The global production of aquatic organisms has grown steadily in recent decades. This increase in... more The global production of aquatic organisms has grown steadily in recent decades. This increase in production results in high volumes of by-products and waste, generally considered to be of low commercial value and part of them are consequently discarded in landfills or in the sea, causing serious environmental problems when not used. Currently, a large part of the reused aquaculture waste is destined for the feed industry. This generally undervalued waste presents an important source of bioactive compounds in its composition, such as: amino acids, carotenoids, chitin and its derivatives, fatty acids and minerals. These compounds are capable of offering numerous benefits due to their bioactive properties. However, the applicability of these compounds may be opportune in several other sectors. This review describes studies that seek to obtain and apply bioactive compounds from different sources of aquaculture waste, thus adding commercial value to these underutilized biomasses.HIGHLIGHTSVolume of aquaculture industrial waste from crustaceans and mollusks.Quantity and quality of bioactive components in aquaculture waste.Applications of recovered proteins, lipids, chitin, carotenoids and minerals.Future prospects for the destination of aquaculture waste.
In this study Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) occurrence in fish ... more In this study Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) occurrence in fish feed, regarding its chemical composition, were investigated. Besides, AFB 1 bioaccessibility to fish was evaluated by in vitro digestion. Mycotoxins were extracted by QuEChERS and quantified by HPLC-FLD. Results showed that 93.3% of the samples were contaminated at maximum levels of 16.5, 31.6, and 322 µg/kg in the cases of AFB 1 , OTA, and ZEN, respectively. A positive correlation between OTA, ZEN contamination, and lipid content was observed. Risk estimation of feed consumption by fish at the highest levels of AFB 1 , OTA, and ZEN shows that the younger the fish, the higher the risk of exposure to mycotoxins. The AFB 1 bioaccessibility assay showed that 85% of this mycotoxin may be absorbed by fish. Therefore, establishing maximum levels in the fishing sector is fundamental to contribute to feed quality and nutritional safety of fish species.
Abstract With the productive intensification of fish farming, the partial or total replacement of... more Abstract With the productive intensification of fish farming, the partial or total replacement of fishmeal by ingredients of plant origin became a reality within the feed industry, with the aim of reducing costs. However, this practice increased the impact of mycotoxin contamination. Studies have shown that mycotoxins can induce various disorders in fish, such as cellular and organic alterations, as well as impair functional and morphological development, and, in more severe cases, mortality. Thus, studies have been conducted to evaluate and develop strategies to prevent the formation of mycotoxins, as well as to induce their elimination, inactivation or reduction of their availability in feed.
Although aquaculture is among the fastest growing food production sectors in the world, one of th... more Although aquaculture is among the fastest growing food production sectors in the world, one of the bottlenecks for the continuity of its expansion is the dependence of animal protein on commercial feed formulations. Vegetable proteins are an alternative due to the low cost and high availability. However, this protein source is accompanied by a series of antinutritional and pro-inflammatory compounds, including phytate. Phytases can be added in feed for phytate degradation and increase nutrient availability. However, the use of purified phytases significantly increases the production costs. An interesting alternative is to use probiotics genetically modified as bioreactors for phytase production. In the present study, a strain of Bacillus subtilis secreting a fungal phytase was used to evaluate the effect of a feed with high content of soybean meal on zebrafish (Danio rerio). We analysed the condition factor (K) of fish, and the expression of genes related to the immune system, inflammatory response and oxidative. stress. The results obtained demonstrate that the transgenic probiotic was efficient in improving the fish condition factor, stimulating the immune system, reducing the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Thus, probiotics acting as phytase bioreactors can be considered an interesting tool for the adaptation of commercial species to feed of lower cost.
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of including pumpkin seeds and pomac... more A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of including pumpkin seeds and pomace in the diets of Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei, and the effects of these supplements on growth performance, body composition, and total polyphenol, flavonoid and carotenoid contents, as well as on total antioxidant activity, and body color parameters. Five diets were evaluated: pumpkin seeds (PS) at 50 and 100 g·kg−1, pumpkin pomace (PP) at 50 and 100 g·kg−1, and a control treatment. Pacific white shrimp (P. vannamei) juveniles (0.60 ± 0.01 g) were stocked in 15 tanks (310 L), containing 30 shrimps per tank, and the treatments were randomly distributed in triplicate. At the end of the experiment, shrimps were euthanized, weighed, and dissected for further analyses. The inclusion of PS in the diets impaired growth performance, reduced the total flavonoid content and had a pro-oxidative effect on muscle. The inclusion of PP in the diets did not affect growth performance, improved ...
The objective of this was to evaluate the ability of bioflocs to assimilate and transfer antioxid... more The objective of this was to evaluate the ability of bioflocs to assimilate and transfer antioxidant compounds present in açaí Euterpe oleracea to juvenile Penaeus vannamei shrimp grown in a biofloc system. Juvenile shrimp were distributed into four treatment groups (control, 5, 20, and 80 mg açaí L−1), containing 31 shrimps/tank (90 L), and cultivated for 30 days. Every 24 h throughout the experimental period, the respective açaí concentrations were added directly to the cultivation water. The bioflocs and hepatopancreas lost their antioxidant capacity with increasing concentrations of açaí; however, lipid damage was mitigated after treatment with 20 mg of açaí L−1 (p < 0.05). The application of 20 mg açaí L−1 increased the mean height and area of the middle intestinal microvilli (p < 0.05). Mortality and protein and lipid damage in shrimp muscle increased with daily administration of 80 mg açaí L−1 (p < 0.05). It is concluded that the bioflocs were able to assimilate the ...
Peroxidase (PO) has been applied in different areas of industrial biotechnology, including the co... more Peroxidase (PO) has been applied in different areas of industrial biotechnology, including the control of contaminants like aflatoxin B1 in fish feeds. However, its potential negative interactions with the macro and micro components of feeds have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PO’s addition to a feed on compounds like fatty acids and polyphenols using an in vitro simulation of the digestive tract of the tilapia. The influence on fatty acids was determined by changes in the peroxide index, with the feed including PO presenting values four times higher than those of the control feed. On the other hand, the in vitro digestive simulation also evidenced an effect of PO on the bioaccessibility of polyphenols significantly influenced by the total digestion time and temperature. The bioaccessibility of polyphenol ranged from 2.09 to 16.23 μmol of the total Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity for the combinations evaluated in the study. The greates...
A anestesia tem sido utilizada em aquicultura como técnica para facilitar a manipulação dos anima... more A anestesia tem sido utilizada em aquicultura como técnica para facilitar a manipulação dos animais e amenizar o estresse causado pelos procedimentos de manejo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a eficiência de quatro fármacos como anestésico em juvenis de tainha Mugil liza. Os peixes (6,9 ± 1,4 g) foram submetidos individualmente (N=10 por concentração) à anestesia utilizando-se quatro concentrações de benzocaína (
Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinaria E Zootecnia, Aug 1, 2012
Yersiniose em Trachinotus marginatus (pampo). Diagnóstico histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico [Y... more Yersiniose em Trachinotus marginatus (pampo). Diagnóstico histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico [Yersiniosis in Trachinotus marginatus (pampo): Histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnostic]
Abstract The effects of salinity on growth and parameters related to osmoregulation and energy tu... more Abstract The effects of salinity on growth and parameters related to osmoregulation and energy turnover were evaluated in juvenile pompano Trachinotus marginatus . In a first experiment, fish were reared at different salinities (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 ppt) for 15 days. No fish mortality was observed. Also, no significant difference in fish size (length and weight), hematocrit and plasma glucose concentration was observed among treatments. Although a significant increase in plasma Na + , Cl − and K + concentrations was noted with increasing water salinities, while no significant changes in plasma osmolality were observed. The isosmotic point was calculated as 357.5 mOsm/kg H 2 O, corresponding to the osmolality of the ambient water at salinity 13.1 ppt. These findings indicate that juvenile pompanos T. marginatus acclimated to 20 ppt are fully acclimated to a wide range of salinities (4–20 ppt) after 15 days of transfer to the new salinity condition. Also, they show that the plasma isosmotic point of juvenile T. marginatus (13 ppt) is within the range of values reported for some euryhaline teleost fish from different habitats (10–14 ppt). In a second experiment, fish were reared at different salinities (3, 6, 12 and 32 ppt) for 28 days. No significant difference in survival, feed conversion, Fulton's condition factor, body weight coefficient of variation, feed intake and intestinal trypsin activity was observed among salinity treatments. However, fish reared at 32 ppt showed lower body weight, specific growth rate, oxygen consumption, and gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity than those reared at 3 and 6 ppt. Also, their gills showed higher chloride cell area, epithelium thickness, chloride cell density and mucous cell density than those of fish reared at 3, 6 and 12 ppt. These findings indicate that juvenile pompano T. marginatus is euryhaline in the range of salinities tested (3–32 ppt) and grows better when reared at low salinities (3–6 ppt) for 28 days. This performance is associated with a good osmoregulatory ability resulting from structural and biochemical adaptive responses of the gill epithelium to salinity changes paralleled by increased aerobic metabolism and elevated use of liver carbohydrate store. Although it would be cost effective to maintain higher salinities in coastal aquaculture systems given the proximity to the marine environment, our findings support the idea of rearing juvenile pompano T. marginatus in low salinities (3–6 ppt) to improve growth. Statement of relevance Pompano rearing performance is improved in low salinities.
Text Correction In the published article, there was an error. [Error in editing the unit of measu... more Text Correction In the published article, there was an error. [Error in editing the unit of measure]. A correction has been made to [Material and methods], [Fish and acclimatization], [First paragraph]. This sentence previously stated: "[The water quality parameters analyzed daily were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity, which had a mean of 27.9 ± 0.05 °C, 6.65 ± 0.0, 5.
Phosphorus is an essential mineral present in the vegetable matter in the form of phytate, which ... more Phosphorus is an essential mineral present in the vegetable matter in the form of phytate, which is considered an antinutritional factor. Phytate can be degraded by phytases, which have been used in commercial feeds. However, these enzymes undergo costly isolation and purification processes. In the present study, a genetically modified (GM) Bacillus subtilis strain that expresses a fungal phytase was used as a feed additive. The GM probiotic was added to the commercial feed of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its effects on zootechnical performance, proximate composition of muscle, lipid concentration in hepatopancreas and expression of genes related to digestion, amino acid metabolism and antioxidant defenses were analyzed. Although the genetically modified probiotic had no impact on growth parameters, there was a 39% increase in phosphorus content in muscle. In addition, genes related to digestion were downregulated in shrimp hepatopancreas, as well as an increase in lipids in this...
The global production of aquatic organisms has grown steadily in recent decades. This increase in... more The global production of aquatic organisms has grown steadily in recent decades. This increase in production results in high volumes of by-products and waste, generally considered to be of low commercial value and part of them are consequently discarded in landfills or in the sea, causing serious environmental problems when not used. Currently, a large part of the reused aquaculture waste is destined for the feed industry. This generally undervalued waste presents an important source of bioactive compounds in its composition, such as: amino acids, carotenoids, chitin and its derivatives, fatty acids and minerals. These compounds are capable of offering numerous benefits due to their bioactive properties. However, the applicability of these compounds may be opportune in several other sectors. This review describes studies that seek to obtain and apply bioactive compounds from different sources of aquaculture waste, thus adding commercial value to these underutilized biomasses.HIGHLIGHTSVolume of aquaculture industrial waste from crustaceans and mollusks.Quantity and quality of bioactive components in aquaculture waste.Applications of recovered proteins, lipids, chitin, carotenoids and minerals.Future prospects for the destination of aquaculture waste.
In this study Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) occurrence in fish ... more In this study Aflatoxin B 1 (AFB 1), ochratoxin A (OTA) and zearalenone (ZEN) occurrence in fish feed, regarding its chemical composition, were investigated. Besides, AFB 1 bioaccessibility to fish was evaluated by in vitro digestion. Mycotoxins were extracted by QuEChERS and quantified by HPLC-FLD. Results showed that 93.3% of the samples were contaminated at maximum levels of 16.5, 31.6, and 322 µg/kg in the cases of AFB 1 , OTA, and ZEN, respectively. A positive correlation between OTA, ZEN contamination, and lipid content was observed. Risk estimation of feed consumption by fish at the highest levels of AFB 1 , OTA, and ZEN shows that the younger the fish, the higher the risk of exposure to mycotoxins. The AFB 1 bioaccessibility assay showed that 85% of this mycotoxin may be absorbed by fish. Therefore, establishing maximum levels in the fishing sector is fundamental to contribute to feed quality and nutritional safety of fish species.
Abstract With the productive intensification of fish farming, the partial or total replacement of... more Abstract With the productive intensification of fish farming, the partial or total replacement of fishmeal by ingredients of plant origin became a reality within the feed industry, with the aim of reducing costs. However, this practice increased the impact of mycotoxin contamination. Studies have shown that mycotoxins can induce various disorders in fish, such as cellular and organic alterations, as well as impair functional and morphological development, and, in more severe cases, mortality. Thus, studies have been conducted to evaluate and develop strategies to prevent the formation of mycotoxins, as well as to induce their elimination, inactivation or reduction of their availability in feed.
Although aquaculture is among the fastest growing food production sectors in the world, one of th... more Although aquaculture is among the fastest growing food production sectors in the world, one of the bottlenecks for the continuity of its expansion is the dependence of animal protein on commercial feed formulations. Vegetable proteins are an alternative due to the low cost and high availability. However, this protein source is accompanied by a series of antinutritional and pro-inflammatory compounds, including phytate. Phytases can be added in feed for phytate degradation and increase nutrient availability. However, the use of purified phytases significantly increases the production costs. An interesting alternative is to use probiotics genetically modified as bioreactors for phytase production. In the present study, a strain of Bacillus subtilis secreting a fungal phytase was used to evaluate the effect of a feed with high content of soybean meal on zebrafish (Danio rerio). We analysed the condition factor (K) of fish, and the expression of genes related to the immune system, inflammatory response and oxidative. stress. The results obtained demonstrate that the transgenic probiotic was efficient in improving the fish condition factor, stimulating the immune system, reducing the inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Thus, probiotics acting as phytase bioreactors can be considered an interesting tool for the adaptation of commercial species to feed of lower cost.
A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of including pumpkin seeds and pomac... more A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of including pumpkin seeds and pomace in the diets of Pacific white shrimp Penaeus vannamei, and the effects of these supplements on growth performance, body composition, and total polyphenol, flavonoid and carotenoid contents, as well as on total antioxidant activity, and body color parameters. Five diets were evaluated: pumpkin seeds (PS) at 50 and 100 g·kg−1, pumpkin pomace (PP) at 50 and 100 g·kg−1, and a control treatment. Pacific white shrimp (P. vannamei) juveniles (0.60 ± 0.01 g) were stocked in 15 tanks (310 L), containing 30 shrimps per tank, and the treatments were randomly distributed in triplicate. At the end of the experiment, shrimps were euthanized, weighed, and dissected for further analyses. The inclusion of PS in the diets impaired growth performance, reduced the total flavonoid content and had a pro-oxidative effect on muscle. The inclusion of PP in the diets did not affect growth performance, improved ...
The objective of this was to evaluate the ability of bioflocs to assimilate and transfer antioxid... more The objective of this was to evaluate the ability of bioflocs to assimilate and transfer antioxidant compounds present in açaí Euterpe oleracea to juvenile Penaeus vannamei shrimp grown in a biofloc system. Juvenile shrimp were distributed into four treatment groups (control, 5, 20, and 80 mg açaí L−1), containing 31 shrimps/tank (90 L), and cultivated for 30 days. Every 24 h throughout the experimental period, the respective açaí concentrations were added directly to the cultivation water. The bioflocs and hepatopancreas lost their antioxidant capacity with increasing concentrations of açaí; however, lipid damage was mitigated after treatment with 20 mg of açaí L−1 (p < 0.05). The application of 20 mg açaí L−1 increased the mean height and area of the middle intestinal microvilli (p < 0.05). Mortality and protein and lipid damage in shrimp muscle increased with daily administration of 80 mg açaí L−1 (p < 0.05). It is concluded that the bioflocs were able to assimilate the ...
Peroxidase (PO) has been applied in different areas of industrial biotechnology, including the co... more Peroxidase (PO) has been applied in different areas of industrial biotechnology, including the control of contaminants like aflatoxin B1 in fish feeds. However, its potential negative interactions with the macro and micro components of feeds have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of PO’s addition to a feed on compounds like fatty acids and polyphenols using an in vitro simulation of the digestive tract of the tilapia. The influence on fatty acids was determined by changes in the peroxide index, with the feed including PO presenting values four times higher than those of the control feed. On the other hand, the in vitro digestive simulation also evidenced an effect of PO on the bioaccessibility of polyphenols significantly influenced by the total digestion time and temperature. The bioaccessibility of polyphenol ranged from 2.09 to 16.23 μmol of the total Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity for the combinations evaluated in the study. The greates...
A anestesia tem sido utilizada em aquicultura como técnica para facilitar a manipulação dos anima... more A anestesia tem sido utilizada em aquicultura como técnica para facilitar a manipulação dos animais e amenizar o estresse causado pelos procedimentos de manejo. O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar a eficiência de quatro fármacos como anestésico em juvenis de tainha Mugil liza. Os peixes (6,9 ± 1,4 g) foram submetidos individualmente (N=10 por concentração) à anestesia utilizando-se quatro concentrações de benzocaína (
Arquivo Brasileiro De Medicina Veterinaria E Zootecnia, Aug 1, 2012
Yersiniose em Trachinotus marginatus (pampo). Diagnóstico histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico [Y... more Yersiniose em Trachinotus marginatus (pampo). Diagnóstico histopatológico e imuno-histoquímico [Yersiniosis in Trachinotus marginatus (pampo): Histopathological and immunohistochemical diagnostic]
Abstract The effects of salinity on growth and parameters related to osmoregulation and energy tu... more Abstract The effects of salinity on growth and parameters related to osmoregulation and energy turnover were evaluated in juvenile pompano Trachinotus marginatus . In a first experiment, fish were reared at different salinities (4, 8, 12, 16 and 20 ppt) for 15 days. No fish mortality was observed. Also, no significant difference in fish size (length and weight), hematocrit and plasma glucose concentration was observed among treatments. Although a significant increase in plasma Na + , Cl − and K + concentrations was noted with increasing water salinities, while no significant changes in plasma osmolality were observed. The isosmotic point was calculated as 357.5 mOsm/kg H 2 O, corresponding to the osmolality of the ambient water at salinity 13.1 ppt. These findings indicate that juvenile pompanos T. marginatus acclimated to 20 ppt are fully acclimated to a wide range of salinities (4–20 ppt) after 15 days of transfer to the new salinity condition. Also, they show that the plasma isosmotic point of juvenile T. marginatus (13 ppt) is within the range of values reported for some euryhaline teleost fish from different habitats (10–14 ppt). In a second experiment, fish were reared at different salinities (3, 6, 12 and 32 ppt) for 28 days. No significant difference in survival, feed conversion, Fulton's condition factor, body weight coefficient of variation, feed intake and intestinal trypsin activity was observed among salinity treatments. However, fish reared at 32 ppt showed lower body weight, specific growth rate, oxygen consumption, and gill Na + ,K + -ATPase activity than those reared at 3 and 6 ppt. Also, their gills showed higher chloride cell area, epithelium thickness, chloride cell density and mucous cell density than those of fish reared at 3, 6 and 12 ppt. These findings indicate that juvenile pompano T. marginatus is euryhaline in the range of salinities tested (3–32 ppt) and grows better when reared at low salinities (3–6 ppt) for 28 days. This performance is associated with a good osmoregulatory ability resulting from structural and biochemical adaptive responses of the gill epithelium to salinity changes paralleled by increased aerobic metabolism and elevated use of liver carbohydrate store. Although it would be cost effective to maintain higher salinities in coastal aquaculture systems given the proximity to the marine environment, our findings support the idea of rearing juvenile pompano T. marginatus in low salinities (3–6 ppt) to improve growth. Statement of relevance Pompano rearing performance is improved in low salinities.
Text Correction In the published article, there was an error. [Error in editing the unit of measu... more Text Correction In the published article, there was an error. [Error in editing the unit of measure]. A correction has been made to [Material and methods], [Fish and acclimatization], [First paragraph]. This sentence previously stated: "[The water quality parameters analyzed daily were temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity, which had a mean of 27.9 ± 0.05 °C, 6.65 ± 0.0, 5.
Phosphorus is an essential mineral present in the vegetable matter in the form of phytate, which ... more Phosphorus is an essential mineral present in the vegetable matter in the form of phytate, which is considered an antinutritional factor. Phytate can be degraded by phytases, which have been used in commercial feeds. However, these enzymes undergo costly isolation and purification processes. In the present study, a genetically modified (GM) Bacillus subtilis strain that expresses a fungal phytase was used as a feed additive. The GM probiotic was added to the commercial feed of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and its effects on zootechnical performance, proximate composition of muscle, lipid concentration in hepatopancreas and expression of genes related to digestion, amino acid metabolism and antioxidant defenses were analyzed. Although the genetically modified probiotic had no impact on growth parameters, there was a 39% increase in phosphorus content in muscle. In addition, genes related to digestion were downregulated in shrimp hepatopancreas, as well as an increase in lipids in this...
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