Valid and reliable research is pivotal to successful sport marketing strategy. Market research ma... more Valid and reliable research is pivotal to successful sport marketing strategy. Market research may be gathered via either quantitative or qualitative means. This paper explores the theoretical background and practical applications of qualitative research techniques. It explains the appropriate context for qualitative approaches, and discusses sampling procedures with particular emphasis on the powerful but simple technique known as theoretical sampling. In addition, it clarifies and explores data analysis procedures. The purpose of this paper is to provide sport market research practitioners with a model for implementing qualitative methodologies in sport marketing campaigns.
This chapter provides a comparative case analysis of the long-term impact of major sport events o... more This chapter provides a comparative case analysis of the long-term impact of major sport events on Australia's two largest cities, Sydney and Melbourne (2000 Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games). The Sydney and Melbourne case studies show that the scale of any legacy is contingent upon the initial investment injected into the event. Whereas Sydney invested just over AUD 3.5 billion into the 2000 Olympics, Melbourne's investment in the 2006 Commonwealth Games was around AUD 1.1 million. While the benefits that accrued to Melbourne were narrowly focused on two medium-scale international-standard sport facilities, the benefits to Sydney were much broader and more significant. At the same time, it is not clear that the legacies from each event had been optimized. In each of these cases, substantial risks were incurred, including cost overruns and substandard accommodation.
Drug free sport is an unattainable aspiration. In this critical, paradigm-shifting reappraisal of... more Drug free sport is an unattainable aspiration. In this critical, paradigm-shifting reappraisal of contemporary drug policy in sport, Bob Stewart and Aaron Smith argue that drug use in sport is an inexorable consequence of the nature, structure and culture of sport itself. By de-mythologising and de-moralising the assumptions that prop up current drug management controls, and re-emphasising the importance of the long-term well being and civil rights of the athlete, they offer a powerful argument for creating a legitimate space for drug use in sport. The book offers a broad ranging overview of the social and commercial pressures impelling drug use, and maps the full historical and social extent of the problem. With policy analysis at the centre of the discussion, the book explores the complete range of social, management, policy, scientific, technological and health issues around drugs in sport, highlighting the irresolvable tension between the zero-tolerance model as advanced by WADA and the harm-reduction approach adopted by drug education and treatment agencies. While there are no simple solutions, as long as drugs use is endemic in wider society the authors argue that a more nuanced and progressive approach is required in order to safeguard and protect the health, social liberty and best interests of athletes and sports people, as well as the value of sport itself.
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2013
Using qualitative life-course and pathway analysis, this article explores the beliefs that seriou... more Using qualitative life-course and pathway analysis, this article explores the beliefs that serious club cyclists have about performance improvement, and what they think are appropriate and inappropriate ways of achieving it. We interviewed 11 cyclists from suburban clubs in Melbourne, Australia, and invited them to discuss their approach to training, racing, and supplementation. We found that each of the 11 cyclists were not only committed to the sport, but also paid a keen interest in bike technology and training regimes. In addition, they believed that supplement use was integral to meeting the physical and mental demands of their sport, even at club level. They also understood that supplement use, like training regimes, followed a sequential pathway where the accumulation of capacity, know-know, and knowledge, allowed progression to the next level of performance. And, like similar studies of club cycling in Europe, this cohort of cyclists balked at using banned substances, but al...
Many of the models and theories that aim to explain drug use in sport are limited by a focus on i... more Many of the models and theories that aim to explain drug use in sport are limited by a focus on individual athlete decision-making that centers on the socioeconomic costs and benefits of using drugs. However, this limitation narrows the debate to how various penalties and sanctions might curb use. The authors suggest that to broaden the debate the investigation should include an exploration of the context in which drug use occurs and a situational diagnosis of the assumptions, values, and beliefs that underpin drug use in sport. To this end, the authors have developed a model of drug use in sport that combines the micro orientation of individual athlete and interpersonal behavior with the macro orientation of sporting context, structure, and culture. They use this contextualized model to contrast a use-reduction policy with a harm-minimization policy that allows sport organizations and athletes to manage their drug use in a safe and secure environment.
This paper considers the assumptions underpinning the current drugs-in-sport policy arrangements.... more This paper considers the assumptions underpinning the current drugs-in-sport policy arrangements. Approach We examine the assumptions and contradictions inherent in the policy approach, paying particular attention to the evidence that supports different policy arrangements. Key findings We find that the current anti-doping policy of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) contains inconsistencies and ambiguities. WADA's policy position is predicated upon four fundamental principles; first, the need for sport to set a good example; second, the necessity of ensuring a level playing field; third, the responsibility to protect the health of athletes; and fourth, the importance of preserving the integrity of sport. A review of the evidence, however, suggests that sport is a problematic institution when it comes to setting a good example for the rest of society. Neither is it clear that sport has an inherent or essential integrity that can only be sustained through regulation. Furthermore, it is doubtful that WADA's anti-doping policy is effective in maintaining a level playing field, or is the best means of protecting the health of athletes. Implications and conclusions The WADA anti-doping policy is too heavily based on principals of minimising drug use, and gives insufficient weight to the minimisation of drug related harms. As a result drug 3 related harms are being poorly managed in sport. We argue that anti-doping policy in sport would benefit from placing greater emphasis on a harm minimisation model.
ED473769 - International Business Competencies Needed by Business Graduates in the United States ... more ED473769 - International Business Competencies Needed by Business Graduates in the United States and Taiwan, ROC.
Recent exposes of drug use in sports suggest that doping might be more problematic than doping-co... more Recent exposes of drug use in sports suggest that doping might be more problematic than doping-control test results reveal. A zero-tolerance (ZT) model, which aims to eliminate the use, has dominated the thinking of sport's policy makers over the last 15 years. In light of the limitations associated with ZT-based policy, we propose an alternative policy, one based on controlled use and harm reduction principles. We argue that substance control policies underpinned by harm reduction (HR) principles of social utility and public value will deliver superior social outcomes. First, a harm reduction approach better accommodates the competitive realities of sports and the impact of elite sports' emphasis on performance at all costs. Second, HR prioritises athlete welfare over sport and brand reputation. Finally, while appreciating the regulatory and risk management responsibilities of sports' governing bodies, the HR model offers greater space to the athlete's right to priv...
Abstract This chapter focuses on the media sport cultural complex in Australia by taking both an ... more Abstract This chapter focuses on the media sport cultural complex in Australia by taking both an historical and a broad political perspective, and taking into account the sources and potential power of fan resistance. An historical perspective outlines the similarities and differences between the political economies of rugby league and Australian football, and alludes the relevance of understanding specific social and cultural contexts in the formation of the media-sport-culture interdependencies and interactions. In both rugby league and ...
The article in this issue of the Journal of Sport Management titled "Sport Without Management" (S... more The article in this issue of the Journal of Sport Management titled "Sport Without Management" (SWM) is an ambitious project because it wants to "unsettle the takenfor-granted epistemological and ontological foundations upon which most curricular and research-based activities in contemporary sport management are grounded." The article is, first and foremost, a critique of the ways in which sport management is taught and researched in universities and colleges, especially in the United States. As SWM notes early on, it seeks to problematize the underlying assumptions that guide sport management's commitment to capital, science, and managerialism, and in doing so, re-envisage new pathways forward for sport that are productive not just in economic terms, but in ways that might also bring about "cultural and social transformation." "Sport Without Management" therefore aims to challenge the prevailing orthodoxy that makes the market-sport paradigm front and center. The article wants to show how and why sport came to be so management focused and business centric, and in doing so, how it delivered more problems than benefits, and massively inhibited its "potentialities." According to SWM, these inhibited potentialities are everywhere, and embedded in the fact that sport is principally a commercial activity bundled up as an industry that privileges performance and branding and profits. "Sport Without Management" argues that sport's "marketization" has imposed an ideological straitjacket on its capacity to engage with communities, which has further divided it from its civic and community antecedents. Hence, it comes as no surprise that teams are now referred to as brands, athletes are viewed as commodities, and participants become consumers. And, what is more, this is all highly problematic, especially because the whole marketization process has been driven by a virulent form of neoliberalism. The article's audacious aspirations thread their way through its six theses, with each thesis highlighting a problem with not only the practice of sport, but also sport man-www.JSM-Journal.com ARTICLE
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 2015
The potential for supplement use to result in doping infringements is likely to be of concern for... more The potential for supplement use to result in doping infringements is likely to be of concern for anyone involved in sports nutrition. The available data indicates that between 40-70% of athletes use supplements, and that between 10-15% of supplements may contain prohibited substances. Such data indicates that there is a considerable risk of accidental or inadvertent doping through using supplements. Accordingly, this paper sets out to provide an overview of the currently available empirical evidence of accidental doping by supplement use. In carrying out this task, the authors refer to press releases and proxy measures associated with nutritional supplement use, as well as statistical data on supplement contamination rates and doping infractions. A number of different indications as to the percentage of doping cases that might be attributed to supplement use are presented, ranging from 6.4% to 8.8%. Such percentages are not comparable; instead they are provided as indications as to...
The International Journal of the History of Sport, 2013
The National Tennis Centre in Melbourne, Australia, occupies a symbolic role in the repositioning... more The National Tennis Centre in Melbourne, Australia, occupies a symbolic role in the repositioning of a once ‘rust-belt’ city as a place for ‘footloose’ capital and tourism. This paper explores the decisions that have been made by successive Victorian state governments between 1984 and 1998 to construct and upgrade the National Tennis Centre. Thematic content analysis of three daily newspapers, and one monthly tennis magazine, was undertaken to map political decisions and accompanying public discussion surrounding the foundation and upgrades of the National Tennis Centre. Successive state governments, representing both the left and right side of politics, have adopted an urban entrepreneurial approach to development and economic regeneration of Melbourne since the early 1980s. Targeting sport as a competitive advantage, significant public investments have been made to ‘sell’ this product to consumers identified as citizens and tourists. Worthy of note, and of particular concern, is the limited consultation with important interest groups, particularly environmentalists and the citizenry, when creating an elite sporting entertainment centre.
The growth of professionalism in sport in Australia has had a significant impact on players and a... more The growth of professionalism in sport in Australia has had a significant impact on players and administrators in many sporting organisations. This changing environment has caused sporting organisations to review their organisational goals and objectives. The purpose of this ...
In Australia, the state of Victoria has been successful in securing many major sport events. Exam... more In Australia, the state of Victoria has been successful in securing many major sport events. Examples of such events annually conducted in Victoria are the Australian Open Tennis Championships, the Australian Formula One Grand Prix, The Melbourne Cup, and the Australian Football League Grand Final. Apart from these annual events, Victoria has also been successful in conducting the Bledisloe (rugby) Cup, the 2002 World Yachting Championship, the 2002 World Master Games, and the 2005 Deaflympics. Victoria was also successful in its bids to host the 2006 Commonwealth Games and the 2007 World Swimming Championship. These events have also attracted large audiences, which in part are the result of the efficient management of the organizations that coordinate these events. However, this begs the question: What underpinned the operation of such organizations, and were tailored or sport-specific practices incorporated for managing personnel? The purpose of this article is to explore the mana...
Valid and reliable research is pivotal to successful sport marketing strategy. Market research ma... more Valid and reliable research is pivotal to successful sport marketing strategy. Market research may be gathered via either quantitative or qualitative means. This paper explores the theoretical background and practical applications of qualitative research techniques. It explains the appropriate context for qualitative approaches, and discusses sampling procedures with particular emphasis on the powerful but simple technique known as theoretical sampling. In addition, it clarifies and explores data analysis procedures. The purpose of this paper is to provide sport market research practitioners with a model for implementing qualitative methodologies in sport marketing campaigns.
This chapter provides a comparative case analysis of the long-term impact of major sport events o... more This chapter provides a comparative case analysis of the long-term impact of major sport events on Australia's two largest cities, Sydney and Melbourne (2000 Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games). The Sydney and Melbourne case studies show that the scale of any legacy is contingent upon the initial investment injected into the event. Whereas Sydney invested just over AUD 3.5 billion into the 2000 Olympics, Melbourne's investment in the 2006 Commonwealth Games was around AUD 1.1 million. While the benefits that accrued to Melbourne were narrowly focused on two medium-scale international-standard sport facilities, the benefits to Sydney were much broader and more significant. At the same time, it is not clear that the legacies from each event had been optimized. In each of these cases, substantial risks were incurred, including cost overruns and substandard accommodation.
Drug free sport is an unattainable aspiration. In this critical, paradigm-shifting reappraisal of... more Drug free sport is an unattainable aspiration. In this critical, paradigm-shifting reappraisal of contemporary drug policy in sport, Bob Stewart and Aaron Smith argue that drug use in sport is an inexorable consequence of the nature, structure and culture of sport itself. By de-mythologising and de-moralising the assumptions that prop up current drug management controls, and re-emphasising the importance of the long-term well being and civil rights of the athlete, they offer a powerful argument for creating a legitimate space for drug use in sport. The book offers a broad ranging overview of the social and commercial pressures impelling drug use, and maps the full historical and social extent of the problem. With policy analysis at the centre of the discussion, the book explores the complete range of social, management, policy, scientific, technological and health issues around drugs in sport, highlighting the irresolvable tension between the zero-tolerance model as advanced by WADA and the harm-reduction approach adopted by drug education and treatment agencies. While there are no simple solutions, as long as drugs use is endemic in wider society the authors argue that a more nuanced and progressive approach is required in order to safeguard and protect the health, social liberty and best interests of athletes and sports people, as well as the value of sport itself.
Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 2013
Using qualitative life-course and pathway analysis, this article explores the beliefs that seriou... more Using qualitative life-course and pathway analysis, this article explores the beliefs that serious club cyclists have about performance improvement, and what they think are appropriate and inappropriate ways of achieving it. We interviewed 11 cyclists from suburban clubs in Melbourne, Australia, and invited them to discuss their approach to training, racing, and supplementation. We found that each of the 11 cyclists were not only committed to the sport, but also paid a keen interest in bike technology and training regimes. In addition, they believed that supplement use was integral to meeting the physical and mental demands of their sport, even at club level. They also understood that supplement use, like training regimes, followed a sequential pathway where the accumulation of capacity, know-know, and knowledge, allowed progression to the next level of performance. And, like similar studies of club cycling in Europe, this cohort of cyclists balked at using banned substances, but al...
Many of the models and theories that aim to explain drug use in sport are limited by a focus on i... more Many of the models and theories that aim to explain drug use in sport are limited by a focus on individual athlete decision-making that centers on the socioeconomic costs and benefits of using drugs. However, this limitation narrows the debate to how various penalties and sanctions might curb use. The authors suggest that to broaden the debate the investigation should include an exploration of the context in which drug use occurs and a situational diagnosis of the assumptions, values, and beliefs that underpin drug use in sport. To this end, the authors have developed a model of drug use in sport that combines the micro orientation of individual athlete and interpersonal behavior with the macro orientation of sporting context, structure, and culture. They use this contextualized model to contrast a use-reduction policy with a harm-minimization policy that allows sport organizations and athletes to manage their drug use in a safe and secure environment.
This paper considers the assumptions underpinning the current drugs-in-sport policy arrangements.... more This paper considers the assumptions underpinning the current drugs-in-sport policy arrangements. Approach We examine the assumptions and contradictions inherent in the policy approach, paying particular attention to the evidence that supports different policy arrangements. Key findings We find that the current anti-doping policy of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) contains inconsistencies and ambiguities. WADA's policy position is predicated upon four fundamental principles; first, the need for sport to set a good example; second, the necessity of ensuring a level playing field; third, the responsibility to protect the health of athletes; and fourth, the importance of preserving the integrity of sport. A review of the evidence, however, suggests that sport is a problematic institution when it comes to setting a good example for the rest of society. Neither is it clear that sport has an inherent or essential integrity that can only be sustained through regulation. Furthermore, it is doubtful that WADA's anti-doping policy is effective in maintaining a level playing field, or is the best means of protecting the health of athletes. Implications and conclusions The WADA anti-doping policy is too heavily based on principals of minimising drug use, and gives insufficient weight to the minimisation of drug related harms. As a result drug 3 related harms are being poorly managed in sport. We argue that anti-doping policy in sport would benefit from placing greater emphasis on a harm minimisation model.
ED473769 - International Business Competencies Needed by Business Graduates in the United States ... more ED473769 - International Business Competencies Needed by Business Graduates in the United States and Taiwan, ROC.
Recent exposes of drug use in sports suggest that doping might be more problematic than doping-co... more Recent exposes of drug use in sports suggest that doping might be more problematic than doping-control test results reveal. A zero-tolerance (ZT) model, which aims to eliminate the use, has dominated the thinking of sport's policy makers over the last 15 years. In light of the limitations associated with ZT-based policy, we propose an alternative policy, one based on controlled use and harm reduction principles. We argue that substance control policies underpinned by harm reduction (HR) principles of social utility and public value will deliver superior social outcomes. First, a harm reduction approach better accommodates the competitive realities of sports and the impact of elite sports' emphasis on performance at all costs. Second, HR prioritises athlete welfare over sport and brand reputation. Finally, while appreciating the regulatory and risk management responsibilities of sports' governing bodies, the HR model offers greater space to the athlete's right to priv...
Abstract This chapter focuses on the media sport cultural complex in Australia by taking both an ... more Abstract This chapter focuses on the media sport cultural complex in Australia by taking both an historical and a broad political perspective, and taking into account the sources and potential power of fan resistance. An historical perspective outlines the similarities and differences between the political economies of rugby league and Australian football, and alludes the relevance of understanding specific social and cultural contexts in the formation of the media-sport-culture interdependencies and interactions. In both rugby league and ...
The article in this issue of the Journal of Sport Management titled "Sport Without Management" (S... more The article in this issue of the Journal of Sport Management titled "Sport Without Management" (SWM) is an ambitious project because it wants to "unsettle the takenfor-granted epistemological and ontological foundations upon which most curricular and research-based activities in contemporary sport management are grounded." The article is, first and foremost, a critique of the ways in which sport management is taught and researched in universities and colleges, especially in the United States. As SWM notes early on, it seeks to problematize the underlying assumptions that guide sport management's commitment to capital, science, and managerialism, and in doing so, re-envisage new pathways forward for sport that are productive not just in economic terms, but in ways that might also bring about "cultural and social transformation." "Sport Without Management" therefore aims to challenge the prevailing orthodoxy that makes the market-sport paradigm front and center. The article wants to show how and why sport came to be so management focused and business centric, and in doing so, how it delivered more problems than benefits, and massively inhibited its "potentialities." According to SWM, these inhibited potentialities are everywhere, and embedded in the fact that sport is principally a commercial activity bundled up as an industry that privileges performance and branding and profits. "Sport Without Management" argues that sport's "marketization" has imposed an ideological straitjacket on its capacity to engage with communities, which has further divided it from its civic and community antecedents. Hence, it comes as no surprise that teams are now referred to as brands, athletes are viewed as commodities, and participants become consumers. And, what is more, this is all highly problematic, especially because the whole marketization process has been driven by a virulent form of neoliberalism. The article's audacious aspirations thread their way through its six theses, with each thesis highlighting a problem with not only the practice of sport, but also sport man-www.JSM-Journal.com ARTICLE
International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism, 2015
The potential for supplement use to result in doping infringements is likely to be of concern for... more The potential for supplement use to result in doping infringements is likely to be of concern for anyone involved in sports nutrition. The available data indicates that between 40-70% of athletes use supplements, and that between 10-15% of supplements may contain prohibited substances. Such data indicates that there is a considerable risk of accidental or inadvertent doping through using supplements. Accordingly, this paper sets out to provide an overview of the currently available empirical evidence of accidental doping by supplement use. In carrying out this task, the authors refer to press releases and proxy measures associated with nutritional supplement use, as well as statistical data on supplement contamination rates and doping infractions. A number of different indications as to the percentage of doping cases that might be attributed to supplement use are presented, ranging from 6.4% to 8.8%. Such percentages are not comparable; instead they are provided as indications as to...
The International Journal of the History of Sport, 2013
The National Tennis Centre in Melbourne, Australia, occupies a symbolic role in the repositioning... more The National Tennis Centre in Melbourne, Australia, occupies a symbolic role in the repositioning of a once ‘rust-belt’ city as a place for ‘footloose’ capital and tourism. This paper explores the decisions that have been made by successive Victorian state governments between 1984 and 1998 to construct and upgrade the National Tennis Centre. Thematic content analysis of three daily newspapers, and one monthly tennis magazine, was undertaken to map political decisions and accompanying public discussion surrounding the foundation and upgrades of the National Tennis Centre. Successive state governments, representing both the left and right side of politics, have adopted an urban entrepreneurial approach to development and economic regeneration of Melbourne since the early 1980s. Targeting sport as a competitive advantage, significant public investments have been made to ‘sell’ this product to consumers identified as citizens and tourists. Worthy of note, and of particular concern, is the limited consultation with important interest groups, particularly environmentalists and the citizenry, when creating an elite sporting entertainment centre.
The growth of professionalism in sport in Australia has had a significant impact on players and a... more The growth of professionalism in sport in Australia has had a significant impact on players and administrators in many sporting organisations. This changing environment has caused sporting organisations to review their organisational goals and objectives. The purpose of this ...
In Australia, the state of Victoria has been successful in securing many major sport events. Exam... more In Australia, the state of Victoria has been successful in securing many major sport events. Examples of such events annually conducted in Victoria are the Australian Open Tennis Championships, the Australian Formula One Grand Prix, The Melbourne Cup, and the Australian Football League Grand Final. Apart from these annual events, Victoria has also been successful in conducting the Bledisloe (rugby) Cup, the 2002 World Yachting Championship, the 2002 World Master Games, and the 2005 Deaflympics. Victoria was also successful in its bids to host the 2006 Commonwealth Games and the 2007 World Swimming Championship. These events have also attracted large audiences, which in part are the result of the efficient management of the organizations that coordinate these events. However, this begs the question: What underpinned the operation of such organizations, and were tailored or sport-specific practices incorporated for managing personnel? The purpose of this article is to explore the mana...
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Papers by Bob Stewart