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You can change the configuration of your project by applying various
profiles. For instance, you may want to have a few extra test data
directories on the classpath during development without including them
in the jar, or you may want to have development tools like
Slamhound available in
every project you hack on without modifying every single project.clj
you use.
You can place any arbitrary key/value pairs supported by defproject
into a given profile and they will be merged into the project map when
that profile is activated.
The example below adds a "dummy-data" resources directory during development and a dependency upon "expectations" that's only used for tests/development.
(defproject myproject "0.5.0-SNAPSHOT"
:description "A project for doing things."
:dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.4.0"]]
:profiles {:dev {:resource-paths ["dummy-data"]
:dependencies [[expectations "1.4.41"]]}})Use the show-profiles task to list the project's profiles.
In addition to project.clj, profiles also can be specified in profiles.clj
within the project root. Profiles specified in profiles.clj will override
profiles in project.clj (via merging logic described below), so
this can be used for project-specific overrides that you don't want committed
in version control.
User-wide profiles can also be specified in
~/.lein/profiles.clj. These will be available in all projects
managed by Leiningen, though those profiles will be overridden by
profiles of the same name specified in the project. System-wide
profiles can be placed in /etc/leiningen/profiles.clj. They are
treated the same as user profiles, but with lower precedence.
You can also define user-wide profiles within clj-files inside
~/.lein/profiles.d. The semantics within such files differ slightly
from other profile files: rather than a map of maps, the profile map
is the top-level within the file, and the name of the profile comes
from the file itself (without the .clj part). Defining the same
user-wide profile in both ~/.lein/profiles.clj and in
~/.lein/profiles.d is considered an error.
Certain profiles are active by default unless you specify another set
of profiles using the with-profile task. Each of the default
profiles have different semantics:
If you want to access dependencies or plugins during development time
for any project place them in your :user profile. Your
~/.lein/profiles.clj file could look something like this:
{:user {:plugins [[lein-pprint "1.1.1"]]
:dependencies [[slamhound "1.3.1"]]}}The :dev profile is used to specify project specific development
tooling. Put things here if they are required for builds or tests,
rather than just convenience tooling.
The :user profile is separate from :dev; the latter is intended to
be specified in the project itself. In order to avoid collisions, the
project should never define a :user profile, nor should a user-wide
:dev profile be defined. Likewise, system profiles should use the
:system profile, and define neither :user nor :dev profiles.
The :system profile is similar to :user, except it applies
system-wide instead of merely to a single user.
The :base profile provides dependencies necessary for basic repl
functionality, adds dev-resources to the :resource-paths, and sets
defaults for :jvm-opts, :checkout-deps-share and
:test-selectors. It is part of Leiningen itself; you shouldn't need
to change it.
The profiles listed above are active during development, but they are unmerged before the jar and pom files are created, making them invisible to code that depends upon your project.
The :provided profile is used to specify dependencies that should be
available during jar creation, but not propagated to other code that
depends on your project. These are dependencies that the project
assumes will be provided by whatever environment the jar is used in,
but are needed during the development of the project. This is often
used for frameworks like Hadoop that provide their own copies of
certain libraries.
The :default profile specifies the profiles that are active by
default when running lein tasks. If not overridden, this is set to
:leiningen/default, which is a composite profile with
[:base :system :user :provided :dev].
Some tasks automatically merge a profile if specified. Examples of
these are the :test profile, when running the test task, and the
:repl profile, when running the repl task. Please note that
putting things in the :test profile is strongly advised against as
it can result in tests which can't be run from the repl.
If you mark your profile with ^:leaky metadata, then the profile
will not be stripped out when the pom and jar files are created.
If you mark a profile with ^{:pom-scope :test} metadata, then the
profile's :dependencies will be added with a test scope in the
generated pom and jar when active. The :dev, :test, and :base
profiles have this set automatically.
If you mark a profile with ^{:pom-scope :provided} metadata, then
the profile's :dependencies will be added with a provided scope in
the generated pom and jar when active. The :provided profile has
this set automatically.
Profiles are merged by taking each key in the project map or profile
map, combining the value if it's a collection and replacing it if it's
not. Profiles specified later take precedence when replacing, just
like the clojure.core/merge function. The dev profile takes
precedence over user by default. Maps are merged recursively, sets are
combined with clojure.set/union, and lists/vectors are
concatenated. You can add hints via metadata that a given value should
take precedence (:replace) or defer to values from a different
profile (:displace) if you want to override this logic:
{:profiles {:dev {:prep-tasks ^:replace ["clean" "compile"]
:aliases ^:displace {"launch" "run"}}}}The exception to this merge logic is that :plugins and :dependencies
have custom de-duplication logic since they must be specified as
vectors even though they behave like maps (because it only makes sense
to have a single version of a given dependency present at once). The
replace/displace metadata hints still apply though.
Remember that if a profile with the same name is specified in multiple
locations, only the profile with the highest "priority" is picked – no merging
is done. The "priority" is – from highest to lowest – profiles.clj,
project.clj, user-wide profiles, and finally system-wide profiles.
If you need to enable personal overrides of parts of a profile, you can use a
composite profile with common and personal parts - something like :dev [:dev-common :dev-overrides]; you would then have just :dev-overrides {} in
project.clj and override it in profiles.clj.
Another use of profiles is to test against various sets of dependencies:
(defproject swank-clojure "1.5.0-SNAPSHOT"
:description "Swank server connecting Clojure to Emacs SLIME"
:dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.2.1"]
[clj-stacktrace "0.2.4"]
[cdt "1.2.6.2"]]
:profiles {:1.3 {:dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.3.0"]]}
:1.4 {:dependencies [[org.clojure/clojure "1.4.0-beta1"]]}})To activate a different set of profiles for a given task, use the
with-profile higher-order task:
$ lein with-profile 1.3 test :database
Multiple profiles may be combined with commas:
$ lein with-profile qa,user test :database
Multiple profiles may be executed in series with colons:
$ lein with-profile 1.3:1.4 test :database
The above invocations activate the given profiles in place of the
defaults. To activate a profile in addition to the defaults, prepend
it with a +:
$ lein with-profile +server run
You can also use - to deactivate a profile.
By default all profiles will share the same :target-path, which can
cause problems if settings from one profile leak over into
another. It's recommended to set :target-path to "target/%s",
which will isolate each profile set and prevent anything from bleeding over.
Sometimes it is useful to define a profile as a combination of other profiles. To do this, just use a vector instead of a map as the profile value. This can be used to avoid duplication:
{:shared {:port 9229, :protocol "https"}
:qa-servers {:servers ["qa.mycorp.com"]}
:prod-servers {:servers ["prod1.mycorp.com", "prod1.mycorp.com"]}
:qa [:shared :qa-servers]
:production [:shared :prod-servers]}It is not recommended to make a composite profile which contains both keywords and maps; they should either be all keywords or all maps.
Composite profiles also cannot have certain types of metadata
propagated, which makes them incompatible with the :provided
profile. If you get the error "Composite profiles are incompatible with :provided."
consider adding ^{:pom-scope :provided} metadata to the profile map
which contains the dependencies instead.
Often you want to read an environment variable or execute a function to capture a value to use in your profiles. In order to do such a thing with the profiles.clj you'll need to use the read-eval syntax.
Here is an example of such a case:
{:user {:compile-path #=(eval (System/getenv "ci.compile-path")),
:target-path #=(eval (System/getenv "ci.target-path"))}}To see how a given profile affects your project map, use the lein-pprint plugin:
$ lein with-profile 1.4 pprint
{:compile-path "/home/phil/src/leiningen/lein-pprint/classes",
:group "lein-pprint",
:source-path ("/home/phil/src/leiningen/lein-pprint/src"),
:dependencies
([nrepl "0.8.3" :exclusions [org.clojure/clojure]]
[incomplete "0.1.0" :exclusions [org.clojure/clojure]]
[org.thnetos/cd-client "0.3.3" :exclusions [org.clojure/clojure]]),
:target-path "/home/phil/src/leiningen/lein-pprint/target",
:name "lein-pprint",
[...]
:description "Pretty-print a representation of the project map."}
In order to prevent profile settings from being propagated to other
projects that depend upon yours, the :default profiles are removed
from your project when generating the pom, jar, and uberjar, and an
:uberjar profile, if present, is included when creating
uberjars. (This can be useful if you want to specify a :main
namespace for uberjar use without triggering AOT during regular
development.) Profiles activated through an explicit with-profile
invocation will be preserved.