Thiruchendur coast of southern Tamilnadu, India has been studied for grain-size spectrum and text... more Thiruchendur coast of southern Tamilnadu, India has been studied for grain-size spectrum and textural parameters namely mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis. The grainsize spectrum shows a marked variation in the berm, high tide line (HTL) and low tide line (LTL) stretches. Variation in energy condition is controlled by geomorphology of the sedimentary beach. Textural pattern shows complicated profile as a result of the fluctuation in the physicochemical conditions due to the sediments and the marine interactions. Abundance of the medium sand to fine sand shows the prevalence of comparatively moderate-to low-energy condition in the Thiruchendur area. Linear discriminate function of the samples indicates an aeolian, shallow marine deposition environment and less influence of fluvial (7 %) process. CM diagram (C 0 one percentile in microns M 0 medium in microns) of Thiruchendur coast sediments suggests that deposition takes place by (1) rolling, (2) bottom suspension, (3) graded suspension. This is also supported by the wave energy in different stretches in beach line and also tractive current figure implies the sediments disturbed by the tractive and turbidity currents. The heavy minerals are concentrated in the berm (average, 11.8 %) and high tide line (average, 11.2 %) because of highenergy condition and aeolian action. Quartz microtextures show the mechanical action due to high-energy condition in Manapad and Kuduthalai areas, the chemical action because of to low-energy condition along the Thiruchendur, Kallamozhi areas.
Declaration Copyright statement Section 1: Introduction and background Chapter 1: Introduction an... more Declaration Copyright statement Section 1: Introduction and background Chapter 1: Introduction and thesis outline 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Rationale 1.3. Mudstone facies at basinal scales 1.4. Aims and objectives of the study 1.5. Outline of the thesis Chapter 2: Mud dispersal on modern continental shelves 2.1. Tidal processes 2.2. Wave and storm processes 2.3. Density flow (wave-enhanced sediment-gravity flows and turbidites) 2.4. Marine snow Chapter 3: Background to the study 3.1. Sources of fine-grained sediments in ancient sedimentary successions 3.2. Bioturbation (early oxic diagenesis) and compaction 3.3. Bottom water anoxia 3.4. Effects of early diagenesis 3.5. Fine-grained sediments lamination and bedding 3.6. Fine-grained sediments and sequence stratigraphy Chapter 4: Study area and geological background 4.1. Study area 4.2. Geological background Chapter 5: Methodology 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Field work procedures 5.3. Sampling strategy 5.4. Petrographic methods 5.4.1. The preparation of thin sections 5.4.2. Thin-section scan Acknowledgments Chapter 7: Sedimentological controls on the preservation of organic carbon in fine-grained sediments and the "Goldilocks Conditions": a case study of the Grey Shale and Mulgrave Shale (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) preserved in northeast England 7.1. Abstract 7.2. Introduction 7.3. Aims and objectives 7.4. Geological setting 7.5. Material and methods 7.6. Results 7.6.1. Silt-bearing, clay-rich mudstone 7.6.2. Clay-rich mudstone 7.6.3. Clay-, calcareous nannoplankton-, and organic carbon-bearing mudstone 7.7. Discussion 7.7.1. Sediment dispersal in the Whitby Mudstone Formation: background to preserving organic carbon 7.7.2. Organo-minerallic aggregates and the preservation of organic carbon S. Ghadeer (2011) PhD Thesis Lower Jurassic Cleveland Basin 4 7.7.3. Bioturbation in the Whitby Mudstone Formation-organic carbon preservation and the role of anoxia 7.8. Conclusions Acknowledgments Chapter 8: Sequence stratigraphy in organic-carbon rich mudstone Succession: a case study of the Whitby Mudstone Formation, NE England 8.1. Abstract 8.2. Introduction and aims 8.3. The depositional environments of the Whitby Mudstone Formation 8.4. Materials and methods 8.5. Results 8.6. Discussion 8.6.1. Background to the sequence stratigraphy interpretation 8.6.2. Stacking patterns and sequence stratigraphy 8.6.3. Early diagenesis and stratal surfaces 8.7. Conclusions Acknowledgments Section 3: Synthesis and conclusions Chapter 9: Synthesis, conclusions, and recommendations for further research 9.1. Synthesis and conclusions 9.2. Recommendations for future research Final word count: 57479
International Journal of Geoinformatics and Geological Science, 2020
Detailed textural study of Alsanaouber area in the Syrian coast (35 ° 27` 50 "and 35 ° 2... more Detailed textural study of Alsanaouber area in the Syrian coast (35 ° 27` 50 "and 35 ° 27` 56": 35 ° 51` 56 "and 35 ° 51` 48") has been carried out to determine the sedimented nature, distribution, and transportation mode. The sediments are mainly coarse to fine sand, moderately sorted, very negatively skewed, and mesokurtic. The interrelationship of various parameters shows the bimodal nature of sediments dominating mainly medium to coarse sand. Based on the CM pattern, the sediment falls in the rolling and suspension field. These factors indicate that the wave energy conditions were high enough to disperse the sediments along the coast. Linear Discriminate Function analysis (LDF) of the samples indicates that the deposition of sediment is affected by both fluvial and marine processes.
AbstractIn this study the Cleveland Ironstone and Whitby Mudstone Formations have beeninvestigate... more AbstractIn this study the Cleveland Ironstone and Whitby Mudstone Formations have beeninvestigated to characterise: a) the evolving mudstone facies present in a basin that isgradually deepening and developing bottom water anoxia over time and b) what thefundamental geological controls were on this variability.Using detailed facies descriptions obtained from analyses of approximately 151 samplesobtained from combined optical, electron optical and geochemical methods 6 lithofacieshave been identified. These include: 1) sand and clay-bearing, silt-rich mudstones, 2) siltbearing,clay-rich mudstones, 3) clay-rich mudstones, 4) clay, calcareous nannoplankton-,and organic carbon-bearing mudstones, 5) fine-grained muddy sandstones, and 6) cementrichmudstones. Individually, the samples are highly heterogeneous and typically organisedinto thin beds (<10 mm thick). These beds contain varying proportions of materials derivedfrom inputs to the basin, primary production within the basin and th...
Mud and mudstones are the most abundant (>60%) sediment and sedimentary rock type preserved at... more Mud and mudstones are the most abundant (>60%) sediment and sedimentary rock type preserved at and close to the surface of the Earth. They have formed commonly throughout the Phanerozoic and are found in many environments including present-day soils, lake basins, continental shelves, and ocean basins. Mudstones deposited in ancient shelf seas are particularly important as they are very common and significant components of many petroleum systems as sources and seals. In spite of their importance the variability that they exhibit is usually not incorporated into basin-scale facies models as they are assumed to contain little information that is useful in predicting the distribution of reservoir facies. The fundamental mechanisms (physical, chemical and biological) that control the origin of fine-grained sediments in ancient shelf seas is less studied in comparison with other sediments types (e.g. limestones and sandstones). The Middle Jurassic aged succession from the Staithes Sand...
... that includes the Cleveland Ironstone Formation, the Grey Shale and Mulgrave Shale (formerly ... more ... that includes the Cleveland Ironstone Formation, the Grey Shale and Mulgrave Shale (formerly Jet Rock) Members of the Whitby Mudstone Formation ... Anoxic Event, extinction episodes associated with this event, and the role of micro-organisms in early diagenesis (eg Howarth ...
Detailed textural study of Alsanaouber area in the Syrian coast (35 ° 27` 50 "and 35 ° 27` 56": 3... more Detailed textural study of Alsanaouber area in the Syrian coast (35 ° 27` 50 "and 35 ° 27` 56": 35 ° 51` 56 "and 35 ° 51` 48") has been carried out to determine the sedimented nature, distribution, and transportation mode. The sediments are mainly coarse to fine sand, moderately sorted, very negatively skewed, and mesokurtic. The interrelationship of various parameters shows the bimodal nature of sediments dominating mainly medium to coarse sand. Based on the CM pattern, the sediment falls in the rolling and suspension field. These factors indicate that the wave energy conditions were high enough to disperse the sediments along the coast. Linear Discriminate Function analysis (LDF) of the samples indicates that the deposition of sediment is affected by both fluvial and marine processes.
Geologists have recently observed that source rocks commonly contain a wide variety of microfabri... more Geologists have recently observed that source rocks commonly contain a wide variety of microfabrics, including diminutive ripples and burrows. The existence of these fabrics challenges the assumption that persistent bottom-water anoxia and low-energy conditions are necessary prerequisites for enhanced organic carbon preservation in these units. In order to enhance our understanding of the depositional and diagenetic processes responsible for organic carbon preservation in these strata, the lower Jurassic Whitby Mudstone Formation, which contains mudstones with up to 14.2% total organic carbon, has been investigated using optical, electron optical and geochemical methods.
Thiruchendur coast of southern Tamilnadu, India has been studied for grain-size spectrum and text... more Thiruchendur coast of southern Tamilnadu, India has been studied for grain-size spectrum and textural parameters namely mean, sorting, skewness and kurtosis. The grainsize spectrum shows a marked variation in the berm, high tide line (HTL) and low tide line (LTL) stretches. Variation in energy condition is controlled by geomorphology of the sedimentary beach. Textural pattern shows complicated profile as a result of the fluctuation in the physicochemical conditions due to the sediments and the marine interactions. Abundance of the medium sand to fine sand shows the prevalence of comparatively moderate-to low-energy condition in the Thiruchendur area. Linear discriminate function of the samples indicates an aeolian, shallow marine deposition environment and less influence of fluvial (7 %) process. CM diagram (C 0 one percentile in microns M 0 medium in microns) of Thiruchendur coast sediments suggests that deposition takes place by (1) rolling, (2) bottom suspension, (3) graded suspension. This is also supported by the wave energy in different stretches in beach line and also tractive current figure implies the sediments disturbed by the tractive and turbidity currents. The heavy minerals are concentrated in the berm (average, 11.8 %) and high tide line (average, 11.2 %) because of highenergy condition and aeolian action. Quartz microtextures show the mechanical action due to high-energy condition in Manapad and Kuduthalai areas, the chemical action because of to low-energy condition along the Thiruchendur, Kallamozhi areas.
Declaration Copyright statement Section 1: Introduction and background Chapter 1: Introduction an... more Declaration Copyright statement Section 1: Introduction and background Chapter 1: Introduction and thesis outline 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Rationale 1.3. Mudstone facies at basinal scales 1.4. Aims and objectives of the study 1.5. Outline of the thesis Chapter 2: Mud dispersal on modern continental shelves 2.1. Tidal processes 2.2. Wave and storm processes 2.3. Density flow (wave-enhanced sediment-gravity flows and turbidites) 2.4. Marine snow Chapter 3: Background to the study 3.1. Sources of fine-grained sediments in ancient sedimentary successions 3.2. Bioturbation (early oxic diagenesis) and compaction 3.3. Bottom water anoxia 3.4. Effects of early diagenesis 3.5. Fine-grained sediments lamination and bedding 3.6. Fine-grained sediments and sequence stratigraphy Chapter 4: Study area and geological background 4.1. Study area 4.2. Geological background Chapter 5: Methodology 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Field work procedures 5.3. Sampling strategy 5.4. Petrographic methods 5.4.1. The preparation of thin sections 5.4.2. Thin-section scan Acknowledgments Chapter 7: Sedimentological controls on the preservation of organic carbon in fine-grained sediments and the "Goldilocks Conditions": a case study of the Grey Shale and Mulgrave Shale (Toarcian, Lower Jurassic) preserved in northeast England 7.1. Abstract 7.2. Introduction 7.3. Aims and objectives 7.4. Geological setting 7.5. Material and methods 7.6. Results 7.6.1. Silt-bearing, clay-rich mudstone 7.6.2. Clay-rich mudstone 7.6.3. Clay-, calcareous nannoplankton-, and organic carbon-bearing mudstone 7.7. Discussion 7.7.1. Sediment dispersal in the Whitby Mudstone Formation: background to preserving organic carbon 7.7.2. Organo-minerallic aggregates and the preservation of organic carbon S. Ghadeer (2011) PhD Thesis Lower Jurassic Cleveland Basin 4 7.7.3. Bioturbation in the Whitby Mudstone Formation-organic carbon preservation and the role of anoxia 7.8. Conclusions Acknowledgments Chapter 8: Sequence stratigraphy in organic-carbon rich mudstone Succession: a case study of the Whitby Mudstone Formation, NE England 8.1. Abstract 8.2. Introduction and aims 8.3. The depositional environments of the Whitby Mudstone Formation 8.4. Materials and methods 8.5. Results 8.6. Discussion 8.6.1. Background to the sequence stratigraphy interpretation 8.6.2. Stacking patterns and sequence stratigraphy 8.6.3. Early diagenesis and stratal surfaces 8.7. Conclusions Acknowledgments Section 3: Synthesis and conclusions Chapter 9: Synthesis, conclusions, and recommendations for further research 9.1. Synthesis and conclusions 9.2. Recommendations for future research Final word count: 57479
International Journal of Geoinformatics and Geological Science, 2020
Detailed textural study of Alsanaouber area in the Syrian coast (35 ° 27` 50 &quot;and 35 ° 2... more Detailed textural study of Alsanaouber area in the Syrian coast (35 ° 27` 50 &quot;and 35 ° 27` 56&quot;: 35 ° 51` 56 &quot;and 35 ° 51` 48&quot;) has been carried out to determine the sedimented nature, distribution, and transportation mode. The sediments are mainly coarse to fine sand, moderately sorted, very negatively skewed, and mesokurtic. The interrelationship of various parameters shows the bimodal nature of sediments dominating mainly medium to coarse sand. Based on the CM pattern, the sediment falls in the rolling and suspension field. These factors indicate that the wave energy conditions were high enough to disperse the sediments along the coast. Linear Discriminate Function analysis (LDF) of the samples indicates that the deposition of sediment is affected by both fluvial and marine processes.
AbstractIn this study the Cleveland Ironstone and Whitby Mudstone Formations have beeninvestigate... more AbstractIn this study the Cleveland Ironstone and Whitby Mudstone Formations have beeninvestigated to characterise: a) the evolving mudstone facies present in a basin that isgradually deepening and developing bottom water anoxia over time and b) what thefundamental geological controls were on this variability.Using detailed facies descriptions obtained from analyses of approximately 151 samplesobtained from combined optical, electron optical and geochemical methods 6 lithofacieshave been identified. These include: 1) sand and clay-bearing, silt-rich mudstones, 2) siltbearing,clay-rich mudstones, 3) clay-rich mudstones, 4) clay, calcareous nannoplankton-,and organic carbon-bearing mudstones, 5) fine-grained muddy sandstones, and 6) cementrichmudstones. Individually, the samples are highly heterogeneous and typically organisedinto thin beds (<10 mm thick). These beds contain varying proportions of materials derivedfrom inputs to the basin, primary production within the basin and th...
Mud and mudstones are the most abundant (>60%) sediment and sedimentary rock type preserved at... more Mud and mudstones are the most abundant (>60%) sediment and sedimentary rock type preserved at and close to the surface of the Earth. They have formed commonly throughout the Phanerozoic and are found in many environments including present-day soils, lake basins, continental shelves, and ocean basins. Mudstones deposited in ancient shelf seas are particularly important as they are very common and significant components of many petroleum systems as sources and seals. In spite of their importance the variability that they exhibit is usually not incorporated into basin-scale facies models as they are assumed to contain little information that is useful in predicting the distribution of reservoir facies. The fundamental mechanisms (physical, chemical and biological) that control the origin of fine-grained sediments in ancient shelf seas is less studied in comparison with other sediments types (e.g. limestones and sandstones). The Middle Jurassic aged succession from the Staithes Sand...
... that includes the Cleveland Ironstone Formation, the Grey Shale and Mulgrave Shale (formerly ... more ... that includes the Cleveland Ironstone Formation, the Grey Shale and Mulgrave Shale (formerly Jet Rock) Members of the Whitby Mudstone Formation ... Anoxic Event, extinction episodes associated with this event, and the role of micro-organisms in early diagenesis (eg Howarth ...
Detailed textural study of Alsanaouber area in the Syrian coast (35 ° 27` 50 "and 35 ° 27` 56": 3... more Detailed textural study of Alsanaouber area in the Syrian coast (35 ° 27` 50 "and 35 ° 27` 56": 35 ° 51` 56 "and 35 ° 51` 48") has been carried out to determine the sedimented nature, distribution, and transportation mode. The sediments are mainly coarse to fine sand, moderately sorted, very negatively skewed, and mesokurtic. The interrelationship of various parameters shows the bimodal nature of sediments dominating mainly medium to coarse sand. Based on the CM pattern, the sediment falls in the rolling and suspension field. These factors indicate that the wave energy conditions were high enough to disperse the sediments along the coast. Linear Discriminate Function analysis (LDF) of the samples indicates that the deposition of sediment is affected by both fluvial and marine processes.
Geologists have recently observed that source rocks commonly contain a wide variety of microfabri... more Geologists have recently observed that source rocks commonly contain a wide variety of microfabrics, including diminutive ripples and burrows. The existence of these fabrics challenges the assumption that persistent bottom-water anoxia and low-energy conditions are necessary prerequisites for enhanced organic carbon preservation in these units. In order to enhance our understanding of the depositional and diagenetic processes responsible for organic carbon preservation in these strata, the lower Jurassic Whitby Mudstone Formation, which contains mudstones with up to 14.2% total organic carbon, has been investigated using optical, electron optical and geochemical methods.
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