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IJRAME Journal

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International Journal of Research in Aeronautical and Mechanical Engineering (IJRAME) is a scholarly online, open access, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, monthly, and fully refereed journal. The Journal covers the whole spectrum of engineering, which includes, but is not limited to, Aerospace, Thermodynamics, Mechanical Engineering, Aeronautical Engineering, etc.
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Papers by IJRAME Journal

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE SHELL

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This project dives into the design and analysis of submarine hulls, critical components that safe... more This project dives into the design and analysis of submarine hulls, critical components that safeguard crew members and facilitate mission success. Traditionally, these hulls are constructed from high-strength, weldable materials such as HY-steel. Engineers typically rely on established methods and software to analyze the hydrodynamic performance of these shells, focusing on factors like drag and lift. However, this project proposes a new approach that incorporates bio mimicry, drawing inspiration from nature's strong and lightweight structures. Implementing bio mimicry in submarine shell design is anticipated to necessitate the development of novel material analysis techniques and specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. By comparing the performance of traditional hull designs with those inspired by bio mimicry in terms of drag, lift, and manoeuvrability, this research aims to identify significant advancements in submarine shell technology.

Technical Cost Reduction for 3.6L V6 Engine Piston & Rings: A Case Study

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This paper reviews the feasibility in a technical cost-reduction program to make significant chan... more This paper reviews the feasibility in a technical cost-reduction program to make significant changes in engine piston components. These changes had proposed eliminating anodizing on top ring grooves of the pistons, changing the design of the second ring from micro-Napier to nano-Napier, and eliminating chrome plating. A full benchmarking process was run, and a Proof-of-Concept testing procedure was developed to verify if the changes encode the feasibilities. Reliability and performance from the proposed sol utions are subject to rigorous dyno testing. It conducted a detailed DFMEA and DVPR assessment to ensure a proper foundation for the validation of proposed costsaving measures in keeping the quality and integrity with respect to engine components.

The Evolution of MQ-1 Predator and Analysis

by IJRAME Journal and Mohit Raina

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This research focuses on assessing and enhancing the performance of the MQ-1 Predator aircraft, c... more This research focuses on assessing and enhancing the performance of the MQ-1 Predator aircraft, considering aspects such as design and manufacturing. The design was created utilizing Fusion 360, and aerodynamic performance aspects were evaluated using ANSYS software. Computational models were employed to ascertain the aerodynamic characteristics of the baseline design and investigate modifications aimed at achieving optimal design and performance.

Rod & Pin Optimization on 6.4L Heavy Duty Engine for bushing wear and noise reduction

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This research paper on a problem that has persisted over the years in heavy-duty engines is commo... more This research paper on a problem that has persisted over the years in heavy-duty engines is commonly known as "pin tick." It refers to a condition whereby there is very significant wear of the rod bushing. The problem was observed in various heavy-duty engines, whereby wear exceeded 30 μm with noticeable play between the rod bushing and pin. With previous attempts to solve the problem—like implementing roundness specifications for the pin bore—the problem still prevails. Testing procedures for noise, vibration, and hardness were carried out to understand the challenge completely and to arrive at a solution. All these tests pointed to a lubrication-related root cause of the problem. Our research in this field has been largely focused on evaluating the performance of a new chevron-grooved bushing design. The validation program included a full-scale CAE simulation, proof-of-concept tests, and other design and process validation tests. This paper discusses in detail the methodology and findings from this investigation in finding a sustainable solution to arrest rod bushing wear in heavy-duty engines.

Diesel Particulate Filter Pressure Drop

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel vehicles has serious threats to the global climate, e... more Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel vehicles has serious threats to the global climate, environment, and human health. Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are currently the only effective after-treatment technology for reducing PM emissions, making it crucial to evaluate their filtration and pressure drop performance using numerical methods. This study developed and validated a lumped model based on spherical packed bed theory and Darcy's law to describe the dynamic PM filtration process in DPFs. The model accurately predicts real-time characteristics such as wall porosity, soot load, and pressure drop. Additionally, it examines the influence of channel characteristics, monolithic size, and exhaust conditions on filtration and pressure drop performance. Results indicate that increasing cell density, wall thickness, DPF length, and diameter enhances filtration efficiency, while higher DPF inlet temperatures and exhaust mass flow rates negatively impact performance. Moreover, wall thickness, DPF diameter, and exhaust flow rate significantly affect total pressure drop. These findings enhance dynamic performance prediction in PM filtration and provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing DPF structures.

Diesel Particulate Filter Dynamic Filtration

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel vehicles has serious threats to the global climate, e... more Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel vehicles has serious threats to the global climate, environment, and human health. Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are currently the only effective after-treatment technology for reducing PM emissions, making it crucial to evaluate their filtration and pressure drop performance using numerical methods. This study developed and validated a lumped model based on spherical packed bed theory and Darcy's law to describe the dynamic PM filtration process in DPFs. The model accurately predicts real-time characteristics such as wall porosity, soot load, and pressure drop. Additionally, it examines the influence of channel characteristics, monolithic size, and exhaust conditions on filtration and pressure drop performance. Results indicate that increasing cell density, wall thickness, DPF length, and diameter enhances filtration efficiency, while higher DPF inlet temperatures and exhaust mass flow rates negatively impact performance. Moreover, wall thickness, DPF diameter, and exhaust flow rate significantly affect total pressure drop. These findings enhance dynamic performance prediction in PM filtration and provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing DPF structures.

Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Welding Parameters for SAE 1020 and SS 303

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

In this study, the optimization of welding parameters for dissimilar joints of SAE 1020 and SS 30... more In this study, the optimization of welding parameters for dissimilar joints of SAE 1020 and SS 303 using the Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) process is investigated. The research aims to enhance the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) by employing the Taguchi method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to analyze and optimize critical welding parameters: welding current, welding speed, root gap, and joint angle. Experiments were conducted following an L9 orthogonal array using Minitab 19 software, and a regression model was developed to predict UTS based on these parameters. The findings indicate that welding speed is the most significant factor influencing UTS, followed by root gap and welding current. Optimal parameter settings were identified, resulting in a maximum UTS value closely matching the predicted outcome with a minimal error margin of 2.59%. This study demonstrates the efficacy of statistical methods in optimizing welding conditions for achieving enhanced mechanical properties in dissimilar metal welding applications.

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL LEAF SPRING AND GLASS FIBER LEAF SPRING

by IJRAME Journal and Mahesh Dhaytonde

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Leaf spring used for vehicle to support the entire weight of vehicle, to provide passenger comfor... more Leaf spring used for vehicle to support the entire weight of vehicle, to provide passenger comfort by absorbing shocks and vibrations, to control axle damping. But steel leaf spring having higher weight (Up to 10-20% of the overall unsprung weight of the vehicle) and major Challenge is to reduce the weight of leaf spring by maintaining its properties. Hence composite material used instead of steel leaf spring as it is light in weight, its extensive properties like high strength, h igh stiffness, corrosion resistance, low density, high fracture and good toughness. Design analysis done for conventional steel leaf spring, composite E glass and Glass fiber leaf spring to calculate and compare the static properties through ANSYS software.

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CARBON FIBER LEAF SPRING

by IJRAME Journal and Mahesh Dhaytonde

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

The objective within the automotive sector is to decrease weight of the leaf spring. This weight ... more The objective within the automotive sector is to decrease weight of the leaf spring. This weight reduction can achieved through the integration of advanced materials, optimized designs, and enhanced manufacturing practices. The industry has demonstrated considerable enthusiasm for replacing conventional steel leaf springs with those made from composites, due to their superior strength-to-weight ratio and enhanced capacity for strain energy storage. Research into the utilization of carbon fiber materials allows for a reduction in spring weight while preserving load-bearing strength. The selection of material depends on factors such as purpose of utilization, material properties, expense and durability. The ongoing project aspires to design, analyze, and produce a carbon fiber reinforced plastic leaf spring tailored for light motor vehicles, aiming to achieve a spring that is as lightweight as possible while enduring specified external static forces without failure.

Shape Optimization in Low-Observable Aerodynamic Design

by IJRAME Journal and Sriram Paranthaman

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This research explores the development of airfoils optimized for low-observable aerodynamic appli... more This research explores the development of airfoils optimized for low-observable aerodynamic applications, balancing stealth characteristics with aerodynamic performance. A comprehensive analysis of over 100 NACA airfoils identified NACA 2412 and NACA 0012 as the optimal choice due to its favorable radar cross-section (RCS) and high lift-to-drag ratio (L/D), essential for subsonic efficiency. Initial aerodynamic evaluations using XFLR5 supported the NACA 0012 2412's performance, aligning with previous findings (Li et al., 2016; Ander-son, 2011). Detailed CFD simulations with ANSYS Fluent, applying Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the k-epsilon turbulence model, established a robust baseline for the airfoil's flow characteristics (Shyy et al., 2013; Versteeg and Malalasekera, 2007). To further refine the design, adjoint-based shape optimization was conducted using SU2, an open-source tool known for its advanced adjoint solvers and computational efficiency. Comparative analysis between the baseline ANSYS Fluent results and SU2-optimized simulations demonstrated significant performance improvements, including reduced drag and maintained lift and stability. This comparative study underscores SU2's effectiveness in enhancing stealth airfoil design, reflecting its superior capability in high fidelity aerodynamic optimization (Alonso et al., 2016-2024). The integration of SU2 into the design process highlights its potential for advancing low-observable aircraft technology.

Cryogenic Treatment of Tool Materials: A Review

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Cryogenic treatment is a thermal treatment process in which parts are usually cooled to temperatu... more Cryogenic treatment is a thermal treatment process in which parts are usually cooled to temperatures below −70 °C (< 203 K) to induce metallurgical changes in materials. The treatment showed a significant performance improvement in most ferrous materials and their alloys by transforming retained austenite to martensite and precipitating secondary carbides. However, the effect of such low-temperature treatment on highly stable super-hard materials such as tungsten carbide (commonly referred to as “cemented carbide”) is uncertain. However, researchers have reported the precipitation of etaphase carbides, densification of cobalt binder, refinement of tungsten carbide grains, phase transformation of cobalt, and changes in residual stress in cryogenically treated tungsten carbide (WC-Co) materials, which resulted in increased hardness and wear resistance. Hence, this paper focuses on summarizing the cryogenic treatment parameters used in different studies, the rate of performance improvement in different applications, and the reported mechanical and metallurgical changes, which would serve as a pool of knowledge for further studies.

IMPROVING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SCHEDULE BY USING AGILE RULES

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Construction projects utilizing the agile technique may go seamlessly as long as each stage of th... more Construction projects utilizing the agile technique may go seamlessly as long as each stage of the project is effectively supervised. An essential principle of an agile approach is that project alterations may be made as work is being performed, with minimum impact on other project components. This study employs the influential project factors, with specific emphasis on the project timeline. To determine the cause of the project schedule delay, the RII approach is employed. Subsequently, a poll of experts in the area assesses the impact of the component with a higher score on the timeliness of the project. Now, proceed to give the answer. The project timeline was affected by several factors, including an imprecise estimation of the required time for completion due to inexperience or unexpected events, insufficient resources, a delay in the delivery of essential materials to the site, and the contractor's financial capacity being hindered by the owner's delayed payment. According to RII's investigations, the primary factor contributing to timetable delays in Iraqi projects is the logistical delay in procuring and

Performance evaluation of cryogenically treated tungsten carbide tool in milling operation on OHNS material

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Improvement in wear resistance and hardness of cutting tool material is one of the most important... more Improvement in wear resistance and hardness of cutting tool material is one of the most important challenges in machining operation. This issue can be overcome by improving the wear resistance and hardness by cryogenic treatment of tungsten carbide. In this work it is tried to study the effect of different soaking periods in cryogenic treatment of tungsten carbide. The experiments were conducted at temperature of 88K at different soaking periods of 8hrs, 20hrs, 24hrs and 30hrs, on commercially used tungsten carbide. Further efforts were made to quantify and confirm the effect of different soaking period along with the mechanism responsible for change in the hardness and wear resistance by measuring Rockwell hardness and weight loss during wear test. The obtained result shows that there is a significant decrease in weight loss of 8hr soaked sample out of different soaking periods but, there was no change in bulk hardness. The weight loss during sliding wear test indicates the cryogenically treated tungsten carbide is more wear resistance due to increase in population density of carbides. Microstructure analysis of worn surface reflects the mechanism behind the improvement of mechanical properties.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING WWW.IJRAME.COM

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Smart manufacturing is a design of production system that combines the product information with t... more Smart manufacturing is a design of production system that combines the product information with the internet of things based on wireless connection to improve productivity. The essential factor in developing the flow of material in smart manufacturing is the facility layout design. For that, the present article developed a new method to improve productivity. Various IT software packages are available in the market specifically designed for the manufacturing sector to cater to diverse manufacturing needs and requirements. The primary investigation assessed the impact of implementing risk management techniques on performance indicators by utilizing a combination of surveys, expert opinions, interviews, and exploratory research, drawing upon previous studies in the field of manufacturing. Due to the condensed nature of the user's content, it is not feasible to restructure it into an academic manner. The initial findings were obtained by calculating the average risk assessment. The identification of the relative importance index RII effect facilitated the determination of the consequences. The results of the results indicate a high level of resistance to change and a moderate level of effectiveness in scheduling and Information and Communication Technology based job planning, with scores The factors are the communication procedure, IT security expertise workflow for engineers and the impact of electronic communication. The MCDA results yielded outcomes that were both more accurate and practical.

INVESTIGATION OF MANUFACTURING PERFORMANCE EFFECT ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Manufacturing success depends on a well-managed supply chain since it may dramatically lower oper... more Manufacturing success depends on a well-managed supply chain since it may dramatically lower operational costs and boost profitability for a company. Supply chain management include distribution, production, and logistics. Each stage of the process, starting from generating ideas to promoting the final product, clearly displays its effectiveness. This study analyzed and assessed the risk variables associated with supply chain management to identify the specific dangers that affect this industry. Five categories were established based on the hazards that were identified. One sub-factor examines the underlying causes of the hazards linked with these variables. The surveys and the model underwent the MCDM approach to determine the most critical component in each group. The evaluation of hazards associated with managing the supply chain in Iraq was conducted using questionnaires and expert interviews. The specialists deemed the risk prognosis and the results to be exceptional.

ENHANCE ROAD PAVEMENTS USING STEEL FIBER WITH RECYCLED OLD CRUSHED CONCRETE

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Engineers frequently aim to enhance the road's surface and texture in response to stress-induced ... more Engineers frequently aim to enhance the road's surface and texture in response to stress-induced reflection and deformation by reinforcing the underlying concrete structure of the pavement. Studies have shown that the utilization of crushed concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) can enhance the performance and cost-efficiency of concrete. This study investigated the advancement of a durable concrete road surface capable of withstanding heavy vehicular loads. The experimental laboratory program consisted of four groups: standard concrete, concrete with crushed concrete, steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), and a mixture of crushed concrete and SFRC. The simulation testing process involves two steps: first, separating a validation sample from a previous study, and second, widening the inquiry to analyze the impacts of different concrete pavement thicknesses and dimensions. Studies have demonstrated that the addition of crushed concrete at a rate of 10-20% and steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) at a rate of 40% may significantly enhance the performance of concrete with a compressive strength (FC) of 30 MPa. The results indicated that crushed concrete exhibited significantly higher shear strength compared to SFRC and ordinary concrete. In addition to the enhancement in shear strength, the overall performance of the concrete material was also improved. Ultimately, the incorporation of crushed concrete and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) is accountable for the enhanced mechanical properties of concrete in all concrete pavements.

Design and Analysis of Titanium Alloy Turbine Blade Using ANSYS

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This paper presents a detailed design and analysis of a turbine blade made from titanium alloy us... more This paper presents a detailed design and analysis of a turbine blade made from titanium alloy using ANSYS, a robust finite element analysis (FEA) tool. Turbine blades operate under extreme mechanical and thermal conditions, necessitating materials with exceptional properties. Titanium alloys are favoured for their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and good thermal properties. This study investigates the structural integrity, stress distribution, deformation, and thermal behaviour of titanium alloy turbine blades under operational conditions. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing turbine blade design for improved performance and durability.

MECHANICAL AND WEAR PERFORMANCE OF END CHILLED ALUMINIUM -2024 MATRIX COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH AL 2 O 3 NANO PARTICLES

IJRAME PUBLICATION, 2024

In recent years, the use of lightweight materials with improved mechanical and tribological quali... more In recent years, the use of lightweight materials with improved mechanical and tribological qualities has significantly advanced. This study aims to develop an aluminum 2024 matrix alloy reinforced with 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weight percent of Al 2 O 3 using the stir casting technique. The alloy was melted at approximately 700°C, mixed with preheated Al 2 O 3 particles, and cast into a sand mold with various end chills, including graphite, mild steel, copper, brass, and cast iron, to facilitat e directional solidification. Mechanical testing revealed that the copper-chilled MMC achieved the highest hardness and strength at reinforcement levels of 9% and 12% by weight, respectively, with increases of 9.88% in strength and 16.66% in hardness compared to the base alloy. Micro structural examination showed uniform dispersion of nano alumina particles, contributing to improved wear resistance. The copper-chilled MMC exhibited high friction and modest wear at lower stresses but significant wear under higher loads. The incorporation of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles and the chilling effect enhanced the mechanical and tribological properties, resulting in a finer microstructure and better bonding between the reinforcement and matrix.

THE STRESS SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF COPPER ALLOY C84400 IN A HELICAL GEAR

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

The Copper Alloy-Zeng is an alloy of copper and zinc in proportions that can be varied to achieve... more The Copper Alloy-Zeng is an alloy of copper and zinc in proportions that can be varied to achieve various mechanical and electrical properties. In a mechanical system, the gears are an important component used to increase or decrease torque, change the direction of motion and transmit power from a motion system. The easy alternative for carrying out calculations and comparing them with real conditions is simulation analysis. The stress analysis uses the finite element method with Solidworks 2021 software to save time and costs. The aim of this research is to analyze Von Misses stress using the finite element method with Solidworks 2021 software on helical gears made from copper alloy type Copper Alloy C84400 to obtain the Von Misses value where the Von Misses value can predict material failure. The result of this research was the Von Misses Stress values in this study are based on different forces, namely 10 N, 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, and 50 N, which have Von Misses Stress values of 0.085 MPa, 0.171 MPa, 0.256 MPa, 0.341 MPa and 0.427 MPa. Because the Von Misses Stress value that occurs is below the yield strength value of 105 MPa, this helical gear only experiences elastic deformation. The results of the analysis of the helical gear at forces of 10 N, 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, and 50 N showed safety factor values of 1230, 615, 410, 308, and 246, indicating that the strength of the material > the stress that occurs. Therefore it can be said that this helical gear is not safe to use.

DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL TAKE-OFF AND LANDING AUTONOMOUS AIR AMBULANCE AIRCRAFT

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

As we know that fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle required long runways for takeoff and landing ... more As we know that fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle required long runways for takeoff and landing and also flight time then other. As it is difficult to have longer runway in city area, the need of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) arises. VTOL aircraft is the type of flight systems which have the ability to take off and land vertically, then transition to horizontal flight, and also allowing an aircraft to cover long distances at high speed and also have advantage to takeoff and land in vertical manner without the need of runway. There are various applications of VTOL such as it can be used as ondemand air mobility, for cargo and package delivery, in healthcare applications, and in emergency services. The new and emerging trends of VTOL are that it can be use as air ambulance. Air Ambulance service is a board term that combines two meaning i.e. air transport with basic emergency medical services which is able to transport injured patients or sick patients to the healthcare facilities and from healthcare facilities. So, in other terms, we can say that it is basically like airlifting patients in case of emergencies. Here, we are focused to develop advance VTOL air ambulance which can be use in any condition and which are capable to carry out its work more precisely and efficiently.

DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF SUBMARINE SHELL

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This project dives into the design and analysis of submarine hulls, critical components that safe... more This project dives into the design and analysis of submarine hulls, critical components that safeguard crew members and facilitate mission success. Traditionally, these hulls are constructed from high-strength, weldable materials such as HY-steel. Engineers typically rely on established methods and software to analyze the hydrodynamic performance of these shells, focusing on factors like drag and lift. However, this project proposes a new approach that incorporates bio mimicry, drawing inspiration from nature's strong and lightweight structures. Implementing bio mimicry in submarine shell design is anticipated to necessitate the development of novel material analysis techniques and specialized computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. By comparing the performance of traditional hull designs with those inspired by bio mimicry in terms of drag, lift, and manoeuvrability, this research aims to identify significant advancements in submarine shell technology.

Technical Cost Reduction for 3.6L V6 Engine Piston & Rings: A Case Study

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This paper reviews the feasibility in a technical cost-reduction program to make significant chan... more This paper reviews the feasibility in a technical cost-reduction program to make significant changes in engine piston components. These changes had proposed eliminating anodizing on top ring grooves of the pistons, changing the design of the second ring from micro-Napier to nano-Napier, and eliminating chrome plating. A full benchmarking process was run, and a Proof-of-Concept testing procedure was developed to verify if the changes encode the feasibilities. Reliability and performance from the proposed sol utions are subject to rigorous dyno testing. It conducted a detailed DFMEA and DVPR assessment to ensure a proper foundation for the validation of proposed costsaving measures in keeping the quality and integrity with respect to engine components.

The Evolution of MQ-1 Predator and Analysis

by IJRAME Journal and Mohit Raina

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This research focuses on assessing and enhancing the performance of the MQ-1 Predator aircraft, c... more This research focuses on assessing and enhancing the performance of the MQ-1 Predator aircraft, considering aspects such as design and manufacturing. The design was created utilizing Fusion 360, and aerodynamic performance aspects were evaluated using ANSYS software. Computational models were employed to ascertain the aerodynamic characteristics of the baseline design and investigate modifications aimed at achieving optimal design and performance.

Rod & Pin Optimization on 6.4L Heavy Duty Engine for bushing wear and noise reduction

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This research paper on a problem that has persisted over the years in heavy-duty engines is commo... more This research paper on a problem that has persisted over the years in heavy-duty engines is commonly known as "pin tick." It refers to a condition whereby there is very significant wear of the rod bushing. The problem was observed in various heavy-duty engines, whereby wear exceeded 30 μm with noticeable play between the rod bushing and pin. With previous attempts to solve the problem—like implementing roundness specifications for the pin bore—the problem still prevails. Testing procedures for noise, vibration, and hardness were carried out to understand the challenge completely and to arrive at a solution. All these tests pointed to a lubrication-related root cause of the problem. Our research in this field has been largely focused on evaluating the performance of a new chevron-grooved bushing design. The validation program included a full-scale CAE simulation, proof-of-concept tests, and other design and process validation tests. This paper discusses in detail the methodology and findings from this investigation in finding a sustainable solution to arrest rod bushing wear in heavy-duty engines.

Diesel Particulate Filter Pressure Drop

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel vehicles has serious threats to the global climate, e... more Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel vehicles has serious threats to the global climate, environment, and human health. Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are currently the only effective after-treatment technology for reducing PM emissions, making it crucial to evaluate their filtration and pressure drop performance using numerical methods. This study developed and validated a lumped model based on spherical packed bed theory and Darcy's law to describe the dynamic PM filtration process in DPFs. The model accurately predicts real-time characteristics such as wall porosity, soot load, and pressure drop. Additionally, it examines the influence of channel characteristics, monolithic size, and exhaust conditions on filtration and pressure drop performance. Results indicate that increasing cell density, wall thickness, DPF length, and diameter enhances filtration efficiency, while higher DPF inlet temperatures and exhaust mass flow rates negatively impact performance. Moreover, wall thickness, DPF diameter, and exhaust flow rate significantly affect total pressure drop. These findings enhance dynamic performance prediction in PM filtration and provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing DPF structures.

Diesel Particulate Filter Dynamic Filtration

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel vehicles has serious threats to the global climate, e... more Particulate matter (PM) emitted from diesel vehicles has serious threats to the global climate, environment, and human health. Diesel particulate filters (DPFs) are currently the only effective after-treatment technology for reducing PM emissions, making it crucial to evaluate their filtration and pressure drop performance using numerical methods. This study developed and validated a lumped model based on spherical packed bed theory and Darcy's law to describe the dynamic PM filtration process in DPFs. The model accurately predicts real-time characteristics such as wall porosity, soot load, and pressure drop. Additionally, it examines the influence of channel characteristics, monolithic size, and exhaust conditions on filtration and pressure drop performance. Results indicate that increasing cell density, wall thickness, DPF length, and diameter enhances filtration efficiency, while higher DPF inlet temperatures and exhaust mass flow rates negatively impact performance. Moreover, wall thickness, DPF diameter, and exhaust flow rate significantly affect total pressure drop. These findings enhance dynamic performance prediction in PM filtration and provide a theoretical foundation for optimizing DPF structures.

Experimental Investigation and Optimization of Welding Parameters for SAE 1020 and SS 303

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

In this study, the optimization of welding parameters for dissimilar joints of SAE 1020 and SS 30... more In this study, the optimization of welding parameters for dissimilar joints of SAE 1020 and SS 303 using the Manual Metal Arc Welding (MMAW) process is investigated. The research aims to enhance the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) by employing the Taguchi method and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to analyze and optimize critical welding parameters: welding current, welding speed, root gap, and joint angle. Experiments were conducted following an L9 orthogonal array using Minitab 19 software, and a regression model was developed to predict UTS based on these parameters. The findings indicate that welding speed is the most significant factor influencing UTS, followed by root gap and welding current. Optimal parameter settings were identified, resulting in a maximum UTS value closely matching the predicted outcome with a minimal error margin of 2.59%. This study demonstrates the efficacy of statistical methods in optimizing welding conditions for achieving enhanced mechanical properties in dissimilar metal welding applications.

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL LEAF SPRING AND GLASS FIBER LEAF SPRING

by IJRAME Journal and Mahesh Dhaytonde

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Leaf spring used for vehicle to support the entire weight of vehicle, to provide passenger comfor... more Leaf spring used for vehicle to support the entire weight of vehicle, to provide passenger comfort by absorbing shocks and vibrations, to control axle damping. But steel leaf spring having higher weight (Up to 10-20% of the overall unsprung weight of the vehicle) and major Challenge is to reduce the weight of leaf spring by maintaining its properties. Hence composite material used instead of steel leaf spring as it is light in weight, its extensive properties like high strength, h igh stiffness, corrosion resistance, low density, high fracture and good toughness. Design analysis done for conventional steel leaf spring, composite E glass and Glass fiber leaf spring to calculate and compare the static properties through ANSYS software.

DESIGN ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL STEEL AND CARBON FIBER LEAF SPRING

by IJRAME Journal and Mahesh Dhaytonde

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

The objective within the automotive sector is to decrease weight of the leaf spring. This weight ... more The objective within the automotive sector is to decrease weight of the leaf spring. This weight reduction can achieved through the integration of advanced materials, optimized designs, and enhanced manufacturing practices. The industry has demonstrated considerable enthusiasm for replacing conventional steel leaf springs with those made from composites, due to their superior strength-to-weight ratio and enhanced capacity for strain energy storage. Research into the utilization of carbon fiber materials allows for a reduction in spring weight while preserving load-bearing strength. The selection of material depends on factors such as purpose of utilization, material properties, expense and durability. The ongoing project aspires to design, analyze, and produce a carbon fiber reinforced plastic leaf spring tailored for light motor vehicles, aiming to achieve a spring that is as lightweight as possible while enduring specified external static forces without failure.

Shape Optimization in Low-Observable Aerodynamic Design

by IJRAME Journal and Sriram Paranthaman

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This research explores the development of airfoils optimized for low-observable aerodynamic appli... more This research explores the development of airfoils optimized for low-observable aerodynamic applications, balancing stealth characteristics with aerodynamic performance. A comprehensive analysis of over 100 NACA airfoils identified NACA 2412 and NACA 0012 as the optimal choice due to its favorable radar cross-section (RCS) and high lift-to-drag ratio (L/D), essential for subsonic efficiency. Initial aerodynamic evaluations using XFLR5 supported the NACA 0012 2412's performance, aligning with previous findings (Li et al., 2016; Ander-son, 2011). Detailed CFD simulations with ANSYS Fluent, applying Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations and the k-epsilon turbulence model, established a robust baseline for the airfoil's flow characteristics (Shyy et al., 2013; Versteeg and Malalasekera, 2007). To further refine the design, adjoint-based shape optimization was conducted using SU2, an open-source tool known for its advanced adjoint solvers and computational efficiency. Comparative analysis between the baseline ANSYS Fluent results and SU2-optimized simulations demonstrated significant performance improvements, including reduced drag and maintained lift and stability. This comparative study underscores SU2's effectiveness in enhancing stealth airfoil design, reflecting its superior capability in high fidelity aerodynamic optimization (Alonso et al., 2016-2024). The integration of SU2 into the design process highlights its potential for advancing low-observable aircraft technology.

Cryogenic Treatment of Tool Materials: A Review

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Cryogenic treatment is a thermal treatment process in which parts are usually cooled to temperatu... more Cryogenic treatment is a thermal treatment process in which parts are usually cooled to temperatures below −70 °C (< 203 K) to induce metallurgical changes in materials. The treatment showed a significant performance improvement in most ferrous materials and their alloys by transforming retained austenite to martensite and precipitating secondary carbides. However, the effect of such low-temperature treatment on highly stable super-hard materials such as tungsten carbide (commonly referred to as “cemented carbide”) is uncertain. However, researchers have reported the precipitation of etaphase carbides, densification of cobalt binder, refinement of tungsten carbide grains, phase transformation of cobalt, and changes in residual stress in cryogenically treated tungsten carbide (WC-Co) materials, which resulted in increased hardness and wear resistance. Hence, this paper focuses on summarizing the cryogenic treatment parameters used in different studies, the rate of performance improvement in different applications, and the reported mechanical and metallurgical changes, which would serve as a pool of knowledge for further studies.

IMPROVING CONSTRUCTION PROJECT SCHEDULE BY USING AGILE RULES

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Construction projects utilizing the agile technique may go seamlessly as long as each stage of th... more Construction projects utilizing the agile technique may go seamlessly as long as each stage of the project is effectively supervised. An essential principle of an agile approach is that project alterations may be made as work is being performed, with minimum impact on other project components. This study employs the influential project factors, with specific emphasis on the project timeline. To determine the cause of the project schedule delay, the RII approach is employed. Subsequently, a poll of experts in the area assesses the impact of the component with a higher score on the timeliness of the project. Now, proceed to give the answer. The project timeline was affected by several factors, including an imprecise estimation of the required time for completion due to inexperience or unexpected events, insufficient resources, a delay in the delivery of essential materials to the site, and the contractor's financial capacity being hindered by the owner's delayed payment. According to RII's investigations, the primary factor contributing to timetable delays in Iraqi projects is the logistical delay in procuring and

Performance evaluation of cryogenically treated tungsten carbide tool in milling operation on OHNS material

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Improvement in wear resistance and hardness of cutting tool material is one of the most important... more Improvement in wear resistance and hardness of cutting tool material is one of the most important challenges in machining operation. This issue can be overcome by improving the wear resistance and hardness by cryogenic treatment of tungsten carbide. In this work it is tried to study the effect of different soaking periods in cryogenic treatment of tungsten carbide. The experiments were conducted at temperature of 88K at different soaking periods of 8hrs, 20hrs, 24hrs and 30hrs, on commercially used tungsten carbide. Further efforts were made to quantify and confirm the effect of different soaking period along with the mechanism responsible for change in the hardness and wear resistance by measuring Rockwell hardness and weight loss during wear test. The obtained result shows that there is a significant decrease in weight loss of 8hr soaked sample out of different soaking periods but, there was no change in bulk hardness. The weight loss during sliding wear test indicates the cryogenically treated tungsten carbide is more wear resistance due to increase in population density of carbides. Microstructure analysis of worn surface reflects the mechanism behind the improvement of mechanical properties.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN AERONAUTICAL AND MECHANICAL ENGINEERING WWW.IJRAME.COM

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Smart manufacturing is a design of production system that combines the product information with t... more Smart manufacturing is a design of production system that combines the product information with the internet of things based on wireless connection to improve productivity. The essential factor in developing the flow of material in smart manufacturing is the facility layout design. For that, the present article developed a new method to improve productivity. Various IT software packages are available in the market specifically designed for the manufacturing sector to cater to diverse manufacturing needs and requirements. The primary investigation assessed the impact of implementing risk management techniques on performance indicators by utilizing a combination of surveys, expert opinions, interviews, and exploratory research, drawing upon previous studies in the field of manufacturing. Due to the condensed nature of the user's content, it is not feasible to restructure it into an academic manner. The initial findings were obtained by calculating the average risk assessment. The identification of the relative importance index RII effect facilitated the determination of the consequences. The results of the results indicate a high level of resistance to change and a moderate level of effectiveness in scheduling and Information and Communication Technology based job planning, with scores The factors are the communication procedure, IT security expertise workflow for engineers and the impact of electronic communication. The MCDA results yielded outcomes that were both more accurate and practical.

INVESTIGATION OF MANUFACTURING PERFORMANCE EFFECT ON SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Manufacturing success depends on a well-managed supply chain since it may dramatically lower oper... more Manufacturing success depends on a well-managed supply chain since it may dramatically lower operational costs and boost profitability for a company. Supply chain management include distribution, production, and logistics. Each stage of the process, starting from generating ideas to promoting the final product, clearly displays its effectiveness. This study analyzed and assessed the risk variables associated with supply chain management to identify the specific dangers that affect this industry. Five categories were established based on the hazards that were identified. One sub-factor examines the underlying causes of the hazards linked with these variables. The surveys and the model underwent the MCDM approach to determine the most critical component in each group. The evaluation of hazards associated with managing the supply chain in Iraq was conducted using questionnaires and expert interviews. The specialists deemed the risk prognosis and the results to be exceptional.

ENHANCE ROAD PAVEMENTS USING STEEL FIBER WITH RECYCLED OLD CRUSHED CONCRETE

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

Engineers frequently aim to enhance the road's surface and texture in response to stress-induced ... more Engineers frequently aim to enhance the road's surface and texture in response to stress-induced reflection and deformation by reinforcing the underlying concrete structure of the pavement. Studies have shown that the utilization of crushed concrete and steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) can enhance the performance and cost-efficiency of concrete. This study investigated the advancement of a durable concrete road surface capable of withstanding heavy vehicular loads. The experimental laboratory program consisted of four groups: standard concrete, concrete with crushed concrete, steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC), and a mixture of crushed concrete and SFRC. The simulation testing process involves two steps: first, separating a validation sample from a previous study, and second, widening the inquiry to analyze the impacts of different concrete pavement thicknesses and dimensions. Studies have demonstrated that the addition of crushed concrete at a rate of 10-20% and steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) at a rate of 40% may significantly enhance the performance of concrete with a compressive strength (FC) of 30 MPa. The results indicated that crushed concrete exhibited significantly higher shear strength compared to SFRC and ordinary concrete. In addition to the enhancement in shear strength, the overall performance of the concrete material was also improved. Ultimately, the incorporation of crushed concrete and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete (SFRC) is accountable for the enhanced mechanical properties of concrete in all concrete pavements.

Design and Analysis of Titanium Alloy Turbine Blade Using ANSYS

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

This paper presents a detailed design and analysis of a turbine blade made from titanium alloy us... more This paper presents a detailed design and analysis of a turbine blade made from titanium alloy using ANSYS, a robust finite element analysis (FEA) tool. Turbine blades operate under extreme mechanical and thermal conditions, necessitating materials with exceptional properties. Titanium alloys are favoured for their high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, and good thermal properties. This study investigates the structural integrity, stress distribution, deformation, and thermal behaviour of titanium alloy turbine blades under operational conditions. The results provide valuable insights for optimizing turbine blade design for improved performance and durability.

MECHANICAL AND WEAR PERFORMANCE OF END CHILLED ALUMINIUM -2024 MATRIX COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH AL 2 O 3 NANO PARTICLES

IJRAME PUBLICATION, 2024

In recent years, the use of lightweight materials with improved mechanical and tribological quali... more In recent years, the use of lightweight materials with improved mechanical and tribological qualities has significantly advanced. This study aims to develop an aluminum 2024 matrix alloy reinforced with 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weight percent of Al 2 O 3 using the stir casting technique. The alloy was melted at approximately 700°C, mixed with preheated Al 2 O 3 particles, and cast into a sand mold with various end chills, including graphite, mild steel, copper, brass, and cast iron, to facilitat e directional solidification. Mechanical testing revealed that the copper-chilled MMC achieved the highest hardness and strength at reinforcement levels of 9% and 12% by weight, respectively, with increases of 9.88% in strength and 16.66% in hardness compared to the base alloy. Micro structural examination showed uniform dispersion of nano alumina particles, contributing to improved wear resistance. The copper-chilled MMC exhibited high friction and modest wear at lower stresses but significant wear under higher loads. The incorporation of Al 2 O 3 nanoparticles and the chilling effect enhanced the mechanical and tribological properties, resulting in a finer microstructure and better bonding between the reinforcement and matrix.

THE STRESS SIMULATION ANALYSIS OF COPPER ALLOY C84400 IN A HELICAL GEAR

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

The Copper Alloy-Zeng is an alloy of copper and zinc in proportions that can be varied to achieve... more The Copper Alloy-Zeng is an alloy of copper and zinc in proportions that can be varied to achieve various mechanical and electrical properties. In a mechanical system, the gears are an important component used to increase or decrease torque, change the direction of motion and transmit power from a motion system. The easy alternative for carrying out calculations and comparing them with real conditions is simulation analysis. The stress analysis uses the finite element method with Solidworks 2021 software to save time and costs. The aim of this research is to analyze Von Misses stress using the finite element method with Solidworks 2021 software on helical gears made from copper alloy type Copper Alloy C84400 to obtain the Von Misses value where the Von Misses value can predict material failure. The result of this research was the Von Misses Stress values in this study are based on different forces, namely 10 N, 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, and 50 N, which have Von Misses Stress values of 0.085 MPa, 0.171 MPa, 0.256 MPa, 0.341 MPa and 0.427 MPa. Because the Von Misses Stress value that occurs is below the yield strength value of 105 MPa, this helical gear only experiences elastic deformation. The results of the analysis of the helical gear at forces of 10 N, 20 N, 30 N, 40 N, and 50 N showed safety factor values of 1230, 615, 410, 308, and 246, indicating that the strength of the material > the stress that occurs. Therefore it can be said that this helical gear is not safe to use.

DESIGN & ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL TAKE-OFF AND LANDING AUTONOMOUS AIR AMBULANCE AIRCRAFT

IJRAME PUBLICATIONS, 2024

As we know that fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle required long runways for takeoff and landing ... more As we know that fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle required long runways for takeoff and landing and also flight time then other. As it is difficult to have longer runway in city area, the need of vertical takeoff and landing (VTOL) arises. VTOL aircraft is the type of flight systems which have the ability to take off and land vertically, then transition to horizontal flight, and also allowing an aircraft to cover long distances at high speed and also have advantage to takeoff and land in vertical manner without the need of runway. There are various applications of VTOL such as it can be used as ondemand air mobility, for cargo and package delivery, in healthcare applications, and in emergency services. The new and emerging trends of VTOL are that it can be use as air ambulance. Air Ambulance service is a board term that combines two meaning i.e. air transport with basic emergency medical services which is able to transport injured patients or sick patients to the healthcare facilities and from healthcare facilities. So, in other terms, we can say that it is basically like airlifting patients in case of emergencies. Here, we are focused to develop advance VTOL air ambulance which can be use in any condition and which are capable to carry out its work more precisely and efficiently.