Epistemic modality, a linguistic category, particularly deals with the interactive dimensions of ... more Epistemic modality, a linguistic category, particularly deals with the interactive dimensions of various discourses. Epistemic modality in broad terms can be defined as any modal system that indicates the degree of assurance of what a speaker says. The present study identifies and analyzes the epistemic modal verbs EMVs in the dissertations of linguistics and literature. For this purpose, two subcorpora of Ph.D. dissertations from the fields of linguistics and literature were constructed. The concordance tool AntConc3.5.8 was used to analyse the selected modal verbs. The most frequent epistemic modal auxiliaries used in both disciplines were found to be may, would and could. Interestingly, the EMVs were deployed by the researchers of linguistics more than twice as much used by the researchers of literature.
Due to Pashto-English language contact, a large number of words are borrowed from English into Af... more Due to Pashto-English language contact, a large number of words are borrowed from English into Afghani Pashto. These English loanwords undergo certain types of variation. This study aims at phonemic variations in English loanwords borrowed into Afghani Pashto. A corpus of 90 English loanwords was collected from ten audio-video programs from Afghani TV channels. They were news and discussion panels. The conversation of Afghani Pashto speakers was observed for the collection of the corpus. The data were analyzed according to Levenshtein's (1966) Distance Algorithm Model to investigate the phonemic variations in English loanwords. Based on the research findings, it was revealed that most of the loanwords undergo phonemic variation and some words are just adopted. Most of the words undergo a change of vowel sounds. Some of the words also maintain a change in the consonant sounds. In some cases, the words experience a change in both the vowel and consonant sounds.
Sir Syed journal of education & social research, Mar 18, 2021
Collaborative language learning, followed as a language teaching and learning methodology in many... more Collaborative language learning, followed as a language teaching and learning methodology in many countries, is often critiqued with mixed arguments. To some, while keeping in view its social aspect where learners work on common projects intending to partake in collective decision making and intellectual engagement, collaborative language learning is more productive than the traditional way of teaching and learning a second/foreign language. To others, because of different requirements for its successful implementation, collaborative language learning becomes a difficult practice where the cost exceeds the benefits. To know the problems and prospects of collaborative language learning, in the present study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews from teachers of both public and private sector schools of district Mardan. Through purposive sampling, data were collected from 40 teachers (20 each from public and private sector schools). The findings reveal that besides many positive aspects, there are some negative aspects of collaborative learning where the prominent one is the loss of an individual's authority and creativity, promotion of totalitarian approach, and overlooking of the shy students. It can be a useful tool for language education provided some requirements including teacher training, availability of proper space, and classroom size, etc. are tackled properly.
Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture
In the contemporary realm of digitized existence, memes have become the norm of our virtual cultu... more In the contemporary realm of digitized existence, memes have become the norm of our virtual culture, omnipresent across the various platforms of social media. Functioning as a distinct and advanced mode of communication, memes enable social media users with an unfettered avenue to communicate their thoughts, jokes, ideas, critiques, etc. This study focuses on English and Urdu memes as one of the internet communication phenomena and their specific sociological features that make these memes interesting sociologically. Here mainly the memes that are in the form of images with a piece of written text on them are considered. Within the purview of this exploration, the General Theory of Verbal Humor presented by Raskin and Salvatore in 1991, has been undertaken as an analytical lens. Six memes apiece from both English and Urdu have been selected for the analysis. From the results, it was shown that memes are used as strong social expressions. These reflect public reactions to political,...
Translation is more than just converting text between two languages; it also involves two very di... more Translation is more than just converting text between two languages; it also involves two very different cultures. During translation, translators encounter elements that are specific to the languages they are working with, which are called Culture-Specific Items (CSIs). Translation theorists create a variety of translation techniques to effectively deal with CSIs. In this respect, the theory of Venuti (2008) regarding the techniques of foreignization and domestication is very helpful. This article aims to examine the use of these techniques in the translation of CSIs in five selected stories from Muhammad Umar Memon's book "The Greatest Urdu Stories Ever Told." Venuti's theory of domestication serves as the study's theoretical foundation. Ramière (2006) employs both methods along the foreignization and domestication spectrum. The spectrum is broken down into six techniques: borrowing, literal translation, glossing, omission, neutralization, and cultural substi...
Due to Pashto-English language contact, a large number of words are borrowed from English into Af... more Due to Pashto-English language contact, a large number of words are borrowed from English into Afghani Pashto. These English loanwords undergo certain types of variation. This study aims at phonemic variations in English loanwords borrowed into Afghani Pashto. A corpus of 90 English loanwords was collected from ten audio-video programs from Afghani TV channels. They were news and discussion panels. The conversation of Afghani Pashto speakers was observed for the collection of the corpus. The data were analyzed according to Levenshtein's (1966) Distance Algorithm Model to investigate the phonemic variations in English loanwords. Based on the research findings, it was revealed that most of the loanwords undergo phonemic variation and some words are just adopted. Most of the words undergo a change of vowel sounds. Some of the words also maintain a change in the consonant sounds. In some cases, the words experience a change in both the vowel and consonant sounds.
The skillful usage of language by politicians in a persuasive manner holds great significance in ... more The skillful usage of language by politicians in a persuasive manner holds great significance in the politics of democratic states. This paper attempts to study the diplomatic use of catchy and attractive political slogans to convince the voters to vote for them. Political slogans chanted in the processions of Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI) and Pakistan Muslim League-Noon (PML-N) during the 2018 general election campaign were recorded. These slogans served as the data which was analyzed from the perspective of rhetoric by using Hosu and Pavelea’s (2009) model. It was revealed that political slogans are composed persuasively by employing various rhetorical devices like rhyme, alliteration, repetition,synonyms, antonyms, statements, commands, questions, negative, optative sentences. It was also found that political slogans play an important role in convincing and gaining public support. Moreover, these slogans are tactfully formulated as linguistic means for propagating the ideas and ...
In bi/multilingual societies, the process of code-mixing and language hybridization holds great s... more In bi/multilingual societies, the process of code-mixing and language hybridization holds great significance. The present study attempts to examine the process of language hybridization in the Pashto local context. The purpose of the study is to show that code-mixing of English lexical items in Pashto spoken discourse has resulted in the formation of English-Pashto lexical hybrids. Research data was collected through observation and television programs in the Pashto language. Data is analyzed by using Kachru's model of code-mixing of English in Hindi, where Unit Hybridization is applied, which isfurther added by the Sarwet Rasul model. Based on the research data, it was revealed that the English code mixed words in the Pashto language are mostly nouns. These words, when used by Pashto speakers, are made hybrid by adding different types of Pashto suffixes. The findings also revealed that because of the prestige factor attached, English words are used in Pashto spoken discourse wh...
Immediately after independence in 1947, Urdu became the national language of Pakistan. The consti... more Immediately after independence in 1947, Urdu became the national language of Pakistan. The constitution of 1973 promised the realization of this goal in Article 251. This paper analyses the causes of its lack of implementation with the help of textual analysis of archival sources. A historical overview of the introduction and domination of the English language in South Asia through colonial machinery explains the reasons for ambivalence about English and Urdu language to be entrenched in the colonial legacy and anticolonial nationalism. The lack of capacity and will combines with the forces for globalism in enhancing the position of the English language in Pakistan. Further, the association of English and Urdu with the existing class division has reduced the debate about language policy to rhetorical postures. The paper proposes a reconsideration of the historical top-down formation of language policy and planning and its replacement with a renewed bottom-up approach where diversity...
Personal narrative, a very important subgenre of narratives, is usually developed in a particular... more Personal narrative, a very important subgenre of narratives, is usually developed in a particular style. To know its specificity, in this study, oral personal narratives have been analyzed. For this purpose, twenty oral narratives, collected from twenty students of BS English, have been analyzed. In order to understand the macrostructure, i.e., narrative categories, Labov’s (1972) model of sociolinguist features of narratives has been used. For the analysis of microstructures, Halliday’s and Hasan’s (1976) five key cohesive ties: references, conjunction, substitution, ellipses, and lexical ties have been used. It was found that with little variations, most of the personal experience oral narratives follow the Labov’s structure of narrative analysis, i.e., abstract, orientation, complicating actions, resolution, evaluation, and coda. Likewise, while doing microanalysis, it was found that the narratives were well-compact with the help of elements of cohesive ties. The study shows that...
Postcolonialism with its various aspects is focused in this paper. The present study highlights t... more Postcolonialism with its various aspects is focused in this paper. The present study highlights the key postcolonial issues in Chinua Achebe’s novel No Longer at Ease and E. M. Forster’s novel A Passage to India. While keeping in view length of the chapters, only the first chapter of No Longer at Ease and the first three chapters of A Passage to India have been analyzed and discussed. The postcolonial issues found in these novels are ambivalence, stereotyping, mimicry, hybridity, representation, orality, binarism and marginalization. Almost both of the novels got these issues in some proportion with different contexts but still with many similarities.
The paper aims at finding Ronald Barthes’ codes in the short story Prince Bahram, In Search of Gu... more The paper aims at finding Ronald Barthes’ codes in the short story Prince Bahram, In Search of Gulandama. Using textual analysis, the short story was is analysed in the light of Ronald Barthes five codes. It is found that almost all of Ronald Barthes’ codes: hermeneutic, proairetic, semantic, symbolic and cultural codes are present in the short story. The story has puzzles and enigmas which inspire the readers to read the story in order to answer the unanswered questions. Like other stories, in this short story too, sequence is created through proairetic code. There are implied meanings, which bring forth the semantics code. Paradoxes, where binaries are the most import elements, are represented through symbolic codes. Lastly, there are many cultural elements, showing the cultural code. These different aspects gives a comprehensive narrative structure to the story.
This paper highlights the extent of women marginalization through silencing their voices at workp... more This paper highlights the extent of women marginalization through silencing their voices at workplaces in the Pashtun society. Using the construct "muted group" theory a qualitative study of the participants with ages between 25 and 32 at Abdul Wali Khan Universy, Mardan (Pakistan) was undertaken. The analysis of response reveals that both males and females work equally, share equal work load, and can perform their duties well together. It is significant that despite the appearance of unbiased equal treatment to males and females the societal biases effect a reality that is contradictory to the facade of equality. The study established that males make use of authoritative language because of which females feel reluctant to share their thoughts openly due to the fear of being rejected at the work place. They conform to male domination and in this way appease the macho ego of males. Moreover, females are often made fun of when they talk; consequently they choose to remain si...
The main aim of the study was to investigate Activity Type (AT) as an approach towards classroom ... more The main aim of the study was to investigate Activity Type (AT) as an approach towards classroom interaction and highlight its limitations and delimitations. For this purpose, a formal teacher-student interaction in academic setting of about 30 minutes was recorded, transcribed and then coded. The interaction was qualitatively analyzed. The study revealed that the interaction has outlined the main features of AT including goals orientation, activity specific context, inferencing system, constraints on participants' contributions and most obviously the overriding role of setting, overshadowing all the other features
The study investigates the role of suffixation in Pashto-English hybridization at the word level ... more The study investigates the role of suffixation in Pashto-English hybridization at the word level and the sociolinguistic significance of such hybridization. Data from electronic media, including programmes from Khyber News, representing both formal and informal domains of language use, is used for the study. The programmes selected include Top Stories, News Hour, Mohim Repotuna, Naway Sahar and Sports Mag. Employing content analysis as a research method, a quantitative approach for the investigation of hybridized English lexical category and a qualitative approach for its sociolinguistic significance have been used. The present study employs the framework presented by Kachru (1978), as adapted by Rasul (2006). The findings of the research show that noun is frequently hybridized both in formal and informal domains of language used mostly by the addition of Pashto inflectional suffixes. It is concluded that suffixation got an important role in Pashto-English hybridization that leads t...
pISSN: 2521-2982 The purpose of the present research is to explore the works of Keats from the un... more pISSN: 2521-2982 The purpose of the present research is to explore the works of Keats from the uncommon and untraditional perspective, the perspective of Keats as a revolutionary poet fighting for the cause of politics and morality. For this purpose, his selected poems were taken for analysis. His works reveal not only the aspects of Romanticism but also of revolution. Most of his poems plead for political and social reforms in a constructive irony of the upheavals through intentionality. Swept up with the current of revolution and sanguinity, on one hand, he deplores the contemporary restlessness and stagnation, but, on the other hand, he is optimistic about the future, where change and reconciliation were for sure. In this way, the works of the poet present the present and the past in a relationship, where the past is allured, the present is struggled for politics and the future is hoped for imaginatively. eISSN: 2707-4587 pISSN: 2521-2982
The main purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the code-switching p... more The main purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the code-switching phenomenon to have positive impacts upon teaching and learning process. The study investigates the linguistic features of codeswitching, that include intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching and code-switching at word, phrase and clause level, which are examined in both male and female university teachers’ lectures. Several findings from Urdu/English code-switching corpus, collected from universities of Lahore city, are presented and analyzed. It is investigated that while making use of code-switching, there is a frequent use of different linguistic features of code-switching between Urdu and English by university teachers. It is found that intra-sentential codeswitching (37.15%) is the leading code-switched area, and code-switching at word (31.21%), clause (21.54%), and phrase (6.42%) level, being a part of inter-sentential code-switching, are the successive areas...
Epistemic modality, a linguistic category, particularly deals with the interactive dimensions of ... more Epistemic modality, a linguistic category, particularly deals with the interactive dimensions of various discourses. Epistemic modality in broad terms can be defined as any modal system that indicates the degree of assurance of what a speaker says. The present study identifies and analyzes the epistemic modal verbs EMVs in the dissertations of linguistics and literature. For this purpose, two subcorpora of Ph.D. dissertations from the fields of linguistics and literature were constructed. The concordance tool AntConc3.5.8 was used to analyse the selected modal verbs. The most frequent epistemic modal auxiliaries used in both disciplines were found to be may, would and could. Interestingly, the EMVs were deployed by the researchers of linguistics more than twice as much used by the researchers of literature.
Due to Pashto-English language contact, a large number of words are borrowed from English into Af... more Due to Pashto-English language contact, a large number of words are borrowed from English into Afghani Pashto. These English loanwords undergo certain types of variation. This study aims at phonemic variations in English loanwords borrowed into Afghani Pashto. A corpus of 90 English loanwords was collected from ten audio-video programs from Afghani TV channels. They were news and discussion panels. The conversation of Afghani Pashto speakers was observed for the collection of the corpus. The data were analyzed according to Levenshtein's (1966) Distance Algorithm Model to investigate the phonemic variations in English loanwords. Based on the research findings, it was revealed that most of the loanwords undergo phonemic variation and some words are just adopted. Most of the words undergo a change of vowel sounds. Some of the words also maintain a change in the consonant sounds. In some cases, the words experience a change in both the vowel and consonant sounds.
Sir Syed journal of education & social research, Mar 18, 2021
Collaborative language learning, followed as a language teaching and learning methodology in many... more Collaborative language learning, followed as a language teaching and learning methodology in many countries, is often critiqued with mixed arguments. To some, while keeping in view its social aspect where learners work on common projects intending to partake in collective decision making and intellectual engagement, collaborative language learning is more productive than the traditional way of teaching and learning a second/foreign language. To others, because of different requirements for its successful implementation, collaborative language learning becomes a difficult practice where the cost exceeds the benefits. To know the problems and prospects of collaborative language learning, in the present study, data were collected through semi-structured interviews from teachers of both public and private sector schools of district Mardan. Through purposive sampling, data were collected from 40 teachers (20 each from public and private sector schools). The findings reveal that besides many positive aspects, there are some negative aspects of collaborative learning where the prominent one is the loss of an individual's authority and creativity, promotion of totalitarian approach, and overlooking of the shy students. It can be a useful tool for language education provided some requirements including teacher training, availability of proper space, and classroom size, etc. are tackled properly.
Journal of Namibian Studies : History Politics Culture
In the contemporary realm of digitized existence, memes have become the norm of our virtual cultu... more In the contemporary realm of digitized existence, memes have become the norm of our virtual culture, omnipresent across the various platforms of social media. Functioning as a distinct and advanced mode of communication, memes enable social media users with an unfettered avenue to communicate their thoughts, jokes, ideas, critiques, etc. This study focuses on English and Urdu memes as one of the internet communication phenomena and their specific sociological features that make these memes interesting sociologically. Here mainly the memes that are in the form of images with a piece of written text on them are considered. Within the purview of this exploration, the General Theory of Verbal Humor presented by Raskin and Salvatore in 1991, has been undertaken as an analytical lens. Six memes apiece from both English and Urdu have been selected for the analysis. From the results, it was shown that memes are used as strong social expressions. These reflect public reactions to political,...
Translation is more than just converting text between two languages; it also involves two very di... more Translation is more than just converting text between two languages; it also involves two very different cultures. During translation, translators encounter elements that are specific to the languages they are working with, which are called Culture-Specific Items (CSIs). Translation theorists create a variety of translation techniques to effectively deal with CSIs. In this respect, the theory of Venuti (2008) regarding the techniques of foreignization and domestication is very helpful. This article aims to examine the use of these techniques in the translation of CSIs in five selected stories from Muhammad Umar Memon's book "The Greatest Urdu Stories Ever Told." Venuti's theory of domestication serves as the study's theoretical foundation. Ramière (2006) employs both methods along the foreignization and domestication spectrum. The spectrum is broken down into six techniques: borrowing, literal translation, glossing, omission, neutralization, and cultural substi...
Due to Pashto-English language contact, a large number of words are borrowed from English into Af... more Due to Pashto-English language contact, a large number of words are borrowed from English into Afghani Pashto. These English loanwords undergo certain types of variation. This study aims at phonemic variations in English loanwords borrowed into Afghani Pashto. A corpus of 90 English loanwords was collected from ten audio-video programs from Afghani TV channels. They were news and discussion panels. The conversation of Afghani Pashto speakers was observed for the collection of the corpus. The data were analyzed according to Levenshtein's (1966) Distance Algorithm Model to investigate the phonemic variations in English loanwords. Based on the research findings, it was revealed that most of the loanwords undergo phonemic variation and some words are just adopted. Most of the words undergo a change of vowel sounds. Some of the words also maintain a change in the consonant sounds. In some cases, the words experience a change in both the vowel and consonant sounds.
The skillful usage of language by politicians in a persuasive manner holds great significance in ... more The skillful usage of language by politicians in a persuasive manner holds great significance in the politics of democratic states. This paper attempts to study the diplomatic use of catchy and attractive political slogans to convince the voters to vote for them. Political slogans chanted in the processions of Pakistan Tehreek-i-Insaf (PTI) and Pakistan Muslim League-Noon (PML-N) during the 2018 general election campaign were recorded. These slogans served as the data which was analyzed from the perspective of rhetoric by using Hosu and Pavelea’s (2009) model. It was revealed that political slogans are composed persuasively by employing various rhetorical devices like rhyme, alliteration, repetition,synonyms, antonyms, statements, commands, questions, negative, optative sentences. It was also found that political slogans play an important role in convincing and gaining public support. Moreover, these slogans are tactfully formulated as linguistic means for propagating the ideas and ...
In bi/multilingual societies, the process of code-mixing and language hybridization holds great s... more In bi/multilingual societies, the process of code-mixing and language hybridization holds great significance. The present study attempts to examine the process of language hybridization in the Pashto local context. The purpose of the study is to show that code-mixing of English lexical items in Pashto spoken discourse has resulted in the formation of English-Pashto lexical hybrids. Research data was collected through observation and television programs in the Pashto language. Data is analyzed by using Kachru's model of code-mixing of English in Hindi, where Unit Hybridization is applied, which isfurther added by the Sarwet Rasul model. Based on the research data, it was revealed that the English code mixed words in the Pashto language are mostly nouns. These words, when used by Pashto speakers, are made hybrid by adding different types of Pashto suffixes. The findings also revealed that because of the prestige factor attached, English words are used in Pashto spoken discourse wh...
Immediately after independence in 1947, Urdu became the national language of Pakistan. The consti... more Immediately after independence in 1947, Urdu became the national language of Pakistan. The constitution of 1973 promised the realization of this goal in Article 251. This paper analyses the causes of its lack of implementation with the help of textual analysis of archival sources. A historical overview of the introduction and domination of the English language in South Asia through colonial machinery explains the reasons for ambivalence about English and Urdu language to be entrenched in the colonial legacy and anticolonial nationalism. The lack of capacity and will combines with the forces for globalism in enhancing the position of the English language in Pakistan. Further, the association of English and Urdu with the existing class division has reduced the debate about language policy to rhetorical postures. The paper proposes a reconsideration of the historical top-down formation of language policy and planning and its replacement with a renewed bottom-up approach where diversity...
Personal narrative, a very important subgenre of narratives, is usually developed in a particular... more Personal narrative, a very important subgenre of narratives, is usually developed in a particular style. To know its specificity, in this study, oral personal narratives have been analyzed. For this purpose, twenty oral narratives, collected from twenty students of BS English, have been analyzed. In order to understand the macrostructure, i.e., narrative categories, Labov’s (1972) model of sociolinguist features of narratives has been used. For the analysis of microstructures, Halliday’s and Hasan’s (1976) five key cohesive ties: references, conjunction, substitution, ellipses, and lexical ties have been used. It was found that with little variations, most of the personal experience oral narratives follow the Labov’s structure of narrative analysis, i.e., abstract, orientation, complicating actions, resolution, evaluation, and coda. Likewise, while doing microanalysis, it was found that the narratives were well-compact with the help of elements of cohesive ties. The study shows that...
Postcolonialism with its various aspects is focused in this paper. The present study highlights t... more Postcolonialism with its various aspects is focused in this paper. The present study highlights the key postcolonial issues in Chinua Achebe’s novel No Longer at Ease and E. M. Forster’s novel A Passage to India. While keeping in view length of the chapters, only the first chapter of No Longer at Ease and the first three chapters of A Passage to India have been analyzed and discussed. The postcolonial issues found in these novels are ambivalence, stereotyping, mimicry, hybridity, representation, orality, binarism and marginalization. Almost both of the novels got these issues in some proportion with different contexts but still with many similarities.
The paper aims at finding Ronald Barthes’ codes in the short story Prince Bahram, In Search of Gu... more The paper aims at finding Ronald Barthes’ codes in the short story Prince Bahram, In Search of Gulandama. Using textual analysis, the short story was is analysed in the light of Ronald Barthes five codes. It is found that almost all of Ronald Barthes’ codes: hermeneutic, proairetic, semantic, symbolic and cultural codes are present in the short story. The story has puzzles and enigmas which inspire the readers to read the story in order to answer the unanswered questions. Like other stories, in this short story too, sequence is created through proairetic code. There are implied meanings, which bring forth the semantics code. Paradoxes, where binaries are the most import elements, are represented through symbolic codes. Lastly, there are many cultural elements, showing the cultural code. These different aspects gives a comprehensive narrative structure to the story.
This paper highlights the extent of women marginalization through silencing their voices at workp... more This paper highlights the extent of women marginalization through silencing their voices at workplaces in the Pashtun society. Using the construct "muted group" theory a qualitative study of the participants with ages between 25 and 32 at Abdul Wali Khan Universy, Mardan (Pakistan) was undertaken. The analysis of response reveals that both males and females work equally, share equal work load, and can perform their duties well together. It is significant that despite the appearance of unbiased equal treatment to males and females the societal biases effect a reality that is contradictory to the facade of equality. The study established that males make use of authoritative language because of which females feel reluctant to share their thoughts openly due to the fear of being rejected at the work place. They conform to male domination and in this way appease the macho ego of males. Moreover, females are often made fun of when they talk; consequently they choose to remain si...
The main aim of the study was to investigate Activity Type (AT) as an approach towards classroom ... more The main aim of the study was to investigate Activity Type (AT) as an approach towards classroom interaction and highlight its limitations and delimitations. For this purpose, a formal teacher-student interaction in academic setting of about 30 minutes was recorded, transcribed and then coded. The interaction was qualitatively analyzed. The study revealed that the interaction has outlined the main features of AT including goals orientation, activity specific context, inferencing system, constraints on participants' contributions and most obviously the overriding role of setting, overshadowing all the other features
The study investigates the role of suffixation in Pashto-English hybridization at the word level ... more The study investigates the role of suffixation in Pashto-English hybridization at the word level and the sociolinguistic significance of such hybridization. Data from electronic media, including programmes from Khyber News, representing both formal and informal domains of language use, is used for the study. The programmes selected include Top Stories, News Hour, Mohim Repotuna, Naway Sahar and Sports Mag. Employing content analysis as a research method, a quantitative approach for the investigation of hybridized English lexical category and a qualitative approach for its sociolinguistic significance have been used. The present study employs the framework presented by Kachru (1978), as adapted by Rasul (2006). The findings of the research show that noun is frequently hybridized both in formal and informal domains of language used mostly by the addition of Pashto inflectional suffixes. It is concluded that suffixation got an important role in Pashto-English hybridization that leads t...
pISSN: 2521-2982 The purpose of the present research is to explore the works of Keats from the un... more pISSN: 2521-2982 The purpose of the present research is to explore the works of Keats from the uncommon and untraditional perspective, the perspective of Keats as a revolutionary poet fighting for the cause of politics and morality. For this purpose, his selected poems were taken for analysis. His works reveal not only the aspects of Romanticism but also of revolution. Most of his poems plead for political and social reforms in a constructive irony of the upheavals through intentionality. Swept up with the current of revolution and sanguinity, on one hand, he deplores the contemporary restlessness and stagnation, but, on the other hand, he is optimistic about the future, where change and reconciliation were for sure. In this way, the works of the poet present the present and the past in a relationship, where the past is allured, the present is struggled for politics and the future is hoped for imaginatively. eISSN: 2707-4587 pISSN: 2521-2982
The main purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the code-switching p... more The main purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the code-switching phenomenon to have positive impacts upon teaching and learning process. The study investigates the linguistic features of codeswitching, that include intra-sentential code-switching, inter-sentential code-switching and code-switching at word, phrase and clause level, which are examined in both male and female university teachers’ lectures. Several findings from Urdu/English code-switching corpus, collected from universities of Lahore city, are presented and analyzed. It is investigated that while making use of code-switching, there is a frequent use of different linguistic features of code-switching between Urdu and English by university teachers. It is found that intra-sentential codeswitching (37.15%) is the leading code-switched area, and code-switching at word (31.21%), clause (21.54%), and phrase (6.42%) level, being a part of inter-sentential code-switching, are the successive areas...
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