A study was conducted to develop allometric equations by destructive sampling of selected trees f... more A study was conducted to develop allometric equations by destructive sampling of selected trees for prediction of biomass in Pongamia using easily measurable attributes (collar diameter, tree height, crown width and depth) and test the reliability of these relationships using an independent dataset from different management situations. Allometric models based on collar diameter, followed by crown width, showed better fit statistics as compared to the models based on other input variables. Crown depth has shown relatively weak link with the biomass parameters. Collar diameter was found to be the key driver in determining the biomass variables and number of branches. The results obtained with an independent data set validated the trained models.
Pongamia pinnata seed oil could be as a source of biofuel from which enormous potential of high s... more Pongamia pinnata seed oil could be as a source of biofuel from which enormous potential of high seed oil can be produced. The collection of pods with higher seed quality characters is much important for production of elite seedlings at nursery and hence studies related to seed maturation were initiated as matured seed is the basic character of quality seed. To study the steps in obtaining quality seed from the tree, studies were initiated on floral phenology. Randomly selected trees from 23 accessions of Pongamia planted in August, 2005 were selected for the studies conducted in two consecutive years, i.e. 2012-13 and 2013-14. The results revealed that in Pongamia accessions studied, the racemes per branch ranged from 13 to 112, buds per racemes ranged from 25 to 80 and 0-64 total number of flowers opened in a day in the year 2012-13. In the year 2013-14, the racemes per branch ranged from 8 to 246, buds per racemes ranged from 0 to 76 and 14-67 total number of flowers opened in a day. On an average 6.57g and 2.14g fresh and dry biomass, respectively was obtained. These studies will help in further investigation of pod and seed studies.
The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 2015
Pongamia pinnata seed oil could be as a source of biofuel from which enormous potential of high s... more Pongamia pinnata seed oil could be as a source of biofuel from which enormous potential of high seed oil can be produced. The collection of pods with higher seed quality characters is much important for production of elite seedlings at nursery and hence studies related to seed maturation were initiated as matured seed is the basic character of quality seed. To study the steps in obtaining quality seed from the tree, studies were initiated on floral phenology. Randomly selected trees from 23 accessions of Pongamia planted in August, 2005 were selected for the studies conducted in two consecutive years, i.e. 2012-13 and 2013-14. The results revealed that in Pongamia accessions studied, the racemes per branch ranged from 13 to 112, buds per racemes ranged from 25 to 80 and 0-64 total number of flowers opened in a day in the year 2012-13. In the year 2013-14, the racemes per branch ranged from 8 to 246, buds per racemes ranged from 0 to 76 and 14-67 total number of flowers opened in a d...
Sixteen pongamia families were evaluated in a field experiment for eight consecutive years in dry... more Sixteen pongamia families were evaluated in a field experiment for eight consecutive years in dryland conditions to identify stable, high-yielding families. The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each family, consisting of nine trees per replication, was planted at a spacing of 3 m 9 3 m. Yield stability was analyzed using (1) Eberhart and Russel's regression coefficient (b i) and deviation from regression (S 2 d), (2) Wrike's ecovalence (W i); (3) Shukla stability variance (r 2 i); and (4) Piepho and Lotito's stability index (L i). Families were also analyzed for adaptability and stability using AMMI and GGE biplots graphical methods. The study revealed significant variances due to family and family 9 year interaction for pod and seed yield. Families performed differently and ranked differently across years. The performance of families was influenced by both genetic factor and environmental conditions in different years. Among families tested, TNMP20, Acc14, TNMP14 and Acc30 were high yielders for pods, and Acc14, Acc30, TNMP6, RAK19 and TNMP14 were high for seed yield. According to the Eberhart and Russell model, Acc30, TNMP14 and TNMP3 were stable across years. In the graphical view of family 9 year interaction based on AMMI methods, TNMP3, TNMP4 and TNMP14 had greater stability with moderate seed yield, and Acc14 and Acc30 had moderate stability with high seed yield. On the other hand, GGE biplots revealed Acc14, Acc30 and TNMP14 as high yielders with moderate stability. AMMI and GGE biplots were able to capture nonlinear parts of the family 9 year interaction that were not be captured by the Eberhart and Russel model while also identifying stable families. Based on different methodologies, Acc14, Acc30 and TNMP14 were identified as high yielding and stable families for promoting pongamia cultivation as a biofuel crop for semi-arid regions. Keywords Biofuel Á Pongamia Á Genetic diversity Á Stability Á AMMI (additive main effects multiplicative interaction) Á GGE biplots Á Multi-year trial Á SVD (singular value decomposition) Project funding: The work was supported by the NOVOD board to carry out the research project on biofuel.
Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development, 2015
The experiment was conducted for two years at the Hayatnagar Research Farm (HRF) of Central Resea... more The experiment was conducted for two years at the Hayatnagar Research Farm (HRF) of Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (17°27'N latitude and 78°35'E longitude and about 515 m above sea mean level), Hyderabad, India. The climate is semi-arid with hot summers and mild winters. The mean maximum air temperature during summer (March, April and May) ranges from 35.6 to 38.6°C, where as in winter (December, January and February) ranges from 13.5 ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive cropping years to investigate the effective intercropping practices, keeping pongamia as the main crop with redgram, horsegram, castor and blackgram as an intercrop. The trials were conducted in factorial RBD with three spacing of pongamia viz. 6 × 6m, 6 × 4m and 6 × 8m, while recommended spacing of pongamia was 6 × 6m. All intercrops were sown as per the recommended package of practices. The study revealed highly significant differences in performance due to spacing, intercrops and their interaction in both the years of evaluation. Based on two year's study, cultivation of redgram as intercrop with pongamia was found to be the best practice with spacing of 8×6m followed by 6×6m for maximizing the returns and utilizing the space available between rows of pongamia.
ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) is an important multipurpose tree valued for the oil. In I... more ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) is an important multipurpose tree valued for the oil. In India, plans are underway to bring substantial area under this tree for meeting the biofuel requirements of the country. A study was conducted to develop allometric relationships in Jatropha to predict various biomass related components (above ground and below ground) using easily measurable attributes viz., collar diameter, tree height, number of branches, crown diameter and crown depth. Further, It was aimed to establish the reliability of these relationships using an independent dataset obtained from varied management situations. Destructive sampling was carried out during rainy season of 2011, when Jatropha plants were of 8 years age. Highly significant allometric relationships (F values significant at 1% level) were obtained while predicting various biomass components (above, below and total) using easily measurable attributes with R2values ranging from 0.89 to 0.98. . Of all the predictors, collar diameter exhibited a highly significant relationship with total dry biomass per plant (R2 = 0.97). The allometric relationships developed were validated with an independent dataset. The allometric relationships developed would serve as valuable tools for estimation of total dry biomass production and carbon sequestration with reasonable accuracy in Jatropha systems as they are proposed to be taken up in substantial area in the years to come.
It was observed that in all the test years from 2008 to 2012, the Utnoor genotype of Jatropha was... more It was observed that in all the test years from 2008 to 2012, the Utnoor genotype of Jatropha was found to have the highest yield, followed by the Jabua and Raipur genotypes. In this Utnoor genotype, pruning from ground level, which gave the best yields from 2008 to 2012, was 45 cm. For pruning of primary branches, 66% in Utnoor performed better. Jabua, which recorded the second highest yield, showed 30 cm pruning from ground level as the best along with 66% primary branch pruning, while in Raipur pruning at 45 cm from ground level was proved to be the best along with 33% pruning of primary branches. Therefore, the overall results showed that Utnoor gave the best yield, followed by Jabua and Raipur. The prunings from ground level and for primary branches depend upon the specific genotype for obtaining the highest yield. The highest red gram intercropped yields were observed in the highest yielding Jatropha genotype, viz. Utnoor.
Ten elite lines of Jatropha curcas (L.) were evaluated consecutively for three years at CRIDA, Hy... more Ten elite lines of Jatropha curcas (L.) were evaluated consecutively for three years at CRIDA, Hyderabad, with the main objectives being to select superior plants with high seed and oil yields and to study variations in agro-morphological, seed and oil yield characteristics and cluster them into different groups. Analysis of variance shows that all traits had significant variation among elite lines. The broad sense heritability was high for all traits across years indicating that these traits were mainly controlled by genetic factors as compared to environmental components, although the environment played an important role in expression of these traits. The correlations between seed yield per plant was positively and highly significantly correlated with oil yield, pod weight, and pods per plant. Cluster analysis based on agro-morphological data divided the Jatropha lines into three clusters through average linkage clustering. Clusters I, II, and III consisted of five, one, and four lines, respectively. Highly significant genotypic differences were obtained among the Jatropha populations for various traits measured, and significant genotype × environment interaction was observed for all traits. The large variation among Jatropha lines indicated that these materials could be used in breeding programs for further improvement.
A study was conducted to develop allometric equations by destructive sampling of selected trees f... more A study was conducted to develop allometric equations by destructive sampling of selected trees for prediction of biomass in Pongamia using easily measurable attributes (collar diameter, tree height, crown width and depth) and test the reliability of these relationships using an independent dataset from different management situations. Allometric models based on collar diameter, followed by crown width, showed better fit statistics as compared to the models based on other input variables. Crown depth has shown relatively weak link with the biomass parameters. Collar diameter was found to be the key driver in determining the biomass variables and number of branches. The results obtained with an independent data set validated the trained models.
Pongamia pinnata seed oil could be as a source of biofuel from which enormous potential of high s... more Pongamia pinnata seed oil could be as a source of biofuel from which enormous potential of high seed oil can be produced. The collection of pods with higher seed quality characters is much important for production of elite seedlings at nursery and hence studies related to seed maturation were initiated as matured seed is the basic character of quality seed. To study the steps in obtaining quality seed from the tree, studies were initiated on floral phenology. Randomly selected trees from 23 accessions of Pongamia planted in August, 2005 were selected for the studies conducted in two consecutive years, i.e. 2012-13 and 2013-14. The results revealed that in Pongamia accessions studied, the racemes per branch ranged from 13 to 112, buds per racemes ranged from 25 to 80 and 0-64 total number of flowers opened in a day in the year 2012-13. In the year 2013-14, the racemes per branch ranged from 8 to 246, buds per racemes ranged from 0 to 76 and 14-67 total number of flowers opened in a day. On an average 6.57g and 2.14g fresh and dry biomass, respectively was obtained. These studies will help in further investigation of pod and seed studies.
The International Journal of Plant, Animal and Environmental Sciences, 2015
Pongamia pinnata seed oil could be as a source of biofuel from which enormous potential of high s... more Pongamia pinnata seed oil could be as a source of biofuel from which enormous potential of high seed oil can be produced. The collection of pods with higher seed quality characters is much important for production of elite seedlings at nursery and hence studies related to seed maturation were initiated as matured seed is the basic character of quality seed. To study the steps in obtaining quality seed from the tree, studies were initiated on floral phenology. Randomly selected trees from 23 accessions of Pongamia planted in August, 2005 were selected for the studies conducted in two consecutive years, i.e. 2012-13 and 2013-14. The results revealed that in Pongamia accessions studied, the racemes per branch ranged from 13 to 112, buds per racemes ranged from 25 to 80 and 0-64 total number of flowers opened in a day in the year 2012-13. In the year 2013-14, the racemes per branch ranged from 8 to 246, buds per racemes ranged from 0 to 76 and 14-67 total number of flowers opened in a d...
Sixteen pongamia families were evaluated in a field experiment for eight consecutive years in dry... more Sixteen pongamia families were evaluated in a field experiment for eight consecutive years in dryland conditions to identify stable, high-yielding families. The trial was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Each family, consisting of nine trees per replication, was planted at a spacing of 3 m 9 3 m. Yield stability was analyzed using (1) Eberhart and Russel's regression coefficient (b i) and deviation from regression (S 2 d), (2) Wrike's ecovalence (W i); (3) Shukla stability variance (r 2 i); and (4) Piepho and Lotito's stability index (L i). Families were also analyzed for adaptability and stability using AMMI and GGE biplots graphical methods. The study revealed significant variances due to family and family 9 year interaction for pod and seed yield. Families performed differently and ranked differently across years. The performance of families was influenced by both genetic factor and environmental conditions in different years. Among families tested, TNMP20, Acc14, TNMP14 and Acc30 were high yielders for pods, and Acc14, Acc30, TNMP6, RAK19 and TNMP14 were high for seed yield. According to the Eberhart and Russell model, Acc30, TNMP14 and TNMP3 were stable across years. In the graphical view of family 9 year interaction based on AMMI methods, TNMP3, TNMP4 and TNMP14 had greater stability with moderate seed yield, and Acc14 and Acc30 had moderate stability with high seed yield. On the other hand, GGE biplots revealed Acc14, Acc30 and TNMP14 as high yielders with moderate stability. AMMI and GGE biplots were able to capture nonlinear parts of the family 9 year interaction that were not be captured by the Eberhart and Russel model while also identifying stable families. Based on different methodologies, Acc14, Acc30 and TNMP14 were identified as high yielding and stable families for promoting pongamia cultivation as a biofuel crop for semi-arid regions. Keywords Biofuel Á Pongamia Á Genetic diversity Á Stability Á AMMI (additive main effects multiplicative interaction) Á GGE biplots Á Multi-year trial Á SVD (singular value decomposition) Project funding: The work was supported by the NOVOD board to carry out the research project on biofuel.
Indian Journal of Dryland Agricultural Research and Development, 2015
The experiment was conducted for two years at the Hayatnagar Research Farm (HRF) of Central Resea... more The experiment was conducted for two years at the Hayatnagar Research Farm (HRF) of Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture (17°27'N latitude and 78°35'E longitude and about 515 m above sea mean level), Hyderabad, India. The climate is semi-arid with hot summers and mild winters. The mean maximum air temperature during summer (March, April and May) ranges from 35.6 to 38.6°C, where as in winter (December, January and February) ranges from 13.5 ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive cropping years to investigate the effective intercropping practices, keeping pongamia as the main crop with redgram, horsegram, castor and blackgram as an intercrop. The trials were conducted in factorial RBD with three spacing of pongamia viz. 6 × 6m, 6 × 4m and 6 × 8m, while recommended spacing of pongamia was 6 × 6m. All intercrops were sown as per the recommended package of practices. The study revealed highly significant differences in performance due to spacing, intercrops and their interaction in both the years of evaluation. Based on two year's study, cultivation of redgram as intercrop with pongamia was found to be the best practice with spacing of 8×6m followed by 6×6m for maximizing the returns and utilizing the space available between rows of pongamia.
ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) is an important multipurpose tree valued for the oil. In I... more ABSTRACT Jatropha curcas L. (Jatropha) is an important multipurpose tree valued for the oil. In India, plans are underway to bring substantial area under this tree for meeting the biofuel requirements of the country. A study was conducted to develop allometric relationships in Jatropha to predict various biomass related components (above ground and below ground) using easily measurable attributes viz., collar diameter, tree height, number of branches, crown diameter and crown depth. Further, It was aimed to establish the reliability of these relationships using an independent dataset obtained from varied management situations. Destructive sampling was carried out during rainy season of 2011, when Jatropha plants were of 8 years age. Highly significant allometric relationships (F values significant at 1% level) were obtained while predicting various biomass components (above, below and total) using easily measurable attributes with R2values ranging from 0.89 to 0.98. . Of all the predictors, collar diameter exhibited a highly significant relationship with total dry biomass per plant (R2 = 0.97). The allometric relationships developed were validated with an independent dataset. The allometric relationships developed would serve as valuable tools for estimation of total dry biomass production and carbon sequestration with reasonable accuracy in Jatropha systems as they are proposed to be taken up in substantial area in the years to come.
It was observed that in all the test years from 2008 to 2012, the Utnoor genotype of Jatropha was... more It was observed that in all the test years from 2008 to 2012, the Utnoor genotype of Jatropha was found to have the highest yield, followed by the Jabua and Raipur genotypes. In this Utnoor genotype, pruning from ground level, which gave the best yields from 2008 to 2012, was 45 cm. For pruning of primary branches, 66% in Utnoor performed better. Jabua, which recorded the second highest yield, showed 30 cm pruning from ground level as the best along with 66% primary branch pruning, while in Raipur pruning at 45 cm from ground level was proved to be the best along with 33% pruning of primary branches. Therefore, the overall results showed that Utnoor gave the best yield, followed by Jabua and Raipur. The prunings from ground level and for primary branches depend upon the specific genotype for obtaining the highest yield. The highest red gram intercropped yields were observed in the highest yielding Jatropha genotype, viz. Utnoor.
Ten elite lines of Jatropha curcas (L.) were evaluated consecutively for three years at CRIDA, Hy... more Ten elite lines of Jatropha curcas (L.) were evaluated consecutively for three years at CRIDA, Hyderabad, with the main objectives being to select superior plants with high seed and oil yields and to study variations in agro-morphological, seed and oil yield characteristics and cluster them into different groups. Analysis of variance shows that all traits had significant variation among elite lines. The broad sense heritability was high for all traits across years indicating that these traits were mainly controlled by genetic factors as compared to environmental components, although the environment played an important role in expression of these traits. The correlations between seed yield per plant was positively and highly significantly correlated with oil yield, pod weight, and pods per plant. Cluster analysis based on agro-morphological data divided the Jatropha lines into three clusters through average linkage clustering. Clusters I, II, and III consisted of five, one, and four lines, respectively. Highly significant genotypic differences were obtained among the Jatropha populations for various traits measured, and significant genotype × environment interaction was observed for all traits. The large variation among Jatropha lines indicated that these materials could be used in breeding programs for further improvement.
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