1. Introduction
2. Requirements
3. Configuration
4. Build
5. Troubleshoot
6. Credits

This repository provides examples to automate the creation of virtual machine images and their guest operating systems on VMware vSphere using HashiCorp Packer and the Packer Plugin for VMware vSphere (vsphere-iso). All examples are authored in the HashiCorp Configuration Language ("HCL2") instead of JSON.

The resulting machine image artifacts are, by default, transferred to a vSphere Content Library as an OVF template and the temporary machine image is destroyed. If an item of the same name exists in the target content library, Packer will update the existing item with the new OVF template. This method is extremely useful for vRealize Automation / vRealize Automation Cloud as image mappings do not need to be updated when a virtual machine image update is executed and finalized.

The following builds are available:

Linux Distributions

• VMware Photon OS 4
• Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS
• Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS
• Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Server
• AlmaLinux 8
• Rocky Linux 8
• CentOS Stream 8
• CentOS Linux 8

Microsoft Windows - Core and Desktop Experience

• Microsoft Windows Server 2019 - Standard and Datacenter
• Microsoft Windows Server 2016 - Standard and Datacenter

NOTE: Guest customization is not supported for AlmaLinux and Rocky Linux in vCenter Server 7.0 Update 2.

Packer:

• HashiCorp Packer 1.7.4 or higher.

• HashiCorp [Packer Plugin for VMware vSphere][packer-plugin-vsphere] (vsphere-iso) 1.0.1 or higher.

• Packer Plugin for Windows Updates 0.14.0 or higher - a community plugin for HashiCorp Packer.

  Required plugins are automatically downloaded and initialized when using ./build.sh. Alternatively, you may download the plugins and place these same directory as your Packer executable /usr/local/bin or $HOME/.packer.d/plugins.

Operating Systems:

• macOS Big Sur (Intel)

• Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS

• Microsoft Windows Server 2019

  Operating systems and versions tested with the repository examples.

Additional Software Packages:

• Git command line tools.

Platform:

• vSphere 7.0 Update 2 or higher.

Clone the GitHub repository using Git.

Example:

git clone https://github.com/rainpole/packer-vsphere.git

The directory structure of the repository.

packer-vsphere/ 
├── build.sh
├── README.md
├── builds
│   └── ansible.pkvars.hcl
│   └── build.pkvars.hcl
│   └── common.pkvars.hcl
│   └── rhsm.pkvars.hcl
│   └── vsphere.pkvars.hcl
│   └── linux
│       └── distribution version
|           (e.g. ubuntu-server-20-04-lts)
│           └── build files
|               (e.g. variables.auto.pkrvars.hcl and *.pkr.hcl)
│   └── windows
│       └── version 
|           (e.g. windows-server-2019)
│           └── build files 
|               (e.g. variables.auto.pkrvars.hcl and *.pkr.hcl)
├── certificates
│   └── root-ca.crt
│   └── root-ca.p7b
├── configs
│   └── linux
│       └── distribution
|           (e.g. ubuntu-server)
│           └── kickstart files 
|               (e.g. ks*.cfg or ks.json)
│   └── windows
│       └── version
|           (e.g. windows-server-2019)
│           └── edition-experience
|               (e.g. standard-core)
│               └── efi-secure 
│                   └── autounattend.xml
│               └── bios 
│                   └── autounattend.xml
├── manifests
├── scripts
│   └── linux
│       (e.g. ubuntu-server.sh)
│   └── windows
│       (e.g. windows-server-cleanup.ps1)

The files are distributed in to five main directories.

1. The builds directory contains the build templates and variables.
2. The configs directory contains Kickstart files for Linux and autounattend files for Microsoft Windows guest operating systems.
3. The scripts directory contains scripts that are used to prepare the machine image builds.
4. The certificates directory contains the Trusted Root Authority certificates.
5. The manifests directory contains the manifest created after the completion of each build.

1. Download the x64 guest operating system .iso images.

   Linux Distributions

   • VMware Photon OS 4 Server
     • Download the latest full release.
   • Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS
     • Download the latest LIVE release.
   • Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS
     • Download the latest legacy NON-LIVE release.
   • Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Server
     • Download the latest release of the full (e.g RHEL-8-x86_64-dvd1.iso) .iso image.
   • AlmaLinux 8 Server
     • Download the latest release of the full (e.g AlmaLinux-8-x86_64-dvd1.iso) .iso image.
   • Rocky Linux 8 Server
     • Download the latest release of the full (e.g Rocky-8-x86_64-dvd1.iso) .iso image.
   • CentOS Stream 8 Server
     • Download the latest release of the full (e.g CentOS-Stream-8-x86_64-dvd1.iso) .iso image.
   • CentOS Linux 8 Server
     • Download the latest release of the full (e.g CentOS-8-x86_64-dvd1.iso) .iso image.

   Microsoft Windows

   • Microsoft Windows Server 2019
   • Microsoft Windows Server 2016

2. Rename your guest operating system .iso images. The examples in this repository generally use the format of iso-family-vendor-type-version.iso.

   For example:

   • iso-linux-photon-4.iso
   • iso-linux-ubuntu-server-20-04-lts.iso
   • iso-linux-ubuntu-server-18-04-lts.iso
   • iso-linux-redhat-linux-8
   • iso-linux-almalinux-8
   • iso-linux-rocky-linux-8
   • iso-linux-centos-stream-8
   • iso-linux-centos-linux-8
   • iso-windows-server-2019.iso
   • iso-windows-server-2016.iso

3. Obtain the SHA-512 checksum for each guest operating system .iso image. This will be use in the build input variables.

   • macOS terminal: shasum -a 512 [filename.iso]
   • Linux shell: sha512sum [filename.iso]
   • Windows command: certutil -hashfile [filename.iso] sha512

4. Upload your guest operating system .iso images to the datastore and path defined in your common variables. For example, [sfo-w01-ds-nfs01] /iso.

The variables are defined in .pkvars.hcl files.

Edit the /builds/build.pkvars.hcl file to configure the following:

• Credentials for the default account on machine images.

Example: /builds/build.pkvars.hcl

// Communicator Credentials
build_username = "rainpole"
build_password = "R@in!$aG00dThing."
build_key      = "<public_key>"

Generate a public key for authentication.

Example: id_ecdsa.pub on macOS and Linux.

rainpole@macos> cd .ssh/
rainpole@macos ~/.ssh> ssh-keygen -t ecdsa -b 521 -C "[email protected]"
Generating public/private ecdsa key pair.
Enter file in which to save the key (/Users/rainpole/.ssh/id_ecdsa): 
Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): **************
Enter same passphrase again: **************
Your identification has been saved in /Users/rainpole/.ssh/id_ecdsa.
Your public key has been saved in /Users/rainpole/.ssh/id_ecdsa.pub.
    
This content of the public is adds the key to the `.ssh/authorized_keys` file of the `build_username` on the guest operating system. 

WARNING: Replace the default public keys. By default, both Public Key Authentication and Password Authentication are enabled for Linux distributions. If you wish to disable Password Authentication and only use Public Key Authentication, comment or remove the portion of the associated script in the /scripts directory.

Edit the /builds/ansible.pkvars.hcl file to configure the following:

• Credentials for the Ansible account on Linux machine images.

Example: /builds/ansible.pkvars.hcl

// Ansible Credentials
ansible_username = "ansible"
ansible_key      = "<public_key>"

Edit the /builds/common.pkvars.hcl file to configure the following:

• Common Virtual Machine Settings
• Common Template and Content Library Settings
• Common Removable Media Settings
• Common Boot and Provisioning Settings

Example: /builds/common.pkvars.hcl

// Template and Content Library Settings
common_template_conversion     = false
common_content_library_name    = "sfo-w01-lib01"
common_content_library_ovf     = true
common_content_library_destroy = true

Edit the /buils/vsphere.pkvars.hcl file to configure the following:

• vSphere Endpoint and Credentials
• vSphere Settings

Example: /builds/vsphere.pkvars.hcl

// vSphere Credentials
vsphere_endpoint             = "sfo-w01-vc01.sfo.rainpole.io"
vsphere_username             = "[email protected]"
vsphere_password             = "R@in!$aG00dThing."
vsphere_insecure_connection  = true

// vSphere Settings
vsphere_datacenter           = "sfo-w01-dc01"
vsphere_cluster              = "sfo-w01-cl01"
vsphere_datastore            = "sfo-w01-cl01-ds-vsan01"
vsphere_network              = "sfo-w01-seg-dhcp"
vsphere_folder               = "sfo-w01-fd-templates"

Edit the /builds/redhat.pkvars.hcl file to configure the following:

• Credentials for your Red Hat Subscription Manager account.

Example: /builds/redhat.pkvars.hcl

// Red Hat Subscription Manager Credentials
rhsm_username = "rainpole"
rhsm_password = "R@in!$aG00dThing."

These variables are only used if you are performing a Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server build to register the image with Red Hat Subscription Manager and run a sudo yum update -y within the shell provisioner. Before the build completes, the image is unregistered.

Edit the variables.auto.pkvars.hcl file in each builds/<type>/<build> folder to configure the following virtual machine hardware settings, as required:

• CPU Sockets (init)

• CPU Cores (init)

• Memory in MB (init)

• Primary Disk in MB (init)

• .iso Image File (string)

• .iso Image SHA-512 Checksum (string)

  Note: All variables.auto.pkvars.hcl default to using the the recommended firmware for the guest operating system, the VMware Paravirtual SCSI controller and the VMXNET 3 network card device types.

Some of the variables may include sensitive information and environmental data that you would prefer not to save to clear text files. You can save use environmental variables before running a build using the example below:

export PKR_VAR_vsphere_endpoint="<vsphere_endpoint_fqdn>"
export PKR_VAR_vsphere_username="<vsphere_username>"
export PKR_VAR_vsphere_password="<vsphere_password>"
export PKR_VAR_vsphere_datacenter="<vsphere_datacenter>>"
export PKR_VAR_vsphere_cluster="<vsphere_cluster>"
export PKR_VAR_vsphere_datastore="<vsphere_datastore>>"
export PKR_VAR_vsphere_network="<vsphere_network>"
export PKR_VAR_vsphere_folder="<vsphere_folder>"
export PKR_VAR_build_username="<build_password>"
export PKR_VAR_build_password="<build_password>"
export PKR_VAR_build_key="<build_key>"
export PKR_VAR_ansible_username="<ansible_password>"
export PKR_VAR_ansible_key="<ansible_key>"
export PKR_VAR_rhsm_username="<rhsm_password>"
export PKR_VAR_rhsm_password="<rhsm_password>"

Modify the configuration and scripts files, as required, for the Linux distributions and Microsoft Windows.

packer-vsphere/ 
├── configs
│   └── linux
│       └── distribution
|           (e.g. ubuntu-server)
│           └── kickstart files 
|               (e.g. ks.cfg or ks.json)
└── scripts
│   └── linux
│       (e.g. ubuntu-server.sh)

The kickstart files for each Linux distribution includes a SHA-512 encrypted password for the root account and the name and SHA-512 encrypted password for the the build user (e.g. rainpole). It also adds the build user to the sudoers. Update these lines as necessary.

You can generate a SHA-512 password using various other tools like OpenSSL, mkpasswd, etc.

OpenSSL on macOS:

rainpole@macos>  openssl passwd -6 
Password: ***************
Verifying - Password: ***************
[password hash]

mkpasswd on Linux:

rainpole@linux>  mkpasswd --method=SHA-512 --rounds=4096
Password: ***************
[password hash]

Example 1: VMware Photon OS ks.json file.

"password":
    {
        "crypted": true,
        "text": "[password hash]"
    },
    ...
    "postinstall": [
        ...
        "useradd -m -p '[password hash]' -s /bin/bash rainpole",
        "usermod -aG sudo rainpole"
    ],

NOTE: Update the public_key with the desired public key for the root user. This will be added to the .ssh/authorized_keys file for the root account.

Example 2: Ubuntu Server 20.04 (and later) user-data and meta-data files.

The user-data and meta-data files are cloud-init configuration files used to build the Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS and later machine images. You must update the user-data file, but the contents of the meta-data file should remain empty.

Ubuntu Server user-data file.

identity:
    hostname: ubuntu-server
    username: rainpole
    password: '[password hash]'

late-commands:
- echo 'rainpole ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD:ALL' > /target/etc/sudoers.d/rainpole
- curtin in-target --target=/target -- chmod 440 /etc/sudoers.d/rainpole

Example 3: Ubuntu Server 18.04 ks.cfg file.

# User Configuration

d-i passwd/user-fullname string rainpole

d-i passwd/username string rainpole

d-i passwd/user-password-crypted password [password hash]

# Root Configuration
d-i passwd/root-password-crypted password [password hash]

# Add User to Sudoers
d-i preseed/late_command string \
    echo 'rainpole ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL' > /target/etc/sudoers.d/rainpole ; \
    in-target chmod 440 /etc/sudoers.d/rainpole ;

Example 4: Red Hat Enterprise Linux, CentOS Linux/Stream, AlmaLinux, and Rocky Linux ks.cfg file:

rootpw [password hash] --iscrypted

user --name=rainpole --groups=wheel --iscrypted --password=[password hash]
...
echo "rainpole ALL=(ALL) NOPASSWD: ALL" >> /etc/sudoers.d/rainpole

packer-vsphere/ 
├── configs
│   └── windows
│       └── version
|           (e.g. windows-server-2019)
│           └── edition-experience
|               (e.g. standard-core)
│               └── unattended files 
|                   (e.g. autounattend.xml)
└── scripts
│   └── windows
│       (e.g. windows-server-cleanup.sh)

The Microsoft Windows autounattend.xml files include configurations to:

• Add the Registration Name and Organization
• Set the Product Key
• Add a local account for the build user.
• Set the password for the Administrator and the build user.

The Registration Name and Organization must be changed - update this code block in each autounattend.xml.

By default, each unattended file set the Product Key to use the KMS client setup keys.

The password for the <UserAccounts> - which includes the administrator and build user (e.g. rainpole) - and the <AutoLogon> must be changed - update these code blocks in each autounattend.xml file.

Example: Administrator and Local Accounts

<UserAccounts>
<AdministratorPassword>
    <Value>R@in!$aG00dThing.</Value>
    <PlainText>true</PlainText>
</AdministratorPassword>
<LocalAccounts>
    <LocalAccount wcm:action="add">
        <Password>
            <Value>R@in!$aG00dThing.</Value>
            <PlainText>true</PlainText>
        </Password>
        <Group>administrators</Group>
        <DisplayName>Rainpole</DisplayName>
        <Name>rainpole</Name>
        <Description>Build Account by Rainpole</Description>
    </LocalAccount>
</LocalAccounts>
</UserAccounts>

Example: Auto Logon

<AutoLogon>
<Password>
    <Value>R@in!$aG00dThing.</Value>
    <PlainText>true</PlainText>
</Password>
<Enabled>true</Enabled>
<Username>rainpole</Username>
</AutoLogon>

If you would like to encrypt the passwords in the autounattend.xml, you can do so using the following. But please note that the can be easily decrypted.

Example: Encode a password with PowerShell on macOS.

PS /Users/rainpole> $UnEncodedText = 'R@in!$aG00dThing.'
PS /Users/rainpole> $EncodedText =[Convert]::ToBase64String([System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetBytes($UnEncodedText))
PS /Users/rainpole> write-host "Encoded Password:" $EncodedText             

Encoded Password: [encoded password]

Example: Decode a password with PowerShell on macOS.

PS /Users/rainpole $DecodedText = [System.Text.Encoding]::Unicode.GetString([System.Convert]::FromBase64String($EncodedText))
PS /Users/rainpole> write-host "Decoded Password:" $DecodedText              

Decoded Password: [decoded password]

Example: Use the encoded password in a autounattend.xml file.

<Password>
    <Value>[encoded password]</Value>
    <PlainText>false</PlainText>
</Password>

Need help customizing the configuration files further?

• VMware Photon OS - Read the Photon OS Kickstart Documentation.

• Ubuntu Server - Install and run system-config-kickstart on a Ubuntu desktop.

  sudo apt-get install system-config-kickstart
  ssh -X rainpole@ubuntu-desktop
  sudo system-config-kickstart
  

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux (as well as CentOS Linux/Stream, AlmaLinux, and Rocky Linux) - Use the Red Hat Kickstart Generator.

• Microsoft Windows - Use the Microsoft Windows Answer File Generator if you need to customize the provided examples further.

Save a copy of your Root Certificate Authority certificate to /certificates in .crt and .p7b formats.

packer-vsphere/ 
├── certificates
│   └── root-ca.crt
│   └── root-ca.p7b

These files are copied to the guest operating systems with a Packer file provisioner; after which, the a shell provisioner adds the certificate to the Trusted Certificate Authority of the guest operating system.

NOTE: If you do not wish to install the certificates on the guest operating systems, comment or remove the portion of the associated script in the /scripts directory and the file provisioner from the prk.hcl file for each build. If you need to add an intermediate certificate, add the certificate to /certificates and update the shell provisioner scripts in the scripts directory with your requirements.

Start a pre-defined build by running the build script (./build.sh). The script presents a menu the which simply calls Packer and the respective build(s).

Example: Launch./build.sh.

rainpole@macos packer-examples> ./build.sh

The menu will allow you to execute and confirm a build using Packer and the vsphere-iso provisioner.

Example: Menu for ./build.sh.

    ____             __                ____        _ __    __     
   / __ \____ ______/ /_____  _____   / __ )__  __(_) /___/ /____ 
  / /_/ / __  / ___/ //_/ _ \/ ___/  / __  / / / / / / __  / ___/ 
 / ____/ /_/ / /__/ ,< /  __/ /     / /_/ / /_/ / / / /_/ (__  )  
/_/    \__,_/\___/_/|_|\___/_/     /_____/\__,_/_/_/\__,_/____/   

  Select a HashiCorp Packer build for VMware vSphere:

      Linux Distribution:

         1  -  VMware Photon OS 4
         2  -  Ubuntu Server 20.04 LTS
         3  -  Ubuntu Server 18.04 LTS
         4  -  Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 Server
         5  -  AlmaLinux 8 Server
         6  -  Rocky Linux 8 Server
         7  -  CentOS Stream 8 Server
         8  -  CentOS Linux 8 Server


      Microsoft Windows:

         9  -  Windows Server 2019 - All
        10  -  Windows Server 2019 - Standard Only
        11  -  Windows Server 2019 - Datacenter Only
        12  -  Windows Server 2016 - All
        13  -  Windows Server 2016 - Standard Only
        14  -  Windows Server 2016 - Datacenter Only


      Other:
      
        I   -  Information
        Q   -  Quit

You can also start a build based on a specific source for some of the virtual machine images.

For example, if you simply want to build a Microsoft Windows Server 2019 Standard Core, run the following:

Initialize plugins:

rainpole@macos packer-examples> cd builds/windows/windows-server-2019/
rainpole@macos packer-examples> packer init windows-server-2019.pkr.hcl

Build a specific machine image:

rainpole@macos windows-server-2019> packer build -force \
      --only vsphere-iso.windows-server-standard-core \
      -var-file="../../vsphere.pkrvars.hcl" \
      -var-file="../../build.pkrvars.hcl" \
      -var-file="../../ansible.pkrvars.hcl" \
      -var-file="../../common.pkrvars.hcl" .

Build a specific machine image using environmental variables:

rainpole@macos windows-server-2019> packer build -force \
      --only vsphere-iso.windows-server-standard-core \
      -var-file="../../common.pkrvars.hcl" .

Happy building!!!

-- Your friends at rainpole.io.

• Read Debugging Packer Builds.

• Maher AlAsfar @vmwarelab

  Linux Bash scripting code.

• Owen Reynolds @OVDamn

  VMware Tools for Windows installation PowerShell script.