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Inequality and Income Dynamics in Germany

Author

Listed:
  • Moritz Drechsel-Grau
  • Andreas Peichl
  • Johannes F. Schmieder
  • Kai D. Schmid
  • Hannes Walz
  • Stefanie Wolter

Abstract

We provide a comprehensive analysis of income inequality and income dynamics for Germany over the last two decades. Combining personal income tax and social security data allows us – for the first time – to offer a complete picture of the distribution of annual earnings in Germany. We find that cross-sectional inequality rose until 2009 for men and women. After the Great Recession inequality continued to rise at a slower rate for men and fell slightly for women due to compression at the lower tail. We further document substantial gender differences in average earnings and inequality over the life-cycle. While for men earnings rise and inequality falls as they grow older, many women reduce working hours when starting a family such that average earnings fall and inequality increases. Men’s earnings changes are on average smaller than women’s but are substantially more affected by the business cycle. During the Great Recession, men’s earnings losses become magnified and gains are attenuated. Apart from recession years, earnings changes are significantly right-skewed reflecting the good overall state of the German labor market and increasing labor supply. In the second part of the paper, we study the distribution of total income including incomes of self-employed, business owners, and landlords. We find that total inequality increased significantly more than earnings inequality. Regarding income dynamics, entrepreneurs’ income changes are more dispersed, less skewed, less leptokurtic and less dependent on average past income than workers’ income changes. Finally, we find that top income earners have become less likely to fall out of the top 1 and 0.1 percent.

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  • Moritz Drechsel-Grau & Andreas Peichl & Johannes F. Schmieder & Kai D. Schmid & Hannes Walz & Stefanie Wolter, 2022. "Inequality and Income Dynamics in Germany," NBER Working Papers 29818, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:29818
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    3. Michele Lenza & Jiri Slacalek, 2024. "How does monetary policy affect income and wealth inequality? Evidence from quantitative easing in the euro area," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 39(5), pages 746-765, August.
    4. Andreas Peichl & Martin Popp, 2022. "Can the Labor Demand Curve Explain Job Polarization?," CESifo Working Paper Series 9799, CESifo.
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    6. Cardullo, Gabriele & Sechi, Agnese, 2023. "Local Labor Markets with Non-homothetic Preferences," IZA Discussion Papers 16533, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
    7. Søren Leth‐Petersen & Johan Sæverud, 2022. "Inequality and dynamics of earnings and disposable income in Denmark 1987–2016," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 13(4), pages 1493-1526, November.
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    9. Francis Kramarz & Elio Nimier‐David & Thomas Delemotte, 2022. "Inequality and earnings dynamics in France: National policies and local consequences," Quantitative Economics, Econometric Society, vol. 13(4), pages 1527-1591, November.
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    • E2 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J2 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor
    • J3 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs

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