses are included in other selected programs and legislation. (b) No longer comprehensive—in 2016, funding for Legislative Program Review and Investigations Committee and staff eliminated; in 2017, provisions of law requiring decennial review of certain programs/entities repealed. (c) The 2011 Nevada Legislature created the Sunset Subcommittee of the Legislative Commission with the enactment of Senate Bill 251 (Chapter 480, Statutes of Nevada). The Subcommittee is to conduct reviews of all boards and commissions not provided for in the Nevada Constitution or created by Executive Order of the Governor, and is charged with determining whether those entities should be terminated, modified, consolidated, or continued. The Subcommittee must review each entity no less often than once every ten years. After making it’s initial recommendations no later than June 30, 2012, the Subcommittee must submit all subsequent recommendations to the Legislative Commission on or before June 30 of each even-numbered year. The Legislative Commission may accept or reject the recommendations in whole or part and may then request that legislation be drafted for consideration by the full Legislature. (d) The automatic sunsetting of an agency every six years was eliminated in 1992. The legislature must pass a bill in order to sunset a specific agency. (e) While they have not enacted sunset legislation in the same sense as the other states with detailed information in this table, the legislatures in Idaho, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Jersey, New York, Virginia and Wisconsin have included sunset clauses in selected programs or legislation. (f) Comprehensive agency sunset review and repeal was repealed in 2011. Florida does have Open Government Sunset Review of public records and meetings exemptions with a 5-year review period.
(g) Governor is to read GOMB report and make recommendations to the General Assembly every even-numbered year. (h) Sunset legislation terminated July 1992. Legislative oversight of designated state agencies, consisting of audit, review and evaluation, continues. (i) Sunset Act terminated December 31, 1984. House and Senate Rules are available at billstatus.ls.state.ms.us. New Rules were adopted in January 2012. (j) Sunset legislation is discretionary, meaning that senators are free to offer sunset legislation or attach termination dates to legislative proposals. There is no formal sunset commission. Nebraska. Revised Statutes section 50-1303 directs the Legislature’s Government, Military and Veteran’s Committee to conduct an evaluation of any board, commission, or similar state entity. The review must include, among other things, a recommendation as to whether the board, commission, or entity should be terminated, continued or modified. (k) New Hampshire’s Sunset Committee was repealed July 1, 1986. (l) North Carolina’s sunset law terminated on July 30, 1981. Successor vehicle, the Legislative Committee on Agency Review, operated until June 30, 1983. (m) There are statutory exceptions. (n) Authority for latest review (SB 171 of the 129th General Assembly) expires December 31, 2016. (o) Sunset legislation was repealed in 1993. No general law sunsetting rules or agencies. Oversight mechanisms, including auditing, reporting or performance measures, are discretionary but may be included in specific bills as determined by legislature. (p) No standing sunset statutes or procedures at this time. (q) Law repealed by 1998 Act 419, Part II, Sect. 35E. (r) South Dakota suspended sunset legislation in 1979. A later law directing the Executive Board of the Legislative Research Council to establish one or more interim committees each year to review state agencies was repealed in 2012. (s) Sunsets are at the legislature’s discretion. Their structure will vary on an individual basis. (t) Wyoming repealed sunset legislation in 1988. (u) The program evaluation process evolved out of the sunset process, but Wyoming currently does not have a scheduled sunset of programs. (v) Default is ten years, although years may be decreased by legislative decisions. (w) Sometimes programs or agencies are subject to sunset provisions; this is entirely ad hoc as the Legislature determines appropriate. There is a general law, however, called State Government Evaluation Law that provides for regular reviews of agencies and boards by committee of jurisdiction; the committees can recommend termination (sunset) but, again, this is ad hoc.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 0 1
CHAPTER FOUR
S TAT E EXECUTIVE BRANCH
G OVE R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 1 The Governors, 2019
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Name and party Kay Ivey (R) Mike Dunleavy (R) Doug Ducey (R) Asa Hutchinson (R) Gavin Christopher Newsom (D) Jared Schutz Polis (D) Ned Lamont (D) John Carney Jr. (D) Ronald Dion DeSantis (R) Brian P. Kemp (R) David Ige (D) Brad Little (R) Bruce Rauner (R) Eric Holcomb (R) Kim Reynolds (R) Laura Kelly (D) Matt Bevin (R) John Bel Edwards (D) Janet Trafton Mills (D) Larry Hogan (R) Charlie Baker (R) Gretchen Esther Whitmer (D) Timothy James Walz (DFL) Phil Bryant (R) Mark Parson (R) Steve Bullock (D) Pete Ricketts (R) Steve Sisolak (D) Chris Sununu (R) Phil Murphy (D) Michelle Lujan Grisham (D) Andrew Cuomo (D) Roy Cooper (D) Doug Burgum (R) Mike DeWine (R) Kevin Stitt (R) Kate Brown (D) Tom Wolf (D) Gina Raimondo (D) Henry McMaster (R) Kristi Noem (R) Bill Lee (R) Greg Abbott (R) Gary Herbert (R) Phil Scott (R) Ralph Northam (D) Jay Inslee (D) Jim Justice (R) (j) Anthony Steven Evers (D) Matt Mead (R) Lolo Matalasi Moliga (I) Lourdes Leon Guerrero (D) Ralph Deleon Guerrero Torres (R) Wanda Vázquez Garced (PNP) (l) Albert Bryan (D)
Length of regular term Date of in years first service 4 4/2017 (c) 4 12/2018 4 1/2015 4 1/2015 4 1/2019 4 1/2011 4 1/2019 4 1/2017 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 12/2014 4 1/2019 4 1/2015 4 1/2017 4 5/2017 (d) 4 1/2019 4 12/2015 4 1/2016 4 1/2019 4 1/2015 4 1/2015 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 1/2012 4 6/2018 (e) 4 1/2013 4 1/2015 4 1/2019 2 1/2017 4 1/2018 4 1/2019 4 1/2011 4 1/2017 4 12/2016 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 2/2015 (f) 4 1/2015 4 1/2015 4 1/2017 (g) 4 1/2019 4 1/2019 4 1/2015 4 8/2009 (i) 2 1/2011 4 1/2018 4 1/2013 4 1/2017 4 1/2019 4 1/2011 4 1/2013 4 1/2019 4 12/28 (k) 4 8/2019 (l) 4 1/2019
Present term ends 1/2023 12/2022 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2019 1/2023 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 12/2018 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 12/2019 1/2020 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2020 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2022 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 12/2020 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2021 1/2022 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2019 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 (l) 1/2023
Number of previous terms (c) … 1 1 … 1 … … 1 … 1 2 1 … 1 (d) … … … … 1 1 … … 1 … 1 1 … 1 … … 2 … … … … 1 (f) 1 1 1(g) 1 … 1 3 4 … 1 … … 1 1 … 1 (k) … …
Term limits 2-4 2-4 2-4 2A 2A 2-4 … 2A 2-4 2-4 2-4 … … 2-12 … 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 … 2A … 2A 2A 2-16 2-4 2A … 2-4 2-4 … 2-4 … 2-4 2-A 2-12 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 2-4 … … … 1-4 … 2-4 … 2-16 2-4 2-4 2-4 … 2-4
Joint election of governor & lieutenant governor (a) No Yes (b) No No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No (b) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No (b) Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No (b) Yes No No Yes No No Yes No No No (b) Yes (b) Yes Yes Yes (b) Yes
Official who succeeds governor LG LG SS LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG PS LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG LG PS LG LG LG LG LG LG LG SS LG LG LG LG SpS (h) LG LG LG LG LG PS (h) LG SS LG LG LG SS (l) LG
Birthdate 10/15/44 5/5/61 4/9/64 12/3/50 10/10/67 5/12/75 1/3/54 5/20/56 9/14/78 11/2/63 6/26/38 2/15/54 12/16/48 5/2/68 8/4/59 1/24/50 1/9/67 9/16/66 12/30/47 5/25/56 11/13/56 8/23/71 4/6/64 12/9/54 9/17/55 4/11/66 8/19/64 12/26/53 11/5/74 8/16/57 10/24/59 12/6/57 6/13/57 8/1/56 1/5/47 12/28/72 3/5/47 11/17/48 5/17/71 5/27/47 11/30/71 10/9/59 11/13/57 5/7/47 8/4/58 9/13/59 2/9/51 4/27/51 11/5/51 3/11/62 1949 11/8/50 8/6/79 7/9/60 2/21/68
Birthplace AL PA OH AR CA CO DC DE FL GA NY ID IL IN IA NY NH LA ME DC NY MI NE MS MO MT NE WI NH MA NM NY NC ND OH OK WA PA RI SC SD TN TX UT VT VA WA WV WI WY AS Guam CNMI PR USVI
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 0 5
GOVE RNOR S
TA BLE 4 . 1 The Governors, 2019 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, June 2019. Key: *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands C—Covenant D—Democrat DFL—Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party I—Independent PDP—Popular Democratic Party PNP— New Progressive Party R—Republican LG—Lieutenant Governor SS—Secretary of State PS—President of the Senate SpS—Speaker of the Senate …—Not applicable 2A—Two terms, absolute. 2-4—Two terms, re-eligible after four yrs. 2-12—Two terms, eligible for eight out of 12 yrs. 2-16—Two terms, eligible for eight out of 16 yrs. 1-4—One term, re-eligible after four years. N/A—Not available (a) The following also choose candidates for governor and lieutenant governor through a joint nomination process: Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, American Samoa, Guam, No. Mariana Islands and U.S. Virgin Islands. (b) No lieutenant governor. (c) Kay Ivey (R) took office on April 10, 2017, following the resignation of former governor Robert Bentley. Ivey then ran and was elected to a full term in the 2018 general election.
106 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(d) Lt. Gov. Kim Reynolds was sworn in as governor on May 24, 2017 when Gov. Branstad accepted the U.S. Ambassadorship to China. She then ran and won a full term in office in the 2018 general election. (e) Lt. Gov. Mark Parson was sworn in as governor in June 2018 after Eric Greitens resigned. (f) Oregon Secretary of State Kate Brown became governor on February 18, 2015, following Gov. John Kitzhaber’s resignation. Brown won a November 2016 special gubernatorial election to officially fill the position for the final two years of Gov. Kitzhaber’s term. She was elected for a full term in the 2018 general election. (g) Gov. McMaster was sworn in on January 24, 2017 after Gov. Nikki Haley resigned to become the United State ambassador to the United Nations. He was elected to a full term in the Nov. 2018 general election. (h) Official bears the additional title of “ lieutenant governor.” (i) Lt. Gov. Gary Herbert was sworn in as Governor on August 10, 2009 after Gov. Huntsman resigned to accept President Obama’s appointment as ambassador to China. Utah law states that a replacement governor elevated in a term’s first year will face a special election at the next regularly scheduled general election, November 2010, instead of serving the remainder of the term. Gov. Herbert was re-elected to serve full terms in Nov. 2012 and again in Nov. 2016. (j) Gov. Jim Justice switched parties in August 2017. (k) Torres became governor on Dec. 28, 2015 after Gov. Inos passed away. He was elected to a full term in November 2018. (l) Justice Secretary Wanda Vázquez Garced took the oath of office on Aug. 7, 2019 becoming Puerto Rico’s third governor within a week.
G OVE R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 The Governors: Qualifications for Office State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Minimum age 30 30 25 30 18 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 25 30 30 … 30 25 30 30 … 30 25 30 30 25 30 25 30 30 30 30 30 30 18 31 30 30 18 30 21 30 30 30 18 30 18 30 18 30 35 30 35 35 30
State citizen (years) 7 ★ 5 ★ … … 6 months … ★ … … 2 ★ … 2 … 6 5 … … … … … ★ … ★ 5 2 … … … … … … … … … ★ 30 days 5 ★ 7 … 5 … ★ … 5 ★ ★ … … … 5 …
Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of governors’ offices, March 2019. * Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★—Formal provision; number of years not specified. …—No formal provision. (a) In some states you must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (b) In some states you must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run.
U.S. citizen (years) (a) 10 7 10 ★ 5 ★ ★ 12 ★ 15 5 ★ ★ 5 ★ … … 5 15 (c) … ★ ★ 20 15 ★ ★ … … 20 ★ ★ 5 ★ ★ 10 ★ ★ 30 days ★ ★ ★ ★ 3 ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ 5 ★ 5 5
State resident (years) (b) 7 7 5 7 5 2 ★ 6 7 6 5 2 3 5 2 … 6 5 5 5 7 ★ 1 5 10 2 5 2 7 7 5 5 2 5 ★ 10 3 7 30 days 5 ★ … 5 5 4 5 ★ ★ ★ 5 5 5 10 5 5
Qualified voter (years) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … 7 … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … 5 ★ 4 ★ ★ … ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ ★ (d) … ★ 30 days … ★ … … ★ ★ 1 ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★
(c) Crosse v. Board of Supervisors of Elections 243 Md. 555, 221A.2d431 (1966)—opinion rendered indicated that U.S. citizenship was, by necessity, a requirement for office. (d) In order to file as a candidate for nomination by a political party to any state or county office, a person must have been a registered voter of that party for the six-month period preceding the first day of the filing perod (26 O.S.§. 5-105A-A).
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 0 7
GOVE RNOR S
TA BLE 4 . 3 The Governors: Compensation, Staff, Travel and Residence State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Salary 120,395 145,000 95,000 148,134 201,680 90,000 150,000 (c) 171,000 130, 273 175,000 158,700 138,302 177,412 (c) 121,331 130,000 99,636 148,781 130,000 70,000 170,000 185,000 159,300 127,629 122,160 133,821 115,505 105,000 149,573(c) 134,581 175,000 110,000 200,000 144,349 129,096 (c) 153,650 147,000 98,600 194,850 145,755 106,078 113,961 194,112 153,750 150,000 178,274 175,000 183,072 150,000 152,756 105,000 90,000 130,000 70,000 70,000 150,000
Governor’s office staff (a) 37 82 26 (f) 60 88 50 27 28 276 (f) 56 (f) 51 17 91 34 18 24 45 93 (f) 21 85 (f) approx. 60 75 37 29 21 58 (f) 9 18 (f) 18 128 33 180 59 18 58 34 65 (f) 68 39 16 18.75 37 277 23 14 36 36 56 34 18 23 42 16 28 84
Access to state transportation Automobile Airplane Helicopter « « « « « … « « … « « « « … … « « … « … … « … … « «(j) … « « « « … … « « … « … … « « « « … … « « « « « « « « « « … … « « « « « … « « « « « « « «(k) … « « … « « « « « … « « … « … … « « … « « « « « « « « … « « … « « « « « … « … … « « … « « … « « … « « … « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « … « « « « « … « « … « … … « … … « … … « (g) (g) « … …
See footnotes at end of table
108 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Receives travel allowance … … … … … « … … (b) … « … … «(b) … … … … « (b) «(b) (b) … … (b) … « (b) (b) « … … « … (b) … (b) «(b) … … … … «(b) … … … … (b) (b) … … (b) $218/day (b) … …
Reimbursed for travel expenses Official residence « «(b) « «(b) «(b) … « « (d) « « … (e) « … « (b) « … « « « …(e) « … « «(b) « « « « « «(b) « « « « « (b) «(b) … (e) « (b) « « « « « (d) « « « « « «(b) (d) (e) « «(b) « « « « « « « « (d) (e) « «(b) « «(b) « «(b) «(b) … « « « « « (d) « « « « … … « « « (d) « … « (d) « «(b) « … « … « … « « « «
G OVE R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 3 The Governors: Compensation, Staff, Travel and Residence (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, September 2017. * Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Yes …—No N.A.—Not available. (a) Definitions of “governor’s office staff” vary across the states–from general office support to staffing for various operations within the executive office. (b) Travel expenses. Alabama—According to state policy. Alaska—$60/day per diem plus actual lodging expenses. American Samoa—$105,000.Amount includes travel allowance for entire staff. Arizona—Receives up to $64/day for meals based on location; receives per diem for lodging out of state; default $41/day for meals and $93/day lodging in state. Florida—The Executive Office of the Governor allocates an annual budget for the governor’s travel expenses. Gov. Scott is not reimbursed for personally incurred travel expenses. The Executive Office of the Governor pays the governor’s travel expenses directly (hotel accommodations, meals, etc.) out of funds allocated for travel. Guam—The amount varies based on destination but averages $218/ per day. Indiana—Statute allows $12,000 but due to budget cuts the amount has been reduced to $9,800 and reimbursed for actual expenses for travel/lodging. Kentucky—Mileage at same rate as other state officials. Maryland—Travel allowance included in office budget. Massachusetts—As necessary. Michigan—The Governor is provided a $54,000 annual expense allowance, as determined by the State Officers Compensation Commission in 2010. “Expense allowance” is for normal, reimbursable personal expenses such as food, lodging, and travel costs incurred by an individual in carrying out the responsibilities of state office. Missouri—Amount includes travel allowance for entire staff. Amount not available. Nevada—Amount includes travel allowance for entire staff. The following figures include travel expenses for governor and staff, $28,982 in state; $12,767 out of state. Reimbursed for travel expenses per GSA/Conus rate. New Hampshire—Travel allowance included in office budget. New Jersey—Reimbursement may be provided for necessary expenses. Northern Mariana Islands—Travel allowance included in office budget. Governor has a “contingency account” that can be used for travel expenses and expenses in other departments or other projects. Ohio—Set administratively. Oklahoma—Reimbursed for actual and necessary expenses. Oregon—$1,000 a month for expenses, not specific to travel. Reimbursed for actual travel expenses. Pennsylvania—Reimbursed for reasonable expenses. Rhode Island—The majority of travel expenses are not reimbursed since the State has centralized direct pay agreements with the var-
ious airlines / hotels for approved travel for state employees. If necessary, the governor is subject to the same per diem allowance for personal meals as other state employees, which is a maximum of $35 per day. Tennessee—Travel allowance included in office budget. Washington—Travel allowance included in office budget. West Virginia—Included in general expense account. Wyoming—Actual lodging and transportation/federal M&IE rates. (c) Governor’s salary: Connecticut—Governor Ned Lamont will forego his salary of $150,000. Illinois—Governor Pritzker will not take his salary of $177,412. Nevada—Governor Sisolak pledged to donate his salary to K-12 schools all four years of his term. North Dakota—Governor Doug Burgum has declined his salary of $129,096. (d) Information not provided. (e) Governor’s residence: Many governors are choosing to live in their own residences even when an official residence is provided . Connecticut—Provided by the Department of Administrative Services. Idaho—A housing stipend of $54,608 annually is provided. Massachusetts—Does not have an official governor’s residence but allows a $65,000 housing alowance. New Hampshire—The current governor does not occupy the official residence. Ohio—The governor chooses not to live in the state provided housing. (f) Governor’s staff: Arizona—There are 26 members of the governor’s executive staff, not including administrative staff. Florida—There are 276 full-time employees. Those are broken into the following areas: Executive Direction and Support Services—124 positions; Systems Development and Design—48 positions; Office of Policy and Budget—104 positions. Georgia—Full-time employees—56 and 2 part-time employees. Louisiana—Full-time employees—93, part-time (non-student)—21, students—25. Maryland—Full-time employees—85 and 1 part-time employee. Montana—Including 16 employees in the Office of Budget and Program Planning. Nevada—Currently 18. Maximum permitted is 23. Oregon—Of this total, 45 are true Governor’s staff and 20 are on loan for agency staff. Vermont—Voluntary 5 percent salary reduction. (g) The Governor’s office pays for access to an airplane or helicopter with a corporate credit card and requests a refund of those expenses with the corresponding documentation to the Dept. of Treasury. (h) Provided for security reasons as determined by the state police. (i) When not in use by other state agencies. (j) Gov. Scott does not utilize a state-owned airplane, but instead uses his personal aircraft. (k) Only for official business.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 0 9
GOVE RNOR S
TA BLE 4 . 4 The Governors: Powers Item veto power
Budget making power State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Full Shares responsibility responsibility «(b) … « … «(b) … « … «(b) … « … « … «(b) … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … «(b) … « … « … « … « … «(f) … « … … «(h) «(b) … « … « … « … «(b) … «(b) … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … « … «(b) … « … « … « … « … « … « …
Governor has line item veto power « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « « … « « « « « … « « « « « … « « « « « … « « « «
See footnotes at end of table
110 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Governor has line item veto power on appropriations amounts « « … « « « « … « … « « « … « … « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « « … … « … « … … « « « « … … … « « « « … « « « «
Authorization for Governor has reorganization line item veto Governor through power on has no Legislative votes required executive appropriations item order (a) language veto power to override governor’s veto « … Majority elected … « … … Three-fourths … … Two-thirds elected … « « … Majority elected « … Two-thirds elected «(c) « « … Two-thirds elected … … Two-thirds elected «(d) « … … Three-fifths elected « … … Two-thirds elected « … … Two-thirds elected « … … Two-thirds elected « … Two-thirds elected … « … … Three-fifths elected « « … Majority elected « « … Two-thirds elected « … … Two-thirds elected « « … Majority elected « … Two-thirds elected «(e) « … … Majority elected « … … Majority elected « … Two-thirds elected «(c) « « … Two-thirds elected « … Two-thirds elected «(g) « « … Two-thirds elected « « … Two-thirds elected « … Two-thirds elected «(i) … … Three-fifths elected … « … Two-thirds elected «(j) « … Two-thirds elected … « … Two-thirds elected « (k) « … Two-thirds elected … « … Two-thirds elected … « … Three-fifths elected «(l) « … … Two-thirds elected « … Three-fifths elected … … … Two-thirds elected «(m) « … … Two-thirds elected « … Two-thirds elected … « « … Three-fifths elected … … Two-thirds elected … « … … Two-thirds elected « … … Two-thirds elected … … Two-thirds elected … « … … Two-thirds elected « « … Two-thirds elected … … Two-thirds elected «(n) « … Two-thirds elected … « … Majority elected … « … Two-thirds elected … « … Two-thirds elected … « … … … « … … Two-thirds elected « « … Two-thirds elected « … Two-thirds elected «(o) « « « Two-thirds elected
G OVE R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 4 The Governors: Powers (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of governors' offices, March 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Yes; provision for. …—No; not applicable. (a) For additional information on executive orders, see Table 4.5. (b) Full responsibility to propose; legislature adopts or revises and governor signs or vetoes. (c) Authorization for reorganization provided for in state constitution. (d) Governor cannot create a budgeted agency but may “direct such action by the several budgeted agencies as will, in his judgment, effect efficiency and economy in the conduct of the affairs of the state government.” (e) Only for agencies and offices within the Governor’s Office. (f) Governor has sole authority to propose annual budget. No money may be paid out of state treasury except in pursuance of appropriations made by law and passed by the legislature. (g) Statute provides for reorganization by the Commissioner of Administration with the approval of the governor. (h) Governor has the responsibility of presenting a balanced budget. The budget is based on revenue estimated by the Governor’s office and the Legislative Budget Committee.
(i) The office of the governor shall continuously study and evaluate the organizational structure, management practices, and functions of the executive branch and of each agency. The governor shall, by executive order or other means within the authority granted to him, take action to improve the manageability of the executive branch. (j) Only as to commissions, boards and councils. (k) Executive reorganization plans can be disapproved by majority vote in both houses of the legislature. (l) Executive Order must be approved by the legislature if changes affect existing law. (m) The governor has the authority, through state statute , to enact executive orders that: create agencies, boards and commissions; and reassigns agencies, boards and commissions to different cabinet secretaries. However, in order for the continued operation of any agency created by executive order the state legislature must approve legislation that allows the agency to continue to operate, if not, the agency cannot continue operation beyond sine die adjournment of the legislature for the session. (n) The governor submits a reorganization plan to the General Assembly which must approve the plan by a vote of a majority of the membership in each house. (o) Only if it is not prohibited by law.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 1
GOVE RNOR S
TA BLE 4 . 5 Gubernatorial Executive Orders: Authorization, Provisions, Procedures
(b) … … (b) … … … (b) … (o) (b) (r) (n) (t)
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (r) … … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … … … (g) … … (n) … … (n) … (n)(s) … … … … … … … (v)
S, I
…
…
…
…
C, S, I (z) C I
(bb) …
C, S
…
…
…
(dd)(ee)
(b)(cc)
…
…
S, I, Case Law S C C, S C, S, I S, I S, I C, S S C, S C, S (kk) C, S C C C, S, I, Case Law S
…
… … …
(m)(cc) (dd)(ee) … … … … …
… … (ff) … … … (mm) …
… … …
… … …
… … … … … …
… … … … … (ii) (jj) …
(b) (b) … … … … … … … (ll) … (nn)
… … … … … … … … … … … … (ll) … … … …
… … … … … … (gg) (hh) … … … … … … … … …
Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania
See footnotes at end of table
112 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Executive branch reorganization plans and agency creation
Subject to legislative review
… … (a) … … … … … … …
Subject to administrative procedure act
… … (a) … … … … … …
… … (a) … … … … … … … (f) (i)(j)(k) … … (m) (p)(q) … … (j) (u) … (k)(p)(u) (w)(x)(y) (aa) … …
North Dakota
Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
… (a)
Filing and publication procedures
… (a) … (h)
Other administration
… (a) … (a)
State personnel administration
Other emergencies
… (a)
Respond to federal programs and requirements
Energy emergencies and conservation
S, I, Case Law C I I, Common Law I (c) C C, S C C, S S, I (d) C, S, Common Practice S C, S C, S, Case Law (e) C, S C, S C, S (l) I C, S C, S C S C, S C, S, Common Law S, I, Common Law C, S S, I S C, S, I C, S C, S C, S
Procedures Create advisory, coordinating, study or investigative committees/commissions
Civil defense disasters, public emergencies
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina
Authorization for executive orders
Provisions
… (a) … … … … …
…
…
…
…
… … …
… … …
G OVE R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 5 Gubernatorial Executive Orders: Authorization, Provisions, Procedures (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, April 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: C—Constitutional S—Statutory I—Implied —Formal provision. … —No formal provision. (a) Broad interpretation of gubernatorial authority. In Arizona, the governor is authorized to make executive orders in all of these areas and situations so long as there is not a conflicting statute in place. (b) Executive orders must be filed with secretary of state or other designated officer. (c) Authorization implied from constitution and statute as recognized by 63 ops. Cal. Atty. Gen. 583. (d) Implied from Constitution. (e) Constitution, statute, implied, case law, common law. (f) Executive clemency. (g) Only for EROs. When an ERO is submitted the legislature has 30 days to veto the ERO or it becomes law. (h) To give immediate effect to state regulation in emergencies. (i) To control administration of state contracts and procedures. (j) To impound or freeze certain state matching funds. (k)To reduce state expenditures in revenue shortfall. (l) Inherent. (m) To control procedures for dealing with public. (n) Reorganization plans and agency creation. (o) Executive reorganizations not effective if rejected by both houses of legislature within 60 calendar days. Executive orders reducing appropriations not effective unless approved by appropriations committees of both houses of legislature. (p)To assign duties to lieutenant governor, issue writ of special election. (q) Filing. (r) Governor is exempt from the Administrative Procedures Act and filing and administrative procedures Miss. Code Ann. § 25-43-102 (1972). (s) Reorganization plans and agency creation and for meeting federal program requirements. To administer and govern the armed forces of the state. (t) In addition to filing and publication procedures - Executive Orders are countersigned by and filed with the Secretary of State and published. (u) To administer and govern the armed forces of the state. (v) Must submit to the Secretary of State who must compile, index
and publish Executive Orders. Copies must also be sent to President of the Senate, Speaker of House and Principal Clerk of each chamber. (w) To suspend certain officials and/or other civil actions. (x) To designate game and wildlife areas or other public areas. (y) Appointive powers. (z) Executive authority implied by constitution except for emergencies which are established by statute. (aa) General power to issue executive orders to execute the authority of the Governor as provided in the Constitution and state statute. (bb) The governor has the authority, through state statute , to enact executive orders that: create agencies, boards and commissions; and reassigns agencies, boards and commissions to different cabinet secretaries. However, in order for the continued operation of any agency created by executive order the state legislature must approve legislation that allows the agency to continue to operate, if not, the agency cannot continue operation beyond sine die adjournment of the legislature for the session. (dd) For fire emergencies. (ee) To transfer funds in an emergency. (ff) Subject to legislative approval when inconsistent with statute. (gg) Only if reorganization order filed with the legislature. (hh) Some statutes set forward requirements for executive orders, but few established procedures. (ii) Expansion of governor’s existing state of emergency power to now create a state of prepardness. The governor has the authority to issue an executive order for a state of preardness in advance of an anticipated event affecting public safety (as of March 8, 2014). During the first special session in 2016 the legislature gave the governor the power, in the event a budget bill has not been enacted by June 30 of any year, to, by executive order, direct scheduled payments of principal and interest due on bonds or notes of the state or its agencies, boards, or commissions. (jj) The governor has power to direct the Department of Administration to conduct investigations of any executive or administrative agency in order to determine feasibility of consolidating , creating or rearranging agencies for the purpose of affecting the elimination of unnecessary state functions, avoiding duplication, reducing the cost of administration and increasing efficiency. Wis. Stat. 16.004(3)(a). The governor has power to coordinate services of personnel across state agencies. Wis. Stat. 14.03. (kk) No specific authorization granted, general authority only. (ll) If executive order fits definition of rule. (mm) Can reorganize, but not create. (nn) Executive Orders are filed in the Department of State.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 3
GOVE RNOR S
TA BLE 4 . 6 State Cabinet Systems
Gubernatorial appointment regardless of office
Elected to specified office (a)
Appointed to specific office (a)
Tradition in state
Governor created
Criteria for membership
Number of members in Open cabinet (including cabinet governor) Frequency of cabinet meetings meetings « « « « « … … 23 Quarterly … « « « « « … … … 17 Gov.'s discretion « « « … … … … 37 Quarterly … « « … … … … … 40 Quarterly … « « « « … … … 11 Every two weeks … « « « « … … … 21 Bi-monthly … « «(k) … … … … … 29 Gov.’s discretion … « « « … … … … 17 Gov.’s discretion … « « « « … … … … 4 Appox. 1-2 per month -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « « … … … 43 Bi-monthly … « « « … … … … 39 Gov.’s discretion … « « « … … … … 65 Gov.’s discretion (b) « « … … … … … 16 Bi-monthly … « « « « « … … 30 Monthly … « « … … … … … 15 Bi-weekly … « « « « … … … 13 Quarterly … « « « « … … … 16 Monthly … « « … … … … … 16 Monthly … « « … … … … … 25 Every other week … « « … … … … … 11 Weekly … « « « « « … (e) 22 Gov.’s discretion … « « … … … … … 25 Quarterly … -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « … … … … 17 Gov.’s discretion … « « « « … … … … 19 Monthly « « « « … … … 30 Monthly … ---------------------------------------------------------------- (d) --------------------------------------------------------------21 At call of the governor … -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « … … … … 24 Gov.’s discretion … « « « « … … … 31 Gov.’s discretion … « « … … … … … 75 Gov.’s discretion … « « … … … 11 Weekly (n) « « « … … … … … 17 Monthly « « … … … … … 27 Gov.’s discretion … « « … … … … … 16 (h) Monthly … -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « « « … «(i) … 27 Gov.’s discretion « « … … … … «(l) 22 Gov.'s discretion «(m) « « « … … «(i) … … 18 Monthly « « « … … … … 20 Monthly … « « … … … … … 31 Monthly … -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « « … … … 24 Monthly, weekly during legislative session … « « « … … … … 12 Gov.’s discretion … « « « … … «(j) … 16 Weekly … « « … … … … … 25 Monthly … « « « … … … … 17 Weekly … « « « « … … … … 17 Gov.’s discretion « « … … … … … 44 Quarterly … « « « « « … … … 16 Gov.’s discretion « « … … … … … 55 Bi-monthly … « « « … … … … … 17 Gov.’s discretion « « « … … … … 10 (c) Every 6 weeks … « « « … … … … … 21 Monthly State statute
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (o) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina (f) North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
State constitution
Authorization for cabinet system
See footnotes at end of table
114 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
G OVE R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 6 State Cabinet Systems (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, September 2017. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Yes …—No N/A—Not available (a) Individual is a member by virtue of election or appointment to a cabinet-level position. (b) Certain cabinet meetings are open to the public and media. (c) The Constitutional Cabinet has 10 members including the governor. There are other members of the Cabinet provided by statute. (d) No formal cabinet system. In Nevada, the cabinet is traditionally comprised of Directors, Chairpersons and leaders of Nevada’s top agencies, departments, institutions and the National Guard, in addition to the Lt. Governor. (e) Membership determined by governor. Some officers formally designated as cabinet member by executive order. (f) The Governor’s cabinet consists of 10 department heads who have responsibility for the majority of the executive branch. They are appointed by the governor and report to the governor.
The Council of State exists as a separate body and is composed independently elected statewide officials who oversee certain areas of the executive branch. While the Council of State is provided for in the Constitution and state statutes, the cabinet is created by the governor. (g) Frequency of meetings may fluctuate with Governor’s schedule. (h) State statute allows for 15 cabinet members. With the Governor included there are 16 members. (i) With the consent of the senate. (j) While there is no specific state statute that establishes the cabinet system, the state code makes repeated references to cabinet secretaries and sets forth the duties of each secretary and the agencies assigned to the secretary. (k) Governor’s cabinet is specified in statute, but no longer in use. Governor directs department heads through commissioners’ meetings and subject matter groups called clusters. (l) At the discretion of the governor. (m) Varies by meeting. (n) Council of State, but not cabinet meetings, are open to the public. (o) Agency directors are provided by statute. Governor may create and appoint other cabinet-level positions.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 5
GOVE RNOR S
TA BLE 4 . 7 The Governors: Provisions and Procedures for Transition Provision for: Legislation pertaining to State or other gubernatorial jurisdiction transition Alabama … Alaska • Arizona … Arkansas • « California « Colorado « Connecticut « Delaware « Florida « Georgia « Hawaii « Idaho « Illinois « Indiana Iowa • « Kansas « Kentucky « Louisiana Maine • « Maryland Massachusetts • Michigan • « Minnesota Mississippi • « Missouri « Montana « Nebraska « Nevada « New Hampshire « New Jersey « New Mexico New York … « North Carolina North Dakota • « Ohio Oklahoma • « Oregon « Pennsylvania « Rhode Island South Carolina … « South Dakota « Tennessee Texas • « Utah Vermont • « Virginia « Washington West Virginia … « Wisconsin Wyoming • American Samoa … « Guam « CNMI* « Puerto Rico « U.S. Virgin Islands
Gov-elect’s participation in Appropriation state budget for available to gov-elect coming fiscal year « … • … « … 10,000 … « 450,000 « 10,000 « « 15,000 • (b) • 50,000 • « 50,000 « 15,000 … … 40,000 … « 100,000 « 150,000 (c) « 220,000 « • 65,000 « 5,000 • … • • $1.5 million • (v) … « (e) « «(f) « 100,000 « « « 85,288 « Reasonable amount « 75,000 «(j) • « (k) … … «(l) … 10,000 (m) Unspecified (o) • « • « « … … (u) • • • … … « • • • « «(p) « «(q) « «(h) « • • … « Unspecified … • Unspecified «(i) (t) … Unspecified … « … 100,000 …
See footnotes at end of table
116 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Gov-elect to hire staff to assist during transition • • … … « « « « « « « « • … • « « « • « … • « « « « … « « « « … « (n) « • « « « • … « • « … « « • « • « … « « «
State personnel to be made available to assist gov-elect • • • … « « « • • « • « … … • « « … • « • • « « • « « … « « « « • • • • « • « • … « • « « « • … « • • « « « «
Acquainting Office space in gov-elect staff with buildings to be office procedures Transfer of made available to and routing office information (files, gov-elect functions records, etc.) • • • « • • • • • … … … « • • « « • « « « • • • « • • « « • « • • « « « « « « « « « « • • « « « « « « « … • • • • « « « • • • • • • « « • « « « « • • (g) « « • « « « « « … « « … « « • « « « « « « « « « « … • … • • « • • « « « • • … « • • • • • … … … « • • (u) • • • « « « … … … « « « « • • • • • « « « • • • « • • « « … « « « « « « « « «
G OVE R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 7 The Governors: Provisions and Procedures for Transition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of governors’ offices, March 2019. * Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provisions or procedures. «—Formal provisions or procedures. •—No formal provisions, occurs informally. N.A.—Not applicable. (a) Varies. (b) Section 14.057, Florida Statute provides: Governor-elect; establishment of operating fund.— (1) There is established an operating fund for the use of the Governor-elect during the period dating from the certification of his or her election by the Elections Canvassing Commission to his or her inauguration as Governor. The Governor-elect during this period may allocate the fund to travel, expenses, his or her salary, and the salaries of the Governorelect’s staff as he or she determines. Such staff may include, but not be limited to, a chief administrative assistant, a legal adviser, a fiscal expert, and a public relations and information adviser. The salary of the Governor-elect and each member of the Governor-elect’s staff during this period shall be determined by the Governor-elect, except that the total expenditures chargeable to the state under this section, including salaries, shall not exceed the amount appropriated to the operating fund. The Executive Office of the Governor shall supply to the Governor-elect suitable forms to provide for the expenditure of the fund and suitable forms to provide for the reporting of all expenditures therefrom. The Chief Financial Officer shall release moneys from this fund upon the request of the Governor-elect properly filed. (c) Transition funds are used by both the incoming and outgoing administrations. (d) Amount to be determined. (e) 1.5% of amount appropriated for the fiscal year to the Governor’s office. (f) Miss. Code Ann.§ 7-1-101 provides as follows: the governor’s office of general services shall provide a governor-elect with office
space and office equipment for the period between the election and inauguration. A special appropriation to the governor’s office of general services is hereby authorized to defray the expenses of providing necessary staff employees and for the operation of the office of governor-elect during the period between the election and inauguration. The department of finance and administration shall make available to a governor-elect and his designated representatives information on the following: (a) all information and reports used in the preparation of the budget report; and (b) all information and reports on projected income and revenue estimates for the state. (g) Activity is traditional and routine, although there is no specific statutory provision. (h) Determined every 4 years. (i) Can submit reprogramming or supplemental appropriation measure for current fiscal year. (j) No specific amount - necessary services and facilities. (k) Legislature required to make appropriation; no dollar amount stated in legislation. (l) Governor receives $80,000 and lieutenant governor receives $10,000. (m) Responsible for submitting budget for coming biennium. (n) Governor usually hires several incoming key staff during transition. (o) Determined in budget. (p) Appropriated by legislature at the time of transition. (q) Governor-elect entitled to 70% of Governor’s salary. (t) Appropriations given upon the request of governor-elect. (u) The governor’s transition team was authorized $130,000 for transition costs during the 2014 - 2015 transition. Approximately $120,000 was spent. (v) Typically the appropriation is included in the budget but may fluctuate in size. (u) Subject to records retention and archival requirements.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 7
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
TA BLE 4 . 8 Impeachment Provisions in the States Governor and other state Legislative Official who executive and Legislative body which Chief justice serves as acting Legislature judicial officers body which conducts presides at governor if may call special State or other subject to holds power of Vote required for impeachment impeachment Vote required for governor session for jurisdiction impeachment impeachment impeachment trial trial (a) conviction impeached (b) impeachment « « « Alabama H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. present LG « « Alaska S 2/3 mbrs. H (c) 2/3 mbrs. LG « Arizona «(d) H maj. mbrs. S «(e) 2/3 mbrs. SS « « Arkansas H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … « California H … S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « Colorado H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « Connecticut H maj. mbrs. S «(f) 2/3 mbrs. must be present LG « « Delaware H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « Florida H 2/3 mbrs. S «(g) 2/3 mbrs. present (h) LG (i) « Georgia H … S «(e) 2/3 mbrs. … «(j) « « Hawaii H 2/3 mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG « « Idaho H 2/3 mbrs.(k) S 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « « Illinois H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG Indiana «(l) H 2/3 mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « Iowa H maj. mbrs. S … majority of elected mbrs. LG « Kansas H (m) S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « Kentucky H … S 2/3 mbrs. present LG … « « Louisiana H (n) S … (n) LG « « Maine H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. present PS « Maryland H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « Massachusetts H maj. mbrs. S … … LG « « Michigan H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … « Minnesota H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. present LG … « Mississippi H maj. mbrs. S «(r) 2/3 mbrs. present (s) LG (u) « Missouri H … (t) (t) (t) LG … « « « Montana H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG « Nebraska S (v) maj. mbrs. (w) (w) (w) LG … « Nevada «(d) H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « « New Hampshire H … S … PS « « New Jersey H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG «(aa) « « New Mexico H maj. mbrs. S «(p) 2/3 mbrs. LG « « « New York H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. present LG « « North Carolina H 2/3 mbrs. S «(x) 2/3 mbrs. present LG « North Dakota «(d) H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … « Ohio H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. present LG … « « « Oklahoma S maj. mbrs. H&S 2/3 mbrs. present LG Oregon ...………………...………......………....…………...……...…………………….(y)…………….………..…….......………....…...……...…...……………..……… « « Pennsylvania H … S … 2/3 maj. mbrs. LG « « « Rhode Island H 2/3 maj. mbrs. S 2/3 maj. mbrs. LG « « South Carolina H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « « South Dakota H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG « « « Tennessee H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. (z) PS « Texas H (o) maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. present LG … « « Utah H 2/3 mbrs. S «(f) 2/3 mbrs. LG « Vermont H 2/3 mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … « Virginia H maj. mbrs. present S … 2/3 mbrs. present LG «(bb) « Washington «(d) H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « « West Virginia H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. PS « Wisconsin H maj. mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « « Wyoming H maj. mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. SS Dist. of Columbia ...………………...………......………....…………...……...…………………….(p)…………….………..…….......………....…...……...…...……………..…… « American Samoa (q) H 2/3 mbrs. S 2/3 mbrs. … … Guam ...………………...………......………....…………...……...…………………….(p)…………….………..…….......………....…...……...…...……………..…… « CNMI* H 2/3 mbrs. S … 2/3 mbrs. LG … « « « Puerto Rico H 2/3 mbrs. S 3/4 mbrs. SS U.S. Virgin Islands ...………………...………......………....…………...……...…………………….(p)…………….………..…….......………....…...……...…...……………..…… See footnotes at end of table
118 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 8 Impeachment Provisions in the States (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments survey of governors’ offices, March 2019. * Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Yes; provision for. ...—Not specified, or no provision for. H—House or Assembly (lower chamber). S—Senate. LG—Lieutenant Governor PS—President or Speaker of the Senate SS—Secretary of state. (a) Presiding justice of state court of last resort. In many states, provision indicates that chief justice presides only on occasion of impeachment of governor. (b) For provisions on official next in line of succession if governor is convicted and removed from office, refer to Chapter 4, “The Governors.” (c) An appointed Supreme Court justice presides. (d) With exception of certain judicial officers. In Arizona and Washington—justices of courts not of record. In Nevada—justices of the peace. In North Dakota—county judges, justices of the peace, and police magistrates. (e) Should the Chief Justice be on trial, or otherwise disqualified, the Senate shall elect a judge of the Supreme Court to preside. (f) Only if Governor is on trial. (g) Except in a trial of the chief justice, in which case the governor shall preside. (h) An officer impeached by the house of representatives shall be disqualified from performing any official duties until acquitted by the senate, and, unless impeached, the governor may by appointment fill the office until completion of the trial. (i) Governor may appoint someone to serve until the impeachment procedures are final. (j) Special sessions of the General Assembly shall be limited to a period of 40 days unless extended by 3/5 vote of each house and approved by the Governor or unless at the expiration of such period an impeachment trial of some officer of state government is pending, in which event the House shall adjourn and the Senate shall remain in session until such trial is completed.
(k) No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of twothirds of there senators elected. When the governor is impeached, the chief justice shall preside. (l) Judges not included. (m) No statute, simple majority is the assumption. (n) Concurrence of 2/3 of the elected senators. (o) House votes on articles of impeachment; Senate presides over impeachment trial to remove official. (p) Removal of elected officials by recall procedure only. (q) Governor, lieutenant governor. (r) When the governor is tried; if Chief Justice is unable to preside, the next longest serving justice shall preside. (s) No person shall be convicted without concurrence of 2/3 of all senators present. Miss Const. 1890 Art. IV § 52. (t) All impeachments are tried before the state Supreme Court, except that the governor or a member of the Supreme Court is tried by a special commission of seven eminent jurists to be elected by the Senate. A vote of 5/7 of the court of special commission is necessary to convict. (u) It is implied but not addressed directly in Miss Const. 1890 Art. IV §§ 49-53. (v) Unicameral legislature; members use the title “senator.” (w) Court of impeachment is composed of chief justice and supreme court. A vote of 2/3 present of the court is necessary to convict. (x) Chief Justice presides if it is the Governor or Lieutenant Governor; otherwise , the President of the Senate presides. (y) No provision for impeachment. Public officers may be tried for incompetence, corruption, malfeasance, or delinquency in office in same manner as criminal offenses. (z) Vote of 2/3 of members sworn to try the officer impeached. (aa) In the event of simultaneous vacancies in both the offices of Governor and Lieutenant Governor resulting from any cause, the President of the Sensate shall become Governor until a new Governor or Lieutenant Governor is elected and qualifies. (bb) Two-thirds of both houses may call a special session for any purpose. The Senate may try impeachments in recess; the House may not impeach unless in session.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 1 9
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
Lt. Governor
Secretary of state
Attorney general
Treasurer
Auditor
Comptroller
Education
Agriculture
Labor
Insurance
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Governor
TA BLE 4 . 9 Constitutional and Statutory Provisions for Number of Consecutive Terms of Elected State Officials (All terms are four years unless otherwise noted)
2C 2C 2C 2T 2T 2C N 2T 2C 2C 2C N N 2 (e) N 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C N 2T N 2T 2T 2 (i) 2C 2T N (j) 2C 2C N 2C N 2C 2 (l) 2 (e) 2C 2C 2C 2C 2C N N N (j) 1C N 2C N 2 (i) N (p) 2C 2C 2T N 2C
2C 2 (c) 2T 2T 2C N 2T 2C N 2C N N 2C N 2C 2C N (g) N N 2T N 2T N 2 (i) 2C 2T … 2C 2C N 2C N 2C N (m) 2C 2C 2C 2C (f) N N N (j) N N N (g) N (m) … 2C 2C 2T (m) 2C
2C (a) 2 2T 2T 2C N … N N (a) N N 2 (e) N N 2C N … … N 2T N N N 2 (i) N 2T … … 2C … N N 2C … 2 (e) … 2C N 2C … … (a) N (j) … N N N N … (a) (a) … … (k)
2C … 2 2T 2T 2C N N 2C N … N N … N N 2C N … N N 2T N N N 2 (i) N 2T … … 2C N N N 2C N N 2C 2C N 2C (o) N N N (j) N N N N … … … 2C … … …
2C (b) 2 2T 2T 2C N N 2 C (d) … … N N 2 (e) N N 2C N … … N … … N 2T … 2C 2T … … 2C … N N 2C N 2 (e) 2 C (n) 2C N 2C … (k) N N (j) … N N N N … … … … … (c)
2C … … 2T … … … N … … … … … 2 (e) N … 2C … … … N … N N N 2 (i) N … … … 2C N (k) N N 2C N … 2C … … 2C … … N N (j) … N … … N … … 2C 2T … …
… … … … 2T … N … 2 C (d) … … N N (f) … … … … … N … … … … … … … 2T … … … N … … … … … … … N … … N … … … … N … … … (q) (r) (q) … (c)
2C … 2 … 2T … … … N N … N … … … … … N … … … … … … … 2 (i) … … … … … … N N … N … … … N 2C … … … … … N … N N … … … … … …
2C … … … … … … … 2C N … … … … N … 2C N … … … … … … … … … … … … … … N N … … … … … N … … N … … … … N … … … … … … … …
… … … … … … … … … N … … … … … … 2C … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … N N … N … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
… … … … 2T … … N 2 C (d) N … … … … … N … N … … … … (h) … … … … … … … … … N N … N … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (h) … (a)
See footnotes at end of table
120 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 9 Constitutional and Statutory Provisions for Number of Consecutive Terms of Elected State Officials (All terms are four years unless otherwise noted) (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, April 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: All terms last four years unless otherwise noted. Footnotes specify if a position’s functions are performed by an official under a different title. Key: N—No provision specifying number of terms allowed. C—Consecutive Terms T—Total Terms …—Position is appointed or elected by governmental entity (not chosen by the electorate). (a) Lieutenant Governor performs this function. (b) Deputy Commissioner of Department of Revenue performs function. (c) Finance Administrator performs function. (d) Chief Financial Officer performs this function as of January 2003. (e) Eligible for eight years out of any period of 12 years.
(f) State auditor performs this function. (g) President or speaker of the Senate is next in line of succession to the governorship. In Tennessee and West Virginia, speaker of the Senate has the statutory title “ lieutenant governor.” (h) Commerce administrator performs this function. (i) Eligible for eight out of 16 years. (j) Two-year term. (k) Comptroller performs this function. (l) Limited to 8 years per office during a lifetime. (m) Secretary of state is next in line to the governorship. (n) Treasurer must wait four years before being eligible for the office of auditor general. (o) Term is eight years; attorney general is appointed by the state Supreme Court. (p) Mayor. (q) State treasurer performs this function. (r) General services administrator performs function.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 2 1
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
TA BLE 4 . 1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Governor CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE SE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE SE
Lieutenant governor (a-1) CE CE (a-2) CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE N.O. CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE (e) CE CE CE CE CE CE CE (a-2) CE SE CE CE CL (e) CE CE CE CE CE (e) CE (a-2) CE CE CE … SE
Secretary of state (a-2) CE (a-1) CE CE CE CE CE GS GS CE N.O. CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CL GS CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CL (a-1) CE GS CE CE CE GS CE GS CE CE CE CL G (a-1) CE GB CE CE CE CE (a-1) … … GS (a-1)
See footnotes at end of table
122 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Attorney general (a-3) CE GB CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE GS CE CE SE CE CE CE CE CL CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CE GC GS CE CE CE CE CE CE SE CE SE CE CE CT CE CE SE CE CE CE CE GS GB CE GS GS GS
Treasurer (a-4) CE AG CE CE CE CE CE CE CE B GS CE CE CE CE CE CE CE CL CL CE GS (a-24) CE CE GS CE CE CL GS CE GS CE CE CE CE CE CE SE CE CE CL (a-14) CE CE GB CE CE CE CE GB CS CS GS GS
Adjutant general (a-5) G GB GS G GS GS G GS GS G GS GS GS G GS GS G GS GLS G G GS GS GE GS GS GS G GC GS G G A G G GS G GS GS CE GS G G GS SL GB G GS G G N/A GS … GS GS
Admin. (a-6) G GB GS G N.O. GS GE (c) GS G (b) GS GS G GS GS N.O. GS GLS (a-16) G GS GS GS GS GS GS G GC N.O. (a-26) G G N.O. GS GS GS G GS B GS G A GS GS GB GS GS GS GS GB GS G … GS
Agriculture (a-7) SE AG GS BG G GS GE GS CE CE GS GS GS LG CE GS CE CE GLS GS CG GS GS SE GS GS GS BG GC BG A GS CE CE GS GS GS GS GS CE GS G SE GS GS GB GS CE GS GS GB GS … GS GS
Auditor (a-8) CE L L CE GB L (b) CE L CL CL N.O. CL CE CE N.O. CE GS L N/A CE CL CE CE CE CE CE N.O. … (g) CE CE CE CE CE CE SS CE LS B L (a-14) L CE CE SL CE CE LS CE N/A CE GB GS GS
Banking (a-9) GS AG GS GS GS A GE GS CE G AG (a-24) GS G GS GS G GS GLS AG G GS A GS GS A GS A GC GS N/A GS G GS A GS N.O. GS GS A AB G B GS GS B GS GS GS AG N/A GS C GS LG
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Budget (a-10) CS G G AG (a-24) G CS GS G G GS GS G G GS G G CS A GS C GS (a-24) (a-6) AGS G A (a-6) GC GS G G (a-24) A GS A A G A A CP A G G CG GB N.O. G A AG GB GS G G GS
Civil rights (a-11) N.O. GB G N.O. N.O. A B CG A G B B GS G GS B B B B G G B GS N.O. B CP B G CS A N/A GS A G B B A B B B CP G B A AT AT I GS A (a-37) N/A … A N/A GS
Commerce (a-12) G GB B N.O. N.O. N.O. GE (a-2) N/A B GS GS GS G N.O. GS G GS (a-17) GS G GS GS SE GS GS GS G GC (a-17) (a-17) GS G G GS GS GS G GS GS (a-44) G G GS GS GB GS GS N.O. GS GB GS GS GS GS
Community affairs (a-13) G (a-12) N/A N/A GS A GE N.O. A B N.O. N.O. (a-12) G A C G G (a-17) N.O. G N.O. (a-17) A A CP A N.O. N.O. GS N/A GS A N.O. A N.O. G G N.O. N.O. (a-48) G G AB CG GB N.O. B N.O. N.O. (a-12) … GS N/A GS
Comptroller (a-14) CS AG A AG CE A CE CG CE N.O. GS CE CE (a-8) N.O. C CG GS A CE G CS (a-24) (a-6) A CP A CE AGC GS N/A CE G A GS A N.O. G A CE (a-40) SL CE AG CG GB G (a-8) CS (a-8) (a-4) CS C GB (a-24)
Consumer affairs (a-15) CS (a-12) A N.O. G AT GE AT A G A (a-3) (a-3) AT AT AT AT A GLS A G N.O. A A CE CP CE A AGC A AT GS N/A AT A B GS AT SE B AT A (i) GS AT A N.O. (a-3) A SS (a-3) CS GS GS GS
Corrections (a-16) G GB GS B GS GS GE GS GS GD GS B GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS CG GS GS GS GS GS GS G GC GS GS GS G G GS B GS GS GS GS GS G B GS CG GB GS GS GS GS A GS C GS GS
Economic development (a-17) (a-12) (a-12) B GS N.O. G GE N.O. GS GB GS (a-12) (a-12) G GS C GC GS GLS GS G N/A GS GS GS G GS G AGC G GS GS A (i) GS GS GS GS GS (j) GS GS G G GS CG B N.O. (a-13) CS (a-12) (a-12) B C GS GS
Education (a-18) B BG CE BG CE AB GE GS B CE B CE B CE GS B B BG GLS B B B GS BS B CE B G B GS GS B CE CE B CE SE GS B CE GS G B B GS GB CE B CE CE GB B B GS GS
Election admin. (a-19) CS LG (a-2) B G CS CS GS A SS B (a-2) B (b) SS CE B A SS B CE (b) (a-2) A SS SS A (b) CL A CE (b) G SS CE L A AG B B SS A (b) LG CE GB N.O. (a-2) B A G GS B N/A B
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 2 3
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
TA BLE 4 . 1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Emergency Employment management services (a-20) (a-21) G CS AG AG G A GS G GS GS A A GE GE CG CG G GS G A A CS A GS GS GS G G GS GS (b) GS AG AG GS A A (a-32) AG A G CG GS CS GS N.O. GS GS A A CP CP A A A A G GC GS A GS (a-32) GS GS G G A G AG GS GS B AG GS G AG G GS A B A A A G A B A GS AG GS GB GB N.O. GS GS GS A A G GS G A GS GS G C N/A GS GS GS
Energy (a-22) CS (k) N/A N.O. G G GE CG A CE CS AGS (a-42) LG GS B AG CS (a-38) G CG CS A A G CP GS G G A GS B A G GS GS G AG A A (a-42) A N.O. G GS A N.O. GS A G GB G C N/A GS
See footnotes at end of table
124  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Environmental protection (a-23) B GB GS BG/BS GS A GE (a-35) GS BG CS GS GS G A C G GS GLS GS CG GS GS GS A GS GS A GC GS GS GS G A GS B B GS GS (b) (a-35) G B GS CG GB GS GS A GS GB GS G N/A GS
Finance (a-24) G AG (a-14) G G A GE GS CE G (b) GS (a-10) G A N/A G GS (a-6) GS G (a-10) GS (a-6) AGS CP (b) (a-14) (a-6) GS GS CE G A A (b) GS (a-4) G GS B GS G (a-14) AG CG GB N.O. CS A N.O. (a-4) GS GS G GS
Fish & wildlife (a-25) CS GB B B G A (b) CG B A CS B (a-35) A A CS G GS GLS GS CG (b) A GS (b) GS A GD BGS B A GS G G A B B (b) GS B GS B B A CG B GD CS A GD GB GS C N/A GS
General services (a-26) CS AG A GS GS A GE CG GS A GS N.O. (a-6) (a-6) A GS N.O. GS A (a-6) G N.O. (a-6) N.O. A CP A N.O. GC (b) GS G G G A GS (a-6) GS GS A (a-6) G B A CG GB N.O. CS GS AG G CS GS GS GS
Health (a-27) B GB GS BG GS (b) GS GE CG GS GD GS GS GS G GS GS CG GS GLS GS CG GS GS BS GS GS GS (b) AGC GS GS GS G G GS B A GS GS GS GS G BG GS CG GB G GS GS GS GB GS GS GS GS
Higher education (a-28) B B B BG B GS BG B B B B B B G N.O. B B B N/A G BC N.O. B BS B CP B B B B GS B B B B B B AG B (b) B B B B N.O. N.O. B N.O. B N/A GB (a-18) B B N/A GS
Highways (a-29) G AG A BS (a-49) GS GE (a-49) GOC A CS (a-49) (a-49) (a-49) A GS CG GS (a-49) AG G (a-49) GS B B (a-49) GS (a-49) (a-49) A A GS A (a-49) GS B A AG GS B A (a-49) (a-49) (a-49) CG GB N.O. GS (a-49) GS (a-49) GS C GS GS
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued)
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Information systems (a-30) CS AG A GS G G A GS GS GD GS (a-6) (a-6) G GS G G A A A CG GS GS BS A A GS G GC A GS G G G G A A G A A GS A B GS CG B GS G A GS (a-49) GS C N/A G
Insurance (a-31) G AG GS GS CE BA GE CE GOC CE AG GS GS G GS SE G CE GLS GS G (a-9) A SE GS CE GS A GC GS G GS CE CE GS CE GS GS GS GS A G G GS GS B SE GS GS GS G GS CS N/A SE
Labor (a-32) G GB BS GS AG GS GE GS GS CE GS GS GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS C GS GS N.O. GS GS GS A GC GS GS GS CE G A CE SE GS GS GS GS G B GS GS GB GS GS GS AG N/A GS C GS GS
Licensing (a-33) N.O. AG N.O. N.O. G A CS CG A SS CS GS (a-9) G N.O. B N.O. N.O. A A G (a-32) A N.O. A CP A N.O. GC N.O. G (b) N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. AG (i) GS N.O. A B AG SS GB GS N.O. GS CS N/A GS B N/A GS
Mental health & developmental disabilities (a-34) G B B A (b) A (b) (b) N/A B G N.O. (a-45) A A C CG GS (a-45) (b) (b) CS GS B BS CP GS (b) AGC A (b) N.O. GS A A GS (b) B A G GS (b) GS G B A CG GB N.O. (a-27) A (b) (a-45) GS C N/A GS
Natural resources (a-35) G GB GS G GS GS CS GS GS GB GS B GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS CG GS GS GS GS GS GS G GC A GS GS G N.O. GS (a-48) N.O. GS GS B GS G B GS GS GB CE (a-25) GS G AG GS GS GS GS
Parks & recreation (a-36) CS AG GS GS GS A CS CG A A CS B (a-35) A A CS CG LGS (a-35) A CG CS A GS A CP B A AGC A N/A GS A G A (a-48) B A GS GS A A B AB CG GB I (a-25) A GS GB GS C GS GS
Personnel (a-37) B AG A AG GS A CS GS A A GS GS (a-6) G A C G B A A CG CS (a-24) B G CP A GS AGC GS GD GS G A A GS A G A A GS G N.O. GS CG GB N.O. C A AG A GS GS GS GS
Planning (a-38) (a-12) N.O. (a-10) N.O. N.O. G A CG A (a-10) CS N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. G CS N/A GS G N.O. N/A A AGS G GS N.O. … A N/A GS N/A N.O. GS N.O. N.O. G A AB N.O. A G G N.O. (a-10) N.O. (a-17) N.O. G (a-12) GS G GS G
Post audit (a-39) LS (a-8) N.O. L N.O. (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) CE (a-8) CS (a-14) (a-8) G N.O. L CE CL N/A A CE CL (a-8) CE CE L CE N.O. (a-14) N.O. (a-8) CE (a-8) A CE N.O. SS (a-8) N.O. B (a-8) SL L (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) N.O. LS LS AG G CE GS N/A L
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 2 5
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
TA BLE 4 . 1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Pre-audit (a-40) (a-14) N.O. (a-14) N/A (a-14) (a-14) CE (a-8) CE (a-8) CS (a-14) (a-14) CE A CS N.O. A (a-14) A CE N.O. (a-8) CE A (a-39) A N.O. (a-14) N.O. N/A CE (a-8) N.O. GS (a-14) (a-10) (a-4) (a-14) (a-14) CE A (a-14) AG (a-24) (a-14) N.O. (a-8) LS (a-8) (a-4) GS G N/A GS
Public library Public utility development regulation Purchasing (a-41) (a-42) (a-43) B SE CS AG GB AG SS B A B GS AG N.O. GS (a-26) BA CS CS B GB CS CG CG (a-26) A B A AB CE A B GS GS B GS (a-6) SS GS (a-6) G G A B GS A GS B C G G G BGS BS A B G CS A GS A B CG CG N.O. GS CS N/A (b) A B GS A B GS A CP CE CP B B A (b) G A AGC GC CS N.O. GS GS N/A G N/A B GS G A G A N.O. CE A B BG A B (b) A B GS A G GS AG A GS A B B A A CE A A SE A A B A A A A CG BGS CG B (b) A N.O. GS N.O. B GS CS A GS A AG G CS (a-18) N/A A (i) GS GS B B C N/A GS GS GS G GS
See footnotes at end of table
126 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Revenue (a-44) G GB GS AG BS GS GE CG GOC GS GS GS GS G GS GS G GS A A CG CS GS GS GS GS GS G GC A GS GS G CE GS GS GS GS GS GS GS G (a-14) A CG GB GS GS GS GS (a-4) GS C GS GS
Social services (a-45) B GB GS GS GS GS GE (b) GS GD GS (a-27) GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS CG GS (a-34) GS GS GS GS G GC (b) N/A GS A G (b) GS GS GS GS (b) GS GS G (i) GS GS GB GS (a-27) GS (a-27) GB GS C N/A G
Solid waste mgmt. (a-46) CS AG A BG/BS G CS CS B A A CS N.O. (a-23) A A C AG GS CS A CG CS (a-23) A A GS A (a-23) AGC A N/A GS A A A A N.O. AG (h) BS A A N.O. A CG GB N.O. B A AG GB GS A N/A GS
State police (a-47) G GB GS BG GS A GE CG GOC G N.O. GS GS G GS GS G GS A/GLS GS CG GS A GS GS CP GS G AGC GS GS GS G G GS A GS GS G B A G B A GS GB GS GS A AG GB GS GS GS GS
Tourism (a-48) G AG GS AG N.O. CS A CG N.O. A B GS (a-12) LG A C G LGS (a-17) A G N.O. A A A CP B GD AGC A GS GS A G LG B N.O. A (a-17) GS GS G A A CG G N.O. GS GS AG (a-12) B GB GS GS
Transportation (a-49) (a-29) GB GS BS GS GS GE GS GS GB GS B GS G GS GS G GS GLS GS G GS GS B B GS GS B GC GS GS GS G G GS B GS GS GS GS GS G B GS GS GB GS (a-29) GS (a-29) (a-29) … CS GS GS
Welfare (a-50) (a-45) AG (a-45) GS (a-45) GS GE CG A A CS A GS (a-45) A C (a-45) GS (a-45) (a-45) CG GS (a-34) GS A GS GS (b) AGC A N/A GS A G GS GS (a-45) GS GS (a-45) (a-45) G BG GS CG GB N.O. (a-27) A (a-45) N/A GS A N/A GS
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state personnel agencies and state websites, June 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N/A—Not available. N.O.—No specific chief administrative official or agency in charge of function. CE—Constitutional, elected by public. CL—Constitutional, elected by legislature. SE—Statutory, elected by public. SL—Statutory, elected by legislature. L—Selected by legislature or one of its organs. CT—Constitutional, elected by state court of last resort. CP—Competitive process. Appointed by: Approved by: G—Governor GS—Governor Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) GB—Governor Both houses GE—Governor Either house GC—Governor Council GD—Governor Departmental board GLS—Governor Appropriate legislative committee & Senate GOC—Governor & Council or cabinet LG—Lieutenant Governor LGS—Lieutenant Governor Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) AT—Attorney General ATS—Attorney General Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) SS—Secretary of State C—Cabinet Secretary CG—Cabinet Secretary Governor A—Agency head AB—Agency head Board AG—Agency head Governor AGC—Agency head Governor & Council AGS—Agency head Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) ALS—Agency head Appropriate legislative committee ASH—Agency head Senate president & House speaker B—Board or commission BG—Board Governor BGS—Board Governor & Senate BS—Board or commission Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) BA—Board or commission Agency head CS—Civil Service LS—Legislative Committee Senate (in Nebraska, unicameral legislature) (a) Chief administrative official or agency in charge of function: (a-1) Lieutenant governor. (a-2) Secretary of state.
(a-3) Attorney general. (a-4) Treasurer. (a-5) Adjutant general. (a-6) Administration. (a-7) Agriculture. (a-8) Auditor. (a-9) Banking. (a-10) Budget. (a-11) Civil rights. (a-12) Commerce. (a-13) Community affairs. (a-14) Comptroller. (a-15) Consumer affairs. (a-16) Corrections. (a-17) Economic development. (a-18) Education (chief state school officer). (a-19) Election administration. (a-20) Emergency management. (a-21) Employment Services. (a-22) Energy. ( a-23) Environmental protection. (a-24) Finance. (a-25) Fish and wildlife. (a-26 ) General services. (a-27) Health. (a-28) Higher education. (a-29) Highways. (a-30) Information systems. (a-31) Insurance. (a-32) Labor. (a-33) Licensing. (a-34) Mental Health & Developmental Disabilities. (a-35) Natural resources. (a-36) Parks and recreation. (a-37) Personnel. (a-38) Planning. (a-39) Post audit. (a-40) Pre-audit. (a-41) Public library development. (a-42) Public utility regulation. (a-43) Purchasing. (a-44) Revenue. (a-45) Social services. (a-46) Solid waste management. (a-47) State police. (a-48) Tourism. (a-49) Transportation. (a-50) Welfare. (b) California—Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health Care Services, Jennifer Kent, and Director of Public Health, Karen L. Smith, both (GS). California—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director of State Hospitals, vacant, (GS) and Director of Developmental Services, Nancy A. Bargmann, (GS). Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 2 7
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
TA BLE 4 . 1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) Connecticut—Auditors—Responsibilities shared between Robert J. Kane and John C. Geragosian. Positions are filled by the legislature. Connecticut—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Director of Wildlife, Richard Jacobson, (CS), Director of Inland and Marine Fisheries, Peter Aarrestad, (CS). Connecticut—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities— Responsibilities shared between Commissioner of Mental Health, Miriam Delphin-Rittmon, (GE) and Commissioner, Dept. of Developmental Services, Jordan Scheff, (GE). Delaware—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Substance Abuse and Mental Health (CG); and Director, Division of Developmental Disabilities Services, same department (CG). Delaware—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of Health and Social Services (GS); and Acting Secretary, Department of Services of Children, Youth and their Families (GS). Hawaii—Administration—the functions are divided among the Director of Budget and Finance, Director of Human Resources Development, and the Comptroller. Hawaii—Finance—Responsibilities shared between Director of Budget and Finance, Roderick K. Becker, (GS) and the Comptroller, Curt Otaguru, (GS). Indiana—Election Administration—Responsibilities shared between Co-Directors, Brad King and Angela Nussmeyer. Kansas—Emergency management—Responsibilities shared between Adjutant General (GS) and Deputy Director (C). Maryland—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Executive Director, Mental Hygiene Administration (A); and Secretary, Department of Disabilities (A). Massachusetts—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities— Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Department of Developmental Disabilities (CG); and Commissioner, Department of Mental Health, Executive Office of Human Services (CG). Michigan—Election Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State, (CE); and Director, Sally Williams, Bureau of Elections (CS). Michigan—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Director, Chief of Fisheries, Jim Dexter, (CS) and Chief of Wildlife, Russ Mason, (CS). Minnesota—Human/Social Services, Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities and Welfare are under the Commissioner of Human Services (GS). Minnesota—Public Utility Regulation—Responsibilities shared between the five Public Utility Commissioners (G). Missouri—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Administrator, Division of Fisheries, Department of Conservation; Administrator, Division of Wildlife, same department (AB). Nebraska—Finance—Responsibilities shared between State Tax Commissioner, Department of Revenue (GS); Administrator, Budget Division (A) and the Auditor of Public Accounts (CE). Nevada—Election Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State (CE), Deputy Secretary of State (SS), Chief Deputy, Secretary of State (A). Nevada—Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health and Human Services (G) and Division Administrator, Health (AG). 128 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Nevada—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health and Human Services (G) and Division Administrator, MHDS (G). Nevada—Public Library—Responsibilities shared between Director, Dept. of Tourism and Cultural Affairs (G) and Division Administrator of Library and Archives (A). Nevada—Welfare—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health and Human Services (G) and Division Administrator, Welfare and Support Services (AG). New Jersey—General Services—Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Purchase and Property, Dept. of Treasury (GS), and Director, Division of Property Management and Construction, Dept. of the Treasury (A). New Jersey—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities— Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Mental Health Services, Dept. of Human Services (A) and Director, Division of Developmental Disabilities, Dept. of Human Services (A). New Jersey—Commissioner, Dept. of Human Services (GS) and Commissioner Dept. of Children and Families (GS). New York—Responsibilities shared between Board of Election members. Two co-chairs and two commissioners. (B) New York—Licensing—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State (GS) and Commissioner of State Education Department (B). Ohio—Finance—Responsibilities shared between Assistant Director, Office of Budget and Management (A) and Deputy Director same office (A). Ohio—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director, Dept. of Developmental Disabilities (GS) and Director, Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services. (GS). Ohio—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Director, OH Dept. of Job and Family Services (GS), Superintendent of Public Instruction, Dept. of Education (B), Executive Director of Opportunities for Ohioans with Disabilities (B), Director of Dept. of Aging (GS). Oklahoma—Public Utility Regulation—Responsibilities shared between General Administrator Public Utility Division, Corporation Commission (B); and 3 Commissioners, Corporation Commission (SE). Pennsylvania—Shared between Executive Director (Fish) (B) and Executive Director (Game) (B). Rhode Island—Higher Education—This employee serves in a dual role as Commissioner of Higher Education and as the President of the Community College of Rhode Island. Rhode Island—Social Services—This position is filled by two employees, one, Stephen Costantino, is the Commissioner, Office of Health and Human Services; Sandra Powell serves as the Director of Human Services and reports to the Commissioner, Office of Health and Human Services. South Carolina—Environmental Protection—Responsibilities shared between two Directors, one selected by (BS) and the other by (B). South Carolina—Health and Human Services (GS) and Director of Health & Environmental Control (GS). South Carolina—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities— Responsibilities shared between Director of Disabilities and Special Needs (B) and Director of Mental Health (B). Texas—Election Administration—Responsibilities shared between
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 1 0 Selected State Administrative Officials: Methods of Selection (continued) Secretary of State (G); and Division Director of Elections, Elections Division, Secretary of State (A). Virginia—Public Utility Regulation—No single position. Functions are shared between Energy Regulation and Utility and Railroad Safety, all (B). Wyoming—Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director, State Hospital (AG) and Director, Life Resource Center, (AG). (c) Department abolished July 1, 2005; responsibilities transferred to office of Management and Budget, General Services and Department of State. (d) Appointed by the House and approved by the Senate. (e) In Maine, New Hampshire, Tennessee and West Virginia, the Presidents (or Speakers) of the Senate are next in line of succession to the Governorship. In Tennessee and West Virginia, the Speaker of the Senate bears the statutory title of Lieutenant Governor. (f) The Governor has assigned the role of Secretary of State (GS) to the Lieutenant Governor, with no additional salary.
(g) The New Jersey State constitution states: “The State Auditor shall be appointed by the Senate and General Assembly in joint meeting for a term of five years and until his successor shall be appointed and qualify.” So it is a Constitutional Officer, but is appointed, not elected by the legislature. (h) Solid waste is managed by the Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation (RIRRC). Although not a department of the state government, RIRRC is a public corporation and a component of the State of Rhode Island for financial reporting purposes. To be financially self-sufficient, the agency earns revenue through the sale of recyclable products, methane gas royalties and fees for it services. (i) Method not specified. (j) The Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation is a quasipublic agency. (k) The authority is a public corporation of the state and a body corporate and politic constituting a political subdivision within the Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development, but with separate and independent legal existence.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 2 9
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
TA BLE 4 . 1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Governor $120,395 145,000 95,000 148,134 201,680 90,000 150,000 (d) 171,000 130, 273 175,000 158,700 138,302 177,412 (d) 121,331 130,000 99,636 148,781 130,000 70,000 170,000 185,000 159,300 127,629 122,160 133,821 115,505 105,000 149,573 (d) 134,581 175,000 110,000 200,000 144,349 129,096 (d) 153,650 147,000 98,600 194,850 145,755 106,078 113,961 194,112 153,750 150,000 178,274 175,000 183,072 150,000 152,756 105,000 130,000 70,000 70,000 150,000
Lieutenant governor (a-1) $60,830 115,000 (a-2) 43,584 151,260 93,360 110,000 81,239 124,851 91,609 154,812 42,909 135,669 95,162 103,212 54,000 126,485 117,303 (e) 141,500 122,058 111,510 82,959 60,000 86,484 86,990 75,000 63,648 (e) 141,000 85,000 151,500 127,561 103,221 176,426 114,713 (a-2) 163,672 122,740 46,545 (h) 72,948 (e) 7,200 135,000 70,470 36,321 103,937 20,000 (e) 80,684 (a-2) 85,000 65,000 N.O. 75,000
Secretary of state (a-2) $85,248 (a-1) 70,000 94,554 151,260 93,260 119,625 131,011 141,000 123,637 N.O. 105,771 156,541 82,640 103,212 86,003 126,485 115,000 104,104 99,500 136,402 112,410 95,722 90,000 107,746 95,695 85,000 102,898 105,930 (a-1) 85,000 120,800 127,561 105,770 113,506 140,000 77,000 140,291 122,740 92,007 89,700 209,520 197,415 (a-1) 113,042 172,000 124,108 95,000 72,551 92,000 N.O. N.O. 125,000 (a-1)
See footnotes at end of table
130  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Attorney general (a-3) $168,002 141,156 90,000 136,578 175,182 107,676 119,625 148,893 128,972 139,169 154,812 124,000 156,541 99,418 123,669 98,901 126,485 115,000 105,914 141,500 136,402 112,410 121,248 108,960 116,437 137,008 95,000 141,086 128,260 140,000 95,000 151,500 127,561 157,009 113,506 132,825 82,220 162,115 132,521 92,007 112,096 188,952 153,750 104,405 131,019 150,000 162,599 95,000 148,242 175,000 105,286 80,000 N/A 76,500
Treasurer (a-4) $85,248 159,001 70,000 89,300 161,342 93,360 119,625 116,582 (a-24) 165,000 154,812 104,207 135,669 82,640 103,212 86,003 126,485 115,000 79,518 141,500 133,277 174,204 (a-24) 90,000 107,746 (a-6) 85,000 102,898 105,930 141,000 85,000 N/A 127,561 99,881 113,506 114,713 72,000 162,115 122,740 92,007 89,700 209,520 (a-14) 104,405 109,449 172,430 144,679 95,000 72,551 92,000 52,492 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500
Adjutant general (a-5) $91,014 141,156 146,000 179,892 190,101 163,644 165,000 125,126 170,352 160,000 222,441 145,121 115,613 139,869 175,106 106,392 137,000 200,262 139,734 144,052 (b) 171,392 180,269 184,579 141,105 111,116 122,621 111,236 118,200 105,930 141,000 202,552 120,800 107,490 200,160 140,005 184,568 185,508 140,291 141,259 92,007 119,675 161,904 178,196 131,997 121,056 139,614 184,568 125,000 135,512 142,816 68,152 N.O. N/A 85,000
Admin. (a-6) N/A 141,156 N/A 157,182 N.O. 158,556 175,000 (c) 141,000 153,000 (c) 95,201 142,339 142,041 142,938 120,000 N.O. 237,500 139,734 146,743 (b) 161,522 (a-10) 144,991 150,000 129,509 111,895 160,001 128,998 117,913 N.O. 128,000 183,040 145,218 N.O. 1,550,002 110,750 204,058 155,874 136,510 201,297 102,811 209,520 N.O. 140,004 136,448 172,000 168,792 95,000 152,755 112,012 88,915 54,000 N/A 76,500
Agriculture (a-7) $84,655 110,304 132,000 122,953 209,944 155,004 140,000 122,333 128,972 121,557 147,444 130,936 133,273 148,000 103,212 110,000 126,485 115,000 139,734 143,488 (b) 136,000 165,000 144,991 90,000 125,381 110,787 116,727 118,200 100,171 141,000 79,788 120,800 127,561 108,656 140,005 126,508 152,652 140,291 (a-23) 92,007 118,000 161,904 137,500 125,008 136,448 165,000 161,268 95,000 130,000 124,378 60,850 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500
Auditor (a-8) $85,248 158,757 141,986 89,300 209,944 183,312 (c) 111,667 140,004 152,160 147,444 N.O. 157,212 82,640 103,212 N/A 126,485 132,620 111,134 N.O. 140,607 176,636 108,485 90,000 107,746 92,236 85,000 N.O. N.O. 144,629 85,000 151,500 127,561 105,770 113,506 114,713 136,488 162,115 159,248 147,052 89,700 (a-14) 181,128 104,405 109,449 178,950 124,108 95,000 132,142 92,000 100,000 80,000 N/A 76,500
Banking (a-9) $157,380 122,988 130,000 152,859 191,109 118,956 149,625 114,595 (a-24) 148,358 119,664 (a-24) 135,081 126,072 117,832 120,000 128,553 145,000 115,274 101,463 (b) 130,000 165,000 126,491 156,900 116,150 110,787 107,338 98,880 105,929 141,000 90,000 127,000 127,561 140,004 125,299 196,721 N.O. 140,291 135,000 135,273 109,313 161,904 242,925 130,000 118,726 175,100 140,724 75,000 135,013 107,184 88,915 40,800 (b) N/A 75,000
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Budget (a-10) $177,266 195,000 130,000 136,309 (a-24) 173,616 161,922 151,088 145,000 175,615 154,812 122,990 150,000 137,700 141,960 130,000 137,000 148,865 104,645 174,417 (b) 134,589 165,000 (a-24) (a-6) 118,473 122,412 164,303 (a-6) 105,930 132,000 92,032 199,547 (a-24) (a-24) 177,008 110,000 157,884 168,490 185,739 123,730 75,656 163,248 205,000 158,995 127,088 172,699 N.O. 93,000 130,000 134,358 88,915 54,000 N/A 76,500
Civil rights (a-11) N.O. 110,304 145,000 N.O. N.O. 126,960 136,269 81,950 99,500 105,202 113,616 67,787 115,613 115,400 87,000 76,476 126,200 86,715 95,098 114,865 (b) 137,382 159,800 144,991 N.O. 83,761 85,451 79,170 88,651 80,971 120,000 N.O. 109,800 N/A (a-12) 117,104 N.O. 112,428 144,157 86,342 115,000 51,072 116,964 123,769 98,176 107,806 97,850 120,432 55,000 107,016 (a-37) N.O. 49,000 N/A 60,000
Commerce (a-12) $162,232 141,156 250,000 N.O. N.O. N.O. 11,146 (a-2) N/A 132,600 147,444 130,000 142,339 (a-17) N.O. 125,000 137,000 237,500 (a-17) 172,021 (b) 161,522 (a-32) 144,991 90,000 129,526 110,781 134,172 128,998 114,554 (a-17) 128,000 120,800 152,944 208,000 150,010 141,000 168,276 135,179 205,706 175,980 (a-44) (a-17) N.O. 144,997 136,177 172,000 168,792 95,000 N.O. 142,943 88,915 52,000 N/A 76,500
Community affairs (a-13) $164,419 (a-12) N/A N/A 158,738 155,000 (a-12) N.O 110,000 164,800 N.O. N.O. (a-12) 122,400 98,592 N/A 115,000 162,198 (a-17) N.O 145,000 N.O. (a-17) 130,000 108,004 74,940 101,653 N.O. N.O. 141,000 N.O. 120,800 N.O. N.O. 155,002 N.O. 156,773 135,179 N/A N/A (a-48) (a-17) 180,084 70,554 109,907 137,296 N.O. 81,548 N.O. N.O. N.O. 52,000 N/A (c)
Comptroller (a-14) $138,305 137,664 140,000 142,470 161,342 147,672 119,625 151,088 128,972 N/A 147,444 104,207 135,669 (a-8) N.O 115,000 108,286 (a-6) 118,934 141,500 176,624 150,420 (a-24) (a-6) 99,668 115,495 140,000 102,898 106,575 141,000 120,359 151,500 158,501 N.O. 177,008 120,000 N.O. 154,015 140,645 92,007 (a-40) 209,520 153,750 (a-24) 127,088 172,567 N.O. (a-8) 108,243 (a-8) 83,400 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500
Consumer affairs (a-15) $72,686 (a-12) 133,729 N.O. 191,109 158,712 142,800 125,102 100,000 124,836 118,776 (a-3) (a-3) 105,500 128,890 95,000 86,940 108,139 130,811 134,749 (b) 145,000 N.O. 128,036 108,960 116,437 79,524 95,000 75,111 100,171 136,000 91,398 127,000 N/A 141,384 109,990 132,833 185,508 145,976 (a-3) 115,836 61,138 82,236 155,224 (a-12) 107,806 115,682 (a-3) (a-3) 103,625 134,260 55,341 52,000 N/A 76,500
Corrections (a-16) $71,712 141,156 185,000 155,052 265,920 170,004 167,500 151,088 160,000 160,000 147,444 139,984 150,228 154,400 142,500 135,000 115,000 136,719 139,734 159,072 (b) 150,000 175,000 150,002 132,761 125,381 111,904 188,957 128,998 117,913 141,000 N/A 136,000 N/A 150,000 155,002 185,000 185,104 155,879 145,644 168,043 124,462 161,904 266,500 131,997 121,056 184,051 181,440 90,504 150,009 148,628 67,150 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500
Economic development Education (a-17) (a-18) (a-12) $250,000 (a-12) 141,156 (a-12) 85,000 149,861 235,823 N.O. 175,182 155,000 262,656 (a-12) 192,500 (c) 164,055 141,000 276,000 169,500 123,270 147,444 240,000 (a-12) 104,207 (a-12) 225,000 195,850 98,418 154,300 140,000 72,050 175,000 250,000 200,000 237,500 275,000 139,734 139,734 172,021 (b) 153,532 (b) 161,522 161,522 N/A 216,240 150,002 1,500,002 183,000 300,000 129,526 193,464 105,857 107,127 143,998 227,390 N/A 128,998 87,423 114,553 225,000 141,000 (a-12) 128,000 1 (d) 250,000 N/A 127,561 126,504 120,410 155,002 189,571 N.O. 124,373 (a-13) 157,581 148,085 155,879 185,000 (j) 212,106 (a-12) 92,007 138,823 123,864 169,392 200,004 164,701 220,375 145,995 230,069 112,756 136,448 350,200 235,000 (a-12) 134,212 (a-13) 230,000 N.O. 127,047 (a-12) 92,000 82,025 82,025 45,000 80,000 N/A N/A 85,000 76,500
Election admin. (a-19) $72,686 145,008 142,518 71,171 149,244 139,260 116,537 91,173 97,250 97,850 119,664 (a-2) 130,008 (c) 106,309 (a-2) 73,500 112,195 110,219 130,059 (b) 136,402 (c) (a-2) 80,000 62,712 88,880 97,562 (c) (a-2) 125,000 85,000 (i) 107,590 53,640 113,506 117,885 150,336 84,930 145,993 103,264 74,427 144,612 (c) 83,200 109,449 111,000 (a-2) (a-2) 122,013 98,133 61,939 53,000 N/A 135,000
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  1 3 1
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
TA BLE 4 . 1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Emergency Employment management services Energy (a-20) (a-21) (a-22) $124,200 $88,543 $97,766 114,420 124,452 160,000 112,500 135,000 N/A 110,272 151,913 N.O. 209,944 192,325 158,573 158,424 133,848 155,000 183,340 157,000 139,050 93,583 99,014 99,108 141,000 141,000 91,960 105,000 108,150 116,452 128,268 106,572(b) 106,572(b) 122,532 126,152 86,174 128,920 142,339 (a-42) 133,110 168,500 81,159 112,070 135,000 (a-17) (c) 113,400 85,010 84,349 90,000 137,000 130,000 102,149 113,464 91,270 (a-32) (a-38) 161,975 (b) 138,631 (b) 150,000 (b) 143,000 161,522 135,000 (a-47) 143,517 N/A 154,992 N.O. 140,000 120,000 135,315 90,000 101,458 108,004 103,020 95,100 105,820 131,427 88,549 134,172 152,249 118,200 128,998 107,973 105,930 105,930 80,971 132,300 N/A 100,000 128,000 128,000 128,000 136,000 127,000 120,800 109,068 122,815 104,000 98,916 187,500 208,000 116,106 169,998 155,002 135,000 115,110 140,000 129,936 168,276 145,476 142,964 135,003 140,187 136,489 135,000 140,513 102,155 161,507 113,609 89,904 67,902 (a-42) 127,932 161,904 165,000 198,164 182,500 N.O. 98,945 147,992 124,176 81,660 121,056 118,726 148,860 161,679 99,419 N.O. 168,792 N.O. 80,000 75,000 82,404 109,075 114,130 92,477 100,147 142,000 100,000 68,152 73,020 55,303 45,000 40,800 (b) 45,000 N/A N/A N/A 71,250 76,500 69,350
See footnotes at end of table
132  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Environmental protection Finance (a-23) (a-24) $152,618 $177,266 141,156 142,140 175,000 (a-14) 137,094 (a-6) 209,944 209,944 162,864 139,368 139,050 209,439 (a-35) 151,088 150,000 128,972 170,000 155,400 N/A (c) 115,960 106,890 133,273 (a-10) 134,415 159,878 134,472 140,629 105,019 115,000 105,000 137,000 137,197 (a-6) 139,734 (a-6) 104,235 (b) 174,417 (b) 139,050 161,522 165,000 (a-10) 150,002 154,992 129,347 (a-6) 111,100 118,473 111,895 115,495 152,249 (c) 125,021 (a-14) 114,554 (a-10) 141,000 133,507 128,000 110,000 136,000 151,500 145,129 195,352 136,116 170,000 152,006 (c) 136,913 170,000 152,652 (a-4) 155,879 168,490 135,000 (a-44) (c) 180,189 (a-35) 119,675 168,708 209,520 211,415 (a-14) 140,004 139,672 118,726 127,088 190,188 175,980 168,792 (a-14) 95,000 75,902 113,027 130,000 130,577 N.O. 60,850 88,915 58,000 54,000 N/A N/A 76,500 76,500
Fish & wildlife (a-25) $113,479 141,156 160,000 135,383 189,091 153,216 (c) 101,525 140,737 135,000 106,572 (b) 136,572 (a-35) 88,997 102,690 84,000 140,000 123,614 139,734 116,185 (b) 129,000 (c) 137,599 147,216 (c) 111,904 117,260 118,200 100,171 105,783 115,003 136,000 141,382 128,136 107,557 140,000 152,652 (c) (a-23) 135,072 124,462 168,708 200,643 114,004 101,920 N/A 168,300 75,000 113,027 148,593 60,850 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500
General services (a-26) $97,766 (a-43) 120,000 138,918 191,109 117,420 175,000 116,355 141,000 162,761 (a-14) N.O. (a-6) (a-6) 118,019 114,000 N.O. (a-6) 115,586 (a-6) 158,000 N.O. (a-6) N.O. 99,668 102,515 160,001 N.O. (a-6) (c) 128,000 136,000 N/A 170,000 100,922 110,750 (a-6) 148,085 (a-6) 136,874 (a-6) 161,904 177,982 104,000 121,056 167,214 (a-6) 82,668 (a-7) 116,552 60,528 54,000 N/A 76,500
Health (a-27) $282,446 141,156 205,505 221,976 (c) 207,778 190,000 174,040 N/A 175,000 147,444 157,185 150,228 175,000 135,387 190,000 157,500 236,001 170,477 170,997 (b) 140,000 175,000 150,002 215,000 143,420 111,895 153,772 (c) 100,171 141,000 128,000 136,000 192,500 170,004 230,006 189,000 185,508 155,879 134,975 (c) 128,598 176,880 242,353 202,425 148,262 225,000 168,792 150,000 150,010 180,000 74,096 80,000 N/A 76,500
Higher education (a-28) $206,184 325,000 120,000 170,437 311,928 155,000 335,000 113,602 200,000 500,500 395,004 126,048 200,004 192,560 N.O. 200,000 275,000 350,000 N/A 157,558 (b) 220,763 N.O. 390,000 300,000 176,750 320,122 187,180 N/A 79,664 141,000 128,000 250,000 775,000 372,000 190,008 412,031 186,084 142,553 265,000 (c) 166,280 378,813 179,904 212,135 N.O. N.O. 199,479 N.O. 289,388 525,000 165,000 195,000 80,000 N/A 76,500
Highways (a-29) $169,000 133,620 145,000 218,998 (a-49) 160,920 190,749 (a-49) 150,000 124,409 106,572 (b) (a-49) (a-49) (a-49) 163,634 (a-49) 120,000 176,900 (a-49) 160,742 153,536 (a-49) 154,992 157,000 179,256 (a-49) 151,840 (a-49) (a-49) 123,500 128,000 136,000 164,511 (a-49) 155,002 (a-49) 184,724 148,128 (a-49) 162,313 109,791 161,904 (a-49) (a-49) 118,227 212,661 N.O 120,000 (a-49) 156,000 88,915 40,800 (b) N/A 65,000
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued)
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Information systems Insurance (a-30) (a-31) $177,266 $164,419 137,976 131,112 180,000 120,000 152,859 137,094 191,109 161,342 165,000 159,996 176,960 175,000 164,055 111,667 130,000 134,158 160,000 120,394 200,004 122,052 (a-6) 102,273 (a-6) 135,081 131,402 115,895 140,400 128,890 185,000 86,003 375,000 103,000 150,000 115,000 130,811 115,274 167,433 (b) 157,386 (b) (a-44) 130,000 165,000 (a-9) 150,002 N/A 173,209 90,000 161,600 125,380 128,482 95,695 195,821 130,307 118,200 118,200 117,913 105,930 140,000 130,000 128,000 116,280 170,000 127,000 184,206 127,561 190,000 105,770 144,997 150,571 160,750 126,713 211,440 129,936 150,006 140,291 205,706 (a-9) 173,400 143,420 129,268 99,619 207,420 161,904 184,792 202,383 131,996 125,008 136,448 118,726 189,263 170,000 182,076 126,555 127,500 92,500 126,901 130,000 153,300 122,900 88,915 88,915 45, 000 40,800 (b) N/A N/A 71,250 75,000
Labor (a-32) $139,859 141,156 150,000 134,068 209,944 170,000 157,000 122,333 141,000 122,786 147,444 (a-21) 124,090 115,895 112,070 113,400 137,000 137,000 139,734 161,975 (b) 119,060 165,000 144,991 N.O. 129,280 111,895 134,172 98,880 105,930 141,000 128,000 127,000 127,561 208,000 N/A 105,053 77,000 155,879 (a-21) 127,950 112,805 161,904 182,500 130,000 121,056 139,647 168,792 70,000 140,005 96,804 73,020 45,000 N/A 76,500
Licensing (a-33) N.O. 124,452 N.O. N.O. 180,086 145,704 118,362 109,098 71,400 89,309 101,508 (b) 83,116 (a-9) 110,376 N.O 63,000 N.O. N.O. 139,734 105,000 (b) 115,000 (a-32) N.O. N.O. 113,322 103,008 81,321 N.O. 105,930 N.O. 128,000 (c) N.O. N.O. (k) N.O. N.O. 119,433 (l) 127,950 N.O. 125,364 179,375 119,850 95,097 N/A 168,792 N.O. 130,000 69,783 88,915 45,360 N/A 76,500
Mental health & developmental Natural disabilities resources (a-34) (a-35) $152,618 $141,000 106,452 141,156 120,058 175,000 134,406 (b) 116,160 (c) 209,944 153,996 170,004 (c) 151,223 (c) 131,011 N/A 150,000 175,000 175,000 131,952 147,444 N.O. 129,771 (a-45) 133,273 119,195 125,700 128,066 128,890 69,000 111,490 116,500 105,000 130,000 129,210 (a-45) 139,734 (b)(c) 159,312 (b) (c) 161,522 289,193 165,000 154,992 154,992 170,180 129,347 142,521 125,381 105,636 111,895 141,718 151,919 (c) 128,998 105,930 114,554 (c) 125,000 N.O. 128,000 (c) 136,000 152,944 N/A 114,000 N.O. (c) 169,998 173,318 126,508 136,488 N.O. 148,128 148,085 135,000 (a-23) (c) 135,072 113,692 119,675 161,904 168,708 227,000 211,415 112,736 140,004 120,827 136,448 212,661 172,000 (a-45) 138,225 (a-27) (a-25) 133,474 147,000 (c) 123,257 75,208 60,850 40,800 (b) 52,000 N/A N/A 70,000 76,500
Parks & recreation (a-36) $100,198 110,304 175,000 134,405 180,086 161,952 155,767 101,525 114,000 119,882 106,572 (b) 91,561 (a-35) 92,302 (a-25) 111,490 116,802 117,300 (a-35) 116,053 (b) 130,000 135,907 137,599 147,216 111,100 97,818 149,751 108,540 91,965 110,000 91,799 127,000 120,597 112,000 114,816 141,000 152,652 140,715 (a-23) 132,806 92,212 119,676 200,643 113,235 105,476 151,577 156,258 (a-25) 113,027 108,433 60,850 40,800 (b) N/A 76,500
Personnel (a-37) $168,622 137,664 130,000 125,665 191,109 N/A 140,000 131,011 111,000 140,000 147,444 99,548 (a-6) 114,400 127,317 95,000 137,000 145,704 118,934 141,365 (b) 158,000 181,927 (a-24) 145,000 110,000 107,373 160,001 108,540 88,933 141,000 128,000 120,800 142,100 120,000 119,662 110,750 157,884 146,211 146,994 136,290 119,675 161,904 N.O. 125,590 121,056 158,738 (a-14) 70,000 N/A 94,351 88,915 60,000 N/A 76,500
Planning (a-38) (a-12) N.O. (a-10) N.O. N.O. 160,584 150,000 98,093 100,000 (a-10) 106,572 N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. N.O. 137,000 124,946 N/A 135.048 (b) 161,522 N.O. N/A 86,407 118,473 105,857 144,352 N.O. N.O. 95,000 77,721 1 (d) N/A N.O. 155,002 N.O. N.O. 148,069 102,860 N/A N.O. N.O. 205,000 (a-10) N.O. (a-10) (a-14) (a-17) N.O. 175,000 88,915 45,000 N/A 76,500
Post audit (a-39) $241,695 (a-8) N.O. 189,293 N.O. (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) (a-24) (a-8) 106,572 (b) (a-14) (a-8) 125,044 N.O. 115,296 126,485 N/A N/A 73,361 (b) (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) 107,746 118,037 85,000 N.O. (a-14) N.O. 85,000 151,500 (a-8) 120,000 (a-8) N.O. (a-8) (a-8) N/A 109,976 (a-8) (a-14) (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) (a-8) N.O. 105,664 (a-8) 100,000 100,000 80,000 N/A 55,000
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  1 3 3
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
TA BLE 4 . 1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) Public library Public utility Social Solid waste State or other Pre-audit development regulation Purchasing Revenue services mgmt. State police Tourism Transportation Welfare jurisdiction (a-40) (a-41) (a-42) (a-43) (a-44) (a-45) (a-46) (a-47) (a-48) (a-49) (a-50) Alabama (a-14) $95,000 $103,490 $95,359 $164,419 $140,000 $105,403 $149,000 $91,014 (a-29) (a-45) Alaska N.O. 137,664 133,332 120,144 141,156 (a-27) 110,304 141,156 122,988 141,156 142,140 Arizona (a-14) 73,000 154,320 95,176 175,000 215,250 121,992 197,000 175,000 150,000 (a-45) Arkansas N/A 114,158 137,094 125,665 142,470 282,800 137,094 152,859 111,136 (a-29) (a-45) California (a-14) N.O. 158,573 (a-26) 205,816 244,274 180,086 274,300 N.O. 197,947 (a-45) Colorado (a-14) 145,500 140,928 121,248 166,812 N/A 150,000 94,932 126,708 170,000 171,444 Connecticut (a-14) 150,797 N/A 149,423 190,400 190,400 144,021 183,340 155,000 190,750 190,400 Delaware (a-8) 86,572 109,733 (a-26) 127,980 (c) 184,000 172,157 66,000 141,572 118,255 Florida (a-24) 83,000 131,036 110,000 150,000 140,000 113,000 140,100 N.O. 141,000 N/A Georgia (a-8) N/A 116,452 143,595 158,000 166,860 112,931 170,000 132,600 250,000 137,940 Hawaii 106,572 (b) 120,000 128,280 120,864 147,444 147,444 N/A N.O. 270,000 147,444 101,508(b) Idaho (a-14) 96,636 95,899 (a-6) 88,908 (a-27) N.O. 117,707 (a-12) 184,849 125,195 Illinois (a-14) 102,252 130,008 (a-6) 142,339 150,228 (a-23) 132,566 (a-12) 150,228 142,339 Indiana 82,640 113,622 127,500 96,900 139,256 190,550 101,999 147,070 112,200 171,600 (a-45) Iowa 111,259 117,832 128,890 110,302 154,300 154,300 (a-23) 110,240 102,066 147,014 128,066 Kansas 80,460 85,000 N/A 88,000 125,000 105,000 86,965 110,000 84,000 110,000 N.O. Kentucky N.O. 82,500 110,000 86,205 117,265 120,750 90,000 125,000 113,558 137,000 (a-45) Louisiana 126,880 113,506 137,000 122,554 250,000 129,995 102,000 177,436 117,000 176,900 110,411 Maine (a-14) 104,104 135,179 N/A 130,811 170,477 85,301 136,781 (a-17) 139,734 (a-45) Maryland 114,752 (b) 123,236 (b) 165,565 (b) 132,569 (b) 167,488 (b) 140,489 (b) 167,661 (b) 113,763 (b) 174,419 (b) (a-45) Massachusetts (a-8) 121,142 129,000 158,000 N/A 140,000 139,050 251,922 121,800 161,522 150,000 Michigan N.O. N.O. 140,000 150,420 134,077 175,000 130,082 165,000 N.O. 165,000 175,000 Minnesota (a-8) N/A (c) 132,859 154,992 154,992 150,002 137,599 137,599 154,992 (a-34) Mississippi (a-8) 94,000 120,745 75,501 134,935 130,000 88,184 138,116 120,000 157,000 130,000 Missouri 99,668 80,808 109,847 99,668 129,526 143,420 78,864 N/A 80,800 179,256 101,772 Montana (a-39) 102,335 108,282 91,855 111,895 (a-27) 93,400 110,620 89,473 111,895 (a-27) Nebraska 140,000 109,051 137,025 120,001 163,781 220,001 100,630 152,249 104,449 151,840 220,001 Nevada N.O. (c) 125,021 98,880 128,998 128,998 (a-23) 128,998 118,200 128,998 (c) New Hampshire (a-14) 91,965 111,687 75,410 117,913 121,896 100,171 105,930 91,965 117,913 100,171 New Jersey N.O. N.O. 125,301 130,000 128,000 (c) 108,128 132,300 92,490 141,000 127,200 New Mexico 92,032 N/A 90,000 101,001 128,000 128,000 91,480 128,000 128,000 128,000 128,000 New York 151,500 250,000 127,000 136,000 N/A 136,000 136,000 136,000 1 (d) 136,000 136,000 North Carolina (a-8) 110,704 141,947 N/A 145,218 138,290 108,605 125,260 82,066 195,352 N/A North Dakota N/A N/A 108,656 103,272 114,791 182,004 84,000 125,004 126,864 170,000 182,004 Ohio (a-10) 110,552 N/A 107,952 155,002 (c) 98,218 155,002 107,910 155,002 169,998 Oklahoma (a-14) 96,000 (c) 105,750 162,500 185,000 112,806 136,471 141,000 150,000 185,000 Oregon (a-10) 138,504 160,285 123,828 168,276 185,508 N.O. 168,276 N.O. 185,103 (a-45) Pennsylvania (a-4) 142,553 150,585 140,715 148,085 155,879 140,187 154,248 140,715 155,879 155,879 Rhode Island (g) (a-14) 113,146 117,412 125,874 130,100 (c) (m) 148,937 (a-17) 135,000 (a-45) South Carolina (a-14) 108,207 169,820 124,773 174,966 168,043 146,618 162,313 132,806 187,200 (a-45) South Dakota 76,694 84,513 104,611 62,897 113,692 124,462 N/A 109,791 112,676 124,462 (a-45) Tennessee 163,248 139,944 164,688 162,408 163,800 161,904 137,760 161,904 161,904 161,904 161,904 Texas (a-14) 143,500 159,782 168,000 (a-14) 220,000 N.O. 232,969 164,701 299,812 275,000 Utah (a-24) 117,520 101,836 (a-26) 84,032 131,081 122,928 121,534 123,905 163,425 (a-45) Vermont 127,088 98,176 150,737 121,056 121,056 136,448 118,726 136,448 99,195 136,448 121,056 Virginia (a-14) 153,585 (c) 135,000 164,651 209,000 190,188 184,705 183,890 212,661 209,000 Washington (a-4) (a-2) 142,596 N.O. 168,792 190,392 N.O. 192,888 N.O. 194,136 (a-45) West Virginia (a-8) 72,000 90,000 90,160 95,000 (a-27) 82,364 85,000 87,160 92,160 (a-27) Wisconsin (a-8) 126,006 128,502 103,646 144,997 135,013 113,027 115,794 130,000 145,018 119,018 Wyoming (a-8) 105,600 121,692 84,960 126,994 (a-27) 115,620 124,152 139,000 (a-29) (a-45) Guam 88,915 55,303 1,200 88,915 88,915 74,096 88,915 74,096 88,591 N.O. 74,096 CNMI* 54,000 45,000 80,000 40,800 (b) 45,000 40,800 (b) 54,000 54,000 70,000 40,800 (b) 52,000 Puerto Rico N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 108,000 N/A N/A N/A U.S. Virgin Islands 76,500 53,350 54,500 76,500 76,500 76,500 76,500 76,500 76,500 65,000 76,500 See footnotes at end of table
134  The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state personnel agencies and state websites, May 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N/A—Not available. N.O.—No specific chief administrative official or agency in charge of function. (a) Chief administrative official or agency in charge of function: (a-1) Lieutenant governor. (a-2) Secretary of state. (a-3) Attorney general. (a-4) Treasurer. (a-5) Adjutant general. (a-6) Administration. (a-7) Agriculture. (a-8) Auditor. (a-9) Banking. (a-10) Budget. (a-11) Civil rights. (a-12) Commerce. (a-13) Community affairs. (a-14) Comptroller. (a-15) Consumer affairs. (a-16) Corrections. (a-17) Economic development. (a-18) Education (chief state school officer). (a-19) Election administration. (a-20) Emergency administration. (a-21) Employment Services. (a-22) Energy. ( a-23) Environmental protection. (a-24) Finance. (a-25) Fish and wildlife. (a-26 ) General services. (a-27) Health. (a-28) Higher education. (a-29) Highways. (a-30) Information systems. (a-31) Insurance. (a-32) Labor. (a-33) Licensing. (a-34) Mental Health. (a-35) Natural resources. (a-36) Parks and recreation. (a-37) Personnel. (a-38) Planning. (a-39) Post audit. (a-40) Pre-audit. (a-41) Public library development. (a-42) Public utility regulation. (a-43) Purchasing. (a-44) Revenue. (a-45) Social services. (a-46) Solid waste management. (a-47) State police.
(a-48) Tourism. (a-49) Transportation. (a-50) Welfare. (b) Salary ranges, top figure in ranges follow: Arkansas: Mental Health and Developmental Disabilities, $167,000. Hawaii: Employment Services, $177,408; Energy, $177,408; Fish and Wildlife, $177,408; Highway, $177,408; Licensing, $168,936; Parks and Recreation, $177,408; Planning, $177,408; Post-Audit, $177,408; Pre-Audit, $177,408; Welfare, $168,936. Maryland: For these positions the salary in the chart is the actual salary and the following are the salary ranges: Adjutant General, $114,874–$153,532; Administration, $114,874–$153,532; Agriculture, $114,874–$153,532; Banking, $73,612–$118,197; Budget, $133,069–$177,977; Civil Rights, $92,333–$123,236; Commerce, $133,069–$177,977; Consumer Affairs, $83,836– $134,749; Corrections, $133,069–$177,977; Economic Development, $133,069–$177,977; Elections Administration, $99,275–$132,569; Emergency Management, $114,784–$153,532; Workforce Development, $123,618–$165,281; Energy, $99,275– $132,569; Environmental Protection, $123,618–$165,281; Finance, $133,069–177,977; Fish and Wildlife, $92,333–$123,236; Health, $133,069–$177,977; Higher Education, $123,618–$165,281; Information Services, $133,069–$177,977; Insurance, $133,069– $177,977; Labor, $123,618–$165,281; Licensing, $92,333– $123,236; Mental Health shared duties, $154,064–$254,576 (vacant at press time) and $114,874–$153,532 (actual, $140,526); Natural Resources, $123,618–$165,281; Parks and Recreation, $78,596–$126,186; Personnel, $106,773–$142,646; Planning, $114,874–$153,532; Post-Audit, $53,193–$85,401; Pre-Audit, $99,275–$132,569; Public Library, $92,333–$123,236; Public Utility Regulation, $153,027–$256,866, Purchasing, $85,902– 114,600 (vacant at press time); Revenue, $99,275–$132,569; Social Services, $133,069–$177,977; Solid Waste Management, $106,773–$142,646; State Police, $133,069–$177,977; Tourism, $106,773–$142,646; Transportation, $133,069–$177,977; Welfare, $92,333–$123,236. Northern Mariana Islands: $49,266 top of range applies to the following positions: Treasurer, Banking, Comptroller, Corrections, Employment Services, Fish and Wildlife, Highways, Insurance, Mental Health and Retardation, Parks and Recreation, Purchasing, Social/Human Services, Transportation. (c) Responsibilities shared between: California—Health—Responsibilities shared between Director Jennifer Kent of Health Care Services, $207,850 and Director Karen L. Smith, Department of Public Health, $266,329. California—Mental health & developmental disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Director of State Hospitals, $207,844 and Director Nancy A. Baumann of Developmental Services, $207,850. Connecticut—Auditor—Responsibilities shared between John C. Geragosian, $178,590 and Robert J. Kane, $150,263. Connecticut—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Chief Richard Jacobson of Wildlife, $151,223 and Director Peter Aarrestad of Inland and Marine Fisheries, $128,962. Connecticut—Mental Health & Developmental Disabilities—Responsibilities shared between Commissioner Miriam Delphin-Rittmon Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 3 5
E X E CUTIV E B R A N CH
TA BLE 4 . 1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) Mental Health: $160,000 and Commissioner Jordan Scheff, Dept. of Developmental Services: $168,000. Delaware—The Dept. of Administration was abolished in 2005. Responsibilities are now shared between the Office of Management and Budget, General Services and Dept. of State. Delaware—The Delaware Economic Development Office was abolished in FY 2019; most responsibilities assigned to a new public-private partnership. Delaware—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Director, Division of Substance Abuse and Mental Health, Department of Health and Social Services, $147,376 and Director, Division of Developmental Disabilities Service, same department, $118,150. Delaware—Social Services—Function split between two cabinet positions: Secretary, Dept. of Health and Social Services: $151,088 and Secretary, Dept. of Svcs. for Children, Youth and their Families, $136,240. Hawaii—Administration—There is no single agency for Administration. The functions are divided among the Director of Budget and Finance, Director of Human Resources Development and the Comptroller. Hawaii—Finance—Responsibilities shared between Director Roderick K. Becker of Budget and Finance, $154,812 and Comptroller Curt T. Otaguro, $147,444. Indiana—Elections Administration—Responsibilities shared between Co-Directors Brad King, $79,129 and Angela Nussmeyer, $78,555. Kansas—Emergency Management—Responsibilities shared between Adjutant General, $106,392 and deputy director, $75,608. Maryland—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Executive Director of Mental Hygiene Administration, salary range $154,064– $254,576 (position vacant at press time) and Secretary, Dept. of Disabilities ,$140,525, salary range $114,874–$153,532. Massachusetts—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Commissioners Joan Mikula, $157,982 and Elin M. Howe, $153,511. Michigan—Elections Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State, $112,410 and Director of Elections, $136,058. Michigan—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Chief of Fisheries, Jim Dexter, $136,058 and Chief of Wildlife, James Russ Mason, $132,874. Minnesota—Public Utility Regulation—Responsibilities shared between four commissioners with salaries of $140,000 for each. Missouri—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Administrator, Division of Fisheries, Department of Conservation, position vacant; Administrator, Division of Wildlife, same department, $86,724. Nebraska—Finance—Responsibilities shared between, Auditor of Public Accounts, Charlie Janssen—$85,000; Director of Administration, Gerry Oligmueller—$164,303 and State Tax Commissioner, Tony Fulton—$163,781. Nevada—Elections Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State, $102,898; Deputy Secretary of State for Elections, $108,540 and Chief Deputy, Secretary of State, $118,200. Nevada—Health—Responsibilities shared between Richard Whitley, Director, Health and Human Services, $128,998 and Cody Phinney, Division Administrator, DPBH, $125,021. Nevada—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Director, 136 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Health and Human Services, $128,998 and Division Administrator, $125,021. Nevada—Public Library Development—Responsibilities shared between Director, Department of Tourism and Cultural Affairs, $118,200 and Division Administrator, Library and Archives, $98,880. Nevada—Welfare—Responsibilities shared between Richard Whitley, Director, Health and Human Services, $128,998 and Steve Fisher, Division Administrator, Welfare and Support Services, $118,200. New Jersey—General Services—Responsibilities shared between Jignasa Desai Director, Division of Purchase and Property, Dept. of the Treasury, $130,000 and Steven Sutkin, Director, Division of Property Management and Construction, Dept. of the Treasury, $130,000. New Jersey—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Assistant Commissioner Lynn Kovich, Division of Mental Health Services, Dept. of Human Services, $128,000 and position of Assistant Commissioner Elizabeth Shea, Division of Developmental Disabilities, Dept. of Human Services, $128,000. New Jersey—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Jennifer Velez, Commissioner, Department of Human Services, $141,000 and Allison Blake, Commissioner, Department of Children and Families, $141,000. New York—Licensing—Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, State Education Department, $250,000; Secretary of State, Department of State, $120,800. New York—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Commissioner of Office for People with Developmental Disabilities, $136,000 and Commissioner of Office of Mental Health, $136,000. Ohio—Finance—Responsibilities shared between, Assistant Director of Budget and Management,$153,005 and Deputy Director, Office of Budget and Management, $119,538. Ohio—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Dept. of Developmental Disabilities, $150,010 and Director, Dept. of Mental Health and Addiction Services, $165,006. Ohio—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Director, Dept. of Job and Family Services, $169,998; Superintendent of Public Instruction Dept. of Education, $189,571; Executive Director Opportunities for Ohioans with Disabilities, $130,000 and Director of Dept. of Aging, $137,072. Oklahoma—Public Utility Regulation—Responsibilities shared between three Commissioners, Commissioner Bob Anthony, $114,713, Commissioner Dana Murphy, $116,713 and Commissioner Jimmie Hiett, $116,713 and Timothy Rhodes, Director of Administration Div., $142,000. Pennsylvania—Fish and Wildlife—Responsibilities shared between Executive Director (Fish), $144,157 and Executive Director (Game), $132,010. Rhode Island—Higher Education—Serves a dual role as Commissioner of Higher Education and as the President of the Community College of Rhode Island. Rhode Island—Social Services—Responsibilities shared between Commissioner, Office of Health and Human Services,$141,828 and Director of the Dept. of Human Services, $135,000, and reports to the Commissioner, Office of Health and Human Services. South Carolina—Environmental Protection—Responsibilities shared
E XE C U TI V E B R A N C H
TA BLE 4 . 1 1 Selected State Administrative Officials: Annual Salaries (continued) between Acting Director David Wilson, $146,618 (BS) and Director Alvin Taylor $135,072 (B). South Carolina—Health—Responsibilities shared between Director of Health and Human Services Joshua Baker, $168,043 and Director of Health and Environmental Control David Wilson, $146,618. South Carolina—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between Interim Director for Disabilities and Special Needs, Patrick Maley, $106,000 and Director of Mental Health, John Magill $214,901. Texas—Elections Administration—Responsibilities shared between Secretary of State, $197,415; and Division Director, $132,600. U.S. Virgin Islands—Community Affairs—Responsibilities for St. Thomas, $74,400; St. Croix, $76,500; St. John, $74,400. Virginia—Public Utility Regulation—Functions shared between William F. “Bill” Stephens; Energy Regulation, $175,100; Utility and Railroad Safety, Stephen C. Bradley, $164,181. Wyoming—Mental Health—Responsibilities shared between State Hospital, Heather Babbitt, $116,527 and Life Resource Center, William Rein, $150,000. (d) These individuals have voluntarily taken no salary or a reduced salary: Connecticut—Governor Ned Lamont will forego his salary of $150,000. Illinois—Governor Pritzker will not take his salary of $177,412. Nevada—Governor Sisolak pledged to donate his salary to K–12 schools all four years of his term. New York—Howard A. Zemsky—takes $1 of his salary of $120,800. He is the chair and Commissioner of Empire State Development,
which oversees Commerce, Economic Development, Planning and Tourism. North Dakota—Governor Doug Burgum has declined his salary of $129,096. (e) In Maine, New Hampshire, Tennessee and West Virginia, the presidents (or speakers) of the Senate are next in line of succession to the governorship. In Tennessee and West Virginia, the speaker of the Senate bears the statutory title of lieutenant governor. (g) A number of the employees receive a stipend for their length of service to the State (known as a longevity payment). This amount can vary significantly among employees and, depending on state turnover, can show dramatic changes in actual salaries from year to year. (h) $68,680 part-time. (i) The statutory salary for each of the four members of the Board of Elections is $25,000, including the two co-chairs, Douglas A. Kellner and Peter S. Kosinski. (j) The Rhode Island Economic Development Corporation is a quasipublic agency. The salary shown is for the previous director. (k) Numerous licensing boards, too many to list. (l) Varies by department. (m) Solid waste is managed by the Rhode Island Resource Recovery Corporation (RIRRC). Although not a department of the state government, RIRRC is a public corporation and a component of the State of Rhode Island for financial reporting purposes. To be financially self-sufficient, the agency earns revenue through the sale of recyclable products, methane gas royalties and fees for it services.
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TA BLE 4 . 1 2 The Lieutenant Governors, 2019
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Joint election of governor and Method of Length of regular Date of Present Number of previous lieutenant governor Name and party selection term in years first service term ends terms (a) Will Ainsworth (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … No Kevin Meyer (R) CE 4 12/2018 12/2022 … Yes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tim Griffin (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 … No Eleni Kounalakis (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … No Dianne Primavera (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Susan Bysiewicz (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Bethany Hall-Long (D) CE 4 1/2017 1/2021 … No Jeanette Núñez (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Geoff Duncan (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … No Joshua B. Green (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Janice McGeachin (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … No Juliana Stratton (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Suzanne Crouch (R) CE 4 1/2017 1/2021 … Yes Adam Gregg (R) CE 4 5/2017 (c) 1/2023 … Yes Lynn Rogers (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Jenean Hampton (R) CE 4 12/2015 12/2019 … Yes Billy Nungesser (R) CE 4 1/2016 1/2020 … No ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Boyd Rutherford (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 Yes Karyn Polito (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 Yes Garlin Gilchrist II (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Peggy Flanagan (DFL) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Tate Reeves (R) CE 4 1/2012 1/2020 1 No Mike Kehoe (R) (q) CE 4 (d) (d) … No Mike Cooney (D) CE 4 1/2017 1/2021 … Yes Mike Foley (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 Yes Kate Marshall (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … No ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Sheila Oliver (D) CE 4 1/2018 1/2022 1 Yes Henry "Howie" C. Morales (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Kathy Hochul (D) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 Yes Dan Forest (R) CE 4 1/2013 1/2021 1 No Brent Sanford (R) CE 4 12/2017 12/2020 … Yes John Husted (R) SE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Matt Pinnell (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … No ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------John Fetterman (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Dan McKee (D) SE 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 No Pamela Evette (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … No Larry Rhoden (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes Randy McNally (R) (f) 2 1/2019 1/2021 1 No Dan Patrick (R) CE 4 1/2015 1/2023 No Spencer J. Cox (R) CE 4 10/2013 (e) 1/2021 1 Yes David Zuckerman (D) CE 2 1/2017 1/2021 1 No Justin Fairfax (D) CE 4 1/2018 1/2022 … No Cyrus Habib (D) CE 4 1/2017 1/2021 … No Mitch Carmichael (R) (g) 2 1/2017 1/2021 1 No Mandela Barnes (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 Yes (h) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lemanu Peleti Mauga (D) CE 4 1/2013 1/2021 … Yes Yes Josh Tenorio (D) CE 4 1/2019 1/2013 … Arnold Palacios (R) CE 4 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(b) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Tregenza Roach (I) SE SE 1/2019 1/2023 … Yes
See footnotes at end of table
138 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
LI E U TE N A N T G OV E R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 1 2 The Lieutenant Governors, 2019 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, Jan. 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—Not applicable. C—Covenant CE—Constitutional, elected by public. D—Democrat DFL—Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party I—Independent LG—Lieutenant Governor PDP—Popular Democratic Party R—Republican SE—Statutorily elected. (a) The following also choose candidates for governor and lieutenant governor through a joint nomination process: Florida, Kansas, Maryland, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota, Ohio, Utah, American Samoa, Guam, No. Mariana Islands, and U.S. Virgin Islands. For additional information see The National Lieutenant Governors Association website at https://www.nlga.us. (b) No lieutenant governor. (c) Gov. Kim Reynolds appointed Adam Gregg, the state’s public defender, as lieutenant governor when she ascended to the office upon Terry Branstad’s resignation. She and Gregg ran for and were elected to a full term in the 2018 general election. (d) Mike Parson became Governor upon the resignation of Eric Greitens. There is no provision for filling this office. The President
Pro Tem of the Missouri Senate is next in line to become governor, followed by Speaker of the House, and Secretary of State. On June 18, 2018, Governor Mike Parson appointed Mike Kehoe (R), as Lieutenant Governor. The appointment comes with legal uncertainty, as the Constitution of Missouri states that the governor can fill all vacancies “other than in the offices of lieutenant governor, state senator or representative ... .” However, Parson stated that he believed that the Constitution gave him authority to name Kehoe as lieutenant governor.” (e) Spencer J. Cox was appointed to the office of lieutenant governor in Oct. 2013 after Lt. Gov. Greg Bell resigned to return to the private sector. (f) In Tennessee, the president of the senate and the lieutenant governor are one in the same. The legislature provided in statute the title of lieutenant governor upon the senate president. The senate president serves two-year terms, elected by the Senate on the first day of the first session of each two year legislative term. (g) In West Virginia, the president of the senate and the lieutenant governor are one in the same. The legislature provided in statute the title of lieutenant governor upon the senate president. The senate president serves two-year terms, elected by the Senate on the first day of the first session of each two year legislative term. (h) The governor and lt. governor are elected on a joint ticket at the November general election. However, they run on separate party primary ballots in the August primary election.
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TA BLE 4 . 1 3 Lieutenant Governors: Qualifications and Terms State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (f) Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia (g) Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Qualified Maximum Minimum U.S. citizen State resident voter Length of term consecutive terms age State citizen (years) (years) (a) (years) (b) (years) (years) allowed 30 7 10 7 … 4 2 « 30 7 7 7 4 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(c)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« 30 7 7 … 4 2 « « « 18 5 4 2 « 30 … 2 … 4 2 « « « « 30 4 … « « 30 12 6 4 2 « « « 30 7 4 2 « « 30 10 15 4 … « « 30 5 5 4 2 « 30 … 2 … 4 … « 25 … 3 … 4 … « « « « 30 4 2 30 … 2 2 … 4 … … … … … … 4 2 « « « 30 6 4 2 25 5 5 5 … 4 … ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(c)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « « 30 4 2 « « « « … 4 … « « 30 4 4 4 2 (d) « 25 … 1 … 4 … « 30 … 20 5 4 2 30 10 15 10 … 4 … « 25 2 2 … 4 2 (e) « « 30 5 5 4 2 « « 25 2 2 4 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(c)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 … 20 7 … 4 2 « « « 30 5 4 2 « « « 30 5 4 … 30 … 5 2 … 4 2 30 5 … … … 4 … « « « 18 … 4 2 « « « 31 10 4 … ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(c)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « 30 7 4 2 « « « « 18 4 2 « 30 5 5 5 4 2 « « 21 2 2 4 2 « « 30 3 1 2 … « 30 … 5 … 4 … « « « « 30 4 … « « 18 4 4 2 … « 30 … 5 5 4 … « « « « 18 4 … « 25 5 … 5 2 … « « « « 18 4 … ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(c)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « 35 (h) 5 4 2 « 4 2 30 … 5 5 « « « « 35 4 2 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(c)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 … 5 5 5 4 2
See footnotes at end of table
140 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
LI E U TE N A N T G OV E R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 1 3 Lieutenant Governors: Qualifications and Terms (continued) Source: The Council of State Government’s survey of state government websites, March 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table includes constitutional and statutory qualifications. Key: —Formal provision; number of years not specified. …—No formal provision. (a) In some states you must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (b) In some states you must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (c) No lieutenant governor.
(d) In 1993 a constitutional limit of two lifetime terms in the office was enacted. (e) Eligible for eight out of 16 years. (f) In Tennessee, the speaker of the senate, elected from Senate membership, has statutory title of “lieutenant governor.” (g) In West Virginia, the president of the senate and the lieutenant governor are one in the same. The legislature provided in statute the title of lieutenant governor upon the senate president. The senate president serves two-year terms, elected by the Senate on the first day of the first session of each two year legislative term. (h) Must be a U.S. national.
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LIE UTE NAN T G OV E R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 1 4 Lieutenant Governors: Powers and Duties State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Member of Serves as acting Presides Appoints Breaks Assigns Authority for governor governor’s cabinet or governor when over Senate committees roll-call ties bills to assign duties advisory body governor out of state Other duties (a) « « « … … … «(b) … « « … … … … … (c) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « … … … … … (c) « « « «(r) … … … (c) « « « … … … … (c) « « « « … … … (c) « « … … … … … (c) « … … … … … … … « « « « « … … (c) « « … … … … … (c) « « « « … … … … « « … … … … … (c) « « … … … … … (c) « … (e) … … (f) (g) … « … … … … … … … « … … … … … (h) (c) « « « … … … … (c) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (i) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « … … … … … … « « « « … … … (c) « « « « … … «(j) (c) « « … … … … … (c) « « « « « … … (c) « « « « … … … (c) « « … … … … (q) … « « « «(k) … … … … « « « … «(l) … … … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (i) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « … … … … (c) « « « « … … … … « « « « … «(m) … … « « « « … … … (c) « « … … … … … … « « … … … … … … « « «(n) … … … … (c) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « … … … … … (c) « « « « … … … (c) « « « « « « … (c) « « « « « … … (c) « « « « … … … … « « « « « … … … « … … … … … … (c) « « « « «(o) … … «(o) « « « … … … … … « « « « … … … … « « « … … … … (c) « « « … … … … … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« … … … … … … … « « « (k) … … … … « « … … … … … (c) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « … … … … «(f) …
See footnotes at end of table
142 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
LI E U TE N A N T G OV E R N O R S
TA BLE 4 . 1 4 Lieutenant Governors: Powers and Duties (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state government websites, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Provision for responsibility. …—No provision for responsibility. (a) Lieutenant governors may obtain duties through gubernatorial appointment, statute, the Constitution, direct democracy action, or personal initiative. Hence, an exhaustive list of duties is not maintained, but this chart provides examples which are not all inclusive. (b) The lieutenant governor performs the duties of the governor in the event of the governor’s death, impeachment, disability, or absence from the state for more than 20 days. (c) Alaska—The lieutenant governor bears these additional responsibilities: Alaska Historical Commission Chair; Alaska Workforce Investment Board; supervise the Division of Elections; supervise the certification process for citizen ballot initiative and referenda; provide constituent care and communications; lend support to governor’s legislative and administrative initiatives; sign and file regulations; publish the Alaska Administrative Code and the Online Public Notice System; commission notaries public; regulate commercial and advertising use of State Seal, and the National Lieutenant Governors’ Association; Arctic Winter Games. Arkansas—Lieutenant Governor Tim Griffin gets to appoint a member to two commissions: the Judicial Discipline and Disability Commission and the Ethics Commission. California—Lieutenant governor is an ex-officio regent, University of California Board of Regents; ex-officio regent, California State University Board of Trustees; chair, California Commission for Economic Development; member and current chair, California State Lands Commission (chair rotates annually between Lt. Governor and State Controller); member, California Ocean Protection Council (membership rotates with chair of State Lands Commission); and ex-officio commissioner of the California Coastal Commission (membership rotates with chair of State Lands Commission). Colorado—Additional responsibilities include: chair of the Colorado Commission of Indian Affairs (by statute); may be appointed by the governor to concurrently serve as the head of a department (by statute). Connecticut—The lieutenant governor is a member of the Finance Advisory Committee, the Commission on Intergovernmental Cooperation and the Corporation of Yale University. Delaware—Serves as president of the Board of Pardons. Georgia—The lieutenant governor, by statute, is responsible for board, commission and committee appointments. In addition the lieutenant governor appoints conference committees, rules on germaneness, and must sign all acts of the General Assembly. Also statutorily serves on the Georgia State Financing and Investment Commission, One Georgia Board and the Georgia Aviation Authority. Hawaii—Also serves as Secretary of State. Illinois—The lt. governor serves on or chairs several bodies according to statute and executive order including the: Illinois River Coordinating Council, Mississippi River Coordinating Council, Wabash and Ohio River Coordinating Council, Military Economic Development
Committee, Governor’s Rural Affairs Council, Illinois Farmers Market Task Force, Illinois Local Food, Farms, & Jobs Council, Commission to End Hunger, Illinois Main Street, Housing Task Force, Commission to Eliminate Poverty, ISBE/ROE Service Evaluation Committee, Charitable Trust Stabilization Committee, Opioid Overdose Prevention & Intervention Task Force, Local Government Consolidation & Unfunded Mandates Task Force, and Illinois School Funding Reform Commission. Indiana—Serves as Secretary of Agriculture and Rural Development. Oversees six state agencies: Department of Agriculture, Office of Community and Rural Affairs, Office of Defense Development, Office of Tourism Development, Indiana Small Business Development Center and the Indiana Housing and Community Development Authority. Louisiana—Serves as commissioner of the Department of Culture, Recreation & Tourism. Kentucky—In addition to the duties set forth by the Kentucky Constitution, state law also gives the lieutenant governor the responsibility to act as chair, or serve as a member, on various boards and commissions. Some of these include: the State Property and Buildings Commission, Kentucky Turnpike Authority and Board of the Kentucky Housing Corporation. The governor also has the power to give the lieutenant governor other specific job duties. Massachusetts—The lieutenant governor is a member of, and presides over, the Governor’s Council, an elected body of 8 members which approves all judicial nominations. Michigan—The lieutenant governor serves as a member of the State Administrative Board; and represents the governor and the state at selected local, state, and national meetings. In addition the governor may delegate additional responsibilities. Minnesota—Serves as the Chair of the Capitol Area Architectural and Planning Board Committee. Mississippi—The lieutenant governor also appoints chairs of standing committees, appoints conferees to committees and is a member of the Legislative Budget Committee, chair of this committee every other year. Missouri—The lieutenant governor is the only statewide elected official that is part of both the executive and legislative branches of state government. Under the constitution, the lieutenant governor is ex officio president of the Missouri Senate. The lieutenant governor is elected independently from the governor, and each can be members of different political parties. Upon the governor’s death, conviction, impeachment, resignation, absence from the state or other disabilities, the lieutenant governor shall act as governor. By law, the lieutenant governor is a member of the Board of Public Buildings, Board of Fund Commissioners, Missouri Development Finance Board, Missouri Community Service Commission, Missouri State Capitol Commission, Missouri Housing Development Commission and the Tourism Commission. The lieutenant governor is an advisor to the Department of Elementary and Secondary Edu cation on early childhood education and the Parents-as-Teachers program. The lieutenant governor is the state’s official advocate for senior citizens, and serves on the Special Health, Psychological, and Social Needs of Minority Older Individuals Commission. New Jersey—The Lieutenant Governor will serve as the head of a
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TA BLE 4 . 1 4 Lieutenant Governors: Powers and Duties (continued) principal department or other executive or administrative agency or delegate duties of the office of governor or both. North Carolina—Serves as a voting member on the State Board of Education. Serves on the State Board of Economic Development. Serves on the State Community College Board. Serves as Chairman of the Energy Policy Council. Serves on the Military Affairs Commission. Serves as Chair of the eLearning Commission. Oklahoma—Lieutenant Governor also serves on 10 boards and commissions: Tourism and Recreation Commission, Indian Cultural and Educational Authority, State Board of Equalization, School Land Commission, the Oklahoma Capitol Improvement Authority, the Oklahoma Archives and Records Commission, the Oklahoma Film and Music Advisory Commission, CompSource Oklahoma Board of Managers, the Commissioners of the Land Office, and the Oklahoma Linked Deposit Review Board. Pennsylvania—Chairs the Board of Pardons (Constitutional); chairs the Pa. Emergency Management Council (appointed by Gov.); chairs the Pa. Military Community Enhancement Commission (member by statute, elected chair by members); chairs Local Government Advisory Commission (statute). Rhode Island—Serves as Chair of a number of advisory councils including issues related to emergency management, long term care and small business. Each year submits a legislative package to the General Assembly. South Carolina—The lieutenant governor heads the State Office on Aging; appoints members and chairs the South Carolina Affordable Housing Commission. South Dakota—The lieutenant governor also serves as the Chair of the Workers Compensation Advisory Commission and as a member of the Constitutional Revision Commission. Utah—The lieutenant governor serves as chief election officer (statutory); chair of the Lieutenant Governor’s Commission on Volunteers (statutory); chair of the Lieutenant Governor’s Commission on Civic and Character Education (statutory); chair of the Utah Capitol Preservation Board (statutory). West Virginia—The President of the Senate and the Lieutenant Governor are one in the same. The legislature provided in statute the
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title of Lieutenant Governor upon the Senate President. The West Virginia Constitution requires that, in case of the death, conviction or impeachment, failure to qualify, resignation, or other disability of the governor, the President of the Senate shall act as governor until the vacancy is filled, or the disability removed. Northern Mariana Islands—The Lieutenant Governor is charged with overseeing administrative functions. (d) No lieutenant governor; secretary of state is next in line of succession to governorship. (e) Appoints all standing committees. Iowa—appoints some special committees. (f) Presides over cabinet meetings in absence of governor. (g) Only in emergency situations. (h) The Kentucky Constitution specifically gives the lieutenant governor the power to act as governor, in the event the governor is unable to fulfill the duties of office. (i) No lieutenant governor; senate president or speaker is next in line of succession to governorship. (j) As defined in the state constitution, the lieutenant governor performs gubernatorial functions in the governor’s absence. In the event of a vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor is first in line to succeed to the position. (k) Unicameral legislative body. In Guam, that body elects own presiding officer. (l) Except on final passage of bills and joint resolutions. (m) With respect to procedural matters, not legislation. (n) May preside over the Senate when desired. (o) Appoints committees with the Pres. Pro Tem and one Senator on Committee on Committees. Committee on Committees assigns bills. (p) In the event of a vacancy in the office of Governor resulting from the death, resignation or removal of a Governor in office, or the death of a Governor-elect, or from any other cause the Lieutenant Governor shall become Governor, until a new Governor is elected and qualifies. (q) Only when asked or after 45 days of absence. (r) Only upon the invitation from the Senate.
LI E U TE N A N T G OV E R N O R S
Table 4.14 | Gubernatorial Succession If Something Happens to the Governor, Who Fills the Office?
THE
Secretary of State fills the office in 3 states. Arizona Oregon Wyoming
These states have no lieutenant governor
THE
Lieutenant Governor fills the office in 45 states. Alabama Alaska Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas
Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina
North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin
THE
Senate President fills the office in 2 states. Maine New Hampshire
These states have no lieutenant governor
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s  1 4 5
S E CRE TA R IE S O F STAT E
TA BLE 4 . 1 5 The Secretaries of State, 2019
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Maximum consecutive Method of Length of regular Date of first Present term Number of terms allowed by Name and party Selection term in years service ends previous terms constitution John Merrill (R) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 2 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Katie Hobbs (D) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 John Thurston (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Alex Padilla (D) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 2 Jena Griswold (D) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Denise Merrill (D) E 4 1/2011 1/2023 2 … Jeffrey Bullock (D) A (b) 4 1/2009 … 0 … Laurel Lee (R) A 4 2/2019 … 0 2 Brad Raffensperger (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Lawerence Denney (R) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 … Jesse White (D) E 4 1/1999 1/2023 5 … Connie Lawson (R) E 4 3/2012 (h) 1/2023 2 2 Paul Pate (R) E 4 12/2014 12/2022 1 … Scott Schwab (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 … Alison Lundergan Grimes (D) E 4 12/2011 12/2019 1 2 Kyle Ardoin (R) E 4 5/2018 (c) 1/2020 … … Matt Dunlap (D) L 2 1/2005 (d) 1/2021 (d) 5 (e) John Wobensmith (R) A … 1/2015 … … … William Francis Galvin (D) E 4 1/1995 1/2023 6 … Jocelyn Benson (D) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Steve Simon (DFL) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 … C. Delbert Hosemann Jr.(R) E 4 1/2008 1/2020 2 … Jay Ashcroft (R) E 4 1/2017 1/2021 0 … Corey Stapleton (R) E 4 1/2017 1/2021 0 (f) Robert Evnen (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 … Barbara Cegavske (R) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 2 William Gardner (D) L 2 12/1976 12/2020 21 … Tahesha Way (D) A … 1/2018 … 0 … Maggie Toulouse Oliver (D) E 4 12/2016 (g) 12/2022 (g) 2 Rossanna Rosado D) A … 6/2016 … 0 … Elaine Marshall (D) E 4 1/1997 1/2021 5 … Alvin A. Jaeger (R) E 4 1/1993 12/2022 6 … Frank LaRose (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Michael Rogers (R) A 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 … Bev Clarno (R) E 4 4/2019 (l) 1/2021 0 2 Kathy Boockvar (D) (acting) A … 1/2019 (i) … 0 … Nellie Gorbea (D) E 4 1/2015 1/2023 1 2 Mark Hammond (R) E 4 1/2003 1/2023 4 … Steve Barnett (R) E 4 1/2019 1/2023 0 2 Tre Hargett (R) L 4 1/2009 1/2021 2 … Vacant A … … … 0 … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Jim Condos (D) E 2 1/2011 1/2021 4 … Kelly Thomasson (D) A … 4/2016 … 0 … Kim Wyman (R) E 4 1/2013 1/2021 1 … Andrew “Mac” Warner (R) E 4 1/2017 1/2021 0 … Douglas LaFollette (D) E 4 1/1974 (j) 1/2023 11 (j) … Ed Buchanan (R) E 4 3/2018 (k) 1/2023 (k) … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(m) A … (m) … … … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (a) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes at end of table
146 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
S E C R E TA R I E S O F STATE
TA BLE 4 . 1 5 The Secretaries of State, 2019 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, June 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: E—Elected by voters A—Appointed by governor L—Elected by legislature …—No provision for (a) No secretary of state; lieutenant govenor performs functions of this office. (b) Appointed by the governor and confirmed by the Senate. (c) Ardoin became acting secretary on May 2018. He replaced Tom Schedler. (d) Secretary Matthew Dunlap previously served as secretary of state from 2005 to 2010. He was elected by the Legislature to serve again in January 2013 and re-elected in January 2015, 2017 and 2019. (e) Statutory term limit of four consecutive two-year terms. (f) Eligible for eight out of 16 years.
(g) Secretary Oliver was elected in November 2016 to fill the remaining two years of an unexpired term and was re-elected to her first full term in November 2018. (h) Lawson was appointed in 2012 to serve out an unexpired term. She was then elected in 2014 and 2018. (i) Secretary Boockvar was named acting secretary upon the resignation of Robert Torres in January 2019. (j) LaFollette was first elected in 1974 and served a four-year term. He was elected again in 1982 and has been re-elected since. The present term ends in 2019. (k) Edward Buchanan was appointed March 5, 2018 to fill Ed Murray’s term and was elected to his first full term in November 2018. (l) Secretary Clarno was appointed in April 2019 by Gov. Kate Brown to fill the unexpired term of Dennis Richardson, who died in February 2019. (m) Luis Rivera Marín, the territory’s secretary of state, resigned in July 2019.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 4 7
S E CRE TA R IE S O F STAT E
TA BLE 4 . 1 6 Secretaries of State: Qualifications for Office State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Minimum age U.S. citizen (years) (a) State resident (years) (b) Qualified voter (years) Method of selection to office « 25 7 5 E ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« 25 10 5 E « « « 18 E « « « 18 E « 25 2 … E « « « 18 E … … … … A -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (d) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------A « 25 10 4 E ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « 25 2 E « 25 3 … E « « « … E « « 18 … E … … … … E « « 30 2 E « 25 5 5 E … … … … (e) … … … … A « « 18 5 E « « « 18 E « « 21 30 days E « « 25 5 E « … 1 … E « « 25 2 E « « « « E 25 2 2 … E 18 … … … (e) « « « 18 A « « 30 5 E « « 18 … A « « « 21 E « 25 5 5 E « « « 18 E « « 31 10 A « « « 18 E … … … … A « « 18 30 days E « « « … E … … … … E … … … … (e) « 18 … … A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------« « « 18 E … … … … A « « « 18 E « « « … E « « « 18 E « « 25 1 E ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… 5 5 … A ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (c) -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes at end of table
148 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
S E C R E TA R I E S O F STATE
TA BLE 4 . 1 6 Secretaries of State: Qualifications for Office (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey of secretaries of state offices, 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Formal provision; number of years not specified. …—No formal provision. A—Appointed by governor. E—Elected by voters. (a) In some states you must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run.
(b) In some states you must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (c) No secretary of state. (d) As of January 1, 2003, the office of Secretary of State shall be an appointed position (appointed by the governor). It will no longer be a cabinet position, but an agency head and the Department of State shall be an agency under the governor’s office. (e) Chosen by joint ballot of state senators and representatives. In Maine and New Hampshire, every two years. In Tennessee, every four years.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 4 9
S E CRE TA R IE S O F STAT E
TA BLE 4 . 1 7 Secretaries of State: Election and Registration Duties
Determines ballot eligibility of political parties
Receives initiative and/or referendum petition
Files certificate of nomination or election
Supplies election ballots or materials to local officials
Files candidates’ expense papers
Files other campaign reports
Conducts voter education programs
Registers charitable organizations
Registers corporations (a)
Processes and/or commissions notaries public
Registers securities
Registers trade names/ marks
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona (aa) Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware (g) Florida (v) Georgia Hawaii (b) Idaho Illinois Indiana (i) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota (z) Mississippi Missouri (bb) Montana Nebraska Nevada (j) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina (k) North Dakota Ohio (l) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (o) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (q) Texas Utah (b) Vermont (r) Virginia (x) Washington (w) West Virginia Wisconsin (s) Wyoming American Samoa (b) Guam (b) Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (b)
Registration
Chief election officer
Election
« « « « «(c) « « … « « … « … « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « … « « « … « « « « « … « « … « … … … …
« « « « « « « … « « … « … « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « … « « « … « « « « … … … « … « … … … …
… « « « … « … … « … … « « … … … … … « « « « … « « « « « … « … … … « « « « … … … « … … « … … « … … « … … … …
« « « « « « « (e) « « … « (h) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « «(m) … « « « … « « « « « … « « … « « … … …
« « … … « … « … … « … « … « … « … « « … « … « … … … « « « « « … … « « … « … « … … « « « « … … … … (t) … … … …
« … « « « « … … « … … « … « … « … … … … (f) « … « … … … « « « « … … « « … « … … … « … … « « … … « … « « … … …
« … « « « « … (f) « … … « … « … … … … … … (f) « … « … … … « « « « … … « « … « « … … « … … « … … … « … « « … … …
« « « « « « « … … « … « … « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « … « « … … « « … « « « … « « « « « … « « … « « … … …
« … « … (d) « « … … « … « … « « « … « (y) « … … … « « « « « « … … … « « « « « « … « … « … … … « « « … « « … « «
« … … « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « … « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « «(n) « « « «(p) « « « … « … « « … « « … « «(u)
« « « « « « « « « … … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « … « … « « … « «
… … … … … … … … … « … … « « … … … … … … « … … « « … … « « … … … « … « … … … … … … … … … … … « … … « … … « …
« … « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « … « « … « … … « «
See footnotes at end of table
150 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
S E C R E TA R I E S O F STATE
TA BLE 4 . 1 7 Secretaries of State: Election and Registration Duties (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of secretaries of state offices, 2019. Key: «—Responsible for activity. …—Not responsible for activity. (a) Unless otherwise indicated, office registers domestic, foreign and non-profit corporations. (b) No secretary of state. Duties indicated are performed by lieutenant governor. In Hawaii, election related responsibilities have been transferred to an independent Chief Election Officer. In U. S. Virgin Islands election duties are performed by Supervisor of Elections. (c) Other election duties include: tallying votes from all 58 counties, testing and certifying voting systems for use by local elections officials, maintaining statewide voter registration database, publishing state Voter Information Guide/State Ballot Pamphlet and qualifying statewide ballot initiatives and referenda. (d) This office does not register charitable trusts, but does register charitable organizations as nonprofit corporations; also limited partnerships, limited liability corporations, and domestic partners, Advanced Health care Directives, and administers the Safe at Home mail forwarding program. (e) Files certificates of election for publication purposes only; does not file certificates of nomination. (f) Federal candidates only. (g) Registration duties include alternative business entities such as LLCs and partnerships. (h) Office issues document, but does not receive it. (i) Additional election duties include: statewide voter registration system administrator. Additional registration duties include securities enforcement and auto dealer registration and enforcement. (j) Additional registration duties include: issues annual State Business License, registers domestic partnerships, registers advanced directives for health care, registers guardianship nominations. Charitable organizations soliciting tax deductible charitable contributions must file a charitable solicitation registration statements or claim of exemption before soliciting charitable contributions in Nevada. (k) Other election duties: administers the Electoral College. Other registration duties: Maintains secure online registry of advance health care directives.
(l) Supplies poll worker training materials to county boards of elections: certifies official form of the ballot to county board of elections. (m) Issues certificate of nomination or election to all statewide candidates and U.S. Representatives. (n) Certifies U.S. Congressional election results to Washington D.C. Also registers limited partnerships, limited liability companies and limited liability partnerships. (o) Additional registration duties include: Non-resident landlord appointment of agent for service and Uniform Commercial Code. (p) Also registers the Cable Franchise Authority. (q) Appoints the Coordinator of Elections who performs the election duties indicated above, and also prepares the elections manual and elections handbook for use by state officials. Also registers athlete agents, as well as individuals and entities seeking exemption from Tennessee’s workers’ compensation requirements. (r) Additional registration duties include: registers temporary officiants for civil marriages. (s) Additional registration duties include: Issues authentications and apostilles. (t) Materials not ballots. (u) Both domestic and foreign profit; but only domestic non-profit. (v) Additional registration duties include: registers fictitious names and other types of business entities. (w) Additional registration duties include: registers domestic partnerships and registers international student exchange programs. (x) Additional registration duties include: registering organizations’ mottos; registering logos and insignias; authentications. (y) Registers nonprofit entities. (z) Additional registration duties include: registers LLCs, limited partnerships. (aa) Additional registration duties include partnerships, telephonic seller, advance directives and uniform commercial code. (bb) Also administers the Safe at Home address confidentiality/mail forwarding program; issues authentications and apostilles.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 1
S E CRE TA R IE S O F STAT E
TA BLE 4 . 1 8 Secretaries of State: Custodial, Publication and Legislative Duties
Administers uniform commercial code provisions
Files other corporate documents
State manual or directory
Session laws
State constitution
Statutes
Administrative rules and regulations
Opens legislative sessions (a)
Enrolls or engrosses bills
Retains copies of bills
Registers lobbyists
Legislative
Files state agency rules and regulations
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona (w) Arkansas (c) California Colorado Connecticut Delaware (x) Florida (u) Georgia Hawaii (b) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa (y) Kansas (s) Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico (z) New York North Carolina (t) North Dakota Ohio (i) Oklahoma (j) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (k) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah (b) Vermont (m) Virginia (g) Washington (v) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa (b) Guam (b) Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (b)
Publication
Archives state records and regulations
Custodial
… … « « « … «(e) « « « … … « (n) « … « « « … « « « « «(h) « « « « « … … « … « … « … « … « «(q) … … « … « « « « … … … …
… « « « « « « « « « « … « … … « … … « « « « « « « « « « … … … « « … « « « … « … « « « … « … … « … « « … « «
« … « « « « « « « … … « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « … « « « « « « « … « … … « … « … … « «
« … … « « « « « « … … « « « « « « « « … « … « « « « « « « … « … … « « « « « « « « « « … « … « « … « « … « «
… … … … « … « … … « … … « … … « … « … … « … « « « … … … « … … « « … « … « … « … « «(l) … … « « « … … « … … … …
« … … « … … … … « … « … « … « « « … … « « « … « … … … … … … « … … … « … … … … … « « « … « … … … … … « … « …
« « … … … « … … « « … « « … « … … … « … « « … « « « … … « « « « « … « … « … « … … … … … « … « … … « « … « …
« … … … … … … … « … « « … … … (o) … « … … « « … « … … … … … … « … … … … … … … … … « « … … … … … … … … … « « …
… « « « … « « … « « « … « … … « … « « … « « … « « « « « … … … « … … … « « … « … « « « … « … … « … … « … « …
… « … … … … S … … … … … H H … « … … … … … … H H H H … … … … H … … … … … … … … … H … H … H … … … … H … … … …
« … … … (d) … … … … … … … … … « … « « … « « … … … … « … … « … … … « … … … … « … … … … … … … … « … … … … … … «
« « « « … « « « … … « « « (n) « « « « … « « … « (p) « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « … « « « … « « … « … … … «
… … « « « « … « … … … « « … … « … (f) … … « « … « … … … … « … « … « « … … … … « … « … … « « … … … … « … … … …
See footnotes at end of table
152 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
S E C R E TA R I E S O F STATE
TA BLE 4 . 1 8 Secretaries of State: Custodial, Publication and Legislative Duties (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of secretaries of state offices, 2019. Key: «—Responsible for activity. …—Not responsible for activity. (a) In this column only: «–Both houses; H–House; S–Senate. (b) No secretary of state. Duties indicated are performed by lieutenant governor. (c) Additional custodial duties for the Arkansas Secretary of State include serving as the caretaker for the Arkansas State Capitol Building and Grounds, including all custodial duties, HVAC system, building maintenance, historic preservation and conducting tours. (d) Office does not enroll or engross bills but does chapter bills that are signed into law and retains final chaptered copies. (e) The secretary of state is keeper of public records, but the state archives is a department of the Connecticut State Library. (f) Only registers political pollsters. (g) Other custodial duties include: restoration of civil rights; liaison to Virginia Indians; gubernatorial appointments. Other publication duties include: state organization charts. Other registration duties include: Pardons; Service of Process. (h) Also responsible for the State Library. (i) Additional publication duties include: elections statistics, official roster of federal, state, and county officers and official roster of township and municipal officers. Additional legislative duties include: Distributing laws to specified state and local government agencies. (j) Other custodial duties include: Effective Financing Statements identifying farm products that are subject to a security interest, UCC and mortgage documents pertaining to transmitting utilities and also railroads and files open meeting notices. (k) Additional duties include administering oaths of office to general officers and legislators. (l) The Division of Publications of the Office of the Secretary of State also publishes the following: The Tennessee Blue Book, Board and Commission vacancies, and Executive Orders and Proclamations. (m) Additional custodial duties include: records management, and certifying vital records. (n) The Secretary of State’s office receives and authenticates Bills and Enrolled Acts, but does not keep or maintain them. Post-session legislative materials are maintained by the Indiana Public Records Commission.
(o) Responsible for distribution only. (p) Chapters and indexes all signed bill and chamber and concurrent resolutions. (q) The Division of Records Management of the Office of the Secretary of State assists state agencies in the appropriate utilization, disposition, retention and destruction of state records. (s) Additionally, the secretary of state publishes the Kansas Register and opens legislative reorganization meetings. (t) Other publication duties include: Publishes state board and commission meeting notices online. Other legislative duties include: The Secretary of State is responsible for the certification of election results before legislators take the oath of office at the opening of each session of the General Assembly. (u) Files other types of business entity and cable franchise documents, records federal tax liens and judgement liens and issues Apostilles (v) Legislative duties also include: chapters bills. (w) The secretary of state works hand-in-hand with the business community. The office is tasked with recording the partnerships of those who do business in Arizona and they register trademarks and issue certificates of registration. They also register telemarketers and veterans’ charitable organizations. Improving the quality of life for Arizonans has been a priority of the office. The Arizona State Library, Archives and Public Records provides Arizonans access to information about their government, their state and their world. The information available from the State Library empowers citizens to become informed citizens. The Address Confidentiality Program allows victims of domestic violence, sexual abuse or stalking to keep their residential addresses confidential by giving them a substitute address. (x) Other publication duties include constitutional amendments. (y) Began administering a Safe at Home address confidentiality program for victims of domestic abuse, sexual assault and other violent crimes. Approves voluntary non-urbanized annexations and files all annexations of territory by Iowa cities. (z) Files Agency Code of Conduct; Administers Confidential Address Program Publish State Roster of Elected Officials; State Blue Book.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 3
ATTO RNEY’S G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 1 9 The Attorneys General, 2019 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Name and party Steve Marshall (R) Kevin Clarkson (R) Mark Brnovich (R) Leslie Rutledge (R) Xavier Becerra (D) Phil Weiser (D) William Tong (D) Kathleen Jennings (D) Ashley Moody (R) Christopher Carr (R) Clare Connors (D) Lawrence Wasden (R) Kwame Raoul (D) Curtis Hill (R) Tom Miller (D) Derek Schmidt (R) Andy Beshear (D) Jeff Landry (R) Aaron Frey (D) Brian Frosh (D) Maura Healey (D) Dana Nessel (D) Keith Ellison (DFL) Jim Hood (D) Eric Schmitt (R) Tim Fox (R) Doug Peterson (R) Aaron Ford (D) Gordon MacDonald (R) Gubir Grewal (D) Hector Balderas (D) Letitia James (D) Josh Stein (D) Wayne Stenehjem (R) David Yost (R) Mike Hunter (R) Ellen F. Rosenblum (D) Josh Shapiro (D) Peter Neronha (D) Alan Wilson (R) Jason Ravnsborg (R) Herbert Slatery (R) Ken Paxton (R) Sean Reyes (R) TJ Donovan Mark Herring (D) Bob Ferguson (D) Patrick Morrisey (R) Josh Kaul (D) Bridget Hill (R) Karl Racine (D) Talauega Eleasalo V. Ale (D) Leevin Camacho (I) Edward Manibusan (I) Wanda Vàzquez Garced Denise George-Counts
Method of selection E A E E E E E E E E A E E E E E E E L (c) E E E E E E E E E A A E E E E E E E E E E E (k) E E E E E E E A A A E A A A
See footnotes at end of table
154 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Length of regular term in years 4 … 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (a) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 (g) 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 4 4 2 4 4 4 4 … … 4 4 4 4 4
Date of first service 2/2017 (h) 1/2019 1/2015 1/2015 1/2017 (l) 1/2019 1/2019 1/2019 1/2019 10/2016 (j) 1/2019 1/2003 1/2019 1/2017 1/1979 (b) 1/2011 12/2016 1/2016 1/2019 1/2015 1/2015 1/2019 1/2019 1/2004 1/2019 (d) 1/2013 1/2015 1/2019 4/2017 1/2018 1/2015 1/2019 1/2017 1/2001 1/2019 2/2017 (e) 6/2012 (i) 1/2017 1/2019 1/2011 1/2019 10/2014 1/2015 12/2013 1/2017 1/2014 1/2013 1/2013 1/2019 1/2019 1/2015 1/2014 1/2019 11/2015 1/2017 4/2019
Present term ends 1/2023 … 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 12/2020 1/2020 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2020 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2022 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 12/2022 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 8/2022 1/2023 1/2021 1/2021 1/2022 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 … 1/2023 … 1/2023 … … …
Number of previous terms 1 (h) 0 1 1 (l) 0 … 0 … 1 (j) 0 4 0 0 9 (b) 2 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 4 (g) 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 … 0 0 0 0
Maximum consecutive terms allowed 2 … 2 2 2 2 « « 2 « … « « « « « 2 « 4 « … 2 « « « 2 « 2 … … 2 (f) « « « 2 « « 2 2 « 2 (f) … « « « (m) « « « … … … … … … …
ATTO R N E Y ’ S G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 1 9 The Attorneys General, 2019 (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments, June 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—No provision specifying number of terms allowed. …—No formal provision, position is appointed or elected by governmental entity (not chosen by the electorate). A—Appointed by the governor. E—Elected by the voters. L—Elected by the legislature. N.A.—Not available. (a) Term runs concurrently with the governor. (b) Attorney General Miller was elected in 1978, 1982, 1986, 1994, 1998, 2002, 2006, 2010 and 2014. (c) Chosen biennially by joint ballot of state senators and representatives. (d) Eric Schmitt was appointed in January 2019 to fill the unexpired term of Joshua Hawley, who was elected the U.S. Senate in November 2018. (e) Mike Hunter was appointed in Feb. 2017 after Scott Pruitt left to serve as administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
(f) After two consecutive terms, must wait four years and/or one full term before being eligible again. (g) The term of the office of the elected official is four years, except that in 2004 the attorney general was elected for a term of two years. (h) Steve Marshall was appointed on Feb. 10, 2017 to fill the unexpired term of Luther Strange. Strange was elected to the U.S. Senate in Nov. 2016. (i) Rosenblum was appointed by Gov. Kitzhaber on June 29, 2012 to fill the term left vacant when AG John Kroger resigned to become President of Reed College. She was elected in Nov. 2012 to a full term. (j) Christopher Carr was appointed in October 2016 to fill the unexpired term of Sam Olens. Olens resigned to become president of Kennesaw State University. (k) Appointed by judges of state Supreme Court. (l) Attorney General Bercerra was appointed in January 2017 to fill the unexpired term of Kamala Harris and elected to his first full term in November 2018. (m) Provision specifying individual may hold office for an unlimited number of terms. (n) Must be confirmed by the Senate.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 5
ATTO RNEYS G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 2 0 Attorneys General: Qualifications for Office State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Minimum age 25 18 25 … 18 27 18 … 30 25 … 30 25 … 18 … 30 25 … … 18 18 21 26 … 25 … 25 … 18 30 30 21 25 18 31 18 30 18 … 18 … … 25 18 30 18 25 … … … … … … … …
U.S. citizen (years) (a) 7 « 10 … « « « … « 10 1 « « 2 « … … « … «(g) … « « « « « … « « … « « « « « « « « … « « … « « « « « … « « … … … … « …
See footnotes at end of table
156 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
State resident (years) (b) 5 … 5 « « 2 « … 7 4 1 2 3 2 « … 2 (e) 5 … « 5 « 30 days 5 1 2 « 2 « « 5 5 « 5 « « « … … 30 days « … 1 5 (e) « 1 (k) « 5 « « « (c) … 3 … «
Qualified voter (years) « … « « « « « … « « … … « « … … … « … « « … « « … … … « … … « … « « « 10 « … … « « … … « « « « « … « … … … … … «
Licensed attorney (years) … « 5 … « « 10 … « 7 « « « 5 … … 8 « « « … « … 5 … 5 … … « … « (i) « « … … … « « … (i) … (i) « … … « … … 4 « (i) … 5 « «
Membership in the state bar (years) … « … … 5 … 10 … 5 7 (d) « « … … … 2 « « 10 « « … « … « … … « … … … (i) « … … … … « … (i) … (i) « … 5 (k) « … … 4 « (i) … … « «
Method of selection to office E A E E E E E E E E A E E E E E E E (f) E E E E E E E E E A (h) A E E E E E E E E E E E (j) E E E E E E E A (l) A A A A A A
ATTO R N E Y S G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 2 0 Attorneys General: Qualifications for Office (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of attorneys general, state constitutions and statutes, 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Formal provision; number of years not specified. …—No formal provision. A—Appointed by governor. E—Elected by voters. (a) In some states you must be a U.S. citizen to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (b) In some states you must be a state resident to be an elector, and must be an elector to run. (c) No statute specifically requires this, but the State Bar Act can be interpreted as making this a qualification.
(d) No period specified, all licensed attorneys are members of the state bar. (e) State citizenship requirement. (f) Chosen biennially by joint ballot of state senators and representatives. (g) Crosse v. Board of Supervisors of Elections 243 Md. 555, 221A.2d431 (1966)–opinion rendered indicated that U.S. citizenship was, by necessity, a requirement for office. (h) Appointed by the governor and confirmed by the governor and the executive council. (i) Implied. (j) Appointed by state supreme court. (k) Same as qualifications of a judge of a court of record. (l) Must be confirmed by the Senate.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 7
ATTO RNEYS G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 2 1 Attorneys General: Prosecutorial and Advisory Duties
See footnotes at end of table
158 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Before signing
May supersede local prosecutor A (c) D,F … A,B,C,D,E,F,G A … (f) … … A,B,C,D,E … G … D,E,F B,C,D,F,G B E,G A … A A B D,F G E … A,B,D,E,F A,E A,B,C,D D,E,F,G B … A,D,E,G F A,B,C,D,E,F,G B G A A,E D,F F,G … E G B B,D,G … B G F (t) A (t) (t) (t)
Prior to passage
May assist local prosecutor A,D (c) A,D,F D A,B,C,D,E,F D,F … (f) D A,D A,B,C,D,E D D D D,F D D D,E,G A D A,D A A,B,D,G A,D,F B,F D,E A,D,E,F A,B,D,E,F A,D,E A,B,C,D A,B,D,E,F D D A,D,E,F,G D A,B,C,D,E,F,G B,D D,F A A,D,E A,B,D,E D,F D D,E A B,D,F B,D,G … D B,D D (t) A (t) (t) (t)
On the constitutionality of bills or ordinances
May intervene in local prosecutions A,D (c) A,D … A,B,C,D,E,F A … (f) … … A,B,C,D,E D,F D,G … D,F B,C,D,F,G B,D,G D,E,G A D A A B,D,G D,F F E A,D A,B,D,E,F A,E (y) A,B,C,D D,E,F B,D,F D A,D,E,G D A,B,C,D,E,F,G B,D D,F,G A A,B,C,D,E,F D,G D,G … E,G A B,D,F B,D,G … B,C,D B,D D (t) A (t) (t) (t)
To local prosecutors
Authority to initiate local prosecutions A (c) A,D,F D A,B,C,D,E,F A, F … A (f) F B,D,F,G A,B,C,D,E B,D,F D,F F D,F B,C,D,F D,F,G D,E,G A B,F A A B,D,F A,D,F B,F,G D A,D A,B,D,E,F A,E (y) A,B,C,D B,D,E,F B,F … D,E,F,G D, F A,B,C,D,E,F,G B,D,F A,D,F A A,D,E,F A,B,D,E,F (p) D,F,G F A,B,D,E,F,G A B,F B,D,G (r) B,C,D,F B,D,F F A (t) A A (t) A A (t)
Reviews legislation (b):
To legislators
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Issues advisory opinions (a): To state executive officials
Authority in local prosecutions:
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (z) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (d) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★(k) ★ ★(k) ★ ★ ★(m) ★ … ★ … ★ ★(k) ★ ★ (m) ★ ★ … ★ (q) ★ ★ (z) ★(q) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ …
★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ (z) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ (s) (t) ★ … … …
… ★ ★(x) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★(h) ★ … ★ … … ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … … … … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … … … ★ … ★ (z) ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★(h) ★ (e) ★ ★ … ★
★ ★ (u) … (v) ★ (e) (g) … … ★ ★ (i) … (j) … … ★ … ★ (l) … … … (l) … … … (n) ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … … … ★(w) ★ … … ★(l) ★ ★ (o) … (e) ★ ★ (l) (l) … ★ ★
… ★ (u) … (v) ★ (e) (g) … … ★ ★ (i) … (j) … … ★ … ★ (l) … (l) … (l) … … … (n) ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ ★ … … ★(w) … … … ★(l) ★ ★ (o) … (e) ★ ★ (l) B … ★ ★
ATTO R N E Y S G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 2 1 Attorneys General: Prosecutorial and Advisory Duties (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of attorneys general, state constitutions and statutes, 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: A—On own initiative. B—On request of governor. C—On request of legislature. D—On request of local prosecutor. E—When in state’s interest. F—Under certain statutes for specific crimes. G—On authorization of court or other body. ★—Has authority in area. …—Does not have authority in area. (a) Also issues advisory opinions to: Alabama—Designated heads of state departments, agencies, boards, and commissions; local public officials; and political subdivisions. Hawaii—Judges/judiciary as requested. Kansas—to counsel for local units of government. Montana—county and city attorneys, city commissioners. Wisconsin—corporation counsel. (b) Also reviews legislation: Alabama—when requested by the governor. Alaska—after passage. Arizona—at the request of the legislature. Kansas—upon request of Legislator, no formal authority. (c) The attorney general functions as the local prosecutor. (d) To legislative leadership. (e) Informally reviews bills or does so upon request. (f) The attorney general functions as the local prosecutor. (g) Discretion to informally review upon request of legislative or executive branch, but reviews are not legal advice or formal action. (h) Bills, not ordinances. (i) Review and track legislation that relates to the Office of Attorney General and the office mission. (j) No requirements for review. (k) To legislature as a whole not individual legislators. (l) Only when requested by governor or legislature. (m) To either the House of Representatives or the Senate, when so requested by resolution or passed by membership; To law directors of townships that have adopted limited self-government under R.C. Chapter 504.
(n) Provides information when requested by the Legislature. Testifies for or against bills on the Attorney General’s own initiative. (o) May review legislation at request of clients or legislature. (p) Certain statutes provide for concurrent jurisdiction with local prosecutors. (q) Only when requested by legislature. (r) Can be involved in local at request of local prosecutors. If requested by local authority, can participate in criminal prosecutions. (s) The office of attorney general prosecutes local crimes to an extent. The office’s Legal Counsel Division may issue legal advice to the office’s prosecutorial arm. Otherwise, the office does not usually advise the OUSA, the district’s other local prosecutor. (t) The attorney general functions as the local prosecutor. (u) Reviews enacted legislation only when there is a compelling need. (v) May review legislation at any time but does not have a de jure role in approval of bills as to form or constitutionality; California has a separate Legislative Counsel to advise the legislature on bills. (w) Has concurrent jurisdiction with states’ attorneys. Only when requested by governor or legislature. (x) At the request of one or more members of the legislature, the attorney general shall investigate any ordinance, regulation, order or other official action adopted or taken by the governing body of a county, city or town that the member alleges violates state law or the Constitution of Arizona. (y) Attorney general has statewide prosecutorial authority in any court. No request or order is required for the AG to initiate a prosecution. The Attorney General has authority to intervene, no request or order is required, but does not do so except in an extreme circumstance. (z) The attorney general’s office may issue an opinion on a question affecting the public interest or concerning the official duties of the requesting person. The opinion is a written interpretation of existing law. Authorized requestors are: the governor, head of a department of state government, the head or board or a penal institution, the head or board of an eleemosynary institution, the head of a state board, a regent or trustee of a state educational institution, a committee of a house of the Texas Legislature, a county auditor authorized by law, the chair of the governing board of a river authority and a district or county attorney.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 5 9
ATTO RNEYS G E N E R A L
Table 4.21 | Duties of Attorneys General The length of a regular term for most attorneys general is FOUR YEARS.
Iowa Attorney General Tom Miller is the longest continuously serving state attorney general.
In Vermont and Maine, the term is only two years.
He has been in office since 1995. He also served from 1979–1991.
In Tennessee, the length is eight years.
IN 6 STATES,
The average time in office for the current group of attorneys general is
3.9 YEARS.
attorneys general are appointed rather than elected.
I N T E N N E S S E E , the Supreme Court is responsible for the appointment as opposed to the governor.
Alaska, Hawaii, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Tennessee and Wyoming
I N M A I N E , the attorney general is elected by the Legislature.
Top 5 Salaries for Current Attorneys General Tennessee $188,952 California $175,182 Wyoming $175,000 Alabama $168,002
In seven states, you have to be at least 30 years old to serve as attorney general (Florida, Idaho, Kentucky, New Mexico, New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia). In Oklahoma, you must be at least 31.
20%
of attorneys general currently in office are women.
Washington $162,599 Average $126,687
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In 31 states and territories, the attorney general is required to be a licensed attorney.
ATTO R N E Y S G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 2 2 Attorneys General: Consumer Protection Activities, Subpoena Powers and Antitrust Duties
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (c) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
May commence civil proceedings « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «(a) « « « «(j) « « « « « « « « « « « «
May commence criminal proceedings « … « … « « (d) « … « « … … … « « « … « «(e) « « … « « « « « « « « « «(f) … … « «(f) « « «(h) « (e)(f) … « « (f) … … « … «(m) « « « « «
Represents the state before regulatory agencies (a) « « … « « « « « … « « « « « « … « « « « « « « … « … « « « « « « « … … « « « … « « (f) … «(j) « « « « « « « « « « … «
Administers consumer protection programs « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « … « «(k) « « « « « « « « … «
Handles consumer complaints « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « (i) « … « «(k) « «(k) « « « « « « « « … «
Subpoena powers (b) l
« « l
« l l
« « l
« « l
« « « « (n) « « « « « « « … « l
« « « « « « « « l
« « l
« « l l
« l
« « l l
« … l
« « l
Antitrust duties A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B A,B,C,D A,C,D A,B,D A,B,D A,B,D … A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,C A,B B,C A,B,D A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,C B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C (g) A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,D A (l),B,C,D (l) A,B,C A,B,C,D A,B,D A,B,D A,B,C (g) A,B A,B,C,D … A,B,C,D A,B A,B,C,D A
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 6 1
ATTO RNEYS G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 2 2 Attorneys General: Consumer Protection Activities, Subpoena Powers and Antitrust Duties (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments' survey of attorneys general, state constitutions and statutes, March 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: A—Has parens patriae authority to commence suits on behalf of consumers in state antitrust damage actions in state courts. B—May initiate damage actions on behalf of state in state courts. C—May commence criminal proceedings. D—May represent cities, counties and other governmental entities in recovering civil damages under federal or state law. «—Has authority in area. …—Does not have authority in area. (a) May represent state on behalf of: the “people” of the state; an agency of the state; or the state before a federal regulatory agency. (b) In this column only: «broad powers and l limited powers. (c) Also provides service to consumers through the Identity Theft Unit, administration of Ohio's Title Defect Rescission Fund, and the registration of non-charitable telephone solicitors.
162 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(d) In certain cases only. (e) May commence criminal proceedings with local district attorney. (f) To a limited extent. (g) May represent other governmental entities in recovering civil damages under federal or state law. (h) When permitted to intervene. (i) On a limited basis because the state has a separate consumer affairs department. (j) Attorney general has exclusive authority. (k) Attorney general handles legal matters only with no administrative handling of complaints. (l) Opinion only, since there are no controlling precedents. (m) In antitrust, not criminal proceedings. (n) The office can issue Civil Investigative Demands, but would go to court in order to get a subpoena.
ATTO R N E Y S G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 2 3 Attorneys General: Duties to Administrative Agencies and Other Responsibilities
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (f) Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (g) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Serves as Appears for counsel for state in criminal state appeals A,B,C (a) «(a) « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C (b) A,B,C «(d) A,B,C « « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C « « A,B,C A,B,C « « A,B,C A,B,C « « A,B,C A,B,C «(m) « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C (b)(c)(d) « A,B,C A,B,C (c)(d) A,B,C … « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C (b) « A,B,C « A,B,C A,B,C … « A,B,C « A,B A,B … « A,B,C A,B,C «(d) A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B «(k) A,B,C «(a) « A,B,C A,B,C « A,B,C «(i) A,B,C « « A,B,C A,B,C « A,B «(h) A,B,C «(a) « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B,C « A,B
Issues official advice « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « « « … « (a) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «
Interprets statutes or regulations « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « «
Duties to administrative agencies Conducts litigation: Prepares or Represents the reviews legal public before On behalf Against documents the agency of agency agency « « (b) (b) « « « « « « … … « « « « « « … … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « … … « « « « « « « « « « … … « « … … « « « « « « « … « « … … « « « … « « … … « « « (b) « « « « « « « « « « « (a) « « … … « « … … « « … … « « « … « « … … « « … (l) « « … … « « « « « « (b) (b) « « « (b) « « « … « « … … « « « « « « … … « « … … « « « … « « (b) … « « « … « « … (e) « « … … « « « (b) « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « (b) (b) (b) « « « … « … « … « « … … « « (d) (b) « « « … « « … … « « « «
Involved in rule-making « « « … « « « « … … « « … « « « … « … « « « « … « … … « « « « … « « … « « … … « … (e) « « « « « (j) (b) « « « « « « …
Reviews rules for legality « « « … « « « « … « « « … « « « … « « « « « « … … … « « … « « … « « … « « « … « … « … « « « « (j) (b) « « « « « « «
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 6 3
ATTO RNEYS G E N E R A L
TA BLE 4 . 2 3 Attorneys General: Duties to Administrative Agencies and Other Responsibilities (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of attorneys general, state constitutions and statutes, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: A—Defend state law when challenged on federal constitutional grounds. B—Conduct litigation on behalf of state in federal and other states’ courts. C—Prosecute actions against another state in U.S. Supreme Court. «—Has authority in area. …—Does not have authority in area. (a) Attorney general has exclusive jurisdiction. (b) In certain cases only to prepare or review legal documents and represent the public before the agency. (c) When assisting local prosecutor in the appeal. (d) Can appear on own discretion. (e) Consumer Advocate Division represents the public in utility rate making hearings and rule making proceedings. (f) Most state agencies are represented by agency counsel who do not answer to the attorney general. The attorney general does provide representation for agencies in conflict situations and where the agency requires additional or specialized assistance.
164 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(g) Other administrative duties include representing one state agency before another state agency. (h) However, OUSA handles felony cases and most major misdemeanors. (i) Limited to certain collateral challenges to state criminal convictions. (j) On request of agency. Office acts as legal counsel to any state agency on request and that can include reviewing legislation and drafting rules and regulations. (k) Regarding criminal appeals, the Office of Attorney General handles federal habeas corpus appeals only. (l) The Attorney General serves as counsel for the public before 1 administrative body, but otherwise does not represent the public before agencies. (m) May appear for the state in criminal appeals either as the actual prosecutor in the case or through the solicitor general if the state has a broader interest.
TR E A S U R E R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 4 The Treasurers and Other Chief Financial Officers: 2019 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida (a) Georgia Hawaii (c) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota (f) Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (g) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Dist. of Columbia Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Name and party John McMillan (R) Pamela Leary Kimberly Yee (R) Dennis Milligan (R) Fiona Ma (D) Dave Young (D) Shawn Wooden (D) Colleen Davis (D) Jimmy Patronis (R) (b) Steve McCoy Roderick Becker Julie Ellsworth (R) Mike Frerichs (D) Kelly Mitchell (R) Michael L. Fitzgerald (D) Jacob LaTurner (R) Alison Ball (R) John Michael Schroder Sr. (e) Henry Beck Nancy K. Kopp (D) Deb Goldberg (D) Rachael Eubanks Myron Frans Lynn Fitch (R) Scott Fitzpatrick (R) Gene Walborn John Murante (R) Zach Conine (D) William Dwyer Elizabeth Muoio Tim Eichenberg (D) Christopher Curtis Dale Folwell (R) Kelly L. Schmidt (R) Robert Sprague (R) Randy McDaniel (R) Tobias Read (D) Joseph Torsella (D) Seth Magaziner (D) Curtis Loftis (R) Josh Haeder (R) David H. Lillard Jr. Glenn Hegar (R) David Damschen (R) Elizabeth Pearce (D) Manju Ganeriwala Duane Davidson (R) John D. Perdue (D) Sarah Godlewski (D) Curt Meier (R) Ueli Tonumaipea Bruno Fernandes Rosita Fejeran Mark Rabauliman Raul Maldonado Kirk Callwood Sr.
Method of selection E A E A E E E E E A A E E E E E E E L L E A A E E A E E L A E A E E E E E E E E E L E E E A E E E E A A CS A A A
Length of regular term in years 4 Governor's Discretion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Pleasure of the Board Governor's Discretion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 Governor's Discretion Governor's Discretion 4 4 Governor's Discretion 4 4 2 Governor's Discretion 4 Governor's Discretion 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 4 4 2 Governor's Discretion 4 4 4 4 4 Pleasure of CFO … 4 4 4
Date of first service 1/2019 1/2014 1/2019 1/2015 1/2019 1/2019 1/2019 1/2019 6//2017 (b) 11/2011 2019 1/2019 1/2015 11/2014 1/1983 4/2017 1/2016 11/2017 (e) 1/2019 2/2002 1/2015 2019 1/2015 1/2012 1/2019 5/2018 1/2019 1/2019 12/2014 1/2018 1/2015 8/2016 1/2017 1/2005 1/2019 1/2019 1/2017 1/2017 1/2015 1/2011 1/2019 1/2009 1/2015 12/2015 1/2011 1/2009 1/2017 1/1997 1/2019 1/2019 N/A 8/2018 N/A N/A 1/2017 1/2019
Present term ends 1/2023 … 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 … … 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2020 12/2019 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 … … 1/2020 1/2023 … 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 … 1/2023 … 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 1/2023 1/2021 1/2023 12//2019 1/2021 …. 1/2021 1/2021 1/2023 1/2023 … N/A … N/A N/A N/A
Maximum consecutive terms allowed by constitution 2 … 2 2 2 2 « « 2 … … « « (d) « « 2 « 4 « « … … « 2 … 2 2 « … 2 … « « 2 « 2 2 2 « 2 … « « « … « « « « … … … … … …
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 6 5
TRE A S UR E R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 4 The Treasurers and Other Chief Financial Officers: 2019 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, April 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—No provision specifying number of terms allowed. …—No formal provision, position is appointed or elected by governmental entity (not chosen by the electorate). A—Appointed by the governor. (In the District of Columbia, the Treasurer is appointed by the Chief Financial Officer. In Georgia, position is appointed by the State Depository Board.) E—Elected by the voters. L—Elected by the legislature. CS—Civil Service N/A—Not available
166 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(a) The official title of the office of state treasurer is Chief Financial Officer. (b) Gov. Rick Scott appointed Patronis after Jeff Atwater’s resignation. (c) The Director of Finance performs this function. (d) Eligible for eight out of any period of twelve years. (e) John Michael Schroder Sr. won the special election to fill John Kennedy’s term after he was elected to the U.S. Senate. (f) The Commissioner of Management and Budget performs this function. (g) The Comptroller of Public Accounts performs this function.
TR E A S U R E R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 5 Treasurers: Qualifications for Office State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Minimum age 25 … 25 18 18 25 18 18 30 … … 25 25 … 18 … 30 25 … … … … … 25 30 … … 25 … … 30 30 21 25 18 31 31 … 18 18 … … 18 25 … … 18 18 18 25 …
U.S. citizen (years) 7 … 10 « « « « … « … « « « « … … 2 5 « … 5 … … « 15 … « 2 … … « « « « « « « … « « … … « « « … « « « « «
State resident (years) 5 … 5 « « 2 « … 7 … 1 2 3 « « … 2 5 « … 5 … … 5 10 … « 2 … « 5 5 1 5 « 10 10 … « « … … « 5 « … … 5 « « …
Qualified voter (years) … … « « « … « … « … … … … « « … « « … … … … … … « … « « … … « … « « « « « … « « … … … « … … « « « « …
Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state treasurers offices, April 2019. Key: «—Formal provision; number of years not specified. …—No formal provision. (a) 5 years immediately preceding the date of qualification for office.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 6 7
TRE A S UR E R S
Banking services
Investment of retirement funds
Investment of trust funds
Deferred compensation
Management of bonded debt
Bond issuance
Debt service
Arbitrage
Unclaimed property
Archives for disbursement of documents
College savings
Collateral programs
Local government investment pool
Other
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Cash management
TA BLE 4 . 2 6 Responsibilities of the Treasurer’s Office
« « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « «
« « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « «
… « … « … … « « … … « … … « « … … … … … « « … « … … … … … « … « « … … … « … « « « « … … « … … … … … «
… « « … « … « « « « « … « « … … … « « … « « … « « … … « « « … « « « « « « … « « « … « « « « « « … « «
… … … … … … … « « … … … … … … … … … … … « … … … … … … … … « … … … … … … « … … … … « … … « … … « … … «
« … … … « … « « … … … … … « « … … « « « … « … « … « … « « « « … « … « … « « « « … … … « « « « … … « «
… « … … « « « « … … « « … … « … … « « « « « « « … « … « « « … … « … « … « « « « … … « « « « « … … « «
« « … … « « « « … « « … « … « … … « « « « « « « … « … « « « « … « … « « « « « « … … … « « « « « … « «
… « … … « … « … … … … … « … … … … « « « … « … « « « … … « « … … « … « … « « « « … … … « « « « … … « «
« « … … … « « … « … « « « … « « « « « … « « … « « … « « « « … … « … … « … « « « « « « « « « … « « « «
… … … … … … … … … … … … … « … … « … … … … … … … … … … … … … « … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
« … … « « … « « … … « « « « « « … … « … … « … « « … « « « … … … « … … « « « « « … « « … … … … « … … «
« … … … « … … … « « … … … … … … … « … « … … … « … … … « … … … « … … « « « … … « « « « … … « … « … « «
… … « « « … « … … « … « « « « … … … … « … … … « … … … « … « « … « … « … « « « « … « « « … « « « « « …
… … … … … … (a) (b) (c) (d) … … … (n) … (e) … … (f) … … … … … (g) (o) (h) (m) … … … … … (i) … … … … … … … … (j) … … (k) … … … (n) …
See footnotes at end of table
168 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
TR E A S U R E R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 6 Responsibilities of the Treasurer’s Office (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state treasurers offices, March 2019. Key: «—Responsible for activity. …—Not responsible for activity. (a) Second Injury Fund. (b) General Fund account reconcilement. (c) State Accounting Disbursement, Fire Marshall, Insurance and Banking Consumer Services, Insurance Rehabilitation. (d) Merchant Card Services. (e) Municipal bond servicing. (f) Municipal Revenue Sharing. (g) Investment of all State funds and ABLE program. (h) Nebraska Child Support Payment Center, Long-Term Care Savings Plan. (i) The treasurer serves on the State Investment Board, the Teachers Fund for Retirement Board, the Board of University
and School Lands, the State Historical Society, and the State Board of Equalization. Other duties include: tax collections and distributions, financial literacy, and the office provides analysis, data and education of various tax distributions and state laws to legislators, other state agencies, officials and employees of local political subdivision and the general public. North Dakota has a state-owned bank which provides banking services for the state. (j) Tax Administration/Collection/Estimating. (k) Risk Management. (l) Several other legislatively designated programs. (m) Education Savings Accounts. (n) The treasurer serves as the trustee of the Indiana State Police Pension Trust. (o) Social Security Section 218 agreements; merchant card (Procard) services.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 6 9
AUD ITO R S A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 7 State Auditors: 2019 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota
State Agency Department of Examiners of Public Accounts Division of Legislative Audit Office of the Auditor General Division of Legislative Audit Bureau of State Audits Office of the State Auditor Office of the Auditors of Public Accounts Office of the Auditor of Accounts Office of the Auditor General Department of Audits and Accounts Office of the Auditor Legislative Services Office— Legislative Audits Office of the Auditor General State Board of Accounts Office of the Auditor of State Legislative Division of Post Audit Office of the Auditor of Public Accounts Office of the Legislative Auditor Department of Audit Office of Legislative Audits Office of the Auditor of the Commonwealth Office of the Auditor General Office of the Legislative Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Legislative Audit Division Office of the Auditor of Public Accounts Legislative Counsel Bureau, Audit Division Office of the Legislative Budget Assistant
Agency head
Title
Legal Method basis for of office selection
Term of office
Maximum U.S. State consecutive citizen resident terms allowed
Rachel Riddle
Chief Examiner
S
LC
7 yrs.
«
…
None
Kris Curtis Lindsey Perry Roger A. Norman Elaine M. Howle Dianne E. Ray John C. Geragosian and Robert Kane
Legislative Auditor Auditor General Legislative Auditor State Auditor State Auditor
C, S S S S C,S
L LC LC G LC
(a) 5 yrs. Indefinite 4 yrs. 5 yrs.
… … « « …
… … « … …
None None None None None
State Auditors
S
L
4 yrs.
…
…
None
Kathleen McGuiness
Auditor of Accounts
C, S
E
4 yrs.
«
«
None
Sherrill F. Norman
Auditor General
C, S
L
(a)
…
…
None
Greg S. Griffin
State Auditor
S
L
Indefinite
…
…
None
Les Kondo
State Auditor
C
L
8 yrs.
…
«
None
April J. Renfro
Division Manager
S
LC
(b)
…
…
None
Frank Mautino Paul D. Joyce Rob Sand
Auditor General State Examiner Auditor of State Interim Legislative Post Auditor Auditor of Public Accounts
C, S S C, S
L GLC E
10 yrs. 4 yrs. 4 yrs.
… … «
… … «
None None None
S
LC
(b)
…
…
None
C, S
E
4 yrs.
«
«
2
Daryl G. Purpera
Legislative Auditor
C, S
L
(a)
…
«
None
Pola A. Buckley Gregory A. Hook
S S
L ED
4 yrs. Indefinite
… …
… …
2 None
C, S
E
4 yrs.
«
«
None
Doug Ringler
State Auditor Legislative Auditor Auditor of the Commonwealth Auditor General
C
L
8 yrs.
…
«
None
James R. Nobles
Legislative Auditor
S
LC
6 yrs. (a)
…
…
None
Julie Blaha Shad White Nicole Galloway Angus Maciver
State Auditor State Auditor State Auditor Legislative Auditor Auditor of Public Accounts
C C C, S C, S
E E E LC
4 yrs. 4 yrs. 4 yrs. 2 yrs.
« « « …
« « « …
None None None None
C
E
4 yrs.
«
«
None
Rocky Cooper
Legislative Auditor
S
LC
Indefinite
…
…
None
Michael W. Kane
Legislative Budget Assistant
S
LC
2 yrs. (b)
…
…
None
Justin Stowe Mike Harmon
Suzanne M. Bump
Charlie Janssen
Office of the State Auditor
Stephen M. Eells
State Auditor
C, S
L
Office of the State Comptroller Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Comptroller, State Audit Bureau Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the Auditor of State Office of the State Auditor and Inspector Division of Audits Department of the Auditor General Office of the Auditor General Legislative Audit Council Office of the State Auditor Department of Legislative Audit
Philip Degnan Brian S. Colon
State Comptroller State Auditor
S C, S
G E
5 yr. term and until successor is appointed 6 yrs. 4 yrs.
Thomas P. DiNapoli
State Comptroller
C, S
E
4 yrs.
«
«
None
Beth A. Wood Joshua Gallion Keith Faber
C C, S C, S
E E E
4 yrs. Indefinite 4 yrs.
« … …
« « …
None None 2
Kip Memmott
State Auditor State Auditor Auditor of State State Auditor and Inspector Director
Eugene DePasquale
Cindy Byrd
«
«
None
… «
« «
2 2
C, S
E
4 yrs.
«
«
None
C, S
SS
Indefinite
…
…
None
Auditor General
C, S
E
4 yrs.
…
…
2
Dennis E. Hoyle Earle Powell George Kennedy
Auditor General Director State Auditor
S S S
LC LC SB
(b) 4 yrs. Indefinite (c)
… … …
… … …
None None None
Martin L. Guindon
Auditor General
S
L
8 yrs. (a)
…
…
None
See footnotes at end of table
170 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 7 State Auditors: 2019 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
State Agency Comptroller of the Treasury, Dept. of Audit Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Auditor Office of the Auditor of Public Accounts Office of the State Auditor Legislative Auditor's Office Legislative Audit Bureau Department of Audit
Agency head Justin P. Wilson Lisa Collier John Dougall Douglas R. Hoffer Martha S. Mavredes Pat McCarthy Aaron Allred Joe Chrisman Jeffrey C. Vogel
Dist. Of Columbia
Office of the D.C. Auditor
Kathleen Patterson
American Samoa Guam CNMI*
AS Territorial Auditor Office Office of the Public Auditor Office of the Public Auditor
Liua Fatuesi Benjamin Cruz Michael Pai Yesmin M. Valdivieso-Galib
Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Office of the Comptroller Office of the Inspector General
Steven van Beverhoudt
Source: Auditing in the States: A Summary, 2018 edition, The National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: «—Provision for. …—No provision for. E—Elected by the public. L—Appointed by the legislature. G—Appointed by the governor. SS—Appointed by the secretary of state. LC—selected by legislative committee, commission or council. ED—appointed by the executive director of legislative services.
Title Comptroller of the Treasury State Auditor State Auditor State Auditor Auditor of Public Accounts State Auditor Legislative Auditor State Auditor Director District of Columbia Auditor Territorial Auditor Public Auditor Public Auditor Comptroller
Legal Method basis for of office selection
Term of office
Maximum U.S. State consecutive citizen resident terms allowed
C, S
L
2 yrs.
…
…
None
S C, S C, S
LC E E
(b) 4 yrs. 2 yrs.
… « …
… « «
None None None
C, S
L
4 yrs.
…
…
None
C, S S S S
E L LC GC
4 yrs. (a) Indefinite (b) 6 yrs.
« … … …
« … … «
None None None None
S C,S,
E GL
4 yrs. 6 yrs.
« N.A.
« N.A.
None 2
C,S,
GL
10 yrs.
«
«
1
Inspector General
GC—Appointed by governor, secretary of state and treasurer. GL—Appointed by the governor and confirmed by both chambers of the legislature. GLC—Appointed by the governor and confirmed by legislative council. SB—Appointed by state budget and control board. C—Constitutional. S—Statutory. N.A.—Not applicable. (a) Serves at the pleasure of the legislature. (b) Serves at the pleasure of a legislative committee. (c) The term is indefinite, but the state auditor serves at the pleasure of the five-member board.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 1
172 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
…
…
…
…
…
…
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho
See footnotes at end of table
★
…
California
…
Arkansas
Arizona
Alaska
State or other jurisdiction Alabama
★ ★—governmental (0%), business type activities (<1%), fiduciary (0%), component unit (100%) … ★—governmental (0%), business type activities (0.2%), fiduciary (1.3%), component unit (4.4%) ★—governmental (4% of total assets/deferred outflows of resources), business type activities (3% total assets/deferred outflows of resources); aggregate discretely presented component units (86% of total assets/ deferred outflows of resources and 87% of total revenues/additions); governmental fund - general obligation bond fund projects (100% of total assets.deferred outflows of resources and 100% of total revenues/ additions; aggregate remaining fund information (88% of total assets/deferred outflows of resources and 48% of total revenues/additions) … ★—governmental (3.6%), business type activities (82.2%), fiduciary (100%), component unit (99%)
…
★—7; 7.68%
…
★
…
…
★
…
…
…
…
Auditing of basic financial statements State audit State audit agency is primary auditor— agency % of total governmental, business type, CPA firm(s) conducts audit fiduciary and component unit expenditures conducts audit (100%) contracted to CPA firms (100%) … N/A … ★—We summarize outside audit coverage by percent of assets and percent of revenue. Governmental activities: 89% assets/59% … … revenues; business type activities: 77% assets/66% of revenues; aggregate discretely presented component units: 91% assets/90% revenues ★—governmental (50.8%), business … … type activities (14.9%), fiduciary (99.6%), component unit (100%)
The entity going out for contract.
★
…
★
The entity being audited selects the CPA firm through a bid process. The cost of audits performed by CPAs are paid by the audited entity.
Office of the Auditor
★
…
★
…
…
The agencies or entities being audited.
Office of Auditor of Accounts
State auditor
…
…
The audited agency selects the auditor with help from the Auditor General’s Office. State agency
…
State audit agency conducts audit (100%) …
Most of the outside audited entities are governmental corporations and the University. The outside entities select their own auditors. However, there are a few that require the legislative auditor approve the outside auditor.
Selection of auditor if part/all of financial audit is contracted out Individual departments/agencies
TA BLE 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit
…
…
…
…
…
…
★—47%
…
★—4.59%
★—79.67%
★—70%
…
★
…
…
★
…
…
★
…
…
…
Office of the Auditor
Office of Auditor of Accounts
The individual agency receiving a private audit selects the auditor. The state auditor selects the contract auditor. State auditor
The audited agnecy selects the audtior with help from the Auditor General’s Office.
State corporations select their own auditor, Department of Administration, Division of Finance selected contractor to audit Department of Health and Social Services FY 15 major federal programs.
Conducting the single audit State audit agency conducts part/ CPA firm(s) CPA firm conducts part— conducts audit Selection of auditor if part/all of % conducted by CPA firm (100%) single audit is contracted out … Individual departments/agencies ★—0.4%
AUD ITO R S A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S
…
… …
…
…
★ … …
…
Indiana
Iowa Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine Maryland Massachusetts
Michigan
…
…
…
★ ★
State Auditor
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana Nebraska
See footnotes at end of table
…
Legislative Auditor
Minnesota
★
State or other jurisdiction Illinois
State audit agency conducts audit (100%)
… …
★—31.7%
★—governmental (6-19%), business type activities (100%), fiduciary (100%), component units (100%)
★—business type activities (67.6%), component units (98.2%) Not involved in the state’s financial audit
★—14%
… …
…
…
…
…
…
… ★ ★
…
★—governmental (.03%), business type activities (6.65%), fiduciary (65.55%), aggregate discretely component unit (14.1%) - Note: fiduciary funds are included in aggregate remaining funds … … …
…
★—governmental activities (1.57%), business type activities (26.12%), component units (90.88%)
Auditing of basic financial statements State audit agency is primary auditor— % of total governmental, business type, CPA firm(s) fiduciary and component unit expenditures conducts audit contracted to CPA firms (100%) … … ★—2% (public employee’s retirement system … and component untis are contracted to CPA firms) … ★ … ★
Proposals are submitted to the Office of the State Auditor and are selected by representatives of the office with comments by the agencies being audited and Department of Finance and Administration considered. Generally, the entity being audited selects the auditor.
Each BTA and CU selects their own auditor
State Comptroller’s Office Office of the State Comptroller 14 component untis (10 state universities and four others) and one enterprise fund select their own auditor. All other contract auditors are selected by the auditor general.
Legislative auditor
★ ★
…
…
…
…
★ … …
★
★
★ …
★
The governing body of the component unit. Office of Auditor of State Contract Audit Committee The Office of the Auditor of Public Accounts has the right of first refusal for all agencies and component units of the state. We decline some agencies/ component units and allow the agency to contract with a CPA firm.
State audit agency conducts audit (100%) …
Selection of auditor if part/all of financial audit is contracted out
TA BLE 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit (continued)
… …
★
★—10%
★—7.3% (student financial assistance cluster) …
★—5%
Single audits of some agencies are performed by CPA firms. The SEFA amounts in these standalone reports are not included in the SEFA in LA’s Single Audit report. … … …
…
… …
…
… …
…
…
…
…
…
… ★ ★
…
…
… ★
…
The auditor is selected by the entity being audited.
The auditor is selected by the Office of the State Auditor with input from the state agencies and the Department of Finance and Administration.
The Minnesota State Colleges and Universities selects its own auditor. Not involved in state’s single audit.
One component unit selects their own and the auditor general selects the rest.
State Comptroller’s Office Office of the State Comptroller
Contract Audit Committee
Conducting the single audit State audit agency conducts part/ CPA firm(s) CPA firm conducts part— conducts audit Selection of auditor if part/all of % conducted by CPA firm (100%) single audit is contracted out … Office of the Auditor General ★
AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 3
174 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
N/A
Rhode Island South Carolina
See footnotes at end of table
…
…
Pennsylvania
State Auditor
…
Oregon
…
…
Oklahoma
Legislative Audit Council
…
…
New York
Ohio
…
New Mexico
★
…
State Comptroller
…
…
State Auditor
North Dakota
…
New Hampshire New Jersey
North Carolina
…
Nevada
State or other jurisdiction
State audit agency conducts audit (100%) ★
…
…
★—governmental (60%), business type (80%), component units (100%)
N/A
…
…
…
…
…
…
★
…
…
…
…
Our office does not have anything to do with financial audits in our state. The office of the state auditor is responsible for all financial audits, including contracting out.
★—governmental (6.75%), business type (78.44%), fiduciary (100%), component unit (100%); combined (40.82%) ★—fiduciary (95%), component unit (100%) ★—governmental (14%), business type (5%), fiduciary & component unit (100%) N/A
★
… ★—governmental (26%), business type (83%), fiduciary & component unit (100%)
…
★—governmental activities (4%), business type activities (47%), fiduciary (99%), component units (100%) … ★—Financial statement audits are prepared at a department level. The department level financial statements are used to compile the statewide CAFR. The Office of the State Auditor has a limited staff of auditors who conduct audits of agencies. Therefore, most of these engagements are performed by Independent Public Accountants.
★—80%
…
Auditing of basic financial statements State audit agency is primary auditor— % of total governmental, business type, CPA firm(s) fiduciary and component unit expenditures conducts audit contracted to CPA firms (100%)
Office of the State Auditor
Division of Audits, via RFP process Governor’s Office of the Budget (audited entity)
★
Auditor of state makes selection with input from component units and other state officials.
…
…
N/A
…
★
…
…
★
…
…
…
…
…
…
State audit agency conducts audit (100%)
The state auditor selects the auditor.
Office of the State Comptroller
Agencies that are contracting with Independent Public Accountants select an auditor from a list of audit firms approved on an annual basis by the Office of the State Auditor.
Department of the Treasury, Judiciary, individual component units.
Selection of auditor if part/all of financial audit is contracted out Audit Subcommittee of the Legislative Commission Legislative budget assistant
TA BLE 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit (continued)
…
…
★—single audit is a joint opinion issues by our office and a CPA firm
N/A
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
★—outside audited major programs to total audited major programs (2.08%) … ★—15% major program expenditure coverage N/A
…
… ★—10% contracted to CPA firms
★
…
…
…
★—OSA has a limited staff of auditors who conduct audits of agencies. Therefore, most of these engagements are performed by Independent Public Accountants.
★
…
…
Office of the State Auditor
Office of the State Auditor
N/A
Governor’s Office of the Budget
It varies depending on statutory requirements.
The state auditor selects the auditor.
Office of the State Comptroller and Governor’s Division of the Budget
Single audits are done at the department level, not statewide. Agencies that contract with Independent Public Accountants select an auditor from a list of audit firms approved on an annual basis by the OSA.
Department of the Treasury, Office of Management and Budget
Conducting the single audit State audit agency conducts part/ CPA firm(s) CPA firm conducts part— conducts audit Selection of auditor if part/all of % conducted by CPA firm (100%) single audit is contracted out Audit Subcommittee of the Legislative … ★ Commission … Legislative budget assistant ★
AUD ITO R S A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S
…
…
Texas
Utah
Vermont
★ …
…
…
Wisconsin Wyoming
Guam
Puerto Rico …
…
… …
…
…
…
★—18%
★—governmental (0.34%), business type (20.61%), fiduciary (19.86%), component unit (42.25%) … ★—We audit all of the primary government, but do not audit some component units representing 30% of assets and deferred outflows, 24% of net position, and 8% of revenues of the aggregated discretely presented component unit.
★—19.2%
…
★—business type (11.1%), fiduciary (100%), discretely presented component units (55.7%); remaining fund information (89.1%)
★
★
… ★
★
★
…
…
★
…
…
…
…
Auditing of basic financial statements State audit agency is primary auditor— % of total governmental, business type, CPA firm(s) fiduciary and component unit expenditures conducts audit contracted to CPA firms (100%)
★
We have allowed agencies to select their auditor.
…
…
★ …
…
…
…
… …
…
…
…
…
…
★—15.9%
★—it depends of the year. A few grants are audited by CPA firms for agencies that have contracted audit services. Department of Legislative Audit audits the majority of grants. … ★—CPA firm is the primary auditor for the federal compliance portion of the single audit providing 66% coverage. Our office covers the remaining.
★
★
… ★
★
★
…
…
★
…
…
…
…
Selection of auditor if part/all of single audit is contracted out
Department of Audit The public auditor in conjunction with the audited agencies. The CEO of each agency
Single audit performed by Ernst & Young
Office of the Legislative Auditor
Auditor of accounts
State auditor or an assigned director over contracting
Texas State Auditor’s Office
Auditor is selected by the state agency, but the auditor and the final report must be approved by the Department of Legislative Audit.
Conducting the single audit State audit agency conducts part/ CPA firm(s) CPA firm conducts part— conducts audit % conducted by CPA firm (100%)
Key: ★—Provision for responsibility. …—No provision for responsibility. N/A—Did not respond.
Department of Audit The public auditor in conjunction with the audited agencies.
West Virginia Department of Administration’s Financial Accounting and Reporting System (FARS) conducts the annual financial audit (CAFR).
★
…
…
Auditor of Accounts
…
…
★
…
State audit agency conducts audit (100%)
Most of the outsourced component units select their own auditor; however, we do handle the bidding process for a few of these entities.
State auditor or an assigned director over contracting
The state entity receiving the audit
The audited entity with approval of Department of Legislative Audit
Selection of auditor if part/all of financial audit is contracted out
Sources: Auditing in the States: A Summary, 2018 edition. The National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers.
…
Post Audit Division
West Virginia Performance Evaluation Research Division
…
…
Tennessee
Washington
★
South Dakota
…
…
State or other jurisdiction
Virginia
State audit agency conducts audit (100%)
TA BLE 4.28 State Auditors: Audit of Basic Financial Statements and Single Audit (continued)
AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 5
AUD ITO R S A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 9 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments
State or other jurisdiction Alabama
Types of local governments audited Non-profit organizations/ for-profits receiving state/ Counties federal awards … ★(100%)
Audits local governments ★
Cities, towns & villages …
Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Legislative Auditor State Auditor Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey State Auditor State Comptroller New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio
… ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … … ★ …
… … ★(92.4%) ★ … ★ … … … … … … ★(99%) ★(10%) … … … … … ★ …
… ★(57%) ★(100%) ★ … … … … … … … … ★(99%) ★(40%) … ★(approx. 60%) … … … ★ …
… … … ★ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ★ …
School districts ★(100% county school districts) … … ★(82.13%) ★ … … … ★(100%) ★(approx. 85%) … … … ★(99%) ★(1%) … … … … … ★ …
… ★ ★ ★ … ★ … …
… ★(0.4%) … … … ★(1%) … …
… ★(70%) ★(37%) ★(78%) … ★(18%) … …
… … … … … ★(<1%) … …
… … … ★ … ★(<1%) … …
★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★
… ★ … ★(100%) … ★(62%) ★(74%)
… ★ … ★(100%) … … …
★(<5% a year) ★ … ★(100%) … ★(a) ★(60%)
Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Legislative Audit Council State Auditor South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Performance Evaluation Research Division Post Audit Division Wisconsin Wyoming Guam Puerto Rico
★ … ★ N/A
… ★ … ★(100%) … ★(a) ★cities (38%); townships (53%); villages (62%) ★(a) … ★ N/A
★(100%) … ★ N/A
★(a) … ★ N/A
★(a) … ★(100%) N/A
… … ★ ★ … … … … ★
… … ★a few, varies year to year … … … … … ★(100%)
… … ★(100%) ★(95%) … … … … ★(100%)
… … … … … … … … …
… … ★a few, varies year to year … … … … … ★(100%)
… … … ★ ★ ★
… … … ★(2%) ★ ★(100%)
… … … … … …
… … … … ★ …
… … … ★(20%) ★ ★(100%)
See footnotes at end of table
176 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 9 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona
Types of local governments audited (con’t.) Other … … Community College Districts (92%)
Arkansas
Prosecuting attorney judicial districts (100%)
California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa
Kansas Kentucky Louisiana
Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Legislative Auditor State Auditor Mississippi Missouri
Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey State Auditor
State Comptroller
Any publicly-created entity. … … … Cities, towns, etc., as directed by the Legislative Auditing Committee, through citizen petition, or the auditor general's discretion … … … As directed by the General Assembly
Audit standards used GAAS, GAGAS … GAAS, GAGAS, Uniform Guidance GAAS, GAGAS; very small local governments may have a financial and compliance report in lieu of a full audit report. GAGAS … GAGAS … GAAS, GAGAS
GAAP required for local government financial statements
GAGAS … … GAAS, GAGAS
★ … … By statute, GAAP is to be followed to the extent possible. Some smaller units of local government report on a cash basis. No, regulatory basis.
Audits all public libraries, townships, special taxing districts, state universities, and 10% of public hospitals. Intergovernmental entities organized under Chapter 28E of the Code of Iowa, landfills, community colleges, area education agencies, merged area schools, hospitals … Clerk fee—100%; sheriff fee—100%; sheriff tax settlements—100% The audit and other attest engagements of local governments in Louisiana are performed by CPA firms. These firms and engagements are approved by the legislative auditor. … … Counties, cities, towns and school districts are audited by request. Nonprofit organizations are audited as vendors receiving state funds. …
GAAS, GAGAS (c) GAAS, GAGAS
… GAAS, GAGAS GAGAS (d)
★ … ★ No, regulatory basis per Arkansas Code.
… … ★ … ★
GAAP is required for counties, schools, hospitals, community colleges, area education agencies and merged area schools; cash basis is used for cities, landfills and entitites organized under Chapter 28E of the Code of Iowa. … No. Regulatory basis for 115/120 counties; 5 of 120 counties follow GAAP. ★ Louisiana local governments that may issue debt are required by LRS 24:514 to prepare their financial statements in accordance with GAAP.
GAAS, GAGAS GAAS GAAS, GAGAS
★ ★ ★
GAAS (e)
★
… Regional development commissions—10%
… GAGAS
…
GAAS, GAGAS
Other political subdivisions such as cities and special districts upon petition by a subdivision's voters. Also, performace audits of transportation development districts and community improvement districts under separate statutory authority. … … … …
GAGAS
… Most entities are required to prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP. Very small entities report on a non-GAAP basis. Entities use both a cash basis and regulatory basis. Some counties prepare GAAP financial statements and some prepare OCBOA (cash/modified cash) financial statements. No. Some local governments use cash basis.
GAAS, GAGAS GAAS, GAGAS … …
★ No, cash basis … …
GAGAS
School districts and public authorities follow GAAP; cities and counties follow OCBOA (modified cash basis) as required by Department of Community Affairs, Division of Local Government Services.
GAGAS
…
There are 590 school districts in the state. The office is statutorily required to audit any district with a negative fund balance. Also audits others based on a risk assessment. Acutal school district audits—3 to 4 per year. …
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 7
AUD ITO R S A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 9 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments (continued) State or other jurisdiction New Mexico
New York
North Carolina North Dakota Ohio
Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania
Rhode Island South Carolina Legislative Audit Council State Auditor South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington
West Virginia Performance Evaluation Research Division Post Audit Division
Wisconsin Wyoming
Guam Puerto Rico
Types of local governments audited (con’t.) Other The Office of the State Auditor has a limited staff of auditors who conduct audits of agencies, therefore, most of these engagements are performed by Independent Public Accountants. …
Audit standards used GAAS, GAGAS
GAAP required for local government financial statements
GAGAS
★ The city of New York is required by law to prepare GAAP financial statements. School districts and Boards of Cooperative Education Services (BOCES) are required by the State Education Department to prepare GAAP financial statements. All other local governments are encouraged to do so, but are not required. … No. Counties are required to prepare financial statements. Other local governments are not required to prepare their own financial statements. Cash/modified cash is used. Ohio Administrative Code 117-2-03 requires counties, cities and school districts, including educational service centers and community schools, and government insurance pools organized pursuant to section 9.833 or 2744.081 of the Ohio Revised Code to file annual financial reports prepared using GAAP. Other local governments follow OCBOA and regulatory basis. No. Counties may choose GAAP or regulatory basis.
★(f)
… …
… GAGAS
Community schools—31%
GAAS, GAGAS
District attorneys—100%; emergency medical service districts—100% …
GAAS, GAGAS (g)
Audits of cities, towns, villages, and counties are only if part of the entity and not an audit of the complete entity. Examples are audits of pension plans that receive state funds and county offices that receive state funds or collect funds for the state with the audit limited to the state funds. All nonprofit volunteer firefighters' relief associations are audited, but other nonprofit or for-profit entities may receive state funds that we do not audit. N/A
GAGAS (h)
N/A
N/A
… … …
… … GAGAS
… … … … … 94%
GAGAS GAAS, GAGAS GAAS, GAGAS (i) GAAS, GAGAS (j) GAAS, GAGAS
… … No. Not required of any local governments, but school districts all prepare GAAP statements. Local governments (other than school districts) generally use modified cash basis. ★ ★ ★ No. Towns that do not use GAAP ususally use cash basis. ★ Local governments generally have a choice to report on either a regulatory cash basis of GAAP, although certain governments are required by regulatory or granting agencies to report GAAP. Also, school districts may report on regulatory modified-accrual basis, regulatory cash basis or GAAP.
… We do not conduct audits of Volunteer Fire Departments that receive state grant funds. Typically, the amount of these annual grants is less than $50,000, and we can only audit the use of these state funds. … Audits not for financial purpose; schools done on about a 5-year cycle; town under 4,000 population done randomly approximately 2% per year. … …
… GAGAS
… …
… GAGAS
… ★ Smaller entities can use cash basis.
GAAS, GAGAS GAAS (b)
No. Cash/modified cash is used. ★
See footnotes at end of table
178 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
GAAS, GAGAS
Cities and counties are required to follow GAAP, but other local government entities may not. They use cash/modified cash basis. No. Conducts primarily compliance audits related to state funding. Any financial audits are conducted by other auditors. For some engagements of counties and municipal government, conducts attestation examinations of statements prepared on a regulatory basis. Other audits of local governments are conducted as performance audits with the primary focus on compliance.
AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S
TA BLE 4 . 2 9 State Auditors: Audits of Local Governments (continued) Sources: Auditing in the States: A Summary, 2018 edition. The National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers and state constitutions and statutes. Key: ★—Yes …—No N/A—Did not respond GAAP—Generally Accepted Accounting Principles GAAS—Generally Accepted Auditing Standards GAGAS—Generally Accepted Government Auditing Standards SAS—Statement on Auditing Standards (a) Unknown. In Oklahoma, special investigative audits only. (b) For audits started before June 30, 2016, the Office of the Comptroller had its own set of auditing standards. After July 1, 2016, all audits are performed under GAGAS. (c) GAGAS is the standard for single audits only. (d) The engagement contracts for CPA firms performing audits of local governments in Louisiana are approved by the legislative
auditor. These contracts require all local government audits to comply with GAGAS. (e) If a single audit is required, the audit must be in accordance with GAGAS. (f) Very small local governments may be eligible for an agreed-upon procedures engagement in lieu of a full audit. The determination is made based on cash basis annual revenue. Use cash basis. (g) Special investigative audits do not follow standards. (h) Most, but not all, local government audits are conducted in accordance with GAGAS. (i) Some towns have elected auditors and others hire external auditors (CPA firms). For those towns that hire external auditors, GAGAS is utilized. (j) Localities are also required to follow the Auditor of Public Accounts Specifications for Audits, which include additional audit procedures specifically related to compliance with state laws and regulations.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 7 9
AUD ITO R S A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S
TA BLE 4 . 3 0 State Comptrollers, 2019
State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware
Agency or office Office of the State Comptroller Division of Finance General Accounting Office Dept. of Finance and Administration Office of the State Auditor Office of the State Controller Department of Finance Department of Personnel and Administration Office of the Comptroller
Name Kathleen Baxter Dan BeBartolo D. Clark Partridge Larry Walther Andrea Lea Betty Yee (D) Todd Jerue
Legal Method Approval or Length basis for of confirmation, of Title office selection if necessary term State Comptroller S (c) AG (b) Acting Division Director S (d) AG (a) State Comptroller S (d) AG (b) Chief Fiscal Officer, Director S G ... (a) State Auditor State Controller C E ... 4 yrs. Chief Operating Officer
...
2 terms
...
State Controller
S
(d)
AG
(o)
...
«
Comptroller Director, Division of Accounting Chief Financial Officer State Accounting Officer
C
E
...
4 yrs.
unlimited
...
Dept. of Finance
Jane Cole Jimmy Patronis
Georgia
State Accounting Office
Alan Skelton
Dept. of Accounting and General Hawaii Curt Otaguro State Comptroller Services Idaho Office of State Controller Brandon Woolf State Controller Illinois Office of the State Comptroller Susana Mendoza (D) State Comptroller Indiana Office of the Auditor of State Tera Klutz Auditor of State Iowa State Accounting Enterprise Jay Cleveland Chief Operating Officer Office of the Chief Financial Kansas Vacant Chief Financial Officer Officer Kentucky Office of the Controller Edgar C. Ross Controller Office of Statewide Reporting Commissioner of Louisiana Jay Dardenne and Accounting Policy Administration Maine Office of the State Controller Douglas Cotnoir State Controller Office of the Comptroller of the Maryland Peter Franchot (D) State Comptroller Treasury Massachusetts Office of the Comptroller Andrew Maylor Comptroller Michigan Office of Financial Management Michael J. Moody Director Minnesota Department of Finance Myron Frans Commissioner Department of Finance and Director, Office of Fiscal Mississippi Lisa Dunn Administration Management Missouri Division of Accounting Stacy Neal Director of Accounting Montana State Accounting Division Cheryl Grey Administrator Interim Accounting Nebraska Accounting Division Jason Jackson Administrator Nevada Office of the State Controller Catherine Byrne (D) State Controller New Hampshire Department of Administration Dana Call State Comptroller Office of Management and New Jersey David Ridolfino State Comptroller Budget Department of Finance and New Mexico Administration, Financial Ronald Spilman State Controller Control Division New York Office of the State Comptroller Thomas P. DiNapoli State Comptroller North Carolina Office of the State Controller Linda Combs State Controller Office of Management and North Dakota Joe Morrisette Director Budget Office of Budget and Ohio Kim Murnieks Director Management Oklahoma
Office of State Finance
Lynne Bajema
Oregon
Chief Financial Office
Robert Hamilton
Rhode Island
...
Bob Jaros
Dept. of Financial Services
Office of the Budget/ Comptroller Operations Office of Accounts and Control
Civil service or merit system employee « « ...
Kevin P. Lembo (D)
Florida
Pennsylvania
Elected comptrollers maximum consecutive terms ... ... ...
Anna Maria Kiehl Peter Keenan
See footnotes at end of table
180 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
State Comptroller Manager, Statewide Accounting and Reporting Chief Accounting Officer State Controller
S
G
AL
(a)
...
...
C,S
E
...
4 yrs.
2 terms
...
S
G
...
(a)
...
...
S
G
AS
4 yrs.
...
...
C C C S
E E E (d)
... ... ... ...
4 yrs. 4 yrs. 4 yrs. (i)
2 terms unlimited 2 terms ...
... ... ... ...
S
(d)
...
(b)
...
...
S
(f)
AG
(i)
...
...
S
G
...
(a)
...
...
S
(f)
AG
(i)
...
...
C
E
...
4 yrs.
unlimited
...
S S S
G SBD G
... SBD AS
4 yrs (k) (a)
... ... ...
... « «
C,S
G
...
(a)
...
...
S S
(d) (m)
... ...
(i) (b)
... ...
... «
S
(d)
...
(b)
...
...
C, S S
E G
... ...
4 yrs. 4 yrs.
2 terms ...
... ...
S
G
AS
(a)
...
...
S
G
...
(a)
...
«
C,S S
E G
... GA
4 yrs. 7 yrs.
unlimited ...
... ...
S
G
...
(a)
unlimited
...
S
G
...
(a)
...
...
S
(g)
...
(h)
...
...
S
(d)
...
(i)
...
...
S
SBD
AG
(a)
...
...
S
(d)
...
(b)
...
«
AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S
TA BLE 4 . 3 0 State Comptrollers, 2019 (continued)
State South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia
Wisconsin Wyoming
Agency or office Name Office of the Comptroller Richard Eckstrom (R) General Office of the State Auditor Richard Sattgast (R) Bureau of Financial Liza Clark Management Division of Accounts Mike Corricelli Office of the Comptroller of Glenn Hegar (R) Public Accounts Division of Finance John C. Reidhead Department of Finance and Adam Greshen Management Department of Accounts David A. Von Moll Office of Financial Management David Schumacher Office of the State Auditor John McCuskey (R) Finance Division, Office of the Dave Mullins State Comptroller State Controller's Office Jeffrey Anderson Office of the State Auditor Kristi Racines (R)
Legal Method Approval or Length basis for of confirmation, of office selection if necessary term
Title
Elected comptrollers maximum consecutive terms
Civil service or merit system employee
Comptroller General
C,S
E
State Auditor Commissioner
C S
E (n)
Chief of Accounts Comptroller of Public Accounts Director
S
(f)
...
(b)
...
...
C,S
E
...
4 yrs.
unlimited
...
S
(d)
AG
(i)
...
...
Commissioner
S
(d)
AG,AS
(i)
...
...
State Comptroller Director State Auditor
S C C
G G E
... ... ...
4 yrs. ... 4 yrs.
... unlimited
... ... ...
Acting Finance Director
S
(d)
AG
(a)(i)
...
...
State Controller State Auditor
S C
CS E
... ...
(b) 4 yrs.
... 2 terms
« ...
Sources: Comptrollers: Technical Activities and Functions, 2018 edition, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers and The Council of State Governments, April 2019. Key: «—Yes, provision for. …—No provision for. C—Constitutional S—Statutory N.A.—Not applicable. E—Elected by the public. G—Appointed by the Governor. CS—Civil Service. AG—Approved by the governor. AS—Approved/confirmed by the Senate. AL—Approved by the Legislature. SBD—Approved by State Budget Director. GA—Confirmed by the General Assembly. SDB—Confirmed by State Depository Board. (a) Serves at the pleasure of the governor. In South Dakota, also serves at the pleasure of the CFO. (b) Indefinite.
...
4 yrs.
unlimited
...
...
4 yrs. (a)
2 terms
... ...
(c) State merit system appointment; selected and recommended by state finance director. (d) Appointed by the head of the department of administration or administrative services. (e) Appointed by the head of finance. department or agency. (f) Appointed by the head of financial and administrative services. (g) Appointed by the director of management & enterprise services. (h) Serves at the pleasure of the head of the director of management & enterprise services. (i) Serves at the pleasure of the head of the financial and administrative services or administration. (j) Appointed by the governor for a term coterminous with the governor. (k) Two-year renewable contractual term; classified executive service. (l) As of July 1, 2005, the responsibility for accounting and financial reporting in Georgia was transferred to the newly-created State Accounting Office. (m) Hired through a selection process. (n) Hired by the chief financial officer. (o) One year contract similar to other division director.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 8 1
AUD ITO R S A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S
TA BLE 4 . 3 1 State Comptrollers: Qualifications for Office State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia— Office of State Auditor Division of Finance, Office of State Comptroller Wisconsin Wyoming
Minimum age … … … 30 … … … … 30 … … 25 25 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 25 … … … 30 … … … … … 21 … 18 … … … … … … …
U.S. citizen (years) « … … … … … … … … … … (b) « … … … … … … … … … … … … … … « … … « « … … … « … … « … « … «(b) « … … «, Whole life
State resident (years) … … … … … … … … «, 7 yrs. … 30 days «, 2 yrs. «, 3 yrs. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … «, 2 yrs. … … … «(h) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
25
«
…
…
«
…
… 25
… «
… …
«(j) …
See footnotes at end of table
182 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Education years or degree (n) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (c) … … … «(d) «, B.S. … … … «(f) «(g) … … … … … «(i) … … … … «(j) «(k) … … … … «(l) … … …
Professional experience and years «, 10 yrs. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … . .. … … … … «, 2 yrs. … … … «, 10 yrs. «, 3 yrs. … … … … … « … … … … «, 10 yrs. … … … … … «, 6 yrs. … … …
Professional certification and years (a) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … «, CPA «, CPA … … … … … … … … … … «, CPA «, CPA … … … … «, CPA … … …
Other qualifications … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (e) … … … … … … … … «(i) … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
…
…
…
…
«(m)
«, 4 yrs.
…
…
… …
«, CPA …
… …
AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S
TA BLE 4 . 3 1 State Comptrollers: Qualifications for Office (continued) Sources: Comptrollers: Technical Activities and Functions, 2018 edition, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers and The Council of State Governments, April 2019. Key: «—Formal provision. …—No formal provision. N.A.—Not applicable. (a) One of the following CPA, CIA, CPM, CGFM or CGFO. (b) Years not specified. (c) In part the statute reads “the state controller shall be a person qualified by education and experience for the position and held in high esteem in the accounting community.” (d) Advanced degree in accounting, auditing, financial management, business administration or public administration (M.G.L.C. 7A, S.1) (e) The executive director (a) shall be a certified public accountant; or (b) shall possess a master’s degree in busioness, public administration or a related field; or (c) shall have at least 10 yrs. experience in management in the private or public sector and a minimum of 5 yrs. experience in high level management with a documented record of management.
(f) Bachelor’s degree in accounting. (g) Four-year degree with a concentration in accounting. (h) Five preceding elections. (i) Qualified by education and experience for the office. (j) Bachelor’s degree. (k) Master’s degree in accounting or business administration. (l) Accounting or related college degree. (m) College education with a major in business or public administration. (n) Bachelor’s degree with a major in accounting and a master’s degree in accounting, business administration or public administration, both of which must be from an accredited college or university that is a member of one of the six regional accreditation associations in the United States.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 8 3
AUD ITO R S A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S
TA BLE 4 . 3 2 State Comptrollers: Duties, Responsibilities and Functions State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Disbursements « « ★ … ★ « ★ « « … « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « ★ « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « … « « «
Payroll « « ★ « ★ « ★ … « … « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « … « … ★ « « « « « … « « « « « « « « « … « … « « «
Tax reporting ★ « ★ « ★ « ★ … « … … … ★ ★ « « … … ★ « ★ ★ … … « … ★ ★ ★ ★ « « … « « ★ « ★ … … « … « … … … … « … …
See footnotes at end of table
184 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Pre-audit « … … … ★ « ★ « « … « « « « « « « … « « « … … « « … « … ★ … « « … … « « … « « « « « « … … « … « « …
Post-audit … … ★ … ★ … ★ « « … « … « … « … … … « « « … … « ★ … ★ … ★ … « « … … « « … « « … … « « « … « … « « …
Operating the financial management system « « ★ « … « ★ « « « « « « « « ★ « « « « « « « « « « « «
Financial reporting « « ★ « ★ « ★ « « « « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « «
★ « « « « « « « « « « « … … « « « « … … « «
★ « « « « « « « « « « « … « « « « « « « « «
Debt management … … ★ … … … … … « … … … … … … … « … … … « … « … « … « … … … … « … … « … … … … … … … … « … … … … … …
AU D I TO R S A N D CO M PTR O LLE R S
TA BLE 4 . 3 2 State Comptrollers: Duties, Responsibilities and Functions (continued) State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Investment management … … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … … …
Internal control oversight CMIA … CMIA ★ … … … ★ … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … ★ … … ★ … … … ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … ★ …
Transparency … … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … … … … ★ ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ …
Quality assurance ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … ★ …
Enterprise resource planning system responsibility … … … … … ★ … ★ … … … … ★ … … … … … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … … ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ … … ★ ★(ao)
Data warehouse ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … … … ★ … … … … … ★ … … ★ ★(ad) … ★ … … ★ ★ … … … … … ★(ao)
Other … (a) … … (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) (i) … (j) (k) (l) (m) (n) (o) (p) (q) … (r) … (s) (t) (u) (v) (w) (x) (y) … … (z) (aa) (ab) (ac) (ae) … (af) (ag) (ah) (ai) (aj) (ak) … (al) (am) (an) (ap)
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 8 5
AUD ITO R S A N D CO MPT R O L L E R S
TA BLE 4 . 3 2 State Comptrollers: Duties, Responsibilities and Functions (continued) Source: State Comptrollers: Technical Activities and Functions, 2018 edition, National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers. Key: «—Formal provision. …—No formal provision. CMIA —Cash Management Improvement Act of 1990 (a) Enterprise travel office and one-card program. Performs accounting for the Department of Revnue debt manager, but does not actually manage the debt program. (b) Unclaimed property. (c) Financial system operations; central collection services, purchasing and contracts. (d) Also responsible for providing health insurance and other benefits to state employees and retirees; administer State Employee Retirement System and other retirement systems, and pays retiree pensions. (e) Payroll compliance (not processing). (f) State treasury—deposit security and funds management, risk management, and unclaimed property. (g) Payroll shared services, state travel office and a/p shared services. (h) Archives, records management, risk management, land survey, public works, office leasing, central services—repairs, custodial, district offices—school repairs and maintenance, motor pool and parking. (i) Data center. (j) Distributions to local governments. Administers the state’s deferred compensation plan, Hoosier Start. (k) Income offsets, CMIA and SWCAP, 1099 MISC and 1095 reporting. (l) Municipals statewide, audit of agencies - new audit plan, internal control/systems monitoring. Tax reporting includes payroll tax withholding and remittance. (m) State risk pools (fire and auto). (n) Planning and budgeting, and facility planning and control (capital outlay). (o) Risk management/self-insurance. (p) Tax collection, tax compliance, field enforcement and revenue estimates. (q) Risk management. (r) Budget, human resources, cash management and management consulting. (s) State Social Security administrator; general revenue cash flow monitoring/projections. (t) Statewide procurement and contract services, local government audit and financial report review, and Social Security administration. (u) Tax reporting limited to payroll and 1099; financial reporting includes SWCAP and single audit; P-card and federal letter of credit delayed draw administration.
186 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(v) Tax reporting limited to 1099 reporting. (w) Financial reporting includes SWCAP and single audit; financial management system is operated in conjunction with separate Division of Financial Data Management. (x) Grant accounting and cash accouting. (y) Systems functions are shared with the Deparment of Information Technology. (z) Purchasing card program administration. (aa) Budget, accounting and shared services, internal audit and 1099 reporting. (ab) P-card administration (with state procurement) and state travel office. (ac) Purchase card program administration. Statewide accounts receivable management. (ad) The comptroller maintains reporting hierarchies for the CAFR in the data warehouse. (ae) Employee travel planning and reimbursement, policy/planning, payable service center, contract review and internal audits. (af) P-card administration (with state procurement) and state employee unemployment insurance program. (ag) Bureau of Finance and Management also performs numerous comptroller functions. (ah) Policy development, technical accounting training, CMIA and certain banking relationships. (ai) The comptroller’s office serves virtually every citizen in the state. As Texas’ chief tax collector, accountant, revenue estimator, treasurer and purchasing managet, the agency is reponsible for writing the check and keeping the books for the multi-billon dollar business of state government. (aj) Loan servicing, debt collection, debt service, statewide accounting policies, CMIA, P-card administration, 1099 reporting. Shares system responsibilities with the Department of Technology Services. (ak) Developing statewide budget, statewide accounting policies, SWCAP, SMIA, CAFR, single audit, train users in uses of statewide accounting system and 1099 reporting. (al) Developing statewide budget, setting statewide admin. policies and procedures, HR policies/Labor Relations Office, and forecasting statewide population. (am) Statewide accounting policies, SWCAP, Single Audit, and 1099 reporting. (an) State treasury, SEFA report, Local Government Investement Pool, CAFR, Central Federal Draw, CMIA, 1099-Misc reporting, E-Payments. (ao) Quailty Assurance in the Office of State Auditor is for training on the state’s uniform accounting system. Also, the data warehouse is for the state’s uniform accounting system, which inlcudes payroll data as well as financial data. (ap) SEFA, TIN matching, 1099 reporting.
CHAPTER FIVE
S TAT E J U D I C I A L BRANCH
JU D I C I A RY
TA BLE 5 . 1 State Courts of Last Resort State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas
Name of court S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.
Justices chosen (a) By At large district « « « «
Chief justice No. of judges (b) 9 5 7 7
Term (in years) (c) 6 10 6 8
California
S.C.
«
7
12
Colorado Connecticut
S.C. S.C.
« «
7 7
10 8
Delaware
S.C.
«
5
12
Florida Georgia
S.C. S.C.
«(d) «
7 9
6 6
Hawaii
S.C.
«
5
10
Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire
S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.J.C. C.A. S.J.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C.
« «(e) « « «
5 7 5 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 9 7 7 7 7 5
6 10 10 8 6 8 10 7 10 To age 70 8 6 8 12 8 6 6 To age 70
Method of selection Partisan election By court By court Non-partisan popular election Gubernatorial appointment with consent of Commission on Judicial Appointments By court Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature By court By court Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the senate By court By court Judicial nominating commission By court By seniority of service By court By seniority of service Appointed by governor with consent of the legislature Appointed by governor Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council By court Non-partisan popular election By seniority of service By court Non-partisan popular election Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission Rotation by seniority Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council
«(d)
«(e)
« « « « « « « «(g) « « «(h) « «
«(h)
Term of office for chief justice 6 years 3 years 5 years 8 years 12 years 10 years 8 years 12 years 2 years 6 years 10 years 4 years 3 years 5 years 8 years Duration of service 4 years Duration of service 7 years To age 70 To age 70 2 years 6 years Duration of service 2 years 8 years Duration of service (i) To age 70 7 years, plus tenure, to age 70 2 years
New Jersey
S.C.
«
5
(j)
Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the senate
New Mexico
S.C.
«
5
8
New York
C.A.
«
7
14
« « «
Oregon Pennsylvania
S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. C.C.A. S.C. S.C.
« «
7 5 7 9 5 7 7
8 10 6 6 6 6 10
Rhode Island
S.C.
«
5
Life
South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee
S.C. S.C. S.C. S.C. C.C.A. S.C.
« «(l) « « « «
5 5 5 9 9 5
10 8 8 6 6 10
S.C.
«
5
6
S.C. S.C. S.C.A. S.C. S.C.
« « « « «
7 9 5 7 5
12 6 12 10 8
By court Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the senate Partisan popular election By Supreme and District Court judges Popular election (k) By court By court By court Seniority Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature Legislative appointment By court By court Partisan election Partisan election By court Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature By court By court By court By court By court
C.A.
«
9
15
Judicial Nominating Commission appointment
4 years
S.C.
«
9
To age 70
Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature
To age 70
North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma
Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico
« «
«(l)
14 years 8 years 5 years 6 years 2 years 2 years 6 years Duration of service Hold office during good behavior 10 years 4 years 4 years / 2 years (m) 6 years 6 years 4 years 6 years 4 years 4 years 4 years 2 years 4 years
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 8 9
JUDICIA RY
TA BLE 5 . 1 State Courts of Last Resort (continued) Sources: National Center for State Courts. January 1, 2019. Key: «—Yes S.C.—Supreme Court S.C.A.—Supreme Court of Appeals S.J.C.—Supreme Judicial Court C.A.—Court of Appeals C.C.A.—Court of Criminal Appeals (a) See Table 5.6, entitled, “Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges,” for more detail. (b) Number includes chief justice. (c) The initial term may be shorter. See Table 5.6, entitled, “Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges,” for more detail. (d) Elected statewide, but each of 5 regional appellate districts entitled to at least 1 justice. (e) Three justices chosen from First District (Cook County), rest from other Districts.
190 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(g) Three justices chosen from each of three districts. (h) Chief justice chosen statewide; associate judges chosen by district. (i) The senior justice in commission is the Chief Justice, and in case the commissions of two or more of the justices bear the same date, the justices shall determine by lot who is the Chief Justice. (j) All judges are subject to gubernatorial reappointment and consent by the Senate after an initial seven-year term; thereafter, they may serve until mandatory retirement at age 70. (k) Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations. (l) Initially chosen by district; retention determined statewide. (m) 4 years for initial term; 2 years for additional terms.
JU D I C I A RY
Table 5.1 | State Courts of Last Resort Number of Judges 9 JUDGES AL, GA, MS, OK, TX, WA, D.C., PR 7 JUDGES AZ, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, IL, IA, KS, KY, LA, ME, MD, MA, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, NV, NY, NC, OH, OR, PA, VA, WI 5 JUDGES AK, DE, HI, ID, IN, NH, NJ, NM, ND, RI, SC, SD, TN, UT, VT, WV, WY
Term of Office for Judges 6 years • 15 states 7 years • 1 state
Life • 1 state To age 70 • 4 states 15 years • 1 state
8 years 12 states •
14 years • 1 state 12 years • 5 states
10 years • 12 states
Term of Office for Chief Justices 1 year • 1 state
Other • 4 states
2 years • 7 states
To 70 • 5 states
3 years • 2 states
Duration of Service 5 states
4 years • 8 states
14 years • 1 state 12 years • 2 states 10 years • 3 states
5 years 3 states •
6 years 6 states •
8 years • 5 states 7 years • 1 state Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 9 1
JUDICIA RY
TA BLE 5 . 2 State Intermediate Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts: Number of Judges and Terms State or other jurisdiction Alabama
Intermediate appellate court Name of court 2019 No. of judges Court of Criminal Appeals 5 Court of Civil Appeals 5
Name of court Circuit Court
Superior Court Superior Court Tax Court
42 180 1
6 4 4 (a)
Circuit Court Superior Court District Court Denver Juvenile Court Denver Probate Court Superior Court Superior Court Court of Chancery Circuit Court Superior Court Circuit Court District Court Circuit Court Superior Court, Probate Court and Circuit Court
121 1,680 177 (b) 3 1 163 21 5 599 213 30 45 934 (c) 317
6 6 6 6 6 8 12 12 6 4 10 4 6 6
District Court District Court Circuit Court Family Court District Court Juvenile & Family Court Superior Court District Court Circuit Court Superior Court Circuit Court Court of Claims District Court Circuit Court Circuit Court District Court Water Court Workers' Compensation Court District Court District Court Superior Court Superior Court District Court Supreme Court County Court Superior Court District Court Court of Common Pleas District Court Circuit Court Tax Court Court of Common Pleas Superior Court Circuit Court Circuit Court Chancery Court Circuit Court Criminal Court Probate Court District Court
337 (d) 245 (e) 95 52 218 18 17 36 162 77 214 4 290 57 346 (f) 46 (h) 5 1 55 82 22 386 94 269 122 104 (k) 51 449 241 (n) 172 1 449 (p) 25 (q) 58 43 83 35 33 2 465
6 4 8 8 6 6 7 7 15 To age 70 6 6 6 4 6 (g) 6 4 6 6 6 To age 70 (i) 6 14 10 8 (l) 6 6 4 (o) 6 6 10 Life 6 8 8 8 8 8 4
Alaska
Court of Appeals
3
8
Arizona
Court of Appeals
22
6
Arkansas California
Court of Appeals Courts of Appeal Court of Appeals
12 99 22
8 12 8
Colorado Connecticut
Appellate Court
9
8
Delaware
…
…
…
Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois
District Courts of Appeals Court of Appeals Intermediate Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Appellate Court Court of Appeals
64 15 6 4 54 15 1
6 6 10 6 10 10 10
9 14
6 4
Indiana Iowa Kansas
Tax Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals
Kentucky
Court of Appeals
14
8
Courts of Appeal
53
10
…
…
…
Court of Special Appeals Appeals Court
15 25
10 To age 70
Michigan
Court of Appeals
27
6
Minnesota Mississippi Missouri
Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals …
19 10 32 …
6 8 12 …
Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Appellate Division of Superior Court Court of Appeals Appellate Division of Supreme Court Appellate Terms of Supreme Court Court of Appeals Temporary Court of Appeals Courts of Appeals Court of Civil Appeals Court of Appeals
6 3 … 33 10 53 11 15 3 69 12 13
6 6 … (i) 8 5 (j) Duration of term 8 1 (m) 6 6 6
Superior Court … Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals
23 … 9 … 12 12
10 … 6 … 8 8
Courts of Appeals
80
6
Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts
Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas See footnotes at end of table
192 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
General trial court 2019 No. of judges 144
Term (years) 6 6
Term (years) 6
JU D I C I A RY
TA BLE 5 . 2 State Intermediate Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts: Number of Judges and Terms (continued) State or other jurisdiction Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico
Name of court Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Courts of Appeal … Court of Appeals …
Intermediate appellate court 2019 No. of judges 7 … 11 22 … 16 …
Term (years) 6 … 8 6 … 6 …
Name of court District Court Superior Court Circuit Court Superior Court Circuit Court Circuit Court District Court
General trial court 2019 No. of judges 72 34 157 192 70 249 23
Term (years) 6 6 8 4 8 6 6
…
…
…
Superior Court
62
15
Court of Appeals
39
16
Court of First Instance
338 (r)
12 (s)
Sources: National Center for State Courts, May 2019. Key: …—Court does not exist in jurisdiction or not applicable. (a) Unless rotated to a different court by the presiding judge. (b) Judges also serve Water Court. (c) 514 Circuit Court Judges and 378 Associate Judges. (d) 146 of these are part-time judicial magistrates. (e) Includes both district judges and district magistrate judges. (f) The number of Circuit Court judges includes associate judges. (g) Associate Circuit judges serve a term of four years. (h) Three of those judges serve the Water Court. (i) Followed by tenure. All judges are subject to gubernatorial reappointment and consent by the Senate after an initial sevenyear term; thereafter, they may serve until mandatory retirement at age 70.
(j) Or duration. (k) The number of Superior Court judges includes special judges. (l) Special judges serve a term of four years. (m) Assignments are for a specified time, not to exceed one year or the completion of one or more cases on the docket of the supreme court. (n) The number of District Court judges includes associate judges and special judges. (o) District and associate judges serve four year terms; special judges serve at pleasure. (p) Includes both active and senior judges. (q) The number of judges includes magistrates. (r) The number of Court of First Instance judges includes Municipal Division judges. (s) Municipal judges serve a term of eight years.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 9 3
JUDICIA RY
TA BLE 5 . 3 Qualifications of Judges of State Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts Residency requirement State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida
State
Local
Georgia
«
3 yrs.
…
Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa
« 2 yrs. « « «
« 1 yr. « 1 yr. «
… … « … …
T 1 yr. … 1 yr. … … « … « «(g) must reside within court circuit … … « « «
Kansas
…
5 yrs.
…
Kentucky
2 yrs.
2 yrs.
Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts
1 yrs. … 5 yrs. …
1 yrs. … 5 yrs. …
Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada
A 1 yr. 5 yrs. 5/10 yrs. (a) … « « « « «
T 1 yr. 5 yrs. 5 yrs. … … « « « «
A … … (b) « … … … … «(f)
Minimum age A T … 18 … … 30 30 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
30
7 years state bar
… 30 … … …
30 … … … …
10 years state bar 10 years state bar Law degree Licensed attorney Admitted to state bar
…
30
30
2 yrs.
2 yrs.
…
…
1 yrs. … 6 mos. …
1 yrs. … 6 mos. …
… … 30 …
… … 30 …
«
«
…
…
…
…
30 days 5 yrs. 9 yrs. (k) 2 yrs. 3 yrs.
30 days 5 yrs. 3 yrs. (k) 2 yrs. «
… «(j) … … «
30 days … 1 yr. (k) … «
… 30 30 … 30
… 26 30 … 30
10 years state bar 10 years state bar Licensed attorney 10 years state bar (h) Licensed attorney "10 years active and continuous practice (i)" "8 years state bar and licensed attorney" 10 years state bar "Learned in law" State bar member … "State bar member and 5 years practice" Licensed attorney 5 years state bar State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years practice
2 yrs.
2 yrs.
…
…
25
25
State bar member (l) 10 years practice "Admitted to practice in state for at least 10 years" 10 years practice 10 years state bar State bar member License to practice law 6 years practice 5 years state bar State bar member State bar member License to practice law 8 years state bar State bar member License to practice law (t) State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years state bar State bar member 10 years state bar 5 years state bar 9 years practice 5 years practice 10 years practice
New Hampshire
…
…
…
…
…
…
New Jersey
«
(m)
…
(m)
…
…
3 yrs. « … « « « 3 yrs. 1 yr. … 5 yrs. « 5 yrs. « 5 yrs. … … 1 yr. 5 yrs. 28 days 3 yrs. N.A. 5 yrs.
3 yrs. « « « « (o) 3 yrs. « … 5 yrs. « 5 yrs. … 3 yrs. … « 1 yr. « 28 days 2 yrs. N.A. …
… … … … … 1 yr. … … … … « «(r) … … … … 1 yr. … 28 days … 90 days …
« … (n) « « « 1 yr. 1 yr. … (q) « 1 yr. 2 yrs. « … « 1 yr. « 28 days … 90 days …
35 … … … … 30 … … 21 32 … 35/30 (s) 35 30 … … … 30 … 30 … …
35 18 … … … … … 21 … 32 … 30 25 25 … … … 30 18 28 … …
New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico
Legal Credentials A T 10 years state bar 5 years state bar 8 years practice 5 years practice (c) (d) 8 years practice 6 years licensed in state 10 years state bar 10 years state bar 5 years state bar 5 years state bar Licensed attorney Member of the bar "Learned in law" "Learned in law" 10 years state bar 5 years state bar
See footnotes at end of table
194 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
5 years state bar 8 years state bar 8 years state bar 1 year state bar State bar member State bar member State bar member Licensed attorney 5 years practice State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years practice "2 years state bar member and 10 years practice" State bar member 10 years practice of law 6 years active practice 10 years state bar State bar member State bar member 6 years practice (p) State bar member State bar member State bar member 8 years state bar State bar member License to practice law (u) State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years state bar State bar member 5 years state bar 5 years state bar Law degree 5 years state bar (v) 7 years state bar
JU D I C I A RY
TA BLE 5 . 3 Qualifications of Judges of State Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts (continued) Source: National Center for State Courts, May 2019. Key: A—Judges of courts of last resort and intermediate appellate courts. T—Judges of general trial courts. «—Provision; length of time not specified. …—No specific provision. N.A.—Not applicable. (a) For court of appeals, five years. (b) No local residency requirement stated for Supreme Court. Local residency of 3 years required for Court of Appeals. (c) Supreme Court—ten years state bar, Court of Appeals—five years state bar. (d) Admitted to the practice of law in Arizona for five years. (e) Court of Appeals minimum age is 30. (f) The candidate must be a resident of the district at the time of the original appointment. (g) Circuit court judge must reside within the territorial jurisdiction of the court. (h) In the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals, five years service as a general jurisdiction judge may be substituted. (i) Relevant legal experience, such as being a member of a law faculty or sitting as a judge, may qualify under the 10 year requirement. (j) Must reside within the district. (k) At the appellate level must have been a state voter for nine years. At the general trial court level must have been a state voter for three years and resident of the circuit for 1 year. (l) Minimum of two years state bar member and at least 15 years of legal practice.
(m) Restricted Superior court judgeships require residence within the particular county of assignment at time of appointment and reappointment. (n) Resident judges of the Superior Court are required to have local residency, but special judges are not. (o) District and associate judges must be state residents for six months if elected, and associate judges must be county residents. (p) District Court: judges must be a state bar member for four years or a judge of court record. Associate judges must be a state bar member for two years or a judge of a court of record. (q) Circuit judges must be county electors and residents of the circuit. (r) Supreme Court: One justice from each of three divisions and two seats at large; no more than two may be from any grand division. Court of Appeals and Court of Criminal Appeals: Must reside in the grand division served. (s) 35 for Supreme Court, 30 for Court of Appeals & Court of Criminal Appeals. (t) Ten years practicing law or a lawyer and judge of a court of record at least 10 years. (u) District Court: judges must have been a practicing lawyer or a judge of a court in this state, or both combined, for four years. (v) Superior Court: Judge must also be an active member of the unified District of Columbia bar and have been engaged, during the five years immediately preceding the judicial nomination, in the active practice of law as an attorney in the District, been on the faculty of a law school in the District, or been employed by either the by the United States or District of Columbia government.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 1 9 5
JUDICIA RY
TA BLE 5 . 4 Compensation of Judges of Appellate Courts and General Trial Courts State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Court of last resort Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Judicial Court Court of Appeals Supreme Judicial Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Supreme Court
Appellate courts Chief Justice Associate Justice salaries salaries $181,127 $172,716 205,776 205,176 164,836 159,685 183,600 174,925 256,059 253,189 181,219 182,671 200,599 185,610 204,148 196,245 178,420 220,600 175,600 175,600 231,468 227,664 149,700 151,400 229,345 234,391 173,599 177,244 183,001 174,808 142,793 142,089 140,508 138,890 177,703 170,325 154,981 138,070 195,433 181,433 199,989 200,984 164,610 164,610 190,699 177,697 159,000 152,250 181,677 176,157 145,621 144,061 173,694 176,299 170,000 170,000 167,271 175,837 192,795 201,842 133,174 139,819 222,500 230,200 150,086 149,115 161,517 157,009 174,700 172,200 155,820 154,174 150,572 154,040 213,748 211,027 193,458 183,872 156,234 148,794 137,270 136,893 190,128 188,952 170,500 168,000 180,500 182,950 166,130 163,757 210,017 197,827 189,374 190,415 136,000 136,000 147,403 159,297 165,000 165,000
Source: National Center for State Courts, January 6, 2019. Note: Compensation is shown rounded to the nearest thousand, and is reported according to most recent legislation, even though laws may not yet have taken effect. There are other non-salary forms of judicial compensation that can be a significant part of a judge’s compensation package. It should be noted that many of these can be
196 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Intermediate appellate court Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Appellate Court … District Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Intermediate Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Court of Special Appeals Appellate Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Appellate division of Court of Appeals Appellate divisions of Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Superior Court … Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals Court of Appeals … Court of Appeals …
Judges salaries $184,244 193,836 154,534 169,672 237,365 175,434 174,323 … 169,554 174,500 210,780 141,400 220,605 172,296 158,420 137,502 133,299 159,347 … 168,633 190,087 160,695 167,438 144,827 161,038 … 167,484 165,000 … 191,534 132,838 219,200 142,947 … 160,500 146,059 150,980 199,114 145,074 … 182,664 158,500 174,600 … 181,610 181,263 … 150,280 …
General trial courts Circuit courts Superior courts Superior courts Chancery courts Superior court District courts Superior courts Superior courts Circuit courts Superior courts Circuit courts District courts Circuit courts Circuit courts District courts District courts Circuit courts District courts Superior courts Circuit courts Superior courts Circuit courts District courts Chancery courts Circuit courts District courts District courts District courts Superior courts Superior courts District courts Supreme courts Superior courts District courts Courts of common pleas District courts Circuit courts Courts of common pleas Superior courts Circuit courts Circuit courts Chancery courts District courts District courts Superior/District/Family Circuit courts Superior courts Circuit courts Circuit courts District courts
Salary $138,991 189,720 149,383 168,096 207,424 168,202 167,634 184,444 160,688 173,714 205,080 135,400 202,433 147,164 147,494 125,499 127,733 153,143 129,397 159,433 184,694 146,721 157,179 136,000 151,840 132,558 163,077 160,000 164,911 181,000 126,187 208,000 135,236 143,869 147,600 139,298 142,136 183,184 165,545 141,354 127,862 176,364 149,000 166,300 155,677 171,120 172,571 126,000 141,773 150,000
important to judges or attorneys who might be interested in becoming judges or justices. These include retirement, disability, and death benefits, expense accounts, vacation, holiday, and sick leave and various forms of insurance coverage.
JU D I C I A RY
TA BLE 5 . 5 Selected Data on Court Administrative Offices State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Title Administrative Director of Courts Administrative Director Administrative Director of Courts Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts State Court Administrator Chief Court Administrator (d) Director, Administrative Office of the Courts State Courts Administrator Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Executive Director, Division of State Court Administration Court Administrator Judicial Administrator Administrative Director of the Courts Judicial Administrator Court Administrator State Court Administrator Chief Justice for Administration & Management State Court Administrator State Court Administrator Court Administrator State Courts Administrator State Court Administrator State Court Administrator Director, Office of Court Administration Director of the Administrative Office of the Court Administrative Director of the Courts Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Chief Administrator of the Courts Director, Administrative Office of the Courts Court Administrator Administrative Director of the Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Court Administrator Court Administrator State Court Administrator Director of Court Administration State Court Administrator Director Administrative Director of the Courts Court Administrator Court Administrator Executive Secretary to the Supreme Court Administrator for the Courts Administrative Director of the Supreme Court of Appeals Director of State Courts Court Coordinator Executive Officer, Courts of D.C. Administrator/Comptroller Administrative Director of Superior Court Director of Courts Administrative Director of the Courts Court/Administrative Clerk
Established 1971 1959 1960 1965 1960 1959 1965 1971 1972 1973 1959 1967 1959 1975 1971 1965 1976 1954 1975 1955 1978 1952 1963 1974 1970 1975 1972 1971 1980 1948 1959 1978 1965 1971 1955 1967 1971 1968 1969 1973 1974 1963 1977 1973 1967 1952 1957 1975 1978 1974 1971 N.A N.A. N.A. 1952 N.A.
Appointed by (a) CJ CJ (b) SC CJ (c) JC SC CJ CJ SC JC CJ (b) SC SC CJ SC CJ CJ SC CJ CJ SC SC SC SC SC SC CJ SC SC CJ SC CJ CJ CJ SC SC SC SC CJ CJ SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC SC (d) N.A. CJ N.A. CJ N.A.
Salary $126,408 203,176 158,250 120,543 288,888 174,226 192,763 137,612 137,000 147,084 151,776 137,700 215,856 144,279 154,000 123,038 127,122 158,147 125,632 166,633 189,378 166,171 188,066 107,000 126,966 112,694 146,029 131,347 111,560 175,534 131,165 210,500 143,878 141,552 146,494 138,235 138,468 195,978 150,797 136,591 115,515 178,908 171,216 162,250 150,738 196,370 152,736 135,000 139,059 125,000 208,000 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 9 7
JUDICIA RY
TA BLE 5 . 5 Selected Data on Court Administrative Offices (continued) Source: National Center for State Courts, January 6, 2019. Note: Compensation shown is rounded to the nearest thousand, and is reported according to most recent legislation, even though laws may not yet have taken effect. Other information from State Court Administrator web sites. *Commonweatlh of Northern Mariana Islands Key: SC—State court of last resort. CJ—Chief justice or chief judge of court of last resort.
198 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
JC—Judicial council. N.A.—Not available. (a) Term of office for all court administrators is at pleasure of appointing authority. (b) With approval of Supreme Court. (c) With approval of Judicial Council. (d) Joint Committee on Judicial Administration.
STATE CO U RTS
TA BLE 5 . 6 Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota
Name of court Supreme Court Court of Civil Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Courts of Appeal Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Appellate Court Supreme Court Supreme Court District Courts of Appeal Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Intermediate Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Appellate Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Tax Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Courts of Appeal Supreme Judicial Court Court of Appeals Court of Special Appeals Supreme Judicial Court Appeals Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Superior Court, Appellate Div. Supreme Court Court of Appeals Court of Appeals Supreme Ct., Appellate Div. Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Temporary Court of Appeals
Type of court SC IA IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA SC IA
Method of selection Unexpired term Full term GU PE GU PE GU PE GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GU NP GU NP GU GU GU GU GN GN GN GN GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL GN GN GN GN GN NP GN NP GNL GNL GNL GNL GN NP GN NP CS PE SC PE GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GL GL GN NP GN NP CS (c) PE (d) SC (c) PE (d) GL GL GNL GNL GNL GNL (e) GNE (f) GNE (f) (e) GU PE (h) GU PE (h) GU NP GU NP GU NP GU NP GN GN GN GN GNL NP GN GN GN GN GN NP GN NP GE GE GL GL GL GL (l) GN PE GN PE GNL GNL GN GN GU PE GU PE GN (n) NP (o) SC (p)
Method of retention PE PE PE RE (a) RE (a) RE RE NP NP RE RE RE RE GNL GNL GNL RE RE NP NP JN JN NP NP RE RE RE RE RE RE RE RE RE NP NP PE (d) PE (d) GL RE RE (g) (g) PE (h) PE (h) NP NP NP NP RE RE NP (i) RE RE NP NP (k) GL GL (l) RE RE GNL GN PE PE NP (o)
Geographic basis for selection SW SW SW SW SW SW DS SW DS SW DS SW SW SW SW SW DS and SW (b) DS SW SW SW SW SW SW DS DS SW DS SW SW SW SW SW DS DS DS DS SW DS DS SW SW SW DS SW SW DS DS SW DS SW SW and DS (j) DS SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW (m) SW SW SW SW
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 1 9 9
STATE COU RT S
TA BLE 5 . 6 Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges (continued) State or other jurisdiction Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico
Name of court Supreme Court Courts of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Criminal Appeals Court of Civil Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Superior Court Commonwealth Court Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Court of Criminal Appeals Supreme Court Court of Criminal Appeals Courts of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Courts of Appeals Supreme Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals Supreme Court Court of Appeals
Type of court SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC IA IA SC SC IA SC SC SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC IA SC SC IA SC SC SC IA
See footnotes at end of table
200â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Method of selection Unexpired term Full term GU PE (q) GU PE (q) GN GN GN GN GN GN GU NP GU NP GL PE GL PE GL PE GN GN LA LA LA LA GN GN GL GL GL GL GL GL GU PE GU PE GU PE GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL GU (t) LA GU (t) LA GU NP GU NP GU (u) NP GU NP GU NP GN GN (v) (t) GL GL GL GL
Method of retention PE (q) PE (q) RE RE RE NP NP RE RE RE (r) LA LA RE RE RE RE PE PE PE RE RE LA LA LA NP NP NP NP NP RE (t) (x) GL
Geographic basis for selection SW DS DS DS DS SW SW SW SW SW SW SW SW DS and SW (s) SW SW SW SW SW DS SW SW SW SW SW SW DS SW SW DS SW SW (w) SW SW
STATE CO U RTS
TA BLE 5 . 6 Selection and Retention of Appellate Court Judges (continued) Sources: National Center for State Courts. June 2019. Key: SC—Court of last resort IA—Intermediate appellate court N/S—Not stated N.A.—Not applicable AP—At pleasure CS—Court selection DS—District DU—Duration of service GE—Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council GL—Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature GN—Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission GNE—Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with approval of elected executive council GNL—Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature GU—Gubernatorial appointment ID—Indefinite JN—Judicial nominating commission appoints LA—Legislative appointment NP—Non-partisan election PE—Partisan election RE—Retention election SC—Court of last resort appoints SCJ—Chief justice/judge of the court of last resort appoints SN—Seniority SW—Statewide (a) A judge must run for a retention election at the next election, immediately following the third year from the time of initial appointment. (b) Five justices are selected by region (based on the District Courts of Appeal) and two justices are selected statewide. (c) The person selected by the Supreme Court is prohibited from running for that judgeship; an election is held within one year to serve the remainder of the term. (d) Louisiana uses a blanket primary, in which all candidates appear with party labels on the primary ballot. The two top vote getters compete in the general election. (e) There are no expired judicial terms. A judicial term expires upon the death, resignation, retirement, or removal of an incumbent. (f) The Executive (Governor’s) Council is made up of nine people elected by geographical area and presided over by the Lieutenant Governor. (g) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.
(h) Candidates may be nominated by political parties and are elected on a nonpartisan ballot. (i) If the justice/judge is unopposed, a retention election is held. (j) Chief Justices are selected statewide while Associate Justices are selected by district. (k) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70. (l) All Superior Court judges, including Appellate Division judges, are subject to gubernatorial reappointment and consent by the Senate after an initial seven-year term. Among all the judges, the Chief Justice designates the judges of the Appellate Division. (m) The Presiding Judge of each Appellate Division must be a resident of the department. (n) The Governor may appoint from a list of names or call a special election at his discretion. (o) The supreme court may provide for the assignment of active or retired district court judges, retired justices of the supreme court, and lawyers, to serve on three-judge panels. (p) There is neither a retention process nor unexpired terms. Assignments are for a specified time, not to exceed one year or the completion of one or more cases on the docket of the supreme court. (q) Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations. (r) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior for a life tenure. (s) Initial selection is by district, but retention selection is statewide. (t) Gubernatorial appointment is for interim appointments. (u) Appointment is effective only until the next election year; the appointee may run for election to any remaining portion of the unexpired term. (v) Initial appointment is made by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. Six months prior to the expiration of the term of office, the judge’s performance is reviewed by the tenure commission. Those found “well qualified” are automatically reappointed. If a judge is found to be “qualified”the President may nominate the judge for an additional term (subject to Senate confirmation). If the President does not wish to reappoint the judge, the District of Columbia Nomination Commission compiles a new list of candidates. (w) The geographic basis of selection is the District of Columbia. (x) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 0 1
STATE COU RT S
TA BLE 5 . 7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges State or other jurisdiction Alabama
Alaska Arizona Arkansas California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii Idaho Illinois
Indiana
Iowa Kansas Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine Maryland
Name of court Circuit District Municipal Probate Superior District Magistrate’s Division Superior Justice of the Peace Municipal Circuit District City Superior District Denver Probate Denver Juvenile Water County Municipal Superior Probate Superior Chancery Justice of the Peace Family Common Pleas Alderman’s Circuit County Superior Juvenile Civil State Probate Magistrate Municipal/of Columbus County Recorder’s Municipal/City of Atlanta Circuit District District Magistrate’s Division Circuit Associate Division Superior Circuit Probate County City Town Small Claims/Marion County District District Municipal Circuit District District Juvenile & Family Justice of the Peace Mayor’s City & Parish Superior District Probate Circuit District Orphan’s
Type of court GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ N.A. GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ GJ GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ GJ N.A. GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ LJ GJ LJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ
See footnotes at end of table
202 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Method of selection Unexpired term Full term GU (a) PE GU (a) PE MU MU GU PE GN GN GN GN PJ PJ GN (e) GN or NP (f) CO PE CC (g) CC (g) GU (h) NP GU NP LD LD GU NP GN GN GN GN GN GN SC (j) SC (j) GN GN (k) MU MU GNL GNL PE PE GNL GNL GNL GNL GNL (l) GNL (l) GNL GNL GNL GNL LD CC GN NP GN NP GN NP CS (m) CS (m) GU PE GU NP GU PE (n) LD LD (o) MA Elected LD LD MU MU GNL GNL SCJ (p) SCJ (p) GN NP JN (q) JN (q) SC PE SC PE GU PE (s) GU PE (t) GU PE GU PE GU PE GU PE GU PE GN (u) GN (u) GN and PE (v) GN and PE (v) MU MU GN NP GN NP SC (w) PE SC (w) PE SC (w) PE (x) MA LD SC (w) PE GL GL GL GL GU PE GNL GNL GNL GNL GU PE (z)
Method of retention PE PE RA PE RE (b) RE (d) PJ NP or RE (f) PE CC (g) NP NP LD NP (i) RE RE RE RE RE RA GNL PE GNL GNL GU GNL GNL LD NP NP NP CS (m) PE NP PE (n) LD (o) Elected LD LD JN JN NP RE RE RE PE (s) PE (t) PE PE PE PE PE RE (u) RE and PE (v) MU NP NP PE PE PE LD PE GL GL PE NP RA PE (z)
Geographic basis for selection Circuit County Municipality County State (c) District District County Precinct Municipality Circuit District City County District District District District County Municipality State District State State County County County Town Circuit County Circuit County/Circuit County County County County Municipality County Municipality State Circuit District County Circuit/County (r) Circuit/County (r) County County County County Municipality Municipality Township District District City Circuit District District District Ward City Ward State State and District (y) County County District County
STATE CO U RTS
TA BLE 5 . 7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Massachusetts
Michigan Minnesota Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Name of court Superior District Probate & Family Juvenile Housing Boston Municipal Land Circuit Claims District Probate Municipal District Circuit Chancery County Municipal Justice Circuit Municipal District Workers’ Compensation Water Justice of the Peace Municipal City District Separate Juvenile County Workers’ Compensation District Justice Municipal Superior District Probate Superior Tax Municipal District Magistrate Metropolitan/Bernalillo County Municipal Probate Supreme County Claims Surrogates’ Family District City NYC Civil NYC Criminal Town & Village Justice Superior District District Municipal Common Pleas Municipal County Claims Mayor’s District Municipal Not of Record Municipal of Record Workers’ Compensation Tax Review
Type of court GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ
Method of selection Unexpired term Full term (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) (aa) GNE (bb) GU NP GU NP GU NP GU NP LD NP GN NP GU NP GU NP GU NP LD LD LD PE GU and GN (dd) PE and GN (ee) LD LD GN NP GN GN SCJ (hh) SCJ (hh) CO NP MU NP CC NP GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN NP CO NP CC NP GE GE GE GE GE GE GL GL GL GL MA or MU (kk) MA or MU (kk) GN PE GU PE GN PE MU PE CO PE GL PE GL PE GNL GNL GNL PE GNL and MU (ll) PE and MU (ll) (mm) PE Elected Elected MA (nn) PE MA MA LD LD GU PE GU PE GN NP MA NP GU PE (oo) GU PE (oo) GU PE (oo) SCJ SCJ Elected PE GN (pp) NP (pp) MM MM MU MU GN GN SCJ SCJ
Method of retention (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) (cc) NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP NP LD PE PE and RE (ff) LD NP RA SCJ (ii) NP NP NP RE RE RE RE NP NP NP (jj) (jj) (jj) GL GL MU RE PE RE PE PE PE PE GU PE PE and MU (ll) PE LD PE MA LD PE PE NP NP PE (oo) PE (oo) PE (oo) SCJ PE NP (pp) MM MU GN SCJ
Geographic basis for selection State State State State State State State Circuit Circuit District District and Circuit City District District District County Municipality District in County Circuit/County (gg) City District State State County City City District District District District District Township City State District County County State Municipality District County County City County District County State County County and NYC District City City City Town or Village District District District City County County/City County N.A. City/Village District Municipality Municipality State District
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 0 3
STATE COU RT S
TA BLE 5 . 7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah Vermont Virginia Washington
West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico
Name of court Circuit Tax County Justice Municipal Common Pleas Philadelphia Municipal Magisterial District Judges Philadelphia Traffic Superior Workers’ Compensation District Family Probate Municipal Traffic Tribunal Circuit Family Magistrate Probate Municipal Circuit Magistrate Circuit Chancery Criminal Probate Juvenile Municipal General Sessions District Constitutional County Probate County at Law Justice of the Peace Municipal District Justice Juvenile Superior (zz) Judicial Bureau Circuit District Superior District Municipal Circuit Magistrate Municipal Family Circuit Municipal District Circuit Municipal Superior First Instance
Type of court GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ GJ GJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ LJ LJ LJ GJ LJ GJ LJ LJ GJ GJ
See footnotes at end of table
204 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Method of selection Unexpired term Full term GU NP GU NP CO NP GU NP CC CC/Elected GL PE GL PE GL PE GL PE GN GN GN GN GN GN GN GN CC CC or MA CC CC or MA GN GN LA and GN (ss)(tt) LA and GN (tt) LA LA GL GL GU PE CC CC GN NP PJS PJS GU PE (uu) GU PE (uu) GU PE (uu) (vv) PE (uu) (vv) PE (uu) LD LD (uu) MU PE (uu) GL PE CO PE CO PE CO PE CO PE CC LD (ww) GNL MM (xx) MM (xx) (ww) GNL GNL GNL PJ PJ GU LA CS (aaa) LA GU NP CO NP CC MA/CC GU NP PJ NP LD LD GU NP GU NP MU (ccc) NP GN GN GN GN MA MA (ddd) (ddd) GL GL
Method of retention NP NP NP NP CC/Elected RE RE PE RE (rr) (rr) (rr) (rr) RA CC or MA (rr) LA and GL (tt) LA GL PE CC NP PJS PE PE PE PE PE LD PE PE PE PE PE PE LD RE RE and RA (yy) RE LA AP LA LA NP NP MA/CC (bbb) NP NP LD NP NP NP RE RE LD (ddd) GL
Geographic basis for selection District State County County (qq) District City/County District City/County State State State State Town Town State Circuit and State (tt) Circuit County County District Circuit Circuit District District District District County Municipality County District County County County Precinct Municipality District County/Municipality District State State Circuit District County District Municipality Circuit County Municipality Circuit District Municipality District Circuit Municipality State (eee) State
STATE CO U RTS
TA BLE 5 . 7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges (continued) Sources: National Center for State Courts, June 2019. Key: GJ–General jurisdiction court LJ–Limited jurisdiction court N/S–Not stated N.A.–Not applicable AP–At pleasure CA–Court administrator appointment CC–City or town council/commission appointment CO–County board/commission appointment CS–Court selection DU–Duration of service GE–Gubernatorial appointment with approval of elected executive council GL–Gubernatorial appointment with consent of the legislature GN–Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission GNE–Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with approval of elected executive council GNL–Gubernatorial appointment from judicial nominating commission with consent of the legislature GU–Gubernatorial appointment JN–Judicial nominating commission appoints LA–Legislative appointment LD–Locally determined MA–Mayoral appointment MC–Mayoral appointment with consent of city council MM–Mayoral appointment with consent of governing municipal body MU–Governing municipal body appointment NP–Non-partisan election PE–Partisan election PJ–Presiding judge of the general jurisdiction court appoints PJS–Presiding judge of the general jurisdiction court appoints with approval of the court of last resort RA–Reappointment RE–Retention election SC–Court of last resort appoints SCJ–Chief justice/judge of the court of last resort appoints (a) The counties of Baldwin, Jefferson, Lauderdale, Madison, Mobile, Shelby, Talladega, and Tuscaloosa use gubernatorial appointment from the recommendations of the Judicial Nominating Commission. (b) A judge must run for retention at the next election immediately following the third year from the time of the initial appointment. (c) Judges are selected on a statewide basis, but run for retention on a district-wide basis. (d) Judges must run for retention at the first general election held more than one year after appointment. (e) Maricopa, Pima and Pinal counties use the gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission process. The method for submitting names for the other counties varies. (f) Maricopa, Pima and Pinal counties use the gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission process. The other counties hold non-partisan elections.
(g) Municipal court judges are usually appointed by the city or town council except in Yuma, where judges are elected. (h) The office can be held until December 31 following the next general election and then the judge must run in a non-partisan election for the remainder of the term. (i) If unopposed for reelection, incumbent’s name does not appear on the ballot unless a petition was filed not less than 83 days before the election date indicating that a write-in campaign will be conducted for the office. An unopposed incumbent is not declared elected until the election date. This is for the general election; different timing may apply for the primary election (see Elec. Code §8203). (j) Judges are chosen by the Supreme Court from among District Court judges. (k) The mayor appoints Denver County Court judges. (l) The Magistrate Screening Commission recommends candidates. (m) Juvenile Court judges are appointed by Superior Court judges in all but one county, in which juvenile judges are elected. Associate judges (formerly referees) must be a member of the state bar or law school graduates. They serve at the pleasure of the judge(s). (n) Probate judges are selected in non-partisan elections in 66 of 159 counties. (o) Magistrate judges are selected in nonpartisan elections in 41 of 159 counties. (p) Selection occurs by means of Chief Justice appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission with consent of the Senate. (q) The Magistrate Commission consists of the administrative judge, three mayors and two electors appointed by the governor, and two attorneys (nominated by the district bar and appointed by the state bar). There is one commission in each district. (r) There exists a unit less than county in Cook County. (s) Non-partisan elections are used in the Superior Courts in Allen and Vanderburgh counties. Nominating commissions are used in St. Joseph County and in some courts in Lake County. In those courts that use the nominating commission process for selection; retention elections are used as the method of retention. (t) Non-partisan elections are used in the Circuit Courts in Vanderburgh County. (u) This applies to district judges only. Associate judges are selected by the district judges and retention is by a retention election. Magistrates are selected and retained by appointment from the County Judicial Magistrate Nominating Commission. The County Judicial Magistrate Nominating Commission consists of three members appointed by the county board and two elected by the county bar, presided over by a District Court judge. (v) Seventeen districts use gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission for selection and retention elections for retention. Fourteen districts use partisan elections for selection and retention. (w) Depending on the amount of time remaining, selection may be by election following a Supreme Court appointment. (x) Louisiana uses a blanket primary in which all candidates appear with party labels on the primary ballot. The top two vote getters compete in the general election. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 0 5
STATE COU RT S
TA BLE 5 . 7 Selection and Retention of Trial Court Judges (continued) (y) At least one judge who is a resident of the county in which the district lies must be appointed from each of the 13 districts. (z) Two exceptions are Hartford and Montgomery counties where Circuit Court judges are assigned. (aa) There are no expired judicial terms. A judicial term expires upon the death, resignation, retirement, or removal of an incumbent. (bb) The Executive (Governor’s) Council is made up of eight people elected by geographical area and presided over by the lieutenant governor. (cc) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70. (dd) Gubernatorial appointment occurs in partisan circuits; gubernatorial appointment from Judicial Nominating Commission takes place in non-partisan circuits. (ee) Partisan elections occur in some circuits; gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Nominating Commission with a non-partisan election takes place in others. (ff) Partisan elections take place in some circuits; retention elections occur in other circuits. (gg) Associate circuit judges are selected on a county basis. (hh) Selection occurs through Chief Justice appointment from Judicial Nominating Commission. (ii) Other judges are designated by the District Court judges. (jj) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior to age 70. (kk) In multi-municipality, joint, or countywide municipal courts, selection is by gubernatorial appointment with consent of the senate. (ll) Mayoral appointment occurs in New York City. (mm) The appointment is made by the County Chief Executive Officer with confirmation by District Board of Supervisors. (nn) Housing judges are appointed by the Chief Administrator of the courts. (oo) Party affiliation is not included on the ballot in the general election, but candidates are chosen through partisan primary nominations. (pp) This applies to district and associate judges; special judges are selected by the district judges. (qq) The geographic basis for selection is the municipality for those judges that are elected. Judges that are either appointed or are under contract may be from other cities. (rr) There is no retention process. Judges serve during good behavior for a life tenure. (ss) The governor may appoint a candidate if the unexpired term is less than one year.
206 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(tt) In addition to Circuit Court judges, the Circuit Court has mastersin-equity whose jurisdiction is in matters referred to them in the Circuit Court. Masters-in-equity are selected by gubernatorial appointment from the Judicial Merit Selection Commission, retained by gubernatorial appointment with the consent of the senate, and the geographic basis for selection is the state. (uu) Each county legislative body has the discretion to require elections to be non-partisan. (vv) The selection method used to fill an unexpired term is established by a special legislative act. (ww) There are no expired terms; each new judge begins a new term. (xx) Appointment is by the local government executive with confirmation by the local government legislative body (may be either county or municipal government). (yy) County judges are retained by retention election; municipal judges are reappointed by the city executive. (zz) Effective 2011, the Family, District, Evironmental and Probate Courts were combined into the Superior Court. (aaa) Circuit Court judges appoint. (bbb) Full-time municipal judges must stand for non-partisan election. (ccc) A permanent vacancy in the office of municipal judge may be filled by temporary appointment of the municipal governing body or jointly by the governing bodies of all municipalities served by the judge. (ddd) The Judicial Nomination Commission nominates for Presidential appointment and Senate confirmation. Not less than six months prior to the expiration of the term of office, the judge’s performance is reviewed by the Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure. A judge found “well qualified” is automatically reappointed for a new term of 15 years; a judge found “qualified” may be renominated by the President (and subject to Senate confirmation). A judge found “unqualified” is ineligible for reappointment or if the President does not wish to reappoint a judge, the Nomination Commission compiles a new list of candidates. (eee) The geographic basis for selection is the District of Columbia.
STATE CO U RTS
TA BLE 5 . 8 Judicial Discipline: Investigating and Adjudicating Bodies State or other jurisdiction
Investigating body
Adjudicating body
Appeals from adjudication are filed with:
Final disciplining body
Judicial Inquiry Committee
Court of the Judiciary
Court of Last Resort
Court of the Judiciary
Filing of the complaint with the Court of the Judiciary
Alaska
Committee on Judicial Conduct
Supreme Court
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Filing of recommendation with Supreme Court
Arizona
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Within 15 days of formal charges being brought, unless a motion for reconsideration is filed
Arkansas
Judicial Discipline and Disability Committees
Commission
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
At disposition of case
California
Commission on Judicial Performance
Commission on Judicial Performance
Court of Last Resort
Commission on Judicial Performance
Upon commission determination (a)
Colorado
Commission on Judicial Discipline
Commission on Judicial Discipline
No appeal
Supreme Court
Adjudication
Alabama
Point at which reprimands are made public
Judicial Review Council
Judicial Review Council; Supreme Court (b)
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Public censure is issued at between 10 and 30 days after notice to the judge, provided that if the judge appeals there is an automatic stay of disclosure
Preliminary Committee of the Court on the Judiciary
Court on the Judiciary
No appeal
Court on the Judiciary
Upon issuance of opinion and imposition of sanction
Florida
Judicial Qualifications Commission
Judicial Qualifications Commission (b)
No appeal
Supreme Court
Filing of formal charges by Committee with Supreme Court Clerk
Georgia
Judicial Qualifications Commission
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Formal Hearing
Hawaii
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Commission on Judicial Conduct
No appeal
Supreme Court
Imposition of public discipline by Supreme Court
Connecticut
Delaware
Idaho
Judicial Council
Supreme Court
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Filing with the Supreme Court
Illinois
Judicial Inquiry Board
Courts Commission
No appeal
Courts Commission
Filing of decision by Courts Commission
Indiana
Commission on Judicial Qualifications
Supreme Court
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
After disciplinary charges are filed and case is tried or agreed resolution is accepted by Supreme Court
Judicial Qualifications Commission
Judicial Qualifications Commission
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Referral by the commission to the Supreme Court recommending formal sanction
Commission on Judicial Qualifications
Supreme Court
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Reprimand is published if approved by Supreme Court
Kentucky
Judicial Conduct Commission
Judicial Conduct Commission
Court of Last Resort
Judicial Conduct Commission
Once the judge has responded to the formal charges
Louisiana
Judiciary Commission
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
The lodging of the record of proceedings and a recommendation by the Judiciary Commission to the Supreme Court
Committee on Judicial Responsibility and Disability
Supreme Judicial Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Filing of report to Supreme Judicial Court
Maryland
Commission on Judicial Disabilities
Commission on Judicial Disabilities
Court of Last Resort
Court of Appeals
Unless confidential, upon filing of a response (or expiration of the time for filing a response) with the Commission
Massachusetts
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Supreme Judicial Court
No appeal
Supreme Judicial Court
Supreme Judicial Court
Supreme Court
Filing of formal complaint by commission with Supreme Court or upon filing in the Supreme Court a consent resolution to a matter
Iowa
Kansas
Maine
Michigan
Judicial Tenure Commission
Supreme Court
Court of Last Resort
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 0 7
STATE COU RT S
TA BLE 5 . 8 Judicial Discipline: Investigating and Adjudicating Bodies (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Investigating body
Adjudicating body
Appeals from adjudication are filed with:
Final disciplining body
Minnesota
Board on Judicial Standards
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Filing of formal charges by committee with Supreme Court
Mississippi
Commission on Judicial Performance
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Recommendation of Commission to Supreme Court
Missouri
Commission on Retirement, Removal and Discipline
Commission on Retirement, Removal and Discipline
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Filing of recommendation by Committee to Supreme Court
Montana
Judicial Standards Commission
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Filing of record by Committee with Supreme Court
Nebraska
Commission on Judicial Qualification
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Commission may issue a public reprimand
Nevada
Commission on Judicial Discipline
Commission on Judicial Discipline
Court of Last Resort
Commission on Judicial Discipline
Discretion of the Commission, upon filing of report by Committee and service upon judge
Supreme Court Committee on Judicial Conduct
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
On issuance of reprimand
New Hampshire
Point at which reprimands are made public
New Jersey
Advisory Committee on Judicial Conduct
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
When reprimand is filed by Supreme Court
New Mexico
Judicial Standards Commission
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Upon recommendation of Commission to Supreme Court
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Court of Last Resort
Commission on Judicial Conduct and Court of Appeals
After a hearing at which a judge is admonished, censured, removed or retired, and after the judge is served
North Carolina
Judicial Standards Commission
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Public imposition of disciplinary action by the Supreme Court
North Dakota
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
At formal hearing
Office of Disciplinary Counsel
Board of Commissioners on Grievance and Discipline
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Adjudication
Court on the Judiciary Trial Division Council
Court on the Judiciary Trial Division; Council on Judicial Complaints
Court on the Judiciary Division; no appeal from Council on Judicial Complaints
Court on the judiciary appellate division
Filing with clerk of the appellate court
Oregon
Commission on Judicial Fitness and Disability
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Allegations become public when the commission issues a notice of public hearing.
Pennsylvania
Judicial Conduct Board
Court of Judicial Discipline
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Once a final decision has been made
Rhode Island
Commission on Judicial Tenure and Discipline
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Unless private, after the commission files its recommendation with the Chief Justice
South Carolina
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Adjudication
South Dakota
Judicial Qualifications Commission
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Filing with the Supreme Court
Board of Judicial Conduct
Board of Judicial Conduct
Court of Last Resort
General Assembly
Filing formal charges with Board of Judicial Conduct
Texas
State Commission on Judicial Conduct
State Commission on Judicial Conduct (d)
Court of Last Resort
Special Court of Review
When issued by the Commission
Utah
Judicial Conduct Commission
Judicial Conduct Commission (e)
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
10 days after filing appeal
Vermont
Judicial Conduct Board
Supreme Court
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Supreme Court
Virginia
Judicial Inquiry and Review Commission
Supreme Court
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court
Filing of formal complaint by Commission with Supreme Court
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Commission on Judicial Conduct
Supreme Court
Supreme Court
At termination of proceeding in CJC
New York
Ohio Oklahoma
Tennessee
Washington
See footnotes at end of table
208â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE CO U RTS
TA BLE 5 . 8 Judicial Discipline: Investigating and Adjudicating Bodies (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Investigating body
Adjudicating body
Appeals from adjudication are filed with:
Final disciplining body
West Virginia
Judicial Investigation Commission
Judicial Hearing Board
Court of Last Resort
Supreme Court of Appeals
Upon decision by Supreme Court of Appeals
Wisconsin
Judicial Commission
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Filing of formal complaint with Supreme Court
Wyoming
Commission on Judicial Conduct and Ethics
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court or Special Supreme Court
Upon the recommendation of the Conduct and Ethics Commission and Order of the Supreme Court
Dist. of Columbia
Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure
Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure
Chief Justice of U.S. Supreme Court
Commission on Judicial Disabilities and Tenure
Public reprimands are issued with the judge's consent; orders of involuntary removal become public upon filing with the D.C. Court of Appeals
Judicial Discipline Commission
Supreme Court
No appeal
Supreme Court
Filing of formal complaint to the Judicial Discipline Commission
Puerto Rico
Source: National Center for State Courts, June 2019. Key: N.A.â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Not applicable (a) Public admonishments or public censures are sent to the judge describing the improper conduct and stating the findings made by the commission; these notices are made available to the press and the general public. (b) For suspensions in excess of 1 year or removal from office, the Judicial Review Council makes a recommendation and the Supreme Court makes the decision.
Point at which reprimands are made public
(c) The Judicial Qualifications Commission investigates and makes recommendations to the Supreme Court for discipline or removal. Commission has the authority to issue sanctions, but recommendations of removal must be brought before the Supreme Court. (d) Decision by the conduct commission cannot be implemented until reviewed and approved by the Supreme Court.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 0 9
CHAPTER SIX
ELECTIONS
E LE CTI O N S
TA BLE 6 . 1 State Executive Branch Officials to be Elected: 2019–2023 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine (h) Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
2019 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,CI,SS,T … … … … … G,LG,AG,AR,A,CI,SS,T … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
2020 (a) (b) … … (e) … G,LG,CI … (f) … … … G,LG,AG,SP … … … (g) … … … (i) … … G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP (j) (k) … G … (l) … G,LG,AG,AR,A,CI,SS,SP,T (m) G,LG,A,CI,SP,T (n) … (p) AG,SS,T AG,A,T … … (t) … (u) G,LG,AG,A,T G,LG,AG,A,SS,T … G,LG,AG,A,CI,SS,SP,T (q) G,AG,AR,A,SS,T … … G,LG A … G …
2021 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … G, LG … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … G,LG,AG … … SP … … … … … …
2022 G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T (a) G,LG G,AG,SS,SP,T (b) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (c) G,LG,AG,C,CI,SS,SP,T (d) G,LG,AG,SS,T (e) G,LG,AG,C,SS,T AG,A,T G,LG,AG,AR,CFO G,LG,AG,AR,CI,SS,SP (f) G,LG G,LG,AG,C,SS,SP,T G,LG,AG,C,SS,T A,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,CI,SS,T … (g) G G,LG,AG,C G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,SS (i) G,LG,AG,A,SS … A (j) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (k) G,LG,AG,C,SS,T G … G,LG,AG,A,SS,T (l) G,LG,AG,C … AG,AR,SS (n) G,LG,AG,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,A,CI,SP,T (p) G (r) G,LG G,LG,AG,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,C,SS,SP,T (s) G,LG,AG,A,SS,SP,T (t) G G,LG,AG,AR,C (u) … G,LG,AG,A,SS,T … … … G,LG,AG,SS,T G,A,SS,SP,T … G,LG,AG G,LG … G,LG
2023 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … G,LG,AG,AR,A,SS,T G,LG,AG,AR,CI,SS,T … … … … … G,LG,AG,AR,A,CI,SS,T … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 1 3
E LE CTIO N S
TA BLE 6 . 1 State Executive Branch Officials to be Elected: 2019–2023 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Totals for year Governor Lieutenant Governor Attorney General Agriculture Auditor Chief Financial Officer Comptroller Comm. of Insurance Secretary of State Supt. of Public Inst. or Comm. of Education Treasurer
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
3 3 3 3 2 0 0 2 3
13 10 10 2 9 0 0 4 7
2 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
39 33 31 7 15 1 9 4 26
3 3 3 3 2 0 0 2 3
0
5
1
8
0
3
9
0
24
3
Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election office websites, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table shows the executive branch officials up for election in a given year. Footnotes indicate other offices (e.g., commissioners of labor, public service, etc.) also up for election in a given year. The data contained in this table reflect information available at press time. Key: …—No regularly scheduled elections of state executive officials. G—Governor LG—Lieutenant Governor AG—Attorney General AR—Agriculture A—Auditor C—Comptroller/Controller CFO—Chief Financial Officer CI—Commissioner of Insurance SS—Secretary of State SP—Superintendent of Public Instruction or Commissioner of Education T—Treasurer (a) Public Service Commissioner (3)—2020—1 seat (president), 2022—2 seats (associate commissioners). (b) Corporation Commissioner (5)—4-year term, 2020—3 seats, 2022—2 seats; State Mine Inspector—4-year term, 2022. (c) Commissioner of State Lands—4-year term. (d) Four (4) Board of Equalization members are elected to serve 4-year concurrent terms. The State Controller is the 5th member of the Board.
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(e) University of Colorado Board of Regents (9, one elected from each of the state’s congressional districts and two at-large members)— 6-year term, 2020—3 districts, 2022—1 statewide, 2 districts. (f) Commissioner of Labor—4-year term, 2022; Public Service Commissioner (5)—6-year term, 2020—2, 2022—1. (g) Public Service Commissioner (5)—6-year term, 2020—2, 2022—2. (h) The Maine legislature elects constitutional officers (AG,SS,T) for 2-year terms; the auditor was elected by the legislature in 2016 and serves a 4-year term. (i) Michigan State University trustees (8)—8-year term, 2020—2; 2022—2; University of Michigan regents (8)—8-year term, 2020—2, 2022—2; Wayne State University governors (8)—8-year term, 2020—2, 2022—2; State Board of Education (8)—8-year term, 2020—2, 2022—2. (j) Public Service Commissioner (5)—4-year term, 2020—3, 2022—2. (k) Public Service Commissioner (5)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—2. (l) Commissioner of Public Lands—4-year term, 2022; Public Education Commission (10)—4-year terms, 2020—5; 2022—5; Public Regulation Commissioner (5)—4-year terms, 2020—2, 2022—1. (m) Commissioner of Labor—4-year term. (n) Tax Commissioner—4-year term, 2022; Public Service Commissioner (3)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—1. (p) Commissioner of Labor—4-year term, 2022; Corporation Commissioner (3)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—1. (q) Commissioner of Public Lands—4-year term. (r) Commissioner of the Bureau of Labor and Industries, 4-year term. (s) Adjutant General—4-year term. (t) The title is Commissioner of Schools and Public Lands, 2022; Public Utility Commissioner (3)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—1. (u) Commissioner of General Land Office—4-year term, 2022; Railroad Commissioner (3)—6-year term, 2020—1, 2022—1.
E LE CTI O N S
TA BLE 6 . 2 State Legislature Members to be Elected: 2019–2023 State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* (d) Puerto Rico (e) U.S. Virgin Islands State Totals Totals
Total legislators House/ Senate Assembly 35 105 20 40 30 60 35 100 40 80 35 65 36 151 21 41 40 120 56 180 25 51 35 70 59 118 50 100 50 100 40 125 38 100 39 105 35 151 (f) 47 141 40 160 38 110 67 134 52 122 34 163 50 100 49 U 21 42 24 400 40 80 42 70 63 150 50 120 47 94 33 99 48 101 30 60 50 203 38 75 46 124 35 70 33 99 31 150 29 75 30 150 40 100 49 98 34 100 33 99 30 60 13 U 18 (c) 20 (c) 15 U 9 20 27 51 15 U 1,972 5,411 2,069 5,502
2019 Senate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 39 … … … … … 52 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 40 … … … … … … … … … … 131 131
House/ Assembly … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 105 … … … … … 122 … … … … … 80 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100 … … … … … … … … … … 407 407
2020 Senate … 10 30 17 20 (a) 18 36 11 20 (a) 56 13 35 20 (e) 25 25 (b) 40 19 (a) … 35 … 40 … 67 … 17 (a) 25 25 (a) 10 24 … 42 63 50 23 (b) 16 (b) 24 (a) 15 25 (a) 38 46 35 16 (b) 16 15 30 … 25 17 16 (b) 15 (b) 6 18 (c) 15 3 27 15 1,165 1,249
2021
House/ Assembly … 40 60 100 80 65 151 41 120 180 51 70 118 100 100 125 100 … 151 … 160 110 134 … 163 100 U 42 400 … 70 150 120 46 (b) 99 101 60 203 75 124 70 99 150 75 150 … 98 100 99 60 U 20 (c) U 20 51 U 4,710 4,801
Senate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 40 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 40 40
House/ Assembly … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 80 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100 … … … … … … … … … … 180 180
2022 Senate 35 10 30 18 20 (b) 17 36 10 20 (b) 56 12 35 39 (f) 25 25 (a) … 19 (b) … 35 47 40 38 … … 17 (b) 25 24 (b) 11 24 … … 63 50 24 (a) 17 (a) 24 (b) 15 25 (b) 38 … 35 17 (a) 15 14 30 … 24 17 17 (a) 15 (a) 7 18 (c) 15 6 … 15 1,108 1,169
House/ Assembly 105 40 60 100 80 65 151 41 120 180 51 70 118 100 100 125 100 … 151 141 160 110 134 … 163 100 U 42 400 … 70 150 120 48 (a) 99 101 60 203 75 124 70 99 150 75 150 … 98 100 99 60 U 20 (c) U 20 … U 4,958 4,998
2023 Senate … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 39 … … … … … 52 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 40 … … … … … … … … … … 131 131
House/ Assembly … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 105 … … … … … 122 … … … … … 80 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 100 … … … … … … … … … … 407 407
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 1 5
E LE CTIO N S
TA BLE 6 . 2 State Legislature Members to be Elected: 2019–2023 (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table shows the number of elections in a given year. The data presented in this table reflect information available at press time. See Chapter 3.3 table entitled, “The Legislators: Numbers, Terms, and Party Affiliations,” for specific information on legislative terms. Key: …—No regularly scheduled elections U—Unicameral legislature (a) Odd-numbered Senate districts. (b) Even-numbered Senate districts.
216 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(c) In American Samoa, Senators are not elected by popular vote. They are selected by the county council of chiefs. House: 21 seats; 20 are elected by popular vote and one appointed, non-voting delegate from Swains Island. (d) In 2009, voters approved a constitutional amendment (Senate Legislative Initiative 16-1) that changed future general elections from odd- to even-numbered years. (e) Constitutionally, the Senate consists of 27 seats and the House 51 seats. However, extra at-large seats can be granted to the opposition to limit any party’s control to two thirds.
E LE CTI O N S
TA BLE 6 . 3 Methods of Nominating Candidates for State Offices State or other jurisdiction
Methods of nominating candidates
Alabama
Primary election; however, the state executive committee or other governing body of any political party may choose instead to hold a state convention for the purpose of nominating candidates. Submitting a petition to run as an independent or third-party candidate or an independent nominating procedure.
Alaska
Primary election. Petition for no-party candidates.
Arizona
Candidates who are members of a recognized party are nominated by an open primary election. Candidates who are not members of a recognized political party may file petitions to appear on the general election ballot. A write-in option is also available.
Arkansas
Primary election, convention and petition.
California
Primary election or independent nomination procedure.
Colorado
Primary election, convention or by petition.
Connecticut
Convention/primary election. Major political parties hold state conventions (convening not earlier than the 68th day and closing not later than the 50th day before the date of the primary) for the purpose of endorsing candidates. If no one challenges the endorsed candidate, no primary election is held. However, if anyone (who received at least 15 percent of the delegate vote on any roll call at the convention) challenges the endorsed candidate, a primary election is held to determine the party nominee for the general election.
Delaware
Primary election for Democrats and primary election and convention for Republicans.
Florida
Primary election. Minor parties may nominate their candidate in any manner they deem proper.
Georgia
Primary election.
Hawaii
Primary election.
Idaho
Primary election and convention. New political parties hold a convention to nominate candidates to be placed on a general election ballot.
Illinois
Primary election. The primary election nominates established party candidates. New political parties and independent candidates go directly to the general election file based on a petition process.
Indiana
Primary election, convention and petition. The governor is chosen by a primary. All other state officers are chosen at a state convention, unless the candidate is an independent. Any party that obtains between 2 percent and 8 percent of the vote for secretary of state may hold a convention to select a candidate.
Iowa
Primary election, convention and petition.
Kansas
Candidates for the two major parties are nominated by primary election. Candidates for minor parties are nominated for the general election at state party conventions. Independent candidates are nominated for the general election by petition.
Kentucky
Primary election. A slate of candidates for governor and lieutenant governor that receives the highest number of its partyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s votes but which number is less than 40 percent of the votes cast for all slates of candidates of that party, shall be required to participate in a runoff primary with the slate of candidates of the same party receiving the second highest number of votes.
Louisiana
Candidates may qualify for any office they wish, regardless of party affiliation, by completing the qualifying document and paying the appropriate qualifying fee; or a candidate may file a nominating petition.
Maine
Primary election or non-party petition.
Maryland
Primary election, convention and petition. Unaffiliated candidates or candidates affiliated with non-recognized political parties may run for elective office by collecting the requisite number of signatures on a petition. The required number equals 1 percent of the number of registered voters eligible to vote for office. Only recognized non-principal political parties may nominate its candidate by a convention in accordance with its by laws (at this time, Maryland has four non-principal parties: Libertarian, Green, Constitution and Populist).
Massachusetts
Primary election.
Michigan
Governor, state house, state senate use primary election. Lieutenant governor runs as the running mate to gubernatorial candidate, not separately, and is selected through the convention process. Secretary of state and attorney general candidates are chosen at convention. Nominees for State Board of Education, University of Michigan Regents, Michigan State University Trustees and Wayne State University Governors are nominated by convention. Minor parties nominate candidates to all partisan offices by convention.
Minnesota
Primary election. Candidates for minor parties or independent candidates are by petition. They must have the signatures of 2,000 people who will be eligible to vote in the next general election.
Mississippi
Primary election, petition (for independent candidates), independent nominating procedures (third-party candidate).
Missouri
Primary election.
Montana
Primary election and independent nominating procedure.
Nebraska
Primary election.
Nevada
Primary election. Independent candidates are nominated by petition for the general election. Minor parties nominated by petition or by party.
New Hampshire
Primary election. Minor parties by petition.
New Jersey
Primary election. Independent candidates are nominated by petition for the general election.
New Mexico
Statewide candidates petition to go to convention and are nominated in a primary election. District and legislative candidate petition for primary ballot access.
New York
Primary election/petition.
North Carolina
Primary election. Newly recognized parties just granted access submit their first nominees by convention. All established parties use primaries.
North Dakota
Convention/primary election. Political parties hold state conventions for the purpose of endorsing candidates. Endorsed candidates are automatically placed on the primary election ballot, but other candidates may also petition their name on the ballot.
Ohio
Primary election, petition and by declaration of intent to be a write-in candidate.
Oklahoma
Primary election.
Oregon
Primary election. Minor parties hold conventions.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 1 7
E LE CTIO N S
TA BLE 6 . 3 Methods of Nominating Candidates for State Offices (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Methods of nominating candidates
Pennsylvania
Primary election, and petition. Nomination petitions filed by major party candidates to access primary ballot. Nomination papers filed by minor party and independent candidates to access November ballot.
Rhode Island
Primary election.
South Carolina
Primary election for Republicans and Democrats; party conventions held for minor parties. Candidates can have name on ballot via petition.
South Dakota
Convention, petition and independent nominating procedure.
Tennessee
Primary election/petition.
Texas
Primary election/convention. Minor parties without ballot access nominate candidates for the general election after qualifying for ballot access by petition.
Utah
Convention, primary election and petition.
Vermont
Primary election. Major parties by primary, minor parties by convention, independents by petition.
Virginia
Primary election, convention and petition.
Washington
Primary election.
West Virginia
Primary election, convention, petition and independent nominating procedure.
Wisconsin
Primary election/petition. Candidates must file nomination papers (petitions) containing the minimum number of signatures required by law. Candidates appear on the primary ballot for the party they represent. The candidate receiving the most votes in each party primary goes on to the November election.
Wyoming
Primary election.
Dist. of Columbia
Primary election. Independent and minor party candidates file by nominating petition.
American Samoa
Individual files petition for candidacy with the chief election officer. Petition must be signed by statutorily-mandated number of qualified voters.
Guam
Individual files petition for candidacy with the chief election officer. Petition must be signed by statutorily-mandated number of qualified voters.
CNMI*
Candidates are all nominated by petition. Candidates seeking the endorsement of recognized political parties must also include in their submitted petition submission a document signed by the recognized political parties' chairperson/president and secretary attesting to such nomination. Recognized political parties may, or may not, depending on their by-laws and party rules conduct primaries separate from any state election agency participation.
Puerto Rico
Primary election and convention.
U.S. Virgin Islands
Primary election.
Source: The Council of State Governmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; survey of state websites, March 2019. Note: The nominating methods described here are for state offices; procedures may vary for local candidates. Also, independent candidates may have to petition for nomination. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands
218â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
E LE CTI O N S
TA BLE 6 . 4 Election Dates for National and State Elections (Formulas and Dates of State Elections) National (a)
State or other jurisdiction
Primary March, 1st T March 3, 2020
Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida
(d) T following March 15 March 17, 2020 T 3 wks. prior to runoff May 19, 2020 March,★ March 3, 2020 (d) (g) March 3, 2020 April, Last T April 28, 2020 April, 4th T April 28, 2020 March, 3rd T March 17, 2020
Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana
(h) (d) Rep: March 10, 2020 Dem: TBD (d) Rep: March 10, 2020 Dem: TBD March, 3rd T March 17, 2020 May,★ May 5, 2020
Iowa
(d)
Kansas
(d) (j) May, 1st T after 3rd M May 19, 2020 March, 1st S March 7, 2020
Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska
(d) April, 4th T April 28, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 March, 2nd T March 10, 2020 (d) (r) March 3, 2020 March, 2nd T March 10, 2020 March, 2nd T after 1st M March 10, 2020 June,★ June 2, 2020 May, 1st T After 2nd M May 12, 2020
Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York
(d) (t) June,★ June 2, 2020 June,★ June 2, 2020 Feb., 1st T (aa)
General Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020
Primary June, 1st T June 7, 2022 Aug., 3rd T Aug. 18, 2020 10th T Prior Aug. 25, 2020 T 3 wks. prior to runoff May 19, 2020 March,★ March 3, 2020 June, last T June 30, 2020 Aug. 2nd T Aug. 11, 2020 Sept., 2nd T after 1st M Sept. 15, 2020 10th T prior to General Aug. 25, 2020 24th T prior to General May 19, 2020 Aug. 2nd S Aug. 8, 2020 May, 3rd T May 19, 2020 March, 3rd T March 17, 2020 May,★ May 5, 2020 June,★ June 2, 2020 Aug. 1st T Aug. 4, 2020 May, 1st T after 3rd M May 21, 2019 Oct., 2nd to last S (l) Oct. 19, 2019 June, 2nd T June 9, 2020 June, last T June 28, 2022 7th T Prior Sept. 15, 2020 Aug.,★ Aug. 4, 2020 Aug., 2nd T Aug. 11, 2020 Aug.,★ Aug. 6, 2019 Aug.,★ Aug. 4, 2020 June,★ June 2, 2020 May, 1st T After 2nd M May 12, 2020 June, 2nd T June 9, 2020 Sept., 2nd T Sept. 8, 2020 June,★ June 4, 2019 June,★ June 2, 2020 June, 4th T June 23, 2020
State (b) Runoff 6th T AP July 19, 2022 … … June, 2nd T June 9, 2020 … … … … … 9th T after Primary July 21, 2020 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 3rd T AP Aug. 27, 2019 … … … … … … … …
General Nov.,★ Nov. 8, 2022 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 5, 2019 Nov., 4th S AP (l) Nov. 16, 2019 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 8, 2022 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 5, 2019 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 5, 2019 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020
Type of primary (c) Open (e) Partially Closed Open Top Two Partially Closed Closed Closed Closed Open Open Rep: Closed (i) Dem: Partially Closed Partially Open Partially Open Partially Open Closed (k) Closed Top Two Closed (n) Closed (p) Partially Closed Open Open (s) Open Open Top Two Closed Partially Closed (u) Closed Closed Closed
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 1 9
E LE CTIO N S
TA BLE 6 . 4 Election Dates for National and State Elections (Formulas and Dates of State Elections) (continued) National (a)
State or other jurisdiction North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island
Primary
General
Primary
March,★ March 3, 2020
Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 (m) … (m) … (m) … (m) … (m) …
March,★ March 3, 2020 June, 2nd T June 9, 2020 May,★(v) March 10, 2020 June, last T June 30, 2020 May, 3rd T May 19, 2020 April, 4th T April 28, 2020 Sept., 2nd T after 1st M Sept. 15, 2020 June, 2nd T June 9, 2020 June,★ June 2, 2020 Aug., 1st TH Aug. 6, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 June, 4th T June 23, 2020 Aug., 2nd T Aug. 11, 2020 June, 2nd T June 11, 2019 Aug., 1st T Aug. 4, 2020 May, 2nd T May 12, 2020 Aug., 2nd T Aug. 11, 2020 Aug., 1st T After 3rd M Aug. 18, 2020 June, 2nd T (q) June 16, 2020 (o) … Aug., last S Aug. 29, 2020 (o) … N.A. March 15, 2020 Aug., 1st S Aug. 1, 2020
(d) March, 2nd T after 1st M March 10, 2020 (v) March, 1st T March 3, 2020 May, 3rd T May 19, 2020 April, 4th T April 28, 2020 April, 4th T April 28, 2020
South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
(d) June,★ June 2, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 (y) March, 1st T March 3, 2020 March, 1st T March 3, 2020 May, 4th T May 26, 2020 May, 2nd T May 12, 2020 April, 1st T April 7, 2020 (d)
Dist. of Columbia
June, 2nd T (q) June 9, 2018
American Samoa
(d)
Guam
(d)
CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
(d) Rep: (f) Dem: June 7, 2020 (d)
See footnotes at end of table
220 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
State (b) Runoff 7 wks. AP April 21, 2020 … … Aug., 4th T Aug. 25, 2020 … … … 2nd T AP June 23, 2020 10th T AP (x) Aug. 11, 2020 … May, 4th T May 26, 2020 … … … … … … … … … … … … …
General Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 5, 2019 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020 Nov.,★ Nov. 3, 2020
Type of primary (c) Partially Closed Open Partially Open Dem: Partially Closed Rep: Closed (w) Closed Closed Partially Open Open Rep: Closed Dem: Partially Closed Open Open Rep: Closed (z) Dem: Open Open Open Top Two Partially Closed Open Closed Closed (o) Open (o) Open Closed
E LE CTI O N S
TA BLE 6 . 4 Election Dates for National and State Elections (Formulas and Dates of State Elections) (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table describes the basic formulas for determining when national and state elections will be held. For specific information on a particular state, the reader is advised to contact the state election administration office. All dates provided are based on the state election formula and dates are subject to change. Key: ★—First Tuesday after first Monday. …—No provision. M—Monday. T—Tuesday. TH—Thursday. S—Saturday. SN—Sunday. Prior—Prior to general election. AP—After primary. (a) National refers to presidential elections. (b) State refers to election in which a state executive official or legislator is to be elected. See Table 6.1, State Executive Branch Officials to be Elected, and Table 6.2, State Legislature Members to be Elected. (c) Open: Voters can privately select which party’s ballot to vote, regardless of party affiliation. Closed: Voters must be a registered member of the party to vote its primary ballot. Partially Open: Voters can choose in which primary to vote but that choice is not private. In certain states, a voter’s primary ballot selection may be regarded as a form of registration with the corresponding party. Partially Closed: Unaffiliated voters may participate in any party’s primary. Members of a political party are not allowed to cross over and vote in a different political party’s primary. Top Two primaries: All voters in California and Washington receive one ballot with candidates from all parties listed together. The top two finishers face each other at the general election. Louisiana has a similar election type but its primary is held in October with a runoff election in November if no candidate garners 50 percent or more of the vote. Nebraska uses a single primary ballot to elect lawmakers to its nonpartisan legislature. (d) The dates for presidential caucuses are set by the political parties. (e) Alaska law allows a political party to select who may participate in their party’s primary. Parties may expand or limit who may participate in their Primary Election by submitting a written notice with a copy of their pre cleared by-laws to the Director of Elections no later than September 1st of the year prior to the year in which a Primary Election is to be held. (f) The primary law allows Puerto Rico parties affiliated with U.S. national parties to select a primary date any time between the first Tuesday in March and June 15. (g) The state parties have the option of choosing either the first Tuesday in March (March 3, 2020) date called for in the statute or moving up to the first Tuesday in February (Feb. 4, 2020).
(h) The Secretary of State has the authority to set the date of the presidential primary election. Currently held in March, the presidential primary could be held as late as June 14. (i) In 2011, the Idaho Legislature passed HB 351, implementing a closed primary system. However, the law gives political parties the option of opening their primary elections to unaffiliated voters and members of other political parties. The party chairman must notify the Secretary of State 6 months prior to the primary if the party intends to open its primary election to those outside of the party. The Republican party currently allows only voters registered with its party to vote (closed), while the Democratic Party allows unaffiliated voters to vote in its primary (partially closed). (j) In 2015, the Kansas legislature passed a bill (HB 2104) that repealed the statute calling for a presidential preference primary election. It replaces it with a requirement that each recognized political party select a presidential nominee in accordance with party procedures, for every presidential election beginning with the 2016 election. (k) Unaffiliated voters may register with a party on primary day to vote in that party’s primary. (l) Louisiana has an open primary which requires all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, to appear on a single ballot. If a candidate receives over 50 percent of the vote in the primary, that candidate is elected to the office. If no candidate receives a majority vote, then a single election is held between the two candidates receiving the most votes. For national elections, the first vote is held on the first Saturday in October of even-numbered years with the general election held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. For state elections, the election is held on the second to last Saturday in October with the runoff being held on the fourth Saturday after first election. (m) Residents of U.S. territories may vote in presidential primaries, but the Electoral College system does not permit them to vote in presidential elections. (n) Voters who have already registered but have not enrolled in a party may enroll in a party at the polls on Election Day. Any voter who wishes to change party enrollment must do so at least 15 days before the vote. (o) American Samoa and the Northern Marianas Islands do not conduct primary elections. Instead, the law provides for a run off when none of the candidates receives more than 50% of the vote. (p) Under Maryland law, parties may allow unaffiliated voters to cast ballots in their primaries by notifying the election board six months in advance. However, both major parties currently hold closed primaries. (q) In 2014, the Council of the District of Columbia passed a bill (B20-0265) to move the presidential primary from the 1st Tuesday in April to the 2nd Tuesday in June. (r) Parties must notify the Secretary of State’s Office in writing prior to Dec. 1st the year preceding the date of the election of their intentions to hold a preference primary election. Unless the chairs of the two major political parties jointly propose a different date, the caucuses are held on the first Tuesday in February.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 2 1
E LE CTIO N S
TA BLE 6 . 4 Election Dates for National and State Elections (Formulas and Dates of State Elections) (continued) (s) Mississippi voters do not have to register with a party, but state law requires they must intend to support the party nominee if they vote in that party’s primary election. Since voter intent is difficult to dispute in court, some characterize Mississippi’s system an open partisan primary. (t) The Secretary of State selects a date for the primary, which must be 7 days or more immediately preceding the date on which any other state holds a similar election. (u) An unaffiliated voter may choose one party’s ballot, which makes them a registered member of that party. However, temporary affiliation is possible, as voters can fill out a card at the polling place to return to undeclared status after the vote is cast. (v) In 2015, Ohio lawmakers passed a bill (HB 153) that moves the date of the primary back one week to the second Tuesday after the first Monday in March. In non-presidential election years, the primary is held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in May. The move to a later week allows Republicans to allocate delegates in a winner-take-all fashion.
222 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(w) In November of each odd-numbered year, recognized political parties declare whether or not they will permit Independents to vote in their primary elections during the following two calendar years. For 2016 and 2017, the Democratic Party granted permission for Independents to vote in its primaries and runoff primaries. Independents cannot vote in Republican primaries. (x) South Dakota only holds runoffs for the offices of U.S. Senator, U.S. Representative and governor. (y) If funded, Utah can hold a primary on either the first Tuesday of February or in conjunction with the regular primary on the fourth Tuesday in June. (z) In November, 2015, a federal judge ruled that the state cannot force political parties to open their primaries to unaffiliated voters, invalidating a provision in a 2014 law (SB 54). This decision allows the Utah Republican Party to continue to hold closed primaries. (aa) In the past two election presidential primary cycles, New York has chosen to move their primary to April. The 2020 date is yet to be determined.
E LE CTI O N S
Table 6.4 | State Election Calendar State Primaries 2019
JUNE
May 21, 2019 Kentucky •
June 4, 2019 • New Jersey June 11, 2019 • Virginia August 6, 2019 • Mississippi October 19, 2019 • Louisiana
SEPTEMBER
June 2, 2020 Iowa, Montana, New Mexico, South Dakota
September 8, 2020 • New Hampshire
June 9, 2020 • Maine, Nevada, North Dakota, South Carolina
September 15, 2020 • Delaware, Massachusetts, Rhode Island
•
June 16, 2020 • Dist. of Columbia June 23, 2020 • New York, Utah
MARCH March 3, 2020 • California, North Carolina, Texas
June 30, 2020 • Colorado, Oklahoma
March 10, 2020 Ohio
AUGUST
March 15, 2020 • Puerto Rico
August 1, 2020 • U.S. Virgin Islands
•
March 17, 2020 • Illinois
August 4, 2020 • Kansas, Michigan, Missouri, Washington
APRIL
August 6, 2020 • Tennessee
April 28, 2020 • Pennsylvania
August 8, 2020 • Hawaii
M AY
August 11, 2020 • Connecticut, Minnesota, Vermont, Wisconsin
May 5, 2020 • Indiana May 12, 2020 • Nebraska, West Virginia May 19, 2020 • Arkansas, Georgia, Idaho, Oregon
August 18, 2020 • Alaska, Wyoming August 25, 2020 • Arizona, Florida August 29, 2018 • Guam
are held in 9 states. August 27, 2019 • Mississippi
July 21, 2020 • Georgia
April 21, 2020 • North Carolina
August 11, 2020 • South Dakota
May 26, 2020 • Texas
August 25, 2020 • Oklahoma
June 23, 2020 • South Carolina
June 7, 2022 • Alabama June 28, 2022 • Maryland American Samoa and CNMI* do not conduct primary elections. Instead, the law provides for a run off when none of the candidates receives more than 50% of the vote.
The state general election in most states is
Nov. 3, 2020 However, 4 states and one territory do not have state executive or legislative general elections in 2020.
Runoff elections
June 9, 2020 • Arkansas
OTHER
July 19, 2022 • Alabama
Nov. 5, 2019 • Mississippi, Kentucky, New Jersey, Virginia Nov. 16, 2019 • Louisiana Nov. 8, 2022 • Alabama, Maryland
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 2 3
E LE CTIO N S
TA BLE 6 . 5 Polling Hours: General Elections State or other jurisdiction
Polls open
Polls close
Notes on hours (a)
Alabama
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Polling places located in the Eastern Time Zone may be open from 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. ET.
Alaska
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Arizona
6 a.m.
7 p.m.
Arkansas
7:30 a.m.
7:30 p.m.
California
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Colorado
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Connecticut
6 a.m.
8 p.m.
Delaware
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Florida
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Georgia
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Hawaii
7 a.m.
6 p.m.
Idaho
8 a.m.
8 p.m.
Illinois
6 a.m.
7 p.m.
Indiana
6 a.m.
6 p.m.
Iowa
7 a.m.
9 p.m.
Kansas
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Counties may open the polls earlier and close them later. Several western counties are in the Mountain Time Zone.
Kentucky
6 a.m.
6 p.m.
Counties may be either in Eastern or Central Time Zones.
Louisiana
6 a.m.
8 p.m.
Maine
Between 6 and 10 a.m.
8 p.m.
Maryland
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Massachusetts
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Some municipalities may open their polls as early as 5:45 a.m.
Michigan
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Eastern Time Zone and Central Time Zone
Minnesota
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
A few polling places in small townships located outside the 11-county metropolitan area may open as late as 10 a.m.
Mississippi
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Missouri
6 a.m.
7 p.m.
Montana
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Nebraska
7 a.m. MT/8 a.m. CT
7 p.m. MT/8 p.m. CT
Nevada
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
New Hampshire
No later than 11 a.m.
No earlier than 7 p.m.
New Jersey
6 a.m.
8 p.m.
New Mexico
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
New York
6 a.m.
9 p.m.
North Carolina
6:30 a.m.
7:30 p.m.
North Dakota
Between 7 and 9 a.m.
Between 7 and 9 p.m.
Ohio
6:30 a.m.
7:30 p.m.
Oklahoma
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Oregon
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Pennsylvania
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Rhode Island
Between 7 and 9 a.m
8 p.m.
South Carolina
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
South Dakota
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Tennessee
8 a.m. (may be earlier)
7 p.m. CT/8 p.m. ET
See footnotes at end of table
224â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Clerk has the option of opening all polls at 7 a.m. Idaho is in two time zones - MT and PT. For those counties on Central time, polling places will observe these times in Central time.
Applicable opening time depends on variables related to the size of the precinct.
A polling place having fewer than 400 registered electors must be open from at least noon to 8 p.m. or until all registered electors in any precinct have voted, at which time that precinct in the polling place must be closed immediately.
Polling hours vary from town to town.
Polling locations cannot open earlier than 7 a.m. and must be open by 9 a.m., with the exception of those precincts in which fewer than 75 votes were cast in the last General Election, which must open no later than noon. All polling locations must remain open until 7 p.m. and close no later than 9 p.m.
Official dropsites open eight hours or more and until 8 p.m. for depositing cast ballots. County Clerks offices open 7 a.m.â&#x20AC;&#x201C;8 p.m. for issuing and depositing ballots. Polls open at 9 a.m. in special elections.
Polling places must be open a minimum of ten continuous hours, but no more than 13 hours. In any county having a population of not less than 120,000, all polling places must open by 8 a.m., but nothing prevents an earlier opening time at the discretion of the county election commission.
E LE CTI O N S
TA BLE 6 . 5 Polling Hours: General Elections (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Polls open
Polls close
Texas
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Utah
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Vermont
Between 5 and 10 a.m.
7 p.m.
Virginia
6 a.m.
7 p.m.
Washington
NA
NA
West Virginia
6:30 a.m.
7:30 p.m.
Wisconsin
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
Wyoming
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Dist. of Columbia
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
American Samoa
6 a.m
6 p.m.
Guam
7 a.m.
8 p.m.
CNMI*
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Puerto Rico
9 a.m.
5 p.m.
U.S. Virgin Islands
7 a.m.
7 p.m.
Notes on hours (a)
The opening time for polls is set by local boards of civil authority. Washington votes by mail. The ballot must be postmarked no later than Election Day; or returned to a designated ballot drop box by 8 p.m. on Election Day; or returned in person to the county elections department by 8 p.m. on Election Day.
Sources: The Council of State Governments and state websites, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Hours for primary, municipal and special elections may differ from those noted.
(a) In all states, voters standing in line when the polls close are allowed to vote; however, provisions for handling those voters vary across jurisdictions.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 2 5
E LE CTIO N S
TA BLE 6 . 6 Voter Registration Information
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Closing date for registration before general election (Days) 15 30 29 30 15 22 days through voter registration drive, 8 online or by mail, Election Day in person 14 by mail, 7 in person or online, Election Day 24 29 30 online, 29 in person, 28 by mail 29 25 or Election Day 28 (h) 29 15 by mail, 10 in person or online, Election Day 21 29 30 21 by mail, up to Election Day in person 21 by mail, early voting period in person 20 30 by mail, 21 in person 21 or Election Day 30 28 30 by mail or up to Election Day in person 18 by mail or online, 11 in person 31 by mail, 21 in person or online 10 or Election Day 21 28 25 25 (l) (m) 30 (n) 25 21 30 30 30 15 30 30 30 by mail, 7 in person or online (o) Election Day 22 29 by mail or online, 8 in person 21 20 by mail or Election Day 14 by mail or Election Day 30 by mail, Election Day in person 30 10 60 50 30
See footnotes at end of table
226 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Same-Day registration … (d) … … ★(e)
Online registration
Automatic registration (a)
★ ★ ★ … ★
★
Residency requirements (b) S S, D, 30 S, C, 29 S, 30 S
★
★
★
S, 22
★ … … … ★(g) ★ ★ … ★ … … … ★ ★(i) … ★ ★ … … ★ … … ★ … … … (l) (m) (n) … … … ★(d) … … … … … ★(p) … … … ★ ★ ★ … … … … …
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ (j) ★ (k) ★ … ★ ★ … … (k) ★ … (m) (k) ★(f) ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … … … …
★
S, T S S S, C S S, C, 30 S, P, 30 S, P, 30 S S S, P, 28 S, Parish, 30 S, M S, 21 S S, M, 30 S, 20 S, T, 30 S S, 30 S S, C, 30; P, 10 S S, C, 30 S S, P, 30 S, C, 30 S, P, 30 S, 30 S S S, D, 30 S, T S, C, P S S S, C S, 30 S, T S S, 30 S, T, 30 S, P, 28 S, P D, 30 D Territory Territory, 120 Territory (q) Territory, P, 90
★
★
★
★ ★
★
★
★
Registration in other places prohibited (c)
Provision regarding mental competency
★ ★ … ★ …
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ …
★ ★ … … ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ (m) ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★
★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★
E LE CTI O N S
TA BLE 6 . 6 Voter Registration Information (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments survey of state election websites, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★—Provision exists. …—No state provision. (a) Eligible citizens who interact with government agencies are automatically registered to vote unless they decline. (b) Key for residency requirements: S—State, C—County, D—District, M—Municipality, P—Precinct, T—Town. Numbers represent the number of days before an election for which one must be a resident. (c) State provision prohibiting registration or claiming the right to vote in another state or jurisdiction. (d) Election-day registration is available in presidential election years, but voters who do so can vote only for the offices of President and Vice President, not in state or local races. (e) California’s same-day registration will take effect on January 1 of the year following the year in which the Secretary of State certifies that the state has a statewide voter registration database that complies with the requirements of the federal Help America Vote Act of 2002. (f) Oklahoma began the first phase of online registration in September 2018. The full online system is expected to be implemented by 2020. (g) In 2014 Hawaii lawmakers passed legislation (HB 2590) to allow voters to register at early voting sites beginning in 2016 or at their assigned polling places on Election Day starting in 2018. (h) Registration closes 27 days before a general election. Illinois also has a “grace period” registration that extends registration from the normal close of registration up through the 3rd day before the election. Once registered, this voter may cast a ballot
during this “Grace Period” at the election authority’s office or at a location specifically designated for this purpose by the election authority, or by mail, at the discretion of the election authority. (i) A legislatively referred constitutional amendment to authorize the legislature to enact election day registration was approved by voters in November 2018. (j) An online system allows voters to change their address for both their drivers license and voter registration at the same time. Michigan law requires that the same address be on record for both. (k) In Mississippi, New Mexico, and Ohio, a registered voter can update an existing registration record online, but new applications must still be made on paper. (l) In 2014, the North Carolina legislature eliminated voters’ ability to register and vote on the same day at early voting locations. Registered voters may still update their name and address on their voter registration at an Early Voting site. (m) No voter registration. (n) In 2014, the Ohio Legislature passed a bill that eliminated the ability of voters to register during the six early voting days referred to as “Golden Week,” when people could both register to vote and cast an in-person absentee ballot. (o) Must be postmarked 30 days before an election. Voters can register in-person or online up to 7 days before the election. However, these voters will not be eligible to participate in early voting, and must vote on election day. (p) The Vermont Legislature passed a bill (SB 29) in 2015 to allow for same-day voter registration, effective January 1, 2017. (q) Voters must have a permanent residence in Puerto Rico to be a qualified elector.
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TA BLE 6 . 6 a Voting Information
State or other Vote by mail Early voting jurisdiction or online (a) allowed (b) Alabama No Alaska Yes ★(i) Arizona Yes Arkansas Yes California Yes Colorado Yes ★(l) Connecticut No Delaware No Florida Yes Georgia Yes Hawaii Yes Idaho Yes (m) Illinois Yes Indiana Yes (m) Iowa Yes (m) Kansas Yes Kentucky No Louisiana Yes Maine Yes (m) Maryland Yes Massachusetts Yes (o) Michigan No Minnesota Yes (m) Mississippi No Missouri No Montana Yes (m) Nebraska Yes Nevada Yes New Hampshire No New Jersey Yes (m) New Mexico Yes New York No North Carolina Yes North Dakota Yes Ohio Yes (m) Oklahoma Yes (m) Oregon N.A. ★(v) Pennsylvania No Rhode Island No South Carolina No South Dakota Yes (m) Tennessee Yes Texas Yes Utah Yes Vermont Yes (m) Virginia No Washington N.A. ★(cc) West Virginia Yes Wisconsin Yes (m) Wyoming Yes (m) Dist. of Columbia Yes American Samoa No Guam No CNMI* No Puerto Rico No U.S. Virgin Islands No
Voter ID required (c) Yes Yes (j) Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No No (w) Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No (dd) Yes No No No No No Yes Yes
Photo ID required Yes (h) No No No (k) No No No No Yes Yes No Yes (n) No Yes No Yes No Yes No No No Yes No Yes No No No No Yes No No No No (s) Yes No No (t) No No (w) Yes No (y) Yes Yes Yes No No Yes No No (dd) Yes No No No No No No No
See footnotes at end of table
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Absentee voting Persons eligible Permanent for absentee absentee voting (d) status available (e) Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required ★ Excuse required … No excuse required ★ N.A. N.A. Excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required ★ No excuse required … No excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required ★ Excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required ★ No excuse required … No excuse required ★ Excuse required … No excuse required ★ No excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … N.A. N.A. Excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … No excuse required ★ No excuse required … Excuse required … N.A. N.A. Excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required … No excuse required ★ Excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required … Excuse required …
Absentee votes signed by witness or notary (f) N or 2 W N or 1 W … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … N or W … … … … N or W (p) N (q) N (r) … … … … … … … N or 2W … … N (u) … … N or 2W (x) W (z) (aa) … … … … W … … W … … … N N (ee) Affidavit
Provisions for felons Method/process or Voting rights provision for revoked restoration (g) B ★ C ★ C ★ C ★ E ★ E ★ E ★ B ★ C ★ C ★ D ★ C ★ D ★ D ★ A ★ C ★ A ★ C ★ … N.A. D ★ D ★ D ★ C ★ B ★ C ★ C ★ C ★ B ★ D ★ C ★ C ★ E ★ C ★ D ★ D ★ E ★ D ★ D ★ D ★ C ★ C ★ B ★ C ★ D ★ … N.A. C (bb) ★ C ★ C ★ C ★ B ★ D ★ C ★ C ★ C ★ … N.A. C ★
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TA BLE 6 . 6 a Voting Information (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments survey of state websites, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★—Provision exists. . . .—No state provision. N.A.—Not applicable (a) Three states—Colorado, Oregon, and Washington—conduct elections by mail. All registered voters are automatically mailed a ballot in advance of Election Day. Alaska is the first state to allow all voters— not just those covered by the federal Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA)—to submit an absentee ballot electronically. Civilian voters must apply for an electronic ballot beginning 15 days before the election. (b) Early voting is usually done in person on the same equipment as that used on Election Day. An excuse is not required. (c) Voter identification laws include both photo or non-photo identification requirements. (d) Typical excuses include some or all of the following: absent on business; senior citizen; disabled persons; not absent, but prevented by employment from voting; out of state on Election Day; out of precinct on Election Day; absent for religious reasons; students; temporarily out of jurisdiction. (e) State allows voters to be added to the permanent absentee voter list, in which an absentee ballot will be automatically sent for each election. No excuse is required. This does not include states that allow certain voters to be added to the list, including permanently disabled or ill voters, the elderly, uniformed service members and their families, or people who live outside the United States. (f) Absentee votes must be signed by, N—Notary or W—Witness. Numbers indicated the number of signatures required. (g) A—permanent disenfranchisement for all offenders; states that permanently disenfranchise all or some felons may allow felons to apply, on an individual basis, to the state for an exemption that will restore their voting rights. B—restoration is dependent upon the type of conviction and/or the results of an individual petition to the state government. C—voting rights restored after completion of sentence including prison, parole and probation. D—voting rights restored after release from prison. E—voting rights restored once released from prison and parole, probationers can vote. (h) Photo identification is not required if two election officials can sign sworn statements saying they know the voter. (i) Alaska is the first state to allow all voters—not just those covered by the federal Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act (UOCAVA)—to submit an absentee ballot electronically. Civilian voters must apply for an electronic ballot beginning 15 days before the election. (j) An election officer may waive the identification requirement if the election officials know the identity of the voter. (k) In October 2014, the Arkansas Supreme Court struck down a state law that requires voters to show photo identification before casting a ballot, ruling the requirement unconstitutional.
(l) While all registered voters are automatically mailed a ballot prior to the election, the state also operates in-person voting sites. (m) Functional early voting, as the state permits in-person absentee voting, in which voters, within a certain period of time before the election, can apply in person for an absentee ballot (no excuse required) and cast a ballot in the election office. (n) A registered voter must either present a photo ID or sign a Personal Identification Affidavit. After signing the Affidavit, the voter will be issued a ballot to be tabulated with all other ballots. (o) Beginning in 2016, Massachusetts will have early voting only during even-year November elections. There are no early voting periods for primaries or municipal elections. (p) Unless the witness is a notary, the witness must also be a registered Minnesota voter. (q) Disabled voters do not need to have an absentee ballot notarized, but it must be witnessed. (r) All absentee ballots must be notarized with the exception of the following: Missouri residents outside the U.S., including military on active duty and their immediate family members; permanently disabled voters and those voting absentee due to illness or physical disability; and caregivers. (s) Photo identification will be required starting in 2016. However, voters who are unable to obtain an acceptable photo ID due to a reasonable impediment may still vote a provisional ballot at the polls . Examples of a reasonable impediment include but are not limited to the lack of proper documents, family obligations, transportation problems, work schedule, illness or disability, among other reasonable impediments faced by the voter. Voters must also sign a declaration describing their impediment; and provide their date of birth and last four digits of their Social Security number, or present their current voter registration card or a copy of an acceptable document bearing their name and address. (Acceptable documents include a current utility bill, bank statement, government check, paycheck, or other government- issued document.) The provisional ballot will be counted when the information on the declaration is verified and all other eligibility requirements are met. (t) A Voter Identification Card issued by the County Election Board is the only valid proof of identity that does not include a photograph. (u) All absentee ballots must notarized with the following exceptions: Physically incapacitated voters and voters who care for physically incapacitated persons (ballot affidavit must be witnessed by two people); voters in a nursing home; overseas voters. (v) State conducts election by mail. All registered voters are automatically mailed a ballot in advance of Election Day. (w) In 2012, the legislature enacted a law requiring voters to show photo identification. However, in 2014 a state judge struck down the law. (x) All absentee ballots must be notarized or signed by two witnesses with the following exceptions: military and overseas voters. (y) If a voter has a reasonable impediment to obtaining photo identification, he or she may vote a provisional ballot after showing a non-photo voter registration card. State law defines a reasonable impediment as any valid reason, beyond a person’s control, that creates an obstacle to obtaining Photo ID. Some examples include:
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TA BLE 6 . 6 a Voting Information (continued) religious objection to being photographed; disability or illness; work schedule; lack of transportation; lack of birth certificate; family responsibilities; election within short time frame of implementation of photo ID law (January 1, 2013); and any other obstacle a person finds reasonable. (z) All absentee ballots must be notarized or signed by one witness, with the exception of qualified voters under the Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voters Act. (aa) Absentee ballot applications (not absentee ballots) are required to be notarized unless a copy of the voter’s photo identification is also submitted. (bb) On Apr. 22, 2016, Virginia Gov. Terry McAuliffe signed an order restoring the vote to all felons in Virginia, regardless of their charge, who had completed their term of incarceration and their term of probation or parole. The governor’s action will not apply to felons released in the future, but aides say the governor plans to issue similar orders on a monthly basis to cover people as they are released.
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(cc) State conducts election by mail. All registered voters are automatically mailed a ballot in advance of Election Day. Only Pierce County offers in-person voting. (dd) In 2016, the West Virginia Legislature approved a bill that will require voters to show some form of identification before casting a ballot. Approved forms of identification include any governmentissued ID or permit, with or without a photo, including a voter registration card; any college or high school issued ID; a health insurance card; a utility bill; a bank card or bank statement; or verification of identification by another adult who has known the voter for at least 6 months, including a poll worker. It is effective January 1, 2018. (ee) Absentee ballot applications (not absentee ballots) are required to be certified by various officials, depending on the reason for voting absentee, such as a college registrar, employer, or medical official.
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TA BLE 6 . 7 Voting Statistics for Gubernatorial Elections State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California (b) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (f) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Date of last election 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2016 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2016 2018 2018 2015 2015 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2015 2016 2016 2018 2018 2018 2017 2018 2018 2016 2016 2018 2018 2016 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2018 2016 2018 2017 2016 2016 2018 2018 2016 2018 2018 2016 2018
Primary election Republican Democrat 3rd Party Independent Total votes 591,199 283,705 0 0 874,904 71,195 39,241 (a) 0 0 110,436 655,538 505,481 2,648 0 1,163,667 206,405 105,919 0 0 312,324 2,519,136 4,350,513 91,481 0 6,961,130 503,205 637,002 0 0 1,140,207 142,858 212,543 0 0 355,401 30,265 (c) 0 0 30,265 1,622,124 1,519,492 0 0 3,141,616 607,441 555,089 0 0 1,162,530 31,156 242,514 454 1,138 275,262 194,536 65,882 0 0 260,418 722,162 1,324,548 0 0 2,046,710 815,699 (c) 547,375 (c) 0 0 1,363,074 94,118 (c) 178,924 1,696 1,649 276,387 317,615 156,273 0 0 473,888 214,193 178,541 0 0 392,734 637,938 463,700 0 12,698 1,114,336 94,382 125,391 0 748 220,521 157,503 (c) 391,706 0 0 549,209 273,011 551,470 0 0 824,481 989,525 1,131,447 6975 0 2,127,947 289,957 582,350 0 0 872,307 274,407 299,368 0 0 573,775 684,251 325,413 3,515 (c ) 0 1,013,179 145,948 122,419 0 0 268,367 169,860 91,942 0 0 261,802 142,184 (g) 145,420 (g) 0 0 287,604 92,583 122,966 1110 0 216,659 258,880 527,332 0 0 786,212 75,162 (c) 175,898 175 0 251,235 (c) 1,558,352 0 0 1,558,352 1,072,655 1,034,432 0 0 2,107,087 114,415 17,337 (c) 1,095 0 132,847 834,967 688,788 3,031 0 1,526,786 452,606 395,494 3558 0 399,052 304,892 480,852 0 23,332 809,076 737,312 749,812 (c) 0 0 1,487,124 33,087 117,875 0 0 150,962 367,983 240,468 0 0 608,451 102,772 (c) 0 0 102,772 792,888 373,390 0 0 1,166,278 1,549,006 1,022,558 0 0 2,571,564 229,656 (m) (i) 0 0 229,656 35,811 57,248 0 4974 98,033 365,782 542,816 0 0 908,598 596,092 756,759 18,989 22,582 1,394,422 161,127 (c) 258,350 0 0 419,477 455,563 538,646 0 0 994,191 116,786 18,076 0 0 134,862 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (j) ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(c) 25,699 0 0 25,699 (k) (k) (k) (k) (k) (c) 462,973 0 0 462,973 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
See footnotes at end of table
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TA BLE 6 . 7 Voting Statistics for Gubernatorial Elections (continued) General election State or other Independent jurisdiction Republican Percent Democrat Percent 3rd Party Percent and Write-In Percent Alabama 1,019,558 59.5 691,671 40.4 0 0.0 2,614 0.2 Alaska 145,631 51.4 125,739 44.4 5,402 1.9 6,362 2.3 Arizona 1,330,863 56.0 994,341 41.8 50,962 4.8 275 0.0 Arkansas 582,406 65.3 283,218 31.8 25,885 3.1 0 0.0 California (d) 4,742,825 38.1 7,721,410 61.9 0 0.0 0 0.0 Colorado 1,080,801 42.8 1,348,888 53.4 95,373 4.7 0 0.0 Connecticut 650,138 (e) 48.2 694,510 (e) 50.7 62,081 0.0 74 0.0 Delaware 166,852 39.2 248,404 58.3 10,528 2.5 0 0.0 Florida 4,076,186 49.6 4,043,723 49.2 47,140 3.8 53,512 0.7 Georgia 1,978,408 50.2 1,923,685 48.8 37,235 2.4 432 0.0 Hawaii 131,719 33.7 244,934 62.7 10,123 13.5 4,067 1.0 Idaho 361,661 59.8 231,081 38.2 12,338 5.8 51 0.0 Illinois 1,765,751 38.8 2,479,746 54.5 302,045 3.3 115 0.0 Indiana 1,397,396 51.4 1,235,503 45.4 87,025 3.2 44 0.0 Iowa 667,275 50.3 630,986 47.5 28,889 3.6 488 0.0 Kansas 453,645 43.0 506,727 48.0 20,020 4.0 75,174 7.1 Kentucky 511,374 52.5 426,620 43.8 0 0.0 35,698 3.7 Louisiana (f) 505,940 43.9 646,924 56.1 0 0.0 0 0.0 Maine 272,311 43.2 320,962 50.9 37,268 8.4 126 0.0 Maryland 855,539 57.7 608,810 41.1 16,584 1.5 1,096 0.1 Massachusetts 885,770 33.1 1,781,341 66.6 3.3 7,504 0.3 Michigan 1,859,534 43.7 2,266,193 53.3 124,826 2.2 32 0.0 Minnesota 1,097,705 42.4 1,393,096 53.8 95,402 2.2 1,084 0.0 Mississippi 476,697 66.4 231,643 32.3 9,845 0.0 0 0.0 Missouri 1,424,730 51.3 1,261,110 45.4 61,503 2.2 30,511 1.1 Montana 236,115 46.4 255,933 50.2 17,312 3.4 0 0.0 Nebraska 411,812 59.0 286,169 41.0 0 3.5 0 0.0 Nevada 440,320 45.3 480,007 49.4 32,607 2.7 18,865 (g) 2.9 New Hampshire 302,764 52.8 262,359 45.7 8,197 1.4 282 0.0 New Jersey 899,583 41.9 1,203,110 56.0 44,722 2.1 0 0.0 New Mexico 298,091 42.8 398,368 57.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 New York 2,207,602 (h) 36.2 3,635,340 (h) 59.6 254,420 4.2 0 0.0 North Carolina 2,298,880 48.8 2,309,157 49.0 102,977 2.2 0 0.0 North Dakota 259,863 76.5 65,855 19.4 13,230 3.9 653 0.2 Ohio 2,231,917 50.4 2,067,847 46.7 129,460 3.3 358 0.0 Oklahoma 644,579 54.3 500,973 42.2 40,833 0.0 0 0.0 Oregon 684,321 43.8 796,006 51.0 46,446 3.0 35,046 2.2 Pennsylvania 2,039,882 40.7 2,895,652 57.8 77,021 0.0 0 0.0 24,001 6.4 Rhode Island 139,932 37.2 198,122 52.6 14,346 21.4 South Carolina 921,342 54.0 784,182 45.9 0 1.7 2,045 0.1 South Dakota 172,706 51.0 161,171 47.6 4,838 0.0 0 0.0 Tennessee 1,336,106 59.6 864,863 38.6 0 3.3 42,325 1.9 Texas 4,656,196 55.8 3,546,615 42.5 140,632 1.8 0 0.0 Utah 750,828 66.7 322,462 28.7 34,687 3.1 16,936 1.5 Vermont 151,261 55.2 110,335 40.3 3,694 1.3 8,797 3.2 Virginia 1,175,731 45.0 1,409,175 53.9 27,987 6.5 1,389 0.1 Washington 1,476,346 45.6 1,760,520 54.4 0 0.0 0 0.0 West Virginia 301,987 42.3 350,408 49.1 61,463 8.6 0 0.0 Wisconsin 1,295,080 48.5 1,324,307 49.6 31,312 0.0 21,643 0.8 Wyoming 136,412 67.1 55,965 27.5 9,761 2.4 1,100 0.5 American Samoa ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (j) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Guam 9,487 26.4 18,258 50.8 0 0.0 8,205 22.8 CNMI* 8922 62.2 0 0.0 0 0.0 5,420 37.8 Puerto Rico 614,190 38.9 660,510 41.8 39,159 4.4 266,325 16.9 U.S. Virgin Islands 0 0.0 9,711 (l) 39.2 0 0.0 15,811 (l) 60.8 See footnotes at end of table
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Total votes 1,713,843 283,134 2,376,441 891,509 12,464,235 2,525,062 1,406,803 425,784 8,220,561 3,939,328 390,843 605,131 4,547,657 2,719,968 1,327,638 1,055,566 973,692 1,152,864 630,667 1,482,029 2,674,615 4,250,585 2,587,287 718,185 2,777,854 509,360 697,981 971,799 573,602 2,147,415 696,459 6,097,362 4,711,014 339,601 4,429,582 1,186,385 1,561,819 5,012,555 376,401 1,707,569 338,715 2,243,294 8,343,443 1,124,913 274,087 2,614,282 3,236,866 713,858 2,672,342 203,238 12,024 35,950 14,342 1,580,184 25,522
E LE CTI O N S
TA BLE 6 . 7 Voting Statistics for Gubernatorial Elections (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state elections web sites, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N.A.—Not applicable (a) In 2018, the Democratic Primary was known as the ADL ballot, which featured candidates from the Democratic, Libertarian and Independence Parties. (b) California became an open primary state after passage of Proposition 14 in the June 2010 election. The top two vote-getters in primary races for congressional, state legislative and statewide offices, regardless of political party, will be in a face-off in the general election. (c) Candidate ran unopposed. (e) Republican vote total includes 25,388 votes from the Independent party. Democratic vote total includes 17,861 from the Working Families Party. (f) Louisiana has an open primary which requires all candidates, regardless of party affiliation, to appear on a single ballot. If a candidate receives over 50 percent of the vote in the primary, he is elected to the office. If no candidate receives a majority vote, then a single election is held between the two candidates receiving the most votes. (g) Nevada voters have the option to select “None of These Candidates.” If the “None of These Candidates” option receives the most votes in an election, the actual candidate who receives the most votes wins the election. In the Democratic primary, the “None of
These Candidates” option received 5,069 votes. In the Republican primary, 6,136 voters selected that option. The “None of These Candidates” option received 18,865 votes in the general election. (h) Democratic vote includes 68,713 from the Independence Party, 27,733 from the Women’s Equality Party, and 114,478 from the Working Families Party. The Republican vote includes 253,624 from the Conservative Party and 27,493 from the Reform Party. (i) Candidate nominated by convention. (j) There are no primaries. Instead, the law provides for a run off when none of the candidates receives more than 50% of the vote. All elections and candidates are nonpartisan, but candidates do identify with specific parties. The vote total in the general election was 12,024. Incumbent Lolo Matalasi Moliga won with 7,235 votes, Faoa Aitofele Sunia was next with 4,305 and Tuika Tuika received 484 votes. (k) There are no primaries. Instead, the law provides for a run off when none of the candidates receives more than 50% of the vote. (l) In the general election in the U.S. Virgin Islands, a runoff was held because no candidate received more than 50% of the vote. The vote total in the runoff election was 21,635, with the Democratic candidate Albert Bryan winnning with 54.5% of the vote. (m) Incumbent Republican Governor of Utah, Gary Herbert, lost the GOP primary convention vote to challenger Jonathan Johnson. Under the “Count My Vote” law, Herbert was still guaranteed a spot on the ballot despite losing the convention vote (forcing an official primary).
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Table 6.7 | Gubernatorial Elections Republican PERCENT—HIGHEST
ND • 76.5%
WY • 67.1%
UT • 66.7%
MS • 66.4%
AR • 65.3%
CA • 61.9%
NY • 59.6%
DE • 58.3%
WV • 8.6%
ME • 8.4%
VA • 6.5%
Democrat PERCENT—HIGHEST
MA • 66.6%
HI • 62.7%
Third Party PERCENT—HIGHEST
RI • 21.4%
HI • 13.5%
In a gubernatorial election, NEVADA voters have the option to select “None of These Candidates.”
In the most recent general election, this option received 18,865 votes. 234 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Of the states, KANSAS had the
highest total percentage of independent and write-in votes.
7.1%
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TA BLE 6 . 8 Voter Turnout for Presidential Elections By Region: 2008, 2012 and 2016 (In thousands) State or other jurisdiction U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Voting age population (a) 250,056 3,770 3,770 555 5,331 2,287 4,306 2,822 750 16,566 7,828 1,120 1,254 9,867 5,063 2,407 2,192 3,431 3,572 1,078 4,671 5,442 7,745 4,240 2,268 4,711 818 1,436 2,276 1,077 6,960 1,591 15,558 7,880 581 9,008 2,966 3,244 10,108 849 3,883 654 5,165 20,672 2,145 506 6,551 5,692 1,453 4,496 446 562
2016 Number registered 191,316 3,343 514 3,588 1,704 19,412 3,838 2,358 676 12,959 5,638 750 805 671 4,829 2,171 1,818 3,314 3,022 1,058 3,963 4,535 7,514 3,269 1,879 4,224 694 1,211 1,686 1,007 5,819 1,289 12,493 6,918 (c) 7,861 2,157 2,569 8,723 771 3,129 544 4,110 15,101 1,558 465 5,530 4,270 1,277 3,559 241 480
Number voting (b) 136,665 2,123 319 2,624 1,131 14,182 2,780 1,645 444 9,420 4,115 429 690 5,536 2,735 1,566 1,184 1,924 2,029 748 2,781 3,325 4,799 2,945 1,209 2,809 495 844 1,125 744 3,874 798 7,721 4,742 344 5,496 1,453 2,001 6,115 464 2,103 370 2,508 8,969 1,131 315 3,985 3,317 713 2,976 256 311
Voting age population (a) 234,564 3,647 523 4,763 2,204 27,959 3,804 2,757 692 14,799 7,196 1,056 1,139 9,701 4,876 2,318 2,126 3,316 3,415 1,054 4,421 5,129 7,540 4,020 2,212 4,563 766 1,367 2,036 1,029 6,727 1,541 15,053 7,254 523 8,806 2,822 2,965 9,910 829 3,545 611 4,850 18,280 1,893 497 6,147 5,143 1,466 4,347 428 501
Sources: U.S. Congress, Clerk of the House, Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election, 2008, 2012. U.S. Census Bureau, Resident Population of Voting Age and Percent Casting Votes--States, as of July 1, 2010. U.S. Census Bureau, Table 4a: Reported Voting and Registration of the Citizen Voting-Age Population, for States: November 2012. U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, December 2008. The Council of State Governmentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; survey of election officials, January 2017, January 2009.
2012 Number registered 153,161 2,556 361 2,812 1,376 15,356 2,635 1,760 470 9,102 4,767 547 745 6,425 3,270 1,745 1,467 2,303 2,498 787 2,888 3,759 5,620 3,085 1,794 3,384 553 901 1,176 752 4,326 978 8,887 5,295 383 (c) 6,076 1,806 2,086 6,795 552 2,479 454 3,210 10,749 1,138 357 4,210 3,533 982 3,318 268 385
Number voting (b) 129,140 2,074 300 2,299 1,069 13,039 2,570 1,558 414 8,474 3,898 437 652 5,242 2,625 1,582 1,160 1,797 1,994 725 2,707 3,184 4,731 2,937 1,286 2,757 484 794 1,015 711 3,638 784 7,117 4,505 323 5,581 1,335 1,789 5,742 446 1,964 364 2,459 7,994 1,017 299 3,854 3,126 670 3,071 251 294
Voting age population (a) 227,719 3,504 501 4,668 2,134 27,169 3,668 2,682 659 14,207 7,013 997 1,091 9,653 4,758 2,276 2,079 3,237 3,213 1,037 4,259 5,016 7,624 3,937 2,150 4,453 738 1,328 1,905 1,017 6,622 1,469 14,884 6,843 496 8,715 2,717 2,884 9,646 824 3,347 599 4,685 17,281 1,828 489 5,885 4,932 1,424 4,280 397 475
2008 Number registered 189,391 2,841 496 2,987 1,686 23,209 3,209 2,210 602 11,248 5,266 691 862 7,790 4,515 2,076 1,750 2,907 2,945 1,000 3,429 4,220 7,471 3,200 1,873 4,181 668 1,157 1,208 864 5,379 1,193 12,031 6,226 (c) 8,163 2,184 2,154 8,730 701 2,554 508 3,978 13,575 1,433 454 5,044 3,630 1,212 3,405 276 427
Number voting (b) 128,628 2,100 326 2,321 1,087 13,214 2,401 1,645 391 8,358 3,924 454 655 5,578 2,751 1,537 1,751 1,827 1,961 731 2,632 3,103 5,044 2,910 1,290 2,925 490 801 968 708 3,868 830 7,675 4,311 317 5,698 1,463 1,828 5,995 470 1,921 382 2,600 8,077 905 325 3,724 3,037 713 2,983 255 267
Key: (a) Estimated population, 18 years old and over. Includes armed forces in each state, aliens, and institutional population. (b) Number voting is number of ballots cast in presidential race. (c) No statewide registration required.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 3 5
IN ITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS
TA BLE 6 . 9 Statewide Initiative and Referendum State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Changes to constitution Initiative Referendum Direct (a) Indirect (a) Legislative (b) « … … « … … « « … « « … « « … « « … « … … … … … « « … « … … « … … « … … « « … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « « … « « … « … … « « … « « … « « … « « … « « … « … … « … … « … … « … … … … «(e) « « … « « … « « … « « … « … … « … … « … … « « … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « … … « « « « … … « « …
See footnotes at end of table
236 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Changes to statutes Initiative Direct (c) … … « « « « … … … … … « … … … … … … … … … … … … « « « … … … … … … « … « « … … … « … … « … … « … … … … « … …
Indirect (c) … « … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … « … « « … … … … … « … … … … … … « … … … … … … … … « … … « … … « … « … …
Legislative … … « « « « … « … … … « « … … … « … « « « « … … « « « « … … « … … « « « « … … … « … … « … … « … … … … « « «
Referendum Citizen petition (d) … « « « « « … … … … … « … … … … … … « « « « … … « « « « … … … … … « « « « … … … « … … « … … « … … « … « … …
I N I TI ATI V E S A N D R E F E R E N D U M S
TA BLE 6 . 9 Statewide Initiative and Referendum (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia websites, March 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table summarizes state provisions for initiatives and referendums. Initiatives may propose constitutional amendments or develop state legislation and may be formed either directly or indirectly. The direct initiative allows a proposed measure to be placed on the ballot after a specific number of signatures have been secured on a citizen petition. The indirect initiative must be submitted to the legislature for a decision after the required number of signatures has been secured on a petition and prior to placing the proposed measure on the ballot. Referendum refers to the process whereby a state law or constitutional amendment passed by the legislature may be referred to the voters before it goes into effect. Three forms of referendums exist: (1) citizen petition, whereby the people may petition for a referendum on legislation which has been considered
by the legislature; (2) submission by the legislature (designated in table as “Legislative”), whereby the legislature may voluntarily submit laws to the voters for their approval; and (3) constitutional requirement, whereby the state constitution may require that certain questions be submitted to the voters. Key: «—State Provision. …—No state provision. (a) See “Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By Initiative,” for more detail. (b) See “Constitutional Amendment Procedure: By the Legislature,” for more detail. (c) See tables on State Initiatives, for more detail. (d) See tables on State Referendums, for more detail. (e) Only the legislature can make statutory changes while in session. Proposed constitutional changes must be passed by the legislature and then are submitted to the citizens to be voted on.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 3 7
IN ITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 State or other jurisdiction
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Title
Type
Date
Result
Subject
Short description
Amendment 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
72%
28%
Ten Commandments
Amends the state constitution to authorize the display of the Ten Commandments on public property, including public schools.
Amendment 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
59%
41%
Abortion Policy
This amendment makes it state policy to state that no provisions of the constitution provide a right to an abortion or require funding of abortions.
Amendment 3
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
60%
40%
Amendment 4
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
66%
34%
Legislative Vacancies
“The state constitution was amended to establish the following: if a vacancy in the state Senate or House occurred on or after October 1 of the year before the regular election, the seat would remain vacant until the next regular election, and vacant seats could be filled without an election if only one candidate is running for the vacant seat.”
Alaska
Measure 1
IndISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
38%
62%
Salmon Habitat/ Protections/ Permits
The measure to establish new requirements and a new permitting process for any projects affecting bodies of water related to the activity and habitat of salmon, steelhead or other anadromous fish, and to prohibit any projects or activity determined to cause significant and unrestorable damage to such fish habitats failed.
Arizona
Proposition 125
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
52%
48%
Elected Officials’ and Corrections Officer’s Retirement Plans
This amendment to make adjustments to retirement plans based on cost-of-living adjustments, rather than permanent benefit increases, for correctional officers, probation officers, and surveillance officers and elected officials was enacted.
Proposition 126
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
64%
36%
Taxes on Services
This proposition prohibits the state and local governments from enacting new taxes or increasing tax rates in effect on December 31, 2018, on services performed in Arizona. Services can include personal-oriented activities, including salon services, pet grooming, amusement, and fitness activities, to financial-oriented activities including real estate transactions, banking, and investment management, to healthcare-oriented activities such as doctor visits.
Proposition 127
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
31%
69%
Renewable Energy
A “no” vote opposed this constitutional amendment to require electric utilities in Arizona to acquire a certain percentage of electricity from renewable resources, thereby leaving in place the state’s existing renewable energy requirements of 15 percent by 2025.
Proposition 305
CI
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
35%
65%
Empowerment Scholarship
A “no” vote was to repeal the contested legislation, Senate Bill 1431, which would make all public school students eligible to apply for an ESA.
Proposition 306
LRSS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
56%
44%
Elections
“Prohibits candidates from using their public financing accounts to give funds to political parties or tax-exempt 501(a) organizations.”
Issue 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
79%
21%
Voter ID
Established photo identification as a constitutionally required qualification for voting,
Issue 4
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
54%
46%
Casino
The initiative to authorize one casino each in Crittenden, Garland, Pope, and Jefferson Counties passed.
Issue 5
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
68%
32%
Minimum Wage
Proposition 68
BI
June 5, 2018
Passed
58%
42%
Parks/ This measure authorizes $4 billion in general obligation bonds Environment/ for state and local parks, environmental protection projects, water infrastructure projects, and flood protection projects. Water
Proposition 69
LRCA
June 5, 2018
Passed
81%
19%
Transportation Requires that revenue from the diesel sales tax and Transportation Improvement Fee enacted by the Road Repair and Accountability Taxes Act of 2017 (RRAA) be used for transportation-related purposes.
Proposition 70
LRCA
June 5, 2018
Failed
37%
63%
Cap-andTrade
The amendment to require a one-time two-thirds vote in each legislative chamber in 2024 or thereafter to pass a spending plan for revenue from the state’s cap-and-trade program failed.
Proposition 71
LRCA
June 5, 2018
Passed
78%
22%
Ballot Measures
“This amendment moves the effective date of ballot propositions, including citizen initiatives and legislative referrals, from the day after election day to the fifth day after the secretary of state certifies election results.”
Alabama
Arkansas
California
See footnotes at end of table
238 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Board of The state constitution was amended making changes to the membership of the board of trustees of the University of Alabama. Trustees/ University of Alabama Amendment
This initiative will incrementally raise the minimum wage in Arkansas to $11 an hour by 2021.
I N I TI ATI VE S A N D R E F E R E N D U M S
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction California continued
Colorado
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Title
Type
Date
Result
Proposition 72
LRCA
June 5, 2018
Passed
84%
16%
Subject
Short description
Proposition 1
LR Bond Act
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
56%
44%
Proposition 2
LRSS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
63%
37%
Tax Revenue/ Ratifies existing law establishing the No Place Like Home ProHomeless gram, this finances permanent housing for individuals with Housing mental illness who are homeless or at risk for chronic homelessness, as being consistent with the Mental Health Services Act approved by the electorate.
Proposition 3
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
49%
51%
Water Infra- Would have authorized state general obligation bonds for various structure/ infrastructure projects. Watershed Conservation
Proposition 4
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
63%
37%
Children’s Hospitals
“Authorized $1.5 billion in bonds for the construction, expansion, renovation, and equipping of children’s hospitals in California.”
Proposition 5
CISS & CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
40%
60%
Property Tax Transfer
Would have amended Proposition 13 (1978) to change how tax assessments are transferred for homebuyers who are age 55 or older or severely disabled.
Proposition 6
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
43%
57%
Gas and The fuel tax increases and vehicle fees that were enacted in Vehicle Taxes 2017, including the Road Repair and Accountability Act of 2017, were kept in place and allowing the state legislature to continue to impose, increase, or extend fuel taxes or vehicle fees through a two-thirds vote of each chamber and without voter approval.
Proposition 7
LRSS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
60%
40%
Permanent Daylight Saving Time
Proposition 8
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
40%
60%
Dialysis Clinics’ Revenue
Proposition 9
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Removed from ballot.
Proposition 10
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
41%
59%
Local Rent Control
This initiative failed, thus keeping the Costa-Hawkins Rental Housing Act and continuing to prohibit local governments from enacting rent control on certain buildings.
Proposition 11
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
60%
40%
Ambulance Employees Paid Breaks, Training, and Mental Health Services
Passage of this measure requires ambulance providers to require workers to remain on-call during breaks be paid at their regular rate; requires employers to provide additional training for EMTs and paramedics; and requiring employers to provide EMTs and paramedics with some paid mental health services.
Proposition 12
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
63%
37%
Farm Animal This measure establishes minimum space requirements based on Confinement square feet for calves raised for veal, breeding pigs, and egg-laying hens and bans the sale of (a) veal from calves, (b) pork from breeding pigs, and (c) eggs from hens when the animals are confined to areas below minimum square-feet requirements.
Amendment A
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
66%
34%
Slavery Prohibition
Removes part of the Colorado Constitution that says slavery and involuntary servitude are allowable for the punishment of a crime.
Amendment V
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
36%
64%
Age Qualification for General Assembly Members
The amendment to reduce the age qualification from 25 to 21 for citizens to be members of the state House of Representatives or state Senate failed.
Amendment W
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
54% (a)
46%
Judge Retention
The amendment required a 55% super majority to pass. It fell short of the required percentage. The measure would have shortened the ballot by allowing county clerks to use one judge retention question for each level of courts with individual judges listed as ballot items below the one judge retention question.
Environment/ This amendment allows the state legislature to exclude rainwater Property Tax capture systems added after January 1, 2019, from property tax Assessments reassessments. Veterans’ Housing
This measure authorizes $4 billion in general obligation bonds for housing-related programs, loans, grants, and housing loans for veterans.
Supports allowing the California State Legislature to (1) change the dates and times of the daylight saving time (DST) period, as consistent with federal law, by a two-thirds vote and (2) establish permanent, year-round DST in California by a two-thirds vote if federal law is changed to allow for permanent DST. A no vote opposed requiring dialysis clinics to issue refunds to patients or patients’ payers for revenue above 115 percent of the costs of direct patient care and healthcare improvements.
Split CA into The CA Supreme Court ordered Prop. 9 removed from the Nov. 3 separate ballot in July of 2018 after “Significant questions have been states. raised regarding the proposition’s validity…”.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 3 9
IN ITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Colorado continued
Connecticut
Delaware Florida
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Title
Type
Date
Result
Amendment X
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
61%
39%
Definition of The amendment provides the state legislature with more flexIndustrial ibility in regulating the industrial hemp industry. Hemp
Subject
Short description
Amendment Y
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
71%
29%
Independent Commission for Congressional Redistricting
Amendment Z
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
71%
29%
Independent The measure created a 12-member commission responsible for Commission approving district maps for Colorado’s state House of Represenfor State Leg- tatives and state Senate districts. islative Redistricting
Proposition 109
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
39%
61%
Transportation Proposition would have authorized $3.5 billion in bonds with proceeds to be used exclusively for road and bridge expansion, construction, maintenance, and repair of specific statewide projects.
Proposition 110
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
41%
59%
Transporta- If passed this initiative would have authorized $6 billion in bonds tion/Sales Tax to fund transportation projects, established the Transportation Increase Revenue Anticipation Notes Citizen Oversight Committee, and raised the state sales tax rate by 0.62 percent from 2.9 percent (2018) to 3.52 percent for 20 years starting on January 1, 2019, through January 1, 2039.
Proposition 111
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
77%
23%
Payday Loans This measure reduces the annual interest rate on payday loans to a yearly rate of 36 percent and eliminates all other finance charges and fees associated with payday lending.
Proposition 112
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
45%
55%
The initiative would have mandated new oil and gas development, Distance including fracking, be a minimum distance of 2,500 feet from Requirements for occupied buildings. New Oil, Gas, and Fracking Projects
Amendment 73
CISS & CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
46%
54%
Establish Income Tax Brackets
This initiative would have established a tax bracket system rather than a flat tax rate and raised taxes for individuals earning more than $150,000 per year, raised the corporate income tax rate, and created the Quality Public Education Fund.
Amendment 74
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
46%
54%
Decreased Property Value/ State Regulation
The initiative to require that property owners be compensated for any reduction in property value caused by state laws or regulations failed.
Amendment 75
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
34%
66%
Campaign If passed, this initiative would have provided that if any candiContribution date for state office directed more than one million dollars in Limits support of his/her own campaign, then every candidate for the same office in the same election may accept five times the amount of campaign contributions normally allowed.
Amendment 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
88%
12%
Transporta- Requires that all revenue placed in the state’s Special Transportation Revenue tion Fund (STF) be used for transportation purposes, including the payment of transportation-related debts.
Amendment 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
84%
16%
Legislative Requirements/State Properties
Measure created an independent congressional redistricting commission responsible for redistricting Colorado’s U.S. House districts. The commission is designed to include four members from the state’s largest political party, four from the state’s second largest political party, and four that are not affiliated with any political party.
The amendment changes the process for passing conveyance legislation in Connecticut.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Amendment 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed (b)
58%
42%
Homestead Exemption Increase
The amendment required a 60% super majority to pass. A simple majority vote supported exempting the portion of assessed home values between $100,000 and $125,000 from property taxes other than school taxes, bringing the maximum homestead exemption up to $75,000.
Amendment 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
66%
34%
Nonhomestead Parcel Assessment
Passage of this amendment makes permanent the cap of 10 percent on annual nonhomestead parcel assessment increases set to expire on January 1, 2019.
Amendment 3
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
71%
29%
Casino Gambling
See footnotes at end of table
240 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Provides voters with the “exclusive right to decide whether to authorize casino gambling in the State of Florida.”
I N I TI ATI VE S A N D R E F E R E N D U M S
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Florida continued
Georgia
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Title
Type
Date
Result
Amendment 4
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
65%
35%
Voting Rights Automatically restores the right to vote for people with prior felony for Felons convictions, except those convicted of murder or a felony sexual offense, upon completion of their sentences, including prison, parole, and probation.
Subject
Short description
Amendment 5
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
66%
34%
Legislature/ Taxes/Fees
Requires a two-thirds vote of each chamber of the Florida State Legislature to enact new taxes or fees or increase existing ones.
Amendment 6
CR
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
62%
38%
Marsy’s Law, Judicial Retirement Age, Interpretation of Laws and Rules
This amendment adds Marsy’s Law to the Florida Constitution; increases judicial retirement age from 70 to 75; and prohibits state courts from deferring to an administrative agency’s interpretation of a state statute or rule during a lawsuit.
Amendment 7
CR
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
66%
34%
Survivor Benefits/ College Fees/ State College System
This amendment requires employers to provide death benefits to the surviving spouses of first responders killed while engaged in official duties; requires a vote of the board of trustees and a vote of the board of governors to increase a college fee; and places the current structure of the state’s system of higher education in the Florida Constitution.
Amendment 9
CR
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
69%
31%
Offshore Oil This amendment bans offshore drilling for oil and natural gas on and Gas Drill- lands beneath state waters and bans the use of vapor-generating ing/Vaping in electronic devices in indoor workplaces. Workplaces
Amendment 10
CR
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
63%
37%
State and Local Government Structure
This amendment requires the legislature to provide for a state Department of Veterans Affairs; creates a state Office of Domestic Security and Counter-Terrorism; requires the legislature to convene a regular session on the second Tuesday of January of evennumbered years; and prohibits counties from abolishing certain local offices—sheriff, tax collector, property appraiser, supervisor of elections, and clerk of the circuit court—and requires elections for these offices.
Amendment 11
CR
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
62%
38%
Prohibition on Aliens’ Property Ownership, Obsolete Provision and Criminal Statutes
Repeals the constitutional provision prohibiting foreign-born persons ineligible for citizenship from owning, inheriting, disposing, and possessing property; repeals an obsolete constitutional provision stating that a high-speed ground transportation system be developed in Florida; and deletes the constitutional provision that an amendment to a criminal statute does not affect the prosecution of a crime committed before the statute’s amendment.
Amendment 12
CR
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
79%
21%
Lobbying Restrictions
Prohibits public officials from lobbying for compensation during the official’s term in office and for six years after the official leaves office and prohibits public officials from using the office to obtain a disproportionate benefit.
Amendment 13
CR
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
69%
31%
Ban on Prohibits wagering on live dog races, including greyhound Wagering on races, held in Florida and banning dog races in Florida on which Dog Races there is wagering.
Amendment 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
83%
17%
Outdoor Recreation Equipment Sales Tax
Amends the state constitution to authorize the legislature to dedicate up to 80 percent of revenue from the sales and use tax on outdoor recreation equipment to the Georgia Outdoor Stewardship Trust Fund to fund land conservation.
Amendment 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
69%
31%
Business Court
Establishes a state business court and establishes procedures and rules for judicial selection, term length, and judge qualifications for the court.
Amendment 3
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
62%
38%
Forest/ Con- Amends the state constitution to allow the legislature to change servation and the formula used to calculate the tax on forest land conservation. Timberland
Amendment 4
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
81%
19%
Marsy’s Law
Amendment 4 provides, upon request, crime victims with specific rights. The amendment also explicitly states that the legislature is able to further define, expand, and provide for the enforcement of the rights.
Amendment 5
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
71%
29%
Education/ Sales Tax
This amendment allows a school district(s) with a majority of enrolled students within a county to call for a referendum to levy a sales tax for education purposes.
Referendum A
LRSS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
57%
43%
Property Tax Exemption
Provides for a homestead property tax exemption in certain municipalities.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 4 1
IN ITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Title
Type
Date
Result
Subject
Short description
Referendum B
LRSS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
77%
23%
Housing Tax Exemption
This measure clarifies that an existing tax exemption for nonprofit housing for the mentally disabled can be applied to housing constructed or renovated through financing from businesses.
Hawaii
ConCon
(c)
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
30%
70%
Constitutional Question
Opposed holding a constitutional convention to explore changes to the state constitution.
Idaho
Proposition 1
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
46%
54%
Betting/ Instant Racing
A no vote was a vote against this measure to legalize the use of video terminals for betting on historical horse races, also known as instant racing.
Proposition 2
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
61%
39%
Medicaid Expansion
Passage expanded Medicaid eligibility to those under sixty-five years old whose income is 133 percent of the federal poverty level or below and who are not eligible for other state insurance coverage.
Georgia continued
Illinois
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Indiana
Public Question 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
71%
39%
Balanced Budget
Passage requires the state legislature to enact a balanced budget for each biennial budget period.
Iowa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kansas
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Kentucky
Marsy’s Law Crime Victims Rights Amendment
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
(d)
63%
37%
Marsy’s Law
Louisiana
Amendment 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
75%
25%
Felony Prohibits convicted felons, unless pardoned, from seeking or Convictions/ holding a public office until five years after the completion of Public Office their sentences.
Amendment 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
64%
36%
Felony Trials
Amendment 3
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
56%
44%
State/Local Amendment 3 allows political subdivisions of the state, through Government a written agreement, to exchange public equipment and personnel for an action or function the receiving subdivision is authorized to exercise.
Amendment 4
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
56%
44%
Transportation Trust Fund
Passage ended the dedication of revenue from the Transportation Trust Fund to state police for traffic control.
Amendment 5
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
72%
28%
Special Assessment for Homes in Trusts
Allows special assessments on a home in trust for a resident who is the settlor of the trust and is a disabled veteran or the surviving spouse of a person who died while performing their duties as a first responder, active duty member of the military, law enforcement officer, or fire protection officer.
Amendment 6
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
58%
42%
Property Tax Increases
Requires that tax increases from reappraisals resulting in a property’s value increasing more than 50 percent be phased in over the course of four years.
Question 1
CI
June 12, 2018
Passed
54%
46%
RankedChoice Voting
Approval of this measure had the effect of keeping Ranked-Choice Voting in place for general elections for U.S. senators and U.S. representatives. It also kept RCV in place for primary elections for U.S. senators, U.S. representatives, the governor, state senators, state representatives.
Question 1
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
37%
63%
Taxes for Home Care Program
Question 2
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
55%
45%
Wastewater Authorizes $30 million in bonds for wastewater infrastructure Infrastructure improvements
Question 3
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
68%
32%
Transportation Authorizes $106 million in bonds for transportation infrastructure projects.
Question 4
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
54%
46%
University of Authorizes $49 million in bonds for the construction and remodeling of existing and new facilities within the University of Maine Maine System. System
Question 5
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
65%
35%
Community Colleges
Maine
See footnotes at end of table
242 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
The measure would have provided crime victims with specific constitutional rights. In a Kentucky Supreme Court ruling the amendment was set aside for being too vague.
This amendment requires the unanimous agreement of jurors, rather than just 10 of 12 jurors, to convict people charged with felonies.
Would have enacted a payroll tax and non-wage income tax to fund a program called the Universal Home Care Program.
Authorizes $15 million in bonds for improvements to instructional laboratories, information technology infrastructure, and heating/ventilating systems at Maine’s community colleges.
I N I TI ATI VE S A N D R E F E R E N D U M S
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Title
Type
Date
Result
Question 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
89%
11%
Subject
Short description
Gambling Revenue/ Education
Authorizes changes to the state constitution to dedicate revenue from video lotteries to education.
Question 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
68%
32%
Election-Day Authorizes amending the state constitution and authorizes the Registration state legislature to enact a process for registering individuals to vote on election day.
Question 1
IndISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
30%
70%
Nurse & Would have established patient limits for registered nurses in Patient Limits hospitals.
Question 2
IndISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
71%
29%
Advisory Establishes a 15-member citizens’ commission to advocate for Commission/ certain amendments to the United States Constitution regarding U.S. political spending and corporate personhood. Constitution
Question 3
CI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
68%
32%
Gender This initiative upheld Senate Bill 2407, a bill that prohibits disIdentity crimination based on gender identity in public places—hotels, Anti-Discrimi- restaurants, and stores. nation
Proposal 1
IndISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
56%
44%
Marijuana Legalization
Proposal 2
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
61%
39%
Independent Transfers power for drawing the state’s congressional and legisRedistricting lative districts from the state legislature to an independent Commission redistricting commission.
Proposal 3
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
67%
33%
Adds eight voting policies to the Michigan Constitution, including Voting Policies/State straight-ticket voting, automatic voter registration, same-day voter Constitution registration, and no-excuse absentee voting.
Legalized the recreational use and possession of marijuana for persons 21 years of age or older and enacts a tax on marijuana sales.
Minnesota
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Mississippi
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Missouri
Proposition A
CI
Aug. 7, 2018
Failed
33%
67%
Right to Work A "no" vote repealed Senate Bill 19, rejecting the right-to-work law mandating that no person can be required to pay dues to a labor union or join a labor union as a condition of employment.
Amendment 1
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
62%
38%
Lobbying, Makes changes to the state lobbying laws, campaign finance Campaign limits for legislative candidates, and the legislative redistricting Finance, and process. Redistricting
Amendment 2
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
66%
34%
Medical Marijuana/ Veteran Healthcare/ Taxes
Legalized marijuana for medical purposes; taxes marijuana sales at 4 percent; and authorizes the tax revenue be spent on healthcare services for veterans.
Amendment 3
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
32%
68%
Medical Marijuana/ Biomedical R&D/Taxes
This amendment would have legalized marijuana for medical purposes; taxed marijuana sales at 15 percent and dedicated spending the tax revenue on a Biomedical Research and Drug Development Institute.
Amendment 4
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
52%
48%
Proposition B
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
62%
38%
Minimum Wage
Supports increasing the state’s minimum wage each year until reaching $12 in 2023 and increases or decreases based on changes in the Consumer Price Index after 2023.
Proposition C
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
44%
56%
Medical Marijuana/ Veteran Healthcare/ Taxes
"Would have legalized medical marijuana; taxed marijuana sales at 2 percent; and spent the tax revenue on veterans’ services, drug treatment, education, and law enforcement."
Proposition D
LRSS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
46%
54%
Gas Tax Increase, Olympic Prize Tax Exemption, and Traffic Reduction
Managing and Reduces the time required for a member to belong to an organiAdvertising zation and manage a bingo game for that organization from two Bingo Games years to six months and removes the ban on organizations advertising their bingo games.
A “no” vote opposed this measure to: incrementally increase the gas tax by 10 cents per gallon by June 2022, thereby leaving the rate at $0.17; exempt Olympic prizes from state taxes; and create a dedicated fund for certain road projects that reduce traffic bottlenecks that affect freight.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 4 3
IN ITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) Vote totals Yes votes No votes
State or other jurisdiction
Title
Type
Date
Result
Subject
Short description
Montana
I-185
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
47%
53%
Medicaid Expansion and Tobacco Taxes
The ballot initiative to extend Montana’s Medicaid expansion and raise taxes on tobacco products was defeated allowing Medicaid expansion to expire on June 30, 2019.
I-186
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
44%
56%
Water Quality Initiative would have established new requirements for hard rock mine permits based on standards for water quality in land restoration.
LR-128
LRSS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
63%
37%
Property Tax
Renewed a six-mill tax on real estate and personal property to provide funding for the Montana University System.
LR-129
LRSS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
63%
37%
Ballots/ Voting
Measure bans persons from collecting the election ballots of other people, with exceptions for certain individuals.
Initiative 427
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
54%
46%
Medicaid/ Healthcare
This initiative requires the state to provide Medicaid for individuals under the age of 65 with incomes equal to or below 138 percent of the federal poverty line.
Question 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
61%
39%
Marsy’s Law
Adds specific rights of crime victims, together known as a Marsy’s Law, to the Nevada Constitution.
Question 2
LRSS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
56%
44%
Sales Tax Exemption/ Feminine Hygiene Products
Exempts feminine hygiene products from state and local sales taxes.
Question 3
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
33%
67%
Energy
Would have required electricity markets be open and competitive so all electricity customers have choices among providers.
Question 4 (e)
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
67%
33%
Healthcare/ Taxes
Requires the state legislature to exempt durable medical equipment, oxygen equipment, and mobility enhancing equipment prescribed by a licensed health care provider from sales and use tax.
Question 5
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
60%
40%
Voting
Provides for the automatic voter registration of eligible citizens when receiving services from the Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles.
Question 6 (f)
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
59%
41%
Energy
This initiative will require electric utilities to acquire 50 percent of their electricity from renewable resources by 2030 if it is passed again in the 2020 general election.
Question 1 (g)
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
83%
17%
State /Local Gave taxpayers the right to take legal action against their state Government, or local government to declare that the government spent, or has approved spending, public funds that are in violation of a law. Taxes
Question 2 (g)
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
81%
19%
Government, Establishes that individuals have a right to live free from governPrivacy mental intrusion in their private or personal information.
New Jersey
Public Question 1
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
54%
46%
School Bond Supports issuing $500 million in general obligation bonds for school project grants.
New Mexico
Question A
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
71%
29%
Senior Citizens
Question B
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
69%
31%
Libraries
Authorizes $12.876 million in bonds for libraries.
Question C
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
69%
31%
Schools
Authorizes $6.137 million in bonds to ensure all school buses have air conditioning.
Question D
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
66%
34%
Schools/ Universities
Authorizes $136.230 million in bonds for institutions of higher education, special schools, and tribal schools.
Amendment 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
58%
42%
Court System Empowers the legislature to pass laws (1) setting the appeals process from probate courts and other inferior courts to higher courts and (2) determining which cases originating in inferior courts and tribunals fall under the appellate jurisdiction of district courts.
Amendment 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
75%
25%
Governmental Creates a seven-member state ethics commission charged with Ethics investigating alleged violations of ethical conduct by state officials, executive and legislative employees, candidates, lobbyists, government contractors.
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New York North Carolina
Authorizes $10.77 million in bonds for senior citizen facilities.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Income Tax Cap Amendment
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
57%
43%
Taxes
Lowers the maximum allowable state income tax rate from 10 percent to 7 percent.
Judicial Selection Amendment
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
33%
67%
Judiciary
This amendment would have created a new process of filling judicial vacancies that occur between judicial elections for state courts. Its defeat allows the governor to continue to fill vacant seats on state courts.
See footnotes at end of table
244 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
I N I TI ATI VE S A N D R E F E R E N D U M S
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction North Carolina continued
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Title
Type
Date
Result
Subject
Short description
Gubernatorial Appointments Amendment
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
38%
62%
Governor’s Powers
Passage of this amendment would have removed the governor’s power to make appointments to the Bipartisan State Board of Ethics and Elections Enforcement.
Crime Victims Rights Amendment
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
62%
38%
Marsy’s Law
Marsy’s Law provides crime victims with specific rights.
Right to Hunt and Fish Amendment
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
57%
43%
Hunting and Creates a state constitutional right for North Carolina residents Fishing to hunt, fish, and harvest wildlife.
Voter ID Amendment
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
55%
45%
Measure 1
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
54%
46%
Measure 2
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
66%
34%
Voting
Amends the North Dakota Constitution to “only a citizen” of the U.S. can vote in federal, state, and local elections.
Measure 3
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
40%
60%
Marijuana Legalization
The ballot initiative to legalize the recreational use of marijuana in the state of North Dakota for people 21 years of age or older and create an automatic expungement process for individuals with convictions for a controlled substance that has been legalized was defeated.
Measure 4
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
64%
36%
Volunteer Emergency Responders
This ballot initiative provides volunteer emergency responders in North Dakota with a special license plate and allows free entry to North Dakota state parks.
Issue 1
LRCA
May 8, 2018
Passed
75%
25%
Issue 1
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
37%
63%
Drug and Criminal Justice
This amendment was designed to reduce the number of people in state prisons for low-level, nonviolent crimes, such as drug possession and non-criminal probation violations.
Question 788
IS
June 26, 2018
Passed
57%
43%
Medical Marijuana Legalization Initiative
A “yes” vote supported this measure to legalize the licensed cultivation, use, and possession of marijuana for medicinal purposes.
An amendment to ensure victim’s rights.
Voter ID
Creates a constitutional requirement that voters present a photo ID to vote in person
Ethics Establishes a five-member ethics commission, bans foreign Commission political contributions, and enacts provisions related to lobbying and conflicts of interest.
Congressional Changes the vote requirements to pass congressional redistricting Redistricting maps and the standards used in congressional redistricting in Procedures Ohio. Amendment
Question 794
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
78%
22%
Marsy’s Law
Question 798
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
46%
54%
Government/ The measure to amend the Oklahoma Constitution to provide for Elections joint election of the governor and lieutenant governor was defeated, leaving the governor and lieutenant governor to each be elected with separate campaigns.
Question 800
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
43%
57%
Tax Revenue Would have amended the state constitution to establish a fund to investment 5 percent of the state’s oil and gas development tax revenue and for the annual transfer of 4 percent of the fund’s capital to the general fund.
Question 801
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
49.6%
50.4%
Ad-Valorem Taxes
Opposed amending the state constitution to allow certain local voter-approved property taxes—known as ad valorem levies—to be used to fund school district operations as well as construction.
Measure 101
CI
Jan. 23, 2018
Passed
62%
38%
Healthcare Insurance Premiums Tax for Medicaid Referendum
A “yes” vote supported upholding assessments/taxes on healthcare insurance and the revenue of certain hospitals to provide funding for Medicaid expansion by approving five sections of House Bill 2391. “Yes” vote approves temporary assessments on insurance companies, some hospitals, the Public Employees’ Benefit Board, and managed care organizations. Assessments provide funding for health care for low-income individuals and families, and individuals with disabilities; also stabilize premiums charged by insurance companies for health insurance purchased by individuals and families. Insurance companies may not increase rates on health insurance premiums by more than 1.5 percent as a result of the assessments. Hospital assessments may not begin without approval by a federal agency.
Measure 102
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
57%
43%
Affordable Housing
Amends the state constitution to allow counties, cities, and towns to use bond revenue to fund the construction of affordable housing without retaining complete ownership of the constructed housing. This is contingent upon voter approval.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 4 5
IN ITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Oregon continued
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Title
Type
Date
Result
Measure 103
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
43%
57%
Grocery Tax
Subject
Short description
Measure 104
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
35%
65%
Revenue
This amendment would have applied the three-fifths supermajority vote requirement to changes to tax exemptions, credits, and deductions.
Measure 105
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
37%
63%
Sanctuary Laws
Keeps the state’s sanctuary law which limits the cooperation of local law enforcement with federal immigration enforcement.
Measure 106
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
36%
64%
Abortion Funds
The ballot initiative to prohibit public funds from being spent on abortions in Oregon was defeated.
The amendment to repeal the authority of state and local governments to enact taxes on groceries failed.
Pennsylvania ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Rhode Island
Question 1
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
77%
23%
Bonds for Schools
This measure authorizes $250 million in bonds over five years to fund school housing aid and the school building authority capital fund.
Question 2
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
59%
41%
Higher Education
Authorized $70 million in bonds for higher education facilities.
Question 3
LRBI
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
79%
21%
South Carolina
Amendment 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
40%
60%
Superintendent of Education
The constitutional amendment was defeated, keeping the position of state superintendent of education as an elected position instead of changing to an appointed position.
South Dakota
Amendment Y
LRCA
June 5, 2018
Passed
80%
20%
Changes to Marsy’s Law Crime Victim Rights Amendment
Amendment Y made changes to the state’s Marsy’s Law constitutional amendment—Amendment S—approved by voters in 2016. The Marsy’s Law amendment established certain rights for crime victims. Amendment Y made many of the rights guaranteed available if victims opt in, rather than requiring law enforcement and criminal justice officials to provide the rights unless victims opted out. It allowed law enforcement officials to share certain information with the public in order to assist in solving crimes or apprehending criminals. Amendment Y also contained provisions preventing any lawsuits from being filed against state or local government officials based on the Marsy’s Law rights.
Amendment W
CICA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
45%
65%
Lobbying, Government Accountability, and Initiative Process
The amendment would have revised campaign finance and lobbying laws, created a government accountability board, and established new laws governing the initiative and referendum process.
Amendment X
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
54%
46%
Supermajority This amendment would have required a 55 percent supermajority vote at the ballot to approve amendments to the state constitution. Its defeat leaves the requirement at a simple majority of 50 percent plus one vote.
Amendment Z
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
62%
38%
Government Amends the state constitution to require that all constitutional amendments concern only one subject.
Measure 24
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
56%
44%
Out-of-State Vote was a vote in favor of banning individuals, political action Contributions committees, and other entities from outside South Dakota from to Ballot making contributions to ballot question committees. Questions
Measure 25
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
45%
55%
Environment/ Authorized $47.3 million in bonds for environmental, water, and Infrastructure recreational projects.
Tobacco Tax
This vote opposed increasing the tax on cigarettes from about $1.53 per pack of 20 cigarettes to $2.53 per pack of 20 cigarettes and and increasing the tax on wholesale tobacco products from 35 to 55 percent, with a portion of tobacco tax revenue dedicated to technical institutes.
Tennessee
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Texas
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Utah
Amendment A
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
79%
21%
Active Military Property Tax Exemption
Amendment B
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
28%
72%
Taxes/ The measure would have amended the state constitution to Government allow property tax exemptions for properties leased by a local or state government entity.
See footnotes at end of table
246 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
This amendment changes the amount of time that must be served in the military under an order of active duty to receive a property tax exemption from 200 days in a calendar year (or 200 consecutive days) to 200 days in a 365-day period.
I N I TI ATI VE S A N D R E F E R E N D U M S
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Utah continued
Vermont Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Title
Type
Date
Result
Subject
Short description
Amendment C
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
63%
37%
Special Legislative Sessions
“This measure allows the state legislature to call a special session of up to ten days to deal with emergencies; it also allows a special session of the legislature to be held at a location other than the state capitol if it is not feasible due to a specified condition; and requires the governor to either (1) reduce state expenditures or (2) convene a special legislative session if the state’s expenses exceed the state’s revenue for a fiscal year.”
Nonbinding Opinion Question 1
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
35%
65%
Gas Tax Increase
Measure advising the state legislature to pass a gas tax increase of 10 cents per gallon to fund local road construction and maintenance, thereby freeing up additional funding for education failed.
Proposition 2
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed (h)
53%
47%
Medical Marijuana
Supports legalizing the medical use of marijuana for individuals with qualifying medical illnesses.
Proposition 3
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
53%
47%
Medicaid Expansion
This measure requires the state to do the following: Provide Medi caid for persons under the age of 65 and with incomes equal to or below 138 percent of the federal poverty line and increase the sales tax from 4.70 to 4.85 percent to finance the state’s portion of the costs to expand Medicaid.
Proposition 4
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
50%
50%
Redistricting The measure creates a seven-member independent redistricting Commission commission to draft and recommend to the Utah State Legislature maps for congressional and state legislative districts according to certain criteria.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Question 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
71%
29%
Property Tax Exemption for Flood Abatement
Supports amending the state constitution to empower the state legislature to authorize local governments to provide a partial local property tax exemption for real estate subject to recurrent flooding that undertook improvements to prevent flooding or long-term damage from flooding.
Question 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
84%
16%
Disabled Veteran Tax Exemption
Amends the state constitution to remove a restriction on where the surviving spouse of a disabled military veteran may have his or her principal place of residence in order to receive a property tax exemption.
Advisory Vote 19
(i)
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
46%
54%
Oil Spill Tax
This would have repealed Senate Bill 6269, which applied a tax on crude oil and petroleum products when received through a pipeline.
Initiative 1631
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Failed
43%
57%
This measure would have enacted a carbon emissions fee beginCarbon Emissions Fee ning on January 1, 2020; and used the revenue from the fee to fund various programs related to the environment.
Initiative 1634
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
56%
44%
Prohibit Local This measure prohibits local governments from enacting taxes Taxes on on groceries. Groceries
Initiative 1639
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
59%
41%
Initiative 940
CISS
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
60%
40%
Amendment 1
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
52%
48%
Amendment 2
LRCA
Nov. 6, 2018
Passed
72%
28%
Question 1
LRCA
Apr. 3. 2018
Failed
38%
62%
Gun Ownership
This initiative implements restrictions on the purchase and ownership of firearms including raising the minimum age to purchase a gun to 21, adding background checks, increasing waiting periods, and enacting storage requirements.
Police Training This initiative creates a good faith test to determine when the and Criminal use of deadly force by police is justifiable, requires police to Liability receive de-escalation and mental health training, and requires law enforcement officers to provide first aid. Abortion
Adds language to the West Virginia Constitution stating that “nothing in this Constitution secures or protects a right to abortion or requires the funding of abortion.”
Legislative This amends the state constitution to authorize the legislature to Authority over reduce the budget of the state judiciary by up to 15 percent. Budgeting for State Judiciary Executive Branch
Elimination of State Treasurer Amendment - A "no" vote opposed this amendment to eliminate the elected position of state treasurer.
Wyoming
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
American Samoa
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Guam
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
CNMI*
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 4 7
IN ITIATIVE S A N D R E FE R E N DU MS
TA BLE 6 . 9 a State Ballot Questions in 2018 (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Title
Type
Date
Result
Vote totals Yes votes No votes
Subject
Short description
Puerto Rico
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
U.S. Virgin Islands
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No Ballot measures in 2018 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election sites. December 2018. Key: AQ—Advisory Question BI—Bond Initiative CI—Citizen Initiative/Referendum CICA—Citizen Initiatated Constitutional Amendment CISS—Citizen Initiative State Statute CR—Commission Referred ConCon—Constitution Convention IndISS—Indirect Initiated State Statute LR—Legislatively Referred LRCA—Legislatively Referred Constitutional Amendment LRSS—Legislatively Referred State Statute a) This Amendment required a 55% super majority to pass. It fell short of the required percentage. b) This Amendment required a 60% super majority to pass. It fell short of the required percentage. c) Constitutional Convention question is automatically referred to the ballot every 10 years.
248 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
d) This amendment was ruled invalid because the entire text of the proposed constitutional amendment wasn’t on the ballot, as is required by Kentucky state law. The Kentucky Supreme Court ruled that the one-sentence description to voters was inadequate. e) In Nevada, citizen initiated constitutional amendments must be approved in two even-numbered election years. This measure was approved in 2016 and was approved again in 2018 to amend the Nevada Constitution. f) In Nevada, citizen initiated constitutional amendments must be approved in two even-numbered election years. This measure was approved in 2018 and must be approved again in 2020 in order amend the Nevada Constitution. g) A constitutional amendment must have a two-thirds (66.67 percent) supermajority vote of electors to be approved. h) The Utah State Legislature may amend or make technical corrections to any initiated statute by a simple majority vote. i) The measure was automatically referred to the ballot by Initiative 960, an initiative passed in 2007 to require an advisory vote about any law passed by the legislature that increases tax revenue.
I N I TI ATI V E S
TA BLE 6 . 1 0 State Initiatives: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Petition Applied to (a) State or other jurisdiction Const. amdt. Statute Alabama … … Alaska … I Arizona D D Arkansas D D California D D Colorado D D Connecticut … … Delaware … … Florida D … Georgia … … Hawaii … … Idaho … D Illinois D … Indiana … … Iowa … … Kansas … … Kentucky … … Louisiana … … Maine … I Maryland … … Massachusetts I I Michigan D I Minnesota … … Mississippi D … Missouri D D Montana D D Nebraska D D Nevada D I New Hampshire … … New Jersey … … New Mexico … … New York … … North Carolina … … North Dakota D D Ohio D I Oklahoma D D Oregon D D Pennsylvania … … Rhode Island … … South Carolina … … South Dakota D D Tennessee … … Texas … … Utah … D, I Vermont … … Virginia … … Washington … D, I West Virginia … … Wisconsin … … Wyoming … I American Samoa … … CNMI* D I Puerto Rico … D U.S. Virgin Islands D …
Signatures required to request a petition (b) Const. amdt. Statute … … … 100 … … … … 25 (g) 25 (g) … … … … … … … … … … … … … 20 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 6 (j) … (k) 10 10 … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 25 25 1,000 1,000 … … 1,000 1,000 … … … … … … … … … … … … … 5 SP … … … … … … … … … … … 100 … … … … … … … …
Request Request form submitted to furnished by (c) … … LG (p) SS SS AG SP AG … SS SS … … … … SS SP … … … … SS SP … … … … … … … … … … … … SS SS SS (l) SBE AG SS SS … … … SS … SS SP SS (o) SP SS SP SS SS … … … … … … … … … … SS SP AG (m) SS, AG O SS SS … … … … … … SS SS … … … … LG LG … … … … SS SP … … … … SS SS … … AG AG SBE (n) SBE SBE
Restricted subject matter (d) … Y N N Y N … … N … … N Y … … … … … Y Y Y Y … Y Y Y Y Y … … … … … N Y N N … … … Y … … N … … N … … Y … Y N Y
Individual responsible for petition Title Summary … … LG LG P, SP P, SP AG AG AG AG (i) (i) … … … … SP SP … … … … AG AG … … … … … … … … … … … … P SS … … AG AG SP SP … … AG AG SS,AG SS,AG AG AG SP SP P, SP P, SP … … … … … … … … … … SS,AG SS (m) (m) P P AG AG … … … … … … AG AG … … … … SP SP … … … … AG AG … … … … SS SS … … SP SP (n) (n) SBE SBE
Financial contributions reported (e) … Y Y Y Y Y … … Y … … Y Y … … … … … Y Y Y Y … Y Y Y Y Y … … … … … Y (e) Y Y Y … … … Y … … Y … … Y … … Y … Y Y Y
Deposits required (f) … $100 N N $200 N … … N (q) … … N N … … … … … N N N N … $500 N N N N … … … … … N N N N … … … N … … N … … $5 … … $500 … N $500 N
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 4 9
IN ITIATIVE S
TA BLE 6 . 1 0 State Initiatives: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Petition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, May 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision AG—Attorney General D—Direct initiative O—Other I—Indirect initiative P—Proponent EV—Eligible voters ST—State LG—Lieutenant Governor SP—Sponsor SS—Secretary of State Y—Yes SBE—State Board of Elections N—No (a) An initiative may provide a constitutional amendment or develop a new statute, and may be formed either directly or indirectly. The direct initiative allows a proposed measure to be placed on the ballot after a specific number of signatures have been secured on a petition. The indirect initiative must first be submitted to the legislature for decision after the required number of signatures have been secured on a petition, prior to placing the proposed measure on the ballot. (b) Prior to circulating a statewide petition, a request for permission to do so must first be submitted to a specified state officer. (c) The form on which the request for petition is submitted may be the responsibility of the sponsor or may be furnished by the state. (d) Restrictions may exist regarding the subject matter to which an initiative may be applied. The majority of these restrictions pertain
250 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
to the dedication of state revenues and appropriations, and laws that maintain the preservation of public peace, safety, and health. In Illinois, amendments are restricted to “structural and procedural subjects contained in” the legislative article. (e) In some states, a list of financial contributors and the amount of their contributions must be submitted to the specified state officer with whom the petition is filed. In North Dakota, must report any contributions and/or expenditures in excess of $100. Must also report the gross total of all contributions received and gross totals of all expenditures made. Must give total cash on hand in the filer’s account at the start and close of a reporting period. (f) A deposit may be required after permission to circulate a petition has been granted. This amount is refunded when the completed petition has been filed correctly. (g) Signatures required to seek assistance of Office of Legislative Counsel in drafting measure before filing with the Attorney General’s office. (h) The secretary of state charges a 10 cent fee per signature that must be verified for ballot consideration. (i) Title Setting Board—secretary of state, attorney general, director of legislative legal services. (j) The signature of six voters. (k) Three percent of the total qualified voters from the last gubernatorial election. (l) Secretary of state accepts and turns over to State Board of Elections. (m) Petitioners must prepare the summary and submit it to the Ohio Attorney General, who then must certify whether the summary fully and accurately describes the proposal. (n) Office of the Supervisor of Elections Titling Board. (o) After submitted, the secretary of state transfers it over to the Legislative Services Division. (p) Division of Elections.
I N I TI ATI V E S
TA BLE 6 . 1 1 State Initiatives: Circulating the Petition State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California
Basis for signatures (see key below) Const. amdt. … … 15% VG 10% VG (d) 8% VG
Statute … 10% TV from 3/4 SLD (c) 10% VG 8% VG (d) 5% VG
5% VSS
5% VSS
… … 8% VEP, 8% from 1/2 CD … … …
… … … … … 6% EV (cc)
8% VG
…
Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland
… … … … … … … … … … … 10% VG … … 3% VG, no more than 3% VG, no more than 25% Massachusetts 25% from 1 county from 1 county (i) 8% VG 10% VG no more than 8%VG, no more than 15% Michigan 15% from each CD from each CD Minnesota … … Mississippi 12% VG (n) … 8% VG, 8% each from 5% VG, 5% each from Missouri 2/3 CD 2/3 CD 10% VG and 10% in 40 5% VG and 5% in 34 of Montana of the SLD the SLD Nebraska 10% EV 7% EV Nevada 10% TV (p) 10% TV (p) New Hampshire … … New Jersey … … New Mexico … … New York … … North Carolina … … North Dakota 4% resident population (r) 2% resident population (r) 10% VG, 5% each from 3% VG, 1.5% each from 1/2 Ohio 1/2 counties counties Oklahoma 15% VG (t) 8% VG (t) Oregon 8% VG 6% VG Pennsylvania … … Rhode Island … … South Carolina … … South Dakota 10% VG 5% VG Tennessee … … Texas … … 10% VEP, 10% each from 26 Utah … of 29 senate districts (w) Vermont … … Virginia … … … 8% VG Washington West Virginia … … Wisconsin … … Wyoming … 15% TV, from 2/3 counties American Samoa … … CNMI* 50% (z) 20% Puerto Rico … (bb) U.S. Virgin Islands … 10 % ED
Maximum time period allowed for petition circulation (a) … 1 yr. 2 yr. … 150 days 6 mos. (3 mos prior to election) … … 2 yr. … … (g) 18 mos. prior to election … … … … … 1 yr. … From 3rd Wed. in Sept. to 1st Wed. in Dec. (k)
Can signatures be removed from petition (b) … Y Y N Y
180 days … 1 yr.
Completed petition filed with … LG SS SS (e)
Const. amdt. … … 4 mos. 120 days 131 days
Statute … … 4 mos. … 131 days
Days prior to election
Y
SS
90 days
90 days
… … N … … Y
… … SS … … SS
… … Feb. 1 (f) … … …
… … … … … 4 mos.
Y
SBE
6 mos.
…
… … … … … … …
… … … … … SS …
… … … … … … …
… … … … … (h) …
Y (j)
SS (k)
(i)
(l)
N (m)
SS
120 days
160 days
… Y
(e) SS (e)
… 90 days prior to LS
… …
Approx. 18 mos.
Y
SS
6 mos.
6 mos.
(o)
Y
SS
(o)
(o)
… (q) … … … … … 1 yr.
Y Y … … … … … N
SS SS … … … … … SS
4 mos. 90 days … … … … … 120 days
4 mos. 30 days prior to LS … … … … … 120 days
…
Y
SS
90 days
(s)
90 days … … … … (v) … …
Y Y (u) … … … N … …
SS SS … … … SS … …
60 days 4 mos. … … … … … …
60 days 4 mos. … … … … … …
316 days
Y
LG
…
June 1
… … 6 to 9 mos. (x) … … 18 mos. … (aa) … 180 days
… … N … … Y … Y … Y
… … SS … … SS … … … SS
… … … … … … … … … …
… … (y) … … 120 days … … … 6 mos.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 1
IN ITIATIVE S
TA BLE 6 . 1 1 State Initiatives: Circulating the Petition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, May 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision. VG—Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. EV—Eligible voters. VH—Total votes cast for the office receiving the highest number of votes in last general election. TV—Total voters in last election. VSS—Total votes cast for all candidates for the office of secretary of state at the previous general election. VEP—Total votes cast in the state as a whole on the last presidential election. ED—Election district. CD—Congressional district. SBE—State Board of Elections. SLD—State legislative district for house. LG—Lieutenant Governor. SS—Secretary of State. LS—Legislative session. Y—Yes. N—No. T—Tuesday. (a) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been approved and provided to sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition. (b) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must be submitted in writing to the state officer with whom the petition is filed. (c) Signed by qualified voters who are equal in number to at least ten per cent of those who voted in the preceding general election, who are resident in at least three-fourths of the house districts of the State, and who, in each of those house districts, are equal in number to at least seven percent of those who voted in the preceding general election in the house district. (d) Distributed across at least 15 counties. (e) County elections officials. (f) February 1 of the general election year. (g) Eighteen months from receipt of ballot title or April 30 of year of election on initiative, whichever occurs first. (h) To be placed on November ballot, petitions must be submitted to SS by 5:00 p.m. on 50th day after convening of Legislature in 1st regular session, or by 5:00 p.m. on 25th day in 2nd regular session. (i) First Wednesday in December. (j) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must be submitted in writing to the local election official before the petition is submitted for certification of signatures. (k) Petitions first must be submitted to local municipal clerks for signature certification. (l) After legislative inaction, petitions must be filed no later than the 1st Wednesday in July, signed by not less than 1/2 of 1 percent of the last vote cast for governor. 252 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(m) Not after petition has been filed. (n) the signatures must be distributed among the state’s Congressional districts. If less than the minimum in any one district, the entire petition will be ruled invalid. (o) There is a maximum of one year to circulate petitions and receive certification from county election officials. The county officials must submit each verified petition to the secretary of state by the final filing deadline, which is the third Friday of the fourth month prior to the election. Proponents must submit their petitions to county officials no sooner than nine months and no later than four weeks prior to the final filing deadline. (p) In each “petition district” (per SB 212, effective 2009) which are set the same as Congressional districts. (q) Each have different deadlines and circulation periods. Amendments: Initial filing cannot be made before Sept. 1 of the year preceding the election year and the petition must be filed with the county officials by the third Tuesday in June of an evennumbered year. Statues: Initial filing cannot be made before Jan. 1 of the year preceding the next regular legislative session and the petition must be filed with county officials by the second Tuesday in November of an even-numbered year. (r) Percentage of resident population of the state at the last federal decennial census. (s) Ten days prior to commencement of General Assembly session for initial filing; second petition must be filed within 90 days after General Assembly takes no action, fails to enact or passes amended form; the petition is filed with the secretary of state. (t) In 2012, voters approved a constitutional amendment placed on the ballot by the legislature that changed the signature requirement from percentage of votes cast for the office receiving the highest number of votes in last general election to percentage of votes cast for position of governor in the last election. (u) Only by the chief petitioners before submitting signatures for verification. Signatures many not be removed once the signatures have been submitted to the Secretary of State. (v) No more than 24 months preceding the election date specified on the petition, however petition is submitted 12 months before the election. (w) Five percent in both categories for indirect. (x) Six months for direct initiative and nine months for indirect initiative. Signatures for direct initiatives are due at least four month prior to the general election. Signatures for indirect initiatives are due at least 10 days prior to the beginning of the session. (y) Initiatives to the legislature must be turned in 10 days before the legislature convenes. If the legislature does not act, the initiative goes to the next General Election ballot. (z) At least 25 percent in each senate district. (aa) Until 120 days before the date of the election. (bb) Ten percent district and 41 percent territorial. (cc) Geographic distribution shall be as follows: 6% of the qualified electors at the time of the last general election in each of at least 18 legislative districts; provided however, the total number of signatures shall be equal to or greater than 6% of the qualified electors in the state at the time of the last general election.
I N I TI ATI V E S
TA BLE 6 . 1 2 State Initiatives: Preparing the Initiative to be Placed on the Ballot State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas
Signatures verified by: (a) … Division of Elections County recorder SS
Within how many days after filing … 60 days (e) 30 days
Number of days to amend/appeal a petition that is: Incomplete (b) Not Accepted (c) … … … … … … 30 days 30 days
County clerk
30 days
…
…
Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico
SS … … Supervisor of elections … … County clerk SBE (g) … … … … … Registrar of voters … Local board of registrar SS … Circuit clerk County clerk County election administrators County clerk County clerk … … … … … SS County board of elections SS County clerk … … … SS … … County clerk … … SS … … SS … Election Commission Office of the Supervisor of Elections
30 days … … N.A. … … 60 days … … … … … … … … 2 weeks Approx. 60 days … … 63 days 4 weeks 40 days (i) … … … … … 35 days 10 days … 30 days … … … … … … 30 days … … … … … 60 days … (n) 15 days
10 days … … N.A. … … … (h) … … … … … … … … … … 10 days … 10 days … 5 days (j) … … … … … … 10 days 10 days (l) … … … … … … … … … 5 days … … 30 days … 30 days (o) 3 days
… … … N.A. … … 10 days (h) … … … … … … … … … … 10 days 10 days 10 days … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 14 days … … 5 … … 30 days … 119 days …
Penalty for falsifying petition (denotes fine, jail term) … Class B misdemeanor Class 1 misdemeanor Class A misdemeanor Felony or misdemeanor (depending on severity) (f) … … First degree misdemeanor … … $5,000, 2 yrs. Class 3 felony … … … … … … … $1,000, 1 yr. $500, 90 days … $1,000, 1 yr. Class A misdemeanor $500, 6 mos. … … … … … … … (k) 5th degree felony $1,000, 1 yr. (m) … … … Class 1 misdemeanor … … Class A misdemeanor … … Fine or imprisonment … … $1,000, 1 yr. … (p) …
U.S. Virgin Islands
Office of the Supervisor of Elections
15 days
7 days
…
…
California
Petition certified by: (d) … LG SS SS SS SS … … SS … … SS SBE … … … … … SS … SS BSC … CC SS SS SS SS … … … … … SS SS SS SS … … … SBE … … LG … … SS … … SS … AG SBE Office of the Supervisor of Elections
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 3
IN ITIATIVE S
TA BLE 6 . 1 2 State Initiatives: Preparing the Initiative to be Placed on the Ballot (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, May 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision. N.A.—Not Applicable. CC—Circuit Clerk. SS—Secretary of State. LG—Lieutenant Governor. BSC—Board of State Canvassers. SBE—State Board of Elections. (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified before the initiative is allowed on the ballot. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures is submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given number of days after filing. If the necessary number of signatures has not been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. (c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such a case, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. If the petition is determined to be sufficient, the initiative is required to be placed on the ballot. (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures has been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. (e) Removal of petition and ineligible signatures by Secretary of State’s office 20 days, certification by County Recorder 15 days after receipt from secretary of State’s office.
254 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(f) Secretary conducts hearing, then turns over to the attorney general for investigation/possible criminal prosecution. (g) State Board of Elections and County Clerks or Municipal Boards of Election Commissioners. Individual petition sheets must be from a single jurisdiction. The SBE verifies that all signatures are from a single jurisdiction and the County Clerks or Municipal Boards verify the signatures against their registration files. (h) Amendments are not permitted. Judicial review must be sought within ten days after determination be State Board of Elections. (i) 1. Within four days county clerk totals the number of signatures and forwards to the secretary of state. 2. The secretary of state immediately notifies county clerks if they are to proceed or not proceed with the signature verification. 3. If ordered by the secretary of state, the county clerks verify signatures within nine days (excluding weekends and holidays). (j) In Nevada, appeal must be within 5 working days after SS determines the petition is not sufficient. (k) Any violations discovered will be reported to the attorney general for investigation and prosecution. (l) Additional signatures may be submitted if signatures were turned in prior to deadline for submitting signatures. (m) Whether a penalty is assessed would be based upon what information on the petition was falsified. (n) Within 90 days before the date of election. (o) 30 days if submitted 150 days before the date of the election. No amendment/appeal if submitted 120 days before the date of election. (p) Subject to statute governing fraud and perjury.
I N I TI ATI V E S
TA BLE 6 . 1 3 State Initiatives: Voting on the Initiative State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland
Ballot (a) Title by: …
Summary by: …
Effective date of approved initiative Election where initiative voted on (b) Const. amdt. … …
LG
LG
GE, PR or SP
…
SS, AG AG AG TB (j) … … SP … … AG … … … … … …
SS, AG AG AG TB (j) … … SP … … AG SS (o) … … … … …
GE GE GE GE, Odd year … … GE … … GE GE … … … … …
… 30 days 1 day (h) 30 days … … (m) … … … … … … … … …
Sponsor, SS
SS
REG or SP
…
…
…
…
…
Statute … 90 days (d) IM(f) 30 days 1 day (h) 30 days … … … … … IM … … … … … … 30 days (f) …
Can an approved initiative be: Days to contest election results (c) Amended? Vetoed? Repealed? … … … …
Can a defeated initiative be refiled? …
10
Y
N
Y (e)
N
5 20 5 (d) 10 … … 10 … … 20 30 … … … … …
(g) Y Y (i) N (k) … … Y (n) … … Y (p) … … …. … …
N N N N (k) … … N … … N … … … … … …
N Y Y (i) N (k) … … Y (n) … … Y … … … … … …
Y Y Y … … … Y … … Y Y … … … … …
5
Y
N
Y
…
…
…
…
…
Massachusetts
AG
AG
GE
30 days
30 days
10
Y
Y
Y
Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina
BSC … AG SS, AG AG AG SS, AG … … … … …
BSC … AG SS, AG AG AG SS, AG … … … … …
GE … GE GE GE GE GE … … … … …
45 days … 30 days 30 days Jul. 1 10 days (u) … … … … …
2 (r) … … 30 (r) 1 yr. 40 14 … … … … …
Y … Y (s) Y Y Y (v) … … … … …
N … Y (s) N N N (v) … … … … …
Y … N Y Y Y (v) … … … … …
SS, AG
SS
PR or GE
30 days
10 days … … IM Oct. 1 10 days (u) … … … … … 30 days (w)
… after 2 biennial elections Y … after 2 yrs. Y Y N (t) Y … … … … …
14
(x)
N
(x)
Y
North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Ohio Ballot Board AG AG … … … AG … … LLS … … AG … …
(y)
GE
30 days
30 days
15
(z)
N
N
Y
P AG … … … AG … … LLS … … AG … …
IM 30 days … … … (bb) … … … … … … … …
IM 30 days … … … (bb) … … 5 days (cc) … … 30 days … …
… 40 … … … … … … 40 … … 10 days … …
Y Y … … … Y … … Y … … Y (l) … …
Y Y … … … N … … N … … … … …
Y Y … … … N … … N … … Y (l) … …
after 3 yrs. (aa) Y … … … Y … … after 2 yrs. … … Y … …
SS
SS, AG
…
90 days
15 after Canvass
Y
N
after 2 yrs.
after 5 yrs.
… AG LC Office of Supervisor of Elections
… AG AG, LLS Office of Supervisor of Elections
GE or SP GE … … … GE … … GE … … GE … … GE 120 days after LS … GE GE
… (q) …
… (q) IM
… 30 …
… … Y
… … …
… … …
… Y Y
Any election
IM
IM
7
(v)
…
(v)
Y
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 5
IN ITIATIVE S
TA BLE 6 . 1 3 State Initiatives: Voting on the Initiative (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, May 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision LG—Lieutenant Governor SS—Secretary of State AG—Attorney General P—Proponent LC—Legislative Council LLS—Legislative Legal Services BSC—Board of State Canvassers SBE—State Board of Elections PR—Primary election GE—General election REG—Regular election SP—Special election IM—Immediately LS—Legislative session TB—Title Board Y—Yes N—No w/i—Within (a) In some states, the ballot title and summary will differ from that on the petition. (b) A majority of the popular vote is required to enact a measure. In Massachusetts and Nebraska, apart from satisfying the requisite majority vote, the measure must receive, respectively, 30% and 35% of the total votes cast in favor. An initiative approved by the voters may be put into effect immediately after the approving votes have been canvassed. In California and Nebraska, the measure may specify an enacting date. In Colorado, measures take effect from the date of proclamation by governor, but no later than 30 days after votes have been canvassed and certified by secretary of state. In Nebraska, 10 days after completion of canvass by the State Board of Canvassers. (c) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on an initiative within a certain number of days after the election including the measure proposed. (d) After certification of election. (e) May not be repealed within 2 years of its effective date. (f) Upon governor’s proclamation. (g) Initiative can be amended by three-fourths of the members of each house of the legislature (AZ Constitution Article 4, Part 1, Section14. (h) Unless the measure requires otherwise. (i) Changes must be submitted to voters unless the measure provided for legislative amendment or repeal. (j) Ballot title: Drafted by Legislative Council of the General Assembly, then finalized by three board members called the Title Board. Summary by: Legislative Council of the General Assembly. (k) If it is statutory it can be changed by the legislature.
256 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(l) No initiated statute can be amended or repealed within 2 years without a two-thirds super majority in both chambers. Any initiated law so amended is not subject to veto referendum. (m) It is effective the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January following election unless specified in the amendment. (n) Amendments or repeal must be voted on by the voters. (o) Subject to approval of the Attorney General. (p) Changing a constitutional amendment would require another constitutional amendment. (q) Effective upon approval by voters and certification of election result by Election Commission: usually 15 days after date of election or later if there is an election contest. (r) After election is certified. (s) The approved initiative to amend the Constitution can be adopted, amended or rejected by the legislature or no action can be taken. In all cases, the initiative and alternative adopted are placed on the next statewide general election ballot. (t) Not on next ballot. (u) Constitutional amendment—after passed twice by the voters it becomes effective upon the completion of the canvass of votes by the Supreme Court on the fourth Tuesday of November following the election. Statute—effective on the date approved by the governor or the canvass of the vote by the Supreme Court. (v) It cannot be amended or repealed within three years from the date it takes effect. (w) An initiative to repeal a statute is effective immediately following the election. (x) A measure approved by the electors may not be amended or repealed by the legislative assembly for seven years from its effective date, except by a two-thirds vote of the members elected to each house; majority vote thereafter. (y) No summary, but the Ohio Ballot Board prescribes the ballot language. Also explanations and arguments for and against the proposal may be prepared by the petitioner and the person(s) appointed by the governor or, if appropriate, the General Assembly. The Ohio Ballot Board must prepare any missing explanation or argument.appointed by the governor or, if appropriate, the General Assembly. The Ohio Ballot Board must prepare any missing explanation or argument. (z) Initiated constitutional amendment proposed by petition cannot be vetoed; cannot be amended or repealed except by another constitutional amendment. Initiated statute cannot be vetoed by the governor, but may be amended or repealed after its effective date via legislation or another initiative. (aa) Three year waiting period unless proponents can gather signatures equal to 25 percent of total vote cast in last governor’s election. (bb) Upon completion of official canvass of votes. (cc) If an indirect initiative is adopted by the legislature, it takes effect 60 days after the adjournment of the legislative session in which it is passed. Unless otherwise specified in the measure, direct initiatives take effect five days after the governor proclaims the official election results.
REFERENDUMS
TA BLE 6 . 1 4 State Referendums: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Citizen Petition State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona
Citizen petition (a) … Y Y
Arkansas
Y
California
Y
Colorado
Y
Connecticut Delaware
… …
Florida
Y
Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts
… … Y Y (i) … … … … Y Y Y
Michigan
Y
Minnesota
…
Mississippi
Y
Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia
Y Y Y Y … … … … … Y Y Y Y … … … Y … … Y … …
Washington
Y
West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
… … Y … Y Y …
Signatures required to request a petition (b) … 100 5% VG 8% VG initiative; 6% referendum VG 25 At least 2 people representing issue … … 8% of vote in last presidential election & 1/2 of congressional districts … … 20 … Varies … … … … 5 (k) 10 8% VG, initiative; 5% VG, referendum VG … Any "qualified elector" may file … (l) … (r) … … … … … 25 "qualified voters" 1,000 "qualified electors" (n) 4% of VG … … … 5% of VG … … 5 SP … … 8% VG, initiative; 4% VG, referendum VG … … 100 … … 10% district/41% territorial …
Request Request forms submitted furnished to: by: (c) … … LG DV SS SS
Restricted subject matter (d) … Y Y
Individual responsible for petition Title Summary … … LG LG P P
Financial contributions reported (e) … Y Y
Deposit required (f) … $100 N
AG
SP
N
AG
AG
Y
N
AG
LC
Y
AG
AG
N
$200
LS, SS
LS
Y
SP
LS
Y
N
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
… …
SS
SS
N (g)
SP
SP
Y
N (h)
… … SS … SS … … ….. … SS SS AG
… … SP … SS … … … … SS SBE SS
… … N Y Y … … … … Y Y Y
… … AG P Varies … … … … SP, SS SP AG Board of State Canvassers …
… … AG … … … … … … SS (j) AG AG Board of State Canvassers …
… … Y Y, for $3,000 or more … … … … … Y Y Y
… … N … … … … … … … N N
SS
SS
Y
…
…
…
Y
N
…
…
SS
SS
Y
AG
AG
Y
$500
SS LS, SS, AG SS SS … … … … … SS SS, AG SS LC, SS (o) … … … LS … … LG … …
DV SP … SS … … … … … SP PE SS SS … … … SP … … LG … …
Y Y Y Y … … … … … N Y N Y … … … Y … … Y (p) … …
SS, AG AG SP P, SP … … … … … SS, AG PE P AG … … … AG … … SP … …
SS, AG AG SP P, SP … … … … … SS PE (m) P AG … … … AG … … SP … …
Y Y Y Y … … … … … Y Y Y Y … … … Y … … Y … …
N N N N … … … … … N $25 N N … … … N … … … … …
SS
SS
Y (q)
AG
AG
Y
$5
… … SS … … Other L
… … SS … … SBE L
… … Y … Y N N
… … SS … SP SP L
… … SS … AG Other L
… … Y … Y Y N
… … $500 … N N N
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 7
RE FE RE NDU MS
TA BLE 6 . 1 4 State Referendums: Requesting Permission to Circulate a Citizen Petition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election websites, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision for EV—Eligible voters VG—Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. LG—Lieutenant Governor LS—Legislative services L—Legislature SS—Secretary of State SBE—State Board of Elections DV—Division of Elections AG—Attorney General P—Proponent PE—Petitioner ST—State SP—Sponsor Y—Yes N—No LC—Office of Legislative Counsel (a) Three forms of referenda exist: citizen petition, submission by the legislature, and constitutional requirement. This table outlines the steps necessary to enact a citizen’s petition. (b) Prior to circulating a statewide petition, a request for permission to do so must first be submitted to a specified state officer. Some states require such signatures to only be those of eligible voters. (c) The form on which the request for petition is submitted may be the responsibility of the sponsor or may be furnished by the state. (d) Restrictions may exist regarding the subject matter to which a referendum may be applied. The majority of these restrictions pertain to the dedication of state revenues and appropriations, and laws that maintain the preservation of public peace, safety and health. In Kentucky, referenda are only permitted for the establishment of soil and water and watershed conservation districts. (e) In some states, a list of individuals who contribute financially to the referendum campaign must be submitted to the specified state officer with whom the petition is filed.
258 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(f) A deposit may be required after permission to circulate a petition has been granted. This amount is refunded when the completed petition has been filed correctly. (g) New fees/taxes requires 2/3 majority vote. (h) The secretary of state charges a 10 cent fee per signature that must be verfied for ballot consideration. (i) A referendum can only be placed on the ballot if authorized by a state law. As a result, a county or town election board cannot print any referendum on the ballot unless the legislature has already passed a law to permit the referendum. Therefore, each statute is different. (j) Petition sponsor may submit proposed petition summary for approval to State Administrator of Elections but a formal request to circulate a petition is not required. (k) No specific requirement to request a petition. Legislative Services receives the request and reviews it, and then the sponsor submits it to the Secretary of State and Attorney General for petition format review and legal and constitutional sufficiency review. (l) State auditor writes the fiscal note. (m) Petitioners must prepare the summary, and submit it to the Ohio Attorney General, who then must certify whether the summary fully and accurately describes the proposal. (n) Five percent of legal voters based upon the total number of votes cast at the last general election for the state office receiving the highest number of votes. (o) LC must also reasonably expect the measure to be put to a vote w/ verified # of signatures (4% for referendum of VG, stautory/ const amdts different). (p) May not challenge laws passed by two-thirds of each house of the legislature; any measure prohibiting/limiting wildlife hunting/management takes two-thirds vote in support. (q) No bills with an emergency clause. (r) The information required to be provided includes the name and signature of the person filing the petition, the names of up to three individuals who are authorized to withdraw or amend the petition, and the name of the Political Action Committee (PAC) formed to advocate for the passage of the petition.
REFERENDUMS
TA BLE 6 . 1 5 State Referendums: Circulating the Citizen Petition State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana
Basis for signatures … 10% TV, from 3/4 ED 5% VG 8% for initiated act; 6% for referenda VG 5% VG 5% of votes cast for prior SS election … … 8% of TV in prior Presidential election … … 6% EV 8% VG (e) … … …
Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Can signatures be removed from petition (b) … Y Y
With … LG SS
Days after legislative session … 90 days 90 days 90 days
Completed petition filed:
…
N
SS
90 days; 131 days for initiatives prior to GE
Y
(c)
…
6 months
Y
SS
…
… …
… …
… …
… …
Up to 2 years (d)
…..
CES
…
… … Y Y … … … … …
… … SS SBE … … …
… … 60 days … … … …
…
… … w/i 60 days after LS 24 months prior to GE … … … … …
…
10% VG
18 months
…
SS
3 % VG 1.5% VG for emergency 2% or immediate suspension 5% VG … … 5% VG, from 2/3 ED 5% EV and 5% from 34 of 100 ED 5% EV 10% EV last GE … … … … … 2% total population 6% VG, 3% each from 1/2 counties 5% VH 4% VG … … … 5% VG … … 10% VG … … 4%VG … … 15% TV, from 2/3 county … … … No. of registered voters
(f) First state election 60 or more days after filing certified petition
Y Y (g)
SS SS
… 50 days for 1st session; 25 days for 2nd session … 90 days after signed by governor
90 days after LS … … w/i 90 days after LS
N … … Y
SS … … SS
90 days after enactment … … 90 days
(h)
Y
SS
6 mos.
… (i) … … … … … 90 days
Y Y … … … … … N
SS CC, SS … … … … … SS
90 days 120 prior to next GE … … … … … (j)
90 days
Y
SS
90 days
w/i 90 days of LS w/i 90 days of LS … … … 24 months prior to GE … … 40 days after LS … … Approx. 90 days … … 18 months … Up to 120 days before election … 180 days
Y Y (k) … … … N … … Y … … N … … N … Y … …
SS SS … … … SS … … CC … … SS … … SS … AG … …
90 days 90 days … … … 90 days … … 40 days … … 90 days … … 90 days … … … …
Maine Maryland Massachusetts
Maximum time period allowed for petition circulation (a) … w/i 90 days of LS 24 months prior to GE
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 5 9
RE FE RE NDU MS
TA BLE 6 . 1 5 State Referendums: Circulating the Citizen Petition (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision for. VG—Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. EV—Eligible voters. TV—Total voters in the last general election. VH—Total votes cast for the office receiving the highest number of votes in last general election. VSS—Total votes cast for all candidates for the office of secretary of state at the previous general election. ED—Election district. GE—General election. LS—Legislative session. LG—Lieutenant governor. SBE—State Board of Elections. SS—Secretary of state. AG—Attorney General. CC—County clerk. CES—County election supervisor. Y—Yes. N—No. w/i—Within. (a) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been approved and provided to or by the sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition.
260 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(b) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must first be submitted in writing to the state officer with whom the petition is filed. (c) County elections office. (d) Signatures must be verified by Feb 1 in year of election. (e) Referenda are advisory only. (f) No signature may be collected until the final action of the General Assembly. Session ends the second Monday in April. One third of the signatures must be submitted not later than May 31. The remaining signatures are due no later than June 30th. (g) Should an individual wish to remove his/her name from a petition, a request to do so must first be submitted in writing to the local election official prior to the petition being submitted for certification of signatures. (h) No specific beginning date for circulation of petitions, so there is no maximum time period. There is an ending deadline of 6 months after legislative session. (i) Not later than the third Tuesday in May of even-numbered years. (j) Within 90 days after the legislation is filed in the Secretary of State’s office. (k) Only by the chief petitioners before submitting signatures before verification. Signatures may not be removed once the signatures have been submitted to the secretary of state for verification.
REFERENDUMS
TA BLE 6 . 1 6 State Referendums: Preparing the Citizen Petition Referendum to be Placed on Ballot State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas
No. of days to amend/appeal petition that is: Incomplete (b) Not accepted (c) … … 10 10 … … … 30
Signatures verified by: (a) … Division of elections County recorder SS
Within how many days after filing … 60 (e) 30
California
County clerk
8 (f)
…
Colorado
SS
(g)
15
… … Supervisor of Elections … … County clerk State Board of Elections County clerk … … … … Registrars of voters Local Board of Elections Local boards of registrars SS … … County clerk County election administrators County clerk County clerk … … … … … SS
… … 30 … … … varies … … … … … 30 20 14 Approx. 60 … … (i)
… … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ..,
3 months and 3 weeks before election … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … 10
28
10
40 (j) … … … … … 35 no later than 105 days before election
… 5 … … … … … …
Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota
Penalty for falsifying petition (denotes fine, jail term) … Class B misdemeanor Class 1 misdemeanor Class D felony Felony or misdemeanor (depending on severity) Fines up to $1,000 and forgery is a Class 5 felony … … 1st degree misdemeanor … … $5,000, 2 yrs. Class 3 felony … … … … … Class E crime Misdemeanor (h) $1,000, 1 year $500, 90 days … … Class A misdemeanor
Petition certified by: (d) … LG SS SS
10
$500, 6 mos.
SS
… … … … … … … 20
Penalty up to $1,000 and 1 year in prison … … … … … … (k)
SS SS … … … … … SS
…
Ohio
SS
10
…
5th degree felony
Oklahoma
SS
…
10
…
$1,000, 1 year
Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico
SS, county clerk … … … SS … … County clerks … … SS … … SS … AG …
30 … … … … … … 55 (m) … … (n) … … 60 … … …
… … … … … … … … … … … … … 60 … (o) …
… … … … … … … 10 … … 10 … … 60 … (o) …
(l) … … … Class 2 misdemeanor … … Class A misdemeanor … … Class C felony (possible) … … $1,000, 1 yr. … (p) …
U.S. Virgin Islands
Supervisor of Elections
15
…
…
…
SS SS … … SS … … SS SBE … … … … … SS SS, SBE SS BSC … … SS
SS SS, State Supreme Court SS … … … SS … … LG … … SS … … SS … AG … Supervisor of Elections
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 6 1
RE FE RE NDU MS
TA BLE 6 . 1 6 State Referendums: Preparing the Citizen Petition Referendum to be Placed on Ballot (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—Not applicable. SS—Secretary of State. LG—Lieutenant Governor. BSC—Board of State Canvassers. SBE—State Board of Elections. (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified before the referendum is allowed on the ballot. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures are submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given number of days after filing. If the necessary number of signatures have not been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. (c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such cases, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. If the petition is determined to be sufficient, the referendum is required to be placed on the ballot. (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures have been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. (e) In Arizona, the secretary of state has 20 days to count signatures and to complete random sample; the county recorder then has 15 days to verify signatures.
262 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(f) Clerk has 8 days to report raw totals of signatures and 30 days for random sampling to verify signatures. (g) At least 30 days for internal review process to conduct random sampling;must verify at least 90% are valid. (h) Misdemeanor, punishable by a $10–$250 fine or 30 days–six months in jail, or both. (i) In Missouri, must be certified as sufficient or insufficient by the 13th Tuesday prior to the general election. (j) 1. Within four days county clerks count total number of signatures and forward to the secretary of state. 2. The secretary of state immediately notifies county clerks if they are to proceed or not proceed with the signature verification. 3. If ordered by the secretary of state, the county clerks verify signatures within nine days (excluding weekends and holidays). (k) Any violations discovered will be reported to the attorney general for investigation and prosecution. (l) Whether a penalty is assessed would be based upon what information on the petition was falsified. (m) After the end of the legislative session. (n) Not later than the third Tuesday following the primary election. (o) Incomplete: 30 or more days if submitted 150 days before date of the election; none if submitted 120 days before date of election. Not accepted: If submitted 119 days or less before the election. (p) Subject to statute governing fraud or perjury.
REFERENDUMS
TA BLE 6 . 1 7 State Referendums: Voting on the Citizen Petition Referendum State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming American Samoa CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Ballot (a) Summary Title by: by: ... ... LG LG SS, AG LC AG ... AG AG .. . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... AG AG ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... SS LSS SS,AG AG BSC BSC ... ... ... ... SS, AG SS AG AG AG AG SS, AG SS, AG ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... SS, AG SS ... ... LLS, AG LLS AG AG ... ... ... ... ... ... AG AG ... ... ... ... LLS LLS ... ... ... ... AG AG ... ... ... ... SS SS, AG ... ... AG AG ... ... ... ...
Election where referendum voted on ... 1st statewide election 180 days after LS GE GE GE or PR ... ... ... ... ... ... GE GE ... ... ... GE or SP ... GE or statewide election more than 60 days after filing GE GE more than 60 days after filing GE ... ... GE GE GE GE ... ... ... ... ... PR GE more than 60 days after filing. GE or SP GE (i) ... ... ... GE ... ... GE ... ... GE ... ... GE more than 120 days after LS ... GE or special election if specified ... ...
Effective date of approved referendum (b) ... 30 days (d) ... 1 day ... ... ... ... ... ... 30 days Advisory only ... ... ... IM ... 30 days (f) 30 days 10 days ... ... IM (g) ... Nov., 4th Tues. ... ... ... ... ... 30 days IM ... 30 days ... ... ... July 1 ... ... 5 days ... ... 30 days ... ... 90 days ... (j) ... ...
Days to contest election results (c) ... 10 10 20 5 (e) ... ... ... ... ... ... 20 (e) 30 ... ... ... ... ... 5 ... 10 2 (e) ... ... 30 1 yr. ... 14 ... ... ... ... ... 14 (e) 15 (h) ... 40 ... ... ... ... ... ... 40 ... ... 10 ... ... 15 ... 30 days ... ...
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 6 3
RE FE RE NDU MS
TA BLE 6 . 1 7 State Referendums: Voting on the Citizen Petition Referendum (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state election website, Initiative & Referendum Institute website and Ballotpedia website, April 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision. LG—Lieutenant Governor. AG—Attorney General. SS—Secretary of State. BSC—Board of State Canvassers. LC—Legislative Counsel. LSS—Legislative Legal Services. SBE—State Board of Elections. GE—General election. PR—Primary election. REG—Regular election. SP—Special election. IM—Immediately. LS—Legislative session. (a) In some states, the ballot title and summary will differ from that on the petition. (b) A majority of the popular vote is required to enact a measure in every state. In Arizona, a referendum approved by the voters becomes effective upon the governor’s proclamation. In Nebraska, a referendum may be put into effect immediately after the approving votes have been canvassed by the Board of State Canvassers and upon the governor’s proclamation. In Massachusetts the measure must also receive at lease 30 percent of the total ballots cast in the last election. In Oklahoma, put into effect upon certification of election results by state election board. In Utah, after proclamation by governor and date specified in petition. (c) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on a referendum within a certain number of days after the election including this matter. In Alaska, five days to request recount with appeal to the court within five days after recount.
264 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(d) Upon proclamation of the governor after the canvas. (AZ Const. Article 4, Part 1, Section 13). (e) After election is certified. (f) After the certification of election results. Depends on date Board of State Canvassers meets. They must meet within 35 days after General Election. (g) Unless specifically provided by the legislature in an act referred by it to the people or until suspended by a petition signed by at least 15% of the qualified electors in a majority of the legislative representative districts, an act referred to the people is in effect as provided by law until it is approved or rejected at the election. An act that is rejected is repealed effective the date the result of the canvass is filed by the secretary of state under 13-27-503. An act referred to the people that was in effect at the time of the election and is approved by the people remains in effect. An act that was suspended by a petition and is approved by the people is effective the date the result of the canvass is filed by the secretary of state under 13-27-503. An act referred by the legislature that contains an effective date following the election becomes effective on that date if approved by the people. An act that provides no effective date and whose substantive provisions were delayed by the legislature pending approval at an election and that is approved is effective October 1 following the election. (h) After election is certified or if recount conducted, 10 days after recount. (i) Special election can be held at the request of the Legislative Assembly. (j) Upon approval by voters and certification of election results by Election Commission, usually 15 days after date of election if no contest.
R E CA LL
TA BLE 6 . 1 8 State Recall Provisions State or other jurisdiction
Provision for recall
Officials subject to recall
Constitutional and statutory citations for recall of state officials
Alabama
No
Alaska
Yes
All (a)
Arizona
Yes
All
Const. Art. 8, § 1-6; ARS § 19-201 - 19-234
Const. Art. 2, § 13-19;CA Election Code § 1100011386
Arkansas
No
California
Yes
All
Colorado
Yes
All
Connecticut
No
Delaware
No
Florida
No
Georgia
Yes
Constitutional or statutory language
Const. Art., 11 § 8; All elected public officials in the State, except judicial officers, are subject to recall by the voters of the State or AS § 15.45.510-710, political subdivision from which elected. 15.60.010, 29.26.250-350 Every public officer in the state of Arizona, holding an elective office, either by election or appointment, is subject to recall from such office by the qualified electors of the electoral district from which candidates are elected to such office.
Recall is the power of the electors to remove an elective officer. Recall of a state officer is initiated by delivering to the Secretary of State a petition alleging reason for recall. Sufficiency of reason is not reviewable.
Const. Art. 21, § 1; Every elective public officer of the state of Colorado may be recalled from office at any time by the registered CRS § 1-12-101 - 1-12-122, electors entitled to vote for a successor of such incumbent through the procedure and in the manner herein 23-17-120.5, 31-4-501-505 provided for, which procedure shall be known as the recall, and shall be in addition to and without excluding any other method of removal by law.
All
Const. Art. 2, § 2.4; GA Code § 21-4-1 et seq.
The General Assembly is hereby authorized to provide by general law for the recall of public officials who hold elective office. The procedures, grounds, and all other matters relative to such recall shall be provided for in such law.
Hawaii
No
Idaho
Yes
All (a)
Const. Art 6, § 6; ID Code § 34-1701 34-1715
Every public officer in the state of Idaho, excepting the judicial officers, is subject to recall by the legal voters of the state or of the electoral district from which he is elected. The legislature shall pass the necessary laws to carry this provision into effect.
Illinois (b)
Yes
(b)
Const. Art 3, § 7
The recall of the Governor may be proposed by a petition signed by a number of electors equal in number to at least 15% of the total votes cast for Governor in the preceding gubernatorial election, with at least 100 signatures from each of at least 25 separate counties. A petition shall have been signed by the petitioning electors not more than 150 days after an affidavit has been filed with the State Board of Elections providing notice of intent to circulate a petition to recall the Governor. The affidavit may be filed no sooner than 6 months after the beginning of the Governor's term of office. The affidavit shall have been signed by the proponent of the recall petition, at least 20 members of the House of Representatives, and at least 10 members of the Senate, with no more than half of the signatures of members of each chamber from the same established political party.
Indiana
No
All (a)
Const. Art. 4, § 3; KSA § 25-4301 - 25-4331
All elected public officials in the State, except judicial officers, shall be subject to recall by voters of the state or political subdivision from which elected. Procedures and grounds for recall shall be prescribed by law.
All (a)
Const. Art. 10, § 26; LRS § 18:1300.1 18:1300.17
The legislature shall provide by general law for the recall by election of any state, district, parochial, ward, or municipal officer except judges of the courts of record. The sole issue at a recall election shall be whether the official shall be recalled. However, no recall petition may be submitted for certification to or accepted for certification by the registrar of voters or any other official if less than six months remain in the term of office.
Iowa
No
Kansas
Yes
Kentucky
No
Louisiana
Yes
Maine
No
Maryland
No
Massachusetts
No
Michigan
Yes
All (a)
Const. Art. 2, §8; MCL § 168.951 - 168.975
Laws shall be enacted to provide for the recall of all elective officers except judges of courts of record upon petition of electors equal in number to 25 percent of the number of persons voting in the last preceding election for the office of governor in the electoral district of the officer sought to be recalled. The sufficiency of any statement of reasons or grounds procedurally required shall be a political rather than a judicial question.
Minnesota
Yes
(c)
Const. Art. 8, § 6; MS § 211C.01 et. seq.
A state officer other than a judge may be subject to recall for serious malfeasance or nonfeasance during the term of office in the performance of the duties of the office or conviction during the term of office for a serious crime.
Mississippi
No
All
Mont. Code § 2-16-601 - 2-16-635
Every person holding a public office of the state or any of its political subdivisions, either by election or appointment , is subject to recall from such office.
Missouri
No
Montana
Yes
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 6 5
RE CA LL
TA BLE 6 . 1 8 State Recall Provisions (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Provision for recall
Nebraska
No
Nevada
Yes
New Hampshire
No
New Jersey
Yes
New Mexico
No
New York
No
North Carolina
No
North Dakota
Yes
Ohio
No
Oklahoma
No
Oregon
Yes
Pennsylvania
No
Rhode Island
Yes
South Carolina
No
South Dakota
No
Tennessee
No
Texas
No
Utah
No
Vermont
No
Virginia
No (f)
Washington
Yes
West Virginia
No
Wisconsin
Yes
Wyoming
No
CNMI*
Yes
Puerto Rico
No
U.S.V.I.
Yes
Officials subject to recall
Constitutional and statutory citations for recall of state officials
Constitutional or statutory language
All
Const. Art. 2, § 9; NRS § 294A.006, Chapter 306
Every public officer in the State of Nevada is subject, as herein provided, to recall from office by the registered voters of the state, or of the county, district, or municipality which he represents.
All
Const. Art. 1, § 2; NJRS § 19:27A-1 - 19:27A-18
The people reserve unto themselves the power to recall, after at least one year of service, any elected official in this State or representing this State in the United States Congress.
All (d)
Const. Art. 3, § 1 and 10; ND Century Code § 16. 1-01-09.1
Any elected official of the state, of any county or of any legislative or county commissioner district shall be subject to recall by petition of electors equal in number to twenty-five percent of those who voted at the preceding general election for the office of governor in the state, county, or district in which the official is to be recalled.
All (d)
Const. Art. 2, § 18; ORS § 249.865 - 249.880
Every public official in Oregon is subject, as herein provided, to recall by the electors of the state or of the electoral district from which the public official is elected.
(e)
Const. Art. 4, § 1
Recall is authorized in the case of a general officer who has been indicted or informed against for a felony, convicted of a misdemeanor, or against whom a finding of probable cause of violation of the code of ethics has been made by the ethics commission.
All (a)
Const. Art. 1, Sec. 33-34; WRC §29.82.010 29.82.220
Every elective public officer of the state of Washington except judges of courts of record is subject to recall and discharge by the legal voters of the state, or of the political subdivision of the state, from which he was elected whenever a petition demanding his recall, . . . is filed with the officer with whom a petition for nomination, or certificate for nomination, to such office must be filed under the laws of this state, and the same officer shall call a special election as provided by the general election laws of this state. and the result determined as therein provided.
All
Const. Art. 13, §12; Wisc. Stat. §9.10
The qualified electors of the state, of any congressional, judicial or legislative district or of any county may petition for the recall of any incumbent elective officer after the first year of the term for which the incumbent was elected, by filing a petition with the filing officer with whom the nomination petition is filed, demanding the recall of the incumbent.
All
Const. Art. 9, § 3; 2 CMC §6502
All
U.S.C., Title 48, Ch. 12, Subchapter IV, § 1593
Elected public officials are subject to recall by the voters of the Commonwealth or of the island, islands or district from which elected.
An elected public official of the Virgin Islands may be removed from office by a recall election carried out under this subsection. The grounds for recall are any of the following: lack of fitness, incompetence, neglect of duty, or corruption.
Sources: The Council of State Governments, state constitutions and statutes, April 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Note: This table refers only to officials elected to statewide office. Many local governments allow recall of elected officials. Key: N.A.—Not available 266 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(a) Except judicial. (b) Illinois allows for recall of the governor. (c) State executive officers, legislators, and judicial officers. (d) Except for U.S. Congress. (e) Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer, and Attorney General. (f) Virginia permits a recall trial not a recall election. See Virginia Code §24.2-233.
R E CA LL
TA BLE 6 .19 State Recall Provisions: Applicability to State Officials and Petition Circulation Officers to whom recall is applicable (a) … All but judicial officers All elected officials …
Basis for signatures (b) (see key below) Statewide officers Others … … 25% VO 25% VO 25% VO (e) 25% VO (e) … … 12% VO, 1% from 5 20% VO counties 25% VO 25% VO … … … … … … 15% EV (h) , 1/15 from each 30% EV (h) congressional district … … 20% EVg 50% VO 15% VO from 25 20 state Rep. and counties 10 state Sen. … … … … 40% VO 40% VO … … 33 1/3% EV (k) 40% EV (k) … … … … … … 25% VG in district 25% VG in district 25% VO 25% VO … … … …
No. of times recall can be attempted … … 1 (d) …
Recall may be initiated after official has been in office … 120 days 6 mos./5 days legislators …
All elected officials
(f)
90 days
6 mos.
(g) … … …
6 mos … … …
6 mos. … … …
…
180 days
180
Hawaii Idaho
All elected officials … … … All state level officials, county and city elected officials … All but judicial officers
… (d)
… 90 days
… …
Illinois
Governor
…
…
…
… … All but judicial officers … All but judicial officers … … … All but judicial officers All state level officials … … All state level officers & elected officials … All but judicial officers …
… … 1 … (j) … … … No limit No limit … …
… … 120 days … 1 day … … … 1 year … … …
… … 180 … 6 mos. … … … 1 year 6 mos. … …
(l)
2 mos.
…
10% EV
(m)
3 mos.
… (d) …
… 6 mos. (n) …
… … …
(o)
(p)
(q)
… … … 1 … … No limit …
… … … … … … 180 days (s) …
… … … 190 … … … …
… 25% VO in given … 25% EV in given jurisdiction … … … 25% Evg … … 15% (t) …
… 90 days …
All elected officials
… 25% VO in given … 25% EV in given jurisdiction … … … 25% Evg … … 15% (t) …
… … … … … … 90 days …
…
6 mos.
…
15% VO
…
90 days
… … … … … … …
… … … … … … …
… … … … … … …
… … … … … … …
… … … … … … …
… … … … … … …
…
IM
180
25% VO
35% VO
(u)
… 1 … (w) … Unlimited
… 1 yr. … 180 days … 1 year
… … … … … 365
… 25% VG (v) … 40% EV (x) … …
… 25% VG (v) … … … Registered electors
… 60 days … (y) … 180 days
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia
Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania
… … … All elected state officials … … All elected state officials … Gov., lt. gov., atty. gen., sec. Rhode Island of state, treasurer South Carolina … South Dakota … Tennessee … Texas … Utah … Vermont … Virginia … All but judges of courts Washington of record West Virginia … Wisconsin All elected officials Wyoming … CNMI* All elected officials Puerto Rico … U.S. Virgin Islands All elected officials
Recall may not be initiated with days remaining in term … 180 … …
Maximum time allowed for petition circulation (c) … … 120 days … 160 days 60 days … … … (i) … 60 days 150 days … … 90 days … 180 days … … … 60 days 90 days … …
(r)
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 6 7
RE CA LL
TA BLE 6 .19 State Recall Provisions: Applicability to State Officials and Petition Circulation (continued) Source: The Council of State Governments, April 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—No provision. All—All elective officials. VO—Number of votes cast in the last election for the office or official being recalled. EVg—Number of eligible voters in the last general election for governor. EV—Eligible voters. VG—Total votes cast for the position of governor in the last election. VP—Total votes cast for position of president in last presidential election. IM—Immediately. (a) An elective official may be recalled by qualified voters entitled to vote for the recalled official’s successor. An appointed official may be recalled by qualified voters entitled to vote for the successor(s) of the elective officer(s) authorized to appoint an individual to the position. (b) Signature requirements for recall of those other than state elective officials are based on votes in the jurisdiction to which the said official has been elected. (c) The petition circulation period begins when petition forms have been approved and provided to sponsors. Sponsors are those individuals granted permission to circulate a petition, and are therefore responsible for the validity of each signature on a given petition. (d) Additional recall attempts can be made provided that the state treasury is reimbursed the cost of the previous recall attempt(s). The specific reason for recalling on one petition cannot be the basis for a second recall petition during the current term of office. (e) 25% of the number of votes cast at the preceding general election for all candidates for the office held by the officer, even if the officer was not elected at that election, divided by the number of offices that were being filled at that election. (A.R.S.§ 19-201). (f) Open ended. (g) One attempt unless a second petition is circulated and valid signatures gathered are at least 50% of votes cast for all candidates in last election. (h) Eligible voters for office at last general election to fill office. (i) For any statewide office, 90 days. Any officer holding an office other than statewide office and for whom no less than 5,000 signatures are required for the recall petition, 45 days. Any officer is first reimbursed for all expenses of the preceding election.
268 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(j) Unlimited. Once every 18 months. (k) Basis for signatures 33 1/3 percent if over 1,000 eligible voters; 40 percent if under 1,000 eligible voters. (l) No recall petition may be filed against an officer for whom a recall election has been held for a period of 2 years during his term of office unless the state or political subdivisions financing such recall election is first reimbursed for all expenses of the preceding election. (m) 15 percent of eligible for district offices. (n) For legislators, anytime after 10 days from the beginning of the first legislative session after their election. (o) An elected official sought to be recalled who is not recalled as the result of a recall election shall not again be subject to recall until after having served one year of a term calculated from the date of the recall election. (p) The recall drive may not commence before the 50th day preceding the completion of the elected official’s first year of the current term. (q) No election to recall an elected official shall be held after the date occurring six months prior to the general election or regular election for that office, as appropriate, in the final year of the officials term. (r) The maximum time allowed for petition circulation is 320 days for a governor or U.S. Senator or 160 days for other elected officials. (s) Unless it is a state senator or representative and then it is anytime after fifth day form the beginning of legislative sessionor after election of legislator. (t) 15 percent of the total number of votes cast in the public officer’s electoral district for all candidates for governor at the last election at which a candidate for governor was elected to a full term. (u) Statewide officials 270 days; others 180 days. (v) At least 25 percent of the vote cast for the office of governor at the last election within the same district or territory as that of the officeholder being recalled. (w) Not more than once a year or not during the first six months in office. (x) Grounds for recall must be stated and must be signed by 40% of voters represented by the elected official. (y) Until 120 days before the election.
R E CA LL
TA BLE 6 . 2 0 State Recall Provisions: Petition Review, Appeal and Election
State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado
Penalty for Days to amend/appeal falsifying petition a petition that is: Signatures (denotes fines, verified (a) by: Incomplete (b) Not accepted (c) jail time) … … … … Division of 20 20 Class B misdemeanor Elections County … … Class 1 misdemeanor recorder … … … … County clerk/ registrar of 10 10 … voters
Days allowed for petition to be certified (d) …
Days to step down after certification (e) …
30
1
10
5
(h)
(i)
5
…
…
…
…
…
10
(j)
60-80 days after cert.
GE
5
SP or GE
10
… … …
… … …
…
15 (k)
…
10
5
… … …
… … …
… … …
… … …
… … …
…
…
Misdemeanor
30-45
…
Hawaii
… … … Registrar of voters …
…
…
…
…
…
Idaho
Georgia
Days to contest election results (g) …
70
SS
Connecticut Delaware Florida
Voting on the recall (f) Election held Election type … … 60-90 days after GE,PR,SP cert.
County clerk
30
…
$5,000, 2 yrs.
10
5
Illinois Indiana Iowa
SBE … …
… … …
… … …
… … …
… … …
Kansas
County clerk
…
…
30
Next day
45-75 days after cert. … … … 30-45 days after cert. … 45+ days after cert. (l) 100 days after cert. … …
SP
5
…
…
SP , PR, GE (l)
20 (m)
SP … …
… … …
SP
5 (m)
Kentucky
…
…
… … … Class B misdemeanor; up to $1,000, up to one year or both. …
…
…
…
…
…
Louisiana
(n)
(n)
…
15-20 days
(o)
(p)
SP
(q)
… … …
… … …
… … …
… … …
… … …
… … …
… … …
… … …
…
…
$500, 90 days
35
…
(s)
SP
2 (m)
90 … …
… … …
10 … …
… … …
(t) … …
10
(u)
5
(v)
…
…
…
…
…
GE … … SP or GE (dd) (v) …
7 … …
10
Felony … … $500 or six months in county jail, or both. …
5
…
Misdemeanor
(w)
5
(x)
SP
…
…
…
…
…
10
5
(z)
SP or GE
(aa)
… … … 30 … …
… … … 10 … …
… … … SP … …
… … … 14 (bb) … …
SP
40
…
…
… Registrar of voters Maine … Maryland … Massachusetts … SS, local Michigan election officials (r) Minnesota SS Mississippi … Missouri … County election Montana administrators Nebraska … County clerk, Nevada registrar of voters New Hampshire … Recall elections New Jersey official New Mexico … New York … North Carolina … North Dakota SS Ohio … Oklahoma …
…
…
…
…
… … … … … …
… … … … … …
… Crime of the 4th degree … … … … … …
60-90 days after cert.
12 mos. … (y)
County clerk
(cc)
…
(dd)
10
5
Pennsylvania
…
…
…
…
…
Rhode Island
SBE
w/i 90 days
…
90
…
…
SP
…
South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont
… … … … … …
… … … … … …
… … … … … …
… Misdemeanor and/ or felony … … … … … …
… … … 50-60 … … w/i 35 days after resignation period …
… … … … … …
… … … … … …
… … … … … …
… … … … … …
… … … … … …
Oregon
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 6 9
RE CA LL
TA BLE 6 . 2 0 State Recall Provisions: Petition Review, Appeal and Election (continued)
Wyoming
…
…
…
CNMI*
AG
150 days
…
… Office of the Supervisor of Elections
…
…
Penalty for falsifying petition (denotes fines, jail time) … Class B felony or misdemeanor … Class 1 felony $10,000, 3 yrs. prison or both. … Statute governs fraud or perjury. …
…
…
…
State or other jurisdiction Virginia
Days to amend/appeal a petition that is: Signatures verified (a) by: Incomplete (b) Not accepted (c) … … …
Washington
SS
30
…
West Virginia
…
…
…
Wisconsin
SBE
…
…
Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Sources: The Council of State Governments April 2019. *Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands Key: …—Not applicable. SBE—State Board of Elections. SS—Secretary of State. SP—Special election. GE—General election. PR—Primary election. IM—Immediate and automatic removal from office. w/i—Within. N.A.—Information not available. (a) The validity of the signatures, as well as the correct number of required signatures must be verified before the recall is allowed on the ballot. (b) If an insufficient number of signatures are submitted, sponsors may amend the original petition by filing additional signatures within a given number of days. If the necessary number of signatures have not been submitted by this date, the petition is declared void. (c) In some cases, the state officer will not accept a valid petition. In such a case, sponsors may appeal this decision to the Supreme Court, where the sufficiency of the petition will be determined. When this is declared, the recall is required to be placed on the ballot. (d) A petition is certified for the ballot when the required number of signatures has been submitted by the filing deadline, and are determined to be valid. (e) The official to whom a recall is proposed has a certain number of days to step down from his position before a recall election is initiated, if he desires to do so. (f) A majority of the popular vote is required to recall an official in each state. (g) Individuals may contest the results of a vote on a recall within a certain number of days after the results are certified. In Alaska, an appeal to courts must be filed within five days of the recount. (h) The election order is issued within 15 days if the officer does not resign within five days after certification. (i) To be held on the next consolidated election date pursuant to § 16-204 that is 90 days or more after the order calling the election (A.R.S. § 19-209(A)). 270 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Days allowed for petition to be certified (d) …
Days to step down after certification (e) …
not specified
…
…
…
Voting on the recall (f) Election held Election type … … 45-60 days after SP cert. (ee) … …
31
10
6 weeks after cert.
GE or PR
Days to contest election results (g) … 3 … 3 (ff)
…
…
…
…
…
15 days
…
(gg)
GE, SP
30
…
…
…
…
…
10
IM
…
GE
5
(j) Prior to election being called. (k) After determination of sufficiency. (l) In Idaho, the dates on which elections may be conducted are the first Tuesday in February, the fourth Tuesday in May, the first Tuesday in August, or the Tuesday following the first Monday in November. In addition, an emergency election may be called upon motion of the governing board of a political subdivision. Recall elections conducted by any political subdivision shall be held on the nearest of these dates which falls more than 45 days after the clerk of the political subdivision orders that the recall election shall be held. (m) After election is certified. In Michigan, if a petition is filed against a local officer, a recount can be requested up to 6 days after certification of recall election. (n) The Registrar of Voters shall honor the written request of any voter who either desires to have his handwritten signature stricken from or added to the petition at any time prior to certification of the petition, or within five days after receipt of such signed petition, whichever is earlier. (o) Election returns are certified on the fifth day after the election, and the office is immediately vacant. (p) The local registrar of voters sends the original certified recall petition to the governor, who issues, within 15 days, a proclamation calling a special election, placing the special election on the next regularly scheduled election date. (q) Not later than 4:30 p.m. of the 30th day after the official promulgation of the results of the election. Promulgation is on or before the 12th day after the election. (r) Secretary of state if filed on the state level; county or local clerks if filed on county level. (s) Under Michigan’s consolidated elections, the recall election is held on the next fixed election date that falls at least 95 days after the recall petition is filed. (t) An election will not be held in the last 6 mos. of a term after certification. (u) County election administrators have 30 days; sponsor has three mos. to submit the petition from the date of certification. (v) A special election is called unless the filing is within 90 days of a general election.
R E CA LL
TA BLE 6 . 2 0 State Recall Provisions: Petition Review, Appeal and Election (continued) (w) Within four days, county clerks count signature totals and forward to the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State immediately notifies the clerks if they are to proceed with signature verification. (x) In Nevada, a recall election is held 10-20 days after the Secretary of State completes notification of the petition sufficiency unless a complaint is filed, the clerk shall issue a call for the election which is to be held within 30 days after the issuance of the call. (y) Five days after recount is completed or 14 days after the election if no recount is demanded. (z) New Jersey Permanent Statutes,19:27A-13, In the case of an office which is ordinarily filled at the general election, a recall election shall be held at the next general election occurring at least 55 days following the fifth business day after service of certification, unless it was indicated in the notice of intention to recall that the recall election shall be held at a special election in
which case the recall election official shall order and fix the date for holding the recall election to be the next Tuesday occurring during the period beginning with the 55th day and ending on the 61st day following the fifth business day after service of the certification of the petition. (aa) New Jersey Permanent Statutes, 19:27A-16. (bb) Fourteen days after the canvas board has certified the results. (cc) Chief petitioners may submit additional signatures if the deadline for submitting signatures has not passed. (dd) Whether a penalty is assessed would depend on what information on the petition was falsified. (ee) If possible to be held on a regularly scheduled election; cannot be held between the primary and general. (ff) Business days. (gg) The election is held at the next regular general election or at a special election set forth in the recall petition.
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CHAPTER SEVEN
S TAT E F I N A N C E
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 1 Fiscal 2017 General Fund, Actual ( In millions of dollars) State Total Alabama (a) Alaska (a) Arizona Arkansas (a) California (a) Colorado*(a) Connecticut (a) Delaware*(a) Florida Georgia* (a) Hawaii Idaho* (a) Illinois* (a) Indiana (a) Iowa (a) Kansas Kentucky (a) Louisiana (a) Maine (a) Maryland (a) Massachusetts* (a) Michigan (a) Minnesota* (a) Mississippi (a) Missouri (a) Montana (a) Nebraska (a) Nevada (a) New Hampshire (a) New Jersey (a) New Mexico* (a) New York* North Carolina (a) North Dakota (a) Ohio (a) Oklahoma (a) Oregon (a) Pennsylvania (a) Rhode Island (a) South Carolina* (a) South Dakota (a) Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah Vermont (a) Virginia (a) Washington (a) West Virginia (a) Wisconsin (a) Wyoming (a)
Beginning balance $42,431 185 0 284 0 4,504 513 0 568 1,892 2,131 1,028 51 967 776 0 37 334 (314) 71 385 1,482 604 3,102 7 153 257 532 419 89 473 148 8,934 580 263 1,193 0 284 2 168 1,131 14 1,390 4,278 165 0 1,278 1,373 371 331 0
Revenues $799,009 8,197 1,354 9,502 5,349 119,982 10,276 17,703 4,013 29,945 23,268 7,352 3,448 30,333 15,497 7,096 6,348 10,571 9,456 3,416 16,699 41,167 9,872 21,334 5,654 9,016 2,142 4,266 3,881 1,503 33,856 6,461 66,895 22,614 1,579 34,178 5,706 9,826 31,669 3,684 7,582 1,541 14,409 52,285 6,321 1,574 19,619 19,740 4,191 15,518 1,121
Adjustments 50 745 0 0 (132) 45 0 0 0 260 0 27 171 0 162 0 581 155 39 234 617 31 0 0 155 (2) (220) 191 0 874 78 0 101 828 0 114 (16) (1,269) (108) 139 15 (217) (528) 0 0 0 (673) 98 680 409
Total resources $845,073 8,432 2,099 9,787 5,349 124,354 10,833 17,703 4,581 31,836 25,660 8,379 3,526 31,471 16,273 7,258 6,385 11,486 9,297 3,526 17,317 43,267 10,507 24,436 5,661 9,324 2,396 4,577 4,490 1,592 35,203 6,687 75,829 23,295 2,669 35,371 5,820 10,094 30,402 3,744 8,853 1,570 15,582 56,035 6,487 1,574 20,898 20,440 4,660 16,528 1,530
Expenditures $808,396 8,166 4,498 9,636 5,349 119,292 10,425 17,727 4,106 30,322 23,188 7,486 3,262 31,011 15,455 7,258 6,277 11,169 9,149 3,346 17,289 41,202 9,809 21,103 5,656 9,156 2,365 4,329 3,990 1,511 34,416 6,130 68,080 22,085 2,503 34,814 5,737 9,093 31,942 3,673 7,646 1,548 13,238 53,683 6,411 1,540 20,115 19,339 4,248 17,099 1,530
Adjustments 116 764 0 0 (640) (206) (1) 0 0 0 0 163 (908) 516 0 0 201 26 123 (230) 617 75 0 0 0 (17) 0 66 81 0 52 0 739 102 0 0 0 0 10 131 14 697 1,469 0 34 0 0 14 (1,150) 0
Ending balance $33,818 150 (3,162) 151 0 5,702 614 (23) 475 1,515 2,472 894 101 1,368 303 0 109 116 123 57 259 1,448 623 3,333 4 168 48 248 434 0 787 505 7,749 472 65 557 84 1,000 (1,539) 62 1,076 8 1,647 883 76 0 783 1,101 398 579 0
Rainy day fund balance $55,389 766 4,641 461 123 11,251 614 213 221 1,384 2,309 311 413 10 1,474 605 0 151 287 209 833 1,301 710 1,980 269 294 0 681 146 100 0 0 1,798 1,838 38 2,034 93 761 0 193 487 157 668 10,290 508 107 549 1,638 652 283 1,538
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 7 5
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 1 Fiscal 2017 General Fund, Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2018. Note: For all states, unless otherwise noted, transfers into budget stabilization funds are counted as expenditures, and transfers from budget stabilization funds are counted as revenues. Key: *—The ending balance includes the balance in the rainy day fund. (a) Alabama—Revenue adjustments include one-time BP Settlement funds of $50M. Expenditure adjustments include transfers to the ETF Budget Stabilization Fund of $59.6m and the ETF Advancement & Technology Fund of $59.4m. Designated portion of ending balance: $50,000,000 from the BP settlement was budgeted to be used for Medicaid in 2018. Alaska—Revenues: Spring 2018 Revenue Sources Book (Total Revenue) Revenue Adjustments: SLA2017 Enacted Fiscal Summary (Lines 3–7) Expenditures: SLA2017 Enacted Fiscal Summary (Line 48) Expenditure Adjustments: SLA2017 Enacted Fiscal Summary (Line 49 and 52) Rainy Day Balance: State of Alaska Fiscal Summary FY18 and FY19 (Part 2) Number listed is EoY Balance. The rainy day fund balance listed is the anticipated end of year balance for the given fiscal year inclusive of any anticipated deposits or withdrawals. The deficits listed in the ”ending balance” column are already factored into the rainy day balance. Arkansas—Total available revenue amounts are reported as net of refunds and special dedications/payments. California—Total revenues: reflect revenues after transfers to the rainy day fund. Revenue and expenditure adjustments to the beginning fund balance consist primarily of adjustments made to major taxes and K–12 spending. The ending balance includes the SFEU but excludes the BSA (a rainy day reserve held in a separate fund). The excluded amount is $6,713.4 million at the end of FY 2017. Adding these amounts to the FY 2017 ending balance, the projected total balance is $12,415.5 million in FY 2017. The rainy day balance is made up of the Special Fund for Economic Uncertainties and the BSA, however, withdrawals from the BSA are subject to provisions of Proposition 2, 2014. Ending balance includes a reserve for encumbrances of $1,165 million representing amounts which will be expended in the future for state obligations for which goods and services have been ordered/ contracted, but have not been received by the end of the fiscal year. These amounts are shown as a reserve to the fund balance instead of a hit to the fund balance. Colorado—The total revenue excludes income tax revenue amounts diverted to the State Education Fund per Amendment 23, which was $540 million in FY2016–17. Adjustments to revenue include money transferred from other funds to the General Fund. Adjustments to expenditures are reversions of appropriations and various accounting adjustments made by the State Controller’s office each year. The FY 2016–17 adjustments to expenditures is an atypically large amount, mostly due to a large reversion of Medicaid-related dollars. Connecticut—Expenditures Adjustments: Miscellaneous adjustments, 1,054,249.
276 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Delaware—Ending balance includes Continuing and Encumbered Appropriations of $178.6 million. Georgia—FY 17 beginning balance reflects general fund balances as of June 30, 2016 for Revenue Shortfall Reserve, Guaranteed Revenue Debt Common Reserve Fund, and State Revenue Collections as reported on the FY 16 Combined Balance Sheet of the Budgetary Compliance Report. Adjustments to Revenues include FY16 agency surplus returned and early remittance of FY 17 surplus from state agencies. FY 17 Actual Expenditures include $22,596,503,946 in State General fund expenditures. Idaho—Revenue adjustments: reappropriation, $7 million; prior year reversion, $19.1 million; misc adjustments, $1 million. Expenditure adjustments: $400,000 to the Wolf Control Fund; $2,000,000 to the STEM Education Fund; $5,000,000 to the Higher Education Stabilization Fund, Community College Start-up Account; $34,500,000 to the Fire Suppression Deficiency Fund; $100,400 to Idaho Department of Water Resources Miscellaneous Revenue Fund, Priest Lake Outlet Subaccount; $2,700,000 to Broadband Infrastructure Improvement Grant Fund; $50,000,000 to the Emergency Relief Fund; $2,000,000 to the Disaster Emergency Fund; $31,836,900 to the Budget Stabilization Fund (statutory transfer); $27,464,200 to the Budget Stabilization Fund (surplus eliminator); $38,900 to the Hazardous Substance Emergency Response Fund, $342,600 to the Agriculture Pest Control Fund, $7,004,400 for prior year reappropriation. Illinois—Total revenues include $2,438M in federal revenues. Revenue adjustments includes $171M in budgetary basis transfers adjustments (prior year transfers that cleared during the current year). Expenditures adjustments include $4,636M in transfers out, $9,331M in accounts payable at the end of the current FY, and $3,789M in accounts payable at the end of the prior fiscal year. Indiana—Expenditure adjustments include reversions from distributions, capital, and reconciliations; transfer to the Major Moves 2020 trust fund; a transfer to the Bicentennial Capital Account; state agency and university line item capital projects; and a transfer of excess reserves for state ($235.3 million) and local ($192.6 million) roads and bridges. This one-time excess reserve transfer of $427.9 million was a move by the Governor and General Assembly to support infrastructure projects. Total revenues include forecasted General Fund revenues as well as unforecasted revenues such as HAF, QAF, dedicated fund SWCAP, and outside acts. Iowa—Revenue adjustments include an estimated $18.2 million of residual funds transferred to the General Fund after the Reserve Funds are filled to their statutorily set maximum amounts. The ending balance of the General Fund is transferred in the current fiscal year to the Reserve Funds in the subsequent fiscal year. After the Reserve Funds are at their statutorily set maximum amounts, the remainder of the funds are transferred back to the General Fund in that subsequent fiscal year. Also included in revenue adjustments is $131.1 million transferred from the Cash Reserve Fund as authorized by the Legislature under SF 516 and $13.0 million transferred from the Economic Emergency Fund as authorized by Governor Reynolds with the issuance of an Official Proclamation to bring the General Fund into balance.
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 1 Fiscal 2017 General Fund, Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Kentucky—Revenue includes $93.4 million in Tobacco Settlement funds. Adjustment for Revenues includes $240.2 million that represents appropriation balances carried over from the prior fiscal year, and $340.6 million from fund transfers into the General Fund. The FY 2017 $115.6 million ending balance was budgeted for use in the FY 2018 enacted budget ($102.3 million for FY 2018 and $13.3 million for FY 2019). Louisiana—Revenues adjustments—Includes $99.0 from Budget Stabilization funds, $55.8 Mid-Year Deficit action. Expenditure adjustments—Includes $6.5 in transfers to DPS License Fees. The “total revenues” amounts reported here include transfers from other state fund sources. Maine—Revenue and Expenditure adjustments reflect Legislatively authorized transfers. Maryland—Revenue adjustments include $29.5 million in transfers from tax credit reserves, $32.5 million in transfers from other funds, and $170 million transfer from the Revenue Stabilization Account (Rainy Day). Expenditure adjustments represent $229.9 million in reversions to the unappropriated General Fund balance. Massachusetts—General fund is defined as all budgeted operating funds. Ending balance includes $117.4 million in reserved balances to be spent in the next fiscal year. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts credits federal reimbursements for Medicaid, as well as certain other federal reimbursements, to the General Fund. In the NASBO State Expenditure Survey, these reimbursement funds are shown as “federal funds spending” to conform to the survey definitions. Additionally, in the NASBO State Expenditure Survey, certain interfund transfers are shown as spending in “Other State Funds”, but are shown in this presentation as “General Fund” spending to be consistent with the Commonwealth’s accounting practices. Michigan—Revenue totals are net of payments to local governments and balance sheet adjustments. Adjustments (Revenues): $30.6 book closing correction to prior year amount. Adjustments (Expenditures): $75 million transfer to budget stabilization fund/ rainy day fund. Minnesota—Ending balance includes cash flow account of $350 million, budget reserve account of $1,603.443 million, and stadium reserve of $26.821 million. Mississippi—Ending balance includes reappropriation from FY2017 to FY2018. Missouri—Revenue adjustments include transfers from other funds into the general revenue fund. Montana—Revenue adjustments reflect prior year revenue activity and expenditure adjustments reflect prior year expenditure activity and adjustments to fund balance as a result of the annual CAFR reconciliation. Nebraska—Revenue adjustments are transfers from the General Fund to other funds. Among these transfers is a $202 million transfer from the General Fund to the Property Tax Credit Cash Fund for property tax relief. Nevada—Revenue adjustments are restricted revenue, reversions, Rainy Day Fund transfers in and reserve transfers in. Expenditure adjustments are restricted transfers out.
New Hampshire—Expenditure Adjustments: $62.2 million was moved to the Education Trust Fund; $.7 million was moved to the Fish and Game Fund; $13.9 million was moved to the Highway Fund,18.7 million was moved to the Public School Infrastructure Fund and $7.0 million was moved to the Rainy Day Fund at year end. (Positive adjustments totaling $22.0 million were made for GAAP and Other also.) New Jersey—Revenue adjustments include: Budget vs. GAAP adjustments; lapses; transfers to other funds; reservation of fund balance. New Mexico—FY17 reflects actual amounts received from solvency legislation per LFC/DFA sweeps tracking—includes Laws 2016, Chapter 12 (HB311, $75 million fund sweeps); Laws 2016, Second Special Session, Chapter 4 (SB2, $93 million general fund sweeps and transfers), Chapter 5 (SB8, $103.2 million capital outlay sweeps), and Chapter 6 (SB9, $27.9 million PED appropriation reductions); Laws 2017, Chapter 1 (HB4, $89 million adjusted reversion date for fire protection fund and law enforcement protection fund), Chapter 2 (SB113, $55.2 million general fund sweeps), and Chapter 3 (SB114, $40.8 million school cash balances); Laws 2017, First Special Session, Chapter 1 (SB1, $82.1 million public school capital outlay swap and general fund sweeps). North Carolina—Transfer from Rainy Day Fund for S.L. 2016-124 Disaster Recovery Act of 2016. Adjusted expenditures include transfer to the Budget Stabilization Reserve, transfer for the Medicaid Transformation Reserve, and transfer for Repair and Renovation North Dakota—Revenue adjustments are transfers of $572.5 million from the budget stabilization fund, $155.0 million from the strategic investment and improvements fund and $100.0 million from other special fund sources, to the general fund. Expenditure adjustments include a transfer of $32.2 million to the budget stabilization fund, $2 million in misc. adjustments and $67.3 million of expenditure authority carried over to the 2015–17 biennium, obligating an equal amount of the general fund balance. Ohio—Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF revenue and expenditures look higher relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. FY 2017 expenditures include expenditures against prior year encumbrances as well as $310.8 million in transfers out of the GRF. The fiscal 2017 ending balance included funds to support $386.2 million in open encumbrances.
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TA BLE 7 . 1 Fiscal 2017 General Fund, Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Oklahoma—Revenue adjustment for FY-2017 is the net cash flow reserve amount available for the fiscal year. FY-2017 ending balance expended in the FY-2018 budget. These numbers include collections and estimates for the two largest appropriated funds (the General Revenue Fund and the OK Education Reform Revolving Fund) which constitute the majority of the state appropriated budget. Oregon—Revenue adjustments include: a revenue adjustment for a statutory transfer to local governments for local property tax relief. Pennsylvania—Revenue adjustments include refunds, lapses and adjustments to beginning balances. Rhode Island—Adjustments to revenues reflects $115.6 million to the Budget Reserve (Rainy Day) Fund,offset by reappropriation of $7.8 million from FY 2016. Expenditure adjustments reflect reappropriations to the following fiscal year (FY 2018). Reappropriations authorized by the Governor totaling $10.3 million. South Carolina—Revenue Adjustments: Litigation Recovery Account ($139.2M). Expenditure Adjustments: Prior Yr 2% Capital Reserve ($131.0M) transferred to state agencies. Designated portion of ending balance—Capital Reserve Fund -$139.2M. South Dakota—The beginning balance of $14.1 million and adjustment to expenditures reflects the prior year’s ending balance that is transferred to the rainy day fund. Adjustments to revenue of $15.4 million is from one-time receipts. The ending balance of $7.9 million is cash that is obligated to the Budget Reserve fund the following fiscal year. This $7.9 million is not included in the total rainy day fund balance of $157.4 million. Tennessee—Revenue adjustments: $83.9 million transfer from debt service fund unexpended appropriations; -$100.0 million transfer to Rainy Day Fund; -$147.6 million transfer to Highway Fund; -$53.7 million transfer to dedicated revenue reserves. Expenditure adjustments: $445.8 million transfer to capital outlay projects fund; $95.1 million transfer to state office buildings and support facilities fund; $3.6 million transfer to debt service fund; $1.0 million transfer to reserves for dedicated revenue appropriations; $151.5 million transfer to reserves for unexpended appropriations. Ending balance: $1,306.3 million reserve for appropriations 2017–2018; and $340.3 million unappropriated budget surplus at June 30, 2017.”
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Texas—Revenue adjustment of -527.7m from general fund dedicated account balances. Expenditure adjustment of $1,468.8m reserved for transfer (50/50) to the Rainy Day Fund and State Highway Fund. Vermont—$34.3M of expenditure adjustments reflect a combination of $28.52M in contributions to reserve accounts, as well as $5.76M in transfers to other funds. Virginia—Total Revenues includes fund transfers. Washington—Revenue adjustments reflect the net of transfers in and out of the General Fund, as well as prior biennium recoveries and similar resource adjustments. The Total Revenues reflect total general fund revenues, before transfers in and out of the general fund (which are included as adjustments). West Virginia—Fiscal Year 2017 Beginning balance includes $283.0 million of Reappropriations, Unappropriated Surplus Balance of $28.8 million, $0.7 million of cash balance adjustments, and FY 2016 13th month expenditures of $58.9 million. Total Revenues show the FY 2017 actual general revenue collections of $4,191.0 million. Adjustments (Revenue) are prior year redeposits of $0.4 million and special revenue expirations of $97.3 million. Total Expenditures include current year general revenue appropriatied expenditures of $3,997.1 million, surplus appropriation expenditures of $54.8 million, reappropriation expenditures of $112.5 million, $-0.2 million of cash adjustments, $24.5 million of reappropriations transferred to FY 2017 collections, and $58.9 million of 31 day prior year expenditures. Adjustment (Expenditures) represent $14.4 million which was the amount transferred to the Rainy Day Fund from 1/2 of the FY 2016 surplus. The Ending Balance is mostly the historically carried forward reappropriation from previous fiscal years (estimated amounts that will remain and be reappropriated to the next fiscal year), the estimated 13th month expenditures applicable to the current fiscal year & the any unappropriated surplus balance (estimated) from the current fiscal year. Wisconsin—Revenue adjustments include Tribal Gaming, $27.4; Prior Year Designated Balance, $132.0; and Other Revenue, $520.1. Expenditure adjustments include Transfers to Transportation fund, $39.5; Lapses, -$1,190.7; and Compensation Reserves, $1.2 Wyoming—The State of Wyoming budgets on a biennial basis, to arrive at annual figures certain assumptions and estimates were required.
STATE F I N A N C E
Table 7.1 | Fiscal 2017 General Fund 2017 Beginning Balances (millions)
Less than 0 0 1 to 499 500 to 999 1000 to 5000 More than 5000
Highest Rainy Day Fund Balance Fiscal 2017 (in millions) CALIFORNIA TEXAS ALASKA GEORGIA OHIO
•
•
•
•
•
$11,251
$10,290
$4,641
$2,309
$2,034
In 2017 18 states reported REVENUES CAME IN AHEAD of budget projections and 27 states came in BELOW FORECAST.
General fund revenue collections increased by 2.4% in fiscal 2017.
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Table 7.1 | Fiscal 2017 General Fund (cont.) 2017 Ending Balances (millions)
Less than 0 0 1 to 499 500 to 999 1000 to 5000 More than 5000
Largest Number of Expenditures Fiscal 2017 (in millions) CALIFORNIA
•
NEW YORK TEXAS
•
•
$68,080
$53,683
MASSACHUSETTS OHIO
$119,292 •
•
$41,202
$34,814
Smallest Number of Expenditures Fiscal 2017 (in millions) NEW HAMPSHIRE WYOMING VERMONT
• •
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•
$1,511
$1,530 $1,540
SOUTH DAKOTA MONTANA
•
•
$1,548
$2,365
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 2 Fiscal 2018 General Fund, Preliminary Actual ( In millions of dollars) State Total Alabama Alaska (a) Arizona Arkansas (a) California (a) Colorado* (a) Connecticut (a) Delaware* (a) Florida Georgia (a) Hawaii Idaho (a) Illinois* (a) Indiana (a) Iowa (a) Kansas Kentucky (a) Louisiana (a) Maine (a) Maryland (a) Massachusetts* (a) Michigan (a) Minnesota* (a) Mississippi (a) Missouri (a) Montana (a) Nebraska (a) Nevada (a) New Hampshire (a) New Jersey (a) New Mexico* (a) New York* (a) North Carolina (a) North Dakota (a) Ohio (a) Oklahoma (a) Oregon (a) Pennsylvania (a) Rhode Island (a) South Carolina* (a) South Dakota (a) Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah (a) Vermont (a) Virginia (a) Washington (a) West Virginia (a) Wisconsin (a) Wyoming (a)
Beginning balance $37,013 150 0 151 0 5,702 614 0 475 1,515 2,472 894 101 1,368 303 0 109 116 123 57 259 1,448 623 3,333 4 168 48 248 434 0 787 505 7,749 472 65 557 84 1,000 (1,539) 62 1,076 8 1,647 883 85 0 783 1,101 398 579 0
Revenues $850,276 8,646 2,337 10,111 5,495 129,825 11,723 18,199 4,393 31,919 24,320 7,660 3,732 36,943 15,837 7,384 7,299 10,941 9,588 3,506 17,372 43,909 9,989 21,867 5,634 9,469 2,406 4,567 4,019 1,599 35,234 6,809 71,420 23,565 1,972 32,471 6,606 10,349 34,567 3,908 8,124 1,593 14,321 56,990 7,009 1,641 19,879 21,621 4,245 16,144 1,121
Adjustments 0 745 0 0 0 98 0 0 0 144 0 12 4,508 150 0 0 470 48 33 31 1,134 0 0 0 125 2 (12) 64 0 410 57 0 0 377 0 (274) (34) (1,035) (109) 21 15 (162) 1,049 0 0 0 (320) 4 608 409
Total resources $895,857 8,796 3,082 10,261 5,495 135,527 12,436 18,199 4,868 33,434 26,935 8,554 3,845 42,819 16,289 7,384 7,407 11,527 9,759 3,595 17,662 46,491 10,611 25,200 5,638 9,762 2,455 4,803 4,517 1,599 36,431 7,370 79,169 24,037 2,414 33,028 6,416 11,315 31,993 3,861 9,221 1,616 15,806 58,922 7,094 1,641 20,662 22,402 4,648 17,332 1,530
Expenditures $838,236 8,393 4,489 9,812 5,495 127,045 11,184 18,685 4,118 31,989 24,207 7,804 3,466 35,100 15,736 7,224 6,645 11,330 9,759 3,515 17,287 43,077 10,185 22,695 5,633 9,267 2,287 4,350 3,981 1,503 35,658 6,201 69,724 22,746 2,160 31,807 6,034 9,764 31,948 3,806 7,895 1,591 14,485 56,050 6,739 1,564 20,450 20,455 4,232 17,139 1,530
Adjustments 0 820 0 0 0 (21) (3) 0 0 0 0 140 7,594 186 33 0 168 0 6 (211) 1,134 325 0 0 0 (18) 0 50 17 0 57 0 295 0 0 382 0 22 10 139 8 791 2,741 0 77 0 0 38 (396) 0
Ending Balance $43,238 403 (2,227) 450 0 8,482 1,274 (483) 750 1,445 2,729 750 239 125 366 127 763 29 0 75 585 2,280 101 2,505 5 495 186 454 486 80 772 1,112 9,445 995 253 1,221 0 1,552 22 46 1,187 17 530 131 355 0 212 1,947 378 589 0
Rainy day fund balance $59,935 783 2,562 458 127 16,728 1,274 1,185 232 1,417 N/A 376 394 10 1,419 620 0 94 321 288 857 1,793 1,008 1,998 288 305 0 340 180 110 0 449 1,798 1,849 113 2,034 452 940 0 199 509 160 800 10,455 508 133 440 1,364 710 320 1,538
See footnotes at end of table
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TA BLE 7 . 2 Fiscal 2018 General Fund, Preliminary Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2018. Note: For all states, unless otherwise noted, transfers into budget stabilization funds are counted as expenditures, and transfers from budget stabilization funds are counted as revenues. Key: *—The ending balance includes the balance in the rainy day fund. N/A—Not available (a) Alaska—Revenues: Spring 2019 Revenue Sources Book (Total Revenue) Revenue Adjustments: SLA2018 Enacted Fiscal Summary (Lines 3–7) Expenditures: SLA2018 Enacted Fiscal Summary, (line 45) Expenditure Adjustments: SLA 2018 Enacted Fiscal Summary, (line 46 and 51) Rainy Day Balance: State of Alaska Fiscal Summary FY18 and FY19 (Part 3) Number listed is EoY Balance. The rainy day fund balance listed is the anticipated end of year balance for the given fiscal year inclusive of any anticipated deposits or withdrawals. The deficits listed in the ”ending balance” column are already factored into the rainy day balance. Arkansas—Total available revenue amounts are reported as net of refunds and special dedications/payments. California— Total revenues: reflect revenues after transfers to the rainy day fund. The ending balance includes the SFEU but excludes the BSA. The excluded amount is $9,410.4 million at the end of FY 2018. Adding these amounts to the FY 2018 ending balance, the projected total balance is $17,892.6 million in FY 2018. The rainy day balance is made up of the Special Fund for Economic Uncertainties and the BSA, however, withdrawals from the BSA are subject to provisions of Proposition 2, 2014. Ending balance includes a reserve for encumbrances of $1,165 million representing amounts which will be expended in the future for state obligations for which goods and services have been ordered/ contracted, but have not been received by the end of the fiscal year. These amounts are shown as a reserve to the fund balance instead of a hit to the fund balance. Colorado—The total revenue excludes income tax revenue amounts diverted to the State Education Fund per Amendment 23, which was $617 million in FY2017–18. Adjustments to revenue include money transferred from other funds to the General Fund. Adjustments to expenditures are reversions of appropriations and various accounting adjustments made by the State Controller’s office each year. Connecticut—BRF balance includes: $212.9 million balance from prior year, $1,471.3 million transfer due to volatility cap, $-482.9 transfer out to extinguish FY 2018 deficit, and $-16.1 million transfer out to the Retired Teachers Health Service Fund. The volatility cap which automatically transfers a portion of income tax collections above a certain threshold. Expenditures Adjustments: Miscellaneous adjustments, 3.4. Delaware—Ending balance includes Continuing and Encumbered Appropriations of $168.9 million.
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Georgia—Georgia is required by its constitution to maintain a balanced budget. The fund balances for FY 18 and 19 reflect the Governor’s balanced budget report. Georgia does not project future Rainy Day fund balances but expects the reserve to continue to grow in future years. Idaho—Revenue adjustments: $5.9 m for reappropriation; $2.6 m for prior-year reversion; $.1 m misc. adjustments; and $3.6 m from the Immunization Fund. Expenditure adjustments: $34.5 million to the Budget Stabilization Fund (statutory transfer); $2 million to the Opportunity Fund; $45.3 million to the Permanent Building Fund; $.4 million to the Wolf Control Fund; $2.5 million to the Workforce Development Training Fund; $20 million to the Fire Suppression Fund; $27.7 to the Idaho Transportation Department (prior year surplus eliminator); $1 million to the Water Management Fund; $.2 million for deficiency warrants; and $5.9 million for reappropriation. Illinois—Total revenues increase is due primarily from the increase in income tax rates from 3.75% to 4.95% for individual and from 5.25% to 7% for corporate. Total revenues include $4,032M in base federal revenues (excludes the $1,206M referenced below). Estimated revenue adjustments include $802M in interfund borrowing and fund reallocations from other state funds, $2,500M in proceeds from the issuance of backlog borrowing bonds, and $1,206M in federal match from the paydown of prior year Medicaid liabilities. Estimated expenditures adjustments include $3,773M in transfers out, $28M in prior year adjustments, $3,721 in vouchers payable adjustments, and $128M in transfers to repay interfund borrowing. Indiana—Revenue adjustments include a transfer to the General Fund to assist with the Integrated Tax System, a transfer from the State Tuition Reserve Account, and a transfer from the Rainy Day Fund. Expenditure adjustments include reversions from distributions, capital, and reconciliations; state agency and university line item capital projects; the cost of a 13th check for pension recipients; and transfers to the Rainy Day Fund. Total revenues include forecasted General Fund revenues as well as unforecasted revenues such as HAF, QAF, dedicated fund SWCAP, and outside acts. Iowa—Included in expenditure adjustments are transfers from the General Fund to the State’s Cash Reserve Fund ($20.0 million) and the State’s Economic Emergency Fund ($13.0 million). The ending balance of the General Fund is transferred in the current year to the Reserve funds in the subsequent fiscal year. After the Reserve Funds are at their statutorily set maximum amounts, the remainder of the funds are transferred back to the General Fund in that subsequent fiscal year. Kentucky—Revenue includes $102.6 million in Tobacco Settlement funds. Adjustments for Revenues includes $201.5 million that represents appropriation balances carried over from the prior fiscal year, and $268.9 million from fund transfers into the General Fund. Adjustment to Expenditures represents appropriation balances forwarded to the next fiscal year and budget balances to be expended in the next fiscal year. The FY 2018 $29.0 million ending balance was budgeted for use in FY 2019.
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 2 Fiscal 2018 General Fund, Preliminary Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Louisiana—Revenues adjustments—Includes $19.2 in carryforwards and $29.0 from prior year undesignated fund balance. Expenditure adjustments—None. FY18 numbers are budgeted and not actuals. The “total revenues” amounts reported here include transfers from other state fund sources. Maine—Revenue and Expenditure adjustments reflect Legislatively authorized transfers. Dedicated portion of ending balance: Transfers funds into the Budget Stabilization Fund from unclaimed property and transfers $2M from the Budget Stabilization Fund to the General Fund, and up to $65M to a General Fund Reserve account for disallowed costs from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Maryland—Revenue adjustments include $21.8 million in transfers from tax credit reserves and $9.0 million in transfers from other funds. Expenditure adjustments represent $144.2 million in reversions to the unappropriated General Fund balance and $66.5 million in legislative reductions and executive branch agency mid-year reductions. Massachusetts—General fund is defined as all budgeted operating funds; all figures are estimates as of 9/4/18. Ending balance includes $475.4 million in reserved balances to be spent in the next fiscal year. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts credits federal reimbursements for Medicaid, as well as certain other federal reimbursements, to the General Fund. In the NASBO State Expenditure Survey, these reimbursement funds are shown as “federal funds spending” to conform to the survey definitions. Additionally, in the NASBO State Expenditure Survey, certain interfund transfers are shown as spending in “Other State Funds”, but are shown in this presentation as “General Fund” spending to be consistent with the Commonwealth’s accounting practices. Michigan—Revenue totals are net of payments to local governments and balance sheet adjustments. Adjustments (Expenditures): $265 million transfer to budget stabilization/rainy day fund; $35 million transfer to infrastructure fund; and $25 million transfer to Flint reserve fund for water emergency. Michigan’s fiscal year is October 1 through September 30. At the time of completing this survey, Michigan was operating in FY 18. Minnesota—Ending balance includes cash flow account of $350 million, budget reserve account of $1,608.364 million, and stadium reserve of $39.608 million. Mississippi—Ending balance includes reappropriation from FY2018 to FY2019. Missouri—Revenue adjustments include transfers from other funds into the general revenue fund. Montana—Revenue adjustments reflect prior year revenue activity and expenditure adjustments reflect prior year expenditure activity and adjustments to fund balance as a result of the annual CAFR reconciliation. Nebraska —Revenue adjustments are transfers between the General Fund and other funds. Among others, this includes a $221 million transfer from the General Fund to the Property Tax Credit Cash Fund. Also included are transfers totaling $225 million from the Cash Reserve Fund to the General Fund for budget stabilization. Nevada—Revenue adjustments are restricted revenue, reversions, Rainy Day Fund transfers in and reserve transfers in. Expenditure adjustments are restricted transfers out.
New Hampshire—Expenditure Adjustments: As the result of standalone legislation in FY 2018, $10 million was authorized to be deposited in the revenue stabilization reserve account (Rainy Day Fund). Additionally, $6.6 million of general funds was authorized to be deposited in the Public School Infrastructure Fund at year end. Though the General Fund Ending Balance for FY 2018 is labeled as an undesignated fund balance, the legislature passed standalone legislation obligating over $ 12.7 million for pay raises; $10.0 million for infrastructure projects, and another $ 2.2 million for other initiatives in FY 2019.to be funded with these FY 2018 carry forward funds. New Jersey—Revenue adjustments include: Estimated lapses; reservation of fund balance; transfer to other funds. New Mexico—FY18 reflects remaining solvency transfers per Laws 2017, Chapter 1 (HB4, $10.7 million fire protection fund adjusted reversion) and Laws 2017, First Special Session, Chapter 1 (SB1, $8 million from NMFA public project revolving fund). $9 million was moved from FY18 recurring appropriations to nonrecurring appropriations to reflect DFA accounting for $7 million LEDA special and $2 million NMCD special. New York—FY 2018 and FY 2019 annual revenue changes include an acceleration of PIT payments due in calendar year 2018 as taxpayers responded to Federal tax law changes that, starting in tax year 2018, limit the allowable aggregate itemized deduction of State and local income taxes, and local real property taxes, to a maximum of $10,000 on Federal income tax returns. DOB estimates approximately $1.9 billion was accelerated from FY 2019 to FY 2018. North Carolina—Expenditure adjustments include funds for the R&R Reserve, $64.8M, the Capital Project Reserve $155.2, and the Medicaid Transformation Reserve, $75M. North Dakota —Revenue adjustments are transfers of $183.0 million from the tax relief fund, $124.0 million from the strategic investment and improvements fund and $70.0 million from other special fund sources, to the general fund. Ohio—Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF revenue and expenditures look higher relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. FY 2018 expenditures include expenditures against prior year encumbrances as well as $80.0 million in transfers out of the GRF. The fiscal 2018 ending balance included funds to support $371.2 million in open encumbrances.
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TA BLE 7 . 2 Fiscal 2018 General Fund, Preliminary Actual ( In millions of dollars) (continued) Oklahoma—The revenue adjustment for FY-2018 is the net cash flow reserve amount available for the fiscal year. The FY-2018 expenditure adjustment amount is the amount transferred to the Constitutional Reserve Fund (Rainy Day Fund) at the end of the fiscal year. The Rainy Day Fund balance was increased by a $381.6 million deposit, but was also decreased by $23.3 million appropriated in special session, leaving the balance of $451.6 million at the end of FY-2018. These numbers include collections and estimates for the two largest appropriated funds (the General Revenue Fund and the OK Education Reform Revolving Fund) which constitute the majority of the state appropriated budget. Oregon—Revenue adjustments include: a revenue adjustment for a statutory transfer to local governments for local property tax relief. Pennsylvania—Revenue adjustments include refunds, lapses and adjustments to beginning balances. Expenditure adjustments include transfers to the Budget Stabilization Reserve Fund (rainy day). Rhode Island—Adjustments to revenues reflects $119.1 million to the Budget Reserve (Rainy Day) Fund, offset by reappropriation of $10.3 million from FY 2017. Expenditure adjustments reflect reappropriations to the following fiscal year (FY 2019). Reappropriations authorized by the Governor totaling $10.1 million. South Carolina—Revenue Adjustments: Litigation Recovery Account ($16.2M) & South Carolina Farm Aid Fund ($4.5M). Expenditure Adjustments: Prior Yr 2% Capital Reserve ($139.2M) transferred to state agencies. Designated portion of ending balance—Capital Reserve Fund—$145.4 M. South Dakota—The beginning balance of $7.9 million and adjustment to expenditures reflects the prior year’s ending balance that is transferred to the rainy day fund. Adjustments to revenue of $14.6 million is from one-time receipts. The ending balance of $16.9 million is cash that is obligated to the Budget Reserve fund the following fiscal year. This $16.9 million is not included in the total rainy day fund balance of $159.5 million. Tennessee—Revenue adjustments: $55.5 million transfer from debt service fund unexpended appropriations; -$85.0 million transfer to Highway Fund; -$132.0 million transfer to Rainy Day Fund. Expenditure adjustments: $644.5 million transfer to capital outlay projects fund; $142.3 million transfer to state office buildings and support facilities fund; $3.5 million transfer to debt service fund; $1.0 million transfer to reserves for dedicated revenue appropriations. Ending balance: $529.8 million unappropriated budget surplus at June 30, 2018. Texas—Revenue adjustment of $1,048.8m in general fund dedicated account balances. Expenditure adjustment of $2741.0m reserved for transfer (50/50) to the Rainy Day Fund and the State Highway Fund. Figures represent the numbers provided by the Comptroller in the revised CRE released July 2018.
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Utah—Based on revenue and expenditure estimates authorized during the 2018 General Session. Since this is based on estimates, it does not include any additional balances or statutory rainy day fund deposits that will be calculated when FY 2018 is closed-out. Vermont—The $76.9M in adjusted expenditures includes a net +$26.2M in contributions to established reserves, and +$50.7M in fund transfers. Of the $50.7M in fund transfers, $26.2M was transferred as an additional contribution to the Vermont State Teacher’s Retirement System accrued liability above and beyond the Fiscal 2018 ADEC. Virginia—Total Revenues includes fund transfers. Washington—Revenue adjustments reflect the net of transfers in and out of the General Fund, as well as prior biennium recoveries and similar resource adjustments. A portion of the FY 2018 ending balance is programmed to be spent in FY 2019. The Total Revenues reflect total general fund revenues, before transfers in and out of the general fund (which are included as adjustments). West Virginia—Fiscal Year 2018 Beginning balance includes $285.1 million of Reappropriations, Unappropriated Surplus Balance of $76.2 million, $1.0 million of cash balance adjustments, and FY 2017 13th month expenditures of $35.8 million. Total Revenues show the FY 2018 actual general revenue collections of $4,254.2 million. Adjustments (Revenue) are prior year redeposits of $2.6 million and special revenue expirations of $1.6 million. Total Expenditures include current year general revenue appropriatied expenditures of $4,040.1 million, surplus appropriation expenditures of $30.5 million, reappropriation expenditures of $125.7 million, $-0.3 million of cash adjustments, and $35.9 million of 31 day prior year expenditures. Adjustment (Expenditures) represent $38.0 million which was the amount transferred to the Rainy Day Fund from 1/2 of the FY 2017 surplus. The Ending Balance is mostly the historically carried forward reappropriation from previous fiscal years (estimated amounts that will remain and be reappropriated to the next fiscal year), the estimated 13th month expenditures applicable to the current fiscal year & the any unappropriated surplus balance (estimated) from the current fiscal year. Wisconsin—Revenue adjustments include Tribal Gaming, $27.1; Prior Year Designated Balance, $52.1; and Other Revenue, $528.6. Expenditure adjustments include Transfers, $73.3; Lapses, -$469.3; and Compensation Reserves, $0.3. Wyoming—The State of Wyoming budgets on a biennial basis, to arrive at annual figures certain assumptions and estimates were required.
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 3 Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Enacted (In millions of dollars) State Total Alabama (a) Alaska (a) Arizona Arkansas (a) California (a) Colorado* (a) Connecticut (a) Delaware* (a) Florida Georgia (a) Hawaii Idaho (a) Illinois* (a) Indiana (a) Iowa(a) Kansas (a) Kentucky (a) Louisiana (a) Maine (a) Maryland (a) Massachusetts* (a) Michigan (a) Minnesota* (a) Mississippi Missouri (a) Montana Nebraska (a) Nevada (a) New Hampshire (a) New Jersey (a) New Mexico* New York* (a) North Carolina (a) North Dakota (a) Ohio (a) Oklahoma (a) Oregon (a) Pennsylvania (a) Rhode Island (a) South Carolina* (a) South Dakota (a) Tennessee (a) Texas (a) Utah (a) Vermont (a) Virginia (a) Washington (a) West Virginia (a) Wisconsin (a) Wyoming (a)
Beginning balance $44,667 403 0 204 0 8,482 1,274 0 750 1,445 2,729 750 118 125 366 0 763 29 0 75 192 2,280 101 2,505 5 495 186 454 383 1 772 1,112 9,445 995 253 1,221 0 1,552 22 31 1,187 17 530 131 159 0 212 1,947 378 589 0
Revenues $868,401 8,903 2,259 10,421 5,690 133,332 12,382 19,009 4,368 32,838 24,874 7,837 3,669 37,420 16,223 7,640 7,003 11,318 9,560 3,668 17,763 44,879 9,926 22,934 5,656 9,418 2,476 4,731 4,077 1,554 37,127 7,279 72,660 23,930 1,664 33,708 7,296 10,096 33,975 3,999 8,239 1,642 14,744 56,989 7,169 1,302 20,817 21,852 4,440 16,632 1,014
Adjustments 0 2,837 0 0 0 19 0 0 0 N/A 0 13 1,100 130 93 0 322 0 21 25 1,106 0 0 0 152 0 (244) 59 (23) (91) 189 0 0 394 0 0 (37) (1,274) (121) 86 0 (82) 188 0 0 0 (314) 0 478 438
Total resources $918,533 9,306 5,096 10,625 5,690 141,814 13,675 19,009 5,117 34,283 27,603 8,587 3,801 38,645 16,720 7,733 7,766 11,669 9,560 3,764 17,980 48,264 10,028 25,439 5,661 10,065 2,662 4,940 4,518 1,531 37,808 8,580 82,105 24,925 2,311 34,930 7,296 11,611 32,723 3,909 9,512 1,658 15,193 57,308 7,328 1,302 21,029 23,485 4,818 17,698 1,452
Expenditures $874,612 8,672 4,741 10,389 5,626 138,688 12,607 18,998 4,498 33,057 24,874 7,943 3,653 35,323 16,199 7,362 7,071 11,617 9,560 3,701 17,909 44,896 10,021 23,160 5,661 9,745 2,435 4,456 4,079 1,521 37,043 6,380 76,601 23,920 2,150 34,070 6,997 10,162 32,715 3,908 8,164 1,642 14,905 51,445 7,323 1,295 20,991 22,721 4,439 17,830 1,452
Adjustments 237 1,047 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 103 3,183 15 113 48 52 0 36 (35) 1,106 0 0 0 0 0 258 52 10 0 36 0 357 96 0 0 0 4 0 145 17 281 3,189 0 7 0 0 18 (355) 0
Ending balance $33,901 397 (692) 236 64 3,127 1,069 11 620 1,226 2,729 644 45 139 507 258 647 0 0 27 106 2,263 6 2,279 0 320 227 226 388 0 764 2,164 5,504 649 65 859 298 1,449 4 1 1,203 0 6 2,675 5 (0) 38 764 361 223 0
Rainy day fund balance $62,376 853 2,036 463 127 15,930 1,069 1,515 240 1,483 N/A 384 394 10 1,355 762 0 127 323 288 880 2,161 1,051 1,991 314 320 46 334 294 111 0 1,483 1,798 2,011 209 2,692 N/A 1,210 14 201 531 176 861 11,851 593 207 488 1,139 729 N/A 1,324
See footnotes at end of table
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TA BLE 7 . 3 Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Enacted (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2018. Note: For all states, unless otherwise noted, transfers into budget stabilization funds are counted as expenditures, and transfers from budget stabilization funds are counted as revenues. Key: N/A—Not available *—The ending balance includes the balance in the rainy day fund. (a) Alabama—Expenditure adjustments include transfers to the ETF Budget Stabilization Fund of $64.2M and the ETF Advancement & Technology Fund of $37.1M. Alaska—Revenues: Spring 2019 Revenue Sources Book (Total Revenue) Revenue Adjustments: SLA2018 Enacted Fiscal Summary (Lines 3-7) Expenditures: SLA2018 Enacted Fiscal Summary, (line 45) Expenditure Adjustments: SLA 2018 Enacted Fiscal Summary, (line 46 and 51) Rainy Day Balance: State of Alaska Fiscal Summary FY18 and FY19 (Part 3) Number listed is EoY Balance. The rainy day fund balance listed is the anticipated end of year balance for the given fiscal year inclusive of any anticipated deposits or withdrawals. The deficits listed in the ”ending balance” column are already factored into the rainy day balance. Arkansas—Total available revenue amounts are reported as net of refunds and special dedications/payments. 75% of the ending balance is recommended to create a restricted reserve fund for FY19, and the remaining 25% will be transferred to the Arkansas Highway Transfer Fund. California—Total revenues: reflect revenues after transfers to the rainy day fund. The ending balance includes the SFEU but excludes the BSA. The excluded amount is $13,768.4 million at the end of FY 2019. Adding these amounts to the FY 2019 ending balance, the projected total balance is $16,895.1 million in FY 2019. The rainy day balance is made up of the Special Fund for Economic Uncertainties and the BSA, however, withdrawals from the BSA are subject to provisions of Proposition 2, 2014. Ending balance includes a reserve for encumbrances of $1,165 million representing amounts which will be expended in the future for state obligations for which goods and services have been ordered/ contracted, but have not been received by the end of the fiscal year. These amounts are shown as a reserve to the fund balance instead of a hit to the fund balance. Colorado—The total revenue excludes income tax revenue amounts diverted to the State Education Fund per Amendment 23, which was $658.6 million in FY2018-19. Adjustments to revenue include money transferred from other funds to the General Fund. Adjustments to expenditures are reversions of appropriations and various accounting adjustments made by the State Controller’s office each year. Connecticut—Budget Reserve Fund includes a net transfer of $363.1 million due to the state’s volatility cap which automatically transfers a portion of income tax collections above a certain threshold.
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Delaware—Beginning balance reflects FY 2018 actual ending balance. FY 2019 Revenues includes DEFAC estimates as of the June, 2018 meeting plus enacted revenue adjustments. Ending balance includes Continuing and Encumbered Appropriations of $237.4 million. Georgia—FY 19 beginning balance reflects general fund balances as of June 30, 2018 for Revenue Shortfall Reserve (Preliminary) as reported on the FY 18 State Funds and Funds Available from Beginning Fund Balance Sheet of the Report of Georgia Revenues and Reserves. Georgia is required by its constitution to maintain a balanced report. The fund balances for FY 18 and 19 reflect the Governor’s balanced budget. Georgia does not project future Rainy Day fund balances, but expects the reserve to continue to grow in future years. Idaho—Surplus eliminator legislation accounts for the difference between the FY 18 ending balance and the FY 19 beginning balance. The transfers were made at the beginning of FY 19. Revenue Adjustments: $13.1 million from the Group Insurance Account. Expenditure Adjustments: $32 million to the Public Education Stabilization Fund; $2 million to the STEM Education Fund; $.4 million to the Wolf Control Fund; $44.1 million to the Permanent Building Fund; $22 million to the Technology Stabilization Fund; $2.4 million to the Water Resources Revolving Development Fund. Illinois—Total Revenues includes $3,785 in federal revenues. Revenue adjustments include $800M for interfund borrowing and $300M for the sale of the James R Thompson Center. Expenditure adjustments include $3,183M for transfers out. Indiana—Revenue adjustments include a transfer to the General Fund to assist with the Integrated Tax System, a transfer from the State Tuition Reserve Account, and one-time revenues from the transfer of three gaming licenses. Expenditure adjustments include reversions from distributions, capital, and reconciliations; state agency and university line item capital projects; and the cost of a 13th check for pension recipients. Total revenues include forecasted General Fund revenues as well as unforecasted revenues such as HAF, QAF, dedicated fund SWCAP, and outside acts. Iowa—Revenue adjustments include an estimated $92.6 million of residual funds transferred to the General Fund after the Reserve Funds are filled to their statutorily set maximum amounts. The ending balance of the General Fund is transferred in the current fiscal year to the Reserve Funds in the subsequent fiscal year. After the Reserve Funds are at their statutorily set maximum amounts, the remainder of the funds are transferred back to the General Fund in that subsequent fiscal year. Included in expenditure adjustments is a transfer from the General Fund to the State’s Cash Reserve Fund of $113.1 million. Kansas—Expenditure Adjustments equal the amount of FY 2018 underspending that reappropriated for FY 2019 expenditure.
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 3 Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Enacted (In millions of dollars) (continued) Kentucky—Revenue includes $119.5 million in Tobacco Settlement funds. Adjustments for Revenues includes $18.9 million that represents appropriation balances carried over from the prior fiscal year, and $303.6 million from fund transfers into the General Fund. Adjustment to Expenditures represents appropriation balances forwarded to the next fiscal year and budget balances to be expended in the next fiscal year. Louisiana—The “total revenues” amounts reported here include transfers from other state fund sources. Maine—Revenue and Expenditure adjustments reflect Legislatively authorized transfers. Maryland—Revenue adjustments include $25.2 million in transfers from tax credit reserves. Expenditure adjustments represent $35 million in reversions to the unappropriated General Fund balance. The FY 2019 Enacted starting balance does not match the FY 2018 Actual ending balance because the FY 2019 Enacted budget did not incorporate updated revenue and expenditure figures from FY 2018. Massachusetts—General Fund is defined as all budgeted operating funds; spending represents total projected spending in fiscal 2019. Ending balance includes $64.6 million in reserved balances to be spent in the next fiscal year. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts credits federal reimbursements for Medicaid, as well as certain other federal reimbursements, to the General Fund. In the NASBO State Expenditure Survey, these reimbursement funds are shown as “federal funds spending” to conform to the survey definitions. Additionally, in the NASBO State Expenditure Survey, certain interfund transfers are shown as spending in “Other State Funds”, but are shown in this presentation as “General Fund” spending to be consistent with the Commonwealth’s accounting practices. Michigan—Revenue totals are net of payments to local governments and balance sheet adjustments. Revenue totals are net of payments to local governments and balance sheet adjustments. Minnesota—Ending balance includes cash flow account of $350 million, budget reserve account of $1,583.364 million, and stadium reserve of $57.638 million. Missouri—Revenue adjustments include transfers from other funds into the general revenue fund. Nebraska—Revenue adjustments are transfers between the General Fund and other funds. Among others, this includes a $221 million transfer from the General Fund to the Property Tax Credit Cash Fund, as well as a $62.0 Transfer to the Cash Reserve for Revenues in excess of the Certified Forecast for FY 2018. Also included are transfers totaling $48 million from the Cash Reserve Fund to the General Fund for budget stabilization. Expenditure adjustments include a net $258.0 million reserved for authorized reappropriations and carryover obligations from FY 2018. Nevada—Revenue adjustments are restricted revenue, reversions, Rainy Day Fund transfers in and reserve transfers in. Expenditure adjustments are restricted transfers out.
New Hampshire—Revenue Adjustments: An increase in Liquor Revenue is expected due to expenditure reductions of $ 1.8 million with additional Liquor Revenue moving to the Governor’s Commission on Alcohol Abuse totaling $3.6 million. Additional Dept. of Revenue Audit income is expected, totaling $3.1 million, as well as a reduction in Restricted Airways Toll income of $.2 million. Further, the Business Profit Tax (BPT) and Business Enterprise Taxes (BET) anticipate to be impacted by rate reductions in calendar year 2019 that will reduce budgeted tax income by $11.0 million and $9.7 million respectively. Additionally, the elimination of the Electricity Consumption tax effective January 1, 2019 will result in a $3.0 million reduction. Expenditure Adjustments: $10.0 million is anticipated to be moved to the Education Trust Fund at year end as well as $.6 million to be moved to the Rainy Day Fund. New Jersey—Revenue adjustments include: Transfers to other funds; reservation of fund balance. New York—FY 2018 and FY 2019 annual revenue changes include an acceleration of PIT payments due in calendar year 2018 as taxpayers responded to Federal tax law changes that, starting in tax year 2018, limit the allowable aggregate itemized deduction of State and local income taxes, and local real property taxes, to a maximum of $10,000 on Federal income tax returns. DOB estimates approximately $1.9 billion was accelerated from FY 2019 to FY 2018. FY 2019 expenditure change includes a $1.2 billion increase for the support of capital projects reflecting the timing of reimbursement from bond proceeds, planned disbursements from the Dedicated Highway and Bridge Trust Funds, and the use of extraordinary monetary settlements. North Carolina—Expenditure adjustment includes funds transferred to Budget Stabilization Reserve (Savings Reserve), $221.5, and Medicaid Transformation Reserve, $135M. North Dakota—Revenue adjustments are transfers of $200.0 million from interest earned on the Legacy fund, $124.0 million from the strategic investment and improvements fund and $70.0 million from other special fund sources, to the general fund. Expenditure adjustments include a potential $95.9 million transfer to the budget stabilization fund. Ohio—Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF revenue and expenditures look higher relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. FY 2019 expenditures include anticipated expenditures against prior year encumbrances as well as $761.2 million in expected transfers out of the GRF, including a $657.5 million transfer of FY 2018 year-end surplus revenue into the Budget Stabilization Fund. The fiscal 2019 ending balance is based on estimates; however, cash equal to open encumbrances at the end of the year will be reserved in the ending balance.
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TA BLE 7 . 3 Fiscal 2019 General Fund, Enacted (In millions of dollars) (continued) Oklahoma—No revenue or expenditure adjustments can be calculated at this time for FY-2019. These numbers include collections and estimates for the two largest appropriated funds (the General Revenue Fund and the OK Education Reform Revolving Fund) which constitute the majority of the state appropriated budget. Oregon—Revenue adjustments include: a revenue adjustment for a statutory transfer to local governments for local property tax relief. Because General Fund revenues for the 2017-19 biennium are anticipated to exceed projections by more than two percent, there will be a refund of personal income taxes “Kicker”. This refund, which is projected at roughly $685.9 million will be returned to taxpayers as a credit on their 2019 income tax return (which will be filed in 2020). Pennsylvania—Revenue adjustments include refunds, lapses and adjustments to beginning balances. Expenditure adjustments include transfers to the Budget Stabilization Reserve Fund (rainy day). Rhode Island—Adjustments to revenues reflect a transfer of $120.9 million to the Budget Reserve (Rainy Day) Fund. South Carolina—Revenue Adjustments: Litigation Recovery Account ($4M); FY2017-18 Debt Service Lapse ($16.6M); FY2017-18 Capital Reserve Fund Lapse ($0.3M) & FY2018-19 Unobligated Debt Service ($67.4M); Tax Changes (-$2.4M). Expenditure Adjustments: Prior Yr 2% Capital Reserve ($145.4M) transferred to state agencies. Designated portion of ending balance - Capital Reserve Fund - $151.6 M. South Dakota—The beginning balance of $16.9 million and adjustment to expenditures reflects the prior year’s ending balance which is transferred to the rainy day fund. Tennessee—Revenue adjustments: $61.0 million transfer to Rainy Day Fund; $20.0 million transfer to Aeronautics Development Fund; $0.5 million transfer to Highway Fund for ORNL Signs. Expenditure adjustments: $260.4 million transfer to capital outlay projects fund. $16.3 million transfer to state office buildings and support facilities fund. $3.7 million transfer to debt service fund. $1.0 million transfer to reserves for dedicated revenue appropriations. Ending balance: $6.2 million unappropriated budget surplus at June 30, 2019. Texas—Revenue adjustment of $187.8m in general fund dedicated account balances. Expenditure adjustment of $3,188.5m reserved for transfer to the Rainy Day Fund and the State Highway Fund. Figures represent the numbers provided by the Comptroller in the revised CRE released July 2018, Table A-1. Utah—Includes additional revenue from tax changes enacted during the 2018 Second Special Session. See https://le.utah. gov/interim/2018/pdf/00003644.pdf for the revised revenue estimates.
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Vermont—A net total of $7.1M in expenditure adjustments reflect the following: $76.8M in fund transfers to the General Fund, and subsequent General Fund designated reserves of $83.9M. Please note that the amount of $76.8M transferred to the General Fund is predominantly attributable to a transfer of funds from a pre-existing unrestricted special fund balance to the State’s Human Services Caseload Reserve. These transfers, and subsequent reserves, account for the corresponding growth in “Rainy Day Fund Balance” of $73.9M, year-over-year. Of further note, the marked year-over-year decrease in General Fund revenue is largely attributable to the Legislature’s restructuring of the Education Fund revenue sources. This restructuring resulted in a decrease of -$301.2M in the annual transfer of General Funds. In lieu of the annual transfer of General Funds to the Education Fund, 100% of Sales and Use and 25% of Meals and Rooms taxes will be deposited directly into the Education Fund. Previously, these tax revenues were deposited into the General Fund. The remaining decrease in revenue year-over-year is predominantly associated with Vermont social security tax rate changes and the restructuring of Vermont’s tax laws to align with modifications to the federal tax code. Virginia—Total Revenues includes fund transfers. Washington—Revenue adjustments reflect the net of transfers in and out of the General Fund, as well as prior biennium recoveries and similar resource adjustments. It is currently projected that a portion of the FY 2019 ending balance will be programmed to be spent in FY 2020. The Total Revenues reflect total general fund revenues, before transfers in and out of the general fund (which are included as adjustments). West Virginia—Total Revenue is the official estimate for FY 2019 Total General Revenue collections. Total Expenditures are FY 2019 general revenue appropriations of $4,381.9 million, FY 2019 surplus appropriations of $13.8 million, and estimated 13th month expenditures of $42.9 million. Adjustment (Expenditures) represents the $18 million transferred in August 2018 to the Rainy Day Fund from 1/2 of the FY 2018 surplus. The Ending Balance is mostly the historically carried forward reappropriation amounts that will remain and be reappropriated to the next fiscal year, the 13th month expenditures from the previous fiscal year & any unappropriated surplus balance. Wisconsin—Revenue adjustments include Tribal Gaming, $26.1; and Other Revenue, $451.8. Expenditure adjustments include Transfers to Transportation fund, $41.6; Lapses, -$448.2; and Compensation Reserves, $52.1. The estimates are based upon the 2018 AFR closing along with revenue and expenditure estimates from the General Fund Summary in the statutes. Wyoming—The State of Wyoming budgets on a biennial basis, to arrive at annual figures certain assumptions and estimates were required.
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 4 Fiscal 2018 Tax Collections Compared with Projections Used in Adopting Fiscal 2018 Budgets (millions)
State Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas (a) California Colorado Connecticut (b) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (c) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Sales Tax Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $253,881 $259,145 2,413 2,448 N/A N/A 4,647 4,787 2,445 2,418 24,470 25,384 3,312 3,404 4,221 4,159 N/A N/A 24,153 24,139 5,849 5,946 3,460 3,396 1,447 1,490 7,970 7,810 7,630 7,663 2,981 2,942 2,727 2,748 3,638 3,606 4,259 4,335 1,434 1,483 4,727 4,646 6,472 6,454 1,362 1,425 5,465 5,433 2,295 2,340 2,149 2,174 62 60 1,570 1,603 1,200 1,189 N/A N/A 9,851 10,410 2,061 2,442 13,642 13,553 7,334 7,337 819 829 10,028 10,148 2,549 2,665 N/A N/A 10,341 10,381 1,059 1,057 3,041 3,034 989 989 8,227 8,185 28,067 30,751 1,990 2,038 258 259 3,635 3,462 10,501 10,924 1,320 1,310 5,384 5,448 429 442
Personal Income Tax Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $372,480 $385,933 3,619 3,755 N/A N/A 4,347 4,544 3,319 3,360 88,821 91,971 7,207 7,577 9,183 10,725 1,373 1,428 0 0 11,455 11,644 2,197 2,430 1,667 1,828 17,250 17,725 5,661 5,816 4,743 4,747 3,145 3,374 4,589 4,604 3,017 3,079 1,703 1,595 9,406 9,508 15,316 16,240 7,192 7,300 11,714 11,781 1,841 1,827 6,644 6,600 1,321 1,298 2,290 2,361 0 0 N/A N/A 14,382 15,154 1,346 1,492 49,382 51,501 12,341 12,518 341 364 7,977 8,411 2,150 2,424 8,247 8,855 13,305 13,399 1,302 1,345 3,753 3,856 N/A N/A 143 135 N/A N/A 3,891 3,991 795 832 13,836 14,106 N/A N/A 1,890 1,956 8,380 8,479 N/A N/A
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2018. Note: Unless otherwise noted, original estimates reflect the figures used when the fiscal 2018 budget was adopted, and current estimates reflect preliminary actual tax collections. Key: N/A—Indicates data are not available because, in most cases, these states do not have that type of tax. (a) Revenue amounts here are reported as “gross” (before refunds and special dedications/payments).
Corporate Income Tax Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $47,578 $47,708 357 366 155 145 401 373 475 407 10,894 11,246 611 782 933 912 108 90 2,266 2,413 1,043 1,004 83 131 216 239 1,882 2,017 949 660 526 565 330 392 553 511 338 350 166 186 830 820 2,107 2,382 195 79 1,278 1,321 551 572 275 300 169 167 235 314 0 0 412 479 2,579 2,220 100 110 5,718 4,916 732 739 55 92 1,494 1,523 124 234 510 719 3,119 2,879 159 128 288 334 N/A N/A 2,131 2,179 N/A N/A 348 449 87 96 736 862 N/A N/A 109 110 951 894 N/A N/A
Gaming/Lottery Revenue Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $8,416 $8,794 N/A N/A 11 11 77 68 63 67 N/A N/A N/A N/A 607 613 204 212 136 357 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0 993 991 409 432 81 85 N/A 0 241 253 402 402 55 62 505 535 1,149 1,135 N/A N/A 65 69 144 136 N/A N/A 74 71 N/A N/A 775 711 N/A N/A N/A N/A 58 62 17 15 N/A N/A 11 11 N/A N/A 158 162 N/A N/A 123 123 363 365 N/A N/A 118 119 346 346 1,233 1,381 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
All Other Revenue Original Preliminary Estimate Actual $144,897 $150,395 1,925 2,063 1,666 2,181 210 337 455 476 1,695 1,224 443 578 3,814 1,723 2,524 2,663 4,260 5,010 5,367 5,726 1,615 1,703 178 175 7,804 8,400 939 1,000 (966) (954) 829 783 1,853 1,865 1,426 1,423 185 261 1,701 1,864 16,555 17,698 1,004 1,184 3,454 3,429 771 816 331 395 808 810 220 290 1,941 2,118 1,108 1,121 7,630 7,722 2,364 2,703 1,075 1,435 2,717 2,971 527 676 12,773 12,389 1,141 1,121 597 741 7,817 7,784 951 1,013 868 900 483 485 3,365 3,476 22,979 24,857 553 530 444 453 1,426 1,451 10,058 10,377 1,016 988 1,363 1,323 633 637
(b) FY18 preliminary actual General Fund revenues for Connecticut came in lower than budgeted largely due to a transfer of $1,471.3m to the Budget Reserve Fund as required under the state’s new volatility cap, and a timing delay in receipt of $400m of federal funds from FY18 to FY19. (c) Amounts reported under “Estimates Used When Fiscal 2018 Budget was Adopted Fiscal 2018” have been corrected since last reported in the Spring 2018 Fiscal Survey.
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TA BLE 7 . 5 Comparison of General Fund Revenue Collections in Fiscal 2017, Fiscal 2018, and Enacted Fiscal 2019 (In millions of dollars) State Total (a) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas (b) California Colorado (c) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana (d) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (e) Maine Maryland (f) Massachusetts (g) Michigan (h) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada (i) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (j) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (k) Texas (l) Utah Vermont (m) Virginia Washington (n) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Fiscal 2017 $248,837 2,328 N/A 4,506 2,338 24,874 3,086 4,192 N/A 22,947 5,716 3,240 1,382 8,043 7,490 2,812 2,671 3,485 4,284 1,398 4,539 6,211 1,457 5,405 2,289 2,112 60 1,548 1,134 N/A 9,592 2,062 12,966 7,004 793 10,615 2,292 N/A 10,005 998 2,896 951 8,063 28,797 1,857 245 3,357 10,133 1,280 5,224 407
Sales Tax Fiscal 2018 $258,887 2,448 N/A 4,787 2,418 25,384 3,404 4,159 N/A 24,139 5,946 3,396 1,490 7,810 7,663 2,942 2,748 3,606 4,335 1,483 4,646 6,454 1,425 5,433 2,340 2,174 60 1,603 1,189 N/A 10,410 2,442 13,553 7,337 829 10,148 2,665 N/A 10,381 1,057 3,034 989 8,185 30,751 2,038 259 3,462 10,924 1,310 5,448 442
Fiscal 2019 $265,270 2,537 N/A 4,956 2,488 26,674 3,676 4,154 N/A 24,137 6,142 3,562 1,545 8,181 7,886 3,039 2,766 3,908 3,919 1,530 4,751 6,720 1,433 5,745 2,375 2,204 62 1,685 1,262 N/A 11,026 2,652 14,114 7,625 883 10,338 2,764 N/A 10,753 1,101 3,148 1,029 8,481 29,506 2,102 N/A 3,547 11,418 1,368 5,635 445
See footnotes at end of table
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Fiscal 2017 $351,629 3,511 N/A 4,131 3,215 83,264 6,761 8,989 1,333 N/A 10,978 2,095 1,651 13,661 5,435 4,469 2,304 4,394 2,960 1,524 9,019 14,684 6,594 10,931 1,782 6,240 1,168 2,225 0 N/A 13,958 1,381 47,565 11,970 313 7,607 2,122 8,441 12,664 1,244 3,581 N/A 165 N/A 3,609 756 13,053 N/A 1,844 8,040 N/A
Personal Income Tax Fiscal 2018 Fiscal 2019 $385,933 $392,810 3,755 3,868 N/A N/A 4,544 4,582 3,360 3,429 91,971 95,011 7,577 8,015 10,725 9,108 1,428 1,486 0 0 11,644 12,126 2,430 2,537 1,828 1,759 17,725 18,095 5,816 5,997 4,747 4,985 3,374 3,334 4,604 4,531 3,079 3,413 1,595 1,619 9,508 9,874 16,240 16,632 7,300 7,040 11,781 12,436 1,827 1,853 6,600 6,588 1,298 1,404 2,361 2,470 0 0 N/A N/A 15,154 15,978 1,492 1,557 51,501 50,410 12,518 12,705 364 358 8,411 8,748 2,424 2,542 8,855 8,885 13,399 14,174 1,345 1,386 3,856 3,863 N/A N/A 135 104 N/A N/A 3,991 4,128 832 847 14,106 14,184 N/A N/A 1,956 2,034 8,479 8,715 N/A N/A
Fiscal 2017 $45,997 382 87 368 434 11,020 509 1,038 121 2,366 972 174 214 1,332 979 550 325 497 388 175 796 2,197 420 1,205 564 276 126 264 0 401 2,344 70 4,761 748 69 1,302 158 608 2,752 119 270 N/A 2,329 N/A 328 96 827 N/A 116 921 N/A
Corporate Income Tax Fiscal 2018 Fiscal 2019 $47,708 $51,628 366 387 145 145 373 265 407 482 11,246 12,259 782 886 912 1,520 90 93 2,413 2,320 1,004 1,103 131 105 239 199 2,017 2,068 660 975 565 649 392 351 511 573 350 300 186 204 820 926 2,382 2,339 79 273 1,321 1,343 572 531 300 331 167 173 314 300 0 0 479 418 2,220 3,257 110 116 4,916 5,626 739 710 92 48 1,523 1,582 234 166 719 528 2,879 2,926 128 118 334 314 N/A N/A 2,179 2,280 N/A N/A 449 365 96 90 862 912 N/A N/A 110 142 894 932 N/A N/A
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 5 Comparison of General Fund Revenue Collections in Fiscal 2017, Fiscal 2018, and Enacted Fiscal 2019 (In millions of dollars) (continued) State Total (a) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas (b) California Colorado (c) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana (d) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (e) Maine Maryland (f) Massachusetts (g) Michigan (h) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada (i) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (j) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee (k) Texas (l) Utah Vermont (m) Virginia Washington (n) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Fiscal 2017 $8,334 N/A 11 79 63 N/A N/A 599 205 139 N/A N/A N/A 990 432 78 N/A 242 410 58 484 1,188 N/A 64 133 N/A 70 N/A 718 N/A 996 60 16 N/A 10 N/A 152 N/A 121 363 N/A 115 337 1,201 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Gaming/Lottery Revenue Fiscal 2018 $8,794 N/A 11 68 67 N/A N/A 613 212 357 N/A N/A 0 991 432 85 0 253 402 62 535 1,135 N/A 69 136 N/A 71 N/A 711 N/A N/A 62 15 N/A 11 N/A 162 N/A 123 365 N/A 119 346 1,381 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Fiscal 2019 $8,878 N/A 11 90 68 N/A N/A 556 210 299 N/A N/A N/A 999 392 86 N/A 249 402 57 527 1,182 N/A 67 140 N/A 77 N/A 797 N/A N/A 62 15 N/A 11 N/A 158 N/A 154 392 N/A 123 353 1,402 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Fiscal 2017 $142,679 2,027 1,257 419 503 824 460 2,886 2,354 4,492 5,603 1,843 201 6,307 939 (813) 1,040 1,860 1,385 299 1,860 16,332 1,401 3,728 886 389 718 228 2,029 1,102 7,229 2,889 1,587 2,892 395 14,656 982 761 6,128 960 834 475 3,516 22,287 527 477 1,458 8,933 1,036 1,333 766
All Other Revenue Fiscal 2018 $150,395 2,063 2,181 337 476 1,224 578 1,723 2,663 5,010 5,726 1,703 175 8,400 1,000 (954) 783 1,865 1,423 261 1,864 17,698 1,184 3,429 816 395 810 290 2,118 1,121 7,722 2,703 1,435 2,971 676 12,389 1,121 741 7,784 1,013 900 485 3,476 24,857 530 453 1,451 10,377 988 1,323 637
Fiscal 2019 $151,075 2,093 2,103 529 476 (612) 464 3,671 2,579 6,082 5,503 1,646 166 8,077 932 (1,119) 552 1,937 1,409 258 1,686 18,005 1,181 3,439 757 295 764 276 2,018 1,136 7,150 2,893 2,495 2,891 507 13,041 1,667 647 5,968 1,003 914 489 3,527 26,081 575 365 1,531 10,120 998 1,349 566
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 9 1
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 5 Comparison of General Fund Revenue Collections in Fiscal 2017, Fiscal 2018, and Enacted Fiscal 2019 (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2018. Note: Unless otherwise noted, fiscal 2017 figures reflect actual collections, fiscal 2018 figures reflect preliminary actual collections, and fiscal 2019 figures reflect the estimates based on states’ enacted budgets. Key: N.A.—Indicates data are not available because, in most cases, these states do not have that type of tax, or it is not part of the general fund. (a) Totals include state collections by revenue type where amounts were provided/applicable for all three years. (b) Revenue amounts here are reported as “gross” (before refunds and special dedications/payments). (c) Totals include the income tax revenue amounts diverted to the State Education Fund per Amendment 23. These amounts are $540 million in FY 2016–17, $617 million in FY 2017–18, and $658.6 million in FY 2018–19. (d) Amounts only include forecasted General Fund revenues. (e) These revenue figures do not include fund transfers. (f) Maryland is coupled to Federal Adjusted Gross Income. Prior to the 2018 Legislative Session, Maryland’s Bureau of Revenue Estimates estimated an increase in General Fund collections of $35.5 million in FY 18 and $511.6 million in FY 19 due to the Federal Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (TCJA). Maryland set aside $200 million from the Personal Income Tax collections for education and increased the standard deduction as a result of the federal changes. The State also decoupled from the Estate credit cap that will increase revenues in FY 20. (g) The Commonwealth of Massachusetts credits federal reimbursements for Medicaid, as well as certain other federal reimbursements, to the General Fund. In the NASBO State Expenditure Survey, these reimbursement funds are shown as “federal funds spending” to conform to the survey definitions and excluded from the revenue figures. The figures in this survey are consistent with the Commonwealth’s accounting practices.
292 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(h) Volatility in business tax revenue is largely due to timing of tax credits. (i) Gaming Revenue forecasts are amounts estimated before tax credits are applied. There are no estimates for tax credits as they are transferrable. Actual amounts are net of tax credits. (j) Sales and Use Tax: The fiscal year 2018 sales and use tax decline is the result of the elimination of the sales tax on Medicaid managed care companies and the adoption of a provider assessment on all managed care companies. The provider tax, unlike the sales tax, is deposited in a non-GRF dedicated purpose fund. Corporate Income Tax: Ohio doesn’t have a corporate income tax and instead has a commercial activities tax (CAT). The large increase in fiscal year 2018 is the result of allocating a higher percentage of the CAT revenue to the general fund and a lower percentage to property tax replacement funds. As a biennial budget state, Ohio routinely revises revenue projections in the second year, as is the case here. (k) Corporate income tax includes excise and franchise taxes. (l) Figures taken from Table A-12 in revised CRE July 2018. (m) Please note the following: All lottery proceeds benefits Vermont’s Education Fund, not the General Fund; the figure of $396.6M in Sales Tax collections originally reported in the fall survey for 2018 (Enacted) is restated in this response to reflect the official portion of the revenue forecast comprised of this source; the fiscal year 2019 forecasted revenue is reflective of the structural funding changes made in the Education Fund, specifically, in lieu of the annual transfer of General Funds to the Education Fund, 100% of Sales and Use and 25% of Meals and Rooms taxes will be deposited directly into the Education Fund (previously, these tax revenues were deposited into the General Fund). (n) Total revenues reflect total available general fund revenues, after transfers.
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 5 A General Fund Revenue Collections Compared to Projections, Fiscal 2018 and Fiscal 2019 State Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut (a) Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (b) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
On target 8 … … … ★ … … … … … … … … … ★ ★ … ★ … … … … … ★ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ★ … … ★ … … … … … … … ★ …
Fiscal 2018 Lower 2 … … … … … … ★ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Higher 40 ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★ ★ … ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … ★
Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, Fall 2018. Note: Fiscal 2018 reflects whether general fund revenues from all sources came in higher, lower, or on target with original projections used when the fiscal 2018 budget was adopted. Fiscal 2019 reflects whether Fiscal 2019 collections thus far have been coming in higher, lower, or on target with projections. Not all states were able to report on fiscal 2019 collections.
On target 14 … ★ … ★ … … … … ★ … ★ … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … … … … … … … ★ … … … ★ … … … … ★ … … … ★ … … … … ★ … … … … ★ …
Fiscal 2019 Lower 5 … … … … … … … … … … … ★ … … … … … … ★ … … … … … ★ … … … … … … ★ ★ … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Higher 19 … … ★ … … ★ ★ ★ … ★ … … … … … ★ … … … … … … ★ ★ … … ★ … ★ … ★ … … ★ … ★ ★ ★ … … ★ … … … ★ … ★ ★ … …
Key: …—No (a) FY18 preliminary actual General Fund revenues for Connecticut came in lower than budgeted largely due to a transfer of $1,471.3m to the Budget Reserve Fund as required under the state’s new volatility cap, and a timing delay in receipt of $400m of federal funds from FY18 to FY19. (b) Revenue collections compared to projections include state-source general revenue. If we included federal general fund revenue, fiscal 2019 would currently be lower than projected. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 9 3
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 6 Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) Actual fiscal 2016 State
General fund
Federal funds
Other state funds
Bonds
Total
Total
$768,405
$583,250
$484,758
$34,207
$1,870,620
Alabama (a)
7,921
9,738
7,875
332
25,866
Alaska
5,474
3,276
1,275
7
10,032
Arizona (b)
9,690
14,927
16,810
739
42,166
Arkansas (c)
5,170
7,416
11,392
58
24,036
114,465
90,690
42,100
3,644
250,899
California Colorado
10,426
9,484
16,784
0
36,694
Connecticut
17,921
6,216
4,043
3,692
31,872
3,914
2,151
3,694
477
10,236
Florida
28,813
25,254
16,598
1,654
72,319
Georgia (d)
Delaware
21,019
13,896
11,519
1,099
47,533
Hawaii
6,882
2,563
3,430
961
13,836
Idaho
3,028
2,670
1,444
0
7,142
Illinois (e)
26,762
15,875
11,506
782
54,925
Indiana
15,130
12,289
3,790
0
31,209
7,247
6,328
9,506
13
23,094 15,124
Iowa Kansas
6,115
3,637
4,958
414
Kentucky
10,230
12,182
9,247
0
31,659
Louisiana
8,697
9,256
9,200
582
27,735
Maine
3,271
2,536
2,131
101
8,039
Maryland
16,239
12,034
11,305
1,201
40,779
Massachusetts (f)
27,625
12,462
12,285
2,298
54,670
Michigan
10,095
20,871
23,030
207
54,203
Minnesota
20,152
10,484
6,218
878
37,732
Mississippi
5,672
7,884
5,835
520
19,911
Missouri
9,018
7,677
7,862
71
24,628
Montana
2,237
2,370
1,777
0
6,384
Nebraska
4,196
2,989
4,425
0
11,610 12,426
Nevada
3,602
4,158
4,558
108
New Hampshire
1,385
2,158
2,170
62
5,775
33,151
14,354
7,425
1,610
56,540
New Jersey New Mexico
6,220
7,730
4,536
474
18,960
New York
68,042
49,476
29,441
3,748
150,707
North Carolina
21,205
14,487
10,031
218
45,941
North Dakota
3,013
1,607
2,832
7
7,459
33,591
12,493
18,876
2,490
67,450 22,719
Ohio (g) Oklahoma
5,205
7,862
9,429
223
Oregon
8,992
10,317
17,815
142
37,266
Pennsylvania
30,128
27,073
18,636
517
76,354
Rhode Island
3,548
2,877
2,080
122
8,627
South Carolina
7,320
7,614
8,014
0
22,948
South Dakota
1,462
1,371
1,248
91
4,172
Tennessee (h)
13,256
12,567
6,080
438
32,341
Texas
53,968
36,683
17,976
1,898
110,525
Utah
6,191
3,582
3,870
0
13,643
Vermont
1,457
1,992
2,022
91
5,562
Virginia
19,672
9,838
18,477
1,102
49,089
Washington
18,171
11,807
10,742
1,059
41,779
West Virginia
4,195
4,506
7,394
77
16,172
15,341
10,759
19,630
0
45,730
Wisconsin Wyoming (i)
1,881
784
1,437
0
4,102
Dist. Of Columbia
6,994
3,204
949
834
11,981
See footnotes at end of table
294â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 6 Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Actual fiscal 2017 State
General fund
Federal funds
Other state funds
Bonds
Total
Total
$792,395
$600,389
$514,917
$34,587
$1,942,288 26,645
Alabama (a)
8,295
9,885
8,005
460
Alaska
4,486
3,763
1,495
0
9,744
Arizona (b)
9,774
14,765
16,711
776
42,026
Arkansas (c) California
5,267
7,875
11,925
69
25,136
119,291
95,337
44,249
2,340
261,217
Colorado
10,497
9,120
16,913
0
36,530
Connecticut
17,763
6,331
4,671
2,954
31,719
4,106
2,171
4,000
398
10,675
Florida
30,267
26,320
18,127
1,667
76,381
Georgia (d)
22,597
14,266
11,836
950
49,649
7,486
2,571
3,927
682
14,666
Delaware
Hawaii Idaho
3,255
2,681
1,535
0
7,471
Illinois (e)
29,424
14,833
22,387
1,359
68,003
Indiana
15,971
12,421
3,536
0
31,928
Iowa
7,258
6,389
9,034
6
22,687
Kansas
6,277
3,759
5,144
393
15,573
11,075
12,354
9,373
0
32,802
Louisiana
9,118
11,159
7,841
304
28,422
Maine
3,346
2,601
2,187
114
8,248
Maryland
17,153
12,971
12,062
1,136
43,322
Massachusetts (f)
55,544
Kentucky
28,362
12,401
12,522
2,259
Michigan
9,882
20,291
24,137
75
54,385
Minnesota
21,103
10,406
5,318
641
37,468
Mississippi
5,645
7,819
5,786
1,124
20,374
Missouri
9,153
8,186
8,047
164
25,550
Montana
2,333
2,810
1,814
0
6,957
Nebraska
4,329
3,030
4,508
0
11,867 13,914
Nevada
3,990
4,393
5,308
223
New Hampshire
1,512
2,221
2,097
103
5,933
33,827
15,172
8,116
2,166
59,281
New Jersey New Mexico
6,106
8,105
4,713
662
19,586
New York
68,080
52,985
31,519
4,431
157,015
North Carolina
22,143
14,778
10,707
538
48,166
North Dakota
2,600
1,616
2,574
2
6,792
34,453
12,596
18,584
2,590
68,223
Ohio (g) Oklahoma
5,044
7,186
10,703
329
23,262
Oregon
8,954
10,189
20,759
138
40,040 80,324
Pennsylvania
31,942
29,001
18,868
513
Rhode Island
3,672
2,977
2,109
92
8,850
South Carolina
7,804
8,184
8,565
0
24,553
South Dakota
1,548
1,420
1,239
20
4,227
Tennessee (h)
14,162
12,261
6,417
0
32,840
Texas
54,070
36,255
18,260
2,505
111,090
Utah
6,274
3,809
4,140
0
14,223
Vermont
1,498
1,914
2,096
49
5,557
Virginia
20,227
10,308
18,805
962
50,302
Washington
19,357
12,270
11,741
1,316
44,684
West Virginia
4,231
4,314
8,397
77
17,019
15,858
10,993
20,141
0
46,992
Wisconsin Wyoming (i)
1,530
927
1,969
0
4,426
Dist. Of Columbia
7,179
3,442
1,070
865
12,556
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 9 5
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 6 Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Estimated fiscal 2018 State
General fund
Federal funds
Other state funds
Bonds
Total
Total
$822,655
$634,802
$537,794
$37,118
$2,032,369 26,636
Alabama (a)
8,138
10,159
7,803
536
Alaska
4,535
3,985
2,535
0
11,055
Arizona (b)
9,821
15,615
17,265
642
43,343
Arkansas (c) California
5,372
8,168
11,818
33
25,391
127,045
98,107
57,169
6,309
288,630
Colorado
11,293
9,627
16,035
0
36,955
Connecticut
18,600
6,253
4,996
2,913
32,762
Delaware
4,118
2,492
3,990
255
10,855
Florida
31,508
28,706
23,145
1,594
84,953
Georgia (d)
23,903
13,956
12,271
1,166
51,296
7,804
2,628
3,636
1,131
15,199
Hawaii Idaho
3,465
2,683
1,783
0
7,931
Illinois (e)
35,065
18,689
16,700
481
70,935
Indiana
33,698
15,923
13,578
4,197
0
Iowa
7,258
6,389
9,034
6
22,687
Kansas
6,692
3,818
5,423
402
16,335
Kentucky
11,237
12,441
10,390
0
34,068
Louisiana
9,635
13,894
8,659
256
32,444
Maine
3,416
2,697
2,191
106
8,410
Maryland
17,131
13,053
13,530
1,455
45,169
Massachusetts (f)
28,896
13,347
13,484
2,268
57,995
Michigan
10,231
22,499
22,666
112
55,508
Minnesota
22,695
11,891
6,424
410
41,420
Mississippi
5,560
9,184
6,179
647
21,570
Missouri
9,263
8,360
8,226
189
26,038
Montana
2,242
2,863
1,847
0
6,952
Nebraska
4,350
3,101
4,690
0
12,141 13,954
Nevada
4,003
4,448
5,111
392
New Hampshire
1,526
2,289
2,234
73
6,122
35,324
15,937
8,135
2,000
61,396
New Jersey New Mexico
6,140
8,083
4,655
501
19,379
New York
69,724
56,808
32,502
4,710
163,744
North Carolina
22,746
15,296
11,541
248
49,831
North Dakota
2,103
1,472
2,436
25
6,036
31,681
15,113
19,975
2,868
69,637 22,669
Ohio (g) Oklahoma
5,854
7,522
8,915
378
Oregon
10,180
10,476
19,791
162
40,609
Pennsylvania
31,997
29,768
19,804
702
82,271
Rhode Island
3,832
3,231
2,398
114
9,575
South Carolina
8,040
8,592
8,428
0
25,060
South Dakota
1,591
1,406
1,445
20
4,462
Tennessee (h)
15,820
13,627
6,732
3
36,182
Texas
56,049
36,714
18,178
1,322
112,263
Utah
6,574
4,398
4,550
552
16,074
Vermont
1,587
1,926
2,098
64
5,675
Virginia
20,884
10,163
20,070
959
52,076
Washington
20,535
12,293
11,916
1,037
45,781
West Virginia
3,275
4,557
8,665
77
16,574
16,464
11,575
20,160
0
48,199
1,530
925
1,969
0
4,424
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
Wisconsin Wyoming (i) Dist. Of Columbia See footnotes at end of table
296â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 6 Total State Expenditures: Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2018 State Expenditure Report. Notes: Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds and bonds. For all states, Medicaid reflects provider taxes, fees, assessments, donations, and local funds in Other State Funds. Key: N.A.—Not applicable (a) Alabama: Amounts shown in fiscal years 2016 and 2017 are based on actual expenditures during these years, regardless of the year appropriated. Fiscal 2018 amounts shown are equal to actual expenditures through 9 months (June 30, 2018) and then annualized for the year. The State of Alabama implemented a new ERP system in FY16. This affected the accuracy of some reports for the 13th Accounting period of FY15. Those issues have been resolved, but there will be some variance for FY16 reported expenditures between last year’s survey and this survey. Regarding bond funds, there is a discrepancy between amounts reported in the 2016 survey and this one. When gathering expenditure data from Debt Management, it was discovered that transportation expenditures were counted by both Debt Management and Transportation. In addition, Alabama was able to sort the expenditures by category this year, which significantly decreased the “All Other” category for Bond Funds. (b) Arizona: Bonds payments information from Approps report Lease-Purchase and Bonding Summary section. (c) Arkansas: 2016 and 2017 amounts were modified to reflect actual final funding and were previously based on estimates. (d) Georgia: Bond Funds reflect appropriations for the given year. An adjustment was made to FY 2016 Actual General, Federal, and Other State Funds previously reported. Expenditures reflect actual expenditures as reported in the FY 2017 Budgetary Compliance Report. (e) Illinois: Illinois ended Fiscal Year 2016 without a fully enacted General Funds budget in place. Certain areas of the budget did not receive funding at the same levels as seen historically, includ-
ing state employee health insurance, some agency operational costs, certain social service programs, and higher education. (f) Massachusetts: Figures for FY16–FY18 are re-stated to better align with the NASBO category definitions. Certain items that were previously counted (i.e. interfund transfers, bond refundings, certain administrative items) are now excluded. (g) Ohio: Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This amounts to $9,479.1 million in fiscal 2018. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF expenditures look higher and conversely make Ohio’s federal expenditures look lower relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. Also, inherent in Ohio’s budgetary accounting environment are significant overstatements of total state spending due to two phenomena. First, fiduciary fund expenditures represent the distribution of funds collected by the state on behalf of other entities. These are not operating, program, or subsidy expenditures of the state. Examples of this would be the collection and distribution of county and local permissive sales taxes or motor vehicle registration taxes. Fiduciary fund group expenditures totaled $7,445.5 million in fiscal 2018. Second, “double counting” of revenue and expenditures related to intrastate transactions overstates overall state expenditure activity. Intrastate transactions totaled $755.2 million in fiscal 2018. These accounting practices will tend to make Ohio’s “All-Other” expenditures look higher, on a dollar and percentage basis, and conversely make Ohio’s other categories look lower, on a percentage basis, relative to other states that don’t follow similar practices. (h) Tennessee: Tennessee collects personal income tax on income from dividends on stocks and interest on certain bonds. Tax revenue estimates do not include federal funds and other departmental revenues. However, federal funds and other departmental revenues are included in the budget as funding sources for the general fund, along with state tax revenues. (i) Wyoming: Part of Wyoming’s yearly variation in expenditure totals is due to the fact that the state budgets on a two-year cycle.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 2 9 7
STATE FIN A N CE
Table 7.6 | Total State Expenditures (In millions of dollars) 2016 Actual | 2017 Actual | 2018 Estimated (in millions of dollars) $2,500,000
Total General Fund Federal Fund Other State Funds Bonds
$2,000,000 $1,500,000 $1,000,000 $500,000 0
2017
2016
(actual)
(actual)
2018
(estimated)
Highest and Lowest Spending by Category FY 2017 (in millions of dollars) GENERAL FUND VT • $1,498 NH • $1,512 WY • $1,530 SD • $1,548 MT • $2,333
CA • $119,291 NY • $68,080 TX • $54,070 OH • $34,453 NJ • $33,827
CALIFORNIA HAD THE
HIGHEST
TOTAL
FEDERAL FUND CA • $95,337 NY • $52,985 TX • $36,255 PA • $29,001 FL • $26,320
WY • $927 SD • $1,420 ND • $1,616 VT • $1,914 DE • $2,171
SPENDING
FY 2017
$261,217
OT H E R S TAT E F U N D S CA • $44,249 NY • $31,519 MI • $24,137 IL • $22,387 OR • $20,759
SD • $1,239 AK • $1,495 ID • $1,535 MT • $1,814 WY • $1,969
LOWEST
TOTAL SPENDING
BONDS NY • $4,431 CT • $2,954 OH • $2,590 TX • $2,505 CA • $2,340
298 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
SOUTH DAKOTA
HAD THE
WI • $0 CO • $0 KY • $0 SC • $0 TN • $0
FY 2017
$4,227
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 7 Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures (In millions of dollars) Actual fiscal 2016 State
General fund
Federal funds
Other state funds
Bonds
Total
Total
$272,975
$52,122
$43,230
$2,781
$371,108
Alabama (a)
4,157
1,008
189
58
5,412
Alaska
1,429
208
52
0
1,689
Arizona (b)
4,197
1,129
1,202
172
6,700
Arkansas
2,228
540
760
0
3,528
California
45,118
6,416
44
266
51,844
Colorado (c)
3,478
628
4,598
0
8,704
Connecticut
3,332
525
6
896
4,759
Delaware
1,337
200
763
102
2,402
10,639
1,774
1,141
0
13,554
Florida Georgia (d)
8,465
2,317
583
272
11,637
Hawaii
1,680
227
62
0
1,969
Idaho
1,500
278
78
0
1,856
Illinois (e)
6,971
2,323
59
17
9,370
Indiana
7,880
1,042
149
0
9,071
Iowa
3,094
458
72
0
3,624
Kansas
3,009
474
967
0
4,450
Kentucky
4,455
839
39
0
5,333
Louisiana
3,566
1,058
695
0
5,319
Maine
1,153
201
32
0
1,386
Maryland (f)
5,925
1,036
401
314
7,676
Massachusetts (g)
5,451
1,003
806
4
7,264
98
1,661
11,952
0
13,711
Michigan (h) Minnesota
8,507
749
50
11
9,317
Mississippi (i)
2,236
724
339
0
3,299
Missouri
3,236
978
1,465
0
5,679
Montana
788
168
55
0
1,011
Nebraska
1,248
340
60
0
1,648
Nevada
1,389
267
316
0
1,972
88
181
957
5
1,231
12,861
837
21
0
13,719
New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico
2,723
414
6
214
3,357
22,254
3,906
3,299
17
29,476
8,344
1,502
645
0
10,491
823
140
184
0
1,147
Ohio (j)
7,966
1,900
1,189
233
11,288
Oklahoma
1,717
690
1,097
0
3,504
Oregon
3,736
636
258
0
4,630
Pennsylvania
10,766
2,467
622
0
13,855
Rhode Island
1,065
191
33
6
1,295
South Carolina
2,688
951
739
0
4,378
432
164
5
0
601
4,467
1,078
122
0
5,667
20,862
4,967
3,618
0
29,447
2,871
431
190
0
3,492
Vermont
402
125
1,246
0
1,773
Virginia
5,593
962
702
0
7,257
Washington
8,679
822
182
171
9,854
West Virginia
1,894
424
121
23
2,462
Wisconsin
6,177
763
253
0
7,193
Wyoming
1
0
806
0
807
1,795
258
19
318
2,390
New York North Carolina North Dakota
South Dakota Tennessee Texas (k) Utah
Dist. of Columbia See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 2 9 9
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 7 Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Actual fiscal 2017 State
General fund
Federal funds
Other state funds
Bonds
Total
Total
$282,732
$52,091
$44,264
$2,322
$381,409
Alabama (a)
4,373
1,010
193
60
5,636
Alaska
1,379
226
63
0
1,668
Arizona (b)
4,330
1,146
1,369
170
7,015
Arkansas
2,241
548
767
0
3,556
California
46,231
6,694
57
150
53,132
Colorado (c)
3,768
602
4,703
0
9,073
Connecticut
3,248
528
5
278
4,059
Delaware
1,415
195
795
133
2,538
10,939
1,722
1,319
0
13,980
Florida Georgia (d)
9,083
2,319
388
252
12,042
Hawaii
1,709
256
55
0
2,020
Idaho
1,612
282
82
0
1,976
Illinois (e)
7,477
2,255
61
60
9,853
Indiana
8,039
1,042
157
0
9,238
Iowa
3,223
460
91
0
3,774
Kansas
3,097
489
1,014
0
4,600
Kentucky
4,974
879
42
0
5,895
Louisiana
3,575
1,163
491
0
5,229
Maine
1,193
213
29
0
1,435
Maryland (f)
5,998
1,052
498
337
7,885
Massachusetts (g)
5,535
1,010
826
18
7,389
220
1,699
12,093
0
14,012
Minnesota
8,901
775
51
2
9,729
Mississippi (i)
2,227
691
327
5
3,250
Missouri
3,297
1,013
1,505
1
5,816
Montana
819
175
47
0
1,041
Nebraska
1,268
324
54
0
1,646
Nevada
1,471
267
360
0
2,098
87
190
967
12
1,256
13,312
920
17
0
14,249
Michigan (h)
New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico
2,671
414
6
244
3,335
23,261
3,763
3,460
50
30,534
8,623
1,507
758
0
10,888
888
145
154
0
1,187
Ohio (j)
8,253
1,970
1,183
237
11,643
Oklahoma
1,725
674
1,041
0
3,440
Oregon
3,737
610
444
0
4,791
Pennsylvania
11,432
2,482
622
0
14,536
Rhode Island
1,113
194
32
3
1,342
South Carolina
2,978
976
907
0
4,861
522
168
6
0
696
4,715
1,124
159
0
5,998
20,633
4,365
3,317
0
28,315
3,093
446
185
0
3,724
Vermont
417
129
1,269
1
1,816
Virginia
5,745
1,040
809
0
7,594
Washington
9,234
783
228
286
10,531
New York North Carolina North Dakota
South Dakota Tennessee Texas (k) Utah
West Virginia
1,907
347
91
23
2,368
Wisconsin
6,744
809
276
0
7,829
Wyoming
0
0
891
0
891
1,909
248
19
410
2,586
Dist. of Columbia See footnotes at end of table
300â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 7 Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Estimated fiscal 2018 State
General fund
Federal funds
Other state funds
Bonds
Total
Total
$294,812
$53,645
$47,106
$3,252
$398,815
Alabama (a)
4,417
1,421
196
28
6,062
Alaska
1,389
249
58
0
1,696
Arizona (b)
4,542
1,164
1,618
170
7,494
Arkansas
2,259
543
771
0
3,573
California
49,209
6,956
108
713
56,986
Colorado (c)
4,080
595
4,804
0
9,479
Connecticut
3,084
540
5
518
4,147
Delaware
1,435
196
785
129
2,545
11,587
1,766
1,363
0
14,716
9,373
2,309
644
252
12,578 2,096
Florida Georgia (d) Hawaii
1,777
226
93
0
Idaho
1,713
283
96
0
2,092
Illinois (e)
8,212
2,166
61
14
10,453
Indiana
8,222
1,056
186
0
9,464
Iowa
3,254
483
96
0
3,833
Kansas
3,393
503
1,068
0
4,964
Kentucky
4,938
854
42
0
5,834
Louisiana
3,629
1,146
664
0
5,439
Maine
1,232
220
30
0
1,482
Maryland (f)
6,077
1,050
504
362
7,993
Massachusetts (g)
5,714
1,034
860
29
7,637
122
1,839
12,793
0
14,754
Minnesota
9,275
861
55
5
10,196
Mississippi (i)
2,221
835
366
5
3,427
Missouri
3,351
990
1,518
3
5,862
Montana
780
183
49
0
1,012
Nebraska
1,249
380
59
0
1,688
Nevada
1,636
286
368
0
2,290
84
183
961
12
1,240
13,348
905
15
0
14,268
Michigan (h)
New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico
2,684
414
32
233
3,363
24,209
3,394
3,580
111
31,294
8,893
1,510
731
0
11,134
724
126
303
0
1,153
Ohio (j)
8,402
1,848
1,204
420
11,874
Oklahoma
1,739
661
1,092
0
3,492
Oregon
4,253
639
426
0
5,318
Pennsylvania
11,858
2,613
626
0
15,097
Rhode Island
1,161
209
37
0
1,407
South Carolina
3,071
957
936
0
4,964
557
167
7
0
731
5,018
1,125
150
3
6,296
21,874
5,114
3,999
0
30,987
3,298
542
284
0
4,124
Vermont
461
128
1,277
0
1,866
Virginia
6,021
1,034
791
0
7,846
Washington
10,263
788
231
222
11,504
West Virginia
1,920
351
8
23
2,302
Wisconsin
6,804
803
266
0
7,873
Wyoming
0
0
890
0
890
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
New York North Carolina North Dakota
South Dakota Tennessee Texas (k) Utah
Dist. of Columbia See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 0 1
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 7 Elementary and Secondary Education Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2018 State Expenditure Report. Notes: Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage determine the exact percentage increase. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds, and bonds. Medicaid reflects provider taxes, fees, assessments, donations, and local funds in Other State Funds. Key: N/A—Not available (a) Alabama: Federal Funds received directly by local school systems are not reported at state budget level. Totals include capital expenditures. (b) Arizona: Elementary expenditures included Board of Charter Schools, Schools for the Deaf and Blind, Dept. of Education, and School Facilities Board—all numbers from Appropriation Reports. Regarding early education, Arizona does pre-K programs only for children with blind/deaf disabilities. (c) Colorado: School personnel are paid at the school district level— state costs for employer contributions to employee pensions and health benefits only reflect Colorado Dept. of Education personnel. Funds library-related programs across the state. Regarding capital expenditures, some funding for school facilities certificates of participation are included. (d) Georgia: An adjustment was made to “Head start.” The Department of Early Care and Learning uses state funds to match federal funds for the Early Head Start grant. (e) Illinois: The reason for the change in FY16 GF/OSF is the Fund for the Advancement of Education and the Budget Stabilization Fund are now General Funds. For last year’s report, the funds were treated as OSF. FY16/FY17 have been restated everywhere in this report with these two funds and the Commitment to Human Services Fund as General Funds. FY16 FF adjusted down $1M as last year incorrectly counted refunds toward the total expenditures. Payments to the Chicago Teacher’s Pension Fund for normal pension cost are included in the FY18 estimate due to the fact it ran out of Illinois State Board of Education’s appropriation in FY18. Historically, the appropriation has been part of the Teacher’s Retirement System appropriations. Illinois Math and Science Academy is included. Nonappropriated lines are not included. Bond fund expenditures were incorrect in last year’s report, these numbers now include spending from the School Construction Fund and the School Infrastructure Fund for construction projects as capital funding.
302 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(f) Maryland: The $97 million increase in Elementary and Secondary Education Other State Funds from FY 2016 to FY 2017 is mostly due to increased Education Trust Fund revenues, generated by casino proceeds. (g) Massachusetts: Figures for FY16–FY18 are re-stated to better align with the NASBO category definitions. Certain items that were previously counted (i.e. interfund transfers, bond refundings, certain administrative items) are now excluded. (h) Michigan: Totals reflect K–12 education, the Michigan Department of Education (MDE), adult education, and pre-school. Employer contributions to current employees’ pensions and health benefits are reported for MDE and partially included for employees of K–12 schools. State funds partially offset employer-paid retirement obligations for employees of K–12 schools. FY 18 includes a one-time payment of $200 million from restricted funds to reduce unfunded liabilities. General fund and state school aid fund resources are used interchangeably to support K–12 spending in Michigan. (i) Mississippi: Elementary and secondary education now included in Capital Expenditures. Amounts not captured in prior years. (j) Ohio: Employer contributions to current employees’ pensions are not directly appropriated, or fully funded, by the state; however, some of the unrestricted support provided to localities for elementary and secondary education is used to help cover these costs. There are no direct appropriations for employer contributions to health benefits, though it can be assumed that some of the unrestricted support provided for elementary and secondary education is used for these costs. (k) Texas: The figures provided for Elementary and Secondary Education have been adjusted to match the current actuals creating the difference from the previous submissions due to the timing of the report.
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 8 Medicaid Expenditures (In millions of dollars)
State Total Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona (b) Arkansas California Colorado (c) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (d) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (e) Massachusetts Michigan (f) Minnesota Mississippi (g) Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (h) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (i) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Actual Fiscal 2016 Other state General fund Federal funds funds $272,975 $52,122 $43,230 4,157 1,008 189 1,429 208 52 4,197 1,129 1,202 2,228 540 760 45,118 6,416 44 3,478 628 4,598 3,332 525 6 1,337 200 763 10,639 1,774 1,141 8,465 2,317 583 1,680 227 62 1,500 278 78 6,971 2,323 59 7,880 1,042 149 3,094 458 72 3,009 474 967 4,455 839 39 3,566 1,058 695 1,153 201 32 5,925 1,036 401 5,451 1,003 806 98 1,661 11,952 8,507 749 50 2,236 724 339 3,236 978 1,465 788 168 55 1,248 340 60 1,389 267 316 88 181 957 12,861 837 21 2,723 414 6 22,254 3,906 3,299 8,344 1,502 645 823 140 184 7,966 1,900 1,189 1,717 690 1,097 3,736 636 258 10,766 2,467 622 1,065 191 33 2,688 951 739 432 164 5 4,467 1,078 122 20,862 4,967 3,618 2,871 431 190 402 125 1,246 5,593 962 702 8,679 822 182 1,894 424 121 6,177 763 253 1 0 806
Bonds $2,781 58 0 172 0 266 0 896 102 0 272 0 0 17 0 0 0 0 0 0 314 4 0 11 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 214 17 0 0 233 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 171 23 0 0
Total $371,108 5,412 1,689 6,700 3,528 51,844 8,704 4,759 2,402 13,554 11,637 1,969 1,856 9,370 9,071 3,624 4,450 5,333 5,319 1,386 7,676 7,264 13,711 9,317 3,299 5,679 1,011 1,648 1,972 1,231 13,719 3,357 29,476 10,491 1,147 11,288 3,504 4,630 13,855 1,295 4,378 601 5,667 29,447 3,492 1,773 7,257 9,854 2,462 7,193 807
Actual Fiscal 2017 Other state General fund Federal funds funds $282,732 $52,091 $44,264 4,373 1,010 193 1,379 226 63 4,330 1,146 1,369 2,241 548 767 46,231 6,694 57 3,768 602 4,703 3,248 528 5 1,415 195 795 10,939 1,722 1,319 9,083 2,319 388 1,709 256 55 1,612 282 82 7,477 2,255 61 8,039 1,042 157 3,223 460 91 3,097 489 1,014 4,974 879 42 3,575 1,163 491 1,193 213 29 5,998 1,052 498 5,535 1,010 826 220 1,699 12,093 8,901 775 51 2,227 691 327 3,297 1,013 1,505 819 175 47 1,268 324 54 1,471 267 360 87 190 967 13,312 920 17 2,671 414 6 23,261 3,763 3,460 8,623 1,507 758 888 145 154 8,253 1,970 1,183 1,725 674 1,041 3,737 610 444 11,432 2,482 622 1,113 194 32 2,978 976 907 522 168 6 4,715 1,124 159 20,633 4,365 3,317 3,093 446 185 417 129 1,269 5,745 1,040 809 9,234 783 228 1,907 347 91 6,744 809 276 0 0 891
Bonds $2,322 60 0 170 0 150 0 278 133 0 252 0 0 60 0 0 0 0 0 0 337 18 0 2 5 1 0 0 0 12 0 244 50 0 0 237 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 286 23 0 0
Total $381,409 5,636 1,668 7,015 3,556 53,132 9,073 4,059 2,538 13,980 12,042 2,020 1,976 9,853 9,238 3,774 4,600 5,895 5,229 1,435 7,885 7,389 14,012 9,729 3,250 5,816 1,041 1,646 2,098 1,256 14,249 3,335 30,534 10,888 1,187 11,643 3,440 4,791 14,536 1,342 4,861 696 5,998 28,315 3,724 1,816 7,594 10,531 2,368 7,829 891
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 0 3
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 8 Medicaid Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued)
State Total Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona (b) Arkansas California Colorado (c) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (d) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (e) Massachusetts Michigan (f) Minnesota Mississippi (g) Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (h) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (i) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
General fund $294,812 4,417 1,389 4,542 2,259 49,209 4,080 3,084 1,435 11,587 9,373 1,777 1,713 8,212 8,222 3,254 3,393 4,938 3,629 1,232 6,077 5,714 122 9,275 2,221 3,351 780 1,249 1,636 84 13,348 2,684 24,209 8,893 724 8,402 1,739 4,253 11,858 1,161 3,071 557 5,018 21,874 3,298 461 6,021 10,263 1,920 6,804 0
Federal funds $53,645 1,421 249 1,164 543 6,956 595 540 196 1,766 2,309 226 283 2,166 1,056 483 503 854 1,146 220 1,050 1,034 1,839 861 835 990 183 380 286 183 905 414 3,394 1,510 126 1,848 661 639 2,613 209 957 167 1,125 5,114 542 128 1,034 788 351 803 0
See footnotes at end of table
304â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Estimated Fiscal 2018 Other state funds $47,106 196 58 1,618 771 108 4,804 5 785 1,363 644 93 96 61 186 96 1,068 42 664 30 504 860 12,793 55 366 1,518 49 59 368 961 15 32 3,580 731 303 1,204 1,092 426 626 37 936 7 150 3,999 284 1,277 791 231 8 266 890
Bonds $3,252 28 0 170 0 713 0 518 129 0 252 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 362 29 0 5 5 3 0 0 0 12 0 233 111 0 0 420 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 222 23 0 0
Total $398,815 6,062 1,696 7,494 3,573 56,986 9,479 4,147 2,545 14,716 12,578 2,096 2,092 10,453 9,464 3,833 4,964 5,834 5,439 1,482 7,993 7,637 14,754 10,196 3,427 5,862 1,012 1,688 2,290 1,240 14,268 3,363 31,294 11,134 1,153 11,874 3,492 5,318 15,097 1,407 4,964 731 6,296 30,987 4,124 1,866 7,846 11,504 2,302 7,873 890
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 8 Medicaid Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2018 State Expenditure Report. Notes: States were asked to report Medicaid expenditures as follows: General funds: all general funds appropriated to the Medicaid agency and any other agency which are used for direct Medicaid matching purposes under Title XIX. Other state funds: other funds and revenue sources used as Medicaid match, such as local funds and provider taxes, fees, donations, assessments (as defined by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). Federal Funds: all federal matching funds provided pursuant to Title XIX. (1) The states were asked to separately detail the amount of provider taxes, fees, donations, assessments and local funds reported as Other State Funds. (2) Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. (3) “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. (4) “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds and bonds. (5) For all states, Medicaid reflects provider taxes, fees, assessments, donations, and local funds in Other State Funds. Key: (a) Other State Funds includes Medicaid provider taxes in the amounts of: $399M for FY16; $372M for FY17; and $381M for Estimated FY18. (b) CHIP is included in “Medicaid” expenditures, all part of the Department of Health Care Policy and Financing. (c) For fiscal 2018, Illinois borrowed approximately $6 billion to address the backlog of bills; $2.5 billion of the proceeds were deposited directly into the General Funds. A portion of the bond proceeds were used to pay prior year Medicaid bills, which generated $1.2 billion in federal match to the General Funds. (d) Medicaid expenditure totals reflect pharmacy rebates. (e) Figures for FY16–FY18 are re-stated to better align with the NASBO category definitions. Certain items that were previously counted (i.e. interfund transfers, bond refundings, certain administrative items) are now excluded. Medicaid figures for FY16–FY18 are re-stated to exclude federal spending for the Community Choices program; this is now categorized as All Other spending. Massachusetts credits federal reimbursements for Medicaid to the General Fund. Per the NASBO guidelines, federal reimbursements are shown as federal funds. (f) Other State Funds used to match federal Medicaid funds include local funds of $68 million and provider revenues of $1,140 mil-
lion for FY 2016, local funds of $67 million and provider revenues of $1,136 for FY 2017, and estimated local funds of $66 million and provider revenues of $1,227 for FY 2018. Public health and community and institutional care for mentally and developmentally disabled persons are partially reported in the Medicaid totals. (g) Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures funded from the General Revenue Fund (GRF) are deposited into the GRF. Federal reimbursements for Medicaid expenditures from non-GRF sources are deposited into the appropriate federal fund. Expenditures of federal funds are contained in the General Fund number to be consistent with Ohio accounting practices and with other portrayals of Ohio’s general fund. This amounts to $9,479.1 million in fiscal 2018. This will tend to make Ohio’s GRF expenditures look higher and conversely make Ohio’s federal expenditures look lower relative to most other states that don’t follow this practice. (h) In last year’s report, CHIP was included in total Medicaid expenditures. This year, CHIP has been removed from all years of the survey and is instead reflected in the “All Other” total per the instructions. (i) Premium revenue: fiscal 2016 totals $323 million, fiscal 2017 totals $323 million, and fiscal 2018 totals $323 million. Certified Public Expenditures—Local fund from Hospitals: fiscal 2016 totals $211 million, fiscal 2017 totals $200 million, and fiscal 2018 totals $204 million. Nursing Home Tax: fiscal 2016 totals $107 million, fiscal 2017 totals $121 million, and fiscal 2018 totals $121 million. ICF/MR 6 percent Gross Receipts Tax: fiscal 2016 totals $11 million, fiscal 2017 totals $11 million, and fiscal 2018 totals $11 million. Intergovernmental Transfers: fiscal 2016 totals $100 million, fiscal 2017 totals $100 million, and fiscal 2018 totals $100 million. (j) Medicaid figures in this survey submission reflect only programs which the non-federal share is state General Revenue. Medicaid supplemental payments (i.e. uncompensated care, delivery system reform incentive program), funded primarily through local intergovernmental transfers, are excluded from this survey. (k) The breakdown of local funds, etc. included in Other State Funds is as follows for fiscal 2016 (in millions): provider tax $152; employee assessment $18; local match provided by schools $22; tobacco litigation settlement funds $30; other $119. The breakdown is as follows for fiscal 2017: provider tax $159; employee assessment $19; local match provided by schools $23; tobacco litigation settlement funds $30, other $131. The breakdown is as follows for estimated fiscal 2018: provider tax $164; employee assessment $20; local match provided by schools $27; tobacco litigation settlement funds $21, other $149.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 0 5
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 9 Higher Education Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars)
State Total Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona (b) Arkansas California Colorado (c) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho (d) Illinois (e) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (f) Michigan (g) Minnesota Mississippi (h) Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (i) Oklahoma (j) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (k) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
General fund $75,050 1,493 362 863 772 12,948 1,016 781 236 3,839 2,442 441 389 605 1,941 862 760 1,207 655 284 1,871 1,195 1,521 1,529 892 910 242 745 531 124 2,451 848 2,991 3,798 523 2,464 803 924 1,619 181 646 256 1,660 7,588 1,062 83 1,785 1,507 397 1,653 355 72
Actual fiscal 2016 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $20,242 $91,869 $5,123 $192,284 1,175 2,634 2 5,304 128 316 0 806 760 4,092 83 5,798 9 2,692 0 3,473 4,963 23 208 18,142 357 4,038 0 5,411 292 1,560 552 3,185 51 118 16 421 90 3,088 12 7,029 62 6,025 399 8,928 28 742 93 1,304 6 252 0 647 194 48 0 847 1 11 0 1,953 520 4,552 0 5,934 318 1,603 69 2,750 732 4,751 0 6,690 67 1,940 155 2,817 0 8 24 316 361 3,266 384 5,882 12 19 208 1,434 108 462 161 2,252 4 39 143 1,715 211 2,693 96 3,892 1 228 32 1,171 41 399 0 682 365 1,661 0 2,771 3 315 8 857 1 0 11 136 17 2,112 0 4,580 660 1,582 73 3,163 334 6,672 696 10,693 49 2,151 0 5,998 117 635 7 1,282 22 31 209 2,726 1,024 3,840 23 5,690 42 253 58 1,277 0 158 126 1,903 15 886 27 1,109 115 3,765 0 4,526 68 421 90 835 184 2,549 194 4,587 3,860 5,477 0 16,925 11 786 0 1,859 0 6 4 93 1,142 3,796 666 7,389 6 4,317 240 6,070 26 1,495 54 1,972 1,689 3,355 0 6,697 1 7 0 363 23 55 15 165
See footnotes at end of table
306â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
General fund $77,999 1,566 330 698 772 13,264 1,000 713 241 4,022 2,607 471 427 2,035 1,936 843 759 1,145 912 297 1,958 1,167 1,534 1,556 841 901 233 756 554 128 2,431 828 2,876 3,957 443 2,540 653 863 1,659 198 690 235 2,014 7,842 1,110 85 1,963 1,536 383 1,700 327 78
Actual fiscal 2017 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $20,149 $95,713 $4,334 $198,195 1,183 2,817 0 5,566 126 330 0 786 818 4,240 83 5,839 9 2,891 0 3,672 5,001 36 228 18,529 346 3,966 0 5,312 294 1,618 337 2,962 47 115 16 419 98 3,324 45 7,489 59 6,267 340 9,273 12 565 120 1,168 2 289 0 718 224 115 44 2,418 0 10 0 1,946 472 4,727 0 6,042 343 1,628 74 2,804 732 5,286 0 7,163 59 1,566 67 2,604 0 8 6 311 369 3,373 395 6,095 9 10 175 1,361 113 498 40 2,185 3 49 108 1,716 142 2,839 97 3,919 1 240 83 1,225 42 409 0 684 336 1,782 0 2,874 3 331 9 897 1 0 10 139 15 2,574 0 5,020 644 1,602 106 3,180 318 6,745 632 10,571 51 2,293 41 6,342 112 651 2 1,208 22 38 280 2,880 998 3,997 23 5,671 41 573 29 1,506 0 121 67 1,847 14 877 53 1,142 120 4,089 0 4,899 70 450 19 774 73 2,570 0 4,657 3,976 5,640 0 17,458 9 816 0 1,935 0 6 4 95 1,164 3,838 445 7,410 5 4,595 302 6,438 20 1,473 54 1,930 1,652 3,411 0 6,763 1 25 0 353 21 45 10 154
General fund $79,911 1,597 327 705 772 14,161 980 696 238 4,558 2,815 485 445 1,707 1,999 817 765 1,147 1,014 301 1,983 1,177 1,448 1,654 793 853 224 652 605 131 2,547 779 2,834 4,060 418 2,554 651 1,022 1,675 221 670 240 2,314 8,093 1,102 88 1,862 1,578 114 1,713 327 N/A
Estimated fiscal 2018 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $20,371 $99,858 $4,459 $204,599 1,055 2,816 0 5,468 145 361 0 833 829 4,678 83 6,295 7 3,065 0 3,844 5,134 183 327 19,805 281 4,293 0 5,554 296 1,872 56 2,920 51 113 5 407 109 3,197 104 7,968 78 6,516 410 9,819 11 682 163 1,341 5 287 0 737 188 114 58 2,067 2 14 0 2,015 495 4,808 0 6,120 348 1,704 83 2,900 828 6,200 0 8,175 81 1,725 40 2,860 0 7 6 314 380 3,574 359 6,296 8 15 197 1,397 127 637 56 2,268 4 38 74 1,770 164 2,924 82 3,963 1 237 76 1,167 31 414 0 669 544 1,670 0 2,866 3 327 15 950 0 0 8 139 18 2,534 0 5,099 606 1,484 86 2,955 347 6,995 645 10,821 51 2,365 99 6,575 192 781 25 1,416 21 26 296 2,897 954 3,930 11 5,546 40 286 69 1,417 0 125 255 2,055 14 948 74 1,257 126 3,986 0 4,782 70 614 14 938 65 2,686 0 5,065 4,098 5,856 0 18,047 8 866 0 1,976 0 6 7 101 859 4,184 528 7,433 4 4,811 94 6,487 20 1,360 54 1,548 1,672 3,520 0 6,905 1 24 0 352 N/A N/A N/A N/A
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 9 Higher Education Expenditures—Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2018 State Expenditure Report. Notes: Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds, and bonds. Key: N/A–Not available (a) Capital expenditures are not captured/available at state budget level. Reported Bond Funds for Higher Ed represent bond proceeds paid directly to vendors by the State’s Debt Management division. (b) Higher Ed I included Commission for Postsecondary Education, Community Colleges, Board of Regents, ASU, NAU, UA-Main, UAHealth Sciences. (c) HED colleges and universities pay pension and health benefits out of their allotments, which include but are not limited to, state general fund appropriations (as well as tuition and other sources). Tuition and fees are paid straight to institutions by the student, or on behalf of the student, and show up as cash funds to the institution in the state budget. Only a small part of research in E&G is funded by the state; for all practical purposes it is funded by outside grants. The College Opportunity Fund (COF) provides some (stipend) funds to students who attend private colleges and universities. However, this sum is very small relative to the total expenditure; as such, it is categorized as excluded for purposes of this survey. (d) Expenditures for the University of Idaho, College of Agriculture, Agricultural Research and Extension are now included in Higher Education expenditures. (e) FY16/FY17 restated to include Budget Stabilization Fund/ Fund for the Advancement of Education as GF. Included Illinois Math
and Science Academy in K–12 rather than Higher Ed. There were no bonded capital expenditures in FY16, which is inconsistent with the $2m that was reported in last year’s survey. (f) Figures for FY16-FY18 are re-stated to better align with the NASBO category definitions. Higher education spending supported by non-state sources is not included. Certain items that were previously counted (i.e. interfund transfers, bond refundings, certain administrative items) are now excluded. (g) Operating expenditures increased in the periods reported. Federal fund support reflects expenditure of TANF revenue for student financial aid. State funds are used to partially offset employer-paid retirement obligations. (h) A correction was made to Higher Education FY2016 actual for prior year survey: a component in arriving at the total was not included, resulting in an understatement of expenditures for this category. (i) Employer contributions to current employees’ pensions and employer contributions to employee health benefits are not direct expenditures of the state; however, some of the unrestricted support provided to higher education institutions can be assumed to have been used to help cover these costs. The majority of career-technical education/vocational education is funded through appropriations made to the Ohio Department of Education for career-technical/ vocational education for students starting as early as the 7th grade. Ohio provides assistance to private colleges and universities through financial aid to students with the greatest need through the Ohio College Opportunity Grant (OCOG). Students attending private colleges and universities are eligible to receive OCOG. (j) Expenditure amounts are reported by the Oklahoma Regents for Higher Education based on budgets and campus master plan submissions. FY2017 & FY2016 have been adjusted to follow the same percentages. (k) The figures provided for Higher Education have been adjusted to match the current actuals creating the difference from the previous submissions due to the timing of the report.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 0 7
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 1 0 Total Public Assistance Expenditures (In millions of dollars)
State Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arizona (a) California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia (b) Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (c) Michigan (d) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma (e) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (f) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
General fund $8,316 0 90 0 159 3,555 0 388 21 141 0 48 13 125 27 57 0 52 0 44 57 753 104 191 33 38 10 19 25 51 184 1 1,123 60 0 162 68 39 310 31 21 9 14 51 22 22 39 48 30 81 0 58
Actual fiscal 2016 Federal Other state funds funds $15,200 $2,469 33 0 11 15 224 0 322 30 4,593 2,147 1,453 0 0 0 4 1 66 0 37 0 19 0 3 0 0 0 169 0 24 11 17 0 113 1 140 0 29 90 1,220 11 0 0 66 46 192 0 909 4 91 31 18 0 31 0 19 0 19 0 139 0 122 0 2,863 0 48 61 2 3 641 0 104 0 93 0 656 2 109 0 56 1 11 0 52 0 9 0 68 0 65 6 96 0 144 0 88 0 12 9 0 0 107 0
Total $25,985 33 116 224 511 10,295 1,453 388 26 207 37 67 16 125 196 92 17 166 140 163 1,288 753 216 383 946 160 28 50 44 70 323 123 3,986 169 5 803 172 132 968 140 78 20 66 60 90 93 135 192 118 102 0 165
See footnotes at end of table
308â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
General fund $8,546 0 83 0 158 3,826 0 386 21 137 0 45 16 93 27 46 0 64 0 43 64 731 126 175 27 39 12 18 25 49 159 1 1,130 58 0 162 87 57 309 30 19 9 14 50 21 26 40 51 30 82 0 58
Actual fiscal 2017 Federal Other state funds funds $14,576 $2,319 25 0 20 15 222 0 297 30 4,800 2,029 1,434 0 0 0 3 2 56 0 35 0 25 0 1 0 0 0 189 0 30 9 15 0 99 0 141 0 42 93 1,100 12 2 0 60 16 216 0 842 5 68 32 27 0 34 0 17 0 22 0 58 0 128 0 2,300 0 44 58 2 2 710 0 106 0 63 2 652 2 107 0 62 1 11 0 43 0 8 0 82 0 69 2 91 0 132 0 85 0 1 9 0 0 119 1
Total $25,441 25 118 222 485 10,655 1,434 386 26 193 35 70 17 93 216 85 15 163 141 178 1,176 733 202 391 874 139 39 52 42 71 217 129 3,430 160 4 872 193 122 963 137 82 20 57 58 103 97 131 183 115 92 0 178
General fund $8,383 0 88 0 164 3,738 0 384 20 126 0 48 16 100 27 53 0 56 0 41 59 727 116 175 24 36 11 17 25 50 153 1 1,137 58 0 150 78 39 293 31 15 9 14 50 20 25 39 71 26 73 0 N/A
Estimated fiscal 2018 Federal Other state funds funds $14,879 $2,361 25 0 23 18 220 0 296 13 4,858 2,088 1,423 0 0 0 2 2 61 0 43 0 10 0 1 0 0 0 190 0 26 9 13 0 105 0 140 0 60 92 1,196 12 1 0 70 15 229 0 1,023 5 60 31 31 0 33 0 0 20 42 0 32 0 128 0 2,161 0 44 58 0 4 685 0 64 0 89 0 655 2 110 0 58 1 11 0 99 0 6 0 78 0 65 2 95 0 227 0 70 0 1 9 0 0 N/A N/A
Total $25,623 25 129 220 473 10,684 1,423 384 24 187 43 58 17 100 217 88 13 161 140 193 1,267 728 201 404 1,052 127 42 50 45 92 185 129 3,298 160 4 835 142 128 950 141 74 20 113 56 98 92 134 298 96 83 0 N/A
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 1 0 Total Public Assistance Expenditures (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2018 Expenditure Report. Note: This table reflects TANF and other cash assistance expenditures. Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds, and bonds. Key: N/A—Not available (a) “Public Assistance” is defined as Cash Assistance, as per Department of Economic Security. (b) TANF funds reflect only TANF funds used for cash assistance. (c) Figures for FY16–FY18 are re-stated to better align with the NASBO category definitions. Certain items that were previously counted (i.e. interfund transfers, bond refundings, certain administrative items) are now excluded. (d) Shifts between general fund and federal fund support for TANF public assistance expenditures reflect year-to-year adjustments based on General Fund need in other budget areas. FY 2016 federal spending for Other Cash Assistance was revised to reflect post-book closing adjustments.
(e) Amounts are reported by Oklahoma Department of Human Services. (f) Regarding TANF, in last year’s report, total reported TANF expenditures represented only those attributable to direct cash assistance. This year, all years of the survey have been adjusted to reflect the totality of TANF expenditures which, in addition to cash assistance, includes portions of the block grant used towards child care assistance, child welfare programs, and training programs run by the Department of Labor and Training, among others. In prior years, these expenditures would have shown up in either the “Other Cash Assistance” category or the “All Other” category, depending on the nature of the expenditure (ex. that portion of TANF used to child care assistance would have shown up in “Other Cash Assistance” while TANF used towards child welfare services and training programs would have shown up in “All Other”). Regarding Other Cash Assistance, in last year’s report, total federal expenditures on Other Cash Assistance included the portion of the TANF block grant that is used toward child care assistance. In this year’s report, these expenditures are instead reflected under TANF.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 0 9
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 1 1 Corrections Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars)
State Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia (b) Hawaii Idaho Illinois (c) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (d) Maine Maryland (e) Massachusetts (f) Michigan (g) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York (h) North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (i) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
General fund $51,569 478 330 1,115 443 10,064 729 667 290 2,553 1,558 241 241 1,006 744 384 347 594 730 177 1,412 1,353 2,037 529 327 645 199 312 253 107 1,508 297 2,697 1,850 100 1,819 376 950 2,515 208 497 93 874 3,620 453 142 1,264 1,003 195 1,112 131 222
Actual fiscal 2016 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds $569 $4,904 $533 25 94 0 7 28 0 6 93 0 0 77 0 80 2,553 0 4 95 0 3 25 6 1 5 3 56 111 0 13 47 44 1 13 0 3 36 0 0 70 17 3 49 0 1 63 0 8 24 4 13 43 0 2 75 0 2 3 0 33 85 36 2 7 33 77 54 0 3 15 13 1 32 0 2 30 0 1 14 0 2 27 0 1 30 10 0 5 5 7 47 0 0 30 6 25 24 238 81 100 0 4 11 0 10 68 70 2 185 0 15 51 3 17 118 0 1 3 0 6 88 0 5 12 0 0 38 0 22 119 5 4 1 0 1 7 0 14 71 17 3 6 23 0 6 0 2 107 0 0 9 0 0 18 6
Total $57,575 597 365 1,214 520 12,697 828 701 299 2,720 1,662 255 280 1,093 796 448 383 650 807 182 1,566 1,395 2,168 560 360 677 214 341 294 117 1,562 333 2,984 2,031 115 1,967 563 1,019 2,650 212 591 110 912 3,766 458 150 1,366 1,035 201 1,221 140 246
See footnotes at end of table
310â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
General fund $53,422 497 323 1,029 433 10,772 764 608 305 2,622 1,678 255 252 1,333 744 379 347 626 738 182 1,443 1,387 2,114 567 315 654 200 319 266 109 1,535 294 2,646 1,965 102 1,880 425 956 2,677 212 544 98 904 3,662 384 148 1,295 1,033 191 1,086 124 225
Actual fiscal 2017 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds $579 $5,050 $741 26 91 0 8 36 0 8 94 0 0 76 0 93 2,635 0 6 91 0 3 24 21 0 5 4 59 115 0 12 86 67 1 15 0 3 42 0 0 53 12 3 59 0 1 65 0 5 20 5 11 45 0 1 87 1 2 3 0 33 79 26 1 6 43 40 48 0 3 12 4 0 22 0 2 30 2 1 13 0 1 28 0 2 36 13 0 5 28 11 48 0 0 31 9 23 33 271 99 141 4 4 12 0 7 61 77 1 150 0 15 61 38 17 119 0 2 4 0 6 82 0 4 4 0 1 36 0 18 127 1 4 8 0 1 7 0 37 72 24 3 6 91 0 11 0 1 109 0 0 7 0 0 21 2
Total $59,792 614 367 1,131 509 13,500 861 656 314 2,796 1,843 271 297 1,398 806 445 377 682 827 187 1,581 1,437 2,202 586 337 688 214 348 317 142 1,594 334 2,973 2,209 118 2,025 576 1,070 2,813 218 632 106 941 3,808 396 156 1,428 1,133 202 1,196 131 248
General fund $55,773 567 339 1,068 456 11,665 788 604 320 2,730 1,722 259 265 2,000 755 374 370 640 775 179 1,426 1,451 2,133 585 311 664 199 318 290 115 1,593 297 2,635 2,020 101 1,940 487 1,024 2,544 231 570 100 994 3,510 394 147 1,345 1,071 157 1,122 123 N/A
Estimated fiscal 2018 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds $669 $5,153 $942 27 120 0 9 20 0 9 122 0 0 57 0 100 2,766 0 5 115 0 3 23 7 0 5 6 90 140 0 8 14 89 1 13 0 3 40 0 0 61 23 3 56 0 2 61 0 4 27 5 9 40 0 1 94 5 1 2 0 38 84 9 1 5 35 49 56 1 5 14 4 0 25 0 2 28 9 10 16 0 1 33 0 1 44 19 0 5 14 11 42 0 0 34 6 28 9 348 106 123 7 5 1 0 11 60 83 1 95 0 15 32 11 17 131 0 2 10 0 6 85 0 4 3 0 0 52 0 20 134 1 6 21 220 1 8 0 51 66 26 3 47 14 0 9 0 0 98 0 0 7 0 N/A N/A N/A
Total $62,537 714 368 1,199 513 14,531 908 637 331 2,960 1,833 273 308 2,084 814 437 406 689 875 182 1,557 1,492 2,239 608 336 703 225 352 354 134 1,646 337 3,020 2,256 107 2,094 583 1,082 2,692 243 661 107 1,046 3,665 641 156 1,488 1,135 166 1,220 130 N/A
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 1 1 Corrections Expenditures—Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2018 Expenditure Report. Note: Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. Key: N/A—Not available (a) Juvenile delinquent counseling programs are funded in the Colorado Department of Human Services, Division of Youth Corrections (DYC). Funding for the Youthful Offender System (youths convicted as adults) is in the Colorado Dept. of Corrections. Regarding institutions for the criminally insane, San Carlos services significantly mentally ill inmates, but note that the Colorado Dept of Human Services Forensics Institute serves mentally ill people including those found not guilty by reason of insanity. (b) An adjustment was made to “Drug abuse rehabilitation programs.” The state funds some services in the Corrections chapter and additional services in other chapters. An adjustment was made to “Institutions for the criminally insane.” The Department of Behavioral Health and Developmental Disabilities operates forensic units that house individuals found not guilty by reason of insanity or individuals that are trying to regain competency to stand trial, but Corrections departments do not operate such institutions. (c) FY16/FY17 restated to include Budget Stabilization Fund as GF. Department of Juvenile Justice included in Corrections.
(d) Funding is provided to local governments for housing state offenders in local jails. (e) FY 2016 GFs revised from $1,411 to $1,412 and FY 2016 SFs revised from $90 to $85. These corrections are due to clerical errors. (f) Figures for FY16–FY18 are re-stated to better align with the NASBO category definitions. Certain items that were previously counted (i.e. interfund transfers, bond refundings, certain administrative items) are now excluded. (g) Totals include adult inmate and juvenile justice program expenditures. (h) Prior years surveys included spending from the Division of Criminal Justice Services (DCJS). Based upon the provided definition of Corrections expenditures, we have determined these costs should be excluded, as such, this year’s survey no longer includes DCJS spending in the reported 2016, 2017 and 2018 totals for Corrections expenditures. (i) While employer contributions to current employees’ pensions and employer contributions to employee health benefits are included in the expenditure totals, agencies do not receive specific appropriations for these purposes. As of fiscal year 2016, drug recovery services within Department of Rehabilitation and Correction (DRC) institutions are provided by the Department of Mental Health and Addiction Services. However, DRC continues to fund drug abuse rehabilitation programs in community settings through per-bed or per-diem payments to Halfway Houses and Community Based Correctional Facilities.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1 1
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 1 2 Transportation Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars)
General State fund Total $5,707 Alabama 0 Alaska 308 Arizona 0 Arkansas 1 California 262 Colorado (a) 0 Connecticut 0 Delaware 0 Florida 0 Georgia (b) 1,270 Hawaii (c) 0 Idaho (d) 0 Illinois 0 Indiana 242 Iowa 0 Kansas 10 Kentucky 6 Louisiana 38 Maine 0 Maryland (e) 0 Massachusetts (f) 171 Michigan (g) 400 135 Minnesota Mississippi (h) 0 Missouri 18 Montana 10 Nebraska 0 Nevada 0 New Hampshire 1 New Jersey 1,413 New Mexico 0 New York 130 North Carolina 0 North Dakota 544 Ohio (i) 11 Oklahoma 0 Oregon 11 Pennsylvania 2 Rhode Island 0 South Carolina 289 South Dakota 1 Tennessee (j) 0 Texas (k) 226 Utah 0 Vermont 0 Virginia 68 Washington 1 12 West Virginia Wisconsin 97 Wyoming 30 Dist. of Columbia 330
Actual fiscal 2016 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $45,546 $86,770 $11,134 $149,157 882 638 220 1,740 1,122 201 7 1,638 817 2,186 373 3,376 553 878 0 1,432 4,787 7,572 1,355 13,976 744 1,186 0 1,930 774 1,422 963 3,159 218 585 0 803 2,536 5,827 379 8,742 1,641 415 186 3,512 185 931 157 1,273 212 302 0 514 108 4,732 723 5,563 936 714 0 1,892 537 1,347 0 1,884 277 530 178 995 883 1,908 0 2,797 831 577 171 1,617 222 423 60 705 810 3,738 0 4,548 1,000 2,442 872 4,485 1,245 1,967 8 3,620 335 2,186 404 3,060 547 640 91 1,278 91 1,779 0 1,888 410 288 0 708 367 598 0 965 451 283 65 799 267 196 5 469 1,459 879 1,174 4,925 689 462 9 1,160 1,830 6,295 1,180 9,435 1,336 3,320 131 4,787 246 1,036 0 1,826 1,411 1,694 340 3,456 890 677 0 1,567 47 1,602 29 1,689 2,278 5,801 350 8,431 254 233 5 492 642 1,092 0 2,023 348 315 0 664 859 795 0 1,654 4,832 6,236 1,405 12,699 306 853 0 1,159 284 256 1 541 1,269 4,944 22 6,303 793 1,832 271 2,897 1,176 20 0 1,208 784 1,869 0 2,750 25 68 0 123 132 219 204 885
See footnotes at end of table
312â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
General fund $5,288 0 275 0 1 203 0 0 5 3 1,612 0 0 0 571 0 10 13 3 0 0 140 9 140 0 20 10 0 0 1 1,529 0 107 0 46 11 0 11 2 0 120 1 0 276 3 0 40 1 12 107 6 317
Actual fiscal 2017 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $44,355 $90,792 $11,792 $152,227 834 605 314 1,753 1,216 262 0 1,753 645 2,207 402 3,254 650 1,079 0 1,730 4,816 7,953 427 13,399 731 1,242 0 1,973 779 1,447 1,273 3,499 217 567 129 918 2,281 6,418 398 9,100 1,438 454 115 3,619 137 1,152 42 1,331 195 347 0 542 90 4,679 770 5,539 931 776 0 2,278 676 1,340 0 2,016 479 413 195 1,097 900 1,502 0 2,415 745 621 129 1,498 224 440 92 756 953 3,619 0 4,572 860 2,543 841 4,384 1,256 2,414 7 3,686 265 2,487 263 3,155 566 739 122 1,427 89 1,916 0 2,025 382 279 0 671 340 552 0 892 369 406 180 955 247 269 14 531 1,571 1,101 1,735 5,936 748 453 11 1,212 2,095 6,748 1,559 10,509 1,330 3,574 431 5,335 303 620 0 969 1,465 1,534 338 3,348 698 740 119 1,557 46 2,123 20 2,200 2,108 5,800 175 8,085 240 296 0 536 855 1,179 0 2,154 332 263 0 596 874 854 0 1,728 4,498 5,519 1,170 11,463 406 964 0 1,373 272 266 0 538 1,252 4,892 123 6,307 577 2,104 398 3,080 563 1,083 0 1,658 752 1,909 0 2,768 59 42 0 107 210 250 195 972
General fund $5,425 0 208 2 1 232 0 0 5 0 1,927 0 0 4 47 0 10 13 13 0 0 177 205 162 0 12 7 0 0 1 1,635 48 118 0 18 15 0 13 2 0 60 1 0 310 1 0 40 2 11 120 5 N/A
Estimated fiscal 2018 Other Federal state funds funds Bonds Total $47,145 $99,148 $10,385 $162,103 746 560 340 1,646 1,081 302 0 1,591 693 2,278 250 3,223 734 942 0 1,677 5,203 11,002 401 16,838 702 1,026 0 1,728 743 1,519 897 3,159 347 584 3 939 2,804 7,775 275 10,854 1,593 90 110 3,720 174 1,209 329 1,712 266 429 0 695 75 4,714 290 5,083 1,010 1,034 0 2,091 563 1,231 0 1,794 350 481 211 1,052 816 1,509 0 2,338 724 585 91 1,413 233 415 69 717 1,176 3,945 0 5,121 934 2,736 812 4,659 1,340 2,564 4 4,113 537 2,790 134 3,623 595 780 91 1,466 79 1,961 0 2,052 395 284 0 686 329 661 0 990 368 567 333 1,268 236 313 8 558 1,647 1,572 2,000 6,854 776 484 30 1,338 1,688 6,899 1,340 10,045 1,494 4,409 110 6,013 251 403 0 672 1,382 1,408 391 3,196 673 737 90 1,500 39 1,720 13 1,785 2,500 5,999 175 8,676 283 305 1 589 988 1,138 0 2,186 280 309 0 590 996 1,080 0 2,076 5,196 6,198 814 12,518 382 1,261 332 1,976 311 259 0 570 1,096 5,680 68 6,884 526 2,222 373 3,123 593 775 0 1,379 1,139 1,963 0 3,222 59 41 0 105 N/A N/A N/A N/A
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 1 2 Transportation Expenditures—Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2018 Expenditure Report. Note: Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds, and bonds. Key: N/A—Not available (a) Port authority operations, gasoline tax and fee collections, and motor vehicle licensing are at Dept. of Revenue. State police/highway patrol is funded at the Dept. of Public Safety. SB18-001 transferred $2.5 million to the SW Chief/Front Range Passenger Rail Fund to fund planning efforts for a Front Range Passenger Rail line in FY 2018–19. (b) An adjustment was made to “Gasoline tax and fee collections.” Gasoline tax and fee collections are “Included” in the Transportation chapter. (c) Transportation expenditures are expenditures from Airports, Harbors, Highways, and Administration. (d) Transportation revenue provided to local entities is not included in Transportation expenditures. Transportation Capital Expenditures include Capital Construction and Right-of-Way and Capital Facilities. (e) Includes federal funding for transportation and New Starts funding.
(f) Figures for FY16–FY18 are re-stated to better align with the NASBO category definitions. Certain items that were previously counted (i.e. interfund transfers, bond refundings, certain administrative items) are now excluded. (g) FY 2017 restricted fund totals reflect partial year of increased fuel and registration revenues from road funding package. FY 2018 estimate reflects full year of increase. FY 2018 general fund estimated expenditures include $175 million in accelerated funding for roads. (h) A correction was made to Bond Funds FY2016 actual for prior year survey: Transportation included waterway (port) projects that should have been excluded, resulting in an overstatement of bond expenditures for this category. (i) While employer contributions to current employees’ pensions and employer contributions to employee health benefits are included in the expenditure totals, agencies do not receive specific appropriations for these purposes. The Ohio Department of Public Safety and the Ohio Public Utilities Commission are responsible for truck enforcement/regulatory programs. A portion of spending by the Ohio Public Works Commission to retire debt for local road and bridge projects is not included in road assistance subsidy programs for local government. (j) Bond estimates represent bond authorizations, while actual bonds represent bond proceeds utilized. (k) The figures provided for Transportation have been adjusted to match the current actuals creating the difference from the previous submissions due to the timing of the report.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1 3
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 1 3 All Other Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars)
State Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia (b) Hawaii Idaho (c) Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (d) Michigan (e) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (f) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Actual fiscal 2016 Other state General fund Federal funds funds Bonds $204,548 $114,844 $202,054 $14,615 1,071 2,222 3,081 52 2,321 735 661 0 1,679 3,301 8,152 111 599 915 6,477 58 22,348 16,514 21,528 1,815 2,721 916 5,746 0 9,141 1,018 1,030 1,275 1,341 396 2,164 336 6,034 7,193 2,304 1,263 4,735 3,208 3,697 198 3,783 606 1,596 711 438 965 511 0 15,358 2,543 3,977 25 2,269 1,585 2,176 0 1,445 1,791 2,601 13 838 728 1,524 163 2,368 2,075 1,995 0 1,832 1,939 5,121 256 836 477 1,301 17 4,151 2,543 2,765 467 12,686 2,509 7,786 1,181 3,243 5,494 6,533 38 5,126 2,676 3,207 307 1,437 1,692 1,531 333 2,138 1,784 1,939 39 709 824 913 0 948 857 2,047 0 874 939 3,394 25 447 493 774 36 10,777 2,786 3,274 436 1,425 1,620 2,195 172 27,295 9,292 7,834 1,617 3,660 2,700 2,248 87 614 368 956 0 4,174 2,491 13,466 1,637 1,329 2,162 2,193 200 2,527 3,065 14,574 52 6,495 5,388 8,715 41 1,010 865 916 84 2,159 1,448 1,486 0 300 290 491 1 2,848 3,535 1,850 244 9,430 265 2,233 488 1,349 1,107 1,581 0 481 546 160 86 6,373 2,038 8,962 397 3,714 2,743 3,919 354 1,147 182 5,352 0 3,435 2,552 12,598 0 1,090 463 520 0 3,788 626 563 291
See footnotes at end of table
314â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Total $536,061 6,426 3,717 13,243 8,049 62,205 9,383 12,464 4,237 16,794 11,838 6,696 1,914 21,903 6,030 5,850 3,253 6,438 9,148 2,631 9,926 24,162 15,308 11,316 4,993 5,900 2,446 3,852 5,232 1,750 17,273 5,412 46,038 8,695 1,938 21,768 5,884 20,218 20,639 2,875 5,093 1,082 8,477 12,416 4,037 1,273 17,770 10,730 6,681 18,585 2,073 5,268
Actual fiscal 2017 Other state General fund Federal funds funds $208,655 $121,662 $217,315 1,127 2,273 3,075 1,463 782 786 2,032 2,924 7,671 605 862 6,522 23,125 17,624 20,067 2,432 937 5,873 9,025 1,110 1,577 1,379 458 2,452 6,265 7,356 2,694 5,136 3,509 3,874 4,241 718 2,107 477 953 525 16,204 2,330 13,751 2,557 1,555 1,772 1,447 2,109 1,987 942 599 1,705 2,546 2,038 2,008 2,069 1,934 3,864 880 482 1,340 4,198 2,669 3,466 13,396 2,256 7,962 3,161 4,997 6,952 5,414 2,762 2,414 1,558 1,758 1,197 2,132 1,836 1,910 750 843 957 986 943 2,055 1,081 1,016 3,933 510 461 614 10,763 3,340 3,216 1,402 1,741 2,353 26,350 10,814 8,737 4,025 2,725 2,249 704 361 1,129 4,169 2,483 13,484 1,490 1,726 3,095 2,278 2,349 16,435 6,924 6,466 8,844 1,024 888 889 2,350 1,550 1,469 320 308 512 2,982 3,445 1,958 9,496 3,278 3,350 1,228 1,127 1,674 504 524 184 6,376 2,115 9,191 3,793 2,966 4,308 1,183 185 5,301 3,365 2,613 12,853 791 564 974 3,853 685 653
Bonds $15,391 86 0 121 69 1,535 0 1,045 109 1,224 176 520 0 473 0 6 119 0 107 16 378 1,182 28 264 900 78 0 0 21 39 431 292 1,919 62 0 1,659 187 51 271 36 0 1 0 1,334 0 44 369 239 0 0 0 248
Total $563,023 6,561 3,031 12,748 8,058 62,351 9,242 12,757 4,398 17,539 12,695 7,586 1,955 32,758 5,884 5,549 3,365 6,592 7,974 2,718 10,711 24,796 15,138 10,854 5,413 5,956 2,550 3,984 6,051 1,624 17,750 5,788 47,820 9,061 2,194 21,795 6,498 21,113 22,505 2,837 5,369 1,141 8,385 17,458 4,029 1,256 18,051 11,306 6,669 18,831 2,329 5,439
STATE F I N A N C E
TA BLE 7 . 1 3 All Other Expendituresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued)
State Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia (b) Hawaii Idaho (c) Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (d) Michigan (e) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio (f) Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (g) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
General fund $212,302 856 1,524 1,680 637 24,565 2,466 9,313 1,350 6,078 5,511 4,609 524 16,595 2,587 1,460 979 2,561 2,359 900 3,948 13,568 3,383 5,870 1,545 2,168 706 1,116 765 478 11,768 1,423 25,680 4,061 381 4,137 2,015 2,468 5,888 1,076 2,499 326 3,783 9,870 1,280 559 6,552 3,558 552 3,526 799 N/A
Federal funds $128,198 2,101 821 3,118 854 19,095 942 1,110 434 7,873 3,061 758 782 2,874 2,857 1,942 715 1,883 3,593 434 2,325 2,479 6,395 2,650 2,729 1,837 793 698 733 561 3,678 1,666 12,403 2,826 134 2,547 2,177 2,894 5,487 996 1,793 324 4,124 245 1,375 507 2,197 2,916 301 2,614 547 N/A
Estimated fiscal 2018 Other state funds $216,950 2,842 1,769 7,379 6,683 23,970 4,527 1,577 2,439 5,825 4,118 1,573 629 7,783 2,040 2,036 1,722 2,099 4,440 1,371 4,436 8,166 4,306 3,450 1,493 1,834 985 2,231 3,553 711 2,756 2,341 9,272 2,826 938 13,920 1,405 16,333 9,267 1,087 1,497 508 2,021 1,680 1,560 165 9,346 4,082 6,083 12,902 974 N/A
Bonds $18,069 168 0 139 33 4,868 0 1,435 103 1,215 305 639 0 96 0 6 103 0 120 31 725 1,195 51 191 469 101 0 0 25 31 0 146 2,266 32 0 1,678 277 70 272 39 0 6 0 507 0 57 336 334 0 0 0 N/A
Total $575,519 5,967 4,114 12,316 8,207 72,498 7,935 13,435 4,326 20,991 12,995 7,579 1,935 27,348 7,484 5,444 3,519 6,543 10,512 2,736 11,434 25,408 14,135 12,161 6,236 5,940 2,484 4,045 5,076 1,781 18,202 5,576 49,621 9,745 1,453 22,282 5,874 21,765 20,914 3,198 5,789 1,164 9,928 12,302 4,215 1,288 18,431 10,890 6,936 19,042 2,320 N/A
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 1 5
STATE FIN A N CE
TA BLE 7 . 1 3 All Other Expenditures—Capital Inclusive (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: National Association of State Budget Officers, 2018 Expenditure Report Note: Small dollar amounts, when rounded, cause an aberration in the percentage increase. In these instances, the actual dollar amounts should be consulted to determine the exact percentage increase. “State funds” refers to general funds plus other state fund spending. State spending from bonds is excluded. “Total funds” refers to funding from all sources—general fund, federal funds, other state funds, and bonds. Key: N/A—Not available (a) CHIP is included in “Medicaid” expenditures, all part of the Department of Health Care Policy and Financing. (b) Capital expenditures for debt service are included under All Other State Expenditures. (c) All Other Capital Expenditures includes all expenditures from the Capital Budget (Permanent Building Fund). Repairs and improvements to existing facilities, as well as the construction of new facilities, are mainly funded here. The expenditures from this budget for higher education, correction, and other facilities cannot be separated.
316 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(d) Figures for FY16–FY18 are re-stated to better align with the NASBO category definitions. Certain items that were previously counted (i.e. interfund transfers, bond refundings, certain administrative items) are now excluded. (e) Public health and community and institutional care for mentally and developmentally disabled persons are partially reported in the Medicaid totals. (f) While employer contributions to current employees’ pensions and employer contributions to employee health benefits are included in the expenditure totals, agencies do not receive specific appropriations for these purposes. Some expenditures in community and institutional care for the developmentally disabled are included in the Medicaid totals. Most of the expenditures of the Ohio Housing Finance Agency occur outside of the state financial system and are excluded from the housing totals. (g) In last year’s report, CHIP was included in total Medicaid expenditures. This year, CHIP has been removed from all years of the survey and is instead reflected in the “All Other” total per the instructions.
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 1 4 State Tax Amnesty Programs, 1982—2019 State or other jurisdiction Alabama
Arizona
Arkansas California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware Florida
Major taxes covered
Accounts receivable included
Collections ($ millions) (a)
Installment arrangements permitted (b)
Amnesty period
Legislative authorization
1/20/84 – 4/1/84
No (c)
All
No
3.2
No
2/1/09 – 5/15/09
Yes
Ind. Income, Corp. Income, Business, Sales & Use
N/A
8.1
N/A
6/30/16 – 8/30/16
Yes
All
No
N/A
No
7/1/18 – 9/30/18
Yes
All (aa)
No
N/A
No
11/22/82 – 1/20/83
No (c)
All
No
6.0
Yes
1/1/02 – 2/28/02
Yes
Individual Income
No
N/A
No
9/1/03 – 10/31/03
Yes
All (t)
N/A
73.0
Yes N/A
5/1/09 – 6/1/09
N/A
All
N/A
32.0
9/1/15 – 10/31/15
Yes
All
Yes
55.5
No
9/1/16 – 10/31/16
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
Yes
9/1/87 – 11/30/87
Yes
All
No
1.7
Yes
7/1/04 – 12/31/04
Yes
All
N/A
N/A
No
12/10/84 – 3/15/85
Yes
Individual Income
Yes
154.0
Yes
Yes
Sales
No
43.0
Yes
2/1/05 – 3/31/05
Yes
Income, Franchise, Sales
N/A
N/A
Yes
9/16/85 – 11/15/85
Yes
All
No
6.4
Yes
6/1/03 – 6/30/03
N/A
All
N/A
18.4
Yes
10/1/11 – 11/15/11
Yes
All
No
N/A
No
9/1/90 – 11/30/90
Yes
All
Yes
54.0
Yes
9/1/95 – 11/30/95
Yes
All
Yes
46.2
Yes
9/1/02 – 12/2/02
N/A
All
N/A
109.0
N/A
5/1/09 – 6/25/09
Yes
All
No
40.0
No
9/16/13 – 11/15/13
Yes
All
Yes
193.5
No
10/31/17 – 11/30/18
No
All
No
N/A
No
9/1/09 – 10/30/09
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
Yes No
1/1/87 – 6/30/87
Yes
Intangibles
No
13.0
1/1/88 – 6/30/88
Yes (d)
All
No
8.4 (d)
No
7/1/03 – 10/31/03
Yes
All
N/A
80.0
N/A
7/1/10 – 9/30/10
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
Yes
Georgia
10/1/92 – 12/5/92
Yes
All
Yes
51.3
No
Hawaii
5/27/09 – 6/26/09
N/A
All
No
14.0
No
Idaho
5/20/83 – 8/30/83
No (c)
Individual Income
No
0.3
No
Illinois
Indiana Iowa Kansas
Kentucky
10/1/84 – 11/30/84
Yes
All (u)
Yes
160.5
No
10/1/03 – 11/17/03
Yes
All
N/A
532.0
N/A
10/1/10 – 11/8/10
Yes
All
Yes
314 (y)
No
9/15/05 – 11/15/05
Yes
All
Yes
244.0
Yes
9/2/86 – 0/31/86
Yes
All
Yes
35.1
N/A
9/4/07 – 10/31/07
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
N/A
7/1/84 – 9/30/84
Yes
All
No
0.6
No
10/1/03 – 11/30/03
Yes
All
Yes
53.7
N/A No
9/1/10 – 10/15/10
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
9/1/15 – 10/15/15
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
No
9/15/88 – 9/30/88
Yes (c)
All
No
100.0
No
8/1/02 – 9/30/02
Yes (c)
All
No
100.0
No
10/1/12 – 11/30/12
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
N/A
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1 7
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 1 4 State Tax Amnesty Programs, 1982—2019 (continued) Amnesty period
Legislative authorization
Major taxes covered
Accounts receivable included
Collections ($ millions) (a)
Installment arrangements permitted (b)
10/1/85 – 12/31/85
Yes
All
No
1.2
Yes (f)
10/1/87 – 12/15/87
Yes
All
No
0.3
Yes (f)
10/1/98 – 12/31/98
Yes
All
No (q)
1.3
No
9/1/01 – 10/30/01
Yes
All
Yes
192.9
No
9/1/09 – 10/31/09
Yes
All
N/A
303.7
N/A
State or other jurisdiction Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
9/23/13 – 11/22/13
Yes
All
Yes
435.0
No
10/15/14 – 11/14/14
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
Yes
11/16/15 – 12/15/15
Yes
All
Yes
11/1/90 – 12/31/90
Yes
All
Yes
29.0
Yes
9/1/03 – 11/30/03
Yes
All
N/A
37.6
N/A
Yes
9/1/09 – 11/30/09
Yes
All
Yes
16.2
No
9/1/87 – 11/2/87
Yes
All
Yes
34.6 (g)
No
9/1/01 – 10/31/01
Yes
All
Yes
39.2
No
9/1/09 – 10/31/09
Yes
Income, Withholding, Sales & Use
Yes
9.6
Yes
9/1/15 – 10/30/15
Yes
All
Yes
10/17/83 – 1/17/84
Yes
All
Yes
86.5
Yes (h)
Yes
10/1/02 – 11/30/02
Yes
All
Yes
96.1
Yes
1/1/03 – 2/28/03
Yes
All
Yes
11.2
N/A
4/1/10 – 6/1/10
Yes
All
Yes
32.6
No
9/2/14 – 10/31/14
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
No
3/16/15 – 5/15/15
Yes
Corporate
Yes
18.6
No
4/1/16 – 5/31/16
Yes
All
No
N/A
No
5/12/86 – 6/30/86
Yes
All
Yes
109.8
No N/A
5/15/02 – 6/30/02
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
5/15/11 – 6/30/11
Yes
All
Yes
76.0
No
Minnesota
8/1/84 – 10/31/84
Yes
All
Yes
12.1
No
Mississippi
9/1/86 – 11/30/86
Yes
All
No
1.0
No
9/1/04 – 12/31/04
Yes
All
No
7.9
No
9/1/83 – 10/31/83
No (c)
All
No
0.9
No
Missouri
8/1/02 – 10/31/02
Yes
All
Yes
76.4
N/A
8/1/03 – 10/31/ 03
Yes
All
Yes
20.0
N/A
9/1/15 – 11/30/15
Yes
All
Yes
Nebraska
8/1/04 – 10/31/04
Yes
All
No
7.5
No
Nevada
2/1/02 – 6/30/02
N/A
All
N/A
7.3
N/A
7/1/08 – 10/28/08
No
Sales, Business, License
Yes
N/A
No
7/1/10 – 10/1/10
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
No
12/1/97 – 2/17/98
Yes
All
Yes
13.5
No
12/1/01 – 2/15/02
Yes
All
Yes
13.5
N/A
12/1/15 – 2/15/16
Yes
All
Yes
18.9
No
9/10/87 – 12/8/87
Yes
All
Yes
186.5
Yes
3/15/96 – 6/1/96
Yes
All
Yes
359.0
No
4/15/02 – 6/10/02
Yes
All
Yes
276.9
N/A N/A
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
No
5/4/09 – 6/15/09
Yes
All
N/A
725.0
10/1/14 – 11/17/14
N/A
All
Yes
N/A
No
11/15/2018 – 1/15/2019
N/A
All
N/A
N/A
N/A
8/15/85 – 11/13/85
Yes
All (i)
No
13.6
Yes
8/16/99 – 11/12/99
Yes
All
Yes
45.0
Yes
6/7/10 – 9/30/10
Yes
All
No
N/A
Yes
11/8/2018 – 12/31/18
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
See footnotes at end of table
318 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 1 4 State Tax Amnesty Programs, 1982—2019 (continued) State or other jurisdiction New York
New York City
Installment arrangements permitted (b)
Amnesty period
Legislative authorization
Major taxes covered
Accounts receivable included
Collections ($ millions) (a)
11/1/85 – 1/31/86
Yes
All (j)
Yes
401.3
Yes
11/1/96 – 1/31/97
Yes
All
Yes
253.4
Yes (o)
11/18/02 – 1/31/03
Yes
All
Yes
582.7
Yes (s)
10/1/05 – 3/1/06
N/A
Income, Corporate
N/A
349.0
N/A
1/15/10 – 3/15/10
Yes
All
Yes
56.5
No
10/20/03 – 1/23/04
Yes
All (v)
Yes (w)
N/A
No
North Carolina
9/1/89 – 12/1/89
Yes
All (k)
Yes
37.6
No
North Dakota
9/1/83 – 11/30/83
No (c)
All
No
0.2
Yes
10/1/03 – 1/31/04
Yes
N/A
N/A
6.9
N/A
Ohio
10/15/01 – 1/15/02
Yes
All
No
48.5
No
1/1/06 – 2/15/06
Yes
All
No
63.0
No
1/1/18 – 2/15/18
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
No
Oklahoma
7/1/84 – 12/31/84
Yes
Income, Sales
Yes
13.9
No (l)
8/15/02 – 11/15/02
N/A
All (r)
Yes
N/A
N/A
9/15/08 – 11/14/08
Yes
All
Yes
81.0
Yes
9/14/15 – 11/13/15
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
Yes
Oregon
10/1/09 – 11/19/09
Yes
Personal, Corporate, Inheritance
No
N/A
No
Pennsylvania
10/13/95 – 1/10/96
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
No
4/26/10 – 6/18/10
Yes
All
Yes
261.0
No
Rhode Island
South Carolina
4/21/17 – 6/19/17
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
No
10/15/86 – 1/12/87
Yes
All
No
0.7
Yes
4/15/96 – 6/28/96
Yes
All
Yes
7.9
Yes
7/15/06 – 9/30/06
N/A
All
Yes
6.5
Yes
9/2/12 – 11/15/12
Yes
All
Yes
22.3
Yes
12/1/17 – 2/15/18
Yes
All
Yes
N/A
Yes
9/1/85 – 11/30/85
Yes
All
Yes
7.1
Yes
10/15/02 – 12/2/02
Yes
All
Yes
66.2
N/A N/A
South Dakota
4/1/99 – 5/15/99
Yes
All
Yes
0.5
Texas
2/1/84 – 2/29/84
No (c)
All (m)
No
0.5
No
3/11/04 – 3/31/04
No (c)
All (m)
No
N/A
No
Vermont Virginia
6/15/07 – 8/15/07
No (c)
All (m)
No
100
No
6/12/12 – 8/17/12
No (c)
All (m)
No
100
No No
5/1/18 – 6/29/18
Yes
All (bb)
No
N/A
5/15/90 – 6/25/90
Yes
All
Yes
1 (e)
No
7/20/09 – 8/31/09
Yes
All
N/A
2.2
N/A
2/1/90 – 3/31/90
Yes
All
Yes
32.2
No
9/2/03 – 11/3/03
Yes
All
Yes
98.3
N/A No
10/7/09 – 12/5/09
Yes
All
Yes
102.1
Washington
2/1/11 – 4/30/11
Yes
All
Yes
346.0
No
West Virginia
10/1/86 – 12/31/86
Yes
All
Yes
15.9
Yes
9/1/04 – 10/31/04
Yes
All
N/A
10.4
Yes
Wisconsin
9/15/85 – 11/22/85
Yes
All
Yes (n)
27.3
Yes
6/15/98 – 8/14/98
Yes
All
Yes
30.9
N/A
7/1/87 – 9/30/87
Yes
All
Yes
24.3
Yes
7/10/95 – 8/31/95
Yes
All (p)
Yes
19.5
Yes (p)
8/2/10 – 9/30/10
Yes
All (p)
Yes
N/A
No
9/30/05 – 3/30/06
Yes
All
N/A
N/A
N/A
Dist. of Columbia
CNMI*
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 1 9
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 1 4 State Tax Amnesty Programs, 1982—2019 (continued) Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators, January 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N/A—Not available. (a) Where applicable, figure includes local portions of certain taxes collected under the state tax amnesty program. (b) “No” indicates requirement of full payment by the expiration of the amnesty period. “Yes” indicates allowance of full payment after the expiration of the amnesty period. (c) Authority for amnesty derived from pre-existing statutory powers permitting the waiver of tax penalties. (d) Does not include intangibles tax and drug taxes. Gross collections totaled $22.1 million, with $13.7 million in penalties withdrawn. (e) Preliminary figure. (f) Amnesty taxpayers were billed for the interest owed, with payment due within 30 days of notification. (g) Figure includes $1.1 million for the separate program conducted by the Department of Natural Resources for the boat excise tax. (h) The amnesty statute was construed to extend the amnesty to those who applied to the department before the end of the amnesty period, and permitted them to file overdue returns and pay back taxes and interest at a later date. (i) The severance taxes, including the six oil and gas severance taxes, the resources excise tax, the corporate franchise tax, and the special fuels tax were not subject to amnesty. (j) Availability of amnesty for the corporation tax, the oil company taxes, the transportation and transmissions companies tax, the gross receipts oil tax and the unincorporated business tax restricted to entities with 500 or fewer employees in the United States on the date of application. In addition, a taxpayer principally engaged in aviation, or a utility subject to the supervision of the State Department of Public Service was also ineligible. (k) Local taxes and real property taxes were not included. (l) Full payment of tax liability required before the end of the amnesty period to avoid civil penalties.
320 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(m) Texas does not impose a corporate or individual income tax. In practical effect, the amnesty was limited to the sales tax and other excises. (n) Waiver terms varied depending upon the date of tax liability was accessed. (o) Installment arrangements were permitted if applicant demonstrated that payment would present a severe financial hardship. (p) Does not include real property taxes. For the 1995 amnesty, all interest was waived on tax payments made before July 31, 1995. After this date, only 50% of the interest was waived. (q) Exception for individuals who owed $500 or less. (r) Except for property and motor fuel taxes. (s) Multiple payments can be made so long as the required balance is paid in full no later than March 15, 2003. (t) All taxes except property, estate and unclaimed property. (u) Does not include the motor fuel use tax. (v) All NYC taxes administered by the NYC Dept. of Finance are covered except for Real Estate Tax. NYC Sales & Use Tax & NYC Resident Personal Income Tax also are not covered because they are administered by the NY State Dept. of Taxation & Finance. (w) Taxpayers under audit as of 3/10/03 are ineligible; Taxpayers with an existing installment agreement are ineligible; Taxpayers under criminal investigation are ineligible; Taxpayers party to an administrative or court proceeding must withdraw as a condition of. (x) The Massachusetts Department of Revenue is required to hold an amnesty to end before June 30, 2010. (y) In Illinois, the 2010 Amnesty collected a total of $717 million, $314 million for the state General Fund and the rest for local governments. (z) In Rhode Island, the full amount must be paid by December 14, 2012. (aa) All taxes except motor fuel, motor vehicle and property taxes. (bb) Does not apply to local motor vehicle tax, IFTA taxes, PUC gross receipts assessments or unclaimed property payments.
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 1 5 A State Excise Tax Rates (As of January 1, 2019) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
General sales and gross receipts tax (percent) 4.0 (a) 5.6 6.5 7.25 (b) 2.9 6.35 (a) 6.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.25 7.0 6.0 6.5 6.0 4.45 5.5 6.0 6.25 6.0 6.875 7.0 4.225 (a) 5.5 6.85 (a) 6.625 5.125 4.0 4.75 5.0 5.75 4.5 (a) 6.0 7.0 6.0 4.5 7.0 6.25 5.95 6.0 5.3 6.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 6.0
Cigarettes (cents per pack) 67.5 (c) 200 200 115 287 84 435 210 133.9 (d) 37 320 57 198 (c) 99.5 136 129 110 108 200 200 351 200 304 (e) 68 17 (c) 170 64 180 178 270 166 435 (c) 45 44 160 203 133 260 425 57 153 62 (c)(f) 141 170 308 30 (c) 302.5 120 252 60 450 (g)
Distilled spirits Excise tax rate ($ per gallon) (h) 12.8 (i) 3 2.5 (i) 3.3 (i) 2.28 5.4 (i) 4.5 (i) 6.5 (i) 3.79 (i) 5.98 (h) 8.55 (i) 2.68 (i) (h) 2.5 (i) 1.92 (i) 3.03 (h) 1.5 (i) 4.05 (i) (h) 5.03 (i) (h) 2 (h) 3.75 3.6 (i) (h) 5.5 6.06 6.44 (i) (h) 2.5 (i) (h) 5.56 (i) (h) (h) 5.40 2.72 (i) 3.93 (i) 4.4 (i) 2.4 (i) (h) (h)(i) (h) 14.27 (i)(j) (h) 3.25 (i) (h) 1.5 (i)
Sales taxes applied Yes N.A. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N.A. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes N.A. Yes Yes Yes Yes N.A. Yes N.A. Yes Yes N.A. Yes Yes N.A. Yes Yes Yes Yes (k) N.A. Yes Yes N.A. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes N.A. Yes Yes Yes N.A.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 2 1
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 1 5 A State Excise Tax Rates (As of January 1, 2019) (continued) Source: Compiled by The Federation of Tax Administrators from various sources, January 2019. Key: N.A.—Not applicable (a) These states do not have a general sales and gross receipts tax. (b) The tax rate may be adjusted annually according to a formula based on balances in the unappropriated general fund and the school foundation fund. (c) Counties and cities may impose an additional tax on a pack of cigarettes: in Alabama, 1¢ to 25¢; Illinois, 10¢ to $4.18; Missouri, 4¢ to 7¢; New York City, $1.50; Tennessee, 1¢; and Virginia, 2¢ to 15¢. (d) Florida’s rate includes a surcharge of $1 per pack. (e) In addition, Minnesota imposes an in lieu cigarette sales tax determined annually by the Department. The current rate is 58.8¢ through Dec. 31, 2019. (f) Dealers pay an additional enforcement and administrative fee of 0.05¢ in Tennessee. (g) In addition, District of Columbia imposes an in lieu cigarette sales tax calculated every March 31. The current rate is 44¢. (h) In 17 states, the government directly controls the sales of distilled spirits. Revenue in these states is generated from various taxes, fees, price mark-ups, and net liquor profits. (i) Other taxes in addition to excise taxes for the following states: Alaska, under 21%—$2.50/gallon; Arkansas, under 5%—$0.50/gallon, under 21%—$1.00/gallon; $0.20/case; 3% off—14% on-premise
322 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
retail taxes; California, over 50%—6.6./gallon; Connecticut, under 7%—$2.46/gallon; Delaware, 25% or less—$3.00/gallon; Florida, under 17.259%—$2.25/gallon, over 55.780%—$9.53/gallon; Georgia, $0.83/gallon local tax; Illinois, under 20%—$1.39/gallon; $2.68/gallon in Chicago and $2.50/gallon in Cook County; Indiana, under 15%—$0.47/gallon; Kansas, 8% off—and 10% on-premise retail tax; Kentucky, under 6%—$0.25/gallon; $0.05/case and 11% wholesale tax; Maryland, 9% sales tax; Massachusetts, under 15%—$1.10/gallon, over 50% alcohol—$4.05/proof gallon; 0.57% on private club sales; Minnesota, $0.01/bottle (except miniatures) and 9% sales tax; Nevada, 5% to 14%—$0.70/gallon, 15% to 22%— $1.30/gallon; New York, under 24%—$2.54/gal.; additional $1.00/gal. in New York City; North Dakota, 7% state sales tax; Oklahoma, 13.5% on-premise; South Carolina, $5.36/case and 9% surtax; additional 5% on-premise tax; South Dakota, under 14%—$0.93/gallon; 2% wholesale tax; Tennessee, 15% on-premise; under 7%—$1.10/gallon.; Texas, 14.95% on-premise and $0.05/drink on airline sales; Vermont, 10% on-premise sales tax; Washington, $9.24/gal. on-premise, 20.5% retail sales tax, 13.7% sales tax to on-premise; Wisconsin, $0.03/ gallon administrative fee; Dist. of Columbia, 9% off- and on-premise sales tax. (j) Washington privatized liquor sales effective June 1, 2012. (k) General sales tax applies to on-premise sales only.
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 1 5 B State Motor Fuel Tax Rates (As of January 1, 2019) State or other jurisdiction Federal (b) Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona (b)(i) Arkansas California (h) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida (i)(c) Georgia (f) Hawaii (a) Idaho Illinois (a)(b)(d) Indiana (f) Iowa Kansas Kentucky (d)(e) Louisiana Maine Maryland (f) Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska (f) Nevada (a) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina (f) North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon (a) Pennsylvania (f) Rhode Island (b)(j) South Carolina (b)(j) South Dakota (a) Tennessee (a)(j) Texas Utah (e) Vermont (f) Virginia (a)(g) Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Excise 18.3 18.0 8.0 18.0 21.5 41.7 22.0 25.0 23.0 18.1 27.5 16.0 32.0 19.0 29.0 30.5 24.0 24.6 20.0 30.0 35.3 24.0 26.3 28.5 18.0 17.0 31.5 29.6 23.0 22.2 10.5 17.0 8.05 36.2 23.0 28.0 19.0 34.0 57.6 33.0 20.0 28.0 25.0 20.0 30.0 12.1 16.2 49.4 20.5 30.9 23.0 23.5
Gasoline Fee/Tax 0.1 0.95 1.0 0.3 6.0
13.925
1 1.1
1.03 1.4 0.125
0.1 0.4 0.42 0.9 0.805 1.625 30.9 1.875 17.7 0.25
1.0
1 0.75 2 1.4
19.09
15.2 2.0 1
Total 18.4 18.0 8.95 19.0 21.8 47.7 22.0 25.0 23.0 31.425 27.5 16.0 33.0 20.1 29.0 30.5 25.03 26.0 20.125 30.0 35.3 24.0 26.3 28.6 18.4 17.4 31.5 30.5 23.805 23.825 41.4 18.875 25.75 36.45 23.0 28.0 20.0 34.0 57.6 34.0 20.75 30.0 26.4 20.0 30.0 31.19 16.2 49.4 35.7 32.9 24.0 23.5
Excise 24.3 19.0 8.0 26.0 22.5 36.0 20.5 43.9 22.0 19.1 30.8 16.0 32.0 21.5 48.0 32.5 26.0 21.6 20.0 31.2 36.05 24.0 26.3 28.5 18.0 17.0 29.25 29.6 27.0 22.2 13.5 21.0 8.0 36.2 23.0 28.0 19.0 34.0 74.1 33.0 20.0 28.0 24.0 20.0 30.0 28.0 20.2 49.4 20.5 30.9 23.0 23.5
Diesel fuel Fee/Tax 0.1 0.95 1.0 0.3 31.0
13.8
1 1.1
1.03 1.4 0.125
0.1 0.4 0.42 0.3 0.75 1.625 35.0 1.875 15.95 0.25
1.0
1 0.75 2 1.4
4.0
15.2 2.0 1
Total 24.4 19.0 8.95 27.0 22.8 67.0 20.5 43.9 22.0 32.3 30.8 16.0 33.0 22.6 48.0 32.5 27.03 23.0 20.125 31.2 36.05 24.0 26.3 28.6 18.4 17.4 29.25 29.9 27.75 23.825 48.5 22.875 23.95 36.45 23.0 28.0 20.0 34.0 74.1 34.0 20.75 30.0 25.4 20.0 30.0 32.0 20.2 49.4 35.7 32.9 24.0 23.5
Excise 13.0 18.0 8.0 18.0 21.5 41.7 22.0 25.0 23.0 18.1 27.5 16.0 32.0 19.0 29.0 29.0 24.0 24.6 20.0 30.0 35.3 24.0 26.3 28.5 18.0 17.0 31.5 29.6 23.0 22.2 10.5 17.0 8.05 36.2 23.0 28.0 19.0 34.0 57.6 33.0 20.0 26.6 25.0 20.0 30.0 12.1 16.2 49.4 20.5 30.9 23.0 23.5
Gasohol Fee/Tax 0.1 0.95 1.0 0.3 6.0
13.925
1 1.1
1.03 1.4 0.125
0.1 0.4 0.3 0.9 0.805 1.625 30.9 1.875 17.7 0.25
1.0
1 0.75 2 1.4
19.09
15.2 2.0 1
Total 13.1 18.0 8.95 19.0 21.8 47.7 22.0 25.0 23.0 31.425 27.5 16.0 33.0 20.1 29.0 29.0 25.03 26.0 20.125 30.0 35.3 24.0 26.3 28.6 18.4 17.3 31.5 30.5 23.805 23.825 41.40 18.875 25.8 36.45 23.0 28.0 20.0 34.0 57.6 34.0 20.75 28.6 26.4 20.0 30.0 31.19 16.2 49.4 35.7 32.9 24.0 23.5
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 2 3
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 1 5 B State Motor Fuel Tax Rates (As of January 1, 2019) (continued) Source: Compiled by The Federation of Tax Administrators from various sources, January 2018. Note: The tax rates listed are fuel excise taxes collected by distributors/ suppliers/retailers in each state. Additional taxes may apply to motor carriers. Carrier taxes are coordinated by the International Fuel Tax Association. Key: (a) Tax rates do not include local option taxes. In AL, 1–3 cents; HI, 8.8 to 18.0 cents; IL, 5 cents in Chicago and 6 cents in Cook county (gasoline only); NV, 4.0 to 9.0 cents; OR, 1 to 5 cents; SD and TN, one cent; and VA, 2.1%. (b) LUST tax. (c) Local taxes for gasoline and gasohol vary from 0 cents to 6.0 cents. Includes Inspection Fee, SCETS, and Statewide Local Tax. (d) Carriers pay an additional surcharge equal to IL—13.4 cents, KY—2% (g) 4.7% (d). (e) Tax rate is based on the average wholesale price and is adjusted annually. The actual rates are: KY, 9%; and UT, 16.5%. (f) Portion of the rate is adjustable based on maintenance costs, sales volume, cost of fuel to state government, or inflation. (g) Large trucks pay an additional (d) 3.5 cents (g) 12.6 cents. Actual rates (g) 5.1%, (d) 6%. (h) California Gasoline subject to 2.25% sales tax. Diesel subject to a 9.25% sales tax. (i) Diesel rate specified is the fuel use tax rate on large trucks. Small vehicles are subject to 18 cent tax rate. (j) On July 1, 2019, RI fuel excise tax will increase to 34 cents, SC tax will increase to 22 cents, and the TN tax rates will increase to 26 cents (g) and 27 cents (d).
324 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(k) Alaska—Refining surcharge Arkansas—Environmental fee California—Includes prepaid sales tax Connecticut—Plus a 8.1% Petroleum tax (gas) Delaware—Plus 0.9% GRT Florida—Sales tax added to excise Georgia—Local sales tax additional Hawaii—Sales tax additional Idaho—Clean water fee Illinois—Sales tax add & env. Indiana—Sales tax additional Kansas—Environmental & inspection fees Kentucky—Environmental fee Louisiana—Inspection fee Minnesota—Inspection fee Mississippi—Environmental fee Missouri—Inspection & Load fees Nebraska—Petroleum fee Nevada—Inspection & cleanup fee New Hampshire—Oil discharge cleanup fee New Jersey—Petroleum fee New Mexico—Petroleum loading fee New York—Petroleum Tax, Sales tax additional North Carolina—Inspection tax Oklahoma—Environmental fee Pennsylvania—Oil franchise tax only South Carolina—Inspection fee South Dakota—Inspection fee (gasohol E10) Tennessee—Petroleum Tax & Envir. Fee Vermont—Cleanup Fee & Trans. Fee West Virginia—Sales tax added to excise Wisconsin—Petroleum inspection fee Wyoming—License tax
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 1 6 A State Sales Tax Rates and Food and Drug Exemptions (As of January 1, 2019) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California (b) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Tax rate (percentage) 4.0 none 5.6 6.5 7.25 2.9 6.35 none 6.0 4.0 4.0 6.0 6.25 7.0 6.0 6.5 6.0 4.45 5.5 6.0 6.25 6.0 6.875 7.0 4.225 none 5.5 6.85 none 6.625 5.125 4.0 4.75 5.0 5.75 4.5 none 6.0 7.0 6.0 4.5 7.0 6.25 5.95 (d) 6.0 5.3 (e) 6.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 6.0
Food (a) … none ★ 1.5% (c) ★ ★ ★ none ★ ★(c) … … 1% ★ ★ … ★ ★(c) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ … 1.225% none ★ ★ none ★ ★ ★ ★(c) ★ ★ … none ★ ★ ★ … 4% (c) ★ 3.0% (d) ★ 2.5% (e) ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Source: Compiled by FTA from various sources, January 2019. Key: «—Indicates exempt from tax. …—Indicates subject to general sales tax rate. (a) Some states tax food, but allow a rebate or income tax credit to compensate poor households. They are: HI, ID, KS, OK, and SD.
Exemptions Prescription drugs ★ none ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ none ★ ★ ★ ★ 1% ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ none ★ ★ none ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ none ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★ ★
Nonprescription drugs … none … … … … … none ★ … … … 1% … … … … … … ★ … … ★ … … none … … none ★ … ★ … … … … none ★ … … … … ★ … ★ ★ … … … … ★
(b) Tax rate may be adjusted annually according to a formula based on balances in the unappropriated general fund and the school foundation fund. (c) Food sales subject to local taxes. (d) Includes a statewide 1.25% tax levied by local governments in Utah. (e) Includes statewide 1.0% tax levied by local governments in Virginia.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 2 5
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 1 6 B State Sales Tax Rates and Vendor Discounts (As of January 1, 2019) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana (b) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (i) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire (k) New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah (c) Vermont Virginia (c) Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia U.S. Median
State sales Vendor discount tax rate (percent) Rank (percent) Max/Min 4.0% 41 5.0%-2.0% (a) $400/month (max) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.6 28 1 (b) $10,000/year (max) 6.5 9 2.0 $1,000/month (max) 7.25 1 None 2.9 46 3.33 (c) 6.35 12 None ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.0 16 2.5 $30/report (max) 4.0 41 3.0–0.5 (a) 4.0 41 None 6.0 16 None (d) 6.25 13 1.75 $5/year (min) 7.0 2 0.73 (e) 6.0 16 None 6.5 9 None 6.0 16 1.75–1.5 (a) $50/month (max) 4.5 36 84.000% 5.5 29 None (d) 6.0 16 1.2–0.90 (a) $500/return (max) 6.25 13 None $6/month (min), $15,000/month (max) 6.0 16 0.5 (f) 6.875 6 None 7.0 2 2.0 $50/month (max) 4.225 39 2.0 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.5 29 2.5 $75/month (max) 6.85 6 0.25 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.625 8 None 5.125 31 None 4.0 41 5.0 $200/quarter (max) 4.75 34 None 5.0 32 1.5 $110/month (max) 5.75 27 0.75 4.5 36 1.0 2,500/month (max) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ N/A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.0 16 1.0 $25/month (min) 7.0 2 None 6.0 16 3.0–2.0 (a) $10,000/year (max) 4.5 36 1.5 $70/month (max) 7.0 2 None 6.25 13 0.5 (h) 4.7 34 1.31 6.0 16 None (d) 4.3 39 1.6–0.8 (j) 6.5 9 None 6.0 16 None 5.0 32 0.5 $10/period (min), $1,000 (max) 4.0 41 1.95–1.0 (a) $500/month (max) 6.00 16 None 6.00 28 states allow vendor discounts
See footnotes at end of table
326 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 1 6 B State Sales Tax Rates and Vendor Discounts (As of January 1, 2019) (continued) Source: Compiled by FTA from various sources. January 2019. Key: N/A—Not available (a) In some states, the vendors’ discount varies by the amount paid. In AL and SC, the larger discounts apply to the first $100. In GA, the larger discount applies to the first $3,000. In KY, the larger discounts apply to the first $1,000, while MD applies the larger discount to annual collections of $6,000. In WY, the larger discount applies to the first $6,250. The lower discounts apply to the remaining collections above these amounts. (b) In Arizona, vendor discount rate is 1.2% for electronic filers with a $12,000 annual maximum. (c) Local option sales tax discount varies from 0% to 3.33%. (d) Vendors are allowed to keep any excess collections prescribed under the bracket system.
(e) Utilities are not permitted to take discount. Collection allowances are 0.73% if total sales tax collected is less than $60,000; 0.53% if total taxes are between $60,000 and $600,000; 0.26% if total sales tax collected is more than $600,000. (f) Vendor discount only applies to the first 4.0% of the tax. A 0.75% discount if paid by the 12th of the month. (g) New Hampshire imposes a 9% tax on meals and rooms, with a vendor discount of 3%. (h) An additional discount of 1.25% applies for early payment. (i) Rate does not include a statewide local rate of 1.0% in VA and 1.25% in UT. In UT, a discount of 1% is applicable to local taxes. (j) Discount varies; 1.1% (1.6% for food) of the first $62,500, 0.84% (1.2%) of the amount to $208,000, and 0.56% (0.8%) of the remainder. Applies to the state tax only. No discount allowed on electronically filed returns.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 2 7
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 1 7 State Individual Income Taxes (Tax rates for the tax year 2019—as of January 1, 2019) Tax rate range (in percents) State or other jurisdiction Alabama
Low 2.0
–
Income brackets
High
Number of brackets
Lowest
5.0
3
500 (b)
–
Personal exemptions
Standard deduction
Highest
Single
Married
Dependents
Single
Married
3,001 (b)
1,500
3,000
500 (e)
2,500 (y)
7,500 (y)
Federal income tax deductible ★
Alaska
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (No state income tax) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
…
Arizona (a)
2.59
–
4.54
5
158,996 (b)
2,200
4,400
2,200
5,312
10,613
…
Arkansas (a)
0.9
– 6.9 (f)
6
4,299
–
35,100
26 (c)
52 (c)
26 (c)
2,200
4,400
…
California (a)
1.0
9
8,544 (b)
–
572,980 (b)
184 (c)
236 (c)
367 (c)
4,401 (a)
8,802 (a)
…
Colorado
4.63
1
----------------- Flat rate ----------------
(d)
(d)
(d)
12,200 (d)
24,400 (d)
…
Connecticut
3.0
–
6.99
7
10,000 (b) –
0
(h)
(h)
…
Delaware
0.0
–
6.6
7
110 (c)
3,250
6,500
…
Florida
12.3 (g)
10,601 (b) –
2,000
–
500,000 (b) 60,001
15,000 (h) 24,000 (h) 110 (c)
220 (c)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (No state income tax) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
…
Georgia
1.0
–
5.75
6
750 (i)
–
7,001 (i)
2,700
7,400
3,000
4,600
6,000
…
Hawaii
1.4
–
11.0
12
2,400 (b)
–
200,000 (b)
1,144
2,288
1,144
2,200
4,400
…
Idaho (a)
1.125 – 6.925
7
1,504 (b)
–
11,279 (b)
(d)
(d)
(d)
12,200 (d)
24,400 (d)
…
Illinois (a)
4.95
1
----------------- Flat rate ----------------
2,225
4,450
2,225
…
…
…
Indiana
3.23
1
----------------- Flat rate ----------------
1,000
2,000
2,500 (j)
…
…
…
Iowa (a)
0.33
–
8.53
9
71,910
40 (c)
80 (c)
40 (c)
2,080 (a)
5,120 (a)
★
Kansas
3.1
–
5.7
3
30,000 (b)
2,250
4,500
2,250
3,000
7,500
…
Kentucky
5.0
1
----------------- Flat rate ----------------
----------------------- None ----------------------
2,530
2,530
…
Louisiana
2.0
–
6.0
3
12,500 (b) –
50,001 (b)
4,500 (k)
9,000 (k)
1,000
(k)
(k)
★
Maine (a)
5.8
–
7.15
3
21,450 (l) –
50,750 (l)
4,200
8,400
4,200
12,200 (d)
24,400 (d)
…
Maryland
2.0
–
5.75
8
1,000 (m) –
250,000 (m)
3,200
6,400
3,200
2,250 (z)
4,500 (z)
…
Massachusetts
5.05
1
----------------- Flat rate ----------------
4,400
8,800
1,000
…
…
…
Michigan (a)
4.25
1
----------------- Flat rate ----------------
4,050
8,100
4,050
…
…
…
Minnesota (a)
5.35
–
9.85
4
26,520 (n) –
163,890 (n)
4,150 (d)
8,300 (d)
4,150 (d)
6,500 (d)
13,000 (d)
…
Mississippi
3.0
–
5.0
3
5,000
–
10,001
6,000
12,000
1,500
2,300
4,600
…
Missouri (a)
1.5
–
5.4
9
1,053
–
8,424
(d)
(d)
(d)
12,200 (d)
24,400 (d)
★(o)
Montana (a)
1.0
–
6.9
7
3,000
–
17,900
2,440
4,800
2,400
4,580 (z)
9,160 (z)
★(o)
Nebraska (a)
2.46
–
6.84
4
3,230 (b)
–
31,160 (b)
137 (c)
274 (c)
137 (c)
6,900
13,800
…
Nevada
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (No state income tax) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
…
New Hampshire
----------------------------------------------------------- (State income tax of 5% on dividends and interest income only.) -----------------------------------------------------------
…
1,598
–
15,000 (b) –
New Jersey
1.4
– 10.75
6
20,000 (p) – 5,000,000 (p)
New Mexico
1.7
–
4.9
4
5,500 (q)
–
New York (a)(aa)
4.0
–
8.82
8
8,500 (b)
– 1,077,550 (b)
North Carolina
5.25
1
----------------- Flat rate ----------------
North Dakota (a)
1.1
–
2.90
5
39,450 (r) –
Ohio (a)
0.0
4.997
8
10,850
Oklahoma
0.5
–
5.0
6
Oregon (a)
5.0
–
9.9
Pennsylvania
3.07
Rhode Island (a)
3.75
–
5.99
3
64,050
–
145,600
4,100
8,200
4,100
South Carolina (a)
0.0
–
7.0
6
3,030
–
15,160
(d)
(d)
(d)
12,200 (d)
South Dakota Tennessee
16,001 (q)
1,000
2,000
1,500
…
…
(d)
(d)
(d)
12,200 (d)
24,440 (d)
…
0
0
1,000
8,000
16,000
…
----------------------- None ----------------------
…
10,000
20,000
…
433,200 (r)
(d)
(d)
(d)
12,200 (d)
24,400 (d)
…
–
217,400
2,350 (s)
4,700 (s)
2,350 (s)
…
…
…
1,000 (t)
–
7,200 (t)
1,000
2,000
1,000
6,350
12,700
…
4
3,350 (b)
–
125,000 (b)
206 (c)
412 (c)
206 (c)
2,215
4,435
★(o)
1
----------------- Flat rate ----------------
…
…
…
8,750 (y)
17,500 (y)
…
24,400
…
----------------------- None ----------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (No state income tax) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(State income tax of 2% on dividends and interest income only (x).)
1,250
2,500
0
…
…
… …
Texas
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (No state income tax) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
…
Utah
4.95
Vermont (a)
3.55
–
Virginia
2.0
–
Washington
1
----------------- Flat rate ----------------
8.75
5
38,700 (v) –
5.75
4
3.0
–
6.5
5
Wisconsin (a)
4.0
–
7.65
4
Dist. of Columbia
–
…
…
(u)
(u)
…
195,450 (v)
4,150
8,300
4,150
6,000
12,000
…
17,001
930
1,860
930
3,000
6,000
…
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (No state income tax) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
West Virginia Wyoming
3,000
…
2,000
4,000
2,000
…
…
…
258,950 (w)
700
1,400
700
10,860 (y)
20,110 (y)
…
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (No state income tax) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
…
–
8.95
5
–
…
60,000
4.0
10,000
11,760 (w) – 10,000
See footnotes at end of table
328 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
–
1,000,000
(d)
(d)
(d)
12,200 (d)
24,400 (d)
…
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 1 7 State Individual Income Taxes (Tax rates for the tax year 2019—as of January 1, 2019) (continued) Source: The Federation of Tax Administrators from various sources, February 2019. Key: ★—Provision for …—No provision (a) 19 states have statutory provision for automatically adjusting to the rate of inflation the dollar values of the income tax brackets, standard deductions, and/or personal exemptions. Michigan indexes the personal exemption only. Oregon does not index the income brackets for $125,000 and over. (b) For joint returns, taxes are twice the tax on half the couple’s income. (c) The personal exemption takes the form of a tax credit instead of a deduction. (d) These states use the personal exemption/standard deduction amounts provided in the federal Internal Revenue Code. Note, the Tax Cut and Reform Act of 2017 has eliminated personal exemptions from the IRC. CO, ID, NM, ND, SC, and DC have adopted the new exemptions and standard deduction amounts. MN conforms to a previous IRC year, while ME adopts the higher standard deduction but retains the exemption amounts. (e) In Alabama, the per-dependent exemption is $1,000 for taxpayers with state AGI of $20,000 or less, $500 with AGI from $20,001 to $100,000, and $300 with AGI over $100,000. (f) Arkansas has separate brackets for taxpayers with income under $75,000 and $21,000. The tax rates for lower income taxpayers are scheduled to decrease beginning in tax year 2019. (g) California imposes an additional 1% tax on taxable income over $1 million, making the maximum rate 13.3% over $1 million. (h) Connecticut’s personal exemption incorporates a standard deduction. An additional tax credit is allowed ranging from 75% to 0% based on state adjusted gross income. Exemption amounts are phased out for higher income taxpayers until they are eliminated for households earning over $71,000. (i) The Georgia income brackets reported are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $1,000 to $10,000. (j) In Indiana, includes an additional exemption of $1,500 for each dependent child. (k) The amounts reported for Louisiana are a combined personal exemption-standard deduction. (l) The income brackets reported for Maine are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $43,700 to $103,400.
(m) The income brackets reported for Maryland are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $1,000 to $300,000. (n) The income brackets reported for Minnesota are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $38,770 to $273,150. (o) The deduction for federal income tax is limited to $5,000 for individuals and $10,000 for joint returns in Missouri and Montana, and to $6,500 for all filers in Oregon. (p) The New Jersey rates reported are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the tax rates also range from 1.4% to 10.75%, with 8 brackets and the same high and low income ranges. (q) The income brackets reported for New Mexico are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $8,000 to $24,000. (r) The income brackets reported for North Dakota are for single individuals. For married couples filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $65,900 to $433,200. (s) Ohio provides an additional tax credit of $20 per exemption. Exemption amounts reduced for higher income taxpayers. (t) The income brackets reported for Oklahoma are for single persons. For married persons filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $2,000 to $12,200. (u) Utah provides a tax credit equal to 6% of the federal personal exemption amounts (and applicable standard deduction). (v) Vermont’s income brackets reported are for single individuals. For married taxpayers filing jointly, the same tax rates apply to income brackets ranging from $64,600 to $237,950. (w) The Wisconsin income brackets reported are for single individuals. For married taxpayers filing jointly, the same tax rates apply income brackets ranging from $15,680 to $345,270. (x) Tennessee Hall Tax Rate on Dividends and Interest is being phased out, 1% reduction each year. (y) Alabama standard deduction is phased out for incomes over $23,000. Rhode Island exemptions and standard deductions phased out for incomes over $203,850; Wisconsin standard deduciton phased out for income over $15,660. (z) Maryland standard deduction limited to 15% of AGI; Montana, 20% of AGI. (aa) New York top tax bracket is scheduled to be repealed for tax year 2020.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 2 9
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 1 8 State Personal Income Taxes: Federal Starting Points (As of January 1, 2019) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Federal tax base used as starting point Relation to Internal Revenue Code to calculate state taxable income … … -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No state income tax'------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1/1/17 Adjusted gross income … … 1/1/15 Adjusted gross income Current Taxable income Current Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No state income tax’------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2/9/18 Adjusted gross income 2/9/18 Adjusted gross income 12/21/17 Taxable income Current Adjusted gross income 2/11/18 Adjusted gross income 3/24/2018 (a) Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 12/31/17 Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 3/23/18 Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 1/1/05 Adjusted gross income Current (b) Adjusted gross income 12/16/16 Taxable income … … Current Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No state income tax’------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------On interest and dividends only'-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------… … Current Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 2/9/18 Adjusted gross income Current Taxable income 3/30/17 Adjusted gross income Current Adjusted gross income 12/31/17 Taxable income … … Current Adjusted gross income 3/9/18 Taxable income -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No state income tax’------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------On interest and dividends only’------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No state income tax’------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Current Adjusted gross income 12/31/17 Taxable income 2/9/18 Adjusted gross income -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No state income tax’------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------12/31/17 Adjusted gross income 12/31/17 Adjusted gross income -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------No state income tax’------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Current Adjusted gross income
Source: Compiled by the Federation of Tax Administrators from various sources. January 2019. Note: Includes all legislation enacted through January 1, 2019. The TCJA was signed into law on December 22, 2017, and the Bipartisan Budget Act revising many expired tax breaks was sign on February 9, 2018. A conformity date before these dates would not incorporate those changes.
330 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Key: …—State does not employ a federal starting point. Current—Indicates state has adopted the Internal Revenue Code as currently in effect. Dates indicate state has adopted IRC as amended to that date. (a) Iowa will use a conformity to Current IRC for tax years beginning in 2020. (b) Michigan’s taxpayers can choose to use either current or 1/1/2018 federal law.
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 1 9 Range of State Corporate Income Tax Rates (For tax year 2019—as of January 1, 2019) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Tax brackets Financial institution tax Federal income tax Tax rate (percent) Lowest Highest Number of brackets rates (percent)(a) deductible 6.5 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 6.5 ★ 0–9.4 25,000 222,000 10 0–9.4 … 4.9 (b) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 4.9 (b) … 1.0–6.5 3,000 100,001 6 1.0–6.5 … 8.84 (b) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 10.84 (b) … 4.63 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 4.63 … 7.5 (c) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 7.5 (c) … 8.7 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 8.7–1.7 (d) … 5.5 (e) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 5.5 (e) … 5.75 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 5.75 … 4.4–6.4 (f) 25,000 100,001 3 7.92 (f) … 6.925 (g) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 6.925 (g) … 9.5 (h) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 9.5 (h) … 5.75 (i) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 6.25 … 6.0–12.0 25,000 250,001 4 5.0 ★(j) 4.0 (k) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 2.25 (k) … 5.0 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 (a) … 4.0–8.0 25,000 200,001 5 4.0–8.0 ★ 3.5–8.93 350,000 3,500,000 4 1.0 (l) … 8.25 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 8.25 … 8.0 (m) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 9.0 (m) … 6.0 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 (a) … 9.8 (n) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 9.8 (n) … 0–5.0 2,000 10,001 4 0–5.0 … 6.25 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 7.0 ★(j) 6.75 (o) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 6.75 (o) … 5.58–7.81 100,000 2 (a) … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No corporate income tax --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.7 (p) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 7.7 (p) … 9.0 (q) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 9.0 (q) … 4.8–5.9 500,000 2 4.8–5.9 … 6.5 (r) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 6.5 (r) … 2.5 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 2.5 … 1.41–4.31 (s) 25,000 50,001 3 1.41–4.31 (s) … ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (t) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(t) 6.0 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 6.0 … 6.6–7.6 (u) 1 million 2 6.6–7.6 (u) … 9.99 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 (a) … 7.0 (b) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 9.0 (b) … 5.0 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 4.5 (v) … --------------------------------------------------------------- No corporate income tax --------------------------------------------------------------6.0–0.25 (b) … 6.5 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 6.5 … (w) (w) … 4.95 (b) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------4.95 (b) … 6.0–8.5 (b) 10,000 25,000 3 (a) … 6.0 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 6.0 … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No corporate income tax --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.5 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 6.5 … 7.9 -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 7.9 … --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- No corporate income tax --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.25 (b) -------------------------------- Flat Rate -------------------------------1 8.25 (b) …
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 3 1
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 1 9 Range of State Corporate Income Tax Rates (For tax year 2019—as of January 1, 2019) (continued) Source: Compiled by the Federation of Tax Administrators from various sources January 2019. Key: ★—Yes …—No (a) Rates listed are the corporate income tax rate applied to financial institutions or excise taxes based on income. Some states have other taxes based upon the value of deposits or shares. (b) Minimum tax is $800 in California, $250 in District of Columbia, $50 in Arizona and North Dakota (banks), $400 in Rhode Island, $200 per location in South Dakota (banks), $100 in Utah, $300 in Vermont. (c) Connecticut’s tax is the greater of the 7.5% tax on net income, a 0.31% tax on capital stock and surplus (maximum tax of $1 million), or $250 (the minimum tax). (d) The Delaware Bank marginal rate decreases over 4 brackets ranging from $20 to $650 million in taxable income. Building and loan associations are taxed at a flat 8.7%. (e) The Florida tax rate may be adjusted downward if certain revenue targets are met. (f) Hawaii taxes capital gains at 4%. Financial institutions pay a franchise tax of 7.92% of taxable income (in lieu of the corporate income tax and general excise taxes). (g) Idaho’s minimum tax on a corporation is $20. The $10 Permanent Building Fund Tax must be paid by each corporation in a unitary group filing a combined return. Taxpayers with gross sales in Idaho under $100,000, and with no property or payroll in Idaho, may elect to pay 1% on such sales (instead of the tax on net income). (h) The Illinois rate of 9.5% is the sum of a corporate income tax rate of 7.0% plus a replacement tax of 2.5%. (i) The Indiana Corporate tax rate is scheduled to decrease to 5.5% on July 1, 2019. Bank tax rate is scheduled to decrease to 6.0% on 1/1/20. (j) 50% of the federal income tax is deductible. (k) In addition to the flat 4% corporate income tax, Kansas levies a 3.0% surtax on taxable income over $50,000. Banks pay a privilege tax of 2.25% of net income, plus a surtax of 2.125% (2.25% for savings and loans, trust companies, and federally chartered savings banks) on net income in excess of $25,000. (l) The state franchise tax on financial institutions is either (1) the sum of 1% of the Maine net income of the financial institution for the taxable year, plus 8¢ per $1,000 of the institution’s Maine assets as of the end of its taxable year, or (2) 39¢ per $1,000 of the institution’s Maine assets as of the end of its taxable year. (m) Business and manufacturing corporations pay an additional tax of $2.60 per $1,000 on either taxable Massachusetts tangible property or taxable net worth allocable to the state (for intangible property corporations). The minimum tax for both corporations and financial institutions is $456.
332 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(n) In addition, Minnesota levies a 5.8% tentative minimum tax on Alternative Minimum Taxable Income. (o) Montana levies a 7% tax on taxpayers using water’s edge combination. The minimum tax per corporation is $50; the $50 minimum applies to each corporation included on a combined tax return. Taxpayers with gross sales in Montana of $100,000 or less may pay an alternative tax of 0.5% on such sales, instead of the net income tax. (p) New Hampshire’s 7.7% Business Profits Tax is imposed on both corporations and unincorporated associations with gross income over $50,000. In addition, New Hampshire levies a Business Enterprise Tax of 0.675% on the enterprise base (total compensation, interest and dividends paid) for businesses with gross receipts over $208,000 or enterprise base over $104,000, adjusted every biennium for CPI. The Business Profits Tax is scheduled to decrease to 7.5% for tax year 2021. (q) New Jersey also imposes a 2.5% surtax on taxpayers with income over $1 million in tax year 2019; surtax is reduced to 1.5% in 2020 and 21. Small businesses with annual entire net income under $100,000 pay a tax rate of 7.5%; businesses with income under $50,000 pay 6.5%. The minimum Corporation Business Tax is based on New Jersey gross receipts. It ranges from $500 for a corporation with gross receipts less than $100,000, to $2,000 for a corporation with gross receipts of $1 million or more. (r) New York’s General business corporate rate shown. Corporations may also be subject to a capital stocks tax, which is being phased out through 2021. A minimum tax ranges from $25 to $200,000, depending on receipts ($250 minimum for banks). Certain qualified New York manufacturers pay 0%. (s) North Dakota imposes a 3.5% surtax for filers electing to use the water’s edge method to apportion income. (t) Ohio no longer levies a tax based on income (except for a particular subset of corporations), but instead imposes a Commercial Activity Tax (CAT) equal to $150 for gross receipts sitused to Ohio of between $150,000 and $1 million, plus 0.26% of gross receipts over $1 million. Banks continue to pay a franchise tax of 1.3% of net worth. For those few corporations for whom the franchise tax on net worth or net income still applies, a litter tax also applies. (u) Oregon’s minimum tax for C corporations depends on the Oregon sales of the filing group. The minimum tax ranges from $150 for corporations with sales under $500,000, up to $100,000 for companies with sales of $100 million or above. (v) South Carolina taxes savings and loans at a 6% rate. (w) Texas imposes a Franchise Tax, otherwise known as margin tax, imposed on entities with more than $1,130,000 total revenues at rate of 0.75%, or 0.375% for entities primarily engaged in retail or wholesale trade, on lesser of 70% of total revenues or 100% of gross receipts after deductions for either compensation or cost of goods sold.
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2019 State Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Title and application of tax (a)
Rate
Iron Ore Mining Tax (c)
$.03/ton
Forest Products Severance Tax
Varies by species and ultimate use.
Oil and Gas Conservation & Regulation of Production Tax
1% of production from wells permitted from July 1, 1996 thru June 30, 2002 for five years from first production; 1.66% of gross proceeds from offshore production from depths greater than 8,000 feet below mean sea level; 2% of all other production.
Oil and Gas Privilege Tax on Production
8% of gross value at point of production; 4% of gross value at point of incremental production resulting from a qualified enhanced recovery project; 4% if wells produce 25 bbl. or less oil per day or 200,000 cu. ft. or less gas per day; 6% of gross value at point of production for certain on-shore and off-shore wells. A 50% rate reduction for wells permitted by the oil and gas board on or after July 1, 1996 and before July 1, 2002 for 5 years from initial production, except for replacement wells for which the initial permit was dated before July 1, 1996; 3.65% gross proceeds from offshore production greater than 8,000 ft. below sea level.
Coal Severance Tax
$0.335/ton (a $0.135/ton tax rate and $0.20/ton tax rate). Effective Aug. 1, 2017, the additional tax rates for coal are $0.025 per ton on underground mining and $0.05 per ton on surface mining. The additional tax will expire two years after its effective date.
Local Solid Minerals Tax
Varies by county for sand, clay, gravel, granite, shale, and other products.
Uniform Natural Minerals Tax
$.10/ton.
Common Property Fisheries Assessment (b)
$0.10/lb; determined annually by the department of revenue.
Dive Fishery Management Assessment (b)
Elective; currently 5% or 7% of value for select dive fishery species in select management regions.
Fisheries Business Tax
Tax based on unprocessed value of fishery resources processed in or exported from the state. 1% of value for shore-based processing in developing fisheries; 3% of value for floating processing in developing fisheries or shore-based processing in established fisheries; 4.5% of value for salmon cannery processing in established fisheries; 5% of value for floating processing in established fisheries.
Fishery Resource Landing Tax
Tax based on unprocessed value of fishery resources processed outside and first landed in the state. 1% of value for developing fisheries; 3% of value for established fisheries.
Mining License Tax
Up to 7% of net income and royalties received in connection with mining properties and activities in Alaska. Quarry rock, sand and gravel, and marketable earth mining operations are exempt from the mining license tax. New mining operations exempt for 3-1/2 years after production begins.
Alaska Oil Production Tax
Alaska will impose a base rate of 35 percent on oil companies' net profits in the state.
Salmon Enhancement Tax (b)
Elective; 2% or 3% of value for salmon sold in or exported from select aquaculture regions.
Seafood Development Tax (b)
Elective; currently 1% of value for select commercial fish species in select seafood development regions.
Seafood Marketing Assessment (b)
Elective; currently 0.5% of value for all commercial fish species exported from, landed or processed in-state.
Severance Tax
.025% for metalliferous mining; 0.0313% for nonmetal mining. Additional severance taxes on these and other products are levied at the city or county level. For timber, $2.13 per thousand for board fee (Ponderosa) and $1.50 per thousand board feet (other).
Timber Severance Tax
$0.178/ton (pine), all other $0.125/ton.
Natural Gas Severance Tax
1.25%, 1.5%, and 5% depending on well classification.
Oil Severance Tax
Crude oil 4% to 5% depending on production levels; additional taxes of 5 mils and $0.02 per barrel of oil produced in the state.
Other Severance Taxes
Separate Rate for each Substance.
Oil and Gas Conservation Assessment
Maximum 43 mills/bbl. of oil and 9 mills per MCF produced of gas.
Oil and Gas Production Assessment
Rate determined annually by Department of Conservation to fund agency operations; no state severance tax. The assessment rate for fiscal year 2018/19 is $0.5547977.
Lumber Products Assessment
1% on purchases of lumber products and engineered wood products for use in California, based on the selling price of the products.
Severance Tax
$0.803 for amount of coal produced above 300,000 tons, rate updated monthly by the department of revenue. 2.25% for metallic minerals above $19 million in gross producer income. $0.05/ton of molybdenum above 625,000 tons. Oil and gas rate varies from 2% to 5% depending on gross income brackets; up to 15 barrels per day of oil 90,000 cubic feet of gas per producing day are exempt. Oil shale is taxed based on years of operation, where 1 year = 1%, 2 years = 2%, etc. up to 4% of the gross proceeds above the threshold and after the first 180 days of production.
Oil and Gas Conservation Levy (d)
0.07% charge on all oil, natural gas, and CO2 produced
See footnotes at end of table
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TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2019 (continued) State Florida
Idaho Illinois
Title and application of tax (a)
Rate
Oil Production Tax
5% of gross value for small well oil, and 8% of gross value for ordinary oil production, and 12.5% for escaped oil; tiered formula for tertiary oil.
Gas and Sulfur Production Tax
The gas base rate ($0.171) times the gas base adjustment rate each fiscal year for gas (2018–19 rate $0.219 per MCF); and the sulfur base rate ($2.43) times the sulfur base rate adjustment each fiscal year for sulfur (2018–19 rate $5.38 per ton).
Solid Minerals Tax (e)
8% of the value of the minerals severed; heavy minerals (rate computed annually at $1.34/ton plus times the base rate adjustment currently at 2.97226). Year 2018 Tax Rate $3.98 per ton; phosphate rock (rate computed annually at a base rate of $1.80/ton).
Mine License Tax
1% of net value of ores mined or extracted and royalties received from mining.
Oil and Gas Production Tax
2.5% of the gross income earned for the sale of oil and gas.
Oil and Gas Production Tax
For first 24 months, rate for oil and gas is 3% of the value. Thereafter, rate will be 6% of the value of gas and rate on oil will be based on each well’s average daily production (ADP). ADP less than 25 barrels, rate is 3%; ADP of at least 25 and less than 50 barrels, rate is 4%; ADP of at least 50 and less than 100 barrels, rate is 5%; at least 100 barrels, rate is 6%.
Timber Fee
4% of purchase price (g).
Indiana
Petroleum Severance Tax (h)
1% of value of petroleum; $0.24 per barrel for oil; and $0.03 per 1000 cu. ft. of natural gas.
Kansas
Mineral Tax (i)
8% of gross value of oil and gas, less property tax credit of 3.67%; and $1/ton of coal.
Oil Inspection Fee/Barrel (i)
$0.015/barrel.
Oil and Gas Conservation Tax
91.00 mills/bbl. crude oil or petroleum marketed or used each month; 12.9 mills/1,000 cu. ft. of gas sold or marketed each month.
Mined-Land Conservation & Reclamation Tax
“The first-time fee for a mining license is $300. Licenses must be renewed annually. The annual renewal fee varies between $25 and $150 depending upon the amount of material sold or consumed in the previous year. Plus per ton fee of $.03.”
Oil Production Tax
4.5% of market value.
Coal Severance Tax
4.5% of gross value, less transportation expenses; $0.50/ton minimum for extraction and processing.
Natural Resource Severance Tax
4.5% of gross value, less transportation expenses.
Natural Gas Severance Tax (j)
The natural gas severance tax rate effective July 1, 2018 through June 30, 2019 has been set at 12.2 cents per thousand cubic feet (MCF) measured at a base pressure of 15.025 pounds per square inch absolute and at the temperature base of 60 degrees Fahrenheit.
Oil/Condensate Severance Tax (j)
Value on a per barrel basis (42 gallons) the rates are: full-rate, 12.5%; incapable oil rate, 6.25%; stripper oil rate, 3.125%; reclaimed oil, 3.125%; produced water full-rate, 10%; produced water incapable oil rate, 5.0%; produced water stripper oil rate, 2.5%.
Timber Severance Tax (j)
Trees and timber: 2.25% of current stumpage value. Pulpwood: 5% of current stumpage value.
Mineral Severance Tax (j)
Sulfur, $1.03 per long ton of 2,240 lbs; salt, $0.06 per ton of 2,000 lbs; marble, $0.20 per ton; stone, $0.03 per ton; sand, $0.06 per ton; lignite, $0.12 per ton; salt content in brine, when used in the manufacture of other products and not marketed as salt: $0.005 per ton.
Oil Field Site Restoration Fee
$.015 per barrel of oil and condensate; $.003 for every thousand cubic feet of gas.
Freshwater Mussel Tax
5% of revenues from the sale of whole freshwater mussels, at the point of first sale.
Maine
Mining Excise Tax
The greater of a tax on facilities and equipment or a tax on gross proceeds.
Maryland
Mine Reclamation Surcharge
$.15/ton of coal removed by open-pit, strip or deep mine methods. Of the $.15, $.06 is remitted to the county from which the coal was removed.
Michigan
Gas and Oil Severance Tax
5% (gas), 6.6% (oil) and 4% (oil from stripper wells and marginal properties) of gross cash market value of the total production. Maximum additional fee of 1% of gross cash market value on all oil and gas (2019 fee).
Minnesota
Taconite and Iron Sulfides
$2.659 per taxable ton of concentrates or pellets (rate indexed to inflation by law).
Direct Reduced Iron (k)
$2.659 per taxable ton of concentrates plus an additional $.03 per ton for each 1% that the iron content exceeds 72%.
Natural Gas Severance Tax
6% of value at point of gas production; 1.3% for gas produced from a horizontally drilled well for the first 30 months from the first sale of production or until payout of the well cost is achieved, whichever comes first.
Oil Severance Tax
6% of value at point of oil production; 3% reduced rate for wells using the enhanced oil recovery method; 1.3% for oil produced from a horizontally drilled well for the first 30 months from the first sale of production or until payout of the well cost is achieved, whichever comes first.
Timber Severance Tax
Varies depending on type of wood and ultimate use.
Salt Severance Tax
3% of value of entire production in state.
Kentucky
Louisiana
Mississippi
See footnotes at end of table
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TA BLE 7 . 2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2019 (continued) State Montana
Title and application of tax (a)
Rate
Coal Severance Tax
Varies from 3% to 15% depending on quality of coal and type of mine.
Metal Mines License Tax (l)
Progressive rate, taxed on amounts in excess of $250,000. For concentrate shipped to smelter, mill or reduction work, 1.81%. Gold, silver or any platinum group metal shipped to refinery, 1.6%.
Oil and Gas Conservation Tax
Maximum 0.3% on the market value of each barrel of crude petroleum oil or 10,000 cu. ft. of natural gas produced, saved and marketed or stored within or exported from the state. (m)
Oil and Natural Gas Production Tax
Varies from 0.8% to 15.1% according to the type of well and type of production.
Micaceous Mineral Mines License Tax
$.05/ton of concentrates mined, extracted, or produced.
Cement and Gypsum License Tax (n)
$.22/ton of cement, $.05/ton of gypsum or gypsum products.
Resource Indemnity Trust & Ground Water Assessment Tax
$25 plus 0.5% of gross value greater than $5,000. For talc, $25 plus 4% of gross value greater than $625. For coal, $25 plus 0.40% of gross value greater than $6,250. For vermiculite, $25 plus 2% of gross value greater than $1,250. For limestone, $25 plus 10% of gross value greater than $250. For industrial garnets, $25 plus 1% of gross value greater than $2,500.
Electrical Energy Producers License Tax
$.0002/kilowatt-hour of electrical energy generated, manufactured or produced.
Oil and Gas Severance Tax
3% of value of nonstripper oil and natural gas; 2% of value of stripper oil.
Oil and Gas Conservation Tax
0.3%.
Uranium Tax
2% of gross value over $5 million. The value of the uranium severed subject to tax is the gross value less transportation and processing costs.
Minerals Extraction Tax
Between 2% and 5% of net proceeds of each geographically separate extractive operation, based on ratio of net proceeds to gross proceeds of whole operation.
Oil and Gas Conservation Tax
$50/mills/bbl. of oil and 50 mills/50,000 cu. ft. of gas.
Refined Petroleum Products Tax
0.1% of fair market value.
Excavation Tax
$.02 per cubic yard of earth excavated.
Timber Tax
10% of stumpage value at the time of cutting. Not assessed under the general property tax but rather is taxed by municipalities.
Resources Excise Tax
Severance: potash .5%, molybdenum .125%, all others .75% of value. Processing: timber .375%. Potash .125%. Molybdenum .125%. All others .75%.
Severance Tax
Copper .5%, Timber .125% of value. Pumice, gypsum, sand, gravel, clay, fluorspar and other nonmetallic minerals, .125% of value. Gold, silver .20%; Lead, zinc, thorium, molybdenum, manganese, rare earth and other .125% of value.
Oil and Gas Severance Tax
Rate varies according to type of well and production.
Oil and Gas Emergency School Tax
3.15% of value of oil, other liquid hydrocarbons and carbon dioxide. 4% of value of natural gas.
Natural Gas Processor’s Tax
$0.116/Mmbtu tax on volume.
Oil and Gas Ad Valorem Production Tax
Varies, based on property tax in district of production.
Oil and Gas Conservation Tax (p)
0.19% of value.
Primary Forest Product Assessment Tax
$.50/1,000 board ft. for softwood sawtimber, $.40/1,000 board ft. for hardwood sawtimber, $.20/ cord for softwood pulpwood, $.12/cord hardwood pulpwood.
Extracted Energy Minerals Tax
Oil and condensates: 2% of gross price paid. Gas: 0.9% of the market value as determined in as determined in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 105-187.78.
Oil Gross Production Tax
5% of gross value at well.
Gas Gross Production Tax
$0.705/MCF rate through June 30, 2019.
Coal Severance Tax
$.375/ton plus $.02/ton. (r)
Oil Extraction Tax
5%, adjusted between 5% and 6% whenever the average price is above or below the “trigger price” per bbl for 3 consecutive months. The “trigger price” is set by the tax commissioner each year and is $90 for 2018.
Ohio
Resource Severance Tax
$.10/bbl. of oil; $.025/1,000 cu. ft. of natural gas; $.04/ton of salt; $.02/ton of sand, gravel, limestone and dolomite; $.10/ton of coal; and $0.01/ton of clay, sandstone or conglomerate, shale, gypsum or quartzite.
Oklahoma
Oil, Gas and Mineral Gross Production Tax
0.75% levied on asphalt and metals. 7% on gross production of oil and gas after the first three years of production. During the first 3 years of production, rate of 5% of gross production. Oil Gross Production Tax is now a variable rate tax, beginning with January 1999 production, at the following rates based on the average price of Oklahoma oil: a) If the average price equals or exceeds $17/bbl, the tax shall be 7%; b) If the average price is less than $17/bbl, but is equal to or exceeds $14/bbl, the tax shall be 4%; c) If the average price is less than $14/bbl, the tax shall be 1%.
Petroleum Excise Tax (r)
Oil and Natural gas .095%.
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Mexico
North Carolina
North Dakota
See footnotes at end of table
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TA BLE 7 . 2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2019 (continued) State Oregon
Title and application of tax (a)
Rate
Forest Products Harvest Tax
$4.2811/1000 board ft. harvested from public and private land.—through Dec. 31, 2019. The first 25,000 board feet of timber harvested by an owner each year is exempt.
Oil and Gas Production Tax
6% of gross value at well.
STF Severance Tax—Eastern Oregon Forestland Option
$4.65/1000 board ft. harvested from land under the Small Tract Forestland Option—through Dec. 31, 2019
STF Severance Tax—Western Oregon Forestland Option
$5.98/1000 board ft. harvested from land under the Small Tract Forestland Option—through Dec. 31, 2019
Pennsylvania
Natural Gas Impact Fee
The state issues an annual fee based on the average price of gas for that year along with the number on a schedule that considers a wells years in production. Local fees and taxes determined by county.
South Carolina
Forest Renewal Tax
Softwood products: 50 cents per 1,000 board feet or 20 cents per cord. Hardwood products: 25 cents per 1,000 board feet or 7 cents per cord.
South Dakota
Precious Metals Severance Tax
$4 per ounce of gold severed plus additional tax depending on price of gold; 10% on net profits or royalties from sale of precious metals, and 8% of royalty value.
Energy Minerals Severance Tax (s)
4.5% of taxable value of any energy minerals.
Conservation Tax
2.4 mills of taxable value of any energy minerals.
Oil and Gas Severance Tax
3% of sales price.
Coal Severance Tax (t)
$1.00/ton (effective 7/17/13).
Mineral Tax
Up to $0.15 per ton, rate set by county legislative body.
Natural Gas Production Tax
7.5% of market value of gas. Condensate Production Tax: 4.6% of market value of gas.
Crude Oil Production Tax
4.6% of market value or $.046/bbl.
Cement Production Tax
$0.55 per ton or $.0275/100 lbs. or fraction of 100 pounds of taxable cement.
Oil-Field Cleanup Regulatory Fees
5/8 of $.01/barrel; 1/15 of $.01/1000 cubic feet of gas. (f)
Oyster Sales Fee
$1 per 300 lb. barrel of oysters taken from Texas waters.
Mining Severance Tax
2.6% of taxable value for metals or metalliferous minerals sold or otherwise disposed of.
Oil and Gas Severance Tax
3% of value for the first $13 per barrel of oil, 5% from $13.01 and above; 3% of value for first $1.50/mcf natural gas, 5% from $1.51 and above; and 4% of taxable value of natural gas liquids.
Oil and Gas Conservation Fee
.002% of market value at wellhead.
Forest Products Tax
$1.15 per 1000 feet B.M. of pine lumber and 1000 board feet of pine logs. $0.475 collected per cord of pine pulpwood.
Coal Surface Mining Reclamation Tax
Varies depending on balance of Coal Surface Mining Reclamation Fund and the type of mine.
Enhanced Food Fish Tax
0.09% to 5.62% of value (depending on species) at point of landing.
Timber Excise Tax
5% of stumpage value for harvests on public and private lands.
Coal Severance Tax
Coal: State rate is greater of 5% or $.75 per ton Special state rates for coal from new low seam mines. For seams between 37" and 45" the rate is greater of 2% or $.75/ton (1.65% for state purposes and .35% for distribution to local governments). For seams less than 37" the rate is greater of 1% or $.75/ton (.65% for state purposes and .35% for distribution to local governments). For coal from gob, refuse piles, or other sources of waste coal, the rate is 2.5% (distributed to local governments). Additional tax for workers' compensation debt reduction is $.56/ton. Special reclamation taxes at $.02/clean ton.
Natural Resource Severance Taxes
5% for sand, gravel, oil, natural gas, coalbed methane, limestone, sandstone, or other natural gas liquids
Timber Severance Tax
1.50%
Mining Net Proceeds Tax
Progressive net proceeds tax ranging from 0% to 15% is imposed on the net proceeds from mining metalliferous minerals. The tax brackets are annually adjusted for inflation based on the change in the GNP deflator.
Oil and Gas Severance Tax
7% of market value of oil or gas at the mouth of the well.
Forest Crop Law Severance Tax
$2.52 per acre, rate effective through 2022.
Managed Forest Law Tax
Open land $2.04/acre; close land $10.20/acre.
Severance Taxes
Severance Tax is defined as an excise tax imposed on the present and continuing privilege of removing, extracting, severing or producing any mineral in this state. Except as otherwise provided by W.S. 39-14-205. The total Severance Tax on crude oil, lease condensate or natural gas shall be six percent (6%). Stripper oil is taxed at four percent (4%). Surface coal is taxed at seven percent (7%). Underground coal is taxed at three and three-fourths percent (3.75%). Trona is taxed at four percent (4%). Bentonite, sand and gravel, and all other minerals are taxed at two percent (2%). Natural Gas (6%) Uranium (4%).
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Virginia
Washington West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
See footnotes at end of table
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TA BLE 7 . 2 0 State Severance Taxes: 2019 (continued) Sources: The Council of State Governments, February 2019. Note: Severance tax collection totals may be found in the Chapter Seven table entitled “State Government Revenue, By Type of Tax.” Key: (a) Application of tax is same as that of title unless otherwise indicated by a footnote. (b) Tax rates and applicability for these severance taxes determined by a vote of the appropriate association within the seafood industry, by the Alaska Seafood Marketing Institute, or by the Department of Revenue. Proceeds from these elective assessments are customarily appropriated for benefit of the seafood industry. (c) The iron ore tax was suspended as of Oct. 1, 2014 by administrative rule due to the cost of administering the collection of the tax exceeded the total amount of the tax collected. (d) As of July 1, 2007, set at .0007 mill/$1. (e) Clay, gravel, phosphate rock, lime, shells, stone, sand, heavy minerals and rare earths. (f) Counties and municipalities also authorized to levy severance taxes on sand, gravel, sandstone, chert and limestone at a rate up to $.15/ton. (g) Buyer deducts amount from payment to grower; amount forwarded to Department of Natural Resources. (h) Petroleum, oil, gas and other hydrocarbons. Oil inspection fee rate based Department of Revenue factsheet. (i) Coal, oil and gas, based on Department of Revenue information. (j) Oil inspection fee rate based Department of Revenue factsheet. (k) Coal, oil and gas, based on Department of Revenue information.
(l) Production is considered commercial when it exceeds 50,000 tons annually. There is a six-year phase-in of the tax. In years one and two, the rate is zero. In year three, it is 25% of the statutory rate and 50% and 75% in years four and five respectively. An Aggregate Materials Tax is imposed by resolution of county boards. It is not required that any county impose the tax, which is $.10/cubic yard or $.07/ton on materials produced in the county. (m) Metals, precious and semi-precious stones and gems. (n) The maximum rate of 0.3% is split between the Oil or Gas Conservation Tax and the Oil, Gas and Coal Natural Resource Account Fund. Currently the Oil or Gas Conservation Tax is .18% and the Oil, Gas and Coal Natural Resource Account fund tax rate is .08%. (o) Cement and gypsum or allied products. (p) Natural resources except oil, natural gas, liquid hydrocarbons or carbon dioxide. (q) Oil, coal, gas, liquid hydrocarbons, geothermal energy, carbon dioxide and uranium. (r) Rate reduced by 50 percent if burned in cogeneration facility using renewable resources as fuel to generate at least 10 percent of its energy output. Coal shipped out of state is subject to the $.02/ton tax and 30% of the $.375/ton tax. The coal may be subject to up to the $.375/ton tax at the option of the county in which the coal is mined. (s) Asphalt and ores bearing lead, zinc, jack, gold, silver, copper or petroleum or other crude oil or other mineral oil, natural gas or casinghead gas and uranium ore. (t) Any mineral fuel used in the production of energy, including coal, lignite, petroleum, oil, natural gas, uranium and thorium.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 3 7
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 2 1 State Government Tax Revenue, By State and Selected Types of Tax: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) Sales and State Total taxes gross receipts Licenses United States $942,879,767 $450,954,427 $54,953,901 Alabama 10,418,152 5,247,294 529,607 Alaska 1,189,786 263,120 134,928 Arizona 13,888,611 8,539,726 505,494 Arkansas 9,516,281 4,701,868 384,559 California 155,632,088 47,940,362 10,525,972 Colorado 13,197,606 5,128,852 748,284 Connecticut 16,345,525 6,649,708 442,290 Delaware 3,588,905 556,490 1,503,083 Florida 40,218,365 33,339,556 2,032,331 Georgia 22,419,440 8,807,950 672,897 Hawaii 7,029,026 4,365,856 269,224 Idaho 4,511,208 2,245,356 383,702 Illinois 37,978,923 18,629,894 2,793,983 Indiana 18,051,598 10,894,428 681,547 Iowa 9,755,430 4,613,085 947,549 Kansas 8,173,821 4,301,565 421,080 Kentucky 11,907,759 5,649,708 500,447 Louisiana 11,104,720 7,014,497 368,318 Maine 4,232,556 2,165,142 274,760 Maryland 21,599,795 9,242,760 866,391 Massachusetts 27,518,360 8,818,347 1,112,162 Michigan 28,628,517 13,696,741 1,787,867 Minnesota 25,594,522 10,607,635 1,477,319 Mississippi 7,783,031 4,988,338 480,741 Missouri 12,495,505 5,403,936 590,747 Montana 2,654,444 576,214 329,874 Nebraska 5,103,105 2,407,514 182,791 Nevada 8,624,618 6,923,284 666,527 New 2,496,719 959,384 329,719 Hampshire New Jersey 32,325,850 13,388,614 1,550,059 New Mexico 5,776,271 3,069,641 307,671 New York 79,678,037 25,362,583 1,814,065 North 26,855,304 11,699,036 2,235,904 Carolina North Dakota 3,465,326 1,349,428 213,985 Ohio 30,306,468 19,573,408 2,300,778 Oklahoma 8,569,402 3,764,895 1,062,358 Oregon 11,914,567 1,598,677 1,067,836 Pennsylvania 37,853,091 19,629,437 2,240,809 Rhode Island 3,266,663 1,691,782 110,461 South 9,828,825 4,637,349 518,886 Carolina South Dakota 1,828,543 1,517,973 269,481 Tennessee 13,893,728 10,010,965 1,635,495 Texas 53,612,926 46,897,352 3,432,901 Utah 7,832,889 3,530,809 321,715 Vermont 3,127,523 1,058,569 127,049 Virginia 22,213,025 6,916,097 856,649 Washington 23,997,592 19,170,768 1,453,628 West Virginia 5,092,275 2,672,887 148,951 Wisconsin 18,133,496 7,972,959 1,179,054 Wyoming 1,649,550 762,588 161,973
Individual Corporation income net income $350,876,257 $44,627,601 3,624,543 520,113 0 87,775 3,445,650 368,136 2,767,767 396,989 84,196,751 10,112,520 6,791,929 528,541 7,959,492 897,247 1,180,975 246,175 0 2,383,783 10,977,693 971,898 2,095,601 184,840 1,660,248 216,641 13,256,769 2,877,499 5,435,292 1,025,498 3,655,462 432,020 2,327,652 386,966 4,394,185 458,650 2,949,939 291,321 1,534,866 175,239 9,066,709 1,001,934 14,724,277 2,196,474 9,485,325 1,195,399 10,956,205 1,227,028 1,834,688 407,913 6,149,468 307,443 1,177,958 125,003 2,228,486 264,440 0 0
Property taxes Death and gift $16,495,316 $4,713,097 395,930 0 120,805 0 993,615 0 1,137,886 198 2,681,872 1,360 0 0 0 218,789 0 2,156 0 644 989,001 0 0 18,968 0 0 63,283 280,940 12,251 1,571 1,840 84,649 683,827 0 709,772 46,345 70,366 0 38,643 11,718 777,064 227,940 6,598 336,633 2,124,075 26 854,945 129,657 28,589 4 31,643 0 274,431 0 123 0 300,490 0
Documentary and stock transfer $8,922,512 46,150 0 17,613 43,255 0 0 177,725 98,889 2,427,903 1 94,537 0 76,555 0 20,825 0 3,530 0 32,188 214,581 323,869 310,149 245,089 0 12,191 0 16,462 90,479
Other $2,477,534 0 0 0 27,944 79,323 0 274 1,137 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 202,416 0 0 50,051 0 59 3,480 0 575,233
65,467
573,653
0
405,186
0
163,310
0
13,958,119 1,338,768 44,631,769
2,109,930 91,876 4,026,353
0 886,620 0
4,761 81,694 0
748,630 1 1,190,881
565,736 0 1,312,358
1 0 1,340,028
12,086,332
757,041
1,892
0
713
74,386
0
319,507 8,377,450 3,122,602 8,379,225 12,063,782 1,238,928
60,871 8,833 157,894 633,046 2,344,344 129,732
1,517,134 45,256 441,971 15,293 0 0
4,401 0 0 20,065 43,360 2,633
0 743 177 198,363 931,908 70,601
0 0 19,505 2,062 577,586 22,526
0 0 0 0 21,865 0
4,142,276
375,655
0
37,518
0
117,141
0
0 249,977 0 3,621,199 743,630 13,052,887 0 1,813,866 7,792,543 0
30,728 1,726,223 0 329,577 81,395 826,961 0 116,305 959,699 0
10,176 1,261 3,282,673 29,589 0 2,583 35,055 321,031 10,151 446,410
0 0 0 0 1,056,635 31,232 2,097,507 7,248 132,022 274,005
0 14,904 0 0 16,670 8,202 167,972 0 1,733 1
185 236,169 0 0 38,857 385,278 1,072,649 11,987 70,786 0
0 18,734 0 0 4,718 133,136 13 0 14,549 4,573
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this
338â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Severance $8,859,122 54,515 583,158 18,377 55,815 93,928 0 0 0 34,148 0 0 5,261 0 1,011 0 52,731 145,122 410,279 0 0 0 28,935 46,593 42,758 18 167,484 3,289 68,605
table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/ technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 2 2 State Government Sales and Gross Receipts Tax Revenue: 2017 (In thousands of dollars)
State Total $450,954,427 United States Alabama 5,247,294 Alaska 263,120 Arizona 8,539,726 Arkansas 4,701,868 California 47,940,362 Colorado 5,128,852 Connecticut 6,649,708 Delaware 556,490 Florida 33,339,556 Georgia 8,807,950 Hawaii 4,365,856 Idaho 2,245,356 Illinois 18,629,894 Indiana 10,894,428 Iowa 4,613,085 Kansas 4,301,565 Kentucky 5,649,708 Louisiana 7,014,497 Maine 2,165,142 Maryland 9,242,760 Massachusetts 8,818,347 Michigan 13,696,741 Minnesota 10,607,635 Mississippi 4,988,338 Missouri 5,403,936 Montana 576,214 Nebraska 2,407,514 Nevada 6,923,284 New Hampshire 959,384 New Jersey 13,388,614 New Mexico 3,069,641 New York 25,362,583 North Carolina 11,699,036 North Dakota 1,349,428 Ohio 19,573,408 Oklahoma 3,764,895 Oregon 1,598,677 Pennsylvania 19,629,437 Rhode Island 1,691,782 South Carolina 4,637,349 South Dakota 1,517,973 Tennessee 10,010,965 Texas 46,897,352 Utah 3,530,809 Vermont 1,058,569 Virginia 6,916,097 Washington 19,170,768 West Virginia 2,672,887 Wisconsin 7,972,959 Wyoming 762,588
Selective sales taxes General sales or gross Motor Insurance Public Tobacco Alcoholic receipts Total fuels premiums utilities products beverages $299,777,017 $151,177,410 $45,034,425 $20,891,409 $12,383,308 $18,644,357 $6,619,789 2,654,883 2,592,411 588,992 339,719 688,756 188,783 217,790 0 263,120 45,944 62,500 4,370 67,555 40,097 6,566,503 1,973,223 856,495 536,820 22,325 310,706 74,126 3,384,394 1,317,474 487,517 213,212 0 228,540 55,831 35,357,699 12,582,663 4,842,749 2,422,105 728,045 852,894 370,714 2,978,382 2,150,470 653,790 256,212 0 199,989 44,866 4,236,619 2,413,089 484,479 199,497 283,433 381,778 63,155 0 556,490 129,487 100,144 53,798 112,349 20,577 25,346,166 7,993,390 2,727,802 959,339 1,972,968 1,197,666 323,393 5,729,916 3,078,034 1,741,092 480,154 0 220,774 193,438 3,239,225 1,126,631 87,026 170,118 122,159 124,160 51,167 1,650,498 594,858 353,548 91,985 15,752 50,883 9,468 11,363,366 7,266,528 1,348,414 418,582 1,527,274 781,528 294,304 7,556,326 3,338,102 854,529 235,171 193,613 434,351 49,403 3,205,997 1,407,088 674,603 113,469 31,386 220,938 22,535 3,209,506 1,092,059 458,008 310,420 378 138,504 137,801 3,490,639 2,159,069 701,440 153,728 58,298 243,096 146,227 4,215,378 2,799,119 634,883 813,975 9,110 174,001 77,107 1,441,867 723,275 252,870 95,943 21,944 144,243 19,266 4,609,538 4,633,222 1,078,313 516,533 138,251 386,965 32,151 6,240,822 2,577,525 769,442 397,519 26,727 619,437 85,397 9,223,737 4,473,004 1,210,628 337,254 28,381 1,038,594 159,378 5,888,795 4,718,840 912,644 486,403 54 681,018 88,222 3,526,913 1,461,425 443,522 327,778 1,490 145,059 41,835 3,604,570 1,799,366 720,849 432,560 0 100,391 37,863 0 576,214 189,561 108,383 43,505 83,606 32,926 1,835,037 572,477 354,234 54,350 44,297 56,954 30,911 4,756,243 2,167,041 326,425 359,741 24,676 195,371 45,011 0 959,384 152,086 108,013 53,427 203,102 12,678 9,591,881 3,796,733 532,878 579,642 984,612 697,577 137,757 2,258,767 810,874 242,627 163,453 30,633 89,703 44,916 14,132,141 11,230,442 1,647,240 1,381,080 811,992 1,265,699 257,690 7,656,898 4,042,138 1,922,400 517,095 259 292,138 394,838 872,176 477,252 189,718 63,558 46,595 28,977 8,872 13,343,149 6,230,259 1,984,392 629,684 1,147,894 1,109,777 107,060 2,465,383 1,299,512 473,960 304,448 42,267 320,200 118,260 0 1,598,677 529,658 68,481 113,022 247,406 18,796 10,509,734 9,119,703 3,143,576 808,250 1,235,942 1,401,259 386,816 996,390 695,392 90,990 120,587 97,711 140,074 20,873 3,285,007 1,352,342 583,476 228,259 28,278 26,383 177,317 1,065,361 452,612 189,133 66,496 3,103 61,809 16,933 7,260,193 2,750,772 915,858 912,324 7,398 256,762 187,125 32,490,144 14,407,208 3,585,179 2,325,941 614,565 1,467,486 1,228,641 2,533,961 996,848 487,731 130,122 24,351 116,158 50,002 375,870 682,699 81,020 59,895 8,589 76,686 26,028 3,970,133 2,945,964 997,561 479,192 118,088 171,198 224,426 14,509,841 4,660,927 1,812,646 603,963 504,117 430,022 354,939 1,334,168 1,338,719 383,874 120,163 107,719 194,647 17,782 5,223,935 2,749,024 1,044,996 202,387 357,757 644,478 61,203 588,866 173,722 114,140 24,762 3,999 22,683 1,878
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this
Amusements Pari-mutuels Other $7,723,624 $118,408 $39,762,090 0 1,226 567,145 10,668 0 31,986 0 129 172,622 60,380 2,497 269,497 0 14,743 3,351,413 97,630 625 897,358 297,003 5,792 697,952 0 63 140,072 207,144 7,800 597,278 0 0 442,576 0 0 572,001 0 637 72,585 835,445 6,131 2,054,850 477,977 1,866 1,091,192 300,172 3,484 40,501 313 0 46,635 174 6,643 849,463 698,306 4,659 387,078 54,400 1,479 133,130 847,455 1,182 1,632,372 65,744 902 612,357 113,048 3,487 1,582,234 63,870 863 2,485,766 132,778 0 368,963 366,839 0 140,864 59,819 46 58,368 5,780 154 25,797 919,642 3 296,172 538 633 428,907 218,650 0 645,617 77,959 842 160,741 2,930 16,396 5,847,415 7 0 915,401 3,161 1,728 134,643 261,950 5,525 983,977 20,807 1,064 18,506 0 1,928 619,386 1,406,354 10,381 727,125 0 1,122 224,035 38,814 0 269,815 8,853 319 105,966 0 0 471,305 29,745 6,321 5,149,330 0 0 188,484 0 0 430,481 84 0 955,415 0 1,805 953,435 38,958 2,611 472,965 227 131 437,845 0 3,191 3,069
table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/ technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 3 9
TA X E S
TA BLE 7 . 2 3 State Government License Tax Revenue: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total license revenue $54,953,901 529,607 134,928 505,494 384,559 10,525,972 748,284 442,290 1,503,083 2,032,331 672,897 269,224 383,702 2,793,983 681,547 947,549 421,080 500,447 368,318 274,760 866,391 1,112,162 1,787,867 1,477,319 480,741 590,747 329,874 182,791 666,527 329,719 1,550,059 307,671 1,814,065 2,235,904 213,985 2,300,778 1,062,358 1,067,836 2,240,809 110,461 518,886 269,481 1,635,495 3,432,901 321,715 127,049 856,649 1,453,628 148,951 1,179,054 161,973
Motor vehicle operators $2,579,895 33,730 0 31,074 25,521 222,241 41,502 46,805 6,771 164,813 112,419 316 11,460 114,629 229,689 14,444 32,757 16,827 13,987 11,025 37,616 96,905 58,838 46,489 13,267 15,888 9,007 10,975 30,521 8,305 58,005 5,374 138,696 129,086 4,101 87,659 27,304 38,851 70,067 4,589 6,770 5,410 61,268 140,863 16,602 8,914 41,186 120,953 114,005 40,053 2,318
See footnotes at end of table
340â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Occupation and business, NEC $14,846,826 60,763 49,272 170,700 129,289 4,999,288 54,671 111,366 120,843 180,240 81,354 48,633 78,716 465,109 36,207 158,098 95,358 125,994 104,207 109,737 193,485 290,524 167,908 500,603 76,882 147,569 111,462 36,916 242,142 104,531 516,093 43,208 126,505 341,503 70,152 901,294 47,252 367,539 997,941 64,367 146,152 114,821 343,298 537,912 55,350 25,169 223,721 357,846 9,761 465,569 39,506
Corporation $5,830,604 173,265 0 41,357 28,106 74,365 17,638 29,791 1,304,919 238,350 56,999 1,723 2,693 364,482 9,488 45,765 19,732 110,072 125,998 10,577 109,767 26,645 24,509 8,551 127,445 2,678 4,594 6,260 77,101 63,123 234,436 30,013 26,241 826,775 0 263,294 52,963 37,421 18,752 5,281 68,181 5,049 871,205 140,776 466 3,894 62,961 39,776 632 22,546 13,949
Motor vehicle $26,099,942 219,393 38,900 215,991 158,446 4,261,054 536,975 235,105 57,982 1,374,140 364,255 187,986 187,156 1,728,151 284,202 637,933 224,198 208,389 83,002 109,723 501,360 438,855 1,191,927 790,116 157,290 288,210 143,624 110,538 213,455 102,438 667,056 196,303 1,403,555 831,878 119,853 840,327 753,639 539,474 928,512 26,788 229,898 82,947 306,047 2,237,042 203,980 76,905 481,146 551,517 4,329 496,295 71,657
TA XE S
TA BLE 7 . 2 3 State Government License Tax Revenue: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Hunting and fishing $1,598,448 24,024 32,900 35,849 26,912 104,176 75,573 5,603 3,249 15,166 27,000 567 42,886 40,808 18,902 28,832 30,961 28,532 30,684 16,579 18,043 5,482 63,756 63,665 2,562 33,083 39,240 15,861 13,447 11,233 13,720 30,779 44,172 33,799 18,370 38,186 20,344 55,759 74,991 1,691 17,907 29,866 37,869 103,550 30,622 7,394 28,762 41,287 11,691 67,571 34,543
Public utility $1,369,494 14,346 9,316 0 9,157 779,990 13,245 738 0 24,526 0 17,352 54,947 18,025 0 12,292 4,972 0 6,182 0 0 0 33,180 681 6,549 19,937 12 0 0 21,540 7,360 1,438 11,068 19,745 5 38,590 4 14,577 83,718 2,454 10,268 0 5,087 21,556 0 0 0 22,401 406 83,830 0
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidentialdata. Although the data in this
Alcoholic beverages $662,076 4,086 1,996 8,921 4,787 58,202 7,840 9,204 2,034 7,005 3,975 0 1,878 17,021 12,582 15,442 2,668 6,638 0 6,698 1,486 3,634 19,204 2,611 1,243 5,304 3,484 715 0 17,263 4,199 0 62,334 26,601 381 42,978 1,360 4,706 34,222 143 13,601 1,166 1,644 68,608 5,900 485 14,115 150,772 1,038 1,902 0
Amusements $542,068 0 0 0 462 22,212 723 231 312 19,181 0 0 260 15,491 5,782 31,770 7,950 277 0 586 2,780 14,825 0 1,195 26,664 2,178 7,348 534 85,047 322 47,211 556 0 184 1,123 36,094 158,766 2,858 12,672 222 6,918 6,573 240 18,492 0 26 104 0 3,432 467 0
Other licenses $1,424,548 0 2,544 1,602 1,879 4,444 117 3,447 6,973 8,910 26,895 12,647 3,706 30,267 84,695 2,973 2,484 3,718 4,258 9,835 1,854 235,292 228,545 63,408 68,839 75,900 11,103 992 4,814 964 1,979 0 1,494 26,333 0 52,356 726 6,651 19,934 4,926 19,191 23,649 8,837 164,102 8,795 4,262 4,654 169,076 3,657 821 0
table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/ technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 4 1
RE VE NUE A N D E X PE N DIT U R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 4 Summary of Financial Aggregates, By State: 2017 (In millions of dollars) Revenues State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total $2,548,800 32,082 10,562 43,761 25,946 398,622 34,759 34,641 9,552 107,477 56,852 16,136 11,761 87,942 43,733 26,798 21,426 33,779 36,527 10,631 47,557 67,489 80,390 53,870 24,027 39,873 9,068 12,174 22,421 9,329 78,745 21,524 217,164 67,494 7,921 100,599 27,169 43,034 102,873 9,262 34,340 6,106 35,415 163,976 22,643 6,884 61,398 63,100 16,383 46,801 6,786
See footnotes at end of table
342â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
General $1,970,089 26,772 8,345 34,731 21,149 288,584 27,870 27,798 8,340 84,010 44,066 13,452 8,477 67,992 38,492 21,134 17,686 27,714 27,796 8,579 41,021 54,787 63,999 41,354 18,717 29,530 6,618 10,026 15,342 7,012 62,624 17,215 164,594 53,199 6,648 69,776 21,102 30,351 83,570 7,506 26,188 4,400 29,406 128,757 18,700 6,026 47,186 47,201 13,183 35,546 5,519
Utilities and liquor store $21,806 325 19 29 0 1,004 0 36 22 25 10 0 164 0 0 306 0 0 9 10 149 926 1,082 104 350 0 97 0 43 686 1,123 0 7,717 0 0 1,154 621 595 2,013 25 1,729 0 0 0 381 64 779 0 96 0 112
Insurance trust (a) $556,905 4,984 2,198 9,001 4,797 109,034 6,889 6,807 1,189 23,442 12,776 2,685 3,120 19,950 5,242 5,358 3,740 6,065 8,723 2,041 6,387 11,777 15,309 12,412 4,960 10,343 2,353 2,148 7,036 1,630 14,998 4,309 44,853 14,294 1,273 29,669 5,445 12,087 17,290 1,731 6,422 1,706 6,009 35,219 3,563 794 13,433 15,898 3,105 11,255 1,155
R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 4 Summary of Financial Aggregates, By State: 2017 (In millions of dollars) (continued) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total $2,314,210 32,483 11,290 39,232 23,058 350,012 34,950 31,485 10,030 92,697 49,540 12,681 9,572 85,515 40,796 23,252 19,598 36,311 33,814 10,146 45,314 65,748 72,118 47,309 21,632 33,704 7,748 10,618 16,221 7,882 72,339 20,779 201,211 55,571 7,532 88,232 25,252 36,976 103,525 8,780 33,880 5,265 33,219 147,926 20,596 7,007 53,437 55,159 14,686 39,873 8,206
General $1,984,255 28,680 9,779 34,888 21,079 296,780 29,332 26,217 9,159 83,042 42,924 11,192 8,298 70,222 37,915 20,409 17,685 31,724 29,144 9,096 39,693 55,702 63,187 41,304 18,598 28,964 6,581 9,849 13,571 6,530 55,739 18,380 165,472 49,254 6,791 70,095 21,342 30,971 88,869 7,319 28,580 4,693 30,563 129,694 18,449 6,550 47,654 47,718 13,029 34,333 7,215
Expenditures Utilities and liquor store $35,307 321 144 29 0 2,242 15 515 146 340 72 0 127 0 0 213 0 37 8 21 1,254 3,262 873 472 287 0 99 8 44 561 3,083 1 13,207 152 81 814 1,057 424 1,922 173 1,617 0 1 4 275 61 774 251 86 81 153
Insurance trust $294,649 3,482 1,368 4,315 1,980 50,990 5,603 4,753 725 9,315 6,544 1,489 1,147 15,293 2,881 2,630 1,913 4,550 4,662 1,028 4,367 6,784 8,058 5,534 2,746 4,740 1,068 761 2,606 791 13,517 2,398 22,532 6,165 660 17,324 2,852 5,581 12,734 1,289 3,684 572 2,654 18,229 1,872 396 5,009 7,191 1,572 5,459 838
Total debt outstanding at Total cash and security end of fiscal year holdings at end of fiscal year $1,155,507 $4,684,949 8,773 46,198 5,922 82,984 14,291 64,318 4,802 36,964 152,772 743,018 16,981 74,412 38,756 48,293 4,562 15,787 28,824 224,704 13,051 103,632 9,656 24,623 3,369 25,118 61,821 162,757 21,843 59,000 6,150 45,591 7,538 24,084 14,404 43,432 18,093 63,672 4,750 19,770 28,027 72,752 77,043 105,181 33,464 105,641 16,363 85,721 7,470 34,731 18,420 85,337 2,796 19,404 2,015 21,154 3,249 43,753 7,739 15,217 65,874 116,402 7,058 57,085 139,235 393,074 16,310 128,898 2,886 29,164 33,493 237,905 8,457 46,663 12,657 99,595 47,520 131,075 8,932 16,621 15,745 45,243 3,528 17,051 6,127 64,259 50,963 374,740 7,453 36,228 3,503 8,633 27,826 103,445 33,428 112,997 7,547 23,150 23,252 115,732 770 29,742
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 4 3
RE VE NUE A N D E X PE N DIT U R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 4 Summary of Financial Aggregates, By State: 2017 (In millions of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/ technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
344â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Key: (a) Within insurance trust revenue, net earnings of state-administered pension systems is a calculated statistic (the item code in the data file is X08), and thus can be positive or negative. Net earnings is the sum of earningson investments plus gains on investments minus losses on investments. The change made in 2002 for asset valuation from book to market value in accordance with Statement 34 of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board is reflected in the calculated statistics.
R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 5 National Totals of State Government Finances for Selected Years: 2008â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2017 (In thousands of dollars) Item Revenue total General revenue Taxes Intergovernmental revenue From Federal Government Public Welfare Education Highways Employment security administration Other From local government Charges and miscellaneous revenue Liquor stores revenue Utility revenue Insurance trust revenue (a) Employee retirement Unemployment compensation Worker compensation Other Expenditure total General expenditure Education Intergovernmental expenditure State institutions of highereducation Other education Public welfare Intergovernmental expenditure Cash assistance, other Other public welfare Highways Intergovernmental expenditure Regular state highway facilities State toll highways/facilities Health and hospitals Hospitals Health Natural resources Corrections Financial administration Employment security administration Police protection Interest on general debt Utility expenditure Insurance trust expenditure Employee retirement Unemployment compensation Other Total expenditure by character and object Direct expenditure Current operation Capital outlay Assistance and subsidies Interest on debt Insurance benefits and repayments Intergovernmental expenditure Cash and security holdings at endof fiscal year
2017 $2,548,800,396 1,970,089,197 942,879,767 656,283,270 638,676,307 433,289,034 83,301,859 44,545,062 3,838,691 73,701,661 17,606,963 370,926,160 8,200,371 13,605,425 556,905,403 468,481,713 63,448,784 16,806,366 8,168,540 2,314,210,026 1,984,254,811 687,903,663 372,997,261 253,899,794 57,414,058 675,534,238 60,129,920 12,744,183 637,068,389 131,698,670 20,276,398 118,884,747 12,813,923 150,427,700 88,630,889 61,796,811 23,957,486 51,233,178 24,882,593 3,976,814 17,242,356 43,918,062 28,593,481 294,648,620 248,167,257 30,925,241 15,556,122 2,314,210,026 1,764,301,765 1,243,424,366 130,219,024 49,616,411 46,393,344 294,648,620 549,908,261 3,075,819,339
2016 $2,136,310,326 1,908,997,159 922,855,175 637,256,254 621,597,499 417,307,189 83,018,756 44,931,663 3,745,803 72,594,088 15,658,755 348,885,730 8,088,520 13,823,602 205,401,045 135,165,729 46,333,152 16,146,248 7,755,916 2,238,572,373 1,919,478,613 677,231,512 360,117,773 258,132,773 55,931,789 638,897,229 57,049,413 12,275,724 600,825,436 126,682,211 19,675,932 114,763,236 11,918,975 144,626,375 80,924,025 63,702,350 24,667,924 51,871,719 24,959,910 3,986,729 16,480,160 44,623,911 27,246,160 285,400,474 236,985,953 32,418,562 15,995,959 2,238,572,373 1,705,907,083 1,198,124,432 128,546,396 46,710,250 47,125,531 285,400,474 532,665,290 4,345,944,854
2015 $2,203,229,979 1,853,494,640 911,697,759 604,627,441 590,480,568 389,191,243 82,495,588 41,748,566 4,200,959 72,844,212 14,146,873 337,169,440 7,732,037 14,714,935 327,288,367 251,702,166 52,281,509 15,712,648 7,592,044 2,192,506,489 1,840,867,694 637,315,733 345,859,861 232,811,232 54,436,132 612,553,893 52,704,375 11,785,784 576,817,660 122,472,455 20,420,805 111,591,023 10,881,432 136,661,426 73,917,087 62,744,339 22,479,104 51,725,417 24,050,951 4,107,385 16,108,379 44,835,071 28,826,069 316,628,497 267,071,846 33,219,048 16,337,603 2,192,506,489 1,677,460,581 1,144,425,741 123,904,718 45,175,756 47,325,869 316,628,497 515,045,908 4,976,604,515
2014 $2,365,153,505 1,742,915,609 870,437,041 550,721,503 535,736,745 332,492,959 82,981,871 43,287,751 4,307,823 72,666,341 14,984,758 321,757,065 7,179,065 14,310,794 600,748,037 515,792,141 62,127,840 15,169,230 7,658,826 2,048,937,368 1,738,757,437 613,747,859 330,140,870 227,411,126 51,740,480 544,711,480 54,781,687 12,863,087 507,740,883 119,270,200 20,992,876 109,242,610 10,027,590 135,918,963 71,711,969 64,206,994 21,391,208 50,218,902 23,304,855 4,398,411 15,668,996 45,479,391 26,284,373 278,190,448 213,328,101 48,023,325 16,839,022 2,048,937,368 1,550,227,219 1,063,609,670 116,582,628 43,933,607 47,910,866 278,190,448 498,710,149 4,293,957,889
2013 $2,216,076,231 1,709,786,388 847,077,345 551,464,163 513,478,951 307,610,126 84,408,057 41,431,014 4,647,159 70,770,258 37,985,212 311,244,880 7,480,124 13,574,604 485,235,115 388,424,920 74,232,787 15,295,670 7,281,738 2,005,911,667 1,683,170,060 599,151,748 324,995,548 232,678,490 366,473,258 519,178,293 55,565,254 6,508,047 484,584,008 112,174,050 18,158,521 104,088,029 8,086,021 130,680,311 67,433,480 63,246,831 21,345,804 48,407,786 23,136,739 4,846,304 15,106,964 46,138,932 24,661,698 292,447,534 203,454,835 71,181,425 17,811,274 2,005,911,667 1,517,128,804 1,020,376,950 114,980,312 40,795,280 48,528,728 292,447,534 488,782,863 3,837,746,513
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 4 5
RE VE NUE A N D E X PE N DIT U R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 5 National Totals of State Government Finances for Selected Years: 2008â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Item Revenue total General revenue Taxes Intergovernmental revenue From Federal Government Public Welfare Education Highways Employment security administration Other From local government Charges and miscellaneous revenue Liquor stores revenue Utility revenue Insurance trust revenue (a) Employee retirement Unemployment compensation Worker compensation Other Expenditure total General expenditure Education Intergovernmental expenditure State institutions of highereducation Other education Public welfare Intergovernmental expenditure Cash assistance, other Other public welfare Highways Intergovernmental expenditure Regular state highway facilities State toll highways/facilities Health and hospitals Hospitals Health Natural resources Corrections Financial administration Employment security administration Police protection Interest on general debt Utility expenditure Insurance trust expenditure Employee retirement Unemployment compensation Other Total expenditure by character and object Direct expenditure Current operation Capital outlay Assistance and subsidies Interest on debt Insurance benefits and repayments Intergovernmental expenditure Cash and security holdings at endof fiscal year
2012 $1,905,807,119 1,629,267,996 798,586,949 533,655,081 514,139,109 296,964,692 90,264,309 43,199,512 4,771,326 74,371,641 19,515,972 297,025,966 7,114,248 13,626,445 255,798,430 152,590,817 80,109,746 15,526,364 7,571,503 1,981,197,761 1,648,195,648 588,340,483 317,839,562 230,296,706 358,043,777 489,162,351 55,913,067 6,401,260 453,538,093 115,296,570 17,787,581 105,496,969 9,799,601 130,621,569 69,265,569 61,356,000 22,051,093 48,439,991 21,771,566 5,065,317 14,275,634 47,273,956 23,724,473 303,669,929 190,622,956 95,317,830 17,729,143 1,981,197,761 1,499,314,531 986,062,966 119,668,339 40,078,288 49,835,009 303,669,929 481,883,230 3,667,671,249
See footnotes at end of table
346â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
2011 $2,266,850,424 1,658,377,770 762,378,532 595,028,792 575,788,668 332,256,781 104,711,082 44,245,077 5,174,051 84,933,214 19,240,124 300,970,446 6,739,028 14,991,180 586,742,446 476,654,285 87,410,032 15,032,589 7,645,540 2,005,947,956 1,654,428,735 592,863,150 330,482,270 222,760,979 370,102,171 494,828,803 56,678,841 6,582,490 460,117,393 109,397,936 17,243,590 101,913,730 7,484,206 126,020,387 65,985,505 60,034,882 21,989,895 49,166,999 22,334,533 5,214,711 14,248,537 46,653,282 25,548,643 320,563,723 180,712,886 121,384,316 18,466,521 2,005,947,956 1,509,115,520 984,180,683 115,570,769 39,762,087 49,038,258 320,563,723 496,832,436 3,672,783,154
2010 $2,039,926,569 1,567,206,839 705,929,253 575,371,668 555,592,308 315,808,952 105,511,630 42,969,373 4,888,356 82,442,778 19,779,360 285,905,918 6,494,993 15,121,578 451,103,159 353,373,854 75,037,579 15,311,140 7,380,586 1,943,522,632 1,593,693,957 571,147,157 317,389,500 214,010,622 357,136,535 462,430,908 58,858,443 6,164,123 426,985,892 111,169,808 18,043,061 102,742,620 8,427,188 122,754,039 64,509,024 58,245,015 21,514,767 48,549,551 22,610,662 5,108,615 13,828,055 45,259,591 23,864,159 320,720,833 166,956,051 134,908,383 18,856,399 1,943,522,632 1,457,965,445 934,321,563 118,010,630 37,561,512 47,350,907 320,720,833 485,557,187 3,323,047,498
2009 $1,133,446,448 1,493,989,614 713,474,529 494,782,446 475,661,252 280,281,988 82,447,792 36,518,798 4,455,882 68,492,747 19,121,194 285,732,639 6,376,562 16,471,341 (383,391,069) (449,271,197) 41,976,470 16,618,791 7,284,867 1,832,596,801 1,560,046,263 567,674,062 324,374,036 207,010,341 360,663,721 438,744,629 58,741,316 6,290,097 404,409,141 107,286,437 16,492,780 98,889,122 8,397,315 120,594,797 58,041,020 62,553,777 22,605,445 50,382,439 22,978,925 4,520,197 13,676,971 45,281,069 26,295,576 241,080,311 156,708,757 65,974,092 18,397,462 1,832,596,801 1,341,709,410 901,310,643 116,989,763 35,005,215 47,323,478 241,080,311 490,887,391 3,082,511,650
2008 $1,579,327,215 1,509,888,971 779,716,635 441,972,830 419,965,984 240,299,037 74,307,867 35,722,224 3,952,385 62,384,943 22,006,846 288,199,506 6,128,282 16,521,947 46,788,015 (11,549,775) 34,359,648 18,574,527 5,403,615 1,739,303,201 1,508,097,761 547,511,580 315,424,647 197,886,661 349,624,919 411,662,728 57,730,369 5,730,497 377,848,378 107,584,368 16,549,366 99,047,331 8,537,037 115,742,953 54,733,920 61,009,033 22,538,841 49,880,748 23,457,406 4,037,994 13,617,829 44,838,072 24,578,412 201,682,378 148,157,101 35,470,883 18,054,394 1,739,303,201 1,260,772,627 866,901,215 112,695,425 32,657,676 46,835,933 201,682,378 478,530,574 3,758,006,530
R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 5 National Totals of State Government Finances for Selected Years: 2008–2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments: Finance (years ending in ‘2’ and ‘7’), and Annual Survey of State Government Finances (remaining years). Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
Key: (a) Within insurance trust revenue, net earnings of state-administered pension systems is a calculated statistic (the item code in the data file is X08), and thus can be positive or negative. Net earnings is the sum of earnings on investments plus gains on investments minus losses on investments. The change made in 2002 for asset valuation from book to market value in accordance with Statement 34 of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board is reflected in the calculated statistics.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 4 7
RE VE NUE A N D E X PE N DIT U R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 6 State General Revenue, By Source and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) Taxes State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total general revenue (a) $1,970,089,197 26,772,097 8,345,313 34,730,545 21,149,036 288,583,711 27,870,020 27,797,919 8,340,428 84,010,368 44,066,051 13,451,636 8,476,653 67,992,261 38,491,515 21,134,343 17,685,552 27,713,601 27,795,508 8,579,443 41,021,463 54,786,749 63,998,679 41,353,995 18,716,811 29,530,314 6,618,079 10,025,526 15,342,157 7,012,244 62,624,120 17,214,747 164,594,240 53,199,169 6,648,046 69,775,759 21,102,389 30,351,031 83,569,986 7,506,405 26,188,283 4,400,106 29,405,724 128,756,803 18,699,738 6,025,734 47,186,364 47,201,281 13,182,692 35,545,520 5,519,043
Total (b) $942,879,767 10,418,152 1,189,786 13,888,611 9,516,281 155,632,088 13,197,606 16,345,525 3,588,905 40,218,365 22,419,440 7,029,026 4,511,208 37,978,923 18,051,598 9,755,430 8,173,821 11,907,759 11,104,720 4,232,556 21,599,795 27,518,360 28,628,517 25,594,522 7,783,031 12,495,505 2,654,444 5,103,105 8,624,618 2,496,719 32,325,850 5,776,271 79,678,037 26,855,304 3,465,326 30,306,468 8,569,402 11,914,567 37,853,091 3,266,663 9,828,825 1,828,543 13,893,728 53,612,926 7,832,889 3,127,523 22,213,025 23,997,592 5,092,275 18,133,496 1,649,550
See footnotes at end of table
348â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Total (b) $450,954,427 5,247,294 263,120 8,539,726 4,701,868 47,940,362 5,128,852 6,649,708 556,490 33,339,556 8,807,950 4,365,856 2,245,356 18,629,894 10,894,428 4,613,085 4,301,565 5,649,708 7,014,497 2,165,142 9,242,760 8,818,347 13,696,741 10,607,635 4,988,338 5,403,936 576,214 2,407,514 6,923,284 959,384 13,388,614 3,069,641 25,362,583 11,699,036 1,349,428 19,573,408 3,764,895 1,598,677 19,629,437 1,691,782 4,637,349 1,517,973 10,010,965 46,897,352 3,530,809 1,058,569 6,916,097 19,170,768 2,672,887 7,972,959 762,588
Sales and gross receipts General $299,777,017 2,654,883 0 6,566,503 3,384,394 35,357,699 2,978,382 4,236,619 0 25,346,166 5,729,916 3,239,225 1,650,498 11,363,366 7,556,326 3,205,997 3,209,506 3,490,639 4,215,378 1,441,867 4,609,538 6,240,822 9,223,737 5,888,795 3,526,913 3,604,570 0 1,835,037 4,756,243 0 9,591,881 2,258,767 14,132,141 7,656,898 872,176 13,343,149 2,465,383 0 10,509,734 996,390 3,285,007 1,065,361 7,260,193 32,490,144 2,533,961 375,870 3,970,133 14,509,841 1,334,168 5,223,935 588,866
Motor fuels $45,034,425 588,992 45,944 856,495 487,517 4,842,749 653,790 484,479 129,487 2,727,802 1,741,092 87,026 353,548 1,348,414 854,529 674,603 458,008 701,440 634,883 252,870 1,078,313 769,442 1,210,628 912,644 443,522 720,849 189,561 354,234 326,425 152,086 532,878 242,627 1,647,240 1,922,400 189,718 1,984,392 473,960 529,658 3,143,576 90,990 583,476 189,133 915,858 3,585,179 487,731 81,020 997,561 1,812,646 383,874 1,044,996 114,140
R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 6 State General Revenue, By Source and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Taxes (conâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t.) Licenses State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total (b) $54,953,901 529,607 134,928 505,494 384,559 10,525,972 748,284 442,290 1,503,083 2,032,331 672,897 269,224 383,702 2,793,983 681,547 947,549 421,080 500,447 368,318 274,760 866,391 1,112,162 1,787,867 1,477,319 480,741 590,747 329,874 182,791 666,527 329,719 1,550,059 307,671 1,814,065 2,235,904 213,985 2,300,778 1,062,358 1,067,836 2,240,809 110,461 518,886 269,481 1,635,495 3,432,901 321,715 127,049 856,649 1,453,628 148,951 1,179,054 161,973
Motor vehicle $26,099,942 219,393 38,900 215,991 158,446 4,261,054 536,975 235,105 57,982 1,374,140 364,255 187,986 187,156 1,728,151 284,202 637,933 224,198 208,389 83,002 109,723 501,360 438,855 1,191,927 790,116 157,290 288,210 143,624 110,538 213,455 102,438 667,056 196,303 1,403,555 831,878 119,853 840,327 753,639 539,474 928,512 26,788 229,898 82,947 306,047 2,237,042 203,980 76,905 481,146 551,517 4,329 496,295 71,657
Individual income $350,876,257 3,624,543 0 3,445,650 2,767,767 84,196,751 6,791,929 7,959,492 1,180,975 0 10,977,693 2,095,601 1,660,248 13,256,769 5,435,292 3,655,462 2,327,652 4,394,185 2,949,939 1,534,866 9,066,709 14,724,277 9,485,325 10,956,205 1,834,688 6,149,468 1,177,958 2,228,486 0 65,467 13,958,119 1,338,768 44,631,769 12,086,332 319,507 8,377,450 3,122,602 8,379,225 12,063,782 1,238,928 4,142,276 0 249,977 0 3,621,199 743,630 13,052,887 0 1,813,866 7,792,543 0
Corporation net income $44,627,601 520,113 87,775 368,136 396,989 10,112,520 528,541 897,247 246,175 2,383,783 971,898 184,840 216,641 2,877,499 1,025,498 432,020 386,966 458,650 291,321 175,239 1,001,934 2,196,474 1,195,399 1,227,028 407,913 307,443 125,003 264,440 0 573,653 2,109,930 91,876 4,026,353 757,041 60,871 8,833 157,894 633,046 2,344,344 129,732 375,655 30,728 1,726,223 0 329,577 81,395 826,961 0 116,305 959,699 0
Intergovernmental revenue $656,283,270 9,949,247 3,286,785 15,247,776 7,916,365 93,013,830 8,463,350 7,535,049 2,415,919 27,852,122 15,183,797 2,787,412 2,622,679 19,736,635 14,712,679 6,245,956 4,160,844 10,829,538 12,636,842 3,020,597 13,203,944 16,331,054 21,350,680 10,939,218 8,211,496 11,322,122 3,054,845 3,179,745 5,234,577 2,720,430 18,615,719 7,226,565 60,371,092 16,412,180 1,825,979 24,305,702 7,280,359 9,988,321 29,475,131 2,519,225 9,007,621 1,567,365 11,161,689 44,657,763 4,524,182 1,991,516 10,699,877 14,228,084 5,109,431 9,583,175 2,566,761
Charges and miscellaneous general revenue $370,926,160 6,404,698 3,868,742 5,594,158 3,716,390 39,937,793 6,209,064 3,917,345 2,335,604 15,939,881 6,462,814 3,635,198 1,342,766 10,276,703 5,727,238 5,132,957 5,350,887 4,976,304 4,053,946 1,326,290 6,217,724 10,937,335 14,019,482 4,820,255 2,722,284 5,712,687 908,790 1,742,676 1,482,962 1,795,095 11,682,551 4,211,911 24,545,111 9,931,685 1,356,741 15,163,589 5,252,628 8,448,143 16,241,764 1,720,517 7,351,837 1,004,198 4,350,307 30,486,114 6,342,667 906,695 14,273,462 8,975,605 2,980,986 7,828,849 1,302,732
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 4 9
RE VE NUE A N D E X PE N DIT U R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 6 State General Revenue, By Source and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain
350â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/ technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Total general revenue equals total taxes plus intergovernmental revenue plus charges and miscellaneous revenue. (b) Total includes other taxes not shown separately in this table.
R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 7 State Expenditure, By Character and Object and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) Direct expenditures State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Intergovernmental expenditures $549,908,261 6,931,626 1,829,640 8,094,626 5,373,102 107,877,299 7,604,250 9,190,177 1,583,343 21,484,868 12,325,151 328,020 2,408,604 19,192,558 9,987,853 5,505,683 4,860,179 5,730,213 6,415,070 2,428,618 9,631,764 9,129,315 21,279,004 13,546,867 4,527,299 6,298,000 1,128,565 2,457,060 4,772,756 831,584 11,662,914 4,878,597 62,034,380 13,438,382 1,978,549 18,796,046 4,446,655 5,732,009 22,256,314 1,277,277 6,735,297 863,182 7,882,887 30,619,865 3,767,592 1,800,627 11,927,574 12,690,612 2,457,100 8,826,031 3,083,277
Total $1,764,301,765 25,551,750 9,460,820 31,137,082 17,685,395 242,134,866 27,345,585 22,294,905 8,446,648 71,211,777 37,214,641 12,352,661 7,163,275 66,322,693 30,808,135 17,746,153 14,737,791 30,581,109 27,398,780 7,716,911 35,681,917 56,618,784 50,838,693 33,762,391 17,104,487 27,405,997 6,619,746 8,161,108 11,448,513 7,050,802 60,676,580 15,900,660 139,176,893 42,132,576 5,553,486 69,436,137 20,805,385 31,243,566 81,268,828 7,503,003 27,145,005 4,401,985 25,335,862 117,306,289 16,828,250 5,206,836 41,509,374 42,468,778 12,229,079 31,047,070 5,122,708
Current operation $1,243,424,366 17,672,634 6,557,649 22,164,389 13,700,779 169,982,770 18,708,930 13,315,998 6,296,600 51,805,721 25,548,965 9,715,969 5,257,363 40,462,146 23,417,533 12,246,043 10,931,043 22,105,249 19,142,386 5,952,841 25,026,384 40,678,206 37,254,365 24,615,533 12,566,720 20,005,078 4,932,982 6,315,925 7,313,033 5,253,784 38,856,499 12,004,457 99,198,791 29,945,538 3,824,129 44,386,728 14,433,262 23,902,443 56,147,568 5,153,303 19,325,690 2,998,573 19,566,883 83,891,069 12,151,372 4,189,825 30,985,866 29,506,720 9,226,052 21,277,727 3,504,853
Total $130,219,024 1,982,995 1,175,802 1,623,355 1,368,534 8,776,504 1,802,663 2,187,546 903,515 7,272,080 3,272,796 914,929 457,908 5,544,884 2,236,324 2,043,786 1,505,017 2,175,833 2,143,229 399,970 3,329,842 4,859,445 2,529,535 1,847,895 1,077,250 1,248,841 370,538 816,316 896,872 493,748 4,618,974 829,392 9,739,145 4,170,790 805,462 4,605,675 2,509,741 914,421 7,955,848 442,114 2,338,303 587,919 1,530,839 11,054,783 1,739,728 336,308 3,231,529 2,943,348 906,260 2,991,683 708,810
Capital outlay Construction $109,264,308 1,496,511 1,027,178 1,289,909 1,238,101 7,553,363 1,485,352 1,904,830 802,804 6,490,838 2,748,884 254,400 356,703 5,151,102 1,812,480 1,729,735 1,365,857 1,950,315 1,685,647 360,481 2,838,344 4,238,598 2,102,618 1,358,712 953,326 1,046,869 338,715 709,599 803,784 406,467 3,726,886 742,027 7,638,428 3,479,300 725,802 4,017,106 2,208,509 639,741 6,315,064 388,842 2,150,982 530,214 1,300,463 9,460,211 1,282,203 293,562 2,627,054 2,204,363 767,857 2,589,164 675,008
Other $20,954,716 486,484 148,624 333,446 130,433 1,223,141 317,311 282,716 100,711 781,242 523,912 660,529 101,205 393,782 423,844 314,051 139,160 225,518 457,582 39,489 491,498 620,847 426,917 489,183 123,924 201,972 31,823 106,717 93,088 87,281 892,088 87,365 2,100,717 691,490 79,660 588,569 301,232 274,680 1,640,784 53,272 187,321 57,705 230,376 1,594,572 457,525 42,746 604,475 738,985 138,403 402,519 33,802
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 5 1
RE VE NUE A N D E X PE N DIT U R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 7 State Expenditure, By Character and Object and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Direct expenditures (conâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Assistance and subsidies $49,616,411 2,024,435 158,721 2,499,568 484,283 5,316,416 506,663 498,407 335,566 1,902,844 1,256,042 118,899 159,842 1,529,313 1,382,810 620,231 208,775 1,104,855 636,171 167,960 1,761,798 1,022,829 1,449,111 1,194,529 398,739 639,495 139,041 209,343 494,244 193,058 1,479,192 277,563 1,976,503 1,268,690 183,492 1,803,259 597,283 492,836 2,929,398 169,679 1,198,414 134,712 1,327,944 2,826,829 828,978 183,266 1,168,612 1,322,879 318,476 665,198 49,220
See footnotes at end of table
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Interest on debt $46,393,344 389,784 200,904 534,895 152,101 7,069,122 724,802 1,539,729 185,956 916,442 592,853 113,918 141,616 3,493,429 890,680 206,574 180,129 645,169 814,670 168,027 1,196,674 3,273,948 1,548,062 570,413 315,781 772,652 108,825 58,245 138,456 318,874 2,204,449 390,966 5,730,855 582,733 80,220 1,316,926 412,789 353,289 1,501,902 449,333 599,011 108,560 255,740 1,304,988 236,315 101,073 1,114,484 1,505,051 206,560 653,454 21,916
Insurance benefits and repayments $294,648,620 3,481,902 1,367,744 4,314,875 1,979,698 50,990,054 5,602,527 4,753,225 725,011 9,314,690 6,543,985 1,488,946 1,146,546 15,292,921 2,880,788 2,629,519 1,912,827 4,550,003 4,662,324 1,028,113 4,367,219 6,784,356 8,057,620 5,534,021 2,745,997 4,739,931 1,068,360 761,279 2,605,908 791,338 13,517,466 2,398,282 22,531,599 6,164,825 660,183 17,323,549 2,852,310 5,580,577 12,734,112 1,288,574 3,683,587 572,221 2,654,456 18,228,620 1,871,857 396,364 5,008,883 7,190,780 1,571,731 5,459,008 837,909
Exhibit: Total salaries and wages $275,040,584 4,922,514 1,705,821 4,090,546 3,021,356 35,729,577 5,509,418 4,535,378 1,424,947 9,319,466 6,680,415 3,353,048 1,470,850 8,199,405 4,578,985 3,573,499 2,951,778 4,373,700 4,049,934 1,069,165 5,495,407 7,084,206 9,900,659 5,679,113 2,599,156 4,027,051 1,149,813 1,579,254 1,737,065 1,156,326 10,181,242 2,528,205 18,431,443 8,181,078 1,097,761 8,301,530 3,300,913 4,882,807 10,490,084 1,325,482 4,031,756 788,555 4,100,046 18,986,791 3,560,494 959,299 7,751,506 8,302,069 1,816,508 4,351,591 703,571
R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 7 State Expenditure, By Character and Object and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this
table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/ technical-documentation/methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 5 3
RE VE NUE A N D E X PE N DIT U R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 8 State General Expenditure, By Function and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total general expenditures (a) $1,984,254,811 28,680,131 9,778,966 34,887,948 21,078,799 296,779,736 29,332,236 26,217,073 9,158,993 83,041,726 42,923,904 11,191,735 8,298,096 70,222,330 37,915,156 20,409,385 17,685,143 31,724,376 29,143,517 9,096,491 39,692,648 55,701,753 63,187,306 41,303,514 18,598,310 28,964,066 6,581,311 9,849,096 13,571,159 6,530,108 55,739,193 18,379,804 165,472,212 49,253,887 6,791,286 70,094,702 21,342,494 30,971,476 88,868,535 7,319,018 28,580,071 4,692,946 30,562,884 129,693,879 18,449,015 6,550,330 47,653,847 47,717,753 13,028,758 34,332,896 7,214,813
Education $687,903,663 11,471,899 2,524,056 11,825,297 7,843,665 97,240,115 12,011,319 11,397,615 3,315,487 27,071,608 18,962,098 3,409,731 3,115,269 18,520,513 15,742,709 7,282,938 7,402,958 11,263,480 9,299,171 3,251,164 12,663,513 13,179,277 25,890,299 16,094,986 5,540,542 9,976,109 1,917,495 3,825,588 5,150,123 1,441,350 18,497,910 5,899,371 45,766,742 21,223,986 2,356,127 23,187,805 8,323,116 9,744,277 27,912,815 2,168,254 10,274,900 1,519,557 10,574,305 55,466,634 8,444,264 2,844,714 16,598,849 19,541,468 4,285,354 12,363,945 2,278,896
See footnotes at end of table
354â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Public welfare $675,534,238 8,547,055 2,724,651 14,685,574 7,482,277 124,082,248 8,465,159 4,261,286 2,551,364 27,111,988 12,475,750 2,984,204 2,495,878 23,289,719 13,967,124 6,010,233 4,101,965 11,508,013 11,226,836 3,257,172 12,929,570 22,403,061 18,791,853 14,507,128 6,657,719 8,995,674 2,169,871 2,771,780 3,892,730 2,584,284 18,558,280 5,924,514 67,311,394 13,031,451 1,287,766 25,824,087 6,747,383 10,591,348 31,373,090 2,770,134 7,811,767 1,154,441 12,447,574 38,496,187 3,769,434 1,843,184 11,120,056 12,291,087 4,732,909 10,691,615 824,371
Highways $131,698,670 1,717,721 1,164,968 2,237,917 1,768,654 11,016,698 2,020,138 1,765,957 847,998 8,793,319 3,000,618 327,349 730,076 6,889,022 2,533,747 2,321,260 1,248,504 1,998,204 1,516,197 786,172 2,569,027 3,163,444 3,026,871 2,830,689 1,181,699 1,435,233 615,291 860,221 1,029,485 539,300 3,466,851 659,784 5,990,770 4,543,569 989,642 4,175,552 2,217,476 1,220,805 8,236,971 327,051 2,069,964 682,357 1,695,353 10,113,473 1,266,231 441,288 4,893,904 2,985,394 1,166,332 3,871,696 748,428
Hospitals $88,630,889 2,875,275 28,963 7,459 1,159,401 13,426,724 1,024,929 1,458,785 47,256 1,210,889 1,360,471 619,245 52,251 1,653,877 140,733 1,887,069 2,681,576 1,894,482 356,728 62,151 578,878 718,405 4,385,477 325,095 1,524,943 2,212,142 65,323 189,098 269,434 61,520 2,223,073 1,151,673 5,325,753 2,179,337 27,100 4,351,948 262,911 2,332,476 5,132,420 66,227 1,871,970 23,579 409,713 7,134,155 1,970,170 23,827 4,954,417 4,401,811 149,541 2,356,650 3,559
R E VE N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 8 State General Expenditure, By Function and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Natural resources $23,957,486 295,316 405,104 306,838 283,602 5,747,925 416,303 237,327 113,363 1,485,972 539,800 161,860 242,630 238,887 380,565 294,582 224,912 396,106 796,006 138,331 563,293 257,190 369,721 682,934 302,124 370,717 284,876 224,856 140,690 57,885 474,158 255,992 543,360 529,106 142,237 442,609 160,437 422,795 733,442 49,743 281,506 187,574 352,507 836,608 213,338 111,555 315,847 902,741 272,671 526,931 242,614
Health $61,796,811 551,627 229,041 583,978 245,899 7,503,590 573,255 1,041,145 410,368 3,957,991 1,487,054 550,157 151,848 1,989,331 571,486 275,215 397,821 500,808 421,737 147,214 2,190,864 1,484,458 1,640,230 515,239 414,397 1,988,453 206,634 306,760 296,213 97,799 1,454,264 412,096 8,999,160 1,265,088 375,498 2,459,852 1,037,585 902,075 3,428,716 186,540 1,264,559 165,103 738,464 2,943,615 335,385 364,778 1,547,918 1,907,677 298,684 562,177 416,965
Corrections $51,233,178 553,944 316,353 1,080,923 420,114 8,528,075 1,035,100 622,024 324,144 2,385,256 1,326,803 228,646 280,588 1,358,464 708,261 288,880 350,931 666,606 667,656 162,568 1,479,811 954,978 1,894,849 635,229 330,982 827,462 212,280 349,865 312,785 145,827 1,380,091 487,467 3,403,266 1,343,093 105,538 1,815,411 575,015 897,609 2,183,012 199,314 520,001 120,790 972,601 4,219,031 372,616 154,553 1,538,611 998,831 301,041 1,069,838 126,045
Financial administration $24,882,593 387,248 207,274 298,242 432,569 3,381,701 414,864 369,570 225,959 802,151 455,677 199,742 285,040 705,065 330,509 232,735 167,693 395,702 408,965 209,668 629,017 613,330 585,807 435,942 274,787 211,940 175,247 142,111 216,463 97,210 693,653 197,890 2,209,525 713,796 68,871 1,302,616 382,351 692,471 1,346,459 167,521 337,949 90,756 323,977 1,129,427 425,790 84,255 570,764 362,757 198,135 165,080 126,322
Employment security administration $3,976,814 98,753 22,119 96,683 93,024 317,598 53,691 81,222 17,327 285,476 35,082 6,311 27,005 63,562 35,886 45,896 31,195 133,736 128,135 67,344 51,782 197,887 176,102 79,347 72,622 9,719 46,972 41,897 61,609 33,732 158,132 10,539 212,106 62,006 9,985 167,771 46,053 56,778 103,244 21,246 69,357 28,468 73,171 93,101 27,484 2,144 76,266 192,281 18,941 97,804 38,223
Police $17,242,356 171,607 142,360 280,662 125,399 1,907,378 235,845 251,026 148,671 577,197 516,693 44,877 65,099 439,719 267,728 104,622 111,385 274,012 358,733 90,368 643,786 922,066 501,930 486,835 139,829 235,665 39,216 90,473 95,406 71,944 715,359 148,580 1,017,705 738,513 31,401 390,158 230,799 201,595 1,093,448 87,077 205,857 47,261 277,908 1,183,713 150,315 110,600 670,451 429,369 81,031 51,250 39,435
See footnotes at end of table
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RE VE NUE A N D E X PE N DIT U R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 8 State General Expenditure, By Function and By State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sampling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error.
356â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Total includes other expenditures not shown separately in this table.
R E V E N U E A N D E XP E N D I TU R E
TA BLE 7 . 2 9 State Debt Outstanding at End of Fiscal Year, by State: 2017 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total $1,155,507,028 8,772,871 5,921,713 14,291,349 4,801,939 152,772,292 16,980,689 38,756,156 4,561,576 28,823,847 13,050,862 9,656,278 3,369,178 61,821,319 21,842,716 6,149,694 7,538,475 14,403,514 18,092,508 4,750,384 28,027,363 77,043,165 33,463,604 16,363,418 7,470,178 18,419,751 2,795,614 2,014,523 3,248,814 7,739,447 65,874,095 7,057,656 139,234,923 16,310,177 2,885,664 33,493,235 8,457,322 12,656,643 47,519,575 8,932,377 15,744,638 3,527,703 6,127,422 50,963,262 7,453,346 3,502,960 27,825,929 33,427,752 7,547,010 23,252,381 769,721
Long-term total $1,147,841,005 8,715,651 5,839,187 14,217,606 4,801,939 152,772,292 16,962,789 38,756,156 4,561,576 28,776,077 12,935,750 9,656,278 3,363,457 61,815,949 21,741,627 6,149,694 7,538,475 14,375,683 18,087,176 4,750,384 27,936,271 76,993,751 32,985,336 16,363,418 7,449,912 18,368,633 2,795,026 2,013,585 3,248,814 7,739,447 65,577,943 7,029,849 138,307,885 16,182,242 2,885,254 32,770,487 8,442,414 12,653,643 47,199,314 8,868,682 15,344,739 3,522,741 5,730,566 48,298,126 7,342,238 3,278,290 27,697,789 33,427,752 7,547,010 23,252,381 769,721
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of State Government Finances. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite only the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data. Data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are not subject to sam-
Short-term total $7,666,023 57,220 82,526 73,743 0 0 17,900 0 0 47,770 115,112 0 5,721 5,370 101,089 0 0 27,831 5,332 0 91,092 49,414 478,268 0 20,266 51,118 588 938 0 0 296,152 27,807 927,038 127,935 410 722,748 14,908 3,000 320,261 63,695 399,899 4,962 396,856 2,665,136 111,108 224,670 128,140 0 0 0 0
Net long-term total (a) $700,498,423 7,384,295 2,116,653 8,576,710 2,873,834 120,423,899 6,076,738 24,695,942 3,003,885 22,892,889 9,772,905 8,773,901 564,830 32,892,650 3,995,347 1,521,653 4,526,329 8,766,749 10,437,250 1,216,507 15,590,114 44,375,948 16,724,083 9,959,077 5,707,746 4,745,594 135,064 567,353 2,322,784 2,998,045 46,922,339 4,118,509 95,692,154 6,958,175 1,422,630 13,512,426 5,564,035 8,187,092 27,543,606 2,320,788 12,290,512 984,449 1,489,596 35,865,364 4,332,588 1,071,217 14,667,107 22,407,399 3,096,132 8,305,756 107,775
pling error, the census results may contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https:// www.census.gov/programs-surveys/state/technical-documentation/ methodology.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Long-term debt outstanding minus long-term debt offsets.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 5 7
PUB LIC PE N SIO N PL A N S
TA BLE 7 . 3 0 Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems By State: Fiscal Year 2017 State United States Alabama (a) Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan (a) Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas (a) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Total 18,573,702 252,268 33,732 481,101 170,546 2,188,689 467,372 128,927 48,064 627,178 585,176 75,152 83,238 692,099 323,305 242,996 212,922 387,186 294,722 61,677 249,433 296,110 280,091 403,347 219,999 333,851 75,773 94,111 122,657 59,440 479,788 179,412 917,123 701,951 42,545 1,384,117 178,524 315,551 539,037 52,302 402,677 58,910 367,606 1,782,603 153,238 33,152 488,430 395,948 80,869 424,476 104,281
See footnotes at end of table
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Membership Active members 12,922,487 224,386 23,516 242,987 136,030 1,474,731 221,800 111,138 43,774 520,014 366,831 65,911 70,568 461,324 220,970 174,616 159,422 209,212 189,244 51,298 195,300 214,880 249,820 309,171 153,032 247,203 54,443 62,390 105,945 48,127 461,586 116,334 784,982 488,365 34,276 692,520 145,308 269,842 369,549 39,107 217,832 40,452 214,500 1,251,782 98,435 25,950 341,200 328,646 73,873 257,285 62,580
Inactive members 5,651,215 27,882 10,216 238,114 34,516 713,958 245,572 17,789 4,290 107,164 218,345 9,241 12,670 230,775 102,335 68,380 53,500 177,974 105,478 10,379 54,133 81,230 30,271 94,176 66,967 86,648 21,330 31,721 16,712 11,313 18,202 63,078 132,141 213,586 8,269 691,597 33,216 45,709 169,488 13,195 184,845 18,458 153,106 530,821 54,803 7,202 147,230 67,302 6,996 167,191 41,701
Total beneficiaries receiving periodic benefit payments 9,181,489 140,415 48,209 166,974 90,033 1,102,849 123,197 92,503 28,629 405,213 220,988 46,920 45,245 381,015 151,185 122,519 104,473 147,350 169,200 44,310 158,210 151,144 317,385 234,646 104,945 181,428 41,553 26,460 64,281 32,855 327,598 104,859 617,075 293,904 19,784 470,078 113,348 142,428 357,526 28,196 155,551 27,341 153,918 636,285 62,698 18,690 199,388 208,064 73,940 197,647 29,037
P U B LI C P E N S I O N P LA N S
TA BLE 7 . 3 0 Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems By State: Fiscal Year 2017 (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State-Administered Defined Benefit Data. Notes: 1. Effective with the 2012 survey cycle, the Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State-Administered Defined Benefit Data revised the survey form to implement changes in asset classification. These changes apply to the categories designated as corporate stocks, corporate bonds, federal government securities, state and local government securities, and other securities. Federally-sponsored agency securities are classified under federal government securities instead of corporate bonds. Private equity, venture capital, and leverage buyouts are classified under corporate stocks instead of other securities. Due to these changes in asset classification, there are shifts in the distribution of assets from corporate bonds to federal government securities and from other securities to corporate stocks. However, since investment decisions guide the distribution of assets, we cannot calculate the exact impact that the changes in classification had on the asset distribution for 2012. As such, for the above mentioned asset categories, any data comparisons between data from 2012 to the present, and data prior to 2012 should be exercised with caution.
2. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table come from a sample of governmental units and are thus subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/aspp/ technical-documentation/methodology/2017/2017surveymethod ology.pdf?#. 3. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. 4. Pension obligations and covered payroll for defined benefit pension systems are only collected at the state level. Key: (a) There are exceptions to the fiscal year rule for the state pension systems in Alabama, Michigan, and Texas. For systems in these states, the fiscal year moves beyond the June 30 cutoff. The data for the survey year 2017 covers the fiscal year ending August 31, 2017 for Texas and September 30, 2017 for Alabama and Michigan. These exceptions are made to better align the data with the Survey of State Government Finances.
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PUB LIC PE N SIO N PL A N S
Table 7.30 | Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems Total Membership of State Public-Employee Pension Systems by State (March 2017)
300,000 to 399,999 400,000 to 499,999
LOWEST
CA • 1,474,731 TX • 1,251,782 NY • 784,982 OH • 692,520 FL • 520,014 AK • 23,516 VT • 25,950 ND • 34,276 RI • 39,107 SD • 40,452
360 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
500,000 to 999,999 Over 1,000,000
Inactive Members CA • 713,958 OH • 691,597 TX • 530,821 CO • 245,572 AZ • 238,114
HIGHEST
HIGHEST
Active Members
LOWEST
Less than 100,000 100,000 to 199,999 200,000 to 299,999
DE • 4,290 WV • 6,996 VT • 7,202 ND • 8,269 HI • 9,241
P U B LI C P E N S I O N P LA N S
TA BLE 7 . 3 1 Finances of State-Administered Public-Employee Pension Systems, by State: Fiscal Year 2017* (In thousands of dollars)
State and level Employee of government Total receipts contributions United States $532,683,507 $47,208,653 Alabama (a) 5,699,288 723,486 Alaska 2,412,370 130,251 Arizona 8,823,177 1,326,179 Arkansas 4,685,094 250,472 California 98,863,050 8,576,441 Colorado 5,841,801 816,151 Connecticut 8,117,984 484,093 Delaware 1,297,795 73,835 Florida 21,967,391 710,717 Georgia 13,877,211 831,121 Hawaii 3,082,069 243,906 Idaho 2,635,141 240,029 Illinois 24,312,793 1,855,824 Indiana 4,799,948 347,818 Iowa 4,984,957 511,952 Kansas 3,864,331 452,031 Kentucky 6,581,659 651,149 Louisiana 9,320,679 845,818 Maine 2,228,705 186,409 Maryland 7,707,854 785,048 Massachusetts 11,384,625 1,700,849 Michigan (a) 13,885,122 1,085,736 Minnesota 11,512,187 1,132,939 Mississippi 5,227,412 572,456 Missouri 9,974,294 948,239 Montana 2,210,238 313,080 Nebraska 2,138,786 232,549 Nevada 5,979,117 902,020 New Hampshire 1,649,614 209,327 New Jersey 14,694,807 2,103,381 New Mexico 4,343,688 561,210 New York 41,216,918 458,226 North Carolina 13,530,180 1,329,461 North Dakota 942,272 126,470 Ohio 26,573,095 3,419,867 Oklahoma 5,546,546 473,970 Oregon 10,528,270 618,282 Pennsylvania 14,370,384 1,465,761 Rhode Island 1,453,795 113,414 South Carolina 6,234,122 959,028 South Dakota 1,708,452 122,145 Tennessee 6,694,361 317,509 Texas (a) 34,111,930 4,802,950 Utah 3,941,440 39,287 Vermont 733,286 98,105 Virginia 13,360,353 916,718 Washington 13,749,066 871,986 West Virginia 3,169,131 196,780 Wisconsin 9,810,110 905,694 Wyoming 906,609 168,485
Receipts during fiscal year Government contributions Earnings on From state From local investments Total government government (b) $111,033,904 $64,204,077 $46,829,827 $374,440,950 1,233,930 998,048 235,882 3,741,872 530,909 380,304 150,605 1,751,210 1,900,340 424,991 1,475,349 5,596,658 841,440 331,873 509,567 3,593,182 21,809,970 10,869,210 10,940,761 68,476,639 1,586,119 616,131 969,989 3,439,531 2,924,329 2,575,091 349,238 4,709,562 246,279 233,504 12,775 977,681 2,438,659 442,631 1,996,028 18,818,015 2,471,282 2,340,697 130,585 10,574,808 784,369 589,058 195,311 2,053,794 368,010 100,665 267,345 2,027,102 8,675,557 7,588,318 1,087,239 13,781,412 1,868,761 1,050,547 818,214 2,583,369 804,118 139,403 664,715 3,668,887 1,277,264 614,592 662,672 2,135,036 2,077,896 1,558,873 519,023 3,852,614 2,541,813 1,057,086 1,484,728 5,933,048 380,093 328,262 51,831 1,662,203 2,074,099 2,051,194 22,905 4,848,707 2,446,047 1,602,929 843,118 7,237,729 3,788,390 3,177,916 610,474 9,010,996 1,350,645 269,918 1,080,726 9,028,603 1,052,147 412,672 639,475 3,602,809 1,957,387 681,897 1,275,490 7,068,668 275,187 183,333 91,854 1,621,971 296,516 86,586 209,930 1,609,721 907,635 184,400 723,235 4,169,462 431,796 96,296 335,500 1,008,491 3,708,854 3,708,854 0 8,882,572 749,574 325,740 423,834 3,032,904 6,649,907 3,547,147 3,102,760 34,108,785 1,949,778 1,469,978 479,800 10,250,941 202,886 81,651 121,235 612,916 4,682,866 2,145,042 2,537,824 18,470,362 1,267,873 693,284 574,588 3,804,703 1,022,201 148,272 873,929 8,887,787 5,506,518 1,644,987 3,861,530 7,398,105 454,000 304,419 149,581 886,381 1,380,939 604,894 776,045 3,894,155 121,908 44,670 77,238 1,464,399 1,010,855 1,008,397 2,458 5,365,997 5,298,724 2,699,885 2,598,839 24,010,256 1,198,104 909,567 288,537 2,704,049 159,650 143,168 16,482 475,531 2,398,186 669,167 1,729,019 10,045,449 2,163,920 2,163,920 0 10,713,160 634,696 432,740 201,956 2,337,655 955,407 300,548 654,860 7,949,009 176,068 171,318 4,749 562,056
Payments during fiscal year Total payments Benefits $260,999,080 $242,003,470 3,346,950 3,202,420 1,257,129 1,225,884 4,302,145 3,766,288 1,941,037 1,795,814 40,677,487 38,133,872 4,939,953 4,550,979 4,071,353 3,918,730 677,310 641,830 9,460,196 8,856,514 6,287,715 6,138,091 1,375,822 1,306,545 948,444 857,368 13,852,336 12,886,386 2,820,437 2,507,293 2,304,789 2,146,583 1,808,286 1,652,227 4,218,204 3,980,989 4,671,565 4,229,979 1,037,934 909,692 3,710,526 3,613,091 5,586,894 5,092,549 7,305,621 7,197,582 4,769,041 4,600,513 2,784,311 2,544,382 5,136,181 4,256,161 885,954 798,985 740,734 602,384 2,350,569 2,264,227 770,629 712,592 10,834,266 10,560,130 2,386,335 2,125,947 19,880,518 18,417,304 5,781,700 6,490,725 379,862 354,218 15,878,740 14,959,768 2,480,172 2,293,726 5,477,106 4,742,418 11,179,395 9,761,425 971,566 936,037 3,755,426 3,300,921 578,752 517,012 2,469,057 2,410,601 15,485,512 14,346,458 1,515,790 1,497,989 343,664 317,543 5,091,349 4,518,958 4,483,337 4,029,986 1,274,347 1,242,479 5,426,630 4,951,650 576,981 547,251
Withdrawals $6,163,779 103,131 12,868 287,825 29,471 537,398 151,529 85,603 5,278 13,482 32,581 16,340 35,329 440,111 69,015 53,342 70,481 46,841 138,268 23,696 64,316 136,546 37,694 65,980 113,868 89,092 21,224 85,585 30,754 23,400 211,593 77,812 362,822 170,374 14,808 584,369 62,248 15,962 692,522 7,501 125,664 24,078 39,944 674,148 6,734 8,896 121,362 58,130 22,030 39,273 22,461
Other payments $12,831,832 41,398 18,376 248,032 115,751 2,006,218 237,444 67,020 30,202 590,200 117,042 52,936 55,747 525,839 244,129 104,864 85,578 190,374 303,318 104,546 33,120 357,799 70,345 102,548 126,061 790,928 65,745 52,766 55,588 34,637 62,543 182,576 1,100,392 538,651 10,835 334,604 124,199 718,727 725,448 28,029 328,842 37,662 18,512 464,906 11,067 17,225 451,029 395,221 9,839 435,707 7,269
See footnotes at end of table
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PUB LIC PE N SIO N PL A N S
TA BLE 7 . 3 1 Finances of State-Administered Public-Employee Pension Systems, by State: Fiscal Year 2017* (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: 2017 Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State- and LocallyAdministered Defined Benefit Data. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this report should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of pension systems and are not subject to sampling error, the census results do contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, and response rates may be found at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/aspp/technical-documentation/methodology/how-the-data-are-collected.html. *Effective with the 2012 survey cycle, the Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State-Administered Defined Benefit Data revised the survey form to implement changes in asset classification. These changes apply to the categories designated as corporate stocks, corporate bonds, federal government securities, state and local government securities, and other securities. Federally-sponsored agency securities are classified under federal government securities instead of corporate bonds. Private equity, venture capital, and leverage buyouts are classified under corporate stocks instead of other securities. Due to these changes in asset classification, there are shifts in the distribution of assets from corporate bonds to federal government securities and from other securities to corporate stocks. However, since investment decisions guide the distribution of assets, we cannot calculate the exact impact that the changes in classification had on the asset distribution for 2012. As such, for the above mentioned asset categories, any data comparisons between data from 2012 to the present, and data prior to 2012 should be exercised with caution.
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Notes: 1. Pension obligations and Covered payroll for defined benefit pension systems are only collected at the state level. 2. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of pension systems and are not subject to sampling error, the census results do contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey methodology https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/aspp/ technical-documentation/methodology/2017/2017surveymethod ology.pdf?#. 3. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) There are exceptions to the fiscal year rule for the state pension systems in Alabama, Michigan, and Texas. For systems in these states, the fiscal year moves beyond the June 30 cutoff. The data for the survey year 2017 covers the fiscal year ending August 31, 2017 for Texas and September 30, 2017 for Alabama and Michigan. These exceptions are made to better align the data with the Survey of State Government Finances. (b) The total of â&#x20AC;&#x153;net earningsâ&#x20AC;? is a calculated statistic and thus can be positive or negative. Net earnings is the sum of earnings on investments plus gains on investments minus losses on investments. The change made in 2002 for asset valuation from book to market value in accordance with Statement 34 of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board is reflected in the calculated statistics.
P U B LI C P E N S I O N P LA N S
TA BLE 7 . 3 2 National Summary of State-Administered Defined Benefit Pension System Finances: Fiscal Years, 2015–2017(a)
Total contributions Employee contributions Government contributions State government contributions Local government contributions Earnings on investments (a) Total Payments Benefits Withdrawals Other payments Total cash and investment holdings Cash and short-term investments Total securities Government securities Federal government United States Treasury Federal agency State and local government Nongovernmental securities Corporate bonds Corporate stocks Mortgages Funds held in trust Foreign and international Other nongovernmental securities Other investments Real property Miscellaneous investments
2017 $158,242,557 47,208,653 111,033,904 64,204,077 46,829,827 374,440,950 260,999,080 242,003,470 6,163,779 12,831,832 3,298,801,223 121,772,242 2,677,651,746 293,651,491 292,481,103 216,799,752 75,681,351 1,170,388 2,384,000,255 305,102,662 1,060,962,248 7,815,572 94,922,159 708,417,090 206,780,524 499,377,235 75,952,810 423,424,425
Amount (in thousands of dollars) 2016 2015 $149,657,642 $141,061,794 43,150,277 40,455,460 106,507,365 100,606,333 59,594,514 57,386,550 46,912,851 43,219,783 45,411,198 125,910,359 248,284,997 236,762,496 232,052,855 220,788,220 5,080,298 5,095,571 11,151,844 10,878,705 3,051,596,871 3,112,089,930 114,828,590 103,936,353 2,522,973,332 2,619,377,943 234,301,397 230,654,990 232,524,339 229,052,363 149,766,700 151,999,814 82,757,639 77,052,550 1,777,058 1,602,626 2,288,671,935 2,388,722,953 383,681,199 378,652,806 1,107,538,222 1,191,762,863 8,204,825 8,268,184 32,390,689 39,290,314 570,655,405 605,603,064 186,201,595 165,145,721 413,794,949 388,775,634 118,527,861 137,170,005 295,267,088 251,605,629
Source: The 2015–2017 Annual Surveys of Public Pensions: Stateand Locally-Defined Benefits Data. Data users who create their own estimates using data from this report should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. Although the data in this table come from a census of pension systems and are not subject to sampling error, the census results do contain nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, and response rates may be found at https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/aspp/technical-documentation/methodology/how-the-data-are-collected.html. Notes: 1. Detail may not add to total due to rounding; 2. Total Receipts are the sum of earnings on investments and total contributions. Key: (a) Effective with the 2012 survey cycle, the Annual Survey of Public Pensions: State-Administered Defined Benefit Data revised the survey form to implement changes in asset classification. These changes apply to the categories designated as corporate stocks, corporate bonds, federal government securities, state and local
2017 100.0 29.8 70.2 40.6 29.6 100.0 100.0 92.7 2.4 4.9 100.0 3.7 81.2 8.9 8.9 6.6 2.3 0.0 72.3 9.2 32.2 0.2 2.9 21.5 6.3 15.1 2.3 12.8
Percentage distribution 2016 100.0 28.8 71.2 39.8 31.3 100.0 100.0 93.5 2.0 4.5 100.0 3.8 82.7 7.7 7.6 4.9 2.7 0.1 75.0 12.6 36.3 0.3 1.1 18.7 6.1 13.6 3.9 9.7
2015 100.0 28.7 71.3 40.7 30.6 100.0 100.0 93.3 2.2 4.6 100.0 3.3 84.2 7.4 7.4 4.9 2.5 0.1 76.8 12.2 38.3 0.3 1.3 19.5 5.3 12.5 4.4 8.1
government securities, and other securities. Federally-sponsored agency securities are classified under federal government securities instead of corporate bonds. Private equity, venture capital, and leverage buyouts are classified under corporate stocks instead of other securities. Due to these changes in asset classification, there are shifts in the distribution of assets from corporate bonds to federal government securities and from other securities to corporate stocks. However, since investment decisions guide the distribution of assets, we cannot calculate the exact impact that the changes in classification had on the asset distribution for 2012. As such, for the above mentioned asset categories, any data comparisons between data from 2012 to the present, and data prior to 2012 should be exercised with caution. (b) The total of “net earnings” is a calculated statistic (the item code in the data file is X08), and thus can be positive or negative. Net earnings is the sum of earnings on investments plus gains on investments minus losses on investments. The change made in 2002 for asset valuation from book to market value in accordance with Statement 34 of the Governmental Accounting Standards Board is reflected in the calculated statistics.
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CHAPTER EIGHT
STATE MANAGEMENT, ADMINISTRATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS
P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T
TA BLE 8 . 1 Summary of State Government Employment: 1954â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2017 Employment (in thousands) Year (October) 1954 1955 1956 1957 (April) 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 (March) 1998 (March) 1999 (March) 2000 (March) 2001 (March) 2002 (March) 2003 (March) 2004 (March) 2005 (March) 2006 (March) 2007 (March) 2008 (March) 2009 (March) 2010 (March) 2011 (March) 2012 (March) 2013 (March) 2014 (March) 2015 (March) 2016 (March) 2017 (March)
Monthly payrolls Average monthly earnings Total, full-time and part-time Full-time equivalent (in millions of dollars) of full-time employees All Education Other All Education Other All Education Other All Education Other 1,149 310 839 1,024 222 802 $301 $79 $222 $294 $325 $283 1,199 333 866 1,081 244 837 326 89 237 302 334 290 1,268 353 915 1,136 250 886 367 109 258 321 358 309 1,300 375 925 1,153 257 896 373 106 266 320 355 309 1,408 406 1,002 1,259 284 975 447 123 323 355 416 333 1,454 443 1,011 1,302 318 984 485 136 349 373 427 352 1,527 474 1,053 1,353 332 1,021 524 168 356 386 439 365 1,625 518 1,107 1,435 367 1,068 586 192 394 409 482 383 1,680 555 1,126 1,478 389 1,088 635 202 433 429 518 397 1,775 602 1,173 1,558 422 1,136 696 230 466 447 545 410 1,873 656 1,217 1,639 460 1,179 761 258 504 464 560 427 2,028 739 1,289 1,751 508 1,243 849 290 559 484 571 450 2,211 866 1,344 1,864 575 1,289 975 353 622 522 614 483 2,335 940 1,395 1,946 620 1,326 1,106 406 699 567 666 526 2,495 1,037 1,458 2,085 694 1,391 1,257 477 780 602 687 544 2,614 1,112 1,501 2,179 746 1,433 1,431 555 876 655 743 597 2,755 1,182 1,573 2,302 803 1,499 1,612 630 982 700 797 605 2,832 1,223 1,609 2,384 841 1,544 1,742 682 1,060 731 826 686 2,957 1,267 1,690 2,487 867 1,619 1,937 747 1,190 778 871 734 3,013 1,280 1,733 2,547 887 1,660 2,158 822 1,336 843 952 805 3,155 1,357 1,798 2,653 929 1,725 2,410 933 1,477 906 1,023 855 3,271 1,400 1,870 2,744 952 1,792 2,653 1,022 1,631 964 1,080 909 3,343 1,434 1,910 2,799 973 1,827 2,894 1,112 1,782 1,031 1,163 975 3,491 1,484 2,007 2,903 1,005 1,898 3,195 1,234 1,960 1,096 1,237 1,031 3,539 1,508 2,032 2,966 1,016 1,950 3,483 1,333 2,150 1,167 1,311 1,102 3,699 1,577 2,122 3,072 1,046 2,026 3,869 1,451 2,418 1,257 1,399 1,193 3,753 1,599 2,154 3,106 1,063 2,044 4,285 1,608 2,677 1,373 1,523 1,305 3,726 1,603 2,123 3,087 1,063 2,024 4,668 1,768 2,900 1,507 1,671 1,432 1,551 3,747 1,616 2,131 3,083 1,051 2,032 5,028 1,874 3,154 1,625 1,789 3,816 1,666 2,150 3,116 1,072 2,044 5,346 1,989 3,357 1,711 1,850 1,640 3,898 1,708 2,190 3,177 1,091 2,086 5,815 2,178 3,637 1,825 1,991 1,740 3,984 1,764 2,220 2,990 945 2,046 6,329 2,434 3,885 1,935 2,155 1,834 4,068 1,800 2,267 3,437 1,256 2,181 6,801 2,583 4,227 2,052 2,263 1,956 4,115 1,804 2,310 3,491 1,264 2,227 7,298 2,758 4,540 2,161 2,396 2,056 4,236 1,854 2,381 3,606 1,309 2,297 7,842 2,929 4,914 2,260 2,490 2,158 4,365 1,925 2,440 3,709 1,360 2,349 8,443 3,175 5,268 2,372 2,627 2,259 4,503 1,984 2,519 3,840 1,418 2,432 9,083 3,426 5,657 2,472 2,732 2,359 4,521 1,999 2,522 3,829 1,375 2,454 9,437 3,550 5,887 2,479 2,530 2,433 4,595 2,050 2,545 3,856 1,384 2,472 9,828 3,774 6,054 2,562 2,607 2,521 4,673 2,112 2,562 3,891 1,436 2,455 10,288 3,999 6,289 2,722 3,034 2,578 4,694 2,115 2,579 3,917 1,442 2,475 10,666 4,177 6,489 2,776 3,073 2,640 4,719 2,120 2,598 3,971 1,469 2,502 10,927 4,173 6,753 2,854 3,138 2,725 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------(a)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4,733 2,114 2,619 3,987 1,484 2,503 11,413 4,372 7,041 2,968 3,251 2,838 4,758 2,173 2,585 3,985 1,511 2,474 11,845 4,632 7,213 3,088 3,382 2,947 4,818 2,229 2,588 4,034 1,541 2,493 12,564 4,957 7,608 3,236 3,544 3,087 4,877 2,259 2,618 4,083 1,563 2,520 13,279 5,255 8,024 3,374 3,692 3,219 4,985 2,329 2,656 4,173 1,615 2,559 14,136 5,621 8,516 3,521 3,842 3,362 5,072 2,414 2,658 4,223 1,659 2,564 14,838 5,997 8,841 3,657 4,007 3,479 5,043 2,413 2,630 4,191 1,656 2,534 15,116 6,154 8,962 3,751 4,115 3,566 5,041 2,432 2,609 4,188 1,673 2,515 15,478 6,412 9,066 3,845 4,256 3,631 5,078 2,459 2,620 4,209 1,684 2,525 16,062 6,669 9,393 3,966 4,390 3,745 5,128 2,493 2,635 4,251 1,708 2,542 16,769 6,961 9,809 4,098 4,505 3,883 5,200 2,538 2,663 4,307 1,740 2,566 17,789 7,419 10,370 4,276 4,670 4,063 5,270 2,593 2,677 4,363 1,780 2,582 18,726 7,883 10,843 4,445 4,853 4,222 5,346 2,649 2,697 4,408 1,814 2,594 19,425 8,279 11,146 4,565 5,007 4,320 5,326 2,669 2,656 4,378 1,824 2,554 19,579 8,516 11,063 4,620 5,111 4,342 5,314 2,704 2,609 4,359 1,847 2,512 19,972 8,813 11,159 4,735 5,233 4,446 5,285 2,728 2,557 4,315 1,854 2,461 20,169 9,042 11,127 4,840 5,377 4,522 5,304 2,749 2,554 4,315 1,867 2,449 20,473 9,242 11,231 4,917 5,463 4,589 5,336 2,779 2,557 4,330 1,880 2,450 21,118 9,564 11,555 5,051 5,599 4,718 5,353 2,794 2,559 4,342 1,890 2,452 21,591 9,766 11,826 5,159 5,708 4,824 5,368 2,826 2,542 4,361 1,917 2,443 22,149 10,142 12,007 5,274 5,868 4,907 5,400 2,844 2,556 4,382 1,927 2,455 22,920 10,541 12,379 5,420 6,044 5,032
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 6 7
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TA BLE 8 . 1 Summary of State Government Employment: 1954–2017 (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Census of Governments: Employment (for the years ending in ‘2’ and ‘7’) and the Annual Survey of Public Employment & Payroll for remaining years. Accessed May 2019. Note: Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table for the years ending in ‘2’ and ‘7’ come from a census of governmental units and are subject to nonsampling error. Data for the remaining years are from a sample of governmental units,
368 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
and are thus subject to both sampling and nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/apes/technical-documentation.html. Key: (a) Due to a change in the reference period, from October to March, the October 1996 Annual Survey of Government Employment & Payroll was not conducted. This change in collection period was effective beginning with the March 1997 survey.
P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T
TA BLE 8 . 2 Employment and Payrolls of State and Local Governments by Function: March 2017
Functions All functions Education: Higher education Instructional personnel only Elementary/Secondary schools Instructional personnel only Libraries Other Education Selected functions: Streets and Highways Public Welfare Hospitals Police protection Police Officers Fire protection Firefighters only Natural Resources Correction Social Insurance Financial Admin. Judicial and Legal Other Government Admin. Utilities State Liquor stores Other and unallocable
All employees, full-time and part-time (in thousands of dollars) Total State government Local government 19,543,913 5,399,847 14,144,066
March payrolls (in thousands of dollars) Total State government Local government $80,276,246,286 $22,920,048,649 $57,356,197,637
Average March earnings of fulltime employees 5,042
3,281,365 1,141,839 7,810,084 5,324,577 183,082 89,631
2,694,538 861,308 59,404 44,214 787 89,631
586,827 280,531 7,750,680 5,280,363 182,295 0
11,707,297,941 5,340,541,654 29,223,989,840 22,900,613,813 473,616,422 396,730,249
9,902,137,143 4,399,816,928 242,335,290 195,283,768 2,280,556 396,730,249
1,805,160,798 940,724,726 28,981,654,550 22,705,330,045 471,335,866 0
6,063 8,129 4,487 4,985 4,157 4,889
504,869 535,337 1,087,766 985,622 729,052 441,646 395,797 191,388 719,622 72,962 444,666 440,094 411,418 525,359 13,427 1,805,575
214,002 246,671 435,141 103,990 65,392 0 0 147,224 448,190 72,375 173,371 179,610 56,808 39,209 13,427 425,469
290,867 288,666 652,625 881,632 663,660 441,646 395,797 44,164 271,432 587 271,295 260,484 354,610 486,150 0 1,380,106
2,305,426,038 2,217,164,401 5,497,590,154 5,593,113,790 4,603,361,566 2,310,569,167 2,111,136,220 810,995,186 3,359,323,865 333,249,760 2,059,085,195 2,286,720,188 1,332,817,442 3,038,129,334 32,870,934 7,297,556,380
1,044,043,281 1,004,041,718 2,172,846,739 645,607,018 476,532,002 0 0 633,105,523 2,084,090,316 329,536,223 865,413,738 1,013,751,701 259,336,850 272,838,831 32,870,934 2,019,082,539
1,261,382,757 1,213,122,683 3,324,743,415 4,947,506,772 4,126,829,564 2,310,569,167 2,111,136,220 177,889,663 1,275,233,549 3,713,537 1,193,671,457 1,272,968,487 1,073,480,592 2,765,290,503 0 5,278,473,841
4,799 4,362 5,464 6,160 6,579 6,680 6,763 4,860 4,757 4,667 5,112 5,537 5,032 6,093 3,553 4,943
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Census of Governments: Employment. Note: Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this
table come from a census of governmental units and are subject to nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/ programs-surveys/apes/technical-documentation.html. Note: Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 6 9
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TA BLE 8 . 3 State and Local Government Employment, By State: March 2017 State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Total 19,543,913 319,439 60,784 333,628 191,968 2,249,452 360,630 224,781 56,747 1,006,836 589,522 91,842 108,149 758,313 395,579 242,797 245,127 274,945 291,700 87,568 343,985 391,509 545,681 372,550 207,922 378,893 72,730 145,955 132,907 88,688 557,514 141,768 1,342,242 658,339 66,068 710,876 243,965 255,217 667,578 56,940 295,332 64,151 374,024 1,689,188 208,664 51,663 536,973 444,216 119,158 378,116 60,090 51,204
All employees (full-time and part-time) State Local 5,399,847 14,144,066 112,051 207,388 27,743 33,041 93,321 240,307 72,685 119,283 533,015 1,716,437 111,092 249,538 75,124 149,657 30,604 26,143 211,119 795,717 164,770 424,752 72,819 19,023 31,514 76,635 152,002 606,311 119,270 276,309 70,765 172,032 66,689 178,438 97,718 177,227 86,351 205,349 26,367 61,201 90,238 253,747 122,363 269,146 190,568 355,113 103,435 269,115 64,158 143,764 105,707 273,186 27,312 45,418 36,595 109,360 35,655 97,252 26,052 62,636 157,781 399,733 54,152 87,616 276,716 1,065,526 171,237 487,102 25,601 40,467 185,019 525,857 83,182 160,783 90,226 164,991 206,384 461,194 23,905 33,035 93,408 201,924 19,247 44,904 97,520 276,504 367,311 1,321,877 80,250 128,414 17,244 34,419 166,763 370,210 155,755 288,461 48,274 70,884 107,368 270,748 15,402 44,688 N.A. 51,204
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Census of Governments: Employment. Notes: 1.Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table come from
370â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Total 16,584,617 281,490 51,843 281,188 168,344 1,861,274 299,168 186,362 49,757 890,784 520,907 75,958 84,584 618,377 324,678 186,539 201,209 243,100 259,348 69,527 306,799 328,534 433,801 294,085 188,616 319,206 57,296 121,477 115,575 71,360 477,619 123,517 1,200,144 562,411 47,309 588,784 211,127 200,962 566,129 47,509 265,525 47,014 327,864 1,513,358 154,507 40,965 448,838 382,426 101,952 284,715 50,084 50,672
Full-time equivalent employment State Local 4,381,768 12,202,849 90,729 190,761 24,357 27,486 72,850 208,338 62,066 106,278 424,359 1,436,915 88,130 211,038 58,803 127,559 25,872 23,885 179,738 711,046 129,828 391,079 58,966 16,992 24,176 60,408 121,795 496,582 90,341 234,337 51,176 135,363 53,820 147,389 84,042 159,058 73,488 185,860 20,172 49,355 85,163 221,636 98,206 230,328 146,697 287,104 83,359 210,726 55,539 133,077 86,498 232,708 20,870 36,426 31,655 89,822 28,936 86,639 18,931 52,429 139,048 338,571 45,194 78,323 247,580 952,564 144,993 417,418 19,026 28,283 137,560 451,224 66,128 144,999 70,153 130,809 164,285 401,844 18,151 29,358 79,834 185,691 14,449 32,565 78,746 249,118 313,065 1,200,293 60,507 94,000 14,267 26,698 125,605 323,233 127,234 255,192 39,394 62,558 72,899 211,816 13,088 36,996 N.A. 50,672
a census of governmental units and are subject to nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/apes/ technical-documentation.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T
Table 8.3 | State & Local Government Employment Full- and Part-time Employees
Full-time Equivalent Employment
TOTA L — H I G H E S T A N D LO W E S T
TOTA L — H I G H E S T A N D LO W E S T CA • 1,861,274
CA • 2,249,452
TX • 1,513,358
TX • 1,689,188 NY • 1,342,242
NY • 1,200,144
FL • 1,006,836
FL • 890,784
IL 758,313
IL 618,377
•
•
AK • 60,784
DE • 49,757
WY • 60,090
RI • 47,509
RI • 56,940
ND • 47,309
DE • 56,747
SD • 47,014
VT 51,663
VT • 40,965
•
S TAT E — H I G H E S T A N D LO W E S T CA • 533,015
S TAT E — H I G H E S T A N D LO W E S T CA • 424,359
TX • 367,311
TX • 313,065
NY • 276,716
NY • 247,580
FL 211,119
FL • 179,738
PA • 206,384
PA • 164,285
•
ND • 25,601
NH • 18,931
RI • 23,905
RI • 18,151
SD • 19,247
SD • 14,449
VT 17,244
VT • 14,267
WY • 15,402
WY • 13,088
•
LOCAL—HIGHEST AND LOWEST
LOCAL—HIGHEST AND LOWEST
CA • 1,716,437
CA • 1,436,915
TX • 1,321,877
TX • 1,200,293
NY 1,065,526
NY 952,564
•
•
FL • 795,717 IL • 606,311
FL • 711,046 IL • 496,582
VT • 34,419
ND • 28,283
AK • 33,041
AK • 27,486
RI 33,035
VT • 26,698
DE • 26,143
DE • 23,885
HI • 19,023
HI • 16,992
•
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 7 1
PUB LIC E MPLOYME N T
TA BLE 8 . 4 State and Local Government Payrolls and Average Earnings of Full-Time Employees, By State: March 2017 Amount of Payroll State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Total State government Local government $80,276,246,286 $22,920,048,649 $57,356,197,637 1,107,670,821 410,209,467 697,461,354 293,307,101 142,151,749 151,155,352 1,248,350,445 340,878,839 907,471,606 597,216,532 251,779,689 345,436,843 12,041,842,805 2,977,464,716 9,064,378,089 1,440,232,617 459,118,172 981,114,445 1,073,698,543 377,948,174 695,750,369 232,247,790 118,745,601 113,502,189 3,753,140,676 776,622,194 2,976,518,482 2,054,914,590 556,701,241 1,498,213,349 374,318,642 279,420,700 94,897,942 339,633,281 122,570,808 217,062,473 3,210,078,799 683,283,763 2,526,795,036 1,269,438,663 381,582,094 887,856,569 868,809,883 297,791,595 571,018,288 789,561,572 245,981,485 543,580,087 928,103,869 364,475,018 563,628,851 989,877,727 337,494,528 652,383,199 281,223,528 89,097,105 192,126,423 1,660,959,685 457,950,608 1,203,009,077 1,813,009,152 590,350,494 1,222,658,658 2,099,097,221 825,054,944 1,274,042,277 1,476,880,559 473,259,378 1,003,621,181 658,166,225 216,596,303 441,569,922 1,213,741,346 335,587,588 878,153,758 239,217,126 95,817,742 143,399,384 522,311,451 131,604,464 390,706,987 589,035,054 144,755,390 444,279,664 317,720,769 96,360,487 221,360,282 2,823,762,058 848,436,856 1,975,325,202 506,776,578 210,683,741 296,092,837 7,092,264,046 1,535,953,566 5,556,310,480 2,357,991,745 681,756,491 1,676,235,254 212,114,190 91,480,042 120,634,148 2,625,969,799 691,794,167 1,934,175,632 775,039,210 275,076,106 499,963,104 1,058,942,041 406,900,558 652,041,483 2,784,646,937 874,173,693 1,910,473,244 269,168,273 110,456,856 158,711,417 1,043,492,281 335,979,627 707,512,654 184,023,342 65,712,945 118,310,397 1,273,796,413 341,670,507 932,125,906 6,445,748,848 1,582,232,617 4,863,516,231 662,639,056 296,707,807 365,931,249 188,507,994 79,941,610 108,566,384 2,050,972,428 645,958,864 1,405,013,564 2,181,704,380 691,839,114 1,489,865,266 363,455,554 151,375,663 212,079,891 1,313,688,831 362,632,547 951,056,284 225,624,511 58,630,936 166,993,575 352,111,299 N.A. 352,111,299
Percentage of March payroll State Local government government 29% 71% 37% 63% 48% 52% 27% 73% 42% 58% 25% 75% 32% 68% 35% 65% 51% 49% 21% 79% 27% 73% 75% 25% 36% 64% 21% 79% 30% 70% 34% 66% 31% 69% 39% 61% 34% 66% 32% 68% 28% 72% 33% 67% 39% 61% 32% 68% 33% 67% 28% 72% 40% 60% 25% 75% 25% 75% 30% 70% 30% 70% 42% 58% 22% 78% 29% 71% 43% 57% 26% 74% 35% 65% 38% 62% 31% 69% 41% 59% 32% 68% 36% 64% 27% 73% 25% 75% 45% 55% 42% 58% 31% 69% 32% 68% 42% 58% 28% 72% 26% 74% N.A. 100%
Source:U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Census of Governments: Employment. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table come from
372â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Average earnings of full-time state and local government employees (dollars) State Local All government government $5,042 $5,420 $4,910 4,029 4,709 3,727 5,851 6,026 5,693 4,637 5,029 4,509 3,629 4,188 3,315 6,947 7,258 6,855 5,117 5,836 4,874 6,026 6,692 5,730 4,878 4,716 5,052 4,354 4,430 4,335 4,047 4,455 3,920 5,048 4,862 5,644 4,178 5,315 3,734 5,482 5,877 5,391 4,116 4,542 3,956 5,060 6,579 4,505 4,060 4,694 3,827 3,972 4,629 3,646 3,937 4,767 3,616 4,187 4,521 4,049 5,668 5,451 5,754 5,710 6,113 5,537 5,155 5,953 4,763 5,363 6,039 5,094 3,526 3,997 3,333 3,924 4,008 3,893 4,408 4,810 4,176 4,559 4,535 4,568 5,439 5,152 5,540 4,822 5,445 4,600 6,225 6,290 6,198 4,198 4,761 3,882 6,109 6,316 6,055 4,312 4,855 4,127 4,674 4,975 4,471 4,735 5,559 4,507 3,764 4,346 3,516 5,395 5,655 5,246 5,091 5,299 5,007 5,846 6,142 5,658 4,025 4,347 3,891 4,055 4,748 3,748 4,016 4,482 3,871 4,356 5,206 4,147 4,628 5,159 4,266 4,759 5,589 4,281 4,742 5,369 4,514 6,089 5,530 6,388 3,604 3,890 3,425 4,945 5,419 4,790 4,721 4,664 4,743 7,147 N.A. 7,147
a census of governmental units and are subject to nonsampling error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/apes/ technical-documentation.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding.
P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T
TA BLE 8 . 5 State Government Employment (Full-Time Equivalent) for Selected Functions, By State: March 2017
State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
All functions 4,381,768 90,729 24,357 72,850 62,066 424,359 88,130 58,803 25,872 179,738 129,828 58,966 24,176 121,795 90,341 51,176 53,820 84,042 73,488 20,172 85,163 98,206 146,697 83,359 55,539 86,498 20,870 31,655 28,936 18,931 139,048 45,194 247,580 144,993 19,026 137,560 66,128 70,153 164,285 18,151 79,834 14,449 78,746 313,065 60,507 14,267 125,605 127,234 39,394 72,899 13,088
Education Higher Other education education (a) 1,796,421 82,304 42,936 2,997 4,652 225 34,804 2,735 25,988 1,321 170,846 4,263 50,354 1,796 18,322 2,863 7,829 347 66,997 2,853 64,194 2,606 11,287 137 8,949 391 56,271 1,838 58,960 943 23,802 1,046 23,654 617 38,272 2,047 24,913 2,888 6,920 271 28,628 1,970 31,576 1,158 76,738 611 36,279 3,641 20,445 1,444 30,503 1,648 7,241 377 12,613 561 9,879 157 7,065 321 35,238 2,543 17,543 926 57,601 4,105 61,685 3,009 8,539 333 74,041 2,129 29,520 1,584 25,549 869 60,887 5,268 5,137 475 31,835 3,227 5,565 417 34,824 1,965 142,125 2,392 28,574 1,562 4,811 347 57,678 2,225 57,563 2,264 14,153 1,285 38,748 1,086 3,888 221
Selected Functions
Highways 208,626 4,302 2,960 2,468 3,670 18,729 3,069 3,398 1,544 6,176 4,053 831 1,323 6,376 3,509 2,134 2,600 4,362 4,335 2,105 4,345 2,742 2,669 4,662 3,177 5,282 2,072 1,787 1,726 1,607 5,887 2,160 10,662 8,756 960 6,190 2,829 3,679 13,098 706 4,568 1,022 3,235 11,901 1,579 1,060 7,790 6,568 4,722 1,528 1,713
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Census of Governments: Employment. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are subject to nonsampling
Public welfare 242,652 4,232 1,766 6,123 4,216 4,011 2,369 5,204 1,649 9,282 7,035 401 1,811 9,003 6,008 2,620 2,959 6,957 5,396 2,174 6,220 7,724 11,317 3,036 4,339 6,686 1,843 2,556 2,481 1,968 8,958 1,622 4,687 1,100 523 2,814 7,094 8,364 11,151 1,262 5,420 1,781 7,362 24,727 2,858 1,574 3,075 10,685 3,364 2,293 552
Hospitals 402,163 13,447 216 608 6,573 48,082 6,592 6,001 1,296 4,010 7,908 4,231 610 10,314 1,470 8,907 10,685 7,210 10,078 515 3,321 5,438 17,057 5,044 10,374 10,099 755 3,747 1,322 572 13,231 7,830 41,799 22,551 921 14,553 1,075 7,536 12,018 729 6,794 346 3,536 23,287 10,498 239 11,549 11,360 1,524 3,606 699
Police Corrections protection 444,630 102,222 4,288 1,283 2,185 710 9,352 1,993 5,780 1,214 58,541 11,538 7,424 1,265 5,284 1,874 2,841 1,093 23,652 4,147 16,133 2,646 2,380 0 2,419 520 13,054 3,062 6,082 1,829 2,714 850 3,265 1,062 4,109 2,049 5,683 1,839 1,225 549 11,354 2,224 11,718 2,831 12,265 2,897 4,379 972 2,473 1,212 11,893 2,498 1,220 502 2,750 744 3,753 866 1,032 509 8,688 3,979 3,826 629 32,205 6,196 19,430 3,170 909 199 13,388 2,630 4,918 1,917 5,318 1,501 17,945 6,679 1,467 342 7,504 2,124 742 360 6,927 1,780 41,760 6,915 3,327 910 1,083 592 13,127 3,121 8,894 2,165 3,329 999 9,402 954 1,193 282
Natural resources 133,923 1,941 2,018 1,568 1,886 16,520 1,154 693 459 7,946 4,874 853 1,958 2,624 2,268 1,471 774 2,392 3,793 1,117 2,016 1,297 3,449 3,250 2,963 2,206 1,579 2,182 918 367 1,868 998 3,035 4,298 1,069 2,529 1,899 2,868 5,698 368 2,128 949 3,559 11,039 1,338 635 2,631 5,345 1,783 2,409 941
Financial admin. 169,421 2,322 1,025 2,196 2,254 26,899 2,086 1,654 850 6,321 2,999 738 1,303 5,176 1,845 1,304 1,769 2,302 2,630 1,270 3,172 3,489 4,223 4,991 1,536 2,904 1,022 783 1,531 793 5,149 1,058 16,384 3,428 677 6,301 2,378 4,118 6,713 940 3,342 413 3,338 7,923 2,471 626 4,507 3,122 1,889 2,559 698
Judicial and legal admin. 175,546 3,002 1,320 2,501 1,578 6,333 5,195 5,322 1,823 19,708 3,556 3,007 568 2,550 1,482 2,201 2,113 5,560 1,663 833 5,291 9,294 1,493 4,004 465 4,145 785 780 686 856 12,789 3,187 18,823 6,549 628 2,975 2,601 3,086 2,985 1,173 914 662 2,527 5,764 1,571 660 3,844 2,090 1,689 2,366 549
error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/apes/ technical-documentation.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Includes instructional and other personnel.
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TA BLE 8 . 6 State Government Payrolls for Selected Functions, By State: March 2017 (In thousands of dollars) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
All functions $22,920,048,649 410,209,467 142,151,749 340,878,839 251,779,689 2,977,464,716 459,118,172 377,948,174 118,745,601 776,622,194 556,701,241 279,420,700 122,570,808 683,283,763 381,582,094 297,791,595 245,981,485 364,475,018 337,494,528 89,097,105 457,950,608 590,350,494 825,054,944 473,259,378 216,596,303 335,587,588 95,817,742 131,604,464 144,755,390 96,360,487 848,436,856 210,683,741 1,535,953,566 681,756,491 91,480,042 691,794,167 275,076,106 406,900,558 874,173,693 110,456,856 335,979,627 65,712,945 341,670,507 1,582,232,617 296,707,807 79,941,610 645,958,864 691,839,114 151,375,663 362,632,547 58,630,936
Education Higher education (a) Other education (a) $9,902,137,143 $396,730,249 210,682,950 11,343,633 27,617,423 1,385,328 185,538,619 10,449,922 119,497,010 5,040,450 1,166,356,176 22,886,649 273,413,212 8,058,688 118,988,774 18,403,166 43,263,662 2,080,137 374,392,428 10,196,081 313,566,087 12,853,913 57,419,938 601,738 41,313,673 2,599,443 294,823,861 9,632,202 263,860,941 3,751,192 142,950,828 6,473,349 116,497,037 2,705,965 186,365,512 8,815,824 124,456,648 12,682,306 29,950,663 1,168,358 161,848,025 10,354,842 182,497,562 7,027,712 446,895,294 3,743,270 215,884,205 20,714,165 95,246,485 4,976,483 144,576,251 5,731,066 32,943,354 1,738,924 54,134,903 2,622,553 52,204,322 848,817 39,411,140 1,532,276 234,305,920 15,036,418 91,333,217 3,953,616 333,988,400 22,944,682 319,450,393 14,453,642 42,224,637 1,506,556 355,463,716 11,425,084 131,468,730 6,203,198 156,675,741 4,880,175 375,238,582 23,408,411 28,814,895 3,028,328 156,034,284 12,779,001 25,527,797 1,845,318 160,518,821 7,942,423 848,242,766 12,881,402 154,947,981 6,629,623 27,655,244 1,848,128 336,639,790 11,415,346 11,648,573 68,194,472 5,983,467 195,051,132 5,261,629 17,097,257 1,236,777
See footnotes at end of table
374 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Highways $1,044,043,281 16,183,307 18,626,281 11,445,373 14,061,520 152,744,222 14,755,995 19,626,852 5,165,622 28,550,304 14,530,839 4,513,356 5,704,210 41,209,274 13,628,094 11,791,133 9,391,100 15,918,617 18,466,165 8,681,581 23,846,907 17,474,097 14,767,355 25,264,028 9,869,036 18,463,440 10,551,645 7,410,399 8,220,082 7,785,399 33,037,621 8,492,964 57,435,367 35,714,405 5,435,856 30,880,121 10,806,526 21,385,056 59,118,745 4,259,705 16,388,288 4,902,806 13,352,020 55,355,619 7,425,047 5,983,624 37,743,142 36,598,287 14,787,760 8,724,505 7,569,584
Selected functions Public welfare $1,004,041,718 14,647,854 8,212,888 21,210,309 13,237,933 20,100,492 10,716,890 35,405,600 5,464,222 28,035,919 22,104,116 1,857,334 7,536,370 51,816,766 18,157,991 13,995,885 10,701,311 22,573,291 19,922,620 8,360,897 27,859,366 44,607,021 54,708,146 13,091,036 12,709,437 18,951,954 7,472,032 8,592,578 9,733,924 8,722,557 51,363,884 6,022,166 24,667,787 4,358,686 1,972,497 16,287,178 23,773,926 36,464,183 45,682,040 7,909,188 16,871,236 27,674,291 88,703,279 10,682,961 8,288,441 14,414,072 49,120,445 9,132,605 10,384,107 2,268,266
Hospitals $2,172,846,739 60,758,272 1,261,446 2,616,929 25,522,317 439,311,479 30,649,804 40,886,309 4,580,237 13,370,408 31,072,926 24,823,480 2,177,984 53,050,450 5,288,399 50,945,280 53,291,338 34,854,989 42,754,845 2,364,053 16,720,237 27,508,987 99,047,295 23,678,797 37,548,003 36,039,186 2,908,464 15,058,915 6,508,005 2,680,795 66,652,642 36,553,940 242,864,964 103,815,378 2,931,879 74,678,298 3,285,265 52,686,782 45,085,825 4,108,328 23,499,073 1,225,362 13,709,733 110,141,693 49,083,119 1,298,285 55,280,537 75,805,803 4,390,028 16,008,848 2,461,328
P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T
TA BLE 8 . 6 State Government Payrolls for Selected Functions, By State: March 2017 (In thousands of dollars) (continued) State United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Corrections $2,084,090,316 17,268,676 13,054,640 34,399,487 18,350,694 431,980,110 31,647,116 33,997,017 12,129,762 71,288,720 49,615,709 12,586,424 12,922,595 74,437,381 17,904,506 14,475,421 10,751,797 13,988,209 22,471,883 5,407,332 58,510,226 68,866,234 63,727,983 21,753,914 6,891,372 32,789,248 5,217,412 10,993,052 18,296,078 5,689,919 49,661,433 14,219,935 192,881,838 71,346,341 4,108,040 63,216,978 16,994,900 29,105,588 91,110,968 11,596,338 24,215,180 2,953,463 22,225,311 138,299,381 12,796,419 5,443,481 46,507,712 39,788,928 9,474,349 42,327,514 4,403,302
Police protection $645,607,018 5,679,024 5,025,788 10,294,514 4,646,525 98,386,776 7,780,568 14,315,171 7,835,976 16,739,645 12,263,544 0 2,749,689 23,274,794 8,138,767 5,877,763 5,164,598 8,119,717 12,255,989 3,104,491 14,607,614 26,888,980 15,895,376 5,132,168 4,898,115 11,300,544 2,499,890 3,734,901 5,690,925 2,972,970 29,890,317 3,190,540 58,241,354 15,152,155 1,324,082 14,878,632 9,934,439 9,383,365 43,031,260 2,894,651 8,545,704 1,712,450 8,829,122 45,322,117 4,101,411 4,075,641 16,728,904 12,252,077 4,233,735 5,113,605 1,496,635
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2017 Census of Governments: Employment. Notes: 1. Data users who create their own estimates using these data should cite the U.S. Census Bureau as the source of the original data only. The data in this table are based on information from public records and contain no confidential data. The data in this table come from a census of governmental units and are subject to nonsampling
Selected functions, cont. Natural resources $633,105,523 7,644,244 11,946,370 6,737,864 6,730,070 100,938,707 5,875,315 4,387,408 1,843,367 27,698,178 17,963,945 4,206,578 10,609,612 12,769,917 8,514,459 8,350,282 3,307,671 9,656,207 17,140,284 5,279,348 10,980,478 8,807,731 17,558,016 17,109,510 10,184,944 7,739,121 7,230,161 8,045,231 4,486,985 1,852,706 11,060,594 4,520,374 17,494,243 17,068,554 4,886,733 11,782,457 6,918,848 14,604,692 30,531,339 2,260,752 7,371,836 3,908,329 15,756,564 50,473,533 5,432,819 3,557,346 13,615,465 24,881,897 6,116,834 10,840,568 4,427,037
Financial admin. $865,413,738 10,643,174 6,741,464 9,781,704 8,925,475 141,967,584 11,038,985 11,411,890 2,728,718 22,782,533 12,681,586 3,432,794 7,192,263 28,076,574 8,535,135 7,549,431 7,494,970 9,284,037 13,031,337 5,440,595 15,479,611 21,916,375 25,431,196 32,645,493 5,974,547 11,221,697 4,509,281 3,226,341 6,290,702 4,060,205 26,985,383 4,843,533 97,993,924 17,599,780 3,252,493 37,015,173 10,340,025 22,222,377 31,642,875 5,461,967 12,885,607 2,321,435 15,883,873 40,399,610 12,366,788 3,385,924 21,247,673 17,715,680 5,701,514 12,955,921 3,696,486
Judicial and legal admin. $1,013,751,701 13,985,245 8,695,406 12,334,904 6,555,894 45,816,706 28,884,522 26,402,840 8,712,904 82,004,943 16,740,002 13,717,856 5,589,226 23,967,702 10,264,320 13,044,141 9,181,120 19,558,170 7,653,046 4,299,853 32,342,526 59,119,233 10,848,004 24,269,557 2,568,239 17,034,426 3,981,476 4,365,489 4,995,584 4,240,815 79,615,121 15,363,231 145,366,774 33,684,393 3,777,455 19,425,023 12,196,492 17,945,061 30,016,567 7,386,864 4,930,260 3,471,331 14,866,956 33,354,722 8,431,540 3,687,720 19,539,144 13,340,435 7,740,009 15,232,742 3,205,712
error. Additional information on nonsampling error, response rates, and definitions may be found within the survey technical documentation https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/apes/ technical-documentation.html. 2. Detail may not add to total due to rounding. Key: (a) Includes instructional and other personnel.
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TA BLE 8 . 7 State Employees: Paid Holidays** State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Major holidays (a)
Martin Luther King’s Birthday (b)
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
H(h) H H H(h) H H H H H H H H(h) H H H H H H H H H H H H(h) H H H H H(h) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
See footnotes at end of table
376 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Lincoln’s Birthday … … … … … … H … … … … … H (m) … … … … … … … … … … H … … … … … … (j) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
President’s Day (c) … H H … H H … … … … H H … … … … … … H H … H H … … H H H H H (o) … … H H H H H … H H H H H H … H H … H … H … H H H
Washington’s Birthday (c) H(i) … … H(i) … … H … … (l) … … H (m) … … … … … … H … … H H … … … … … … H … … … … … … … … … … … … … H … … … … H … … … … …
Good Friday … … … … … … H H … … H … … H … … H(n) H … … … … … … … … … … … H … … H H … … … … … … … H (r) … … … … … … … … H … H H H
Memorial Day (d) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H(v) H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T
TA BLE 8 . 7 State Employees: Paid Holidays** (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Columbus Day (e)
Veteran’s Day
H … H … … H H … … H … H H H … … … … H H H … … … H H H … … H H H … … H … … H H … (y) (q) … H … H … H … … H H … (ff) H (gg)
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H … H H H H H H H
Day after Thanksgiving (k) … … (k) H … … H H (l) … … H (m) H H H … H H(aa) … H H (k) … … H H(cc) H … (o) … H … … H H H … H … (q) H … (dd) H H(aa) H … … … … … … … …
Day before or after Christmas (k) … … Before … … … … … (l) … … … (m) … … H … … … … Before … (k) … … … … … … … … (x) (p) … Before … … … Both … … Both … … (ee) … (s) Before … … … … … Before (bb)
Day before or after New Year’s … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … H … … … … Before … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (s) Before … … … … … … …
Election Day (f) … … … … … … … H … … H … H H … … H(t) H(u) … H … H(z) … … … H … … … H (w) H … … … … … … H … … … … … … … … H … … … … … … … …
Other (g) H H … H H H … H H H H … … … H H … H H … H … H H H … H H H … … … … … … … … … H H … … H H H H H H … … H H H H H H
See footnotes at end of table
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TA BLE 8 . 7 State Employees: Paid Holidays** (continued) **Holidays in addition to any other authorized paid personal leave granted state employees. Source: The Council of State Governments’ survey of state personnel office Web sites, 2019. Note: In some states, the governor may proclaim additional holidays or select from a number of holidays for observance by state employees. In some states, the list of paid holidays is determined by the personnel department at the beginning of each year; as a result, the number of holidays may change from year to year. Number of paid holidays may also vary across some employee classifications. If a holiday falls on a weekend, generally employees get the day preceding or following. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: ★—Paid holiday granted. …—Paid holiday not granted. (a) New Year's Day, Independence Day, Labor Day), Thanksgiving Day and Christmas Day. (b) Third Monday in January. (c) Generally, third Monday in February; Washington's Birthday or President's Day. In some states the holiday is called President's Day or Washington-Lincoln Day. Most frequently, this day recognizes George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. (d) Last Monday in May in all states indicated, except Vermont where holiday is observed on May 30. Generally, states follow the federal government's observance (last Monday in May) rather than the traditional Memorial Day (May 30). (e) Second Monday in October. (f) General election day only, unless otherwise indicated. In Indiana, primary and general election days. (g) Additional holidays: Alabama—Mardi Gras Day (Baldwin and Mobile counties only)(day before Ash Wednesday), Robert E. Lee's Birthday celebrated with MLK day, Confederate Memorial Day (fourth Monday in April), Jefferson Davis' Birthday (first Monday in June). Alaska—Seward's Day (last Monday in March), Alaska Day (October 18). Arkansas—Employee is granted one holiday to observe his or her birthday. California—César Chávez Day (March 31), one personal holiday (employees become eligible for a personal holiday once they have completed six months of state employment). Colorado—State employees may have César Chávez Day (March 31) off in lieu of any other legal holiday that occurs on a weekday in the same fiscal year. Delaware—Eligible employees are granted two floating holidays per calendar year, Return Day after 12:00 noon (second day after a general election) in Sussex County only. Florida—Full-time employees are entitled to one personal holiday each year. Personal holidays are credited to eligible employees on July 1, and must be taken by the employee by June 30 of each year. Georgia—Formerly known as Confederate Memorial Day, renamed to State Day in 2016 (fourth Monday in April). Hawaii—Prince Jonah Kuhio Kalanianaole Day (March 26), King Kamehameha I Day (June 11), Statehood Day (third Friday in August). 378 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Iowa—State employees are granted two days of paid leave each year to be added to the vacation allowance and accrued under certain provisions. Kansas—One discretionary holiday that can be used any time during the calendar year. Louisiana—Mardi Gras Day (Tuesday before Ash Wednesday), Inauguration Day (every four years, in Baton Rouge only). Maine—Patriot's Day (third Monday in April). Massachusetts—Patriot's Day (third Monday in April), Evacuation Day (March 17—Suffolk County only), Bunker Hill Day (June 17—Suffolk County only). Minnesota—Regular and temporary employees with at least six months of employment shall receive two floating holidays each payroll year. Mississippi—Confederate Memorial Day (last Monday in April). Missouri—Harry Truman’s Birthday (May 8). Nebraska—Arbor Day (last Friday in April). Nevada—Nevada Day (last Friday in October). New Hampshire—Employees who are employed on a full-time basis are eligible for two floating holidays. Rhode Island—Victory Day (second Monday in August). South Carolina—Confederate Memorial Day (May 10). Texas—The following are partial staffing holidays: Confederate Heroes Day (January 19), Texas Independence Day (March 2), San Jacinto Day (April 21), Emancipation Day in Texas (June 19) and Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (August 27). Staff offices are scheduled to be open on partial staffing holidays and optional holidays. An employee may observe optional holidays in lieu of any partial staffing holiday on which state offices are required to be open to conduct public business. Optional holidays include Cesar Chavez Day (March 31), Good Friday, Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur. Utah—Pioneer Day (July 24). Vermont—Town Meeting Day (first Tuesday in March), Bennington Battle Day (August 16). Virginia—Lee-Jackson Day (Friday preceding the third Monday in January). State offices will close at noon on the day before Thanksgiving. Washington—One additional paid holiday per calendar year. West Virginia—West Virginia Day (June 20). District of Columbia—Presidential Inauguration Day (January 20) and District of Columbia Emancipation Day (April 16). American Samoa—American Samoa Flag Day (April 17), Manu'a Cession Day (July 16). Guam—Guam History & Chamorro Heritage Day (March 6), Liberation Day (July 21), All Souls' Day (November 2) and Our Lady of Camarin Day (December 8). Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands—Commonwealth Covenant Day (March 25), Citizenship Day (November 4) and Constitution Day (December 8). Puerto Rico—Three Kings Day (January 6), Birthday of Eugenio Maria de Hostos (second Monday in January), Birthday of Luis Muñoz Marin (February 18), Emancipation Day (March 22), Birthday of Jose de Diego (third Monday in April), Birthday of Don Luis Munoz Rivera (third Monday in July), Constitution or Puerto Rico Day
P U B LI C E M P LOY M E N T
TA BLE 8 . 7 State Employees: Paid Holidays** (continued) (July 25), Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa (July 27), Discovery of Puerto Rico (November 19). U.S. Virgin Islands—Three Kings Day (January 6), Holy Thursday (Thursday before Good Friday), Transfer Day (March 31), Easter Monday (Monday after Easter), Emancipation Day (July 3), Liberty Day (November 1). (h) In Alabama, Arkansas and Mississippi, also celebrated as Robert E. Lee's Birthday. In Idaho, also celebrated as Idaho Human Rights Day. In New Hampshire, also celebrated as Civil Rights Day. (i) In Alabama, celebrated as George Washington's and Thomas Jefferson's Birthday. In Arkansas, celebrated as George Washington's Birthday and Daisy Gatson Bates Day. (j) The state has designated Lincoln's birthday as a floating holiday in 2019 for state employees in certain bargaining units. (k) At the discretion of the governor. (l) In Georgia, Robert E. Lee's Birthday is observed on the day after Thanksgiving, and Washington's Birthday is observed the day before Christmas. (m) In Indiana, Lincoln's Birthday is observed on the day after Thanksgiving, and Washington's Birthday is observed the day before Christmas. (n) In Kentucky, half day. (o) In New Mexico, President's Day is observed on the day after Thanksgiving. (p) In North Dakota, state offices close at noon on Christmas Eve when it falls on Monday through Thursday. (q) In Tennessee, at the governor's discretion Columbus Day may be observed the day after Thanksgiving.
(r) In Texas, Good Friday is an optional holiday. An employee is entitled to observe optional holidays in lieu of any partial staffing holiday in which state offices are required to be open to conduct public business. (s) Half day on Christmas Eve and New Year's Eve (closes at noon). (t) Tuesday after first Monday in November of presidential election years. (u) General Election Day is a state holiday the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even-numbered years. (v) Also celebrated as Jefferson Davis' Birthday. (w) Employees are allowed up to two hours paid administrative leave to vote. (x) Three days when Christmas Day falls on Tuesday, Wednesday or Thursday; two days when Christmas Day falls on Friday or Monday. (y) Celebrated as Native Americans Day. (z) First Tuesday in November, even numbered years. (aa) Observed as American Indian Heritage Day in Maryland and Native American Heritage Day in Washington. (bb) Observed as Boxing Day. (cc) Observed as Family Day. (dd) Most state offices will be closed the day after Thanksgiving. (ee) At the discretion of the governor. A paid holiday will be granted on the day before Christmas for 2019. (ff) Celebrated as Commonwealth Cultural Day. (gg) Also celebrated as V.I./P.R. Friendship Day.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 7 9
DE MOGRA PH ICS
TA BLE 8 . 8 Women Governors Throughout History Name (Party-State)
Dates served
Special circumstances
Nellie Tayloe Ross (D-WY)
1925–1927
Won special election to replace deceased husband
Miriam “Ma” Ferguson (D-TX)
1925–1927, 1933–1935
Inaugurated 15 days after Ross; elected as surrogate for husband who could not succeed himself
Lurleen Wallace (D-AL)
1967–1968
Elected as surrogate for husband who could not succeed himself
Ella Grasso (D-CT)
1975–1980
First woman elected governor in her own right; resigned for health reasons
Dixy Lee Ray (D-WA)
1977–1981
Vesta Roy (R-NH)
1982–1983
Martha Layne Collins (D-KY)
1984–1987
Madeleine Kunin (D-VT)
1985–1991
First woman to serve three terms as governor
Kay Orr (R-NE)
1987–1991
First Republican woman governor and first woman to defeat another woman in a gubernatorial race
Rose Mofford (D-AZ)
1988–1991
Elected as secretary of state, succeeded governor who was impeached and convicted
Joan Finney (D-KS)
1991–1995
First woman to defeat an incumbent governor
Ann Richards (D-TX)
1991–1995
Barbara Roberts (D-OR)
1991–1995
Christine Todd Whitman (R-NJ)
1994–2001
Jeanne Shaheen (D-NH)
1997–2003
Jane Dee Hull (R-AZ)
1997–2003
Elected as secretary of state, succeeded governor who resigned; later elected to a full term
Nancy Hollister (R-OH)
1998–1999
Elected lieutenant governor; served as governor for 11 days when predecessor took U.S. Senate seat and successor had not yet been sworn in
Jane Swift (R-MA)
2001–2003
Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned for an ambassadorial appointment
Judy Martz (R-MT)
2001–2005
Olene Walker (R-UT)
2003–2005
Ruth Ann Minner (D-DE)
2001–2009
Jennifer M. Granholm (D-MI)
2003–2011
Linda Lingle (R-HI)
2003–2011
Janet Napolitano (D-AZ)
2003–2009
First woman to succeed another woman as governor; resigned to become U. S. Secretary of Homeland Security
Kathleen Sebelius (D-KS)
2003–2009
Father was governor of Ohio; resigned to become U.S. Secretary of Health and Human Services
Kathleen Blanco (D-LA)
2004–2008
M. Jodi Rell (R-CT)
2004–2011
Christine Gregoire (D-WA)
2005–2013
Sarah Palin (R-AK)
2007–2009
Beverly Perdue (D-NC)
2009–2013
Jan Brewer (R-AZ)
2009–2015
Elected as secretary of state, succeeded governor who resigned
Nikki Haley (R-SC)
2011–2017
First Asian (Indian) American woman to be elected governor; resigned to become U.S. Ambassador to the United Nations
Maggie Hassan (D-NH)
2013–2017
Mary Fallin (R-OK)
2011–present
Susana Martinez (R-NM)
2011–present
Gina Raimando (D-RI)
2015–present
Kate Brown (D-OR)
2015–present
Elected as secretary of state, succeeded governor who resigned
Kay Ivey (R-AL)
2017–present
Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned
Kim Reynolds (R-IA)
2017–present
Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned
Laura Kelly (D-KS)
2019–present
Michelle Lujan Grisham (D-NM)
2019–present
Janet Mills (D-ME)
2019–present
Kristi Noem (R-SD)
2019–present
Gretchen Whitmer (D-MI)
2019–present
Elected to state senate and chosen as senate president; served as governor for seven days when incumbent died
Resigned to take presidential appointment as commissioner of the Environmental Protection Agency
Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned to take a federal appointment
Elected as lieutenant governor, succeeded governor who resigned Resigned
First Latina to be elected governor
Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University.
380 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
D E M O G R A P HI C S
TA BLE 8 . 9 Women in State Legislatures: 2019 State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska (d) Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Senate Democrats Republicans 4 0 1 5 7 6 3 4 10 3 12 1 8 1 4 1 6 6 13 2 7 0 4 5 18 2 2 7 6 5 6 8 2 2 3 2 8 4 13 2 11 0 8 3 10 6 4 5 6 3 11 2 --------------------Nonpartisan-------------------8 1 7 3 9 1 6 2 14 6 6 4 4 7 4 4 5 4 7 2 6 6 14 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 3 6 2 2 10 2 7 3 12 8 0 3 6 2 1 5
% Women 11.4 30.0 43.3 20.0 32.5 37.1 25.0 23.8 30.0 26.8 28.0 25.7 33.9 18.0 22.0 35.0 10.5 12.8 34.3 31.9 27.5 28.9 23.9 17.3 26.5 26.0 26.5 42.9 41.7 25.0 19.0 31.7 20.0 23.4 24.2 18.8 30.0 24.1 42.1 8.7 17.1 27.3 (d) 29.0 20.7 33.3 25.0 40.8 8.8 24.2 20.0
House Democrats Republicans % Women 11 7 17.1 6 11 42.5 14 8 36.7 8 17 25.0 21 2 28.8 26 8 52.3 29 23 34.4 9 1 24.4 23 13 30.0 42 15 31.7 14 3 33.3 7 16 32.9 36 8 37.3 17 9 26.0 24 10 34.0 17 14 24.8 18 9 27.0 7 10 16.2 48 11 39.1 50 7 40.4 38 7 28.8 (b) 25 17 38.2 35 13 35.8 8 7 12.3 19 21 24.5 21 11 32.0 -------------------------------------Unicameral------------------------------------18 5 54.8 109 26 33.8 21 6 33.8 24 7 44.3 46 4 33.3 23 11 28.3 8 11 20.2 19 8 27.3 11 12 22.8 22 6 46.7 29 22 25.1 25 1 34.7 12 11 18.5 4 15 27.1 4 8 12.1 27 6 22.0 12 7 25.0 41 13 40.7 (e) 22 5 27.0 30 10 40.8 8 8 16.0 18 10 28.3 4 4 13.3
Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University. Figures are as of February 2019. Key: (a) States share the same rank if their proportions of women legislators are exactly equal or round off to be equal (Alaska, Maryland; California, Florida, Iowa, Montana; Kansas, Wisconsin; Missouri, Pennsylvania; South Carolina, Tennessee).
Legislature (both houses) % Women State rank (a) 15.7 46 38.3 7 38.9 6 23.7 38 30.0 22 47.0 2 32.6 16 24.2 35 30.0 22 30.5 20 31.6 18 30.5 21 36.2 11 23.3 39 30.0 22 27.3 28 22.5 41 15.3 48 38.2 9 38.3 7 28.5 27 35.8 12 31.8 17 13.8 50 24.9 33 30.0 22 28.6 26 50.8 1 34.2 14 30.8 19 34.8 13 32.9 15 25.9 32 21.3 43 26.5 30 21.5 42 41.1 3 24.9 33 37.2 10 15.9 44 23.8 37 15.9 44 23.2 40 24.0 36 39.4 5 26.4 31 40.8 4 14.2 49 27.3 28 15.6 47
(b) Massachusetts percentage includes one Independent. (c) Nebraska has a unicameral legislature with nonpartisan elections. (d) Tennessee percentage includes one Independent. (e) Vermont percentage includes three Independents and four Progressives.
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DE MOGRA PH ICS
Table 8.9 | Proportion of Women among State Legislators 30%
28.7% 24.3%
25%
22.4% 20.6%
20%
22.7% 22.4% 22.4%
23.5%
24.8%
24.2% 23.7%
24.6%
25.3%
18.3% 15.7%
15%
13.3% 10.3%
10%
5%
0%
8.0%
4.5%
1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018 2019
Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institue of Politics, Rutgers University.
382â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
D E M O G R A P HI C S
TA BLE 8 . 1 0 Women Statewide Elected Officials: 2019 State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Governor W « « « « « « « « « « « « « W W « « W « « W « « « « « « « « W « « « « W W « W « W « « « « « « « « «
Lieutenant Governor « « N.A. « W W W W W « « W W W « « W « N.A. « W « W « « « « W N.A. W « W « « W « N.A. « « W « N.A. « « « « « N.A. « N.A.
Source: Data for elected officials are current as of February 2019 and have been provided by the Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institute of Politics, Rutgers University.
Attorney General « « « W « « « W W « N.A. « « « « « « « N.A. « W W « « « « « « N.A. N.A. « W « « « « W « « « « N.A. « « « « « « « N.A.
Secretary of State « N.A. W « « W W N.A. N.A. « N.A. « « W « « W « N.A. N.A. « W « « « « « W N.A. N.A. W N.A. W « « N.A. « N.A. W « « N.A. N.A. N.A. « N.A. W « « «
Treasurer « N.A. W « W « « W « N.A. N.A. W « « « « W « N.A. N.A. W N.A. N.A. W « N.A. N.A. « N.A. N.A. « N.A. « W « « « « « « « N.A. N.A. « W N.A. « « W «
Key: «—Denotes that this position is filled through a statewide election. W—Denotes that this position is filled through a statewide election and is held by a woman. N.A.—Not applicable.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 8 3
DE MOGRA PH ICS
Table 8.10 | Proportion of Women among Statewide Elected Officials 30%
27.6%
27.6%
25.9% 25%
27.6% 25.7%
25.6%
24.1% 22.9%
20%
23.4%
24.5% 24.0%
21.6%
22.3%
18.2%
15%
13.9% 9.8%
10%
10.7% 10.5%
7.0% 5%
0%
1971 1975 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2018 2019
Source: Center for American Women and Politics, Eagleton Institue of Politics, Rutgers University.
384â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
CHAPTER NINE
S E L E C T E D S TAT E POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 1 Number of Operating Public Schools and Districts; State Enrollment, Teacher and Pupil Teacher Ratio By State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2015â&#x20AC;&#x201C;16 State or jurisdiction United States (c) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Dept. of Defense (DoDEA) Bureau of Indian Education American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Number of operational schools (a) 98,456 1,509 508 2,284 1,088 10,303 1,862 1,369 223 4,322 2,297 290 744 4,175 1,921 1,349 1,320 1,541 1,390 611 1,437 1,862 3,468 2,478 1,076 2,424 823 1,085 662 490 2,588 884 4,824 2,603 518 3,619 1,800 1,242 3,019 313 1,248 698 1,859 8,826 1,033 314 2,133 2,427 744 2,255 370 228 173 174 28 41 N/A 1,322 28
Number of operational districts 18,328 180 54 692 289 1,163 265 205 50 76 223 1 159 1,052 418 345 317 186 179 267 25 408 902 564 157 567 490 284 19 299 694 158 989 297 222 1,103 605 221 784 64 102 168 146 1,232 152 357 222 330 57 465 60 64 14 196 1 1 N/A 1 2
Membership (b) 50,327,015 743,789 132,477 1,109,040 492,132 6,226,737 899,112 537,933 134,847 2,792,234 1,757,237 181,995 292,277 2,041,779 1,046,757 508,014 495,884 686,598 718,711 181,613 879,601 964,026 1,536,231 864,384 487,200 919,234 145,319 316,014 467,527 182,425 1,408,845 335,694 2,711,626 1,544,934 108,644 1,716,585 692,878 576,407 1,717,414 142,014 763,533 134,253 1,001,235 5,301,477 647,870 87,866 1,283,590 1,087,030 277,452 867,800 94,717 84,024 74,970 N/A N/A 30,821 N/A 379,818 13,805
State level Teacher (b) 3,151,497 40,766 7,832 47,944 35,804 263,475 51,798 43,772 8,962 182,586 113,031 11,747 15,656 129,948 57,675 35,687 40,035 41,902 58,469 14,857 59,414 71,969 84,181 55,985 32,175 67,635 10,412 23,308 22,702 14,770 114,969 21,722 206,086 99,355 9,195 101,742 42,452 29,086 120,893 10,631 50,237 9,638 66,488 347,329 28,348 (d) 8,338 90,255 57,942 19,664 58,185 7,653 6,789 N/A N/A N/A 2,336 N/A 30,438 1,106
Pupil/teacher ratio 16.0 18.2 16.9 23.1 13.7 23.6 17.4 12.3 15.0 15.3 15.5 15.5 18.7 15.7 18.1 14.2 12.4 16.4 12.3 12.2 14.8 13.4 18.2 15.4 15.1 13.6 14.0 13.6 20.6 12.4 12.3 15.5 13.2 15.5 11.8 16.9 16.3 19.8 14.2 13.4 15.2 13.9 15.1 15.3 22.9 10.5 14.2 18.8 14.1 14.9 12.4 12.4 N/A N/A N/A 13.2 N/A 12.5 12.5
See footnotes at end of table
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E DUCATIO N
TA BLE 9 . 1 Number of Operating Public Schools and Districts; State Enrollment, Teacher and Pupil Teacher Ratio By State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2015–16 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/ Secondary School Universe Survey”, 2015-16, Provisional Version 1a , “Local Education Agency Universe Survey”, 2015-16, Provisional Version 1a, and “State Nonfiscal Survey of Public Elementary/Secondary Education”, 2015-16, Provisional Version 1a. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N/A—Not available. (a) Total number of operating schools excludes schools also reported by the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE). The number of operating schools shared with the BIE include one in Arizona, one in Michigan, and eight in North Dakota.
388 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(b) The membership and staff counts are from the state education agency (SEA) data files referenced in the source notes. Data for teachers are expressed in full-time equivalents (FTE). Counts of public school teachers and enrollment include prekindergarten through grade 13. (c) U.S. totals include the 50 states and the District of Columbia. (d) Utah did not report staff data in time for inclusion in this release of CCD data. The value shown here is an imputations based on the data submitted in prior years. Please see Documentation to the 2015–16 Common Core of Data (CCD) Universe Files (NCES 2017074) for a detailed description of imputations.
E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 2 Number of City, Suburban, Town, and Rural Regular Public Elementary and Secondary Schools with Membership and Percentage Distribution of Students in Membership, By State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2015â&#x20AC;&#x201C;16 State or jurisdiction United States (c) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Dept. of Defense (DoDEA) Bur. of Indian Education American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Total number of schools (a) 88,835 1,315 474 1,910 1,052 8,788 1,756 1,062 196 3,472 2,237 288 635 3,908 1,862 1,323 1,311 1,221 1,337 581 1,329 1,793 2,939 1,666 908 2,220 817 1,001 609 488 2,374 834 4,617 2,495 471 3,479 1,791 1,207 2,921 297 1,182 650 1,744 7,851 928 298 1,846 1,961 677 2,145 358 212 173 N/A N/A 40 N/A 1,262 27
Total number of students(b) 49,312,454 740,713 129,054 1,090,144 491,390 6,044,665 878,804 519,528 124,161 2,727,105 1,753,296 181,870 286,447 2,012,523 1,045,085 497,345 488,382 676,793 714,923 176,396 861,595 914,148 1,412,050 832,485 486,910 913,246 145,240 316,014 464,272 181,307 1,337,561 330,429 2,634,356 1,536,724 106,372 1,708,484 692,546 562,870 1,692,726 136,719 761,721 132,433 991,648 5,224,531 636,734 84,355 1,281,866 1,040,890 276,449 861,518 94,717 80,914 74,970 N/A N/A 30,782 N/A 359,154 13,805
City Number of Percent of schools Students 23,756 30.2 289 23.7 88 35.4 895 48.6 227 28.6 3,592 42.7 585 38.5 296 29.7 36 13.3 961 25.6 406 15.8 68 23.9 114 23.3 965 30.0 514 30.8 233 27.4 249 28.3 159 16.0 367 29.5 48 12.7 299 20.6 328 17.7 665 23.6 329 21.4 103 10.7 378 18.5 64 25.2 211 38.8 260 50.4 49 14.8 232 10.4 219 34.4 2,037 45.4 653 28.6 61 27.7 751 19.1 279 23.7 326 34.7 569 20.8 72 24.5 216 19.6 56 26.8 572 32.5 2,923 41.5 149 16.0 14 7.8 429 23.0 572 32.8 81 15.4 504 29.2 52 25.0 211 100.0 22 12.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0.0 N/A N/A 303 24.4 0 0.0
Suburban Number of Percent of schools Students 28,291 39.7 232 21.9 14 8.6 476 31.3 120 14.2 3,592 45.8 545 39.0 557 55.5 99 52.8 1,856 58.5 847 46.4 107 45.2 119 27.8 1,635 49.0 394 26.9 109 12.8 148 17.4 224 22.1 324 29.0 66 16.6 762 62.0 1,226 72.0 1,079 43.7 426 36.2 86 14.0 529 34.7 11 2.0 85 14.8 173 36.0 133 36.9 1,884 79.7 83 13.6 1,484 36.8 485 23.8 24 11.6 1,288 45.3 219 22.2 254 27.0 1,344 51.3 188 65.4 345 35.4 6 1.7 277 20.5 1,988 32.3 495 62.9 17 9.4 676 45.4 683 42.7 126 20.6 445 28.1 6 2.0 0 0.0 22 11.8 N/A N/A N/A N/A 0 0.0 N/A N/A 805 65.9 0 0.0
Town Number of Percent of schools students 11,582 11.3 195 14.6 82 25.8 243 10.3 233 23.6 632 5.7 198 9.0 38 2.8 31 16.7 217 4.4 270 10.5 72 21.8 143 23.9 499 10.2 288 14.4 321 25.5 321 26.3 307 25.5 231 14.2 77 17.1 55 3.6 39 1.4 368 11.5 325 20.6 267 28.4 388 20.3 138 36.7 190 21.0 71 7.5 71 14.1 63 2.1 227 27.3 352 6.3 307 10.5 64 21.5 506 13.3 388 23.6 291 23.8 286 9.0 0 0.0 151 11.3 99 30.2 281 16.6 1,004 9.8 118 10.8 52 27.1 161 7.0 266 12.5 123 21.6 419 19.7 114 44.1 0 0.0 11 5.5 N/A N/A N/A N/A 33 85.7 N/A N/A 59 4.4 27 100.0
Rural Number of Percent of schools students 25,188 18.7 599 39.7 290 30.2 296 9.8 472 33.6 972 5.8 428 13.5 157 12.0 30 17.3 438 11.5 714 27.3 41 9.1 258 24.8 809 10.8 664 27.9 660 34.2 593 28.1 531 36.5 415 27.3 390 53.6 213 13.8 200 8.8 827 21.1 586 21.7 452 46.9 925 26.6 604 36.1 515 25.4 105 6.1 235 34.2 195 7.8 305 24.7 744 11.4 37.0 1,050 322 39.2 934 22.3 905 30.5 336 14.5 722 18.8 37 10.1 470 33.6 489 41.3 614 30.3 1,935 16.4 166 10.3 215 55.7 580 24.5 440 12.1 347 42.4 777 23.0 186 28.9 0 0.0 6 3.6 N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 14.3 N/A N/A 95 5.3 0 0.0
See footnotes at end of table
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E DUCATIO N
TA BLE 9 . 2 Number of City, Suburban, Town, and Rural Regular Public Elementary and Secondary Schools with Membership and Percentage Distribution of Students in Membership, By State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2015–16 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey”, Provisional Version 1a, and the NCES Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (EDGE), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Geographic Data,” 2015–16. Note: Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. The locales of “city”, “suburban”, “town”, and “rural” are a collapse of the 12 category, urban-centric locale code. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands
390 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Key: N.A.—Not applicable N/A—Not available (a) The total number of schools is limited to regular, operational schools with membership and excludes schools also reported by the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE). The number of operating schools shared with the BIE include one in Arizona, one in Michigan, and eight in North Dakota. (b) Total number of students is the count of students enrolled on October 1 of the reported school year. (c) U.S. totals include the 50 states and the District of Columbia.
E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 3 Number of Operating Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by School Type, Charter, Magnet, Title I, and Title I Schoolwide Status, and State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2015–16 State or other jurisdiction Reporting states (c) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Dept. of Defense (DoDEA) Bur. of Indian Education American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Total number of operating schools (a) 98,456 1,509 508 2,284 1,088 10,303 1,862 1,369 223 4,322 2,297 290 744 4,175 1,921 1,349 1,320 1,541 1,390 611 1,437 1,862 3,468 2,478 1,076 2,424 823 1,085 662 490 2,588 884 4,824 2,603 518 3,619 1,800 1,242 3,019 313 1,248 698 1,859 8,826 1,033 314 2,133 2,427 744 2,255 370 228 173 174 28 41 N/A 1,322 28
Regular 89,644 1,326 478 1,963 1,052 8,936 1,756 1,062 198 3,716 2,237 288 635 3,929 1,863 1,324 1,315 1,230 1,341 582 1,329 1,796 2,962 1,686 915 2,247 817 1,009 610 490 2,384 846 4,618 2,498 474 3,495 1,791 1,209 2,925 297 1,185 651 1,806 7,872 935 298 1,864 1,998 682 2,147 361 216 173 174 27 40 N/A 1,262 27
Special education 2,011 34 3 20 4 151 6 168 13 174 19 1 18 108 22 3 4 8 32 2 37 7 187 292 2 53 2 25 14 0 64 6 131 24 31 51 4 1 4 1 9 12 16 14 64 0 53 96 3 12 3 3 0 0 0 0 N/A 18 0
Vocational education 1,419 68 3 242 26 74 6 17 6 53 0 0 14 0 28 0 0 121 12 27 27 38 4 9 91 63 0 0 0 0 56 0 21 7 13 73 0 0 84 10 42 3 15 0 6 15 89 20 30 6 0 0 0 0 1 0 N/A 32 1
School type Alternative education Charter 5,382 6,857 81 0 24 28 59 552 6 65 1,142 1,224 94 226 122 24 6 28 379 653 41 82 1 34 77 54 138 64 8 88 22 3 1 10 182 N.A. 5 138 0 7 44 50 21 81 315 370 491 216 68 2 61 70 4 N.A. 51 N.A. 38 47 0 31 84 89 32 99 54 256 74 158 0 N.A. 0 373 5 45 32 126 6 175 5 29 12 68 32 0 22 100 940 702 28 117 1 N.A. 127 7 313 9 29 N.A. 90 242 6 0 9 115 0 N.A. 0 N.A. 0 0 1 N.A. N/A N/A 10 N.A. 0 N.A.
Magnet 3,237 40 32 0 30 504 28 85 3 536 80 N.A. 19 105 30 0 32 66 36 1 97 ‡ 386 80 17 29 0 N.A. 44 1 0 N.A. ‡ 123 N.A. N/A N.A. N.A. 50 N.A. 111 N.A. 126 258 22 2 140 N/A 0 8 0 6 0 0 N/A N.A. N/A N.A. 1
Title I (b) 68,614 ‡ 358 1,724 988 7,339 690 608 151 3,109 1,630 192 576 3,312 1,510 923 1,137 1,119 1,239 527 800 1,061 2,302 965 738 1,887 720 454 349 434 1,764 788 3,578 2,112 259 2,887 1,602 572 2,417 241 587 588 1,575 7,080 321 226 737 1,535 350 2,205 162 186 N.A. N/A N/A 0 N/A 1,303 N.A.
Title I schoolwide (b) 53,669 ‡ 337 1,306 924 5,640 539 270 151 2,950 1,548 192 504 2,095 1,219 512 873 1,084 1,212 392 704 596 1,523 454 736 1,569 436 345 347 164 553 767 2,937 1,987 109 2,267 1,112 486 1,707 154 587 329 1,516 6,770 250 200 584 1,283 348 833 87 181 N.A. N/A N/A N.A. N/A 1,235 N.A.
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 9 1
E DUCATIO N
TA BLE 9 . 3 Number of Operating Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by School Type, Charter, Magnet, Title I, and Title I Schoolwide Status, and State or Jurisdiction: School Year 2015–16 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “Public Elementary/Secondary School Universe Survey,” 2015-16, Provisional Version 1a. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Every school is assigned a school type based on its instructional emphasis; numbers and types of schools may differ from those published by states. A school may also be included under the Charter, Magnet, and/or Title I statuses, which are independent of one another and of school type. Key: N/A–Not available N.A.–Not applicable. Some states/jurisdictions do not have charter school authorization and some states/jurisdictions do not designate magnet schools. ‡–Reporting standards not met. Data missing for more than 80 percent of schools in the state or jurisdiction.
392 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(a) Total number of operating schools excludes schools also reported by the Bureau of Indian Education (BIE). The number of operating schools shared with the BIE include one in Arizona, one in Michigan, and eight in North Dakota. (b) Schools eligible for Title I schoolwide programs are also included in the count of all Title I eligible schools. A Title I eligible school is one in which the percentage of children from low-income families is at least 35 percent of children from low-income families served by the LEA as a whole. A schoolwide Title I eligible school has a percentage of low-income students that is at least 40 percent. (c) A reporting states total is shown if data for any item in the table were not available for some, but not more than 15 percent, of all schools in the United States.
E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 4 Percentage of High School Dropouts Among Noninstitutionalized and Institutionalized Persons 16 Through 24 Years Old (Status Dropout Rate), By Race/Ethnicity and State: 2016 State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Total 5.8 6.9 5.6 7.6 7.2 5.3 6.4 3.1 7.1 6.6 6.9 3.6 4.1 4.8 7.0 4.5 5.3 6.6 8.7 4.1 5.2 3.8 6.1 4.3 6.2 5.8 5.2 5.1 8.2 3.9 3.7 8.2 5.5 6.0 2.7 6.2 7.9 5.5 5.3 4.1 5.9 5.1 4.8 6.7 4.7 4.5 3.9 7.5 6.6 4.7 5.2 3.5
White 4.5 6.7 1.9 (!) 5.0 5.8 3.0 3.5 1.9 3.4 5.4 5.9 3.9 (!) 3.6 3.2 6.2 4.0 4.6 6.4 6.6 4.2 3.4 2.3 5.6 3.5 5.6 4.8 5.0 3.6 6.1 3.5 2.1 5.4 3.7 5.3 2.2 (!) 5.3 5.8 5.2 5.0 2.6 5.7 3.1 4.2 4.4 3.7 4.8 2.8 5.8 6.6 3.8 5.2 ‡
Black 7.0 6.5 ‡ 8.9 10.7 5.7 9.0 2.5 (!) 10.3 7.1 7.3 ‡ ‡ 7.4 8.2 12.2 (!) 5.2 (!) 7.2 11.9 ‡ 5.2 6.9 9.0 5.9 (!) 6.5 7.9 ‡ 12.4 (!) 9.5 ‡ 4.9 ‡ 7.7 5.7 ‡ 9.7 14.8 ‡ 4.8 ‡ 5.9 ‡ 6.2 6.0 ‡ ‡ 4.3 10.5 9.5 (!) 9.3 ‡ 6.0
Hispanic 9.1 12.4 ‡ 10.6 9.1 7.7 12.5 8.1 18.0 (!) 8.7 12.0 5.0 (!) 7.2 (!) 7.5 13.6 6.6 10.4 12.4 7.5 ‡ 14.4 10.0 7.3 10.5 9.0 (!) 11.9 ‡ 13.1 11.9 ‡ 7.3 9.3 9.5 10.7 ‡ 9.3 10.3 7.6 10.7 8.5 8.9 ‡ 9.5 9.2 9.9 ‡ 9.9 13.2 ‡ 9.3 ‡ 6.4 (!)
Asian 2.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1.6 2.5 ‡ ‡ 2.2 2.8 1.2 ‡ 2.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1.4 (!) 1.1 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 1.8 (!) ‡ 1.4 (!) ‡ 2.1 2.3 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 2.4 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 2.6 ‡ ‡ 3.1 (!) 4.1 ‡ 2.7 (!) ‡ ‡
Pacific Islander 6.9 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 9.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 12.2 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
American Indian/ Alaska Native Two or more races 11.0 4.8 ‡ 3.2 (!) 19.0 10.1 (!) 11.1 3.3 (!) ‡ 8.2 (!) 3.6 (!) 3.6 12.1 (!) 6.1 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 5.2 ‡ 5.6 ‡ 3.4 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ 5.4 (!) ‡ 5.0 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ 4.0 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ 7.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ 4.8 (!) ‡ 2.1 (!) 9.7 (!) 6.6 17.6 (!) 6.8 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ 7.3 (!) 11.3 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ 3.1 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ 2.5 (!) 10.7 ‡ ‡ 4.5 11.1 5.3 ‡ ‡ ‡ 9.1 12.5 7.4 16.5 (!) 4.4 (!) ‡ 3.2 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ 6.1 (!) 22.0 ‡ ‡ ‡ 5.3 (!) 2.1 13.8 (!) 3.9 (!) ‡ ‡ ‡ 1.7 (!) 11.7 9.4 ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡ ‡
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 9 3
E DUCATIO N
TA BLE 9 . 4 Percentage of High School Dropouts Among Noninstitutionalized and Institutionalized Persons 16 Through 24 Years Old (Status Dropout Rate), By Race/Ethnicity and State: 2016 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, American Community Survey (ACS), 1-year sample, 2016. (This table was prepared October 2017.) Note: “Status” dropouts are 16- to 24-year-olds who are not enrolled in school and who have not completed a high school program, regardless of when they left school. People who have received GED credentials are counted as high school completers. Data are based on sample surveys of the entire population in the given age range residing within the United States, including both noninstitutionalized persons (e.g., those living in households, college housing, or military housing located within the United States) and
394 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
institutionalized persons (e.g., those living in prisons, nursing facilities, or other healthcare facilities). Totals include other racial/ ethnic groups not separately shown. Race categories exclude persons of Hispanic ethnicity. Key: ‡—Reporting standards not met. Either there are too few cases for a reliable estimate or the coefficient of variation (CV) is 50 percent or greater. !—Interpret data with caution. The coefficient of variation (CV) for this estimate is between 30 and 50 percent.
E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 4 a Recent High School Completers and Their Enrollment in College, By Sex and Level of Institution: 1960 Through 2016 Number of high school completers (a) (in thousands)
Year 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Total 1,679 1,763 1,838 1,741 2,145 2,659 2,612 2,525 2,606 2,842 2,758 2,875 2,964 3,058 3,101 3,185 2,986 3,141 3,163 3,160 3,088 3,056 3,100 2,963 3,012 2,668 2,786 2,647 2,673 2,450 2,362 2,276 2,397 2,342 2,517 2,599 2,660 2,769 2,810 2,897 2,756 2,549 2,796 2,677 2,752 2,675 2,692 2,955 3,151 2,937 3,160 3,079 3,203 2,977 2,868 2,965 3,137
Males 756 790 872 794 997 1,254 1,207 1,142 1,184 1,352 1,343 1,371 1,423 1,460 1,491 1,513 1,451 1,483 1,485 1,475 1,498 1,491 1,509 1,389 1,429 1,287 1,332 1,278 1,334 1,204 1,173 1,140 1,216 1,120 1,244 1,238 1,297 1,354 1,452 1,474 1,251 1,277 1,412 1,306 1,327 1,262 1,328 1,511 1,640 1,407 1,679 1,611 1,622 1,524 1,423 1,448 1,517
Females 923 973 966 947 1,148 1,405 1,405 1,383 1,422 1,490 1,415 1,504 1,542 1,599 1,611 1,672 1,535 1,659 1,677 1,685 1,589 1,565 1,592 1,573 1,584 1,381 1,454 1,369 1,339 1,246 1,189 1,136 1,180 1,223 1,273 1,361 1,363 1,415 1,358 1,423 1,505 1,273 1,384 1,372 1,425 1,414 1,363 1,444 1,511 1,531 1,482 1,468 1,581 1,453 1,445 1,516 1,620
Total
Total 45.1 48.0 49.0 45.0 48.3 50.9 50.1 51.9 55.4 53.3 51.7 53.5 49.2 46.6 47.6 50.7 48.8 50.6 50.1 49.3 49.3 53.9 50.6 52.7 55.2 57.7 53.8 56.8 58.9 59.6 60.1 62.5 61.9 62.6 61.9 61.9 65.0 67.0 65.6 62.9 63.3 61.8 65.2 63.9 66.7 68.6 66.0 67.2 68.6 70.1 68.1 68.2 66.2 65.9 68.4 69.2 69.8
2-year college N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 14.9 15.2 18.2 15.6 17.5 17.0 17.5 19.4 20.5 19.1 19.2 19.4 19.6 19.2 18.9 21.9 20.7 20.1 24.9 23.0 22.8 21.0 21.5 23.1 22.8 24.4 21.0 21.4 19.6 21.6 21.5 22.4 24.0 24.7 24.1 27.7 27.7 26.7 25.9 28.8 23.8 24.6 25.2 23.7
Percent of recent high school completers (a) enrolled in college (b) Males 4-year 4-year college or 2-year college or university Total college university Total N/A 54.0 N/A N/A 37.9 N/A 56.3 N/A N/A 41.3 N/A 55.0 N/A N/A 43.5 N/A 52.3 N/A N/A 39.0 N/A 57.2 N/A N/A 40.7 N/A 57.3 N/A N/A 45.3 N/A 58.7 N/A N/A 42.7 N/A 57.6 N/A N/A 47.2 N/A 63.2 N/A N/A 48.9 N/A 60.1 N/A N/A 47.2 N/A 55.2 N/A N/A 48.5 N/A 57.6 N/A N/A 49.8 N/A 52.7 N/A N/A 46.0 31.6 50.0 14.6 35.4 43.4 32.4 49.4 16.6 32.8 45.9 32.6 52.6 19.0 33.6 49.0 33.3 47.2 14.5 32.7 50.3 33.1 52.1 17.2 35.0 49.3 33.1 51.1 15.6 35.5 49.3 31.8 50.4 16.9 33.5 48.4 29.9 46.7 17.1 29.7 51.8 33.5 54.8 20.9 33.9 53.1 31.5 49.1 17.5 31.6 52.0 33.5 51.9 20.2 31.7 53.4 35.8 56.0 17.7 38.4 54.5 38.1 58.6 19.9 38.8 56.8 34.5 55.8 21.3 34.5 51.9 37.9 58.3 17.3 41.0 55.3 21.3 35.8 60.7 37.1 57.1 38.9 57.6 18.3 39.3 61.6 40.0 58.0 19.6 38.4 62.2 37.7 57.9 22.9 35.0 67.1 38.9 60.0 22.1 37.8 63.8 39.8 59.9 22.9 37.0 65.2 40.9 60.6 23.0 37.5 63.2 40.4 62.6 25.3 37.4 61.3 41.9 60.1 21.5 38.5 69.7 44.3 63.6 21.4 42.2 70.3 41.3 62.4 24.4 38.0 69.1 41.9 61.4 21.0 40.5 64.4 41.9 59.9 23.1 36.8 66.2 42.1 60.1 18.6 41.4 63.5 43.6 62.1 20.4 41.7 68.4 42.5 61.2 21.9 39.3 66.5 44.2 61.4 21.8 39.6 71.5 44.6 66.5 24.7 41.8 70.4 41.3 65.8 24.9 40.9 66.1 43.1 66.1 22.7 43.4 68.3 40.9 65.9 24.9 41.0 71.6 42.4 66.0 25.1 40.9 73.8 41.4 62.8 28.5 34.3 74.0 42.3 64.7 24.7 40.0 72.2 37.5 61.3 26.9 34.4 71.3 42.1 63.5 24.5 39.0 68.4 43.7 64.0 21.2 42.8 72.6 44.0 65.8 24.3 41.5 72.5 46.0 67.5 25.3 42.2 71.9
Females 2-year college N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 15.2 13.9 17.4 16.6 17.8 18.3 18.1 21.6 20.1 20.6 18.4 21.0 19.3 17.3 20.3 22.4 23.1 20.6 26.8 23.9 22.8 19.1 18.1 24.6 24.1 24.3 21.1 20.0 20.6 22.8 21.0 23.1 23.4 24.5 25.5 30.6 30.1 24.6 27.3 30.7 23.0 28.0 26.2 22.3
4-year college or university N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 28.2 32.0 31.6 33.8 31.5 31.0 30.3 30.2 33.0 31.4 35.1 33.5 37.5 34.6 35.0 38.3 38.5 41.6 40.3 40.0 42.4 44.1 43.2 45.1 46.2 44.8 43.3 46.2 42.8 45.6 45.5 48.5 47.0 41.7 42.8 40.9 43.8 49.5 44.9 40.6 45.3 44.6 46.4 49.6
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 9 5
E DUCATIO N
TA BLE 9 . 4 a Recent High School Completers and Their Enrollment in College, By Sex and Level of Institution: 1960 Through 2016 (continued) Source: American College Testing Program, unpublished tabulations, derived from statistics collected by the Census Bureau, 1960 through 1969. U.S. Department of Commerce, Census Bureau, Current Population Survey (CPS), October, 1970 through 2016. (This table was prepared July 2017.) Note: Data are based on sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutionalized population. High school completion data in this table differ from figures appearing in other tables because of varying survey procedures and coverage. High school completers include GED recipients. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding.
396â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Key: N/Aâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;Not available. (a) Individuals ages 16 to 24 who graduated from high school or completed a GED or other high school equivalency credential. (b) Enrollment in college as of October of each year for individuals ages 16 to 24 who had completed high school earlier in the calendar year.
E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 5 Expenditures for Instruction in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Subfunction and State or Jurisdiction: 2014–15 (In thousands of current dollars) State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Total $349,453,258 3,872,177 1,489,304 4,487,506 2,701,703 39,213,957 4,665,976 6,526,503 1,149,485 15,420,047 10,213,889 1,377,713 1,198,556 17,612,116 5,735,162 3,367,129 3,077,236 3,788,481 4,488,043 1,491,376 7,882,693 10,009,583 9,686,774 6,619,067 2,357,120 5,542,173 942,042 2,430,511 2,255,867 1,756,353 15,639,896 1,890,194 39,941,146 8,219,015 817,363 11,824,870 3,063,208 3,480,025 15,439,796 1,376,735 4,103,458 708,499 5,369,137 27,490,783 2,710,146 1,037,584 8,755,906 6,603,006 1,845,599 5,978,996 898,443 900,908 30,680 146,165 30,646 1,330,000 94,478
Salaries $223,044,251 2,486,747 693,933 3,040,265 1,829,292 25,433,552 3,222,468 3,833,099 705,383 9,093,724 6,689,671 894,305 820,405 9,965,876 3,574,920 2,357,489 2,175,821 2,597,950 2,742,976 937,483 4,940,005 6,415,874 5,259,496 4,499,275 1,624,328 3,826,042 625,968 1,588,320 1,480,410 1,060,633 9,543,271 1,278,415 23,422,021 5,685,089 555,689 7,488,983 2,141,680 2,010,753 9,105,193 857,109 2,774,511 475,667 3,581,742 21,014,720 1,662,727 594,644 5,911,978 4,371,176 1,138,412 3,812,581 578,250 623,929 20,784 106,308 21,544 999,279 63,964
2014–15 Employee benefits Purchased services (a) $88,840,559 $16,559,278 964,905 144,100 666,738 57,105 916,617 297,427 518,679 121,267 8,958,204 1,959,137 898,454 117,985 1,862,292 207,769 352,172 13,330 2,711,823 2,930,569 2,494,344 366,574 338,738 51,694 288,933 43,961 5,858,828 1,002,755 1,859,846 101,594 779,276 92,699 647,283 94,674 995,038 59,334 1,331,045 135,515 406,804 25,823 2,221,890 232,136 2,478,063 89,398 3,242,438 906,122 1,503,059 339,174 541,001 64,756 1,146,422 172,822 188,777 56,859 574,865 128,546 583,389 42,110 472,500 47,213 4,256,870 601,928 440,845 66,080 13,181,503 1,954,045 1,878,685 265,190 204,526 23,076 2,725,876 711,778 679,060 65,286 1,128,280 122,514 4,836,293 678,116 410,935 13,317 983,740 160,296 144,489 28,944 1,206,926 122,743 3,509,535 924,910 762,359 89,796 282,120 57,925 2,320,287 179,955 1,526,690 386,895 554,776 39,552 1,632,340 90,694 241,819 32,338 130,180 41,453 4,335 940 38,700 926 4,447 2,872 237,820 74,461 25,586 2,142
Supplies $14,060,733 257,225 60,744 199,391 197,297 2,035,673 300,310 114,555 49,110 579,077 606,976 71,774 43,767 419,835 190,184 104,785 135,740 121,763 225,173 32,386 200,822 254,192 259,632 197,255 106,373 366,253 65,515 118,079 145,680 36,592 478,059 104,541 691,050 390,051 28,840 449,802 164,994 178,334 491,423 22,128 161,416 47,056 447,399 1,719,679 181,827 20,459 334,467 259,107 108,143 220,874 42,260 22,667 1,005 230 308 17,972 2,787
Tuition and other $6,948,438 19,200 10,784 33,805 35,168 827,392 126,758 508,789 29,490 104,853 56,324 21,202 1,491 364,823 8,619 32,880 23,719 14,396 53,334 88,881 287,840 772,055 19,087 80,303 20,663 30,634 4,923 20,701 4,276 139,415 759,768 313 692,527 0 5,232 448,431 12,188 40,145 328,771 73,246 23,495 12,342 10,326 321,939 13,437 82,435 9,219 59,138 4,716 222,507 3,776 82,679 3,616 0 1,474 468 0
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 3 9 7
E DUCATIO N
TA BLE 9 . 5 Expenditures for Instruction in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, by Subfunction and State or Jurisdiction: 2014–15 (In thousands of current dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 2013–14 and 2014–15. (This table was prepared October 2017.) *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands
398 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Note: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Key: (a) Includes purchased professional services of teachers or others who provide instruction for students.
E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 6 Total Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education and Other Related Programs, by Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2014â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15 (In thousands of current dollars) Total expenditures Current expenditures for elementary and secondary programs State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Support services
Total
Elementary/ secondary current expenditures, total
Instruction
$651,135,383 7,616,860 2,979,917 9,672,927 5,482,962 75,683,277 9,690,253 11,478,652 2,054,363 28,033,934 18,651,390 2,521,003 2,241,635 31,806,820 11,452,708 6,535,027 6,341,694 7,424,343 8,971,748 2,680,791 13,912,214 16,586,646 19,026,759 12,366,444 4,415,412 10,829,315 1,806,322 4,348,146 4,260,789 2,937,340 28,107,047 3,854,180 61,536,419 13,980,856 1,688,628 23,201,835 6,302,177 6,820,088 28,546,370 2,470,307 8,739,543 1,472,049 9,610,524 57,759,884 5,159,274 1,724,283 15,694,822 13,531,012 3,530,555 11,407,269 1,929,790 2,258,775 67,466 316,501 68,394 3,373,394 160,092
$575,331,825 6,806,467 2,648,552 8,370,884 4,813,321 65,953,946 8,260,461 10,321,511 1,860,732 25,123,548 16,530,506 2,344,496 2,015,654 28,545,089 9,970,350 5,526,877 5,136,532 6,583,287 7,960,448 2,538,313 12,620,036 15,723,617 16,849,135 10,222,017 4,145,632 9,390,061 1,601,097 3,805,871 3,880,472 2,764,233 25,993,208 3,309,622 56,862,010 13,210,839 1,373,266 20,231,423 5,560,047 5,969,321 25,109,991 2,242,486 7,437,182 1,211,080 8,736,367 47,527,971 4,290,876 1,638,720 14,384,705 11,470,245 3,226,918 10,054,346 1,509,532 1,668,528 63,693 293,713 65,304 3,247,136 158,652
$349,453,258 3,872,177 1,489,304 4,487,506 2,701,703 39,213,957 4,665,976 6,526,503 1,149,485 15,420,047 10,213,889 1,377,713 1,198,556 17,612,116 5,735,162 3,367,129 3,077,236 3,788,481 4,488,043 1,491,376 7,882,693 10,009,583 9,686,774 6,619,067 2,357,120 5,542,173 942,042 2,430,511 2,255,867 1,756,353 15,639,896 1,890,194 39,941,146 8,219,015 817,363 11,824,870 3,063,208 3,480,025 15,439,796 1,376,735 4,103,458 708,499 5,369,137 27,490,783 2,710,146 1,037,584 8,755,906 6,603,006 1,845,599 5,978,996 898,443 900,908 30,680 146,165 30,646 1,330,000 94,478
Total
Student support (a)
Instructional staff (b)
General administration
School Operation and administration maintenance
$201,692,188 2,449,646 1,074,704 3,429,604 1,841,202 23,820,247 3,252,284 3,478,774 646,552 8,454,101 5,354,638 835,930 711,215 10,162,416 3,754,660 1,908,387 1,812,005 2,376,035 3,041,507 941,268 4,376,475 5,283,798 6,543,084 3,128,865 1,533,685 3,404,843 585,532 1,119,073 1,474,359 938,380 9,574,610 1,258,330 15,777,090 4,264,246 452,099 7,734,384 2,088,257 2,270,157 8,715,690 805,349 2,917,936 429,061 2,888,151 17,301,289 1,329,943 552,644 5,074,788 4,375,113 1,178,064 3,700,841 565,486 705,392 16,188 129,513 26,255 1,508,154 54,901
$32,363,375 408,979 218,768 620,897 253,504 3,641,156 416,794 652,076 81,052 1,098,980 771,530 225,975 112,319 1,934,528 497,924 317,936 321,454 313,386 482,232 169,351 593,168 1,141,177 1,297,647 287,026 212,884 426,351 106,293 168,602 204,091 209,637 2,661,155 334,466 1,805,255 636,633 54,722 1,348,398 377,998 429,146 1,359,396 230,560 568,055 66,188 378,074 2,311,749 166,510 121,758 727,280 779,713 159,213 494,395 88,272 78,721 78 29,227 6,688 330,143 13,816
$26,953,637 289,637 182,576 427,327 405,500 4,025,664 500,375 313,837 36,203 1,619,748 848,437 81,416 101,749 1,108,884 387,180 292,702 219,512 365,299 409,862 136,264 656,587 714,402 844,619 497,589 193,840 425,911 60,239 124,010 227,129 86,247 839,266 91,761 1,486,881 456,747 47,317 846,987 232,161 237,083 844,886 77,151 461,000 44,479 533,185 2,397,830 167,029 68,629 933,235 760,021 148,308 521,705 85,163 90,069 6,023 14,663 5,348 271,942 5,061
$11,535,748 183,197 36,091 151,555 121,203 637,847 135,373 227,672 28,598 227,364 202,306 12,762 49,087 1,104,727 226,029 141,304 140,983 157,907 205,076 83,236 107,122 245,386 373,201 379,471 137,699 335,099 52,130 114,879 52,027 96,910 529,772 73,674 944,423 227,957 58,758 632,309 164,593 82,210 768,898 32,200 76,059 42,227 191,053 695,428 42,557 33,264 229,070 231,438 58,701 284,468 30,762 139,686 780 3,300 3,972 122,792 6,328
$31,792,450 422,385 167,573 453,075 250,517 4,313,320 584,110 599,080 116,983 1,389,373 1,010,803 158,895 115,641 1,434,598 633,437 313,558 296,473 385,692 500,736 135,909 844,031 678,233 932,384 406,573 250,177 549,217 87,771 177,476 291,600 153,445 1,275,869 201,469 2,152,618 827,022 69,632 1,159,968 307,410 383,243 1,125,163 105,902 476,919 58,963 526,468 2,686,698 277,559 103,576 851,238 680,284 174,019 504,225 81,886 109,252 4,394 17,902 3,839 140,391 8,604
$54,200,172 644,857 298,813 1,028,730 484,217 6,779,257 767,715 909,748 196,623 2,495,767 1,251,312 231,340 188,743 2,358,751 1,149,076 476,558 487,495 593,138 743,309 257,850 1,149,654 1,406,337 1,535,692 715,264 435,577 955,896 160,563 319,475 395,526 235,705 2,586,979 343,060 4,878,346 1,113,613 124,199 1,802,842 595,638 477,279 2,398,565 176,514 739,421 126,310 733,568 5,016,839 398,390 131,039 1,341,078 1,010,218 337,457 942,669 143,998 129,161 2,797 33,808 3,411 383,786 6,829
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 3 9 9
E DUCATIO N
TA BLE 9 . 6 Total Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education and Other Related Programs, by Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2014â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15 (In thousands of current dollars) (continued) Total expenditures (continued) Current expenditures for elementary and secondary programs (continued) Support services (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Student transportation
Other support services
Food services
Enterprise operations (c)
Current expenditures for other programs (d)
Capital outlay (e)
Interest on school debt
United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
$23,961,692 348,793 75,110 366,216 180,402 1,473,279 238,685 512,522 91,322 973,695 754,658 67,779 93,090 1,258,354 609,809 200,748 211,179 391,205 463,999 127,183 663,441 702,807 697,641 571,208 198,930 480,483 76,802 115,170 156,691 122,829 1,067,007 108,548 2,854,655 566,074 55,744 977,219 181,652 271,383 1,269,238 92,487 309,723 44,137 331,753 1,351,570 131,635 57,106 762,899 441,402 240,026 431,632 75,506 116,268 826 8,987 1,498 153,083 7,244
$20,885,114 151,797 95,773 381,803 145,858 2,949,724 609,231 263,838 95,771 649,174 515,591 57,763 50,586 962,574 251,205 165,582 134,909 169,408 236,294 31,475 362,472 395,456 861,901 271,734 104,577 231,886 41,732 99,461 147,294 33,608 614,564 105,353 1,654,912 436,200 41,727 966,660 228,804 389,812 949,545 90,536 286,759 46,758 194,050 2,841,175 146,263 37,273 229,987 472,038 60,340 521,747 59,899 42,235 1,291 21,627 1,498 106,018 7,018
$23,064,706 484,644 74,442 452,688 264,826 2,741,143 295,438 231,160 64,696 1,249,401 911,957 130,853 105,743 770,557 480,528 245,630 247,290 402,406 430,226 105,341 360,868 430,236 619,277 441,268 254,526 443,044 71,169 157,910 150,032 69,500 579,948 158,836 1,143,774 727,579 65,729 670,845 351,628 215,786 849,253 59,537 395,466 67,469 479,079 2,735,898 224,934 46,877 551,366 372,162 203,255 374,399 45,052 59,038 16,825 18,036 8,403 408,983 9,125
$1,121,673 0 10,103 1,087 5,590 178,599 46,763 85,073 0 0 50,021 0 140 0 0 5,731 0 16,364 673 328 0 0 0 32,818 301 0 2,354 98,376 215 0 198,754 2,262 0 0 38,076 1,325 56,954 3,352 105,252 864 20,322 6,051 0 0 25,853 1,615 2,645 119,964 0 109 552 3,190 0 0 0 0 148
$7,713,966 119,901 8,569 78,941 29,843 751,167 74,658 158,350 52,008 566,775 28,877 14,707 5,400 169,946 155,229 34,647 4,506 75,896 44,626 28,487 33,708 65,227 274,429 448,210 26,134 232,401 10,880 2,075 22,882 6,434 239,236 2,927 1,665,699 62,377 7,591 430,075 26,641 30,335 602,570 60,318 66,518 7,205 87,917 336,344 24,247 13,970 73,469 40,168 43,801 315,532 6,915 45,200 1,830 0 2,273 73,288 1,440
$50,610,125 532,055 283,392 985,963 516,484 6,416,660 928,425 877,468 119,623 1,681,662 1,880,048 161,800 166,757 2,191,854 1,006,597 849,249 988,606 579,294 855,123 65,528 1,086,000 568,970 1,103,053 1,358,282 188,411 887,999 173,839 450,868 187,667 125,488 1,253,806 541,463 1,975,175 693,708 284,820 1,785,331 664,610 477,494 1,798,799 122,062 883,237 221,532 540,243 6,771,873 688,121 59,389 1,086,723 1,593,843 244,741 868,017 410,241 427,737 1,943 12,834 817 52,970 0
$17,479,466 158,438 39,404 237,140 123,315 2,561,504 426,709 121,323 22,000 661,949 211,959 0 53,825 899,931 320,532 124,255 212,049 185,866 111,551 48,464 172,471 228,832 800,142 337,934 55,235 318,855 20,506 89,332 169,769 41,185 620,797 168 1,033,536 13,933 22,951 755,007 50,880 342,940 1,035,010 45,441 352,607 32,232 245,998 3,123,696 156,030 12,204 149,924 426,756 15,094 169,375 3,101 117,311 0 9,954 0 0 0
See footnotes at end of table
400â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 6 Total Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education and Other Related Programs, by Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2014–15 (In thousands of current dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 2014–15. (This table was prepared October 2017.) *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Key: (a) Includes expenditures for guidance, health, attendance, and speech pathology services.
(b) Includes expenditures for curriculum development, staff training, libraries, and media and computer centers. (c) Includes expenditures for operations funded by sales of products or services (e.g., school bookstore or computer time). Also includes small amounts for direct program support made by state education agencies for local school districts. (d) Includes expenditures for adult education, community colleges, private school programs funded by local and state education agencies, and community services. (e) Includes expenditures for property and for buildings and alterations completed by school district staff or contractors.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 0 1
E DUCATIO N
TA BLE 9 . 7 Total and Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Fall Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, By Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2014â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15 Current expenditures, capital expenditures, and interest on school debt per pupil Current expenditures Support services State or other jurisdiction
Total (a)
Total
Instruction
United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
$12,796 10,074 22,651 8,697 11,107 11,871 10,815 20,859 14,938 9,962 10,675 13,741 7,688 15,443 10,795 12,864 12,744 10,670 12,454 14,603 15,869 17,285 12,192 13,898 8,941 11,544 12,422 13,901 9,229 15,870 19,897 11,315 21,836 8,986 15,771 13,179 9,114 11,894 16,029 16,496 11,464 11,010 9,565 10,971 8,079 19,587 12,200 12,565 12,437 12,726 20,440 27,333 N/A 10,163 N/A 8,029 11,141
$11,445 9,146 20,191 7,590 9,805 10,449 9,292 19,020 13,882 9,113 9,476 12,855 6,929 13,935 9,529 10,938 10,329 9,560 11,106 13,976 14,431 16,450 10,956 11,924 8,445 10,231 11,078 12,174 8,451 14,969 18,559 9,724 20,744 8,529 12,884 11,730 8,075 10,457 14,405 15,797 9,831 9,103 8,776 9,081 6,751 18,769 11,235 10,684 11,512 11,538 16,047 20,610 N/A 9,431 N/A 7,902 11,141
$6,951 5,203 11,353 4,069 5,503 6,212 5,249 12,026 8,576 5,593 5,855 7,554 4,120 8,598 5,482 6,663 6,188 5,501 6,261 8,212 9,014 10,472 6,299 7,721 4,801 6,039 6,518 7,774 4,913 9,511 11,167 5,553 14,571 5,306 7,669 6,856 4,449 6,096 8,857 9,698 5,424 5,325 5,394 5,253 4,264 11,884 6,839 6,150 6,584 6,861 9,551 11,128 N/A 4,693 N/A 3,236 6,634
See footnotes at end of table
402â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Total
Student support (b)
Instructional staff (c)
General administration
School administration
$4,012 3,292 8,193 3,110 3,751 3,774 3,658 6,410 4,823 3,066 3,070 4,583 2,445 4,961 3,589 3,777 3,644 3,450 4,243 5,183 5,004 5,528 4,254 3,650 3,124 3,710 4,051 3,579 3,211 5,081 6,836 3,697 5,756 2,753 4,242 4,484 3,033 3,977 5,000 5,673 3,857 3,225 2,901 3,306 2,092 6,330 3,963 4,075 4,203 4,247 6,012 8,713 N/A 4,159 N/A 3,670 3,855
$644 550 1,668 563 516 577 469 1,202 605 399 442 1,239 386 944 476 629 646 455 673 932 678 1,194 844 335 434 465 735 539 444 1,135 1,900 983 659 411 513 782 549 752 780 1,624 751 498 380 442 262 1,395 568 726 568 567 938 972 N/A 938 N/A 803 970
$536 389 1,392 387 826 638 563 578 270 588 486 446 350 541 370 579 441 530 572 750 751 747 549 580 395 464 417 397 495 467 599 270 542 295 444 491 337 415 485 543 609 334 536 458 263 786 729 708 529 599 905 1,113 N/A 471 N/A 662 355
$229 246 275 137 247 101 152 420 213 82 116 70 169 539 216 280 284 229 286 458 122 257 243 443 280 365 361 367 113 525 378 216 345 147 551 367 239 144 441 227 101 317 192 133 67 381 179 216 209 326 327 1,725 N/A 106 N/A 299 444
$632 568 1,277 411 510 683 657 1,104 873 504 579 871 398 700 605 621 596 560 699 748 965 710 606 474 510 598 607 568 635 831 911 592 785 534 653 673 446 671 645 746 630 443 529 513 437 1,186 665 634 621 579 871 1,349 N/A 575 N/A 342 604
E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 7 Total and Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Fall Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, By Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2014â&#x20AC;&#x201C;15 (continued) Current expenditures, capital expenditures, and interest on school debt per pupil (continued) Current expenditures (continued) Support services (continued) State or other jurisdiction
Operation and maintenance
Student transportation
Other support services
Food services
Enterprise operations (d)
$1,078 867 2,278 933 986 1,074 864 1,676 1,467 905 717 1,268 649 1,151 1,098 943 980 861 1,037 1,420 1,315 1,471 999 834 887 1,042 1,111 1,022 861 1,276 1,847 1,008 1,780 719 1,165 1,045 865 836 1,376 1,243 977 949 737 959 627 1,501 1,047 941 1,204 1,082 1,531 1,595 N/A 1,086 N/A 934 480
$477 469 573 332 367 233 268 944 681 353 433 372 320 614 583 397 425 568 647 700 759 735 454 666 405 524 531 368 341 665 762 319 1,041 365 523 567 264 475 728 652 409 332 333 258 207 654 596 411 856 495 803 1,436 N/A 289 N/A 373 509
$415 204 730 346 297 467 685 486 714 235 296 317 174 470 240 328 271 246 330 173 414 414 560 317 213 253 289 318 321 182 439 310 604 282 391 560 332 683 545 638 379 351 195 543 230 427 180 440 215 599 637 522 N/A 694 N/A 258 493
$459 651 567 410 539 434 332 426 483 453 523 717 364 376 459 486 497 584 600 580 413 450 403 515 518 483 492 505 327 376 414 467 417 470 617 389 511 378 487 419 523 507 481 523 354 537 431 347 725 430 479 729 N/A 579 N/A 995 641
$22 0 77 1 11 28 53 157 0 0 29 0 0 0 0 11 0 24 1 2 0 0 0 38 1 0 16 315 0 0 142 7 0 0 357 1 83 6 60 6 27 45 0 0 41 19 2 112 0 0 6 39 N/A 0 N/A 0 10
United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa Guam CNMI* Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Capital outlay (e) $1,004 715 2,160 892 1,052 1,016 1,043 1,615 892 609 1,077 886 573 1,069 960 1,680 1,988 841 1,193 360 1,241 595 716 1,580 383 965 1,202 1,442 408 678 895 1,591 715 448 2,671 1,011 965 836 1,031 379 1,167 1,665 542 1,293 1,082 678 848 1,484 871 994 4,360 5,274 N/A 412 N/A 128 0
Interest on school debt $348 213 300 215 251 406 480 224 164 240 122 0 185 439 306 246 426 270 156 267 197 239 520 394 113 347 142 286 370 223 443 0 377 9 215 438 74 601 594 320 466 242 247 597 245 140 117 397 54 194 33 1,449 N/A 320 N/A 0 0
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 0 3
E DUCATIO N
TA BLE 9 . 7 Total and Current Expenditures Per Pupil in Fall Enrollment in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools, By Function and State or Jurisdiction: 2014–15 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data (CCD), “National Public Education Financial Survey,” 2014-15. (This table was prepared October 2017.) *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Excludes expenditures for state education agencies. “0” indicates none or less than $0.50. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Key: N/A—Not available. (a) Excludes “Other current expenditures,” such as community services, private school programs, adult education, and other programs not allocable to expenditures per pupil in public schools.
404 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(b) Includes expenditures for guidance, health, attendance, and speech pathology services. (c) Includes expenditures for curriculum development, staff training, libraries, and media and computer centers. (d) Includes expenditures for operations funded by sales of products or services (e.g., school bookstore or computer time). (e) Includes expenditures for property and for buildings and alterations completed by school district staff or contractors.
HI G HE R E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 8 Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees and Room and Board Rates Charged for Full-Time Students in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Level of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2015–16 and 2016–17 (In current dollars) Public 4-year In-state, 2015–16 State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Total
Tuition and required fees
$19,204 18,529 16,719 20,640 15,990 22,172 20,605 23,380 23,566 14,470 17,303 20,121 14,217 24,113 18,730 16,748 16,793 18,718 17,297 18,786 20,084 23,402 21,400 19,275 16,451 17,429 14,862 16,769 15,581 26,015 25,563 15,047 21,505 16,379 14,864 20,964 14,689 20,524 24,250 22,722 21,159 16,124 17,747 17,409 13,350 25,922 21,900 18,687 16,430 16,207 13,942 N.A.
$8,778 9,179 6,880 9,884 7,577 9,070 9,128 11,110 11,670 4,438 7,011 9,263 6,915 13,387 8,745 7,879 8,011 9,490 8,162 9,187 8,942 11,670 11,708 10,701 7,175 8,178 6,443 7,446 5,298 14,985 13,021 6,262 7,647 6,944 7,208 9,775 6,680 9,406 13,516 11,321 11,791 8,273 8,932 8,091 6,140 15,062 11,669 7,782 6,900 8,504 4,178 5,251
In-state, 2016–17 Total
Tuition and required fees
Room
Board
Out-of-state tuition and required fees, 2016–17
$19,488 19,052 17,370 21,491 16,871 21,356 20,943 24,174 21,698 14,806 17,353 21,016 14,457 24,541 19,001 17,604 17,560 19,673 18,319 19,073 20,647 24,473 21,832 19,727 16,843 17,639 15,241 17,379 17,145 26,968 26,070 15,528 21,750 16,635 15,388 20,961 15,754 21,324 25,331 23,135 21,508 16,054 18,340 17,799 13,709 26,786 22,567 18,053 17,096 16,246 14,354 N.A.
$8,804 9,466 7,210 10,057 7,924 7,896 9,352 11,726 9,578 4,435 7,010 9,712 7,005 13,636 8,876 8,361 8,489 10,014 8,813 9,219 9,083 12,331 11,890 10,883 7,472 8,176 6,503 7,732 5,520 15,491 13,297 6,825 7,709 7,218 7,376 9,827 7,219 9,739 14,068 11,386 12,153 8,301 9,287 8,375 6,334 15,537 12,126 6,903 7,241 8,419 4,311 5,612
$6,017 5,386 5,830 6,697 4,959 7,532 5,672 6,715 7,259 5,860 6,043 5,756 3,582 5,975 5,419 5,236 4,669 5,547 5,700 4,937 6,600 7,528 4,936 4,772 5,539 5,844 4,019 5,297 5,661 6,838 7,856 4,429 9,099 5,409 3,205 6,306 4,579 6,828 6,545 7,352 5,745 3,724 4,856 4,931 3,210 7,110 5,907 5,886 5,245 4,699 4,493 N.A.
$4,666 4,200 4,330 4,737 3,989 5,928 5,919 5,733 4,862 4,512 4,300 5,547 3,870 4,930 4,705 4,007 4,402 4,112 3,806 4,917 4,964 4,614 5,006 4,072 3,833 3,619 4,719 4,350 5,964 4,639 4,917 4,275 4,942 4,008 4,806 4,827 3,957 4,757 4,719 4,397 3,610 4,029 4,197 4,493 4,165 4,139 4,534 5,264 4,609 3,128 5,550 N.A.
$24,854 24,000 21,431 25,061 19,323 28,253 28,986 32,836 28,497 18,304 21,377 30,929 21,370 28,167 28,315 24,912 22,000 23,539 22,771 26,004 22,437 28,740 36,714 19,088 19,138 18,940 22,956 19,483 20,672 27,201 28,051 17,272 21,454 23,778 18,288 23,434 19,174 29,330 26,328 27,815 29,888 11,845 24,802 23,511 19,407 37,991 32,250 28,128 20,030 22,574 13,239 11,756
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 0 5
H IGH E R E DU CAT IO N
TA BLE 9 . 8 Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees and Room and Board Rates Charged for Full-Time Students in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Level of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2015–16 and 2016–17 (In current dollars) (continued) Private 4-year State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
2015–16 Tuition and Total required fees $39,534 $27,942 24,658 15,359 26,388 19,956 22,255 12,663 28,836 20,936 41,194 29,522 33,664 22,331 51,587 37,679 25,511 14,200 33,966 22,778 37,471 25,754 27,899 15,561 13,088 6,006 41,344 29,638 41,040 30,533 34,149 25,308 26,117 17,827 32,998 24,259 44,662 32,732 46,583 34,277 52,020 38,352 55,060 40,772 31,058 22,067 38,956 29,194 24,048 16,450 31,699 22,416 31,248 22,961 29,876 21,640 32,293 18,818 44,986 32,003 46,852 34,040 30,390 20,526 50,309 36,361 40,546 29,307 20,103 13,883 39,463 28,953 32,314 23,657 46,274 35,031 49,907 37,236 51,069 37,406 32,114 23,167 29,786 22,164 34,516 24,948 39,623 28,878 15,238 7,571 51,863 39,518 30,929 21,016 45,476 34,404 20,193 11,721 39,373 29,776 N.A. 18,021 53,592 38,899
Total $41,468 24,710 26,132 22,559 29,804 44,722 34,337 53,198 25,996 35,876 39,118 28,393 13,010 43,382 41,847 35,780 28,746 34,893 47,559 48,107 53,775 57,363 33,498 40,939 24,698 33,433 32,375 32,200 35,053 46,533 48,439 32,373 51,790 42,312 20,964 40,980 33,883 48,703 52,132 52,874 33,748 30,926 35,929 41,979 15,212 54,003 32,616 46,746 20,898 41,503 N.A. 55,669
See footnotes at end of table
406 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
2016–17 Tuition and required fees Room $29,478 $6,717 15,422 4,677 18,876 3,623 13,140 5,100 21,710 4,100 31,495 7,467 22,627 6,827 38,975 8,110 14,383 5,798 24,360 6,473 27,220 6,618 15,949 5,444 5,925 2,733 31,298 6,986 30,926 5,684 26,742 4,391 20,291 4,046 25,845 4,623 35,190 6,798 35,547 6,290 40,209 7,767 42,655 8,448 24,058 4,543 30,925 5,237 16,949 4,036 23,702 5,511 23,657 4,139 23,109 4,751 21,423 7,295 33,235 8,302 35,224 7,634 22,535 5,539 37,580 8,664 30,701 5,993 14,290 2,997 30,296 5,567 24,776 4,545 37,088 6,048 39,185 7,076 38,855 8,389 24,523 4,660 23,147 3,844 25,985 5,625 31,009 6,125 7,445 3,901 41,063 7,108 22,286 5,511 35,288 6,111 12,206 4,250 31,662 5,655 18,021 N.A. 40,618 9,649
Board $5,273 4,611 3,632 4,319 3,994 5,759 4,883 6,113 5,815 5,042 5,279 6,999 4,352 5,097 5,237 4,648 4,408 4,426 5,571 6,270 5,798 6,260 4,897 4,777 3,713 4,221 4,579 4,340 6,335 4,996 5,580 4,299 5,546 5,618 3,677 5,118 4,562 5,566 5,870 5,629 4,564 3,935 4,319 4,845 3,865 5,831 4,819 5,347 4,442 4,186 N.A. 5,402
Public 2-year, tuition and required fees In-state, In-state, Out-of-state, 2015–16 2016–17 2016–17 $3,038 $3,156 $7,668 4,289 4,362 9,075 3,340 3,820 3,820 2,061 2,129 7,931 3,105 3,195 4,582 1,246 1,262 7,120 3,630 3,565 10,152 4,039 4,189 12,528 3,215 N.A. N.A. 2,387 2,552 9,122 3,181 2,895 7,958 2,935 3,080 8,216 3,108 3,227 7,589 3,692 3,749 10,748 4,115 4,175 8,052 4,478 4,791 6,406 3,202 3,222 4,548 3,650 3,962 13,321 3,921 4,031 6,496 3,648 3,673 6,494 3,810 3,983 9,170 4,559 4,785 9,785 3,181 3,423 6,474 5,332 5,310 6,053 2,642 2,830 5,176 3,016 3,028 5,737 3,310 3,381 8,210 2,852 2,991 3,941 2,805 2,910 9,555 6,996 7,002 15,157 4,223 4,366 7,692 1,553 1,590 4,749 4,969 5,122 8,857 2,391 2,470 8,481 4,506 4,562 9,484 3,642 3,655 5,721 3,349 3,627 8,582 8,410 4,148 4,263 4,794 5,048 12,833 4,266 4,266 11,496 4,219 4,418 9,730 5,419 5,803 5,660 3,940 4,048 15,540 2,016 2,099 6,100 3,569 3,690 11,728 6,054 6,222 12,294 4,793 4,962 11,080 3,775 3,848 6,647 3,825 4,009 9,241 4,382 4,292 6,223 2,788 2,987 7,292 N.A. N.A. N.A.
HI G HE R E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 8 Average Undergraduate Tuition and Fees and Room and Board Rates Charged for Full-Time Students in Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Level of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2015–16 and 2016–17 (In current dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2015 and Fall 2016, Institutional Characteristics component; and Spring 2016 and Spring 2017, Fall Enrollment component. (This table was prepared November 2017.) Note: Data are for the entire academic year and are average charges for full-time students. In-state tuition and fees were weighted by the number of full-time-equivalent undergraduates, but were not adjusted to reflect the number of students who were state residents. Out-of-state tuition and fees were weighted by the number
of first-time freshmen attending the institution in fall 2016 from out of state. Institutional room and board rates are weighted by the number of full-time students. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Key: N.A.—Not applicable
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 0 7
H IGH E R E DU CAT IO N
TA BLE 9 . 9 Average Total Cost of Attendance for First-Time, Full-Time Undergraduate Students in Public DegreeGranting Postsecondary Institutions, by Level of Institution, Living Arrangement, Component of Student Costs, and State: 2014–15 4-year institutions Room and board, by living arrangement Off campus
Total costs Off campus State or other jurisdictions United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia U.S. Service Schools
On campus
Not living with family
On campus
Living with family
Not living with family
Tuition and fees
Books and supplies
Room and board
Other costs
Living with family, other costs
$22,752 21,987 18,775 24,604 19,687 27,178 23,691 25,532 25,219 19,434 21,004 23,082 20,070 26,988 21,564 19,827 20,558 21,541 20,544 22,303 23,180 24,587 22,726 21,887 21,421 20,424 18,427 20,551 21,197 28,313 29,121 18,784 22,660 20,001 18,252 24,177 18,917 23,828 27,567 24,790 25,420 21,720 23,299 21,154 18,578 25,881 25,024 24,055 19,089 19,591 18,691 …
$13,920 14,242 10,259 15,590 12,410 14,077 14,794 14,249 14,575 11,349 12,051 11,028 12,787 19,825 13,676 11,900 12,708 13,061 12,412 13,552 14,689 15,127 15,427 14,276 13,508 12,472 10,785 11,936 12,152 19,827 18,017 10,585 12,421 12,125 11,097 14,886 11,972 14,227 17,582 14,799 16,378 13,780 14,715 12,728 11,027 18,848 15,979 13,621 11,390 12,482 … 11,178
$23,373 23,467 22,498 25,376 22,385 25,366 22,671 25,428 27,683 20,194 20,519 23,734 21,149 27,609 22,130 19,505 21,044 22,816 22,229 22,262 24,817 23,468 23,156 21,914 20,619 20,372 18,522 20,115 20,870 28,847 31,982 19,057 26,571 19,826 18,198 24,588 19,828 23,792 27,967 25,451 25,472 20,963 23,087 21,783 17,722 25,907 25,981 23,652 18,111 21,183 … 26,808
$8,445 8,431 5,446 10,031 7,021 9,028 8,543 10,387 11,207 4,289 6,085 7,932 6,835 12,824 8,369 7,832 7,788 9,088 7,221 9,384 8,693 10,695 10,822 10,379 6,788 7,603 6,186 7,201 5,543 14,603 12,945 5,782 7,365 6,466 6,367 9,195 6,382 8,913 12,382 10,420 11,259 7,553 8,501 7,807 5,601 13,216 10,737 9,364 6,209 8,377 4,646 5,251
$1,275 1,332 1,342 1,096 1,277 1,675 1,393 1,073 1,004 1,477 1,376 1,206 1,195 1,135 1,323 1,005 996 1,031 1,329 1,053 1,394 1,061 1,039 1,045 1,448 910 1,157 1,098 1,197 1,146 1,435 1,121 1,216 1,169 1,062 1,187 1,150 1,572 1,354 1,200 1,316 1,311 1,577 1,105 1,322 1,105 1,385 1,081 1,159 742 1,200 1,200
$9,760 8,432 9,605 9,719 7,215 13,033 10,693 11,602 11,355 9,869 9,480 12,204 7,545 10,091 9,199 8,376 7,958 8,402 8,605 9,225 10,240 10,889 8,988 7,957 8,430 8,519 7,730 8,794 10,359 10,209 12,115 7,849 11,958 8,694 6,843 10,403 7,469 10,624 10,275 11,290 8,637 7,647 8,608 8,717 7,061 10,056 9,662 10,536 9,160 7,186 9,755 …
$3,272 3,792 2,382 3,759 4,175 3,443 3,062 2,471 1,653 3,800 4,063 1,740 4,495 2,938 2,673 2,614 3,817 3,020 3,389 2,642 2,853 1,944 1,878 2,505 4,756 3,393 3,354 3,458 4,098 2,355 2,626 4,033 2,122 3,672 3,980 3,392 3,915 2,720 3,556 1,881 4,207 5,209 4,613 3,525 4,594 1,503 3,239 3,073 2,562 3,286 3,090 …
$4,200 4,479 3,471 4,463 4,112 3,375 4,858 2,790 2,364 5,583 4,590 1,890 4,757 5,866 3,984 3,063 3,924 2,941 3,862 3,115 4,602 3,372 3,567 2,852 5,272 3,959 3,442 3,637 5,412 4,078 3,637 3,682 3,841 4,490 3,669 4,503 4,439 3,742 3,847 3,179 3,802 4,917 4,638 3,816 4,104 4,527 3,857 3,176 4,022 3,363 … 4,727
$9,663 9,093 12,086 9,130 9,700 11,592 9,770 10,595 11,924 10,068 8,464 12,099 7,820 9,522 8,636 7,901 8,204 8,281 9,970 8,588 11,363 9,134 8,120 7,602 7,104 7,951 7,682 8,232 8,945 9,343 14,188 7,953 13,243 8,545 6,945 10,282 7,459 10,350 10,117 10,594 8,859 7,197 8,210 8,954 6,452 9,677 10,286 10,128 7,380 8,138 … 15,630
$3,990 4,611 3,624 5,120 4,388 3,071 2,966 3,373 3,548 4,361 4,594 2,497 5,300 4,128 3,801 2,767 4,057 4,416 3,710 3,238 3,367 2,579 3,176 2,889 5,279 3,908 3,497 3,584 5,185 3,755 3,414 4,201 4,747 3,646 3,825 3,923 4,836 2,957 4,115 3,237 4,037 4,902 4,799 3,916 4,347 1,909 3,572 3,079 3,363 3,926 … 4,727
8,229
…
…
1,107
3,895
…
3,227
…
…
…
See footnotes at end of table
408 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Room and board
Other costs
HI G HE R E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 9 Average Total Cost of Attendance for First-Time, Full-Time Undergraduate Students in Public DegreeGranting Postsecondary Institutions, by Level of Institution, Living Arrangement, Component of Student Costs, and State: 2014–15 (continued) 2-year institutions Room and board, by living arrangement Off campus
Total costs Off campus State or other jurisdictions United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia U.S. Service Schools
On campus
Not living with family
On campus
Living with family
Not living with family
Tuition and fees
Books and supplies
Room and board
Other costs
Living with family, other costs
$13,847 13,074 17,990 14,432 12,881 12,690 16,329 … … 17,334 12,840 … 13,438 … … 15,278 12,670 … 17,753 15,486 16,667 … 13,992 15,396 9,858 12,752 13,070 12,818 … 20,527 … 12,238 17,666 … 15,297 15,664 13,918 15,341 16,503 … 13,700 18,575 … 13,429 … … 17,420 15,330 15,036 15,529 12,410 …
$8,603 9,366 7,770 8,677 8,668 7,193 10,000 8,423 8,700 7,281 7,774 5,654 7,389 8,404 8,745 9,416 8,014 7,495 8,750 9,837 8,522 9,464 7,320 11,801 7,501 9,065 8,407 6,947 8,134 14,404 9,485 5,856 9,503 8,536 8,649 7,736 8,179 8,633 9,604 9,553 10,082 10,273 9,359 7,787 8,849 12,718 10,329 8,391 8,841 10,070 6,533 …
$16,371 14,704 20,144 14,629 16,209 18,581 19,078 17,145 16,575 13,355 13,949 17,975 13,742 15,576 15,113 16,117 14,228 14,470 17,175 16,171 18,244 17,220 12,693 18,888 13,491 14,789 15,301 12,885 18,170 26,751 17,603 14,895 18,942 16,052 15,802 13,255 15,823 16,573 14,419 18,571 17,795 16,155 16,009 15,315 18,749 17,968 16,658 18,033 13,618 16,841 14,349 …
$3,270 4,080 3,340 2,052 2,879 1,242 3,312 3,871 3,530 2,381 3,336 2,809 3,020 3,515 4,055 4,326 3,113 3,645 3,532 3,677 3,600 4,363 3,161 5,353 2,521 2,920 3,214 2,800 2,700 6,989 4,029 1,506 4,688 2,371 4,264 3,717 3,276 4,221 4,581 3,950 4,125 5,024 3,821 2,033 3,469 5,886 4,023 3,943 3,583 4,468 2,701 …
$1,422 1,523 800 1,337 1,336 1,729 1,855 1,289 1,600 1,154 1,283 994 1,000 1,490 1,090 1,498 1,095 1,000 1,242 1,352 1,532 1,262 1,315 1,229 1,283 1,194 1,096 1,440 1,548 1,448 1,525 1,040 1,306 1,421 1,008 1,370 1,333 1,603 1,479 1,200 1,417 1,401 1,246 1,641 1,680 1,000 1,517 1,063 1,203 1,443 1,248 …
$6,133 4,723 10,600 6,629 4,799 6,611 6,234 … … 10,020 5,352 … 5,464 … … 6,388 5,502 … 9,266 7,985 7,853 … 7,498 6,047 3,798 5,688 5,958 6,224 … 8,106 … 4,018 9,349 … 6,652 7,487 5,860 7,345 8,767 … 3,708 8,050 … 5,583 … … 10,080 7,565 7,750 5,832 6,054 …
$3,022 2,748 3,250 4,415 3,867 3,108 4,928 … … 3,779 2,868 … 3,954 … … 3,066 2,959 … 3,712 2,472 3,683 … 2,018 2,766 2,255 2,949 2,802 2,354 … 3,984 … 5,674 2,323 … 3,373 3,090 3,449 2,172 1,677 … 4,450 4,100 … 4,171 … … 1,800 2,759 2,500 3,786 2,407 …
$3,911 3,763 3,630 5,288 4,453 4,222 4,833 3,263 3,570 3,746 3,155 1,851 3,369 3,399 3,600 3,592 3,805 2,850 3,976 4,808 3,390 3,839 2,844 5,218 3,697 4,950 4,097 2,707 3,886 5,967 3,931 3,311 3,509 4,745 3,377 2,649 3,570 2,810 3,544 4,403 4,540 3,848 4,292 4,112 3,700 5,832 4,789 3,385 4,055 4,159 2,583 …
$7,918 5,398 11,774 5,985 7,142 11,477 9,030 8,124 7,875 7,146 6,009 11,782 6,215 6,988 5,824 7,008 6,306 6,975 8,512 6,791 9,328 8,169 5,581 7,284 6,485 6,522 7,470 6,259 8,538 12,516 8,809 8,718 9,664 7,532 7,074 5,650 7,407 7,695 5,863 9,018 7,994 6,756 7,481 7,546 9,900 9,370 6,899 9,617 5,417 7,021 7,703 …
$3,761 3,703 4,230 5,254 4,852 4,133 4,882 3,861 3,570 2,673 3,321 2,390 3,506 3,584 4,144 3,285 3,713 2,850 3,888 4,350 3,785 3,426 2,636 5,022 3,201 4,152 3,521 2,386 5,384 5,798 3,240 3,632 3,283 4,729 3,456 2,519 3,806 3,054 2,496 4,403 4,260 2,974 3,460 4,094 3,700 1,712 4,219 3,410 3,416 3,910 2,697 …
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
…
Room and board
Other costs
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 0 9
H IGH E R E DU CAT IO N
TA BLE 9 . 9 Average Total Cost of Attendance for First-Time, Full-Time Undergraduate Students in Public DegreeGranting Postsecondary Institutions, by Level of Institution, Living Arrangement, Component of Student Costs, and State: 2014–15 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Winter 2014–15, Student Financial Assistance component; and Fall 2014, Institutional Characteristics component. (This table was prepared October 2016.) Note: Excludes students who previously attended another postsecondary institution or who began their studies on a part-time basis. Tuition and fees at public institutions are the lower of either in-dis-
410 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
trict or in-state tuition and fees. Data illustrating the average total cost of attendance for all students are weighted by the number of students at the institution receiving Title IV aid. Detail may not sum to totals because of rounding. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Key: …—Not applicable.
HI G HE R E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 1 0 Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Classification of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 Public 4-year institutions State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia U.S. Service Academies American Samoa Fed. States of Micronesia Guam Marshall Islands CNMI* Palau Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
Total
All public institutions
Total
4,360 73 8 80 52 436 80 43 8 208 126 20 18 177 78 62 70 65 62 31 56 120 92 100 39 118 23 41 26 25 73 42 298 144 20 195 63 57 245 13 74 22 101 262 33 23 124 81 45 74 10 19 5 1 1 3 1 1 1 93 1
1,623 39 4 30 33 151 28 21 3 42 53 10 8 60 16 19 33 24 33 15 29 31 46 43 23 27 17 15 7 13 32 28 79 75 14 60 31 26 62 3 33 12 23 107 8 6 40 43 22 31 8 2 5 1 1 2 1 1 1 18 1
737 14 3 10 11 46 16 9 3 39 30 4 4 12 15 3 8 8 17 8 13 15 21 12 8 13 6 7 6 6 13 9 43 16 9 35 17 9 45 2 13 7 10 47 7 5 16 31 13 15 1 2 5 1 0 1 0 1 0 14 1
Research Research university, university, very high (a) high (b) 81 1 0 2 1 8 2 1 1 5 3 1 0 2 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 4 2 0 2 1 2 3 0 2 0 1 7 1 0 4 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
74 4 1 1 0 2 3 0 0 2 1 0 1 3 2 0 1 0 2 1 1 3 3 0 3 3 2 0 2 1 2 1 1 4 2 7 1 1 0 1 0 2 1 4 1 1 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
Doctoral/ research university (c)
Master’s (d)
Baccalaureate (e)
Special focus (f)
Public 2-year
All non-profit institutions
38 0 0 2 1 3 0 0 0 1 4 0 2 0 1 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
271 8 2 2 6 18 6 4 1 4 9 1 0 7 7 1 4 5 8 1 7 7 6 8 4 6 1 4 0 2 8 4 23 8 1 1 8 4 16 1 6 3 3 16 3 1 7 6 3 9 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
223 1 0 1 2 13 5 4 1 27 12 2 1 0 3 0 0 1 1 6 1 1 7 2 0 3 3 0 4 2 0 1 10 1 4 21 5 1 23 0 4 0 0 4 2 3 2 22 8 4 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 1 0 9 0
50 0 0 2 1 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 3 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 2 4 1 2 3 2 1 2 0 1 2 1 8 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
886 25 1 20 22 105 12 12 0 3 23 6 4 48 1 16 25 16 16 7 16 16 25 31 15 14 11 8 1 7 19 19 36 59 5 25 14 17 17 1 20 5 13 60 1 1 24 12 9 16 7 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 4 0
1,682 21 3 12 16 148 16 18 4 73 38 6 6 85 41 33 24 25 14 13 19 81 39 35 9 54 5 19 5 12 29 3 181 50 5 71 17 24 118 10 23 7 48 71 11 16 45 25 10 30 2 12 N.A. 0 0 1 0 0 0 50 0
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 1 1
H IGH E R E DU CAT IO N
TA BLE 9 . 1 0 Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Classification of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 (continued) Nonprofit 4-year institutions State or other jurisdiction
Total
Research university, very high (a)
Research university, high (b)
United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia U.S. Service Academies American Samoa Fed. States of Micronesia Guam Marshall Islands CNMI* Palau Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands
1,581 20 2 12 12 142 14 18 3 66 33 6 6 82 40 33 24 25 12 11 19 79 39 34 9 52 4 17 4 11 29 3 170 49 5 67 14 24 104 10 21 7 45 64 10 16 40 21 10 30 1 12 N.A. 0 0 1 0 0 0 45 0
34 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 7 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 5 1 0 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 N.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
30 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 5 1 0 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 N.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
See footnotes at end of table
412 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
For-profit institutions
Doctoral/ research university (c)
Master’s (d)
Baccalaureate (e)
Special focus (f)
Non-profit 2-year
Total
4-year
2-year
54 0 0 0 0 9 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 4 1 0 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 2 0 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 7 1 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 3 1 0 2 0 0 N.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0
412 4 1 2 2 31 3 8 0 15 5 2 1 19 11 9 6 7 3 4 6 18 10 8 3 13 0 6 1 5 10 2 36 10 1 20 6 7 33 5 7 2 13 18 3 6 6 10 3 9 0 2 N.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 0
460 10 0 3 9 23 3 4 1 25 17 3 3 18 17 15 13 9 3 6 4 18 13 11 4 11 3 6 0 4 2 1 26 24 1 20 4 5 31 1 13 2 11 18 3 8 16 4 4 9 1 0 N.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 0
591 6 1 7 1 75 7 4 1 22 8 1 2 37 10 9 5 7 5 1 8 31 15 13 2 24 1 5 3 1 14 0 91 12 3 23 3 12 31 3 1 3 17 23 3 2 15 6 3 9 0 5 N.A. 0 0 1 0 0 0 17 0
101 1 1 0 4 6 2 0 1 7 5 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 2 0 1 0 2 1 2 1 1 0 0 11 1 0 4 3 0 14 0 2 0 3 7 1 0 5 4 0 0 1 0 N.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 0
1,055 13 1 38 3 137 36 4 1 93 35 4 4 32 21 10 13 16 15 3 8 8 7 22 7 37 1 7 14 0 12 11 38 19 1 64 15 7 65 0 18 3 30 84 14 1 39 13 13 13 0 5 N.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0 25 0
514 8 0 22 2 73 19 4 1 40 13 3 3 17 12 8 7 11 3 2 3 4 4 20 1 16 0 4 6 0 9 8 21 10 1 18 8 4 10 0 8 3 12 33 13 1 21 9 3 12 0 4 N.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 0
541 5 1 16 1 64 17 0 0 53 22 1 1 15 9 2 6 5 12 1 5 4 3 2 6 21 1 3 8 0 3 3 17 9 0 46 7 3 55 0 10 0 18 51 1 0 18 4 10 1 0 1 N.A. 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0
HI G HE R E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 1 0 Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Classification of Institution and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Fall 2016, Institutional Characteristics component. (This table was prepared February 2018.) *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Branch campuses are counted as separate institutions. Relative levels of research activity for research universities were determined by an analysis of research and development expenditures, science and engineering research staffing, and doctoral degrees conferred, by field. Further information on the research index ranking may be obtained from https://carnegieclassifications.iu.edu/. Degree-granting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs.
Key: N.A.—Not applicable (a) Research universities with a very high level of research activity. (b) Research universities with a high level of research activity. (c) Institutions that award at least 20 research/scholarship doctor’s degrees per year, but did not have a high level of research activity. (d) Institutions that award at least 50 master’s degrees and fewer than 20 doctor’s degrees per year. (e) Institutions that primarily emphasize undergraduate education. In addition to institutions that primarily award bachelor’s degrees, also includes institutions classified as 4-year in the IPEDS system, but classified as 2-year baccalaureate/associate’s colleges in the Carnegie Classification system because they primarily award associate’s degrees. (f) Four-year institutions that award degrees primarily in single fields of study, such as medicine, business, fine arts, theology, and engineering.
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H IGH E R E DU CAT IO N
TA BLE 9 . 1 1 Average Salary of Full-Time Instructional Faculty on 9-Month Contracts in 4-Year Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Classification of Institution, Academic Rank of Faculty, and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 (In current dollars) Public doctoral (a)
Public master’s (b)
Nonprofit doctoral (a)
Professor
Associate professor
Assistant professor
Professor
Associate professor
Assistant professor
Professor
Associate professor
Assistant professor
Professor
Associate professor
Assistant professor
United States $128,503 Alabama 125,407 Alaska 106,757 Arizona 128,636 Arkansas 102,728 California 151,841 Colorado 122,754 Connecticut 139,354 Delaware 142,469 Florida 125,717 Georgia 115,703 Hawaii 127,093 Idaho 94,296 Illinois 122,795 Indiana 129,602 Iowa 133,798 Kansas 114,290 Kentucky 105,456 Louisiana 103,733 Maine 107,148 Maryland 135,950 Massachusetts 144,396 Michigan 134,896 Minnesota 146,844 Mississippi 101,968 Missouri 109,880 Montana 93,378 Nebraska 119,791 Nevada 124,365 New Hampshire 129,285 New Jersey 152,700 New Mexico 104,668 New York 131,489 North Carolina 124,958 North Dakota 108,195 Ohio 122,433 Oklahoma 110,174 Oregon 123,219 Pennsylvania 145,215 Rhode Island 119,979 South Carolina 130,745 South Dakota 95,821 Tennessee 108,939 Texas 126,032 Utah 120,295 Vermont 123,337 Virginia 129,329 Washington 129,100 West Virginia 97,237 Wisconsin 117,899 Wyoming 116,819 Dist. of Columbia 151,153 U.S. Service Academies N.A. American Samoa N.A. Fed. States of Micronesia N.A. Guam N.A. Marshall Islands N.A. CNMI* N.A. Palau N.A. Puerto Rico 83,744 U.S. Virgin Islands N.A.
$89,321 87,741 88,097 91,203 75,954 102,484 91,191 99,020 99,178 88,918 83,561 95,419 75,599 85,166 89,131 95,052 80,627 75,233 75,243 83,439 97,037 106,644 93,873 98,052 76,978 77,846 73,596 75,236 91,301 101,178 105,365 75,497 95,249 85,208 84,321 87,627 79,073 89,005 100,220 87,239 92,457 78,230 79,424 88,075 86,818 92,839 89,856 94,140 76,489 82,433 82,747 118,383 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 71,462 N.A.
$77,687 72,807 72,907 79,894 67,971 89,122 80,544 81,003 85,687 79,832 72,284 81,949 65,002 81,178 78,807 81,450 71,575 67,916 69,356 63,549 81,290 88,611 80,848 89,299 69,012 68,945 67,455 64,840 72,798 82,327 84,482 70,452 81,032 76,894 73,024 76,598 71,487 78,604 81,207 82,775 86,150 70,171 68,299 74,613 77,459 77,850 75,703 90,158 67,161 76,449 78,606 99,428 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 52,284 N.A.
$93,949 82,672 106,042 130,005 72,981 102,834 81,621 105,890 N.A. 104,309 76,586 N.A. 87,715 96,520 88,480 93,593 74,910 80,714 73,050 85,738 93,995 101,873 94,349 94,593 69,285 79,823 76,784 81,998 N.A. 95,951 121,452 77,010 103,986 92,144 75,516 76,551 80,037 80,163 110,791 81,465 89,774 89,186 84,755 91,368 85,636 77,603 88,710 98,969 68,390 74,353 N.A. 105,626 N.A. N.A. N.A. 92,523 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 85,024
$76,456 69,042 87,497 94,489 62,365 86,907 65,813 86,864 N.A. 79,872 65,632 N.A. 72,471 75,444 71,586 73,248 62,835 65,062 57,472 71,364 76,803 80,045 81,845 79,135 60,894 65,187 68,168 66,202 N.A. 79,635 94,579 65,874 81,242 73,870 58,993 62,856 66,689 64,756 89,639 71,267 72,640 72,704 68,568 76,192 71,373 55,240 72,915 82,607 61,527 63,242 N.A. 76,509 N.A. N.A. N.A. 73,666 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 71,125
$66,024 60,256 69,066 71,307 55,377 77,878 56,713 69,468 N.A. 66,986 59,516 N.A. 68,526 65,676 63,280 65,430 59,137 58,033 53,333 58,191 69,037 68,485 70,579 67,790 52,917 57,035 57,273 55,539 N.A. 65,685 77,994 57,804 69,018 68,501 49,199 55,781 56,862 51,889 72,369 60,533 64,444 69,277 60,673 69,498 63,483 47,230 64,428 72,096 53,353 61,929 N.A. 64,323 N.A. N.A. N.A. 54,053 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 57,423
$156,716 99,757 N.A. N.A. 80,727 166,821 135,189 182,124 N.A. 134,523 143,074 N.A. N.A. 175,819 140,481 90,993 67,097 78,455 129,963 90,469 134,485 181,485 103,526 97,239 83,752 142,986 N.A. 113,826 N.A. 189,458 183,047 N.A. 165,534 165,230 69,667 114,399 110,572 102,603 154,914 176,083 64,591 N.A. 144,494 143,604 141,777 N.A. 117,659 113,360 58,257 105,053 N.A. 160,563 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
$97,477 73,881 N.A. N.A. 66,801 105,694 94,707 97,396 N.A. 91,891 90,533 N.A. N.A. 101,434 90,661 73,654 51,009 61,954 82,948 74,033 96,397 109,765 83,519 77,280 68,262 90,127 N.A. 83,452 N.A. 121,683 101,564 N.A. 104,784 97,435 63,373 78,699 77,094 79,672 98,367 115,561 61,417 N.A. 94,136 96,753 106,818 N.A. 87,562 84,245 56,859 79,612 N.A. 104,569 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
$82,831 39,483 N.A. N.A. 59,288 90,740 82,873 85,607 N.A. 78,086 80,534 N.A. N.A. 90,783 73,912 61,009 56,160 54,037 80,647 60,501 96,842 97,187 73,066 63,358 57,554 78,787 N.A. 66,968 N.A. 102,226 89,129 N.A. 87,781 78,983 48,270 69,122 77,532 64,525 85,134 95,719 52,243 N.A. 77,776 83,540 72,036 N.A. 69,106 68,903 47,062 72,218 N.A. 86,660 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 50,633 N.A.
$91,679 66,017 60,702 61,255 70,023 106,294 112,623 136,343 79,631 94,052 78,156 82,502 64,094 84,130 80,969 69,710 65,911 63,314 66,624 67,408 87,433 123,496 78,441 80,941 78,253 79,995 61,260 65,013 79,310 95,252 105,493 N.A. 99,559 74,695 N.A. 80,435 68,242 62,333 95,683 115,025 79,550 68,149 75,109 88,400 88,705 105,083 71,404 78,671 60,002 76,978 N.A. 114,036 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 14,627 N.A.
$74,060 56,225 53,600 77,325 64,211 85,522 81,519 96,337 67,988 77,853 63,040 76,675 56,697 71,313 66,077 60,249 59,131 55,745 57,564 57,101 74,581 89,551 66,453 67,345 61,219 65,215 49,241 56,709 68,314 70,966 90,772 N.A. 79,369 64,263 N.A. 68,221 62,477 58,068 78,342 87,331 63,400 58,795 61,319 72,803 76,793 80,206 59,753 65,026 55,772 63,454 N.A. 80,214 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
$62,362 48,321 44,935 70,390 56,454 71,285 61,364 79,748 60,703 62,854 54,276 71,899 51,192 61,873 57,710 54,850 52,273 49,423 54,083 48,658 61,518 74,372 60,566 61,442 59,146 55,765 53,639 53,418 52,143 63,794 68,693 N.A. 68,306 56,514 N.A. 60,217 53,086 50,641 64,595 75,539 55,377 54,529 53,076 61,275 54,362 70,776 52,949 62,648 45,624 55,422 N.A. 69,849 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. 47,903 N.A.
State or jurisdiction
See footnotes at end of table
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Nonprofit master’s (b)
HI G HE R E D U CATI O N
TA BLE 9 . 1 1 Average Salary of Full-Time Instructional Faculty on 9-Month Contracts in 4-Year Degree-Granting Postsecondary Institutions, by Control and Classification of Institution, Academic Rank of Faculty, and State or Jurisdiction: 2016–17 (In current dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS), Spring 2017, Human Resources component, Salaries section. (This table was prepared November 2017.) *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Note: Data exclude instructional faculty at medical schools. Degreegranting institutions grant associate’s or higher degrees and participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Data include imputations for nonrespondent institutions.
Key: N.A.—Not applicable (a) Institutions that awarded 20 or more doctor’s degrees during the previous academic year. (b) Institutions that awarded 20 or more master’s degrees, but less than 20 doctor’s degrees, during the previous academic year.
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H E A LTH CA R E
TA BLE 9 . 1 2 Number and Percent of Children under 19 by Health Insurance Coverage and State: 2017 (In thousands) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Total 1,169 194 1,729 752 9,567 1,334 793 218 4,450 2,671 321 472 3,069 1,670 776 755 1,079 1,175 272 1,420 1,479 2,313 1,373 763 1,465 241 500 719 276 2,094 523 4,403 2,451 184 2,759 1,019 928 2,835 224 1,169 224 1,600 7,782 973 127 1,983 1,740 399 1,362 146 134
Children under 19 Insured (any coverage) Number Percent 1,133 96.9 176 90.4 1,596 92.3 718 95.6 9,267 96.9 1,277 95.7 769 96.9 211 96.5 4,126 92.7 2,471 92.5 314 97.8 450 95.4 2,980 97.1 1,565 93.7 752 96.9 716 94.8 1,038 96.2 1,139 96.9 258 95.1 1,365 96.2 1,457 98.5 2,244 97 1,326 96.6 726 95.2 1,390 94.9 227 94.2 474 94.9 661 92 270 97.7 2,015 96.3 496 94.9 4,286 97.3 2,332 95.2 170 92.5 2,634 95.5 936 91.9 895 96.4 2,710 95.6 219 97.9 1,109 94.9 211 93.8 1,530 95.6 6,947 89.3 901 92.7 125 98.4 1,882 94.9 1,694 97.4 389 97.4 1,309 96.1 132 90.5 132 98.8
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2017, Issued September 2018. U.S. Census Bureau, 1-Year American Community Survey.
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Uninsured Number 36 19 133 33 301 57 24 8 325 200 7 22 89 106 24 39 41 36 13 54 22 69 47 37 75 14 26 58 6 78 26 118 119 14 125 82 33 125 5 60 14 71 835 71 2 101 46 11 53 14 2
Percent 3.1 9.6 7.7 4.4 3.1 4.3 3.1 3.5 7.3 7.5 2.2 4.6 2.9 6.3 3.1 5.2 3.8 3.1 4.9 3.8 1.5 3 3.4 4.8 5.1 5.8 5.1 8 2.3 3.7 5.1 2.7 4.8 7.5 4.5 8.1 3.6 4.4 2.1 5.10 6.2 4.4 10.7 7.3 1.6 5.1 2.6 2.6 3.9 9.5 1.2
HE A LTH CA R E
TA BLE 9 . 1 3 Number and Percent of Persons Under 65, by Health Insurance Coverage and State: 2017 (In thousands) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Insured Total 4,011 635 5,719 2,469 33,637 4,755 2,957 778 16,532 8,869 1,124 1,437 10,739 5,581 2,602 2,427 3,686 3,905 1,062 5,079 5,714 8,227 4,690 2,469 5,026 851 1,609 2,508 1,098 7,525 1,709 16,542 8,482 632 9,615 3,267 3,405 10,405 874 4,080 716 5,571 24,467 2,746 504 7,013 6,202 1,445 4,796 481 602
Number 3,565 538 5,034 2,238 30,898 4,347 2,767 728 13,905 7,505 1,072 1,265 9,898 5,050 2,458 2,179 3,452 3,526 955 4,721 5,528 7,724 4,450 2,119 4,483 765 1,454 2,181 1,022 6,851 1,526 15,450 7,413 576 8,938 2,726 3,127 9,723 826 3,542 639 4,946 19,713 2,468 476 6,295 5,763 1,337 4,490 411 577
Uninsured Percent 88.9 84.7 88 90.7 91.9 91.4 93.6 93.6 84.1 84.6 95.4 88.1 92.2 90.5 94.5 89.8 93.7 90.3 90 93 96.7 93.9 94.9 85.8 89.2 89.8 90.4 87 93.1 91 89.3 93.4 87.4 91.2 93 83.4 91.8 93.4 94.5 86.8 89.3 88.8 80.6 89.9 94.5 89.8 92.9 92.5 93.6 85.5 95.8
Sources: U.S. Census Bureau, Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2017, Issued September 2018. U.S. Census Bureau, 2013, 2016 and 2017 1-Year American Community Survey. *Maine voters approved a ballot initiative to expand Medicaid expansion in Nov. 2017, but Gov. LePage never submitted a state
Number 446 97 685 231 2,739 408 190 50 2,627 1,365 52 171 841 531 144 248 234 379 107 358 186 502 240 350 544 87 155 327 76 674 183 1,091 1,069 55 677 541 278 682 48 538 77 625 4,755 279 28 718 439 108 306 70 26
Percent 11.1 15.3 12 9.3 8.1 8.6 6.4 6.4 15.9 15.4 4.6 11.9 7.8 9.5 5.50 10.2 6.3 9.7 10 7 3.3 6.1 5.1 14.2 10.8 10.2 9.6 13 6.9 9 10.7 6.6 12.6 8.8 7 16.6 8.2 6.6 5.5 13.2 10.7 11.2 19.4 10.1 5.5 10.2 7.1 7.5 6.4 14.5 4.2
Medicaid expansion no 9/1/2015 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 no no 1/1/14 no 1/1/14 2/1/2015 1/1/14 no 1/1/14 7/1/2016 TBD* 1/1/14 1/1/14 4/1/2014 1/1/14 no no 1/1/2016 no 1/1/14 8/15/2014 1/1/14 1/1/14 1/1/14 no 1/1/14 1/1/14 no 1/1/14 1/1/2015 1/1/14 no no no no no 1/1/14 1/1/2019 1/1/14 1/1/14 no no 1/1/14
Difference in Uninsured: 2017 less 2013 Number Percentage pts. (197) (4.2) (34) (4.8) (423) (7.1) (233) (8.1) (3,704) (10.0) (315) (6.6) (139) (3.9) (32) (3.7) (1,177) (7.1) (471) (5.4) (38) (2.9) (85) (6.0) (759) (5.9) (367) (5.8) (102) (3.4) (99) (3.5) (381) (8.9) (369) (8.3) (40) (3.1) (228) (4.0) (57) (0.9) (562) (5.8) (197) (3.8) (148) (5.0) (225) (3.9) (77) (8.0) (52) (3.0) (237) (9.4) (63) (4.9) (472) (5.5) (195) (9.5) (957) (5.0) (433) (5.0) (18) (2.8) (572) (5.1) (120) (3.5) (290) (7.8) (530) (4.2) (72) (7.0) (197) (4.8) (16) (2.2) (258) (4.4) (931) (4.8) (120) (4.8) (17) (2.7) (261) (3.5) (514) (7.9) (146) (7.9) (208) (3.7) (7) (1.2) (16) (2.8)
plan amendment to do so. On Jan. 3, 2019, Gov. Janet Mills signed an executive order to implement Medicaid expansion. Key: ( )â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Parentheses denote a negative number.
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Table 9.13 | Adult Health Insurance Coverage, 2017 Highest Rates of Insured Adults, 18–64 MA 96.7%
HI 95.4%
MN 94.9%
RI 94.5%
IA 94.5%
VT 94.5%
MI 93.9%
KY 93.7%
WI 93.6%
CT 93.6%
Highest Rates of Uninsured Adults, 18–64 TX 19.4%
OK 16.6%
FL 15.9%
GA 15.4%
AK 15.3%
WY 14.5%
MS 14.2%
SC 13.2%
NV 13%
NC 12.6%
Highest Percent Change from 2013–2017 CA -10.0%
NM -9.5%
NV -9.4%
KY -8.9%
LA -8.3%
AR -8.1%
MT -8.0%
WA -7.9%
WV -7.9%
OR -7.8%
In the 14 states that had not expanded Medicaid as of January 2019,
2.5 MILLION POOR ADULTS FALL INTO A “COVERAGE GAP.”
These adults have incomes above Medicaid eligibility limits in their state but below the lower limit for marketplace premium tax credits, which begin at 100% of poverty. In non-expansion states, the median income eligibility level for parents is 43% of poverty and 0% for childless adults. People in the coverage gap are concentrated in Southern states, with the largest number of people in the coverage gap in Texas (759,000 people, or 31%) followed by Florida (445,000, or 18%), Georgia (267,000, or 11%), and North Carolina (215,000, or 9%).
418 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
HE A LTH CA R E
TA BLE 9 . 1 3 a School Immunization Exemptions State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Religious exemption1 Y Y Y Y … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y (a) … Y Y Y Y (a) … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y … Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y … Y Y
Sources: Adapted from the LexisNexis StateNet Database and the Immunization Action Coalition, May 2019, https://www.ncsl.org/ research/health/school-immunizationexemption-state-laws.aspx and updates by The Council of State Governments, June 2019. Notes: 1. Religious Exemption: Indicates that there is a provision in the statute that allows parents to exempt their children from vaccination if it contradicts their sincere religious beliefs. 2. Philosophical Exemption: Indicates that the statutory language does not restrict the exemption to purely religious or spiritual beliefs.
Philosophical exemption2 … … Y Y … Y … … … … … Y … … … … … Y … … … Y Y … (c) … … … … … … … … Y Y Y Y Y … … … … Y Y … (b) Y … Y …
Only medical exemption … … … Y … … … … … … … … … … … … … Y (d) … … … … Y … … … … … … … Y … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … …
Key: …—No provision for. (a) The existing statute in Minnesota and Louisiana does not explicitly recognize religion as a reason for claiming an exemption, however, as a practical matter, the non-medical exemption may encompass religious beliefs. (b) In Virginia, parents can receive a personal exemption only for the HPV vaccine. (c) Missouri’s personal belief exemption does not apply to public schools, only child care facilities. (d) Maine enacted a measure that will ban non-medical exemptions by 2021.
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Table 9.13a | School Immunization Exemptions
Medical Only Exemption Religious Exemption Religious and Philosophical Exemption No Provision For
Minnesota’s and Louisiana’s statutes do not explicitly recognize religion as a reason for claiming an exemption, but as a practical matter,
non-medical exemptions may encompass religious beliefs.
420 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Religious Exemption: Indicates that there is a provision in the statute allowing parents to exempt their children from vaccination if it contradicts their sincere religious beliefs.
Philosophical Exemption: Indicates that the statutory language does not restrict the exemption to religious or spiritual beliefs.
IN VIRGINIA, parents can receive personal exemptions only for the HPV VACCINE. IN MISSOURI, personal belief exemptions do not apply to public schools, but only to child care facilities.
HI G HWAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 4 Revenues Used by States for State-Administered Highways: 2016* (In thousands of dollars) State or other jurisdiction Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (e) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Beginning balance total (a) $101,377,435 403,382 50,000 1,377,034 844,421 41,231,858 976,410 1,092,527 2,273,558 3,503,216 2,258,386 376,336 291,393 3,505,969 69,338 134,237 787,240 1,096,667 684,067 156,465 1,376,400 650,734 1,064,906 1,643,057 218,321 886,151 53,624 21,931 415,957 274,186 3,452,413 295,563 (233,971) 2,533,018 225,769 2,380,050 966,233 3,688,176 4,114,155 70,138 430,828 28,357 1,266,195 8,380,900 826,504 29,619 2,577,725 1,364,760 240,852 918,960 35,503 67,917
Motor-fuel taxes $21,786,748 117,262 31,392 162,110 279,605 1,837,070 294,193 243,824 110,627 1,543,348 1,263,667 61,201 149,989 656,130 515,281 305,412 19,907 476,982 500,317 153,453 239,984 61,330 312,341 41,349 227,127 410,452 101,577 62,702 282,258 91,704 156,382 157,989 487,675 1,617,276 76,404 696,860 213,317 420,891 1,830,774 65,128 256,113 97,675 438,048 2,511,759 250,951 43,964 379,346 597,292 397,355 460,519 77,813 623
Highway-user revenues (b) Motor-vehicle and Road and motor-carrier taxes crossing tolls $15,311,847 $12,162,871 31,153 0 39,831 41,174 101,598 0 111,771 0 2,256,411 347,412 519,311 149,963 116,075 284 174,477 317,822 1,145,342 1,756,924 85,609 13,582 129,775 0 106,996 0 720,310 1,269,294 179,577 9,022 460,841 0 9,565 107,446 472,875 0 125,007 16,569 64,916 162,911 327,693 685,001 20,842 309,675 335,115 44,604 35,826 0 94,755 0 185,455 0 106,088 0 17,107 0 241,409 917 36,198 128,400 357,427 1,532,889 213,523 0 515,675 2,366,433 692,574 21,435 46,259 0 323,737 290,005 346,791 272,051 453,531 0 572,280 949,407 42,857 36,203 139,909 10,350 2,359 0 201,616 46 1,460,144 917,926 116,420 1,291 72,963 0 548,809 71,567 296,265 238,470 297,979 93,798 307,459 0 48,906 0 2,436 0
Total $49,261,466 148,415 112,397 263,708 391,376 4,440,893 963,467 360,183 602,926 4,445,614 1,362,858 190,976 256,985 2,645,734 703,880 766,253 136,918 949,857 641,893 381,280 1,252,678 391,847 692,060 77,175 321,882 595,907 207,665 79,809 524,584 256,302 2,046,698 371,512 3,369,783 2,331,285 122,663 1,310,602 832,159 874,422 3,352,461 144,188 406,372 100,034 639,710 4,889,829 368,662 116,927 999,722 1,132,027 789,132 767,978 126,719 3,059
Appropriations from general funds (c) $6,208,134 180,803 331,708 8,510 49,935 110,447 252,600 63,140 91,903 0 475,107 0 0 704,912 117,873 58,611 0 6,228 0 0 108,811 407,635 179,115 91,947 0 2,994 0 49,478 0 11,505 80,520 37,768 764,690 0 265,658 10,891 0 61,867 974,005 74,975 254,920 0 0 0 69,347 43,247 52,332 0 15,299 114,646 36,780 47,927
Other state imposts (d) $11,709,679 46,657 0 663,960 209,150 464,658 0 196,163 0 418,044 0 0 12,049 196 19,534 35,176 419,676 0 2,146 0 216,573 535,205 38,853 546,104 55,612 393,440 7,114 0 14,978 0 612,849 26,537 746,584 739,105 0 0 1,520,024 12,343 16,967 0 3,580 109,199 28,349 1,179,168 515,677 1,517 1,644,463 100,191 2,805 81,801 73,232 0
Miscellaneous $12,490,951 6,588 65,455 52,045 120,652 824,910 88,089 53,855 1,002,825 1,061,859 170,666 4,746 26,643 142,138 370,179 4,443 57,560 220,817 54,849 7,286 188,938 290,765 219,374 26,261 16,946 15,803 45,283 9,160 74,794 64,319 633,954 18,025 1,967,039 262,267 131 408,423 127,817 38,395 839,509 11,665 95,016 36,567 172,493 1,322,631 37,771 17,025 137,057 991,475 9,600 56,593 20,229 21
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 2 1
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TA BLE 9 . 1 4 Revenues Used by States for State-Administered Highways: 2016* (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Payments from other governments State or other jurisdiction Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (e) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Issue of bonds For debt service For capital outlay including refunding $15,095,095 $6,399,868 0 0 164,484 0 0 0 0 0 789,931 0 77,017 0 590,956 153,000 489,444 413,857 1,763,553 613,420 127,007 0 0 0 34,373 182,170 1,173,266 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 601,024 0 128,307 0 0 0 359,916 0 684,681 0 52,649 762,195 358,300 50,800 180,000 0 0 0 25,796 0 0 0 358,464 0 2,826 0 218,199 838,416 0 0 1,788,149 392,945 0 0 0 0 275,799 0 0 0 45,332 0 1,585,247 812,865 201,819 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1,353,339 2,089,105 0 0 2,600 0 303,740 91,095 604,943 0 0 0 753,123 0 0 0 811 0
See footnotes at end of table
422â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Federal funds Federal Hwy. Administration $41,191,611 775,145 549,667 860,203 521,303 4,106,430 756,597 517,235 189,935 2,356,242 1,271,639 199,914 271,742 1,520,783 993,079 421,521 390,389 751,980 812,721 229,607 543,040 522,773 858,268 707,932 489,358 827,843 424,661 330,665 444,425 146,371 938,651 378,694 1,803,966 1,004,509 230,395 1,417,384 686,662 427,593 1,807,812 223,158 602,444 274,512 810,576 3,738,905 294,972 226,868 1,151,426 991,220 420,299 742,686 218,948 0
Other agencies $1,910,389 86,094 2,584 14,376 45,887 134,814 9,743 65,804 1,401 29,933 226,312 2,251 4,485 50,926 320 92,846 8,800 6,150 8,349 4,755 1,995 7,772 1,839 20,644 4,242 21,970 7,814 8,041 1,750 36,592 117,731 13,736 230,619 42,191 6,730 0 15,443 44,950 51,723 5,256 3,911 5,537 42,955 125,686 45,297 15,689 48,266 21,704 57,972 72,138 30,719 8,463
From local government $3,349,439 8,174 0 939 33,410 1,018,946 0 4,259 0 296,137 17,495 0 9,966 3,771 45,063 0 23,618 0 42,027 123,080 120,872 0 20,309 489,223 53,436 2,655 2,875 354,598 21,702 678 0 0 21,822 15,880 27,868 72,950 37,179 0 11,364 0 38,475 5,221 38,823 0 20,184 1,839 102,616 163,458 1,403 97,124 0 3,647
Total receipts $147,616,632 1,251,876 1,226,295 1,863,741 1,371,713 11,891,029 2,147,513 2,004,595 2,792,291 10,984,802 3,651,084 397,887 798,413 6,241,726 2,249,928 1,378,850 1,036,961 2,536,056 1,690,292 746,008 2,792,823 2,840,678 2,824,662 2,368,386 1,121,476 1,860,612 721,208 831,751 1,440,697 518,593 5,487,018 846,272 11,085,597 4,395,237 653,445 3,496,049 3,219,284 1,504,902 9,451,953 661,061 1,404,718 531,070 1,732,906 14,698,663 1,351,910 425,712 4,530,717 4,005,018 1,296,510 2,686,089 506,627 0
HI G HWAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 4 Revenues Used by States for State-Administered Highways: 2016* (In thousands of dollars) (continued) Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 2016, (June 2018). *This summarizes receipts and disbursements for State-administered roads and bridges. Amounts shown reflect activities of State highway departments, State park boards, other State agencies, and quasi-State toll facilities. Includes direct work on local roads under State control, and State highway debt service transactions. This table is compiled from reports of State authorities.
Key: (a) Any differences between beginning balances and the closing balances on last yearâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s table are the result of accounting adjustments, inclusion of funds not previously reported, etc. (b) Amounts shown represent only those highway-user revenues that were expended on State-administered roads. (c) Amounts shown represent gross general fund appropriations for highways reduced by the amount of highway-user revenues placed in the State General Fund. (d) Includes sales and use taxes, severance taxes, and other State taxes. Amounts shown represent data reported for 2010 and 2011. (e) Amounts shown represent data reported for 2011.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 2 3
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TA BLE 9 . 1 5 State Disbursements for Highways: 2016* (In thousands of dollars) State or other State administered jurisdiction highways (a) Total $71,752,847 Alabama 777,419 Alaska 899,986 Arizona 1,054,975 Arkansas 927,320 California 2,212,144 Colorado 1,130,916 Connecticut 1,039,596 Delaware 449,479 Florida 6,099,136 Georgia 1,303,783 Hawaii 194,446 Idaho 299,863 Illinois 4,220,642 Indiana 1,355,349 Iowa 928,893 Kansas 780,185 Kentucky 1,657,291 Louisiana 1,088,686 Maine 423,579 Maryland 1,411,409 Massachusetts (b) 1,064,039 Michigan 1,018,096 Minnesota 1,403,704 Mississippi 725,208 Missouri 759,083 Montana 445,024 Nebraska 572,870 Nevada 600,834 New Hampshire 239,972 New Jersey 2,631,624 New Mexico 392,440 New York 4,288,149 North Carolina 2,676,904 North Dakota 549,947 Ohio 2,665,280 Oklahoma 1,450,103 Oregon 544,865 Pennsylvania 4,658,248 Rhode Island 270,486 South Carolina 741,114 South Dakota 326,422 Tennessee 1,016,158 Texas 7,175,281 Utah 456,922 Vermont 183,444 Virginia 2,014,981 Washington 1,930,114 West Virginia 830,046 Wisconsin 1,553,075 Wyoming 313,317 Dist. of Columbia 0
Capital outlay Local roads and streets $6,247,004 385,146 0 29,175 0 207,316 149,884 0 0 142,033 171,618 0 70,967 67,385 0 0 113,697 269,500 4,952 50,570 44,793 281,767 1,088,044 0 122,551 137,812 0 318,051 0 9,364 9,090 0 484,377 0 46,277 421,881 182,654 92,725 208,794 3,562 0 63,455 49,753 283,469 0 76,657 0 257,824 0 132,264 269,597
Total $77,999,851 1,162,565 899,986 1,084,150 927,320 2,419,460 1,280,800 1,039,596 449,479 6,241,169 1,475,401 194,446 370,830 4,288,027 1,355,349 928,893 893,882 1,926,791 1,093,638 474,149 1,456,202 1,345,806 2,106,140 1,403,704 847,759 896,895 445,024 890,921 600,834 249,336 2,640,714 392,440 4,772,526 2,676,904 596,224 3,087,161 1,632,757 637,590 4,867,042 274,048 741,114 389,877 1,065,911 7,458,750 456,922 260,101 2,014,981 2,187,938 830,046 1,685,339 313,317 269,597
See footnotes at end of table
424â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Maintenance and service total State administered Local roads Administration, highways (a) and streets Total research and planning $23,359,255 $811,804 $24,171,059 $9,169,317 30,633 0 30,633 214,615 221,032 0 221,032 100,529 147,934 0 147,934 253,127 220,336 72,187 292,523 142,885 1,391,995 147,909 1,539,904 623,529 363,083 0 363,083 133,714 174,570 0 174,570 375,577 445,961 0 445,961 302,443 1,022,865 0 1,022,865 344,169 343,254 971 344,225 521,436 59,426 0 59,426 18,700 97,399 0 97,399 30,230 750,060 9,616 759,676 172,616 703,307 85,412 788,719 102,703 208,480 0 208,480 64,412 131,488 0 131,488 68,089 467,006 55,480 522,486 35,020 405,258 4,101 409,359 48,357 219,923 200,902 420,825 61,423 476,926 0 476,926 115,770 286,495 0 286,495 274,098 334,003 0 334,003 141,574 412,789 0 412,789 157,713 82,369 0 82,369 75,804 476,822 0 476,822 72,380 126,282 0 126,282 54,558 226,212 134,384 360,596 114,085 129,275 0 129,275 172,078 154,826 0 154,826 45,366 743,425 0 743,425 172,045 14,396 0 14,396 290,461 1,517,616 0 1,517,616 485,059 932,297 0 932,297 265,451 28,619 0 28,619 26,695 477,420 0 477,420 163,623 1,032,441 0 1,032,441 282,320 229,118 10,124 239,242 133,821 1,526,224 0 1,526,224 500,340 114,550 1,420 115,970 53,273 276,198 76,948 353,146 119,105 85,135 0 85,135 67,373 308,041 0 308,041 181,779 2,264,782 0 2,264,782 368,713 397,410 0 397,410 94,706 110,690 103 110,793 59,580 1,747,168 0 1,747,168 402,217 700,937 0 700,937 245,361 353,215 0 353,215 97,531 256,391 0 256,391 233,233 108,443 0 108,443 50,803 24,730 12,247 36,977 38,828
Highway law enforcement and safety $9,535,550 231,181 44,633 170,496 86,525 2,122,467 173,275 20,243 97,715 369,158 266,087 8,746 48,364 88,327 12,414 136,585 93,576 107,783 13,230 31,098 184,157 203,205 232,384 146,910 24,111 246,313 67,680 76,642 100,996 41,080 390,476 16,065 489,652 171,896 32,440 312,703 195,076 74,950 787,017 27,551 0 36,188 33,395 684,585 82,380 70,383 221,389 300,197 41,744 79,907 42,175 0
HI G HWAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 5 State Disbursements for Highways: 2016* (In thousands of dollars) (continued) State or other jurisdiction Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (b) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Interest $8,378,889 39,188 4,769 121,802 43,478 449,452 22,517 223,037 114,432 623,513 97,143 41,851 45,236 312,313 45,619 0 112,566 153,147 146,428 30,663 221,827 349,534 131,755 76,795 42,559 111,767 5,077 0 22,928 32,434 1,325,530 65,595 535,524 115,416 1,151 98,920 79,767 152,514 604,561 23,888 19,995 0 0 1,152,859 85,361 2,505 168,324 435 19,028 305,686 0 0
Bond retirement Current revenues or Refunding sinking funds bonds $9,129,877 $8,216,563 29,830 0 5,346 0 183,130 0 42,680 0 67,451 0 298,522 0 256,845 152,775 160,326 413,857 562,547 1,644,075 284,316 63,638 15,881 0 29,100 182,170 828,357 0 54,800 0 0 0 119,850 0 117,240 369,580 48,543 45,627 34,000 0 419,619 0 295,437 0 141,990 762,195 131,535 50,800 39,390 0 168,470 0 12,270 24,040 0 0 45,600 146,045 39,848 0 660,550 343,686 68,640 0 1,323,751 392,945 114,193 0 4,165 0 260,730 0 95,325 0 88,859 45,189 440,407 838,630 114,851 0 48,247 0 0 0 0 0 300,625 2,349,248 265,720 0 3,061 2,600 201,970 91,095 349,544 179,410 63,264 0 254,449 118,958 0 0 38,603 0
Grants-in-aid to local governments $16,071,737 239,949 778 613,352 0 4,397,864 703,341 82,787 0 423,886 170,934 62,671 161,787 457,529 324,514 842,789 153,631 0 59,649 0 177,304 168,447 33,000 984,541 96,722 275,495 27,969 327,626 0 46,416 147,017 37,027 409,154 147,729 111,017 1,128,490 0 0 366,011 1,815 159,490 0 309,376 525,648 29,969 26,659 913,515 443,140 7,806 474,893 0 0
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 2016 (June 2018). *This table shows the disbursements by States for highways. This table is compiled from reports of State authorities.
Total disbursements $162,672,843 1,947,961 1,277,073 2,573,991 1,535,411 11,620,127 2,975,252 2,325,430 1,984,213 11,231,382 3,223,180 401,721 965,116 6,906,845 2,684,118 2,181,159 1,573,082 3,232,047 1,864,831 1,052,158 3,051,805 2,923,022 3,883,041 3,364,787 1,208,714 2,248,142 762,900 1,769,870 1,217,756 609,306 6,423,443 884,624 9,926,227 4,423,886 800,311 5,529,047 3,317,686 1,372,165 9,930,232 611,396 1,441,097 578,573 1,898,502 15,105,210 1,412,468 535,682 5,760,659 4,406,962 1,412,634 3,408,856 514,738 384,005
Reserves for current highway work $109,586,946 332,392 0 1,312,634 834,520 46,257,596 1,001,896 854,479 3,001,134 3,822,555 3,030,066 435,173 357,444 3,375,380 45,074 174,717 518,447 729,657 578,230 142,472 1,327,136 1,018,604 1,127,571 1,631,197 352,981 911,928 39,901 (41,336 638,898 239,253 2,672,095 294,238 1,830,247 2,652,098 239,701 1,897,423 1,051,957 3,925,228 4,122,993 126,600 630,887 44,309 1,459,728 8,783,470 795,915 23,068 2,239,546 1,687,887 132,534 831,119 27,392 68,512
Balances end of year Reserves for debt service $228,991 0 0 0 26,670 0 0 0 80,502 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 12,379 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 87,688 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 21,752 0 0 0 0 0
Total $109,815,937 332,392 0 1,312,634 861,190 46,257,596 1,001,896 854,479 3,081,636 3,822,555 3,030,066 435,173 357,444 3,375,380 45,074 174,717 518,447 729,657 578,230 142,472 1,339,515 1,018,604 1,127,571 1,631,197 352,981 911,928 39,901 (41,336 638,898 239,253 2,672,095 294,238 1,830,247 2,652,098 239,701 1,897,423 1,051,957 3,925,228 4,210,681 126,600 630,887 44,309 1,459,728 8,783,470 795,915 23,068 2,261,298 1,687,887 132,534 831,119 27,392 68,512
Key: (a) Includes expenditures for local roads and streets under State control. Most local roads are under State control in Delaware, North Carolina, Virginia, and West Virginia. (b) Amounts shown represent data reported for 2013.
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TA BLE 9 . 1 6 Public Road Length Miles by Ownership: 2016 State or other jurisdiction Grand Total U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico (d)
State highway agency 611,699 610,674 8,285 4,941 5,530 14,087 10,259 7,535 1,170 2,829 5,645 12,499 483 4,589 10,429 8,295 7,830 9,480 24,526 12,961 7,245 2,659 589 6,858 10,197 9,487 30,756 10,502 9,457 4,659 3,185 356 11,026 9,617 59,268 7,170 13,554 10,851 6,426 28,159 374 29,781 7,497 10,022 64,729 4,700 2,371 46,005 5,523 30,423 9,591 6,264 0 1,024
County 1,576,416 1,576,416 59,093 2,316 13,571 64,613 56,858 51,286 0 0 26,399 58,236 1,023 16,021 13,838 53,981 88,298 112,050 37,193 27,967 369 9,637 0 72,706 43,458 50,528 69,910 42,606 60,456 24,212 0 1,590 37,144 15,542 0 10,489 25,213 75,373 29,108 33 0 24,088 34,944 49,132 127,691 23,295 0 62 32,836 0 19,071 14,179 0 0
See footnotes at end of table
426â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Rural Town, township, municipal (a) 558,382 556,325 6,345 1,489 2,456 4,637 1,030 2,100 4,232 52 2,582 4,074 0 1,588 71,301 2,836 5,466 5,229 1,874 2,209 11,421 365 5,650 2,827 58,725 3,184 5,481 1,188 17,046 140 7,742 3,070 1,531 37,660 2,367 65,307 35,570 7,607 1,254 42,208 949 610 32,867 3,625 10,759 2,157 10,226 441 1,396 601 62,143 705 0 2,057
Other jurisdiction (b) 51,286 51,286 149 2,312 4,047 0 864 832 266 41 80 87 47 14,807 416 519 435 173 491 15 229 107 247 79 1,711 79 95 4,232 114 14 18 565 154 625 1,018 19 989 980 1,376 1,436 16 194 1,417 384 6 522 0 19 8,334 239 0 488 0 0
Federal agency (c) 133,372 133,349 819 1,653 14,081 2,148 7,002 6,505 21 72 1,733 1,081 113 8,180 217 774 114 887 794 649 160 755 21 1,683 2,579 792 1,183 10,874 160 3,274 148 174 10,897 350 2,878 1,546 186 13 20,428 741 25 1,589 2,428 1,172 2,037 4,368 157 2,105 8,207 834 861 3,878 0 22
Total 2,931,154 2,928,050 74,691 12,710 39,686 85,485 76,013 68,258 5,689 2,994 36,440 75,978 1,666 45,185 96,201 66,406 102,144 127,819 64,877 43,801 19,424 13,523 6,507 84,153 116,670 64,070 107,426 69,402 87,233 32,299 11,093 5,755 60,752 63,794 65,530 84,531 75,511 94,824 58,592 72,577 1,365 56,262 79,155 64,335 205,222 35,043 12,754 48,632 56,295 32,098 91,666 25,513 0 3,104
HI G HWAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 6 Public Road Length Miles by Ownership: 2016 (continued) State or other jurisdiction Grand Total U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia Puerto Rico (d)
State highway agency 173,346 169,788 2,644 688 1,250 2,344 4,833 1,511 2,549 2,583 6,461 5,412 460 403 5,487 2,321 1,054 812 3,124 3,716 1,107 2,492 2,401 2,810 1,556 1,401 3,100 514 486 744 714 1,976 968 5,424 20,369 244 5,675 1,403 1,229 11,578 724 11,559 258 3,866 15,755 1,181 259 12,816 1,549 3,985 2,148 469 1,374 3,558
County 248,060 248,060 3,078 1,734 4,308 1,396 19,191 4,753 0 0 44,009 29,132 2,303 427 2,650 11,092 1,642 2,084 2,859 4,753 0 11,874 0 16,763 2,899 2,731 3,667 0 765 4,994 0 5,057 3,615 4,642 0 23 4,123 2,695 3,721 374 0 5,209 286 8,678 19,270 953 0 1,678 6,390 0 1,698 545 0 0
Urban Town, township, municipal (a) 789,391 779,382 20,880 327 20,178 12,897 79,701 14,240 13,163 763 35,360 15,931 0 4,342 41,117 16,601 9,689 11,262 8,844 9,124 2,296 3,960 27,238 18,372 17,616 8,752 17,526 3,694 6,426 4,476 4,261 25,702 3,770 38,537 20,427 2,599 37,432 13,945 9,856 35,355 3,817 3,033 2,598 18,822 72,444 9,583 1,234 11,252 15,633 2,645 19,867 1,794 0 10,009
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 2016,(September 18, 2017). Note: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. This table was compiled from reports of state authorities. (a) Prior to 1999, municipal was included with other jurisdictions.
Other jurisdiction (b) 6,434 6,434 0 25 376 0 156 20 72 37 7 31 22 968 409 79 184 66 78 10 67 187 378 16 52 14 30 0 7 45 88 447 0 776 22 0 147 121 101 486 78 1 259 15 365 0 0 20 92 42 0 5 33 0
Federal agency (c) 8,372 8,365 683 44 238 493 907 45 57 50 459 1,751 17 17 29 117 25 3 159 7 4 112 83 0 1 60 59 0 71 24 0 134 6 326 173 0 86 0 30 75 69 3 2 20 600 9 7 697 433 0 78 0 102 7
Total 1,225,603 1,212,029 27,285 2,818 26,349 17,131 104,787 20,570 15,842 3,433 86,296 52,257 2,803 6,157 49,692 30,210 12,594 14,227 15,064 17,610 3,474 18,624 30,100 37,962 22,125 12,957 24,382 4,208 7,755 10,283 5,064 33,316 8,359 49,706 40,991 2,866 47,463 18,164 14,937 47,869 4,688 19,805 3,402 31,402 108,434 11,726 1,499 26,463 24,097 6,672 23,791 2,813 1,509 13,574
Total rural and urban 4,156,799 4,140,108 101,975 15,528 66,035 102,616 180,800 88,828 21,531 6,427 122,736 128,235 4,469 51,342 145,892 96,616 114,741 142,047 79,942 61,411 22,898 32,147 36,632 122,115 138,794 77,027 131,807 73,610 94,988 42,582 16,157 39,071 69,111 113,499 106,522 87,397 122,974 112,988 73,529 120,446 6,052 76,067 82,557 95,737 313,656 46,769 14,253 75,096 80,392 38,770 115,458 28,326 1,509 16,691
(b) Includes State park, State toll, other State agency, other local agency and other roadways not identified by ownership. (c) Roadways in Federal parks, forests, and reservations that are not part of the State and local highway systems. (d) 2009 data.
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TA BLE 9 . 1 6 a National Highway System Travel 2016â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Annual Vehicle Miles by Functional System* (In millions of miles) Rural State or other jurisdiction Grand Total U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. Of Columbia Puerto Rico (a)
Total rural and urban miles 1,749,457 1,742,067 30,638 3,056 31,280 17,633 222,370 33,047 19,055 5,755 109,145 60,424 5,066 8,652 59,579 31,989 18,503 15,621 25,758 27,948 6,107 37,254 36,923 53,617 28,827 19,590 40,490 6,812 11,117 13,092 7,241 47,549 13,900 67,524 54,193 5,237 60,195 23,608 20,800 55,465 5,579 29,515 5,137 42,837 162,395 19,567 2,953 51,461 36,651 10,469 33,283 5,285 1,877 7,390
Interstate 247,178 246,716 6,333 896 6,550 3,995 15,316 4,683 470 0 10,256 7,710 0 2,604 8,951 7,694 5,021 3,664 8,039 5,931 2,056 2,128 1,029 5,268 3,904 4,466 7,026 2,566 2,956 2,245 1,091 1,229 4,503 5,890 6,011 1,594 8,762 5,383 3,921 10,376 311 8,179 2,015 8,142 18,142 3,267 1,235 9,302 4,781 2,338 6,012 2,472 0 462
Other freeways and expressways 34,318 34,318 0 0 30 275 4,884 248 296 601 2,040 0 0 351 173 684 0 1,308 1,862 208 0 509 187 2,492 231 0 4,435 0 943 0 147 494 0 798 2,591 0 1,868 0 0 2,047 66 265 427 136 0 81 5 608 1,832 0 1,196 0 0 0
See footnotes at end of table.
428â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Other principal arterial 183,586 183,522 5,400 326 3,245 3,677 9,680 4,153 422 861 7,971 6,181 329 1,993 3,304 3,584 6,175 3,193 3,470 2,904 1,813 1,962 321 4,168 6,830 5,148 3,583 2,547 2,307 1,571 1,048 707 3,000 3,740 5,592 2,213 4,238 5,164 4,189 4,042 227 4,338 1,523 4,493 20,392 1,831 707 6,240 2,281 2,290 6,599 1,551 0 64
Minor arterial 3,933 3,933 35 34 18 5 112 0 0 20 15 838 2 0 228 214 1 0 10 164 30 22 28 9 0 69 21 0 75 9 186 0 30 13 831 0 101 2 0 14 0 1 5 27 208 371 0 28 29 0 128 3 0 0
Major collector 841 841 4 11 30 5 92 1 0 0 6 86 0 0 2 86 1 0 8 23 0 0 0 5 0 25 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 232 1 23 13 1 11 0 0 0 2 50 77 0 15 9 0 17 0 0 0
Minor collector 3 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Local 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Total rural 469,864 469,338 11,772 1,267 9,874 7,958 30,085 9,085 1,187 1,482 20,289 14,816 331 4,948 12,659 12,262 11,198 8,166 13,390 9,230 3,899 4,621 1,566 11,941 10,965 9,708 15,069 5,113 6,281 3,824 2,472 2,431 7,533 10,443 15,258 3,807 14,991 10,563 8,111 16,490 603 12,782 3,971 12,800 38,791 5,628 1,946 16,194 8,932 4,629 13,952 4,025 0 526
HI G HWAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 6 a National Highway System Travel 2016â&#x20AC;&#x201D;Annual Vehicle Miles by Functional System* (In millions of miles) (continued) Urban State or other jurisdiction Grand Total U.S. Total Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. Of Columbia Puerto Rico (a)
Interstate 563,421 558,388 8,988 768 7,572 5,400 74,066 9,375 9,886 1,432 29,799 24,351 2,059 1,619 24,853 11,428 3,137 4,158 6,652 9,739 1,228 15,456 16,772 17,640 9,086 4,203 14,268 625 1,563 4,307 1,958 15,090 2,654 20,743 19,239 519 24,871 5,701 5,653 15,644 1,895 7,673 736 14,747 50,831 7,982 566 16,988 12,104 3,470 7,936 488 474 5,033
Other freeways and expressways 249,243 248,291 548 0 7,796 965 62,102 5,405 4,174 646 14,805 3,581 488 158 1,200 1,127 0 1,955 885 784 144 6,702 6,468 6,347 4,370 482 5,342 0 1,048 1,726 1,378 13,293 104 16,690 5,745 0 6,329 3,177 1,435 7,108 1,222 774 67 2,397 33,860 424 39 5,317 5,893 76 3,320 12 382 952
Other principal arterial 453,349 452,480 9,114 971 5,877 3,212 55,552 9,111 3,803 2,144 42,898 16,904 2,073 1,907 19,254 6,291 4,112 1,329 4,790 7,873 779 10,195 10,980 17,654 4,365 5,123 5,785 1,075 1,959 3,176 1,347 16,375 3,491 19,278 12,906 911 12,842 4,139 5,455 15,997 1,858 8,209 363 12,675 38,318 5,265 384 12,679 9,609 2,291 8,002 759 1,020 869
Minor arterial 11,784 11,774 188 45 144 83 366 60 3 52 1,266 663 12 19 1,364 814 54 12 28 289 41 241 1,069 31 16 74 21 0 244 53 80 325 83 311 970 0 1,068 11 123 182 0 72 1 188 480 231 11 250 77 3 53 0 0 10
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, 2016, (September 2017). *Travel for all systems are FHWA estimates based on State provided HPMS data.
Major collector 1,411 1,411 17 4 17 12 132 11 0 0 74 84 4 2 236 64 1 2 10 21 16 34 67 4 6 0 4 0 20 0 4 34 25 45 44 0 83 17 17 45 1 5 0 28 115 17 6 29 34 0 19 0 0 0
Minor collector 107 107 0 0 0 0 68 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 5 1 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 10 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0
Local 278 278 11 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 7 25 98 0 10 3 1 0 2 10 0 5 0 0 17 1 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 14 25 0 11 0 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 20 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 0
Total urban 1,279,594 1,272,729 18,865 1,789 21,406 9,676 192,286 23,962 17,867 4,273 88,856 45,608 4,735 3,704 46,921 19,727 7,305 7,455 12,368 18,719 2,208 32,633 35,358 41,676 17,861 9,882 25,421 1,699 4,836 9,268 4,769 45,118 6,366 57,081 38,935 1,430 45,204 13,045 12,688 38,976 4,976 16,733 1,166 30,036 123,604 13,938 1,007 35,267 27,719 5,840 19,330 1,259 1,877 6,864
Key: (a) Excludes 788 miles of Federal agency owned roads.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 2 9
H IGH WAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 7 Licensed Drivers, By State, 2005â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2016* State or other jurisdiction U.S. Totals Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Col.
2005 200,548,972 3,637,414 486,582 3,943,180 2,024,466 22,895,965 3,341,275 2,740,270 610,406 13,373,700 5,939,513 856,163 978,450 7,870,872 4,246,189 2,033,417 1,974,238 2,860,729 3,083,516 1,003,972 3,709,594 4,612,829 7,105,272 3,083,757 1,965,464 4,135,394 715,512 1,320,617 1,596,353 998,214 5,870,720 1,304,721 11,071,911 6,227,817 466,701 7,707,842 2,234,114 2,692,948 8,460,530 746,465 2,987,593 566,255 4,351,868 14,659,390 1,599,514 563,162 5,178,156 4,681,927 1,327,569 3,993,348 382,735 330,363
2006 202,810,438 3,665,180 489,024 4,032,643 2,034,975 23,021,279 3,341,275 2,805,124 619,877 13,988,630 5,906,834 867,375 1,008,016 8,071,253 4,246,189 2,040,873 2,003,112 2,896,460 3,014,191 1,005,160 3,694,290 4,711,735 7,112,992 3,086,610 1,929,636 4,139,632 723,976 1,327,916 1,626,021 1,027,582 5,834,227 1,338,246 11,146,367 6,315,667 468,711 7,739,410 2,264,151 2,767,291 8,526,204 741,921 3,067,747 582,517 4,387,883 14,906,701 1,619,085 532,041 5,210,685 4,790,864 1,335,303 4,049,450 390,538 357,569
See footnotes at end of table
430â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
2007 205,741,845 3,691,762 495,249 4,153,739 2,046,039 23,467,452 3,502,709 2,848,602 624,472 14,138,846 6,134,298 862,903 1,027,502 8,190,023 4,308,845 2,093,649 2,018,219 2,933,266 3,033,966 1,009,780 3,737,847 4,699,301 7,058,955 3,149,109 1,926,969 4,161,957 735,753 1,330,698 1,661,588 1,026,546 5,782,155 1,365,249 11,369,280 6,383,542 470,731 7,975,774 2,283,178 2,827,188 8,600,691 743,793 3,126,890 588,546 4,425,881 15,184,123 1,651,790 534,495 5,259,512 4,879,705 1,358,529 4,066,273 398,283 396,193
2008 208,320,601 3,753,550 503,162 4,315,579 2,055,189 23,697,667 3,605,682 2,883,324 651,877 14,033,844 6,257,484 884,767 1,038,314 8,260,940 5,550,469 1,989,663 2,021,905 2,932,659 2,998,162 1,006,057 3,786,650 4,674,058 7,118,378 3,190,183 1,935,764 4,196,682 738,982 1,346,406 1,678,550 1,031,158 5,782,155 1,365,249 11,284,545 6,457,000 473,019 7,962,266 2,301,848 2,856,085 8,646,273 748,351 3,185,408 597,326 4,450,644 15,374,063 1,687,306 541,990 5,301,182 4,953,872 1,360,926 4,075,764 404,489 373,735
2009 209,618,386 3,782,284 507,759 4,403,390 2,065,065 23,680,643 3,704,561 2,916,143 699,745 14,005,066 6,315,035 889,918 1,055,269 8,301,118 5,550,469 2,145,333 2,045,426 2,939,423 3,086,004 1,013,533 3,904,685 4,629,636 7,082,820 3,245,441 1,930,603 4,217,910 737,964 1,349,295 1,690,431 1,034,329 5,923,538 1,377,983 11,329,488 6,504,269 476,561 7,937,498 2,320,985 2,841,972 8,687,206 746,032 3,268,498 602,165 4,476,539 15,374,063 1,720,015 506,977 5,347,745 5,026,521 1,328,992 4,105,142 410,813 376,086
2010 210,114,939 3,805,751 515,239 4,443,647 2,077,806 23,753,441 3,779,273 2,934,576 695,036 13,949,726 6,507,888 909,407 1,069,542 8,373,969 5,550,469 2,166,759 2,033,092 2,950,191 3,133,631 1,019,738 3,918,305 4,592,500 7,083,107 3,281,463 1,928,487 4,246,249 743,611 1,351,516 1,691,318 1,037,083 5,952,583 1,405,926 11,285,830 6,536,601 483,097 7,963,372 2,348,718 2,769,734 8,737,162 747,875 3,337,247 602,275 4,418,210 15,157,650 1,659,835 513,481 5,402,347 5,106,367 1,206,026 4,133,377 419,466 384,940
HI G HWAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 7 Licensed Drivers, By State, 2005â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2016* (continued) State or other jurisdiction U.S. Totals Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Col.
2011 211,874,649 3,798,552 521,280 4,592,398 1,956,091 23,856,600 3,669,816 2,986,267 716,109 13,882,423 6,505,690 911,660 1,083,992 8,373,969 6,569,665 2,191,715 2,025,581 2,959,881 3,186,227 1,014,826 3,856,604 4,683,323 7,059,509 3,306,139 1,926,603 4,277,037 752,483 1,356,377 1,700,829 1,056,889 5,977,458 1,418,641 11,210,783 6,569,341 490,146 7,982,149 2,370,643 2,773,956 8,796,774 749,706 3,408,318 603,258 4,543,759 15,122,518 1,747,487 521,666 5,467,045 5,178,789 1,198,837 4,147,470 421,928 395,442
2012 211,814,830 3,827,522 526,371 4,697,579 2,199,164 24,200,997 3,807,673 2,485,708 720,290 13,896,581 6,581,534 915,033 1,092,977 8,235,745 5,375,973 2,217,304 2,018,029 2,985,234 2,923,744 1,008,190 4,102,154 4,733,936 7,018,713 3,321,760 1,957,980 4,288,488 757,812 1,363,596 1,728,060 1,064,604 6,039,623 1,430,475 11,248,617 6,677,693 502,807 8,006,183 2,400,358 2,769,757 8,842,587 749,706 3,455,931 606,779 4,573,871 15,252,192 1,788,822 529,501 5,538,480 5,227,889 1,241,586 4,056,649 421,580 400,993
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Highway Statistics, various years, Table DL-1C.
2013 212,159,728 3,859,403 528,873 4,791,450 2,097,201 24,390,236 3,837,488 2,534,090 723,657 13,670,441 6,607,016 915,033 1,111,485 8,261,582 4,500,403 2,143,665 2,017,759 3,019,283 3,278,143 1,011,385 4,140,105 4,765,586 6,986,587 3,330,725 1,968,907 4,280,438 766,716 1,374,529 1,756,095 1,061,433 6,081,386 1,456,500 11,210,783 6,822,902 513,838 8,030,421 2,418,307 2,773,373 8,896,590 749,232 3,536,404 603,643 4,605,100 15,447,273 1,661,219 543,057 5,602,765 5,301,630 1,177,136 4,171,427 421,473 405,555
2014 214,092,472 3,881,542 531,744 4,881,801 2,111,873 24,813,346 3,883,362 2,542,588 732,349 13,898,347 6,650,434 902,639 1,128,497 8,373,565 4,448,099 2,227,950 2,021,271 3,004,919 3,312,630 1,018,918 4,142,997 4,765,586 7,046,433 3,357,468 1,977,679 4,295,224 768,703 1,383,693 1,796,443 1,071,963 6,152,634 1,444,857 11,318,198 7,025,333 527,541 7,915,907 2,451,972 2,785,446 8,915,641 748,337 3,617,535 609,908 4,613,166 15,648,733 1,425,703 545,312 5,769,063 5,401,139 1,171,907 4,188,194 423,987 419,896
2015 217,628,863 3,907,038 533,227 4,978,762 2,119,578 25,532,920 3,974,521 2,566,673 742,524 14,262,715 6,906,191 909,797 1,135,009 8,462,193 4,467,848 2,224,130 2,028,657 3,021,266 3,357,091 1,019,879 4,185,752 5,040,662 7,104,484 3,351,430 1,988,396 4,213,302 781,427 1,394,301 1,835,511 1,074,766 6,179,318 1,467,782 11,689,839 7,160,621 545,027 7,923,439 2,621,733 2,808,548 8,942,967 745,470 3,683,824 655,707 4,621,401 15,879,876 1,913,564 548,799 5,820,209 5,516,134 1,167,346 4,194,759 422,450 455,602
2016 221,222,087 3,943,082 534,585 5,082,305 2,391,103 26,199,436 4,066,580 2,611,007 756,328 14,675,160 6,975,900 931,703 1,160,922 8,514,644 4,553,259 2,245,640 2,030,025 3,031,447 3,395,095 1,021,332 4,264,875 5,040,662 7,074,674 3,377,910 2,018,862 4,249,579 797,145 1,404,479 1,872,376 1,096,234 6,238,436 1,521,785 11,947,568 7,267,042 555,935 7,974,951 2,498,178 2,855,746 8,996,815 753,143 3,746,681 622,663 5,197,904 15,879,876 1,960,366 553,670 5,912,048 5,635,715 1,159,348 4,206,770 421,098 489,831
*The data in this table were obtained chiefly from State authorities. Where data are not available, estimates were made by the Federal Highway Administration. Total licensed drivers represents the total of male and female drivers.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 3 1
H IGH WAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 8 Licensed Total Drivers, by Age 2016* State or other jurisdiction U.S. Totals Alabama Alaska (a) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (a) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (b) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
19 and under 8,821,455 218,838 20,313 171,744 117,979 871,659 156,660 113,607 36,387 470,557 296,820 23,485 66,694 410,301 192,773 139,220 144,750 75,426 145,071 34,748 130,949 175,586 312,714 168,068 109,798 200,783 35,132 74,617 55,852 45,954 237,103 55,809 316,454 223,000 32,773 345,449 149,763 101,516 296,895 22,719 215,843 35,007 280,797 653,365 133,215 18,875 206,274 211,501 55,153 190,637 22,079 743
20–24 17,718,332 327,633 44,909 382,303 204,062 2,336,483 311,295 200,901 59,485 1,047,981 579,622 62,479 99,636 687,787 382,095 188,643 170,944 234,606 253,649 67,983 309,487 407,948 579,909 230,057 166,789 338,899 58,441 118,780 139,910 84,480 518,001 115,848 839,747 586,177 52,271 624,399 219,670 202,254 668,551 58,347 290,665 49,217 429,217 1,422,874 202,667 36,918 448,710 437,214 66,023 324,857 33,233 14,276
25–29 19,755,328 344,923 58,759 445,318 205,515 2,653,048 395,989 223,137 67,126 1,202,968 620,832 71,619 99,276 745,596 402,835 191,283 174,824 252,973 290,109 78,196 395,553 476,181 601,042 244,008 164,222 370,284 70,123 130,450 165,073 90,956 528,790 135,447 1,047,316 667,868 59,321 638,336 221,984 240,646 742,600 66,748 328,380 52,626 447,145 1,515,946 204,814 46,442 524,209 529,022 77,310 351,148 36,939 60,073
See footnotes at end of table
432 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
30–34 19,494,719 314,454 58,752 468,191 192,639 2,608,790 398,245 212,366 63,979 1,169,368 602,245 84,337 99,617 748,587 382,890 187,930 173,588 252,158 313,961 76,620 414,137 448,254 552,131 264,989 157,259 364,191 67,459 127,976 171,730 84,755 505,988 141,706 1,026,730 637,738 54,401 627,126 218,156 254,511 724,404 62,728 310,438 52,797 424,338 1,490,985 202,717 48,063 525,967 561,899 76,566 357,037 38,021 90,805
35–39 18,690,308 304,705 51,286 465,333 188,488 2,414,107 370,229 202,710 58,639 1,127,851 602,195 82,569 99,275 742,745 375,589 179,510 164,179 257,988 299,479 74,181 387,344 402,325 539,180 270,203 161,504 346,848 63,666 118,774 167,740 78,150 502,564 135,742 984,384 611,041 45,284 619,185 197,405 247,367 686,693 58,589 294,424 50,759 412,764 1,436,130 204,957 44,012 504,784 530,578 84,131 331,470 35,628 75,625
40–44 17,830,080 293,645 42,782 452,107 175,338 2,262,230 337,043 198,393 54,198 1,127,423 610,752 78,088 89,887 694,631 362,968 161,269 147,199 252,825 268,102 72,254 357,125 398,810 521,231 246,304 156,542 318,105 55,773 103,353 162,183 79,806 505,473 122,381 949,564 613,058 39,105 608,011 181,250 222,148 666,805 54,658 285,933 43,121 406,127 1,394,164 169,760 39,883 487,753 479,069 87,415 313,980 30,634 49,422
45–49 19,255,964 317,944 43,824 463,321 183,454 2,368,335 351,726 236,984 61,252 1,260,909 657,206 82,716 91,723 738,868 388,432 175,207 153,882 270,174 281,341 86,110 392,523 449,744 599,608 283,965 167,806 344,478 58,782 106,306 171,036 96,853 569,804 122,430 1,070,758 663,784 40,126 682,680 186,948 232,602 772,580 64,783 305,503 44,511 438,240 1,439,318 148,209 44,840 533,876 488,687 97,343 352,854 31,213 40,366
50–54 20,162,725 330,367 45,981 461,224 194,080 2,391,224 347,465 259,304 66,622 1,354,702 661,264 86,248 95,138 760,044 414,229 193,205 166,017 288,717 298,686 96,521 416,318 487,517 638,696 312,952 177,773 379,892 66,599 114,866 169,335 109,791 614,002 131,465 1,153,965 666,162 45,987 731,378 203,501 229,168 840,563 71,936 322,416 50,115 459,429 1,449,481 139,315 49,916 566,615 483,566 101,115 400,906 33,264 33,683
HI G HWAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 8 Licensed Total Drivers, by Age 2016* (continued) State or other jurisdiction U.S. Totals Alabama Alaska (a) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (a) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (a) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (b) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
55–59 20,323,220 339,786 49,235 458,453 198,165 2,308,313 367,320 255,892 66,764 1,348,423 620,452 88,320 101,785 782,922 424,836 206,553 181,761 290,922 305,710 104,835 398,271 468,138 675,461 340,393 184,898 400,019 76,603 123,805 163,977 112,856 599,463 140,150 1,131,109 650,103 49,288 780,463 216,509 251,420 884,961 74,731 321,498 57,208 453,724 1,441,772 141,882 53,348 550,154 491,767 112,046 406,543 39,541 30,672
60–64 18,115,884 313,427 44,987 414,504 183,061 1,985,371 331,916 214,705 60,539 1,223,728 537,852 85,629 96,072 695,724 378,315 189,107 169,535 261,944 275,304 98,540 335,537 404,851 621,715 303,224 169,235 355,209 75,710 113,923 150,385 96,533 503,714 131,774 985,192 571,851 43,934 701,710 200,012 256,237 800,835 67,013 303,712 55,087 410,238 1,251,741 127,406 49,807 476,266 452,337 114,103 359,490 38,906 27,937
65–69 15,468,076 275,808 33,045 332,656 165,814 1,618,249 273,567 174,939 57,138 1,127,941 464,769 75,427 85,083 572,958 319,143 159,624 139,969 228,630 232,608 87,690 277,987 341,546 521,500 250,926 148,360 306,212 66,227 96,102 138,829 82,120 418,577 118,797 843,786 517,811 32,872 603,042 175,788 232,517 683,078 55,528 289,457 48,076 367,345 1,032,226 104,616 43,176 408,555 385,441 107,073 292,253 31,416 21,779
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics, various years, Table DL-1C. September 2017. Note: Includes restricted drivers and graduated driver licenses.
70–74 10,680,982 208,039 20,366 239,781 130,367 1,031,043 165,571 124,292 41,774 897,309 308,984 52,176 58,455 404,823 215,762 105,465 95,019 151,876 157,105 60,433 186,497 230,542 369,650 177,379 101,684 214,800 44,575 66,265 98,115 54,678 291,279 79,819 583,717 360,459 22,280 395,372 127,361 164,663 463,681 39,854 204,521 33,557 258,663 697,100 71,920 29,415 278,851 253,602 73,952 198,470 21,390 18,231
75–79 7,174,386 147,997 9,476 159,896 95,340 648,641 108,998 81,687 28,289 612,084 201,704 28,581 39,032 264,530 149,623 76,857 65,251 104,339 112,019 38,892 121,273 150,924 246,857 124,190 72,853 147,939 29,015 46,096 62,386 35,436 192,614 46,493 405,330 234,929 16,273 283,960 91,450 104,595 331,872 24,289 130,549 22,568 180,612 461,602 49,627 27,377 185,139 157,711 51,587 140,186 14,031 11,387
80–84 4,615,188 104,470 5,604 97,772 66,622 398,880 73,589 57,049 18,543 392,178 123,391 16,807 23,211 125,450 93,116 51,834 44,785 63,640 76,186 25,337 77,759 104,665 159,651 84,081 45,719 94,090 17,883 33,131 34,649 23,860 131,903 27,299 292,087 149,632 11,998 186,139 60,914 63,105 231,455 16,032 81,446 15,190 120,242 287,185 33,023 13,421 117,187 96,834 32,208 98,281 8,533 7,122
85 and over 3,887,777 101,046 5,266 69,702 90,179 303,063 76,967 55,041 15,593 311,738 87,812 13,222 16,038 139,678 70,653 39,933 38,322 45,229 85,765 18,992 64,115 93,631 135,329 77,171 34,420 67,830 11,157 30,035 21,176 20,006 119,161 16,625 317,429 113,429 10,022 147,701 47,467 52,997 201,842 15,188 61,896 12,824 109,023 188,493 26,238 8,177 97,708 76,487 23,323 88,658 6,270 7,710
Total 221,994,424 3,943,082 534,585 5,082,305 2,391,103 26,199,436 4,066,580 2,611,007 756,328 14,675,160 6,975,900 931,703 1,160,922 8,514,644 4,553,259 2,245,640 2,030,025 3,031,447 3,395,095 1,021,332 4,264,875 5,040,662 7,074,674 3,377,910 2,018,862 4,249,579 797,145 1,404,479 1,872,376 1,096,234 6,238,436 1,521,785 11,947,568 7,267,042 555,935 7,974,951 2,498,178 2,855,746 8,996,815 753,143 3,746,681 622,663 5,197,904 16,162,382 1,960,366 553,670 5,912,048 5,635,715 1,159,348 4,206,770 421,098 489,831
Key: (a) Age and/or sex distribution estimates by FHWA using Census population figures for that State and age group. (b) State did not provide current data. Table displays 2015 data.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 3 3
H IGH WAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 9 Licensed Drivers by Sex and Ratio to Population—2016* Licensed drivers
State or other jurisdiction U.S. Total Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (b) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (b) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (c) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Male drivers 109,587,219 1,913,487 252,875 2,552,249 1,158,338 13,331,944 2,086,189 1,291,397 367,808 7,206,475 3,327,867 481,461 583,602 4,200,790 2,237,101 1,111,840 1,004,834 1,492,573 1,632,808 504,674 2,103,981 2,473,050 3,464,410 1,697,475 957,284 2,066,910 405,029 704,348 956,291 549,729 3,066,313 758,190 5,814,353 3,515,543 288,618 3,866,323 1,154,923 1,406,168 4,461,263 368,146 1,799,712 314,356 2,683,909 7,824,635 988,484 275,292 2,846,993 2,908,119 574,199 2,098,274 214,785 241,802
Percent male drivers of total 49.4 48.5 47.3 50.2 48.4 50.9 51.3 49.5 48.6 49.1 47.7 51.7 50.3 49.34 49.1 49.5 49.5 49.2 48.1 49.4 49.3 49.1 49.0 50.3 47.4 48.6 50.8 50.2 51.1 50.2 49.2 49.8 48.7 48.4 51.9 48.5 46.2 49.2 49.6 48.9 48.0 50.5 51.6 49.3 50.4 49.7 48.2 51.6 49.5 49.9 51.0 49.4
See footnotes at end of table
434 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Female drivers 112,124,699 2,029,595 281,710 2,530,056 1,232,765 12,867,492 1,980,391 1,319,610 388,520 7,468,685 3,648,033 450,242 577,320 4,313,854 2,316,158 1,133,800 1,025,191 1,538,874 1,762,287 516,658 2,160,894 2,567,612 3,610,264 1,680,435 1,061,578 2,182,669 392,116 700,131 916,085 546,505 3,172,123 763,595 6,133,215 3,751,499 267,317 4,108,628 1,343,255 1,449,578 4,535,552 384,997 1,946,969 308,307 2,513,995 8,055,241 971,882 278,378 3,065,055 2,727,596 585,149 2,108,496 206,313 248,029
Percent female drivers of total 51 51 53 50 52 49 49 51 51 51 52 48 50 51 51 50 51 51 52 51 51 51 51 50 53 51 49 50 49 50 51 50 51 52 48 52 54 51 50 51 52 50 48 51 50 50 52 48 50 50 49 51
Total drivers 221,711,918 3,943,082 534,585 5,082,305 2,391,103 26,199,436 4,066,580 2,611,007 756,328 14,675,160 6,975,900 931,703 1,160,922 8,514,644 4,553,259 2,245,640 2,030,025 3,031,447 3,395,095 1,021,332 4,264,875 5,040,662 7,074,674 3,377,910 2,018,862 4,249,579 797,145 1,404,479 1,872,376 1,096,234 6,238,436 1,521,785 11,947,568 7,267,042 555,935 7,974,951 2,498,178 2,855,746 8,996,815 753,143 3,746,681 622,663 5,197,904 15,879,876 1,960,366 553,670 5,912,048 5,635,715 1,159,348 4,206,770 421,098 489,831
Ratio—licensed drivers/ private and commercial motor vehicles registered 0.84 0.74 0.69 0.89 0.86 0.88 0.80 0.92 0.76 0.90 0.86 0.77 0.63 0.84 0.74 0.62 0.77 0.73 0.89 0.94 1.04 1.01 0.86 0.64 0.98 0.75 0.45 0.74 0.79 0.84 1.06 0.85 1.08 0.89 0.64 0.75 0.67 0.77 0.85 0.88 0.91 0.51 0.94 0.74 0.86 0.92 0.83 0.82 0.70 0.77 0.50 1.62
HI G HWAY S
TA BLE 9 . 1 9 Licensed Drivers by Sex and Ratio to Populationâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;2016* (continued) Population (a) Driving age (16 and over) State or other jurisdiction U.S. Total Alabama Alaska (b) Arizona Arkansas California Colorado (b) Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois (b) Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts (c) Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Total resident 323,127,513 4,863,300 741,894 6,931,071 2,988,248 39,250,017 5,540,545 3,576,452 952,065 20,612,439 10,310,371 1,428,557 1,683,140 12,801,539 6,633,053 3,134,693 2,907,289 4,436,974 4,681,666 1,331,479 6,016,447 6,811,779 9,928,300 5,519,952 2,988,726 6,093,000 1,042,520 1,907,116 2,940,058 1,334,795 8,944,469 2,081,015 19,745,289 10,146,788 757,952 11,614,373 3,923,561 4,093,465 12,784,227 1,056,426 4,961,119 865,454 6,651,194 27,862,596 3,051,217 624,594 8,411,808 7,288,000 1,831,102 5,778,708 585,501 681,170
Male 116,502,331 1,862,731 302,472 2,706,102 1,148,262 15,378,392 2,211,819 1,409,891 369,049 8,200,700 3,889,622 575,568 645,248 4,973,453 2,557,592 1,227,404 2,272,404 1,728,719 1,785,544 538,121 2,306,124 2,688,163 3,900,957 2,162,790 1,123,917 2,364,551 421,152 734,392 1,166,322 544,866 3,476,185 809,169 7,699,982 3,896,650 307,492 4,515,078 1,506,744 1,633,718 5,057,124 419,557 1,913,729 338,429 2,565,245 9,116,438 1,113,127 255,087 3,290,937 2,901,736 736,272 2,292,297 235,117 267,681
Female 122,231,724 2,033,606 272,432 2,779,736 1,215,626 15,811,628 2,207,221 1,509,885 402,404 8,749,239 4,199,268 576,619 650,014 5,245,319 2,684,104 1,259,188 2,272,404 1,813,875 1,907,555 570,553 2,516,466 2,914,133 4,104,099 2,212,345 1,227,419 2,501,669 418,958 750,361 1,171,830 562,536 3,720,808 837,421 8,351,526 4,217,131 291,456 4,797,181 1,561,122 1,690,773 5,372,990 454,243 2,075,344 336,246 2,757,358 9,521,795 1,114,630 266,036 3,463,319 2,937,958 763,695 2,350,197 226,243 303,051
Source: Bureau of the Census and U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration, Federal Highway Statistics, December 2017. Note: Includes restricted drivers and graduated driver licenses.
Total 238,734,055 3,896,337 574,904 5,485,838 2,363,888 31,190,020 4,419,040 2,919,776 771,453 16,949,939 8,088,890 1,152,187 1,295,262 10,218,772 5,241,696 2,486,592 4,544,808 3,542,594 3,693,099 1,108,674 4,822,590 5,602,296 8,005,056 4,375,135 2,351,336 4,866,220 840,110 1,484,753 2,338,152 1,107,402 7,196,993 1,646,590 16,051,508 8,113,781 598,948 9,312,259 3,067,866 3,324,491 10,430,114 873,800 3,989,073 674,675 5,322,603 18,638,233 2,227,757 521,123 6,754,256 5,839,694 1,499,967 4,642,494 461,360 570,732
Drivers Per 1,000 total resident Per 1,000 driving age population population 686 929 811 1,012 721 930 733 926 800 1,012 668 840 734 920 730 894 794 980 712 866 677 862 652 809 690 896 665 833 686 869 716 903 698 447 683 856 725 919 767 921 709 884 740 900 713 884 612 772 675 859 697 873 765 949 736 946 637 801 821 990 697 867 731 924 605 744 716 896 733 928 687 856 637 814 698 859 704 863 713 862 755 939 719 923 781 977 570 852 642 880 886 1,062 703 875 773 965 633 773 728 906 719 913 719 858
Key: (a) Source: Bureau of the Census. (b) Age and/or sex segregation estimated by FHWA. (c) Current data was not provided. Table shows 2015 data. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 3 5
CRIMINAL J U ST ICE / CO R R E CT IO N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 0 Sentenced Prisoners Under the Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Sex: December 31, 2016 and 2017 State or other jurisdiction U.S. total (a) Federal (b) State (a) Alabama Alaska (c) Arizona Arkansas California (d) Colorado Connecticut (c) Delaware (c) Florida Georgia Hawaii (c) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico (e) New York North Carolina North Dakota (e)(f) Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island (c) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont (c) Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
December 31, 2016 population Total Male Female 1,459,948 1,354,109 105,839 171,482 160,090 11,392 1,288,466 1,194,019 94,447 27,799 25,593 2,206 2,089 1,982 107 40,849 37,131 3,718 17,476 16,111 1,365 129,080 123,261 5,819 19,862 17,963 1,899 10,365 9,804 561 4,090 3,889 201 99,974 93,111 6,863 53,064 49,324 3,740 3,629 3,271 358 7,376 6,416 960 43,657 41,044 2,613 25,530 23,325 2,205 8,998 8,181 817 9,628 8,831 797 23,018 20,077 2,941 35,646 33,665 1,981 1,828 1,675 153 19,821 19,010 811 8,494 8,140 354 41,122 38,880 2,242 10,592 9,818 774 18,666 17,397 1,269 32,461 29,124 3,337 3,814 3,405 409 5,235 4,825 410 13,637 12,403 1,234 2,818 2,591 227 19,786 18,952 834 6,972 6,276 696 50,620 48,356 2,264 34,596 32,085 2,511 1,779 1,568 211 52,175 47,581 4,594 29,531 26,145 3,386 15,150 13,846 1,304 49,000 46,188 2,812 2,030 1,962 68 20,371 18,981 1,390 3,820 3,323 497 28,203 25,481 2,722 157,903 144,928 12,975 6,171 5,765 406 1,229 1,146 83 37,813 34,704 3,109 19,019 17,377 1,642 7,162 6,286 876 22,144 20,734 1,410 2,374 2,088 286
See footnotes at end of table
436â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
December 31, 2017 population Total Male Female 1,439,808 1,334,775 105,033 166,203 154,931 11,272 1,273,605 1,179,844 93,761 23,724 21,968 1,756 1,905 1,828 77 40,263 36,543 3,720 18,028 16,617 1,411 129,920 124,127 5,793 19,824 17,925 1,899 9,626 9,142 484 4,066 3,882 184 98,504 91,779 6,725 53,094 49,315 3,779 3,425 3,154 271 7,752 6,761 991 41,427 39,148 2,279 26,001 23,587 2,414 8,999 8,197 802 9,687 8,846 841 23,539 20,518 3,021 33,706 31,749 1,957 1,795 1,643 152 19,232 18,399 833 8,286 7,976 310 39,666 37,515 2,151 10,708 9,974 734 18,471 17,184 1,287 32,592 29,197 3,395 3,698 3,282 416 5,257 4,837 420 13,671 12,405 1,266 2,750 2,524 226 19,585 18,811 774 7,189 6,422 767 49,360 47,103 2,257 35,283 32,649 2,634 1,711 1,514 197 51,478 47,052 4,426 27,729 24,615 3,114 15,200 13,877 1,323 48,074 45,281 2,793 1,808 139 69 19,541 18,233 1,308 3,959 3,424 535 28,980 25,969 3,011 157,584 144,750 12,834 6,437 5,945 492 1,126 1,021 105 37,158 34,004 3,154 19,540 17,811 1,729 7,092 6,274 818 22,682 21,147 1,535 2,473 2,181 292
Percent change, 2016â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2017 Total Male Female (1.4) (1.4) (0.8) (3.1) (3.2) (1.1) (1.2) (1.2) (0.7) (14.7) (14.2) (20.4) (8.8) (7.8) (28.0) (1.4) (1.6) 0.1 3.2 3.1 3.4 0.7 0.7 (0.4) (0.2) (0.2) 0.0 (7.1) (6.8) (13.7) (0.6) (0.2) (8.5) (1.5) (1.4) (2.0) 0.1 0.0 1.0 (5.6) (3.6) (24.3) 5.1 5.4 3.2 (5.1) (4.6) (12.8) 1.8 1.1 9.5 0.0 0.2 (1.8) 0.6 0.2 5.5 2.3 2.2 2.7 (5.4) (5.7) (1.2) (1.8) (1.9) (0.7) (3.0) (3.2) 2.7 (2.4) (2.0) (12.4) (3.5) (3.5) (4.1) 1.1 1.6 (5.2) (1.0) (1.2) 1.4 0.4 0.3 1.7 (3.0) (3.6) 1.7 0.4 0.2 2.4 0.2 0.0 2.6 (2.4) (2.6) (0.4) (1.0) (0.7) (7.2) N.C. N.C. N.C. (2.5) (2.6) (0.3) 2.0 1.8 4.9 N.C. N.C. N.C. (1.3) (1.1) (3.7) (6.1) (5.9) (8.0) 0.3 0.2 1.5 (1.9) (2.0) (0.7) (10.9) (11.4) 1.5 (4.1) (3.9) (5.9) 3.6 3.0 7.6 2.8 1.9 10.6 (0.2) (0.1) (1.1) 4.3 3.1 21.2 (8.4) (10.9) 26.5 (1.7) (2.0) 1.4 2.7 2.5 5.3 (1.0) (0.2) (6.6) 2.4 2.0 8.9 4.2 4.5 2.1
C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 0 Sentenced Prisoners Under the Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, by Sex: December 31, 2016 and 2017 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2016–2017. Prisoners in 2017 NCJ 252156. Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts are based on prisoners with sentences of more than 1 year. Key: N.C.—Not calculated (a) Total and state estimates for 2016 include imputed counts for North Dakota, which did not submit 2016 NPS data. Total and state estimates for 2017 include imputed counts for New Mexico and North Dakota, which did not submit 2017 NPS data.
(b) Includes prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. (c) Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations. (d) State submitted updated 2016 sentenced population counts. (e) State did not submit 2017 NPS data. Counts were imputed for 2017 and should not be compared to 2016 counts. (f) State did not submit 2016 NPS data. Counts were imputed for 2016 and should not be compared to 2017 counts.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 3 7
CRIMINAL J U ST ICE / CO R R E CT IO N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 1 Admissions and Releases of Sentenced Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, 2016 and 2017 Admissions (a)
State or other jurisdiction U.S. total (g) Federal (e) State (g) Alabama Alaska (h) Arizona Arkansas California (i) Colorado Connecticut (h) Delaware (h)(j) Florida (k) Georgia Hawaii (h) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (l) Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada (m) New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico (n) New York North Carolina North Dakota (o) Ohio (p) Oklahoma Oregon (q) Pennsylvania Rhode Island (h) South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont (h)(o) Virginia (r) Washington (p) West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
2016 Total 606,000 44,682 561,318 10,749 1,804 13,663 9,911 35,730 8,707 4,747 3,096 29,038 17,585 1,538 5,766 25,661 12,600 5,541 6,442 20,111 15,877 657 8,843 2,059 12,573 8,027 7,510 18,426 2,666 2,310 6,059 1,538 8,837 3,615 21,081 16,009 1,590 22,792 8,778 5,020 20,326 767 6,688 2,891 12,898 77,385 3,293 1,715 12,163 25,055 3,584 6,600 997
2017 Total 606,571 44,708 561,863 12,170 1,580 13,423 8,971 37,077 9,638 4,401 2,897 28,189 16,699 1,528 5,747 24,468 12,249 5,619 6,453 21,239 16,337 960 8,243 2,141 12,013 8,195 7,553 18,551 2,644 2,436 5,862 1,338 8,611 3,848 20,421 18,242 1,570 21,602 10,228 5566 19,297 572 6,017 3,896 11,541 76,877 4,047 1,737 12,163 25,483 3,590 6,865 1,069
Percent change, 2016–2017 0.1 0.1 0.1 13.2 (12.4) (1.8) (9.5) 3.8 10.7 (7.3) (6.4) (2.9) (5.0) (0.7) (0.3) (4.6) (2.8) 1.4 0.2 5.6 2.9 46.1 N.C. 4.0 (4.5) 2.1 0.6 0.7 (0.8) 5.5 (3.3) (13.0) (2.6) N.C. (3.1) 13.9 N.C. (5.2) 16.5 N.C. (5.1) (25.4) (10.0) 34.8 (10.5) (0.7) 22.9 1.3 0.0 1.7 0.2 4.0 7.2
See footnotes at end of table
438 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
2017 Post-custody 2017 New court supervision commitments violations (c) 418,579 174,210 40,180 4,527 378,399 169,683 8,045 1,624 1,446 134 10,787 2,557 4,623 4,348 32,396 4,644 6,038 3,600 3,658 606 2,237 646 27,423 85 14,567 2,124 876 652 1,671 4,076 16,401 8,062 9,240 2,888 3,790 1,773 3,865 1,276 12,366 8,605 10,662 5,674 455 505 5,823 2,415 1,909 223 6,670 2,720 4,804 3,391 5,488 2,049 9,816 8,729 1,961 683 1,979 445 4,990 794 668 670 6,189 2,422 2,461 1,387 12,594 7,727 13,873 4,366 904 665 16,554 4,401 7,658 2,570 3707 1717 9,116 9,128 482 90 4,922 1,087 1,507 499 6,877 4,664 47,697 27,474 1,814 2,233 607 1,130 12,030 133 7,385 18,089 1,991 1372 4,557 2,282 820 249
Releases (b)
2016 total 626,019 52,035 573,984 12,711 2,159 13,857 10,370 34,528 8,934 5,618 4,041 31,166 15,053 1,666 5,479 28,615 14,561 5,305 6,394 18,552 16,308 647 9,459 2,458 14,081 8,254 7,080 18,410 2,546 2,366 5,778 1,601 9,685 3,631 22,047 16,677 1,583 22,850 10,404 4,712 20,418 939 6,709 2,832 13,508 76,733 3,611 1,733 12,648 24,940 3,543 5,743 1,041
2017 total 622,377 49,461 573,916 13,624 1,941 14,075 8,443 36,203 9,669 5,169 2,736 30,467 15,210 1,834 5,395 26,850 11,708 5,632 6,406 20,555 17,868 684 8,850 2,309 13,470 8,092 7,748 18,431 2,770 2,387 6,548 1,409 8,959 3,631 21,667 17,244 1627 22,299 9,682 5428 19,673 875 6,847 3,859 13,307 77,196 3,781 1,795 12,698 25,658 3,652 5,592 963
2017 Percent change, Unconditional 2016–2017 (d)(e) (0.6) 160,596 (4.9) 48,457 (0.2) 112,139 7.2 3,130 (10.1) 460 1.6 2,332 (18.6) 752 4.9 98 8.2 1,116 (8.0) 2,451 (32.3) 310 (2.2) 18,703 1.0 6,713 10.1 345 (1.5) 400 (6.2) 3,982 (19.6) 910 6.2 1,182 0.2 1,690 10.8 4,572 9.6 1,142 5.7 320 N.C. 2,871 (6.1) 1,745 (4.3) 557 (2.0) 956 9.4 444 0.1 1,528 8.8 261 0.9 654 13.3 2,401 (12.0) 82 (7.5) 5,072 N.C. 989 (1.7) 2,330 3.4 2,685 N.C. 216 (2.4) 889 (6.9) 2,973 N.C. 35 (3.6) 3,151 (6.8) 610 2.1 2,239 36.3 311 (1.5) 5,080 0.6 9,977 4.7 674 3.6 284 0.4 1,054 2.9 2,217 3.1 849 (2.6) 212 (7.5) 185
2017 Conditional (e)(f) 446,785 318 446,467 8,808 1,476 11,610 7,610 35,576 8,419 2,707 2,272 11,313 8,320 781 4,926 22,763 10,730 4,378 4,685 15,371 16,584 354 5,919 533 10,486 7,125 6,963 16,779 2,492 1,710 4,100 1,320 3,683 2,626 19,042 14,463 1407 13,246 6,623 5185 16,321 257 4,494 2,467 8,136 64,519 3,085 1,504 11,537 23,393 2,275 5,324 770
C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 1 Admissions and Releases of Sentenced Prisoners Under Jurisdiction of State or Federal Correctional Authorities, 2016 and 2017 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2016–2017. Prisoners in 2017 NCJ 252156. Note: Jurisdiction refers to the legal authority of state or federal correctional officials over a prisoner, regardless of where the prisoner is held. Counts cover January 1 through December 31 for each year and are based on prisoners admitted to or released from state or federal correctional authorities with a sentence of more than one year. Key: N.C.—Not calculated (a) Excludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave. Includes other conditional release violators, returns from appeal or bond, and other admissions. (b) Excludes transfers, escapes, and those absent without leave. Includes deaths, releases to appeal or bond, and other releases. (c) Includes all conditional release violators returned to prison from post-custody community supervision, including parole and probation, for either violations of conditions of release or new crimes. (d) Includes expirations of sentence, commutations, and other unconditional releases. (e) Includes prisoners held in nonsecure, privately operated community corrections facilities and juveniles held in contract facilities. The Federal Bureau of Prisons reports prison releases as unconditional even though prisoners may serve post-custody community supervision. The 318 conditional releases are persons who were sentenced before the 1984 Sentencing Reform Act that eliminated federal parole. (f) Includes releases to probation, supervised mandatory releases, and other unspecified conditional releases. (g) U.S. total and state estimates for 2016 include imputed counts for North Dakota and Oregon, which did not submit 2016 NPS data on admissions and releases. U.S. total and state estimates for 2017 include imputed counts for New Mexico and North Dakota, which did not submit 2017 NPS data on admissions and releases. (h) Prisons and jails form one integrated system. Data include total jail and prison populations.
(i) California reported that 16,887 prisoners were released as transfers in 2016. These prisoners were released from state jurisdiction to post-custody supervision by county authorities. BJS counted these as conditional releases. (j) Releases include offenders who received a combined sentence of prison and probation of more than one year. (k) Florida does not report technical violation prison admissions. All admissions represent new sentences, with the 85 supervision violation admissions representing persons who committed new crimes while on post-custody community supervision. (l) Due to implementation concerns with a new information system, Maryland’s counts of admissions and releases for 2017 are estimates and should not be compared to earlier years. (m) Admissions include local jail inmates admitted to the Nevada Department of Corrections due to medical, behavioral, protective, or local staffing issues and persons ordered by judges to serve six months or less in prison prior to actual sentencing for felonies. (n) State did not submit 2017 NPS data on admissions or releases. Total and detailed types of admissions and releases were imputed from counts reported in 2016 and included in U.S. and state totals. All admissions and releases were included in the reported 2016 data, regardless of sentence length. Estimates of admissions and releases in 2017 are not comparable to previous years’ data. (o) State did not submit 2016 or 2017 NPS data on admissions or releases. Total and detailed types of admissions and releases were imputed and included in U.S. and state totals. (p) Includes all admissions and releases from state prison, regardless of sentence length. (q) State did not submit 2016 NPS data on admissions or releases. Total and detailed types of admissions and releases were imputed and included in U.S. and state totals. Estimates of admissions and releases in 2016 are not comparable to reported 2017 data. (r) Admission and release counts are preliminary estimates for fiscal year 2017. Counts for 2016 have been updated.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 3 9
CRIMINAL J U ST ICE / CO R R E CT IO N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 2 Prison Facility Capacity, Custody Population, and Percent Capacity, December 31, 2017 State or other jurisdiction Federal (a) Alabama (b) Alaska (c) Arizona (d) Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware (b) Florida Georgia (d) Hawaii (e) Idaho (d) Illinois (f) Indiana (g) Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland (h) Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi (i) Missouri (b) Montana Nebraska (b) Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico (j) New York North Carolina North Dakota (j) Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania (d) Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota (b)(d) Tennessee Texas (b) Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming
Rated capacity 135,792 N/A 4,838 38,098 16,505 N/A N/A N.R. 5,514 N/A 59,481 N/A N/A 54,543 N/A 7,200 10,435 11,971 17,956 2,421 N/A N/A 42,044 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 14,092 2,760 16,590 N/A 51,409 N/A N/A N.R. 17,730 14,712 48,644 3,989 N/A N/A 16,006 157,528 N/A 1,602 N/A N/A 5,922 N/A 2,298
Type of capacity measure Operational capacity N/A 25,784 N/A 44,003 16,544 121,426 14,706 N.R. 5,566 88,384 53,861 3,527 7,615 54,543 28,866 7,200 10,435 11,971 16,344 2,602 21,256 10,208 41,039 9,504 17,909 32,536 1,689 4,094 11886 2,760 17,439 7,055 51,603 38,159 1,353 N.R. 19,809 15,612 48,644 3,774 21,404 4,444 15,488 151,431 6,771 1,602 29,306 16,775 5,976 23,056 2,298
See footnotes at end of table
440â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Design capacity N/A 12,852 4664 38,098 15,721 89,763 13,125 N.R. 4,092 N/A N/A 3,527 N/A N/A N/A 7,200 10,435 12,226 N/A 2,602 N/A 7,492 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 3,375 N/A 1,810 23,337 7,055 50,892 32,684 1,353 N.R. 17,730 14,712 48,644 3,975 N/A N/A N/A 157,528 7,127 1,668 N/A N/A 5,922 17,031 2,417
Custody population 155,006 21,570 4,378 41,964 15,879 118,058 15,900 13,649 6,140 84,929 53,514 3,536 7,637 41,065 25,773 8,290 9,701 12,008 15,152 2,354 19,919 8,859 39,666 9,547 15,559 32,564 1,769 5,198 132,436 2,533 16,597 4,048 49,514 36,663 1,335 44,257 19,931 14,660 47,236 2,683 19,409 3,890 14,391 137,926 4,982 1,333 29,836 17,674 5,922 23,513 2,182
Custody population as a percent of: Lowest capacity Highest capacity 114.1 114.1 167.8 83.7 93.9 90.5 110.1 95.4 101.0 96.0 131.5 97.2 121.1 108.1 N.R. N.R. 150.0 110.3 96.1 96.1 99.4 90.0 100.3 100.3 100.3 100.3 75.3 75.3 89.3 89.3 115.1 115.1 9.0 93.0 100.3 98.2 92.7 84.4 97.2 90.5 93.7 93.7 118.2 86.8 96.7 94.3 100.5 100.5 86.9 86.9 100.1 100.1 104.7 104.7 154.0 127.0 111.4 94.0 139.9 91.8 100.0 71.1 57.4 57.4 97.3 96.0 112.2 96.1 98.7 98.7 N.R. N.R. 112.4 100.6 99.6 93.9 97.1 97.1 71.1 67.3 90.7 90.7 87.5 87.5 92.9 89.9 91.1 87.6 73.6 69.9 83.2 79.9 101.8 101.8 105.4 105.4 100.0 99.1 138.1 102.0 95.0 90.3
C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 2 Prison Facility Capacity, Custody Population, and Percent Capacity, December 31, 2017 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Prisoner Statistics (NPS), 2016–2017. Prisoners in 2017 NCJ 252156. Note: Excludes inmates held in local jails, other states, or private facilities, unless otherwise stated. Rated capacity is the number of inmates or beds a facility can hold set by a rating official; operational capacity is the number of inmates a facility can hold based on staffing and services; and design capacity is the number of inmates a facility can hold set by the architect or planner. Lowest capacity represents the minimum capacity estimate submitted by the jurisdiction, while highest capacity represents the maximum capacity estimate. When a jurisdiction could provide only a single capacity estimate, it was used as both lowest and highest capacity. Key: N/A—Not available. Specific type of capacity is not measured by state. N.R.—Not reported. (a) Due to differences in the dates when data were extracted, the federal custody count reported for the calculation of capacity differs slightly from the year-end custody count reported in the NPS. It includes prisoners of all sentence lengths.
(b) State defines capacity differently than BJS. (c) Alaska’s capacity excludes non-traditional confinement such as halfway houses or electronic monitoring. (d) Private facilities included in capacity and custody counts. (e) Hawaii’s custody count excludes 248 offenders who were relocated out-of-state while an in-state facility was being repaired. (f) Illinois’s rated capacity is under revision, and these numbers are the ceiling operational capacity. Numbers are not comparable to prior reports. (g) Indiana’s capacity includes facilities owned by the state but staffed with employees of a private correctional company. (h) Maryland’s capacity may include some pre-trial detainees excluded from the custody count. (i) Local facilities included in Mississippi’s capacity and custody counts. (j) State did not submit 2017 NPS custody or capacity. Custody count was imputed, and capacities were assumed to have not changed from the most recent year the state submitted NPS data.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 4 1
CRIMINAL J U ST ICE / CO R R E CT IO N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 3 Adults on Probation, 2016 Probation population State or other jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California (b) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia (c) Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin (d) Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
2016 1/1/2016 (a) 3,725,638 18,320 3,707,318 51,694 6,513 76,005 29,003 238,911 78,810 42,064 15,646 221,446 410,964 20,912 32,898 122,125 111,709 29,819 16,588 52,266 40,959 6,702 76,505 64,934 175,189 98,165 36,333 44,762 8,818 12,626 13,724 3,861 136,137 13,778 101,789 85,634 6,343 236,375 31,281 35,938 183,868 23,920 33,652 6,959 62,829 378,514 12,164 5,164 55,472 93,953 7,008 46,183 5,113 5,546
Entries 1,574,587 8,240 1,566,347 14,477 6,942 24,136 11,328 138,876 55,501 21,483 12,463 128,167 .. 4,400 12,480 42,970 77,640 15,502 21,493 17,125 12,875 3,290 33,494 65,772 .. 47,266 9,753 25,127 4,444 9,951 5,724 2,508 32,456 6,288 26,494 48,995 4,591 122,295 13,004 28,028 94,091 .. 13,483 3,311 23,703 144,055 5,616 .. 33,897 37,969 .. .. 2,564 4,576
See footnotes at end of table
442â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Change during 2016 Exits 1,928,687 9,155 1,919,532 13,994 6,834 22,768 9,450 136,166 53,701 20,920 12,714 136,484 .. 4,796 12,969 51,106 81,047 16,067 21,427 17,834 13,660 3,307 37,470 68,917 .. 48,579 17,019 26,090 4,143 12,425 5,414 2,430 28,004 13,615 30,355 52,163 4,593 123,450 10,723 27,308 97,467 .. 14,501 3,660 23,431 148,284 5,551 .. 37,532 37,108 1,539 6,351 2,758 4,284
12/31/2016 (a) 3,673,120 17,284 3,655,836 52,177 6,621 77,373 30,881 239,735 80,740 41,311 15,395 214,066 .. 20,516 32,409 113,989 108,302 29,254 16,654 48,457 40,174 6,817 72,529 61,789 .. 96,852 29,067 43,799 9,132 13,489 13,724 3,939 140,589 12,714 97,928 82,466 6,341 236,754 33,562 36,658 180,492 22,781 32,634 6,610 62,609 374,285 12,229 4,904 60,821 89,317 6,523 44,489 4,666 5,838
Number -52,518 -1,036 -51,482 483 108 1,368 1,878 824 1,930 -753 -251 -7,380 .. -396 -489 -8,136 -3,407 -565 66 -3,809 -785 115 -3,976 -3,145 .. -1,313 -7,266 -963 314 863 0 78 4,452 -1,064 -3,861 -3,168 -2 379 2,281 720 -3,376 -1,139 -1,018 -349 -220 -4,229 65 -260 5,349 -4,636 -485 -1,694 -194 292
Percent -1.4 -5.7 -1.4 0.9 1.7 1.8 6.5 1 2.4 -1.8 -1.6 -3.3 .. -1.9 -1.5 -6.7 -3 -1.9 0.4 -7.3 -1.9 1.7 -5.2 -4.8 .. -1.3 -20 -2.2 3.6 6.8 -2 3.3 -7.7 -3.8 -3.7 -0.2 7.3 2 -1.8 -4.8 -3 -5 -0.4 -1.1 0.5 -5 9.6 -4.9 -6.9 -3.7 -4 5.3
Number on probation per 100,000 adult residents, 12/31/2016 (a) 1,466 7 1,459 1,382 1,193 1,447 1,347 791 1,870 1,461 2,049 1,288 .. 1,828 2,578 1,154 2,135 1,213 758 1,411 1,124 632 1,550 1,133 .. 2,280 1,280 928 1,115 937 601 366 2,015 798 628 1,044 1,090 2,624 1,129 1,127 1,783 2,680 839 1,009 1,209 1,805 568 969 927 1,565 448 988 1,046 1,034
C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 3 Adults on Probation, 2016 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2016. Note: Data quality may vary across jurisdictions for counts of entries and exits; therefore, the population on December, 31, 2016, does not equal the population on January 1, 2016, plus entries, minus exits. Counts may not be actual as reporting agencies may provide estimates on some or all detailed data. January 1, 2015, plus entries, minus exits. Counts may not be actual as reporting agencies may provide estimates on some or all detailed data. Key: -- Less than 0.05%. .. Not known.
(a) Rates were computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population in each jurisdiction on January 1, 2017. (b) January 1, 2016, reflects a reporting change resulting in a decrease of 24,650 from the population reported for December 31, 2015. (c) January 1, 2016, reflects a reporting change resulting in a decrease of 21,271 from the population reported for December 31, 2015.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 4 3
CRIMINAL J U ST ICE / CO R R E CT IO N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 4 Adults on Parole, 2016 Parole population State or other jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California (b) Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin (c) Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
2016 1/1/2016 870,657 114,746 755,911 8,150 2,100 7,379 22,910 86,053 9,953 2,939 425 4,611 24,413 1,479 4,875 29,629 9,420 5,901 4,331 16,536 31,187 21 10,887 1,995 .. 6,810 8,424 17,657 1,092 1,050 5,507 2,451 15,180 2,763 44,562 11,744 634 18,284 2,116 24,077 112,351 441 4,963 2,673 13,063 111,892 3,502 1,083 1,576 11,131 3,123 20,241 783 4,548
Entries (a) 422,975 45,469 377,506 2,515 717 11,481 10,868 26,007 7,657 2,591 129 6,110 9,434 629 3,055 23,889 7,056 3,810 4,465 10,757 15,888 1 4,295 2,111 .. 7,129 6,597 13,255 533 1,537 3,635 1,461 5,539 2,384 20,443 13,647 1,545 8,085 383 9,561 61,179 239 2,460 1,788 3,353 35,398 2,640 .. 711 5,782 2,113 .. 691 1,330
Exits (a) 428,022 48,108 379,914 2,103 1,005 11,360 9,902 23,212 7,424 2,151 167 6,155 11,461 822 2,876 25,083 8,091 3,660 3,966 11,910 16,168 1 4,877 2,255 .. 6,864 6,376 13,120 551 1,499 3,881 1,476 5,591 2,367 20,579 12,388 1,375 6,735 604 8,927 62,443 220 3,076 1,774 4,324 36,003 2,435 .. 601 5,591 1,686 1,450 632 1,853
See footnotes at end of table
444â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
12/31/2016 874,777 114,385 760,392 8,562 1,812 7,500 23,792 93,598 10,186 3,379 387 4,566 22,386 1,367 5,054 29,428 8,385 6,051 4,830 15,383 30,907 21 10,305 1,851 .. 7,075 8,645 17,792 1,074 1,088 5,261 2,436 15,128 2,780 44,426 12,726 804 19,634 1,895 24,711 111,087 460 4,347 2,687 12,092 111,287 3,707 935 1,650 11,322 3,550 20,401 842 4,025
Change during 2016 Number Percent 4,120 0.5 -361 -0.3 4,481 0.6 412 5.1 -288 -13.7 121 1.6 882 3.8 7,545 8.8 233 2.3 440 15 -38 -8.9 -45 -1 -2,027 -8.3 -112 -7.6 179 3.7 -201 -0.7 -1,035 -11 150 2.5 499 11.5 -1,153 -7 -280 -0.9 0 --582 -5.3 -144 -7.2 .. .. 265 3.9 221 2.6 135 0.8 -18 -1.6 38 3.6 -246 -4.5 -15 -0.6 -52 -0.3 17 0.6 -136 -0.3 982 8.4 170 26.8 1,350 7.4 -221 -10.4 634 2.6 -1,264 -1.1 19 4.3 -616 -12.4 14 0.5 -971 -7.4 -605 -0.5 205 5.9 -148 -13.7 74 4.7 191 1.7 427 13.7 160 0.8 59 7.5 -523 -11.5
Number on parole on 12/31/16 per100,000 adult residents (a) 349 46 303 227 326 140 1,038 309 236 119 52 27 285 122 402 298 165 251 220 448 864 2 220 34 216 167 381 377 131 76 230 226 217 175 285 161 138 218 64 760 1,097 54 112 410 234 537 172 185 25 198 244 453 189 713
C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 4 Adults on Parole, 2016 (continued) Source: Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Parole Survey, 2016. Probation and Parole in the United States, 2016 NCJ 250230, December 2016. Note: Data quality may vary across jurisdictions for counts of entries and exits; therefore, the population on December, 31, 2016, does not equal the population on January 1, 2016, plus entries, minus exits. Counts may not be actual as reporting agencies may provide estimates on some or all detailed data. Key: -- Less than 0.05%. .. Not known.
(a) Rates were computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population in each jurisdiction on January 1, 2017. (b) Includes Post-Release Community Supervision and Mandatory Supervision parolees: 44,687 parolees on January 1, 2016; and 27,093 entries, 22,343 exits, and 49,437 parolees on December 31, 2016. (c) Exits reported were deaths and absconders.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 4 5
CRIMINAL J U ST ICE / CO R R E CT IO N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 5 Adults Under Community Supervision, 2016 State or jurisdiction U.S. total Federal State Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin (c) Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Community supervision population, January 1, 2015 (a) 4,723,100 128,400 4,594,700 60,900 .. 80,700 49,200 372,800 89,100 45,600 16,300 232,100 502,200 22,500 37,700 151,800 126,100 35,400 20,400 70,700 70,600 6,600 91,100 70,200 192,700 103,700 44,300 65,600 9,800 13,700 18,000 6,300 152,000 17,600 150,300 99,300 6,200 258,400 31,100 .. 281,400 24,000 39,600 9,300 77,800 496,900 15,100 6,300 56,700 105,000 9,900 65,900 5,700 11,100
Entries 2,244,000 58,600 2,185,400 20,500 .. 38,100 20,800 182,500 62,000 25,000 12,800 155,100 267,700 5,700 15,600 .. 83,600 18,000 25,200 37,800 29,800 3,300 42,900 68,800 104,500 55,200 17,800 37,800 4,400 10,500 9,700 4,100 33,200 8,200 45,800 63,700 5,600 131,200 13,000 .. 177,700 300 16,100 5,200 26,400 182,600 7,900 .. 29,900 44,900 2,000 .. 3,000 5,700
Exits 2,307,800 55,600 2,252,300 16,900 .. 35,500 18,800 192,700 62,900 23,700 13,100 161,600 324,100 6,000 15,500 .. 87,200 17,700 24,700 37,800 28,400 3,200 46,600 72,100 104,600 53,800 17,300 40,800 4,600 10,500 8,400 4,100 33,900 7,900 50,600 64,400 4,900 129,700 10,700 .. 162,800 200 17,200 4,700 28,800 191,300 7,300 .. 29,600 38,900 2,600 200 2,800 7,100
See footnotes at end of table
446â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Community supervision population, 12/31/2015/(a) 4,650,900 132,800 4,518,100 64,600 .. 83,300 51,500 349,600 89,200 45,300 16,100 225,400 451,800 22,500 37,800 151,300 122,500 35,600 20,900 70,600 71,900 6,700 87,400 66,900 193,900 105,100 44,800 62,600 9,700 13,700 19,200 6,300 151,300 16,800 145,600 97,400 6,900 262,000 33,400 .. 296,200 24,400 38,500 9,800 75,400 488,800 15,700 6,300 57,000 104,700 10,100 65,600 5,900 9,900
Change, 2015 Number -72,200 4,400 -76,600 3,700 .. 2,600 2,200 -23,200 100 -400 -300 -6,700 -50,300 0 100 -600 -3,600 200 500 0 1,300 100 -3,700 -3,300 1,200 1,400 500 -3,000 -100 0 1,300 0 -700 -900 -4,800 -1,900 700 3,600 2,300 .. 14,900 400 -1,000 500 -2,400 -8,000 600 0 400 -300 200 -300 200 -1,100
Percent -1.5 3.4 -1.7 6 .. 3.2 4.5 -6.2 0.1 -0.8 -1.7 -2.9 -10 -0.1 0.2 -0.4 -2.8 0.7 2.6 -0.1 1.8 2.2 -4 -4.7 0.6 1.3 1.1 -4.6 -0.6 -0.1 7.1 0.1 -0.5 -4.9 -3.2 -1.9 11.8 1.4 7.3 .. 5.3 1.6 -2.6 5.6 -3.1 -1.6 3.8 -0.6 -0.2 2.1 -0.5 4 -10.3
Number under community supervision per 100,000 adult residents, December 31, 2015 (b) 1,868 53 1,814 1,714 .. 1,589 2,256 1,158 2,102 1,598 2,155 1,381 5,823 1,996 3,071 1,526 2,423 1,481 951 2,063 2,014 626 1,870 1,232 2,507 2,489 1,972 1,329 1,198 955 858 590 2,167 1,054 931 1,249 1,179 2,908 1,126 .. 2,923 2,873 1,006 1,505 1,470 2,390 746 1,236 873 1,870 692 1,462 1,323 1,776
C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 5 Adults Under Community Supervision, 2016 (continued) Source:Bureau of Justice Statistics, Annual Probation Survey and Annual Parole Survey, 2016. Note: Counts are rounded to the nearest 100. Detail may not sum to total due to rounding. Data quality may vary across jurisdictions for counts of entries and exits; therefore, the population on December 31, 2016, does not equal the population on January 1, 2016, plus entries, minus exits. Key: -- Less than 0.05%. .. Not known.
(a) The January 1, 2016, population excludes 9,375 offenders and the December 31, 2016, population excludes 10,822 offenders under community supervision who were on both probation and parole. (b) Rates were computed using the estimated U.S. adult resident population in each jurisdiction on January 1, 2017. (c) Exits reported were deaths and absconders.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 4 7
CRIMINAL J U ST ICE / CO R R E CT IO N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 6 Capital Punishment State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska
Prisoners under sentence of death 182 …
Texas (e)
Capital offenses by state Intentional murder with 18 aggravating factors (Ala. Stat. Ann. 13A-5-40(a)(1)-(18)). … First-degree murder, including pre-meditated murder and felony murder, accompanied by at least 1 of 14 aggravating factors (A.R.S. § 13-703(F)). Capital murder (Ark. Code Ann. 5-10-101) with a finding of at least 1 of 10 aggravating circumstances; treason. First-degree murder with special circumstances; sabotage; train wrecking causing death; treason; perjury causing execution of an innocent person; fatal assault by a prisoner serving a life sentence. First-degree murder with at least 1 of 17 aggravating factors; first-degree kidnapping resulting in death; treason. … (c) … (d) First-degree murder; felony murder; capital drug trafficking; capital sexual battery. Murder with aggravating circumstances; kidnapping with bodily injury or ransom when the victim dies; aircraft hijacking; treason. … First-degree murder with aggravating factors; first-degree kidnapping; perjury resulting in death. … (f) Murder with 17 aggravating circumstances (IC 35-50-2-9). … Capital murder with 8 aggravating circumstances (KSA 21-3439, KSA 21-4625, KSA 21-4636). Capital murder with presence of at least one statutory aggravating circumstance; capital kidnapping (KRS 532.025). First-degree murder; treason (La. R.S. 14:30 and 14:113). … … (h) … … … Capital murder (Miss Code Ann. § 97-3-19(2)); aircraft piracy (Miss Code Ann. § 97-25-55(1)). First-degree murder (565.020 RSMO 2000). Capital murder with 1 of 9 aggravating circumstances (Mont. Code Ann. § 46-18303); aggravated kidnapping; felony murder; capital sexual intercourse without consent (Mont. Code Ann. § 45-5-503). (s) First-degree murder with at least 1 of 15 aggravating circumstances (NRS 200.030, 200.033, 200.035). … (i) … (j) … (k) (l) First-degree murder with 1 of 13 aggravating factors (NY Penal Law §125.27). First-degree murder with the finding of at least 1 of 11 statutory aggravating circumstances. (NCGS §14-17). … Aggravated murder with at least 1 of 10 aggravating circumstances (O.R.C. secs. 2903.01, 2929.02, and 2929.04). First-degree murder in conjunction with a finding of at least 1 of 8 statutorily-defined aggravating circumstances. (n) Aggravated murder (ORS 163.095-150). First-degree murder with 18 aggravating circumstances. … Murder with 1 of 12 aggravating circumstances (§ 16-3-20(C)(a)). First-degree murder with 1 of 10 aggravating circumstances. First-degree murder (Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202) with 1 of 16 aggravating circumstances (Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-204). Criminal homicide with 1 of 9 aggravating circumstances (TX Penal Code § 19.03).
Utah
Aggravated murder (76-5-202, Utah Code Annotated).
9
Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia
… First-degree murder with 1 of 15 aggravating circumstances (VA Code § 18.2-31). (t) …
… 3 8 …
Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida (e) Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana (e) Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana (e) Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma (e) Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina (e) South Dakota Tennessee
See footnotes at end of table
448 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Capital punishment abolished 1957
Method of execution Electrocution or lethal injection …
121
Lethal gas or lethal injection (a)
32
Lethal injection or electrocution (b)
740
Lethal injection
3 0 (d) 354
Lethal injection 2012 2016
56 …
Lethal injection 1957
9 0 11 …
… Lethal injection
2011 1965
… Lethal injection or electrocution …
1887 2013 1984 1846 1911
Electrocution or lethal injection (g) Lethal injection … (h) … … …
10
Lethal injection
31 70 … … … … …
… … Electrocution or lethal injection
46
Lethal injection
25
Lethal injection or lethal gas
2
Lethal injection
12
…
76
Lethal injection
1 … 2 0
2019 2007 2009 2007
143 …
Lethal injection 1973
142
… Lethal injection
48 33 158 … 39 3
(i) … Lethal injection (k) Lethal injection
1984
61 228
1964 2018 1965
Electrocution, lethal injection or firing squad (m) Lethal injection Lethal injection … Electrocution or lethal injection Lethal injection Lethal injection or electrocution (o) Lethal injection Lethal injection or firing squad (p) … Electrocution or lethal injection (t) …
C R I M I N A L JU STI C E / CO R R E CTI O N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 6 Capital Punishment (continued) State or other jurisdiction Wisconsin
Capital offenses by state … First-degree murder; murder during the commission of sexual assault, sexual abuse Wyoming of a minor, arson, robbery, burglary, escape, resisting arrest, kidnapping, or abuse of a minor under 16 (W.S.A. § 6-2-101 (a)). Dist. of Columbia … American Samoa First-degree murder (ASC §46.3513). (p) Guam … CNMI* … Puerto Rico … U.S. Virgin Islands …
Sources: The Council of State Governments’ survey March, 2019; U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice programs, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Capital Punishment, 2015—Statistical Tables, December 2015. The Death Penalty Information Center, 2019. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Notes: 1. The United States Supreme Court ruling in Roper v. Simmons, 543 U.S. 551 (2005) declared unconstitutional the imposition of the death penalty on persons under the age of 18. 2. The United States Supreme Court ruling in Atkins v. Virginia, 536 U.S. 304 (2002) declared unconstitutional the imposition of the death penalty on mentally handicapped persons. 3. The method of execution of Federal prisoners is lethal injection, pursuant to 28 CFR, Part 26. For offenses under the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994, the execution method is that of the State in which the conviction took place (18 U.S.C. 3596). Key: …—No capital punishment statute. (a) Arizona authorizes lethal injection for persons sentenced after November 15, 1992; inmates sentenced before that date may select lethal injection or gas. (b) Arkansas authorizes lethal injection for those whose offense occurred on or after July 4, 1983; inmates whose offense occurred before that date may select lethal injection or electrocution. (c) On April 25, 2012, Connecticut Governor Dannel Malloy signed into law a bill (SB 280) repealing the state’s death penalty. The repeal law did not affect the status of the 11 prisoners then on death row. The Connecticut Supreme Court subsequently ruled in August 2015 that the death penalty violated the state constitution. The Court reaffirmed that holding in May 2016 and reiterated that the state’s remaining death row prisoners must be resentenced to life without possibility of parole. (d) The Delaware Supreme Court declared the state’s death-penalty statute unconstitutional in 2016. The state’s 13 former death-row prisoners have been resentenced to life without parole. (e) The United States Supreme Court struck a portion of the Louisiana capital statute on June 25, 2008 (Kennedy v. Louisiana, U.S. 128 S.Ct. 2641). The statute (La. Rev. Stat. Ann. § 14:42(D)(2)) allowing execution as a punishment for the rape of a minor when no murder had been committed had been ruled constitutionally permissible by the Louisiana Supreme Court. The U.S. Supreme Court found that since no national consensus existed for application of the death penalty in cases of rape where no murder had been committed, such laws constitute cruel and unusual punishment under the Eighth
Prisoners under sentence of death …
Capital punishment abolished 1853
1 … 0 … … … …
Method of execution … Lethal injection or lethal gas (q)
1981
… Hanging (r) … … … …
and Fourteenth Amendments. The ruling affects laws passed in Florida, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Texas, and Montana. (f) Governor Pat Quinn signed a bill (SB 3539) on March 9, 2011 that abolishes the death penalty effective July 1, 2011. He commuted all death sentences to life without parole. (g) Kentucky authorizes lethal injection for persons sentenced on or after March 31, 1998; inmates sentenced before that date may select lethal injection or electrocution. (h) On May 2, 2013, Governor Martin O’Malley signed into law a bill (SB 276) that abolishes the death penalty for future crimes. Gov. O’Malley announced on December 31, 2014, that he would commute the sentences of the four remaining death-row inmates to life in prison without the possibility of parole. (i) The N.H. Legislature abolished the death penalty when they voted to override Gov. Sununu’s veto of the legislation on May 30, 2019. The state has only one person on death row and last carried out an execution in 1939. It is not known what the disposition of his sentence will be at press time. (j) New Jersey repealed its death penalty statute in 2007. (k) Governor Bill Richardson signed a bill in March of 2009 abolishing the death penalty. The law is not retroactive and leaves two inmates on death row. (l) The New York Court of Appeals has held in 2004 that a portion of New York’s death penalty sentencing statute (CPL 400.27) was unconstitutional (People v. Taylor, 9 N.Y.3d 129 (2007)). As a result, no defendants can be sentenced to death until the legislature corrects the errors in this statute. Efforts to restore the statute have been voted down. By 2007, all seven of those sentenced to death under the state law had their sentences overturned. New York has had an effective moratorium on capital punishment since then. (m) Oklahoma authorizes electrocution if lethal injection is held to be unconstitutional, and firing squad if both lethal injection and electrocution are held to be unconstitutional. (n) In November 2011, Governor John Kitzhaber placed a moratorium on all executions in Oregon. An amended bill to narrow the circumstances in which the death penalty may be imposed in Oregon has passed the state senate. On May 21, 2019 the Oregon Senate passed SB 1013, which would limit the state’s use of capital punishment to three aggravating circumstances. The bill would allow prosecutors to pursue the death penalty for only three crimes: acts of terrorism in which at least two people are killed, the murder of a child younger than age 14, and murder committed in prison by a person already incarcerated for a previous murder conviction. Under Oregon’s current law, 12 aggravating factors can make a murder death-eligible. Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 4 9
CRIMINAL J U ST ICE / CO R R E CT IO N S
TA BLE 9 . 2 6 Capital Punishment (continued) (o) Tennessee authorizes lethal injection for those whose capital offense occurred after December 31, 1998; those who committed the offense before that date may select electrocution by written waiver. (p) Authorizes firing squad if lethal injection is held unconstitutional. Inmates who selected execution by firing squad prior to May 3, 2004, may still be entitled to execution by that method. (q) Wyoming authorizes lethal gas if lethal injection is ever held to be unconstitutional. (r) The last execution was in the 1920s.
450â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(s) In a referendum on the November 8, 2016 ballot 60 percent of Nebraska voters elect to keep the death penalty and lethal injection as state law. On January 26, 2017 Gov. Ricketts signs new, flexible execution protocol, allowing acquisition of necessary drugs to resume. As of November 9, 2017 the state is prepared to use a four-drug protocol, signaling a new death warrant could be issued in 2018. Legal challenges are underway. (t) On October 11, 2018, the Washington Supreme Court declared the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s death penalty statute unconstitutional, saying that it was applied in an arbitrary and racially discriminatory manner.
CHAPTER TEN
S TAT E PA G E S
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 1 Official Names of States and Jurisdictions, Capitals, Zip Codes and Central Switchboards State or other jurisdiction Alabama, State of Alaska, State of Arizona, State of Arkansas, State of California, State of Colorado, State of Connecticut, State of Delaware, State of Florida, State of Georgia, State of Hawaii, State of Idaho, State of Illinois, State of Indiana, State of Iowa, State of Kansas, State of Kentucky, Commonwealth of Louisiana, State of Maine, State of Maryland, State of Massachusetts, Commonwealth of Michigan, State of Minnesota, State of Mississippi, State of Missouri, State of Montana, State of Nebraska, State of Nevada, State of New Hampshire, State of New Jersey, State of New Mexico, State of New York, State of North Carolina, State of North Dakota, State of Ohio, State of Oklahoma, State of Oregon, State of Pennsylvania, Commonwealth of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, State of South Carolina, State of South Dakota, State of Tennessee, State of Texas, State of Utah, State of Vermont, State of Virginia, Commonwealth of Washington, State of West Virginia, State of Wisconsin, State of Wyoming, State of Dist. of Columbia American Samoa, Territory of Guam, Territory of No. Mariana Islands, Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of U.S. Virgin Islands, Territory of
Name of state capitol (a) State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Legislative Hall The Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House Statehouse State Capitol The Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol Statehouse State Capitol State Capitol The Capitol State House State House State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol State House State Capitol Legislative Building State Capitol State Capitol State Capitol John A. Wilson Building Maota Fono Complex Congress Building Capital Hill The Capitol Legislature Building
Capital Montgomery Juneau Phoenix Little Rock Sacramento Denver Hartford Dover Tallahassee Atlanta Honolulu Boise Springfield Indianapolis Des Moines Topeka Frankfort Baton Rouge Augusta Annapolis Boston Lansing St. Paul Jackson Jefferson City Helena Lincoln Carson City Concord Trenton Santa Fe Albany Raleigh Bismarck Columbus Oklahoma City Salem Harrisburg Providence Columbia Pierre Nashville Austin Salt Lake City Montpelier Richmond Olympia Charleston Madison Cheyenne â&#x20AC;Ś Pago Pago Hagatna Saipan San Juan Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas
Zip code 36130 99801 85007 72201 95814 80203 06106 19903 32399 30334 96813 83720 62706 46204 50319 66612 40601 70804 04333 21401 02133 48909 55155 39215 65101 59620 68509 89701 03301 08625 87501 12224 27601 58505 43215 73105 97301 17120 02903 29201 57501 37243 78711 84114 05609 23219 98504 25305 53702 82002 20004 96799 96910 96950 00902 00802
Area code 334 907 602 501 916 303 860 302 850 404 808 208 217 317 515 785 502 225 207 410 617 517 651 601 573 406 402 775 603 609 505 518 919 701 614 405 503 717 401 803 605 615 512 801 802 804 360 304 608 307 202 684 671 670 787 340
Central switchboard (b) 242-7100 465-2111 542-4331 682-2345 445-2841 866-2471 566-4840 744-4101 717-9337 656-1776 586-2211 334-2100 782-0244 232-4567 281-5211 296-3232 564-2611 342-7015 287-3531 974-3901 725-4005 373-3400 201-3400 359-3150 751-0290 444-3111 471-2244 684-5670 271-2121 292-6000 476-2200 474-8390 733-5811 328-2200 466-3555 521-2342 378-4582 787-2500 222-2080 734-2100 773-3212 741-2001 463-2000 538-1000 828-3333 786-2211 902-4111 558-2000 266-1212 777-7434 727-6300 633-4116 472-8931 664-2280 721-7000 774-0001
Key: (a) In some instances the name is not official. (b) Numbers generally come from an executive branch office, such as the office of the governor.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 5 3
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 2 Historical Data on the States State or other Date organized Date admitted Chronological order of jurisdiction Source of state lands as territory to Union admission to Union Alabama Mississippi Territory, 1798 (a) March 3, 1817 Dec. 14, 1819 22 Alaska Purchased from Russia, 1867 Aug. 24, 1912 Jan. 3, 1959 49 Arizona Ceded by Mexico, 1848 (b) Feb. 24, 1863 Feb. 14, 1912 48 Arkansas Louisiana Purchase, 1803 March 2, 1819 June 15, 1836 25 California Ceded by Mexico, 1848 (c) Sept. 9, 1850 31 Colorado Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (d) Feb. 28, 1861 Aug. 1, 1876 38 Connecticut Fundamental Orders, Jan. 14, 1638; Royal charter, April 23, 1662 (e) Jan. 9, 1788 (f) 5 Delaware Swedish charter, 1638; English charter, 1638 (e) Dec. 7, 1787 (f) 1 Florida Ceded by Spain, 1819 March 30, 1822 March 3, 1845 27 Georgia Charter, 1732, from George II to Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia (e) Jan. 2, 1788 (f) 4 Hawaii Annexed, 1898 June 14, 1900 Aug. 21, 1959 50 Idaho Treaty with Britain, 1846 March 4, 1863 July 3, 1890 43 Illinois Northwest Territory, 1787 Feb. 3, 1809 Dec. 3, 1818 21 Indiana Northwest Territory, 1787 May 7, 1800 Dec. 11, 1816 19 Iowa Louisiana Purchase, 1803 June 12, 1838 Dec. 28, 1846 29 Kansas Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (d) May 30, 1854 Jan. 29, 1861 34 Kentucky Part of Virginia until admitted as state (c) June 1, 1792 15 Louisiana Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (g) March 26, 1804 April 30, 1812 18 Maine Part of Massachusetts until admitted as state (c) March 15, 1820 23 Maryland Charter, 1632, from Charles I to Calvert (e) April 28, 1788 (f) 7 Massachusetts Charter to Massachusetts Bay Company, 1629 (e) Feb. 6, 1788 (f) 6 Michigan Northwest Territory, 1787 Jan. 11, 1805 Jan. 26, 1837 26 Minnesota Northwest Territory, 1787 (h) March 3, 1849 May 11, 1858 32 Mississippi Mississippi Territory (i) April 7, 1798 Dec. 10, 1817 20 Missouri Louisiana Purchase, 1803 June 4, 1812 Aug. 10, 1821 24 Montana Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (j) May 26, 1864 Nov. 8, 1889 41 Nebraska Louisiana Purchase, 1803 May 30, 1854 March 1, 1867 37 Nevada Ceded by Mexico, 1848 March 2, 1861 Oct. 31, 1864 36 New Hampshire Grants from Council for New England, 1622 and 1629; made Royal province, 1679 (e) June 21, 1788 (f) 9 New Jersey Dutch settlement, 1618; English charter, 1664 (e) Dec. 18, 1787 (f) 3 New Mexico Ceded by Mexico, 1848 (b) Sept. 9, 1850 Jan. 6, 1912 47 New York Dutch settlement, 1623; English control, 1664 (e) July 26, 1788 (f) 11 North Carolina Charter, 1663, from Charles II (e) Nov. 21, 1789 (f) 12 North Dakota Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (k) March 2, 1861 Nov. 2, 1889 39 Ohio Northwest Territory, 1787 May 7, 1800 March 1, 1803 17 Oklahoma Louisiana Purchase, 1803 May 2, 1890 Nov. 16, 1907 46 Oregon Settlement and treaty with Britain, 1846 Aug. 14, 1848 Feb. 14, 1859 33 Pennsylvania Grant from Charles II to William Penn, 1681 (e) Dec. 12, 1787 (f) 2 Rhode Island Charter, 1663, from Charles II (e) May 29, 1790 (f) 13 South Carolina Charter, 1663, from Charles II (e) May 23, 1788 (f) 8 South Dakota Louisiana Purchase, 1803 March 2, 1861 Nov. 2, 1889 40 Tennessee Part of North Carolina until land ceded to U.S. in 1789 June 8, 1790 (l) June 1, 1796 16 Texas Republic of Texas, 1845 (c) Dec. 29, 1845 28 Utah Ceded by Mexico, 1848 Sept. 9, 1850 Jan. 4, 1896 45 Vermont From lands of New Hampshire and New York (c) March 4, 1791 14 Virginia Charter, 1609, from James I to London Company (e) June 25, 1788 (f) 10 Washington Oregon Territory, 1848 March 2, 1853 Nov. 11, 1889 42 West Virginia Part of Virginia until admitted as state (c) June 20, 1863 35 Wisconsin Northwest Territory, 1787 April 20, 1836 May 29, 1848 30 Wyoming Louisiana Purchase, 1803 (d)(j) July 25, 1868 July 10, 1890 44 Dist. of Columbia Maryland (m) … … … American Samoa --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Became a territory, 1900 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Guam Ceded by Spain, 1898 Aug. 1, 1950 … … CNMI* … March 24, 1976 … … Puerto Rico Ceded by Spain, 1898 … July 25, 1952 (n) … U.S. Virgin Islands ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Purchased from Denmark, March 31, 1917 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------See footnotes at end of table
454 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 2 Historical Data on the States (continued) Source: The Cuncil of State Governments Key: *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands (a) By the Treaty of Paris, 1783, England gave up claim to the 13 original Colonies, and to all land within an area extending along the present Canadian to the Lake of the Woods, down the Mississippi River to the 31st parallel, east to the Chattahoochee, down that river to the mouth of the Flint, border east to the source of the St. Mary’s down that river to the ocean. The major part of Alabama was acquired by the Treaty of Paris, and the lower portion from Spain in 1813. (b) Portion of land obtained by Gadsden Purchase, 1853. (c) No territorial status before admission to Union. (d) Portion of land ceded by Mexico, 1848. (f) Date of ratification of U.S. Constitution.
(g) West Feliciana District (Baton Rouge) acquired from Spain, 1810; added to Louisiana, 1812. (h) Portion of land obtained by Louisiana Purchase, 1803. (i) See footnote (a). The lower portion of Mississippi also was acquired from Spain in 1813. (j) Portion of land obtained from Oregon Territory, 1848. (k) The northern portion of the Red River Valley was acquired by treaty with Great Britain in 1818. (l) Date Southwest Territory (identical boundary as Tennessee’s) was created. (m) Area was originally 100 square miles, taken from Virginia and Maryland. Virginia’s portion south of the Potomac was given back to that state in 1846. Site chosen in 1790, city incorporated 1802. (n) On this date, Puerto Rico became a self-governing commonwealth by compact approved by the U.S. Congress and the voters of Puerto Rico as provided in U.S. Public Law 600 of 1950.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 5 5
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 3 State Statistics State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa (b) Guam (b) CNMI*(b) Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (b)
Land area In square miles (2010) Rank in nation 50,645 28 570,641 1 113,594 6 52,035 27 155,779 3 103,642 8 4,842 48 1,949 49 53,625 26 57,513 21 6,423 47 82,643 11 55,519 24 35,826 38 55,857 23 81,759 13 39,486 37 43,204 33 30,843 39 9,707 42 7,800 45 56,539 22 79,627 14 46,923 31 68,742 18 145,546 4 76,824 15 109,781 7 8,953 44 7,354 46 121,298 5 47,126 30 48,618 29 69,001 17 40,861 35 68,595 19 95,988 10 44,743 32 1,034 50 30,061 40 75,811 16 41,235 34 261,232 2 82,170 12 9,217 43 39,490 36 66,456 20 24,038 41 25 54,158 97,093 9 61 N.A. 76 N.A. 210 N.A. 182 N.A. 3,424 N.A. 134 N.A.
See footnotes at end of table
456â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Population (a) Size Rank in nation 4,887,871 24 737,438 48 7,171,646 14 3,013,825 33 39,557,045 1 5,695,564 21 3,572,665 29 967,171 45 21,299,325 3 10,519,475 8 1,420,491 40 1,754,208 39 12,741,080 6 6,691,878 17 3,156,145 31 2,911,505 35 4,468,402 26 4,659,978 25 1,338,404 42 6,042,718 19 6,902,149 15 9,995,915 10 5,611,179 22 2,986,530 34 6,126,452 18 1,062,305 43 1,929,268 37 3,034,392 32 1,356,458 41 8,908,520 11 2,095,428 36 19,542,209 4 10,383,620 9 760,077 47 11,689,442 7 3,943,079 28 4,190,713 27 12,807,060 5 1,057,315 44 5,084,127 23 882,235 46 6,770,010 16 28,701,845 2 3,161,105 30 626,299 49 8,517,685 12 7,535,591 13 1,805,832 38 5,813,568 20 577,737 50 702,455 N.A. 55,519 N.A. 159,358 N.A. 53,833 N.A. 3,195,153 N.A. 106,405 N.A.
Percentage change 2017 to 2018 0.3 (0.3) 1.7 0.4 0.4 1.4 0.0 1.1 1.5 1.0 (0.3) 2.1 (0.4) 0.5 0.4 0.0 0.3 (0.2) 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.8 (0.1) 0.3 0.9 0.6 2.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 (0.2) 1.1 0.6 0.2 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.0 0.9 1.3 1.9 0.3 0.6 1.5 (0.6) 0.4 (0.2) 1.0 (3.1) (c) 2.9 (c) (22.2) (c) (3.9) (2.0) (c)
Density per square mile 96.5 1.3 63.1 57.9 253.9 55.0 737.8 496.4 397.2 182.9 221.2 21.2 229.5 186.8 56.5 35.6 113.2 107.9 43.4 622.5 884.9 176.8 70.5 63.6 89.1 7.3 25.1 27.6 151.5 1,211.3 17.3 414.7 213.6 11.0 286.1 57.5 43.7 286.2 1,022.7 169.1 11.6 164.2 109.9 38.5 68.0 215.7 113.4 75.1 107.3 6.0 11,515.7 730.5 758.8 295.8 933.2 794.1
Rank in nation 27 50 33 34 11 37 4 6 8 17 13 44 12 16 36 41 23 25 39 5 3 18 30 32 28 48 43 42 21 1 45 7 15 47 10 35 38 9 2 19 46 20 24 40 31 14 22 29 26 49 N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 3 State Statistics (continued) State or other jurisdiction Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia American Samoa (b) Guam (b) CNMI* (b) Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands (b)
Number of Representatives in Congress Capital 7 Montgomery 1 Juneau 9 Phoenix 4 Little Rock 53 Sacramento 7 Denver 5 Hartford 1 Dover 27 Tallahassee 14 Atlanta 2 Honolulu 2 Boise 18 Springfield 9 Indianapolis 4 Des Moines 4 Topeka 6 Frankfort 6 Baton Rouge 2 Augusta 8 Annapolis 9 Boston 14 Lansing 8 St. Paul 4 Jackson 8 Jefferson City 1 Helena 3 Lincoln 4 Carson City 2 Concord 12 Trenton 3 Santa Fe 27 Albany 13 Raleigh 1 Bismarck 16 Columbus 5 Oklahoma City 5 Salem 18 Harrisburg 2 Providence 7 Columbia 1 Pierre 9 Nashville (g) 36 Austin 4 Salt Lake City 1 Montpelier 11 Richmond 10 Olympia 3 Charleston 8 Madison 1 Cheyenne 1 (h) N.A. 1 (h) Pago Pago 1 (h) Hagatna (d) 1 (h) Saipan (d) 1 (i) San Juan 1 (h) Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas
Population (j) 199,518 32,094 1,626,078 198,606 501,901 704,621 123,400 37,538 191,049 486,290 350,395 226,570 114,868 863,002 217,521 126,587 27,621 225,374 18,594 39,321 685,094 116,986 306,621 166,965 42,895 31,429 284,736 54,745 43,019 84,964 83,776 98,251 464,758 72,865 879,170 643,648 169,798 49,192 180,393 133,114 14,004 667,560 950,715 200,544 7,484 227,032 51,609 47,929 255,214 63,624 N.A. 3,656 (b) 1,051 (b) 48,220 (b) 337,288 18,481 (b)
Rank in state 2 2 1 1 6 1 4 2 7 1 1 1 6 1 1 5 13 2 10 7 1 6 2 1 15 6 2 6 3 6 4 6 2 2 1 1 2 10 1 2 7 1 4 1 6 4 24 1 2 1 N.A. 3 13 1 1 1
Largest city Birmingham Anchorage Phoenix Little Rock Los Angeles Denver Bridgeport Wilmington Jacksonville Atlanta Honolulu Boise Chicago Indianapolis Des Moines Wichita Louisville (e) New Orleans Portland Baltimore Boston Detroit Minneapolis Jackson Kansas City Billings Omaha Las Vegas Manchester Newark Albuquerque New York City Charlotte Fargo Columbus Oklahoma City Portland Philadelphia (f) Providence Charleston Sioux Falls Nashville (g) Houston Salt Lake City Burlington Virginia Beach Seattle Charleston Milwaukee Cheyenne N.A. Tafuna Dededo (d) Saipan (d) San Juan Charlotte Amalie, St. Thomas
Population (j) 210,710 294,356 1,626,078 198,606 3,999,759 704,621 146,579 71,106 892,062 486,290 350,395 226,570 2,716,450 863,002 217,521 390,591 621,349 393,292 66,882 611,648 685,094 673,104 422,331 166,965 488,943 109,642 466,893 641,676 111,196 285,154 558,545 8,622,698 859,035 122,359 879,170 643,648 647,805 1,580,863 180,393 134,875 176,888 667,560 2,312,717 200,544 42,239 450,435 724,745 47,929 595,351 63,624 702,455 9,756 (b) 44943 (b) 48,220 (b) 337,288 18,481 (b)
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 5 7
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 3 State Statistics (continued) Source: U.S. Census Bureau, information available as of December 2018. *Commonwealth of Northern Mariana Islands Key: N.A.—Not applicable N/A—Not Available (a) July 1, 2018 Census Bureau estimates. (b) 2010 Census Bureau counts. (c) Population change calculations are from 2000-2010.
458 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
(d) Municipality. (e) This city is part of a consolidated city-county government and is coextensive with Jefferson County. (f) Philadelphia County and Philadelphia city are coextensive. (g) This city is part of a consolidated city-county government and is coextensive with Davidson County. (h) Represented by one non-voting House Delegate. (i) Represented by one non-voting House Resident Commissioner. (j) July 1, 2017 Census Bureau estimates (released May 2018).
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 4 Personal Income, Population, and Per Capita Personal Income, by State and Region, 2017–2018 State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
2017 $16,820,250 198,916 42,301 296,649 123,313 2,364,129 306,411 257,714 47,782 1,000,624 460,403 75,355 71,813 693,914 301,008 148,043 141,459 180,827 204,517 62,060 368,258 463,931 460,270 303,141 109,324 274,976 47,677 97,557 138,386 80,122 581,199 83,127 1,281,082 454,307 39,484 544,828 174,435 199,422 682,534 55,934 209,180 42,455 305,691 1,340,568 134,804 32,570 466,743 428,765 69,873 283,636 33,221 55,510
Personal income (millions of dollars) Percent change Rank of percent 2018p 2017–18 change 2017–18 $17,572,929 5 N.A 206,924 4 30 44,015 4 26 313,040 6 5 128,286 4 28 2,475,727 5 14 323,767 6 4 266,382 3 42 49,760 4 24 1,052,550 5 8 481,213 5 17 77,509 3 50 75,703 5 6 725,394 5 16 312,151 4 39 154,091 4 25 146,028 3 46 186,685 3 44 212,223 4 38 64,566 4 27 380,172 3 45 483,657 4 22 475,626 3 43 316,327 4 20 113,469 4 37 285,704 4 33 50,055 5 9 100,534 3 49 146,333 6 3 83,293 4 31 602,297 4 40 86,328 4 36 1,341,914 5 13 475,927 5 12 41,277 5 15 563,926 4 41 181,886 4 21 209,148 5 10 708,862 4 35 57,648 3 48 217,276 4 34 44,236 4 23 319,401 5 19 1,411,021 5 7 143,324 6 2 33,569 3 47 485,098 4 32 458,017 7 1 73,278 5 11 295,073 4 29 34,719 5 18 57,518 4 N.A
Population (Thousands of persons) 2018p (a) 327,167 4,888 737 7,172 3,014 39,557 5,696 3,573 967 21,299 10,519 1,420 1,754 12,741 6,692 3,156 2,912 4,468 4,660 1,338 6,043 6,902 9,996 5,611 2,987 6,126 1,062 1,929 3,034 1,356 8,909 2,095 19,542 10,384 760 11,689 3,943 4,191 12,807 1,057 5,084 882 6,770 28,702 3,161 626 8,518 7,536 1,806 5,814 578 702
Per capita personal income (dollars) Percent of Rank in U.S. 2018p 2018 U.S. 2018p $53,712 N.A 100 42,334 46 79 59,687 10 111 43,650 42 81 42,566 45 79 62,586 6 117 56,846 13 106 74,561 1 139 51,449 21 96 49,417 26 92 45,745 39 85 54,565 16 102 43,155 43 80 56,933 12 106 46,646 35 87 48,823 28 91 50,155 23 93 41,779 47 78 45,542 40 85 48,241 30 90 62,914 5 117 70,073 2 131 47,582 32 89 56,374 14 105 37,994 50 71 46,635 36 87 47,120 34 88 52,110 20 97 48,225 31 90 61,405 7 114 67,609 4 126 41,198 48 77 68,667 3 128 45,834 38 85 54,306 18 101 48,242 29 90 46,128 37 86 49,908 25 93 55,349 15 103 54,523 17 102 42,736 44 80 50,141 24 93 47,179 33 88 49,161 27 92 45,340 41 84 53,598 19 100 56,952 11 106 60,781 8 113 40,578 49 76 50,756 22 95 60,095 9 112 81,882 N.A. 152 p
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis Key: N.A.—Not applicable p–Preliminary (a) Census Bureau midyear population estimates available as of December 2018.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 5 9
STATE PAG E S
Table 10.4 | Personal Income 2018 Personal Income Per Capita by State
$0 – $29,999
$30,000 – $49,999
$50,000 – $69,999
Percentage Change
Rank of Percent Change 1. WASHINGTON 2. UTAH 3. NEVADA 4. COLORADO 5. ARIZONA 6. IDAHO 7. TEXAS 8. FLORIDA 9. MONTANA 10. OREGON 11. WEST VIRGINIA 12. NORTH CAROLINA 13. NEW YORK 14. CALIFORNIA 15. NORTH DAKOTA 16. ILLINOIS 17. GEORGIA
18. W YOMING 19. TENNESSEE 20. MINNESOTA 21. OKLAHOMA 22. MASSACHUSETTS 23. SOUTH DAKOTA 24. DELAWARE 25. IOWA 26. ALASKA 27. MAINE 28. ARKANSAS 29. WISCONSIN 30. ALABAMA 31. NEW HAMPSHIRE 32. VIRGINA 33. MISSOURI 34. SOUTH CAROLINA
460 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
$70,000 – $90,000
35. PENNSYLVANIA 36. NEW MEXICO 37. MISSISSIPPI 38. LOUISIANA 39. INDIANA 40. NEW JERSEY 41. OHIO 42. CONNECTICUT 43. MICHIGAN 44. KENTUCKY 45. MARYLAND 46. K ANSAS 47. VERMONT 48. RHODE ISLAND 49. NEBRASKA 50. HAWAII
H I G H E S T ighest #1 Washington #2 Utah #3 Colorado #4 Nevada #5 Arizona L O W E S T est #1 Hawaii #2 Nebraska #3 Rhode Island #4 Vermont #5 Kansas
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 5 Earnings Growth by Industry, State and Region, 2017â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2018 (In millions of dollars) Earnings by industry State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Total earnings $529,817 5,403 910 12,034 3,082 80,984 12,308 3,881 1,176 31,977 14,860 1,317 2,550 19,888 7,194 4,048 3,159 3,254 5,298 1,521 7,234 15,244 10,549 8,956 2,859 7,592 1,321 1,823 5,429 1,962 12,627 2,217 44,229 14,796 1,408 13,442 6,035 7,013 18,677 704 4,405 1,176 10,619 56,220 6,798 598 12,482 23,417 3,075 7,594 894 3,583
Farm $2,419 549 (3) (130) 911 (2,154) (51) (16) 80 (106) 703 5 (192) (47) 174 502 (659) (7) 65 (25) 23 (17) (52) 661 917 296 265 (430) (22) (13) (70) (106) (338) 331 193 130 (161) 12 (205) (3) 145 148 267 923 30 (62) 25 (138) 27 5 38 0
Forestry, fishing, and related activities $1,310 22 4 39 16 500 (1) 1 (D) (20) 27 (2) 12 1 14 18 21 17 19 23 (3) (14) 0 7 43 13 5 (1) 1 2 11 12 12 10 (1) 19 15 131 37 (D) 11 6 19 66 10 2 17 140 1 18 (D) 0
Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction $15,110 102 96 323 60 204 1,442 19 (D) 46 79 2 3 37 30 15 195 93 485 1 5 34 51 41 33 32 119 15 72 2 210 543 642 19 496 275 1,680 11 188 (D) 9 8 46 6,621 136 2 51 46 198 54 225 1
Utilities $3,530 91 23 52 35 129 77 26 (7) 128 77 29 22 94 106 14 21 42 69 (5) 67 33 107 94 19 28 (3) 157 19 9 315 15 200 209 23 104 (23) 59 190 14 (103) 11 16 442 44 7 216 101 22 18 23 75
Construction $51,924 549 172 1,742 8 8,511 1,718 260 86 4,717 2,326 83 427 863 493 433 244 142 899 198 253 1,647 985 581 116 334 161 215 846 159 667 315 2,699 1,810 (19) 393 494 1,108 1,535 (D) 49 116 845 5,961 858 49 866 2,245 1,582 831 105 (D)
Manufacturing Nondurable Durable goods goods $33,166 $10,858 545 219 1 0 860 231 169 250 4,807 40 184 227 474 222 32 117 1,278 328 1,084 299 1 17 121 136 1,645 506 1,357 85 650 403 412 167 66 296 202 384 59 38 217 107 (125) 326 1,644 379 618 161 76 161 737 329 21 47 133 251 598 83 303 19 955 259 8 10 552 152 947 402 101 15 1,660 630 1,127 143 990 100 1,310 582 94 (49) 433 251 123 81 572 (216) 3,322 1,194 348 173 65 8 592 452 815 271 108 9 817 567 (D) (D) (D) (D)
See footnotes at end of table
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment sâ&#x20AC;&#x192; 4 6 1
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 5 Earnings Growth by Industry, State and Region, 2017â&#x20AC;&#x201C;2018 (In millions of dollars) (continued)
State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Wholesale trade $9,796 207 21 469 75 (2,485) 429 (9) 23 1,437 (540) (22) 133 312 532 160 180 134 168 48 145 132 463 (29) 43 557 33 50 98 108 287 30 446 156 84 631 131 85 (59) 19 43 60 229 3,070 208 30 165 731 13 536 29 (2)
Retail trade $23,718 233 22 530 71 3,119 441 217 36 2,094 641 124 109 347 120 80 82 140 69 99 276 645 513 417 87 195 69 52 269 144 462 89 1,588 598 4 229 199 332 642 107 325 38 677 2,598 502 40 382 3,222 37 356 17 40
Transportation and warehousing $30,461 283 111 897 243 5,108 584 293 38 1,694 967 44 137 1,758 695 274 333 348 286 0 417 456 692 386 218 271 56 333 341 66 852 180 1,095 719 115 1,336 145 310 1,330 55 288 42 720 3,638 337 21 425 967 45 366 115 30
Information $27,182 33 (24) 437 (190) 11,487 428 220 (41) 335 21 66 (1) 402 (168) 41 32 (63) 31 16 141 550 86 14 (28) 412 13 11 147 79 345 (18) 3,999 434 9 56 (8) 235 1,349 0 54 5 226 552 294 (10) 80 4,799 (7) 88 (5) 216
See footnotes at end of table
462â&#x20AC;&#x192; The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
Earnings by industry Real estate Finance and and rental and insurance leasing $30,052 $10,105 302 34 9 10 1,198 325 230 38 2,303 1,438 571 284 (153) 149 174 14 2,435 639 870 431 24 30 156 38 2,761 511 510 188 328 29 93 69 91 38 194 115 100 23 542 77 1,617 235 505 258 1,180 84 82 15 649 97 67 26 246 33 246 101 15 39 1,087 317 91 29 (761) 852 1,624 279 72 24 1,259 146 183 73 159 195 1,497 385 (241) 18 295 121 65 11 942 190 3,248 1,252 605 110 4 13 1,109 158 682 392 74 37 462 101 31 25 185 42
Professional, scientific, and technical services $84,513 801 22 1,097 257 18,618 2,245 591 158 4,728 1,713 120 288 3,960 744 243 307 408 610 269 1,816 5,058 1,208 1,048 152 921 96 196 444 274 1,824 299 5,568 2,668 83 1,481 445 522 2,177 145 713 94 1,491 8,326 1,155 97 2,997 3,329 276 769 84 1,578
Management of companies and enterprises $19,385 (72) (1) (342) (40) 5,736 (158) 128 (46) 561 1,340 39 149 (45) 184 100 173 178 (131) 107 348 1,420 74 567 87 623 1 (220) 483 (53) 369 23 679 274 22 458 31 246 939 (154) 187 37 954 2,399 94 (1) 575 238 85 630 0 110
Administrative and waste management services $27,990 259 5 966 209 3,158 573 311 151 2,414 873 105 195 1,297 407 178 309 234 380 62 307 666 694 6 75 326 58 134 405 131 857 98 3,452 515 31 756 321 304 781 112 237 23 383 2,719 169 44 1,061 609 140 387 37 64
STATE PAG E S
TA BLE 1 0 . 5 Earnings Growth by Industry, State and Region, 2017–2018 (In millions of dollars) (continued)
State or other jurisdiction United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Dist. of Columbia
Educational services $6,070 (3) 3 153 55 1,047 137 87 5 216 242 8 20 190 10 (4) 23 46 46 3 317 781 14 114 16 19 4 (4) 59 48 91 3 489 443 17 67 23 17 347 37 40 (4) 32 328 107 (4) 85 85 0 113 0 104
Health care and social assistance $56,039 504 214 1,499 355 9,443 862 463 170 3,548 1,711 253 325 1,951 811 264 446 494 490 213 919 (94) 1,307 1,363 315 857 131 450 565 278 1,912 190 6,591 1,367 69 1,703 386 688 3,314 103 461 141 1,198 3,225 389 123 977 1,660 275 931 63 165
Arts, entertainment, and recreation $7,202 49 10 255 16 1,324 271 38 (41) 620 45 5 34 299 81 29 37 53 73 21 10 272 (43) 207 14 76 27 6 166 40 352 25 896 161 27 255 62 90 214 (6) 41 8 224 291 47 8 51 135 13 246 7 60
Earnings by industry Other services Accommodation (except public and food services administration) $18,802 $17,234 150 231 43 16 511 409 73 143 3,410 1,147 542 436 127 227 97 33 1,752 1,274 473 486 166 92 109 89 684 647 233 308 70 134 74 147 138 182 179 242 87 63 244 335 370 529 407 562 187 208 62 71 254 262 53 55 56 84 159 176 92 102 713 407 96 100 1,275 1,164 442 556 19 13 396 481 163 173 406 317 419 787 63 32 198 218 32 51 564 465 1,746 1,784 193 264 19 40 341 421 477 485 34 62 170 288 63 29 171 412
Government Federal, civilian $5,559 86 37 93 20 323 (7) 48 13 495 130 76 52 142 70 13 65 16 74 66 189 53 101 40 59 155 44 42 56 40 18 35 111 145 10 208 118 92 194 37 88 23 114 630 185 27 507 263 16 69 19 57
Military $3,149 64 78 53 1 (107) 168 21 13 268 259 104 14 202 11 10 48 151 57 8 146 33 17 16 46 47 14 27 57 (4) 29 53 128 (314) 28 53 106 9 25 10 79 16 28 467 30 5 335 173 (10) 16 15 47
State and local $34,245 166 41 368 75 3,876 907 136 53 1,099 605 (52) 175 1,370 200 62 339 14 292 46 333 638 579 985 181 101 (42) (12) 61 81 358 92 12,738 1,003 (26) 714 207 594 699 115 223 41 635 1,418 512 71 596 1,691 38 (241) (61) 150
Source: U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. Key: N.A.—Not applicable. (D) Data are suppressed to avoid disclosure of confidential information.
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 6 3
INDEX
INDEX
—A— absentee ballots, 228–230 accounting principles, 170–171 administrative agencies, attorneys general, 163–164 administrative offices (courts), 197–198 administrative officials methods of selection, 122–129 salaries, 130–137 administrative regulations, 94–97 advisory duties, attorneys general, 158–159 amendments to state constitutions, 3, 4 adoption dates, 5–6, 7 amendments, number of, 5–6, 7 number of, 5–6, 7 Dinan, John, 3–12 general information, 5–6, 7 adoption dates, 5–6, 7 amendments, number of, 5–6, 7 length of, estimated, 5–6, 7 number of, 5–6, 7 legislative proposal, 3 referendums, 257–258, 263–264 amnesty, state tax, 306–307 antitrust duties (attorneys general), 161–162 appellate courts, 199–201 judges, 192–193, 199–201 compensation, 196–201 qualifications, 194–195 retention, 199–201 selection, 189–190, 191, 199–201 terms, 192–193, 199–201 appointments to standing committees (legislatures), 85–86 appropriations process (legislatures) bills, 72–73 budget documents, 72–73 attorneys general, 154–155, 161–162 advisory duties, 158–159 antitrust, 161–162 authority, 160–163 consumer protection, 161–162 method of selection, 122–129, 154–155 party affiliation, 154–155 prosecutorial duties, 158–159, 160 qualifications, 156–157 roles and responsibilities, 158–159, 160 salaries, 130–137 subpoena powers, 154–155 term of office, 120–121, 154–155
auditors, 170–171, 172–175, 176–179 accounting and financial reporting, 172–179 agency authority, 172–179 audits, types of, 176–179 investigations, 172–179 method of selection, 122–129, 170–171 National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, 170–179 salaries, 130–137 terms of office, 170–171
—B— ballots, absentee, 224–225 ballot propositions, 238–248 bills appropriations process (legislatures), 72–73 carryover, 62–64 enactments, 76–77 introductions, 65–67, 76–77 exceptions, 65–67 time limits, 65–67 pre–filing, 62–64 reference, 62–64 budgets, state, 275–280–293 documents, appropriations process (legislatures), 72–73 gubernatorial authority, 110–111 National Association of State Budget Officers, 275–316
—C— cabinets, governors, 114–115 candidates for state offices, nominating, 217–218 capital punishment, 448–450 capitals (states) central switchboard, 453 zip codes, 453 carryover (legislative bills), 62–64 cash flow management, 168–169 Census Bureau, 15–21–23, 338–363, 367–375 Center for American Women and Politics, 380, 383–384 chief financial officers National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, 170–171, 184–186 chief justices, 189–190, 191
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 6 7
IN DE X
children health insurance, 416 cigarette taxes, 321–324 college, 405–407 faculty salaries, 414–415 number of, 411–413 room and board rates, 405–410 tuition and fees, 405–410 commissions, judicial conduct, 207–209 compensation administrative officials, 130–137 attorneys general, 130–137 auditors, 130–137 chief financial officers, 130–137 comptrollers, 130–137 court, administrators, 197–198 governors, 108–109, 130–137 house/assembly leaders, 55–56 judges, 196 legislative bodies benefits, 50–52 expenses, 48–49 insurance, 50–52 interim payments, 50–52 office, 50–52 payments, 50–52 regular sessions, 48–49 legislators, methods of setting, 47 lieutenant governor, 130–137 retirement benefits legislatures, 57–61 state employees, 358–360, 363 treasurers, 130–137 secretary of state, 130–137 comptrollers, 180–181 agency authority, 184–186 audits, types of, 176–179 duties, 184–186 financial reporting, 184–186 method of selection, 122–129, 180–181 National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers, 180–186 constitution, state, 3–12 amendments, 3, 4 elections, 4 policies, 4 right’s citizens, 4 commission proposal, 3 commission referral, 3 constitutional initiative, 3
468 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
conventions, 11–12 Dinan, John, 3–12 general information, 5–6, 7 adoption dates, 5–6, 7 amendments, number of, 5–6, 7 length of, estimated, 5–6, 7 number of, 5–6, 7 legislative proposal, 3 procedures, 8–9 initiative, by, 8–9 legislature, by the, 8–9 consumer protection, 161–162 content, fiscal notes (legislatures), 74–75 convening places for legislative bodies, 27 conventions, constitutional, 11–12 corporate income taxes, 331–332 corporate income tax revenue, 345–347 corrections capital punishment, 448–450 method of execution, 448–450 offenses, 448–450 parole, 444–445 prisons, adults admitted, 438–439 adults on parole, 444–445 adults on probation, 442–445 capacities, 440–441 community supervision, 446–447 number of sentenced prisoners, 438–439 operations, 440–441 population, 440–441 prisoners admitted, 438–439 prisoners released, 438–439 probation, 442–445 courts, administrative offices, 197–198 appellate elections, 189–190, 191, 199–201 judges, number of, 192–193 judges, qualifications, 194–195 retention, 199–206 selection, 189–190, 191, 199–201 terms, 189–190, 191, 199–201 chief justices, 189–190, 191 general trial, 192–193 judges, number of, 192–193 judges, qualifications, 194–195 terms, 192–193 judicial compensation, 189–190, 196 judicial discipline, 207–209
INDEX
judicial reprimands, 207–209 judicial selection, 199–206 last resort, 189–190, 191 chief justices, 189–190, 191 terms, 189–190, 191 mandatory judicial retirement age, 189–190, 191 National Center for State Courts, 189–209 selection of judges, 199–201 criminal justice capital punishment, 440–441 method of execution, 440–441 offenses, 440–441 prisoners under sentence, number of, 440–441 parole, 444–445 prisons, 440–441 prison population, 436–441 probation, 442–445 custodial duties (secretaries of state), 152–153
—D— dates (elections), 219–222, 223 death penalty, 448–450 demographics, women in government, 380–384 Dinan, John, 3–12 distribution, fiscal notes (legislatures), 74–75 drivers, licensed, by age, 432, 433 by sex, 434–435 by state, 430–431 duties attorneys general, 154–155, 163–164 auditors, 175–179, 184–186 comptrollers, 184–186 lieutenant governors, 140–141–142–144 secretaries of state, 148–149, 152–153 treasurers, 168–169
—E— earnings growth, by industry, 461–463 by state, 461–463 education, 299–302, 306–307, 387–415 districts, number of, 387–388 elementary, number of, 389–390
expenditures, elementary, 299–302, 399–401 per pupil, 402–404 secondary, 399–404 higher education, 306–307, 405–407 faculty salaries, 414–415 number of, 408–410 room and board rates, 405–410 tuition and fees, 405–410 number of, 387–388 public high school graduates, 393–396 public schools, 387–388, 391–392 schools, public, 387–388, 391–392, 402–404 secondary, number of, 387–388, 391–392 teacher/pupil ratio, 387–388 employees, state, 372, 374–375 average earnings, 369 employment, 367–380 full-time employees, 373 holidays, 376–379 payrolls, 367–369, 374–375 salaries, average, 367–369 enacting bills (legislatures), 68–71 resolutions (legislatures), 68–71 enacting legislation effective date, 68–71 veto overrides, 68–71 vetoes, 68–71, 110–111 executive branch attorneys general, 154–164 auditors, 170–179 comptrollers, 180–186 elections, 213–214 governors, 105–106 impeachment provisions, 118–119 lieutenant governors, 138–144 methods of selection, 122–129 salaries, 130–137 secretaries of state, 146–153 succession, 105–106, 145 term limits, 120–121 treasurers, 165–169 executive orders (governors), 112–113 exemptions (sales tax), 325–327 expenditures, state, 294–298 bonds, 294–298 capital inclusive, 294–298 federal funds, 294–298 general funds, 294–298 state funds, other, 294–298
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 6 9
IN DE X
expenditures, state intergovernmental, 15–18 education, 15–16 elementary, 299–302 secondary, 299–302 health, 15–16, 303–305 highways, 15–16, 424–425 intergovernmental, 15–16, 17 local government, 15–16 Medicaid, 303–305 public welfare, 15–16 state general funds, 290–292, 293
—F— finances, state, 275–280–363 corporate income tax brackets, 331–332 financial institution rates, 331–332 net income, 348–350 rates, 331–332 debt outstanding long-term, 357 short-term, 357 direct expenditures, 351–353 assistance and subsidies, 351–353 capital outlay, 351–353 construction, 351–353 insurance benefits and repayments, 351–353 interest on debt, 351–353 intergovernmental, 351–353 excise taxes cigarettes, 321–322 diesel fuel, 323–324 distilled spirits, 321–322 gasohol, 323–324 gasoline, 323–324 general sales and gross receipts, 321–322 expenditures, corrections actual, 310–311 bonds, 310–311 estimated, 310–311 federal funds, 310–311 general funds, 310–311 expenditures, education bonds, 299–302 elementary, 299–302 federal funds, 299–302 general funds, 299–302 secondary, 299–302
470 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
expenditures, higher education actual, 306–307 estimated, 306–307 federal funds, 306–307 general funds, 306–307 expenditures, Medicaid actual, 303–305 estimated, 303–305 federal funds, 303–305 general funds, 303–305 expenditures, public assistance actual, 308–309 estimated, 308–309 federal funds, 308–309 general funds, 308–309 expenditures, total state, actual, 294–298 bonds, 294–298 estimated, 294–298 federal funds, 294–298 general funds, 294–298 expenditures, transportation actual, 312–313 bonds, 312–313 estimated, 312–313 federal funds, 312–313 general funds, 312–313 financial aggregates cash and security holdings, 342–344 debt outstanding at end of FY, 342–344 expenditures, 342–344 corrections, 345–347 education, 345–347 financial administration, 345–347 general, 342–344, 345–347 health and hospitals, 345–347 highways, 345–347 interest on general debt, 345–347 natural resources, 345–347 police protection, 345–347 public welfare, 345–347 retirement, 345–347 unemployment, 345–347 utilities and liquor store, 342–344 pension systems, public, 363 contributions, 363 earnings on investments, 363 payments, 363 total holdings, 363 revenue, 342–347
INDEX
general expenditures corrections, 354–356 education, 354–356 employment security administration, 354–356 financial administration, 354–356 health, 354–356 highways, 354–356 hospitals, 354–356 natural resources, 354–356 police, 354–356 public welfare, 354–356 general fund, 275–280, 293 actual, 2017, 275–280 appropriated, 2019, 285–288 budget stabilization fund, 275–280 ending balance, 275–280 preliminary actual, 2018, 281–284 Rainy Day fund, 285–288 revenues, 275–280 total resources, 275–280 general revenue, 348–350 individual income tax, 328–329 federal starting points, 330 income brackets, 328–329 personal exemptions, 328–329 rate range, 328–329 intergovernmental revenue, 348–350 other expenditures actual, 314–316 bonds, 314–316 direct expenditures, 351–353 estimated, 314–316 federal funds, 314–316 general funds, 314–316 pension plans, public employee, beneficiaries, 358–360 benefit payments, 358–360 contributions, 361–362, 363 earnings on investments, 361–362, 363 membership, 358–360 payments, 361–362, 363 receipts, 361–362 total holdings, 363 sales tax drug exemptions, 325 food exemptions, 325 ranking, state, 326–327 rates, 325, 326–327 vendor discount, 326–327
severance taxes rate, 333–337 revenue, 338 titles, 333–337 tax amnesty programs, 317–320 tax collections budgets, fiscal 2019, 289, 290–292 corporate income tax, 289, 290–292 general fund revenue, 290–292 personal income tax, 289, 290–292 projections, 290–292 sales tax, 289, 290–292 tax revenue corporation income, 338, 348–350 death and gift, 338 documentary, 338 individual income, 338, 348–350 license revenue, 338 alcoholic beverage, 340–341 amusement, 340–341 corporation, 340–341, 348–350 hunting and fishing license, 340–341 motor vehicle license, 340–341, 348–350 motor vehicle operators, 340–341 occupation and business, 340–341 public utility, 340–341 property tax, 338 sales and gross receipts, 338, 339, 348–350 alcoholic beverages, 339 amusements, 339 insurance premiums, 339 motor fuels, 339, 348–350 pari-mutuels, 339 public utilities, 339 tobacco products, 339 severance, 338 stock transfer, 338 wages and salaries, 351–353
—G— general election polling hours, 224–225 general fund, state, 275–280, 293 general trial courts judges, 192–193, 194–195, 202–206 compensation, 196 qualifications, 194–195 retention, 202–206
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 7 1
IN DE X
selection, 202–206 terms, 192–193, 202–206 governments, state-local, 21–23 governors authority, 110–111 budgets, authority, 110–111 compensation, 108–109, 130–137 elections, 231–233 executive branch officials, 213–214 executive orders, 112–113 impeachment provisions, 118–119 joint election, 105–106 length of term, 105–106 party control, 105–106 politics, 110–111 powers, 110–111 qualifications for office, 107 salaries, 108–109, 130–137 service, 105–106 staff, 108–109 gubernatorial authority, 110–111 powers, 110–111 succession, 105–106, 140–141, 145 term limits, 105–106, 120–121 gubernatorial elections, 217–218 gubernatorial succession, 142–144, 145
—H— health insurance, 416–418 adults, 417–418 children, 416 health, public immunization exemptions, 419–420 higher education, 405–407 faculty salaries, 414–415 number of, 411–413 room and board rates, 405–410 tuition and fees, 405–410 highways disbursements, 424–425 Federal Highway Administration, 421–423 licensed drivers, 430–435 revenues used, 421–423 historical data (states), 454–455
472 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
—I— immunization exemptions, school, 419–420 impeachment provisions governors, 118–119 income taxes corporate, 331–332 individual, 328–330 individual income taxes, 328–330 industry, growth, 461–463 initiatives, 236–237 ballot propositions in 2017, 238–248 changes to constitution, 9, 236–237 circulating a petition, 249–250, 251–252 requesting permission, 249–250 preparing the initiative for the ballot, 253–254 voting on, 255–256 insurance, health adults, 417–418 children, 416 coverage status, 416–418 intergovernmental expenditures, state education, 15–16 governments, 20 health, 15–16 highways, 15–16 local government, 15–16, 20 public welfare, 15–16 school districts, 20 intergovernmental payments, 15–16, 17 education, 15–16, 18–19 health, 15–16 highways, 15–16 per capita, 15–16 public welfare, 15–16 state-local, 15–16 introducing bills legislatures, 65–67 limits, 65–67 resolutions (legislatures), 76–77 time limits, 65–67 item veto, 110–111
INDEX
—J— judges appellate courts, 199–201 chief justices, 189–190, 191 compensation, 196 conduct, 207–209 general trial courts, 192–193 judges, number of, 192–193, 202–206 judges, qualifications, 194–195 retention, 199–201 selection, 199–201 geographical basis, 199–201 terms, 192–193, 202–206 judges, number of, 192–193 judicial compensation, 189–190, 196 judicial discipline, 207–209 last resort, 189–190, 191 qualifications, 194–195 retention, 199–201 selection, 189–190, 191, 199–201 terms, 192–193, 199–201 judicial administration offices, 197–198 judicial discipline, 207–209 justices on courts of last resort, chief justices, 189–190, 191
—K— —L— last resort (courts), 189–190, 191 leaders house/assembly compensation, 55–56 methods of selecting, 43–46 senate compensation, 53–54 methods of selecting, 39–42 legal provisions (legislative sessions), 28–31 legislative bodies, 27 legislative duties (secretaries of state), 150–151, 152–153 legislative sessions, 28–31
legislators compensation, 48–49 method of setting, 47 election of, 215–216 number of, 32–33 parties, 32–33 qualifications, 36–38 retirement, 57–61 staff, 80–82 terms, 32–33 term limits, 32–33 turnover, 35 women, 381–382 legislatures administrative regulations, powers, 94–97 procedures, 91–93 review of, 94–97 rules reviewed, 91–93 structure, 91–93 time limits, 91–93 appropriations process bills, 72–73 budgets, 72–73 budget documents, 72–73 bills carryover, 62–64, 91–93 enactments, 76–77 introductions, 76–77 limits on introducing, 65–67 pre-filing, 62–64 reference, 62–64 time limits, 65–67 veto, 68–71 chamber control, 35 changes in, 35 elections, 215–216 enacting legislation effective date, 68–71 veto, 68–71 veto override, 68–71 fiscal notes content, 74–75 distribution, 74–75 legislation, sunset, 98–101 legislative bodies, 27 legislative powers, 94–97 legislative review, 94–97 legislative seats, 32–35, 215–216 legislative staff, 80–82
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 7 3
IN DE X
membership turnover, 35 official name of, 27 partisan control, 32–33 party control, 32–33 procedures, 94–97 resolutions, 76–77 enactments, regular session, 76–77 enactments, special session, 78–79 introductions, regular session, 76–77 introductions, special session, 78–79 retirement benefits, 57–61 sessions, 27, 28–31 convening of, 27, 28–31 length of, 28–31 limitation on length, 28–31 special, 28–31, 78–79 subject matter, 28–31 staff, 80–82 standing committees appointments, 83–84 number, 83–84 rule adoption, 87–90 staff, 83–84 sunset legislation, 98–101 time limits, on bills, 65–67, 91–93 turnover, 35 length of terms, 120–121 attorneys general, 120–121, 154–155 governors, 105–106, 120–121 legislators, 32–33–35 lieutenant governors, 120–121, 138–144 secretaries of state, 120–121, 146–147 licensed, drivers, by age, 432, 433 by sex, 434–435 by state, 430–431 lieutenant governor compensation, 130–137 duties, statutory, 140–141 joint election, 138–139 method of selection, 138–139 powers, 140–141 qualifications, 140–141 salaries, 118–119 terms, 120–121, 138–139 limits on introducing bills (legislatures), 65–67
474 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
—M— Medicaid, 303–305 methods of selection attorneys general, 122–129, 154–155 auditors, 122–129, 170–171 chief financial officers, 122–129, 163–164, 170–171 comptrollers, 122–129 judges, 189–190, 199–206 treasurers, 122–129, 163–164, 165–166
—N— National Association of State Auditors, Comptrollers and Treasurers (NASACT), 170–186 National Association of State Budget Officers, 275–316 National Center for State Courts (NCSC), 189–209 National Conference of State Legislatures, 47–61 nominating candidates for state offices, 217–218
—O— —P— parole, adults (corrections), 444–445 parties, political, 32–33, 105–106 party control, 32–33, 105–106 payrolls (state and local government), 372, 374–375 pension plans, public employee beneficiaries, 358–360 benefits (legislatures), 57–61 benefit payments, 358–360 contributions, 361–362, 363 earnings on investments, 361–362, 363 membership, 358–360 payments, 361–362, 363 receipts, 361–362 total holdings, 363 per capita income, 459–460 personal income, 459–460
INDEX
personnel, 367–368, 376–379 paid holidays, 376–379 state employees, 367–368, 376–379 political parties, 32–33, 105–106 polling hours (general elections), 224–225 population, 456–458 population, prison prison capacity, 440–441 prisons, 436–437 population changes, 456–458 powers governors, 110–111 lieutenant governors, 138–139, 142–144 pre-filing bills (legislatures), 62–64 presidential elections voter turnout, 235 primary, elections, 219–222, 223 prisons adults admitted, 438–439 adults on parole, 444–445 adults on probation, 442–445 capacity, 440–441 capital punishment, 448–450 method of execution, 448–450 offenses, 448–450 prisoners under sentence, 448–450 community supervision, 446–447 number of sentenced prisoners, 438–439 population, 436–437 prisoners released, 438–439 probation, adults (corrections), 442–445 prosecutorial duties (attorneys general), 158–159, 160 public employment earnings, 367–375 employees administration, 373 financial, 373 judicial, 373 legal, 373 corrections, 373 education, 373 full-time, 370–371 highways, 373 hospitals, 373 local 370–371 natural resources, 373 part-time, 370–371
police protection, 373 public welfare, 373 state, 370–371 employment summary, 367–375 full-time equivalent, 367–368 payrolls, 372, 374–375 administration, 374–375 financial, 374–375 judicial, 374–375 legal, 374–375 average, 372 corrections, 374–375 education, 372, 374–375 highways, 374–375 hospitals, 374–375 local, 369, 372 natural resources, 374–375 percentage, 372 police protection, 374–375 public welfare, 374–375 state, 369, 372, 374–375 state employees, compensation, 372, 374–375 salaries, 374–375 public health, immunizations, 419–420 public roads, 426–429 publications (secretaries of state), 152–153
—Q— qualifications attorneys general, 156–157 auditors, 170–171 comptrollers, 182–183 governors, 107 judges appellate courts, 194–195 general trial courts, 194–195 legislators, 36–38 lieutenant governors, 140–141–142–144 secretaries of state, 148–149 treasurers, 163–164, 168–169
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 7 5
IN DE X
—R—
—S—
recall, of state officials, 265–266–271 referendums, 9, 236–237, 257–258 citizen petitions, 259–260–261–262 voting on, 263–264 registration duties (secretaries of state), 150–151 resolutions (legislatures) enactments, 76–77, 78–79 introductions, 76–77, 78–79 retention (judges), 199–206 retirement systems, public beneficiaries, 358–372 benefits (legislatures), 57–61 benefit payments, 358–360 contributions, 361–362, 363 earnings on investments, 361–362, 363 membership, 358–360 payments, 361–362, 363 receipts, 361–362 total holdings, 363 revenues, tax corporation income, 338, 348–350 death and gift, 338 documentary, 338 individual income, 338, 348–350 license revenue, 338 alcoholic beverage, 340–341 amusement, 340–341 corporation, 340–341, 348–350 hunting and fishing license, 340–341 motor vehicle license, 340–341, 348–350 motor vehicle operators, 340–341 occupation and business, 340–341 public utility, 340–341 property tax, 338 sales and gross receipts, 338, 339, 348–350 alcoholic beverages, 339 amusements, 339 insurance premiums, 339 motor fuels, 339, 348–350 pari-mutuels, 339 public utilities, 339 tobacco products, 339 severance, 338 stock transfer, 338 roads, public, 426–429 rule adoption (standing committees), 87–90
salaries administrative officials, 130–137 attorneys general, 130–137 auditors, 130–137 comptrollers, 130–137 governors, 108–109, 130–137 judges, 192–193, 196–201 legislators, 48–49 house/assembly leaders, 55–56 methods of setting compensation, 47 mileage, 48–49 per diem, 48–49 senate leaders, 39–42 lieutenant governors, 130–137 payrolls, state, 367–368, 374–375 secretaries of state, 130–137 total, state, 351–353 treasurers, 130–137 sales and gross receipts, 338, 339, 348–350 alcoholic beverages, 339 amusements, 339 insurance premiums, 339 motor fuels, 339, 348–350 pari-mutuels, 339 public utilities, 339 tobacco products, 339 sales tax exemptions, 325 schools, public districts, number of, 387–388 elementary, number of, 377–378, 391–392 expenditures, elementary, 391–392, 399–401, 402–404 secondary, 391–392, 399–401, 402–404 per pupil, 402–404 immunization exemptions, 419–420 number of, 387–388, 391–392 public schools, 387–388, 391–392 public high school graduates, 393–396 secondary, number of, 389–390 teacher/pupil ratio, 387–388 secretaries of state custodial duties, 152–153 elections, 150–151 voter registration, 226–227 legislative duties, 152–153 method of selection, 122–129, 146–147 party, 146–147 publication duties, 152–153
476 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
INDEX
qualifications, 148–149 registration duties, 150–151 business related, 150–151 salaries, 130–137 selecting, 122–129, 146–147 term limits, 120–121, 105–106 selecting administrative officials, 122–129 house/assembly leaders, 43–46 judges, 189–190, 199–201 senate leaders, 39–42 senate composition, 32–33 leaders (compensation), 53–54 leadership positions, 39–42 methods of selecting, 39–42 sessions, legislative, 28–31 convening of, 27, 28–31 dates of, 28–31, 76–77 legal provisions, 28–31 length of, 28–31 limitation on length, 28–31 special, 28–31 subject matter, 28–31 severance taxes, 333–337 special sessions (legislative), 28–31, 78–79 staff governors, 108–109 legislators, 80–82 legislatures (standing committees), 83–84 standing committees administrative regulations, 91–93, 94–97 appointments, 85–86 number, 85–86 rules adoption, 87–90 staff, 83–84 state budgets, 275–280 state cabinet systems, 114–115 state constitutions, 3–12 state courts, 189–209 state finances, 275–280–363 all other expenditures actual, 314–316 bonds, 314–316 direct expenditures, 351–353 estimated, 314–316 federal funds, 314–316 general funds, 314–316
corporate income tax brackets, 331–332 financial institution rates, 331–332 net income, 348–350 rates, 331–332 debt outstanding long-term, 357 short-term, 357 direct expenditures, 351–353 assistance and subsidies, 351–353 capital outlay, 351–353 construction, 351–353 insurance benefits and repayments, 351–353 interest on debt, 351–353 intergovernmental, 351–353 excise taxes cigarettes, 321–322 diesel fuel, 323–324 distilled spirits, 321–322 gasohol, 323–324 gasoline, 323–324 general sales and gross receipts, 321–322 expenditures, corrections actual, 310–311 bonds, 310–311 estimated, 310–311 federal funds, 310–311 general funds, 310–311 expenditures, education bonds, 299–302 elementary, 299–302 federal funds, 299–302 general funds, 299–302 secondary, 299–302 expenditures, higher education actual, 306–307 estimated, 306–307 federal funds, 306–307 general funds, 306–307 expenditures, Medicaid actual, 303–305 estimated, 303–305 federal funds, 303–305 general funds, 303–305 expenditures, public assistance actual, 308–309 estimated, 308–309 federal funds, 308–309 general funds, 308–309
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 7 7
IN DE X
expenditures, total state actual, 294–298 bonds, 294–298 estimated, 294–298 federal funds, 294–298 general funds, 294–298 expenditures, transportation actual, 312–313 bonds, 312–313 estimated, 312–313 federal funds, 312–313 general funds, 312–313 financial aggregates cash and security holdings, 342–344 debt outstanding at end of FY, 342–344 expenditures, 342–344 corrections, 345–347 education, 345–347 financial administration, 345–347 general, 342–344, 345–347 highways, 345–347 health and hospitals, 345–347 insurance trust, 342–344, 345–347 interest on general debt, 345–347 natural resources, 345–347 police protection, 345–347 public welfare, 345–347 retirement, 345–347 utilities and liquor store, 342–344 unemployment, 345–347 pension systems, public, 363 contributions, 363 earnings on investments, 363 payments, 363 total holdings, 363 revenue, 342–344 federal government, from, 345–347 general, 348–350 insurance trust, 342–344, 345–347 utilities and liquor store, 342–344, 345–347 general expenditure corrections, 354–356 education, 354–356 employment security administration, 354–356 financial administration, 354–356 health, 354–356 highways, 354–356 hospitals, 354–356 natural resources, 354–356 police, 354–356 public welfare, 354–356
478 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9
general fund, 275–280, 293 actual, 2017, 275–280 appropriated, 2019, 285–288 budget stabilization fund, 275–280, 285–288 ending balance, 275–288 preliminary actual, 2018, 281–284 Rainy Day fund, 285–288 revenues, 275–288 total resources, 275–288 general revenue, 348–350 individual income tax, 328–329 federal starting points, 330 income brackets, 328–329 personal exemptions, 328–329 rate range, 328–329 intergovernmental revenue, 348–350 pension plans, public employee, beneficiaries, 358–360 benefit payments, 358–360 contributions, 361–362, 363 earnings on investments, 361–362, 363 membership, 358–360 payments, 361–362, 363 receipts, 361–362 total holdings, 363 sales tax drug exemptions, 325 food exemptions,325 ranking, state, 326–327 rates, 325, 326–327 vendor discount, 326–327 severance taxes rate, 333–337 revenue, 338 titles, 333–337 tax amnesty programs, 317–320 tax collections budgets, fiscal 2019, 289, 290–292 corporate income tax, 289, 290–292 general fund revenue, 290–292 personal income tax, 289, 290–292 projections, 290–292 sales tax, 289, 290–292 tax revenue corporation income, 338, 348–350 death and gift, 338 documentary, 338 individual income, 338, 348–350
INDEX
license revenue, 338 alcoholic beverage, 340–341 amusement, 340–341 corporation, 340–341, 348–350 hunting and fishing license, 340–341 motor vehicle license, 340–341, 348–350 motor vehicle operators, 340–341 occupation and business, 340–341 property tax, 338 public utility, 340–341 sales and gross receipts, 338, 339, 348–350 alcoholic beverages, 339 amusements, 339 insurance premiums, 339 motor fuels, 339, 348–350 pari-mutuels, 339 public utilities, 339 tobacco products, 339 severance, 338 stock transfer, 338 wages and salaries, 351–353 state information capital city, 453, 456–458 central switchboard, 453 historical data, 454–455 land area, 456–458 largest city, 456–458 number of density, 456–458 population, 456–458 rank, 456–458 zip codes, 453 statistics, 438–446 state-local governments education, 15–16, 18–19, 391–392 health, 15–16, 18–19 highways, 15–16 public welfare, 15–16, 21–23 subpoena powers (attorneys general), 161–162 succession, gubernatorial, 105–106, 145 sunset legislation, 98–101 sunset reviews, 98–101 switchboards (capitals), 453
—T— tax revenue corporation income, 338, 348–350 death and gift, 338 documentary, 338 individual income, 338, 348–350 license revenue, 338 alcoholic beverage, 340–341 amusement, 340–341 corporation, 340–341, 348–350 hunting and fishing license, 340–341 motor vehicle license, 340–341, 348–350 motor vehicle operators, 340–341 occupation and business, 340–341 public utility, 340–341 property tax, 338 sales and gross receipts, 338, 339, 348–350 alcoholic beverages, 339 amusements, 339 insurance premiums, 339 motor fuels, 339, 348–350 pari-mutuels, 339 public utilities, 339 tobacco products, 339 severance, 338 stock transfer, 338 term limits attorneys general, 120–121, 154–155 auditors, 170–171 gubernatorial, 105–106, 120–121 legislative turnover, 35 secretaries of state, 120–121 treasurers, 120–121, 163–164, 165–166 terms of office appellate courts, 189–190, 192–193, 199–201 attorneys general, 120–121, 154–155 auditors, 170–171 chief justices, 189–190, 191 general trial courts, 192–193 governors length, 105–106 number of, 120–121 legislators, 32–33–32 lieutenant governors, 120–121, 138–139 term limits, gubernatorial, 105–106, 120–121 treasurers, 120–121
Th e Co unc i l o f St at e Go v er nment s 4 7 9
IN DE X
transition procedures (governors), 116–117 transportation, 421–435 treasurers cash management, 168–169 duties, 168–169 methods of selection, 122–129, 163–164, 165–166 party, 163–164, 165–166 qualifications, 163–164, 167 responsibilities, 168–169 cash management, 168–169 salaries, 130–137 term of office, 107, 165–166 turnover in legislature membership, 35
—W— wages, state, 351–353 women in state government, 380–384 governors, 380 legislators, 381–382 statewide elected and appointed officials, 383–384
—X–Y–Z— zip codes (capitals), 453
—U— universities, 405–407 faculty salaries, 414–415 number of, 411–413 room and board rates, 405–410 tuition and fees, 405–410 U.S. Census Bureau, 15–23, 338–363, 367–375
—V— vetoes, 76–77, 110–111 enacting legislation, 68–71 line item, 68–71, 76–77, 110–111 overrides, 68–71, 76–77 voter information, 224–225, 228–230 polling hours, 224–225 race, of, 207–209 turnout, 202–206 registration, 226–227 turnout (Presidential elections), 235 voting statistics (Gubernatorial elections), 231–233 statistics (Presidential elections), 235 voter registration, 226–227
480 The B ook of t h e St at e s 2 0 1 9