This paper presents results of application of natural and synthetic organic pigments in selective... more This paper presents results of application of natural and synthetic organic pigments in selective solar absorber coatings. Some of these photo excite pigments were tested like solar radiation absorber pigments in paint coatings and others as a form to increase the absorption of solar radiation in titanium oxide monolayer selective coatings produced by reactive magnetron sputtering. Morphologic aspects and optical properties are discussed as a function of deposition parameters and of formulation parameters. The main goal is to prepare solar absorber surfaces as a tandem of TiOx thin films, organic pigment using a conductive substrate or of paint with organic and/or inorganic pigments and conductive substrate, all reaching great photo thermal conversion efficiency, high durability and low costs to the ending product and stability at medium range temperatures (120-150oC). The best optical properties for titanium oxide sputtered films were 88% for solar absorption, with 7% of emissivity...
This paper starts remembering the steps given in Portugal to prepare the introduction of a solar ... more This paper starts remembering the steps given in Portugal to prepare the introduction of a solar thermal obligation. Next, it presents a description of the present legislation related to the Solar Thermal Obligation (STO) and to other incentive measures for growth of the solar thermal market in Portugal. The main problems with implementation of the new regulation are analysed and systematized. Based on the acquired knowledge, further actions are presented to guarantee the success of Solar Thermal Obligation, namely proposals for updating the obligation in conformity with best practice for solar thermal installations and taking into account the new realities upcoming from the actual solar thermal market development, without sacrificing the final technical quality and user satisfaction.
... curriculares dos respectivos cursos de aprendizagem e de pré-aprendizagem, figuraram as de in... more ... curriculares dos respectivos cursos de aprendizagem e de pré-aprendizagem, figuraram as de instalador / montador de sistemas de aquecimento (curso de 3 anos de operador de equipamentos energéticos, acessível com o 6.º ano de escolaridade), com certificação de nível ...
Introduction Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solaro... more Introduction Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solarordinances.eu/), this paper presents a tentative approach to the best way for a successful implementation of a solar thermal obligation (STO) in a community. The EU framework, and base line assessment-including success factors and performance indicators were presented by the ProSTO coordinator elsewhere [1]. The Portuguese case was presented elsewhere too [2]. Here, all the complete set of measures that must be taken to succeed, will be presented. The experience shows that it is necessary to get an integrated "policy package" in the way of "zero building emissions", around the kernel key point of clear requirements, aiming energy savings, namely for energy demand limitation, and energy efficiency of thermal installations. A parent kernel key point of this "policy package" is quality: certification of thermal solar system and components-solar collectors, factory made systems, and custom built systems; planner, designer and installer certification; technical impositions in the regulations (supported by a very consistent manual of actual good practices for solar thermal applications, with a flexible method to follow new developments); guarantee impositions (maintenance contract). All relevant documents of these quality items must be integrated in the Building Use Manual for easy management. Another kernel key point, this with focus on overcoming barriers, is that of public awareness, aiming to create an understanding that the implementation of a STO is not another awful bureaucratic burden, throughout on-line information (lists of certified equipments, installers, technical description of the equipments, manual of good practices, scholar materials (class notes, computer codes, homework assignments, etc.), etc.), and the implementation of training courses for all stakeholders. 2. The Portuguese case framework During 2001 the Forum "Renewable Energies in Portugal" took place, with several groups responsible for studying each area [3]. One of them was the group for the "Solar Thermal". The conclusions of the Forum were integrated in the Program E4 (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies) [3]. In the framework of E4, a sub-program was launched, called "SWH-Solar Water Heating for Portugal". Considering a maximum possible of 15 millions of m² of solar collectors (52% in the domestic sector and 48% in the Industry) it was considered reasonable to install 1 million m² until 2010, with an annual rate of 150 000 m² for the last years. The emerging sector was supposed to correspond to 600 MEuro of business and 1500 direct jobs. The main measures considered to be implemented were: • Image Promotion of Solar Thermal Energy: Implementation of promotional campaigns of information for installers, entrepreneurs, and users. Creation of information Green Line. • Development of two structural ways of development for the solar thermal market: selling solar hot water (via ESCOs-Energy Service Companies) and selling/installation of SWH systems. • Quality Certification: Certification of products. Certification of installers and designers. • Incentives and subsidies: Reinforcement of fiscal incentives. Reformulation of the financial support in force (at that time, the so-called MAPE (Support Measure of Energy Production within the Portuguese Economy Operational Program)). • Complementary measures: Promotion of active solar thermal within the revision of the building's thermal regulations.
In order to improve the performance of thermal solar collectors, the development of good, durable... more In order to improve the performance of thermal solar collectors, the development of good, durable and reproducible spectrally selective solar absorber surfaces for photothermal conversion is of greatest importance. Spectrally selective cermet coatings were produced by DC magnetron sputtering using metallic chromium and titanium targets at constant target current, substrate bias and substrate temperature. These coatings are graded cermets with a metal concentration decreasing from the substrate to the coating surface. Basically, these coatings are formed with a layer structure consisting of a cermet layer enriched in metal, one or more cermet layers with less metal than the first one, and on top a pure ceramic layer as an antireflection layer. The metal layer was deposited by non-reactive DC sputtering, while the ceramic layers were deposited by DC reactive sputtering in argon-nitrogen or argon-oxygen atmosphere. The metallic and ceramic layers were deposited as a sub-layer system, consisting of alternating metallic and nitride or oxide sub-layers. The effect of the optical properties in dependence on the metallic fraction in the layers and the number of sub-layers in the film is discussed. For coatings based on chromium, the optimum selectivity achieved was a solar absorptance of 94% and a thermal emittance of 6% at 82 8C. For titanium oxynitride based coatings, the best selectivity achieved was a solar absorptance of 91% and a thermal emittance of 4%. The microstructure and thickness were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface microtopography was analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the metal concentration profile by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS).
Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solarordinances.eu/... more Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solarordinances.eu/), this paper presents a tentative approach to an integrated demand side measures (DSM) package that must be associated to a solar thermal obligation (STO) in a community. All the complete set of measures that must be taken to succeed will be presented. The experience shows that it is necessary to get an integrated "policy package" in the way of "zero building emissions", around the kernel key point of clear requirements, aiming energy savings, namely for energy demand limitation, and energy efficiency of thermal installations. A parent kernel key point of this "policy package" is quality: certification of thermal solar system and components; planner, designer and installer certification; technical mandatory requirements in the regulations; mandatory guarantee (maintenance contract). All relevant documents of these quality items must be integrated in the Building Use Manual for easy management. Another kernel key point, this one with focus on overcoming barriers, is public awareness, throughout on-line information (lists of certified equipments, installers, technical description of the equipments, manual of good practices, scholar materials (class notes, computer codes, homework assignments, etc.), etc.), and the implementation of training courses for all stakeholders.
Introduction Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solaro... more Introduction Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solarordinances.eu/), this paper presents a tentative approach to the best way for a successful implementation of a solar thermal obligation (STO) in a community. The EU framework, and base line assessment-including success factors and performance indicators were presented by the ProSTO coordinator elsewhere [1]. The Portuguese case was presented elsewhere too [2]. Here, all the complete set of measures that must be taken to succeed, will be presented. The experience shows that it is necessary to get an integrated "policy package" in the way of "zero building emissions", around the kernel key point of clear requirements, aiming energy savings, namely for energy demand limitation, and energy efficiency of thermal installations. A parent kernel key point of this "policy package" is quality: certification of thermal solar system and components-solar collectors, factory made systems, and custom built systems; planner, designer and installer certification; technical impositions in the regulations (supported by a very consistent manual of actual good practices for solar thermal applications, with a flexible method to follow new developments); guarantee impositions (maintenance contract). All relevant documents of these quality items must be integrated in the Building Use Manual for easy management. Another kernel key point, this with focus on overcoming barriers, is that of public awareness, aiming to create an understanding that the implementation of a STO is not another awful bureaucratic burden, throughout on-line information (lists of certified equipments, installers, technical description of the equipments, manual of good practices, scholar materials (class notes, computer codes, homework assignments, etc.), etc.), and the implementation of training courses for all stakeholders. 2. The Portuguese case framework During 2001 the Forum "Renewable Energies in Portugal" took place, with several groups responsible for studying each area [3]. One of them was the group for the "Solar Thermal". The conclusions of the Forum were integrated in the Program E4 (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies) [3]. In the framework of E4, a sub-program was launched, called "SWH-Solar Water Heating for Portugal". Considering a maximum possible of 15 millions of m² of solar collectors (52% in the domestic sector and 48% in the Industry) it was considered reasonable to install 1 million m² until 2010, with an annual rate of 150 000 m² for the last years. The emerging sector was supposed to correspond to 600 MEuro of business and 1500 direct jobs. The main measures considered to be implemented were: • Image Promotion of Solar Thermal Energy: Implementation of promotional campaigns of information for installers, entrepreneurs, and users. Creation of information Green Line. • Development of two structural ways of development for the solar thermal market: selling solar hot water (via ESCOs-Energy Service Companies) and selling/installation of SWH systems. • Quality Certification: Certification of products. Certification of installers and designers. • Incentives and subsidies: Reinforcement of fiscal incentives. Reformulation of the financial support in force (at that time, the so-called MAPE (Support Measure of Energy Production within the Portuguese Economy Operational Program)). • Complementary measures: Promotion of active solar thermal within the revision of the building's thermal regulations.
This paper presents results of application of natural and synthetic organic pigments in selective... more This paper presents results of application of natural and synthetic organic pigments in selective solar absorber coatings. Some of these photo excite pigments were tested like solar radiation absorber pigments in paint coatings and others as a form to increase the absorption of solar radiation in titanium oxide monolayer selective coatings produced by reactive magnetron sputtering. Morphologic aspects and optical properties are discussed as a function of deposition parameters and of formulation parameters. The main goal is to prepare solar absorber surfaces as a tandem of TiOx thin films, organic pigment using a conductive substrate or of paint with organic and/or inorganic pigments and conductive substrate, all reaching great photo thermal conversion efficiency, high durability and low costs to the ending product and stability at medium range temperatures (120-150oC). The best optical properties for titanium oxide sputtered films were 88% for solar absorption, with 7% of emissivity...
This paper starts remembering the steps given in Portugal to prepare the introduction of a solar ... more This paper starts remembering the steps given in Portugal to prepare the introduction of a solar thermal obligation. Next, it presents a description of the present legislation related to the Solar Thermal Obligation (STO) and to other incentive measures for growth of the solar thermal market in Portugal. The main problems with implementation of the new regulation are analysed and systematized. Based on the acquired knowledge, further actions are presented to guarantee the success of Solar Thermal Obligation, namely proposals for updating the obligation in conformity with best practice for solar thermal installations and taking into account the new realities upcoming from the actual solar thermal market development, without sacrificing the final technical quality and user satisfaction.
... curriculares dos respectivos cursos de aprendizagem e de pré-aprendizagem, figuraram as de in... more ... curriculares dos respectivos cursos de aprendizagem e de pré-aprendizagem, figuraram as de instalador / montador de sistemas de aquecimento (curso de 3 anos de operador de equipamentos energéticos, acessível com o 6.º ano de escolaridade), com certificação de nível ...
Introduction Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solaro... more Introduction Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solarordinances.eu/), this paper presents a tentative approach to the best way for a successful implementation of a solar thermal obligation (STO) in a community. The EU framework, and base line assessment-including success factors and performance indicators were presented by the ProSTO coordinator elsewhere [1]. The Portuguese case was presented elsewhere too [2]. Here, all the complete set of measures that must be taken to succeed, will be presented. The experience shows that it is necessary to get an integrated "policy package" in the way of "zero building emissions", around the kernel key point of clear requirements, aiming energy savings, namely for energy demand limitation, and energy efficiency of thermal installations. A parent kernel key point of this "policy package" is quality: certification of thermal solar system and components-solar collectors, factory made systems, and custom built systems; planner, designer and installer certification; technical impositions in the regulations (supported by a very consistent manual of actual good practices for solar thermal applications, with a flexible method to follow new developments); guarantee impositions (maintenance contract). All relevant documents of these quality items must be integrated in the Building Use Manual for easy management. Another kernel key point, this with focus on overcoming barriers, is that of public awareness, aiming to create an understanding that the implementation of a STO is not another awful bureaucratic burden, throughout on-line information (lists of certified equipments, installers, technical description of the equipments, manual of good practices, scholar materials (class notes, computer codes, homework assignments, etc.), etc.), and the implementation of training courses for all stakeholders. 2. The Portuguese case framework During 2001 the Forum "Renewable Energies in Portugal" took place, with several groups responsible for studying each area [3]. One of them was the group for the "Solar Thermal". The conclusions of the Forum were integrated in the Program E4 (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies) [3]. In the framework of E4, a sub-program was launched, called "SWH-Solar Water Heating for Portugal". Considering a maximum possible of 15 millions of m² of solar collectors (52% in the domestic sector and 48% in the Industry) it was considered reasonable to install 1 million m² until 2010, with an annual rate of 150 000 m² for the last years. The emerging sector was supposed to correspond to 600 MEuro of business and 1500 direct jobs. The main measures considered to be implemented were: • Image Promotion of Solar Thermal Energy: Implementation of promotional campaigns of information for installers, entrepreneurs, and users. Creation of information Green Line. • Development of two structural ways of development for the solar thermal market: selling solar hot water (via ESCOs-Energy Service Companies) and selling/installation of SWH systems. • Quality Certification: Certification of products. Certification of installers and designers. • Incentives and subsidies: Reinforcement of fiscal incentives. Reformulation of the financial support in force (at that time, the so-called MAPE (Support Measure of Energy Production within the Portuguese Economy Operational Program)). • Complementary measures: Promotion of active solar thermal within the revision of the building's thermal regulations.
In order to improve the performance of thermal solar collectors, the development of good, durable... more In order to improve the performance of thermal solar collectors, the development of good, durable and reproducible spectrally selective solar absorber surfaces for photothermal conversion is of greatest importance. Spectrally selective cermet coatings were produced by DC magnetron sputtering using metallic chromium and titanium targets at constant target current, substrate bias and substrate temperature. These coatings are graded cermets with a metal concentration decreasing from the substrate to the coating surface. Basically, these coatings are formed with a layer structure consisting of a cermet layer enriched in metal, one or more cermet layers with less metal than the first one, and on top a pure ceramic layer as an antireflection layer. The metal layer was deposited by non-reactive DC sputtering, while the ceramic layers were deposited by DC reactive sputtering in argon-nitrogen or argon-oxygen atmosphere. The metallic and ceramic layers were deposited as a sub-layer system, consisting of alternating metallic and nitride or oxide sub-layers. The effect of the optical properties in dependence on the metallic fraction in the layers and the number of sub-layers in the film is discussed. For coatings based on chromium, the optimum selectivity achieved was a solar absorptance of 94% and a thermal emittance of 6% at 82 8C. For titanium oxynitride based coatings, the best selectivity achieved was a solar absorptance of 91% and a thermal emittance of 4%. The microstructure and thickness were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface microtopography was analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the metal concentration profile by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS).
Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solarordinances.eu/... more Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solarordinances.eu/), this paper presents a tentative approach to an integrated demand side measures (DSM) package that must be associated to a solar thermal obligation (STO) in a community. All the complete set of measures that must be taken to succeed will be presented. The experience shows that it is necessary to get an integrated "policy package" in the way of "zero building emissions", around the kernel key point of clear requirements, aiming energy savings, namely for energy demand limitation, and energy efficiency of thermal installations. A parent kernel key point of this "policy package" is quality: certification of thermal solar system and components; planner, designer and installer certification; technical mandatory requirements in the regulations; mandatory guarantee (maintenance contract). All relevant documents of these quality items must be integrated in the Building Use Manual for easy management. Another kernel key point, this one with focus on overcoming barriers, is public awareness, throughout on-line information (lists of certified equipments, installers, technical description of the equipments, manual of good practices, scholar materials (class notes, computer codes, homework assignments, etc.), etc.), and the implementation of training courses for all stakeholders.
Introduction Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solaro... more Introduction Based on the work that it is running within the ProSTO EU project (https://www.solarordinances.eu/), this paper presents a tentative approach to the best way for a successful implementation of a solar thermal obligation (STO) in a community. The EU framework, and base line assessment-including success factors and performance indicators were presented by the ProSTO coordinator elsewhere [1]. The Portuguese case was presented elsewhere too [2]. Here, all the complete set of measures that must be taken to succeed, will be presented. The experience shows that it is necessary to get an integrated "policy package" in the way of "zero building emissions", around the kernel key point of clear requirements, aiming energy savings, namely for energy demand limitation, and energy efficiency of thermal installations. A parent kernel key point of this "policy package" is quality: certification of thermal solar system and components-solar collectors, factory made systems, and custom built systems; planner, designer and installer certification; technical impositions in the regulations (supported by a very consistent manual of actual good practices for solar thermal applications, with a flexible method to follow new developments); guarantee impositions (maintenance contract). All relevant documents of these quality items must be integrated in the Building Use Manual for easy management. Another kernel key point, this with focus on overcoming barriers, is that of public awareness, aiming to create an understanding that the implementation of a STO is not another awful bureaucratic burden, throughout on-line information (lists of certified equipments, installers, technical description of the equipments, manual of good practices, scholar materials (class notes, computer codes, homework assignments, etc.), etc.), and the implementation of training courses for all stakeholders. 2. The Portuguese case framework During 2001 the Forum "Renewable Energies in Portugal" took place, with several groups responsible for studying each area [3]. One of them was the group for the "Solar Thermal". The conclusions of the Forum were integrated in the Program E4 (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous Energies) [3]. In the framework of E4, a sub-program was launched, called "SWH-Solar Water Heating for Portugal". Considering a maximum possible of 15 millions of m² of solar collectors (52% in the domestic sector and 48% in the Industry) it was considered reasonable to install 1 million m² until 2010, with an annual rate of 150 000 m² for the last years. The emerging sector was supposed to correspond to 600 MEuro of business and 1500 direct jobs. The main measures considered to be implemented were: • Image Promotion of Solar Thermal Energy: Implementation of promotional campaigns of information for installers, entrepreneurs, and users. Creation of information Green Line. • Development of two structural ways of development for the solar thermal market: selling solar hot water (via ESCOs-Energy Service Companies) and selling/installation of SWH systems. • Quality Certification: Certification of products. Certification of installers and designers. • Incentives and subsidies: Reinforcement of fiscal incentives. Reformulation of the financial support in force (at that time, the so-called MAPE (Support Measure of Energy Production within the Portuguese Economy Operational Program)). • Complementary measures: Promotion of active solar thermal within the revision of the building's thermal regulations.
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